LlbKARY 


UCSB    LIBRARY 
X-&HOIO 


—THE    UNIVERSAL— 
SELF-PRONOUNCING 

DICTIONARY 


ENGLISH      LANGUAGE 


COMPRISING 

UNDER  ONE  ALPHABETICAL  ARRANGEMENT 

THE  DEFINITION  OF  WORDS 
THE  PROPER  SYLLABICATION  OF  WORDS 
THE  PRONUNCIATION  OF  WORDS 
THEPARTSOF  SPEECHOF  WORDS 
THE  CAPITALIZATION  OF  WORDS 
SYNONYMS  AND  ANTONYMS 


BASED     UPON     THE     SOLID     FOUNDATION     LAID 

BY    NOAH    WEBSTER 

AND  OTHER  LEXICOGRAPHERS,  THOROUGHLY  MODERNIZED 

BY     CHARLES     MORRIS 

Editor  of  The  Handy  Biographical  Dictionary,  The  Twentieth  Century 

Encyclopedia,  Historical  Tales  (12  vols.).  The  Old  South  and  the  New, 

Etc.,  Etc. 


WITH  AN  APPENDIX  CONTAINING  FOREIGN  WORDS  AND  PHRASES,  CHRIS- 
TIAN NAMES  OF  MEN  AND  WOMEN,  NAMES  OF  PERSONS  AND  PLACES, 
AND  WORDS  AND  PHRASES  FREQUENTLY  ALLUDED  TO,  ABBREVIATIONS, 
THE  WORDS  ADOPTED  BY  THE  SIMPLIFIED  SPELLING  BOARD,  ETC. 


THE    JOHN    C.   WINSTON    COMPANY 

PHILADELPHIA  CHICAGO 


COPYRIGHT,  1908,  BY 
THE   JOHN   C.  WINSTON   Co. 


IMPORTANT  FACTS 

Concerning 

The  New  Universal 
Self-Pronouncing  Dictionary 


By  reading  the  Preface  carefully,  you  will  get  some  idea  of 
the  care  that  has  been  exercised  in  the  preparation  of  this  work. 
Please  understand  that  this  is  NOT  A  REPRINT  WORK,  but  a  NEW 
BOOK  from  beginning  to  end,  and  that  EVERY  PAGE  WAS  SET  IN 
TYPE  and  that  THE  BOOK  IS  PRINTED  FROM  TYPE-SET  PLATES. 

SEE  PAGE  1. 

Please  note  the  large  index  letter  "A"  at  the  head  of  the  page. 
A  similar  large  letter  is  usd  to  mark  the  division  of  words,  beginning 
with  the  other  letters  of  the  alphabet. 

We  also  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  at  the  head  of  each 
page  is  given  the  first  word  and  the  last  word  on  the  page;  that  the 
index  words  are  printed  in  Bold  Face  Type;  that  the  definitions  are 
also  in  large,  clear,  easily  read  type. 

ON   PAGE  3. 
(See  abominable.) 

THIS  SHOWS  HOW  EACH  INDEXED  WORD  IS  DIVIDED  INTO 
SYLLABLES.  This  is  very  important,  for  very  few  people  know  how 
to  divide  a  word  when  they  have  to  make  a  division  in  order  to  carry 
a  part  of  it  to  the  next  line. 

Please    also    note   that   the    PHONETIC    SPELLING    is    given    in 


brackets,  showing  exact  pronunciation.  This  is  also  divided  into 
syllables.  Many  dictionaries  give  the  phonetic  pronunciation  in 
syllables,  but  that  does  not  mean  that  the  word  itself  is  divided  as 
the  phonetic  word  is  divided,  therefore  it  is  important  to  have  both. 

Please  also  note  that  the  KEY  TO  PRONUNCIATION  is  given  at 
the  foot  of  each  page  and  not  in  front  of  the  dictionary  only,  as  is  done 
in  so  many  other  works. 


ON  PAGE  5. 

Words  and  their  Derivatives. 
(See  absorb.) 

In  many  other  dictionaries  the  prefixes  and  suffixes  are  crowded 
in  with  the  definitions.  This  is  done  to  save  space,  but  is  a  loss  to 
clearness  and  utility.  By  referring  to  the  word  "absorb"  and  words 
following  you  will  see  that  each  of  the  derivatives  (see  absorb  to 
absorptivity)  are  all  GIVEN  SEPARATELY  and  that  each  of  the 
words  is  divided  into  syllables,  that  each  has  the  phonetic  pronuncia- 
tion, part  of  speech,  and  its  separate  definition. 


ON  PAGE  13. 

Synonyms  and  Antonyms. 

(See  acquit.) 

This  shows  how  the  SYNONYMS  AND  ANTONYMS  ARE  GIVEN 
IN  THE  BODY  OF  THE  DICTIONARY,  and  not  in  a  separate  depart- 
ment, as  is  usually  done  in  other  works.  You  will  find  the  abbreviation 
"syn."  in  italics  followed  by  the  synonyms  of  the  word  "acquit"  and 
you  will  find  the  abbreviation  "ant."  followed  by  the  explanation  "See 
condemn,  convict,"  which  are  antonyms  of  the  word  "acquit,"  and  by 
referring  to  those  words  you  will  find  synonyms  under  them  which 
will  give  the  other  antonyms  of  the  word  "acquit." 

This  is  a  most  useful  and  important  feature. 


ON   PAGE  16. 
The  Proper  Use  of  Capital  and  Small  Letters. 

(See  Admiralty.) 

This  word,  being  a  proper  noun,  begins  with  a  capital  in  the 
dictionary.  All  common  words  begin  with  small  letters  and  all  proper 
words  throughout  this  dictionary  begin  with  capital  letters,  so  that  it 
SHOWS  AT  SIGHT  WHETHER  THE  WORD  IS  A  COMMON  WORD 
OR  A  PROPER  WORD. 

ON  PAGE  19. 
(See  aeroplane.) 

This  dictionary  contains  all  the  words  in  the  English  language  In 
ordinary  use,  including  the  many  new  words  that  have  recently  come 
into  use.  The  definitions  are  accurate  and  reliable  and  embrace 
all  definitions  and  shades  of  meaning. 

The   Dictionary  of  Words  comprises  915  pages.     This  is  followed 
by  supplementary  Dictionaries,  as  follows: 
Dictionary  of  Foreign  Words,  Phrases,  Colloquialisms,  Proverbs, 

and   Quotations 919 

Dictionary  of  Terms  used  in  Commerce  and  Law  931 

Dictionary    of    Names    of    Important    Places,    Persons,    Buildings, 
Monuments,  Periods,  etc.,  also  Significant  Words  and  Phrases 

Frequently  Met  with   in   Literature    948 

Dictionary  of  English  Christian  Names  of  Men  and  Women  with 

Their  Derivation  and  Meaning 969 

Dictionary  of  Mythological  and  Classical  Names 977 

Dictionary  of  Forms  of  Address 983 

Dictionary  of  Abbreviations 985 

Dictionary  of  Popular  Titles  of  American  States  and  Cities,  etc..     990 
Dictionary  of  Simplified  Spelling  Adopted  to  Date  by  the  Simpli- 
fied Spelling  Board  993 

These  separate  Dictionaries  are  up  to  date  in  every  particular. 
The     Simplified     Spelling     Dictionary     comprises     all     the    words 
adopted  by  the  Simplified  Spelling  Board,  including  the  new  list  which 
was  issued  during  the  past  month. 

The  complete  dictionary  comprises  1,000  pages. 


PREFACE 


IN  these  days  of  practically  universal  education  the  Dictionary 
has  become  as  necessary  for  the  needs  of  the  mind  as  bread  is 

for  those  of  the  body.  Yet  few  of  us  find  occasion  to  use  the 
voluminous  and  costly  Unabridged  Dictionary,  adapted  solely  to 
the  advanced  scholar,  or  the  incomplete  Vest-Pocket  Dictionary, 
useful  only  for  the  beginner.  The  one  is  too  bulky,  the  other 
too  minute,  for  the  ordinary  student,  and  the  present  dictionary 
has  been  prepared  with  a  special  view  to  convenience  in  size  and 
fulness  in  contents.  Its  special  features  are  the  following: 

First:  It  contains  all  the  words  of  the  English  language  in 
ordinary  use,  and  includes  the  many  new  words  that  have  recently 
come  into  use. 

Second:  The  words  are  conveniently  divided  into  syllables,  in 
the  manner  employed  by  the  best  writers. 

Third:  The  proper  use  of  capitals  and  small  letters  in  writing 
is  indicated  by  the  capitalization  of  all  proper  nouns. 

Fourth:  The  pronunciation  of  each  word  is  shown  by  a  clear 
and  properly  accented  system  of  phonetic  spelling. 

Fifth:  The  definitions  are  accurate  and  reliable,  and  embrace 
all  recent  distinctions  and  shades  of  meaning. 

Sixth:  Each  word  and  its  derivatives  are  specially  indexed, 
instead  of  the  derivatives  being  crowded  in  with  the  definitions, 
an  expedient  frequently  adopted  to  save  space,  but  with  a  loss  of 
clearness  and  utility. 

Seventh:  The  synonyms  and  antonyms  are  given  in  connection 
with  the  words  themselves,  following  the  definitions,  instead  of  in 
the  usual  but  much  less  convenient  method  of  placing  them  in  a 
separate  list  in  the  appendix. 

Eighth:  A  clear-faced  type,  alike  for  words  and  definitions,  is 
employed,  to  avoid  the  necessity  of  close  and  wearisome  scrutiny. 

Ninth:  A  voluminous  appendix  is  given,  containing  lists  of 
words  and  phrases  not  belonging  properly  within  the  body  of  the 
dictionary,  yet  of  high  utility  to  the  student,  together  with  other 
interesting  and  instructive  material. 

This  list  of  the  leading  features  of  the  work  will  serve  to  show 
the  care  with  which  it  has  been  prepared  and  its  great  usefulness. 
Its  convenience  of  size,  fulness  of  contents,  and  logical  arrange- 
ment especially  adapt  it  to  everyday  use,  and  fit  it  admirably 
alike  for  the  office  and  the  fireside,  for  the  use  of  the  student,  the 
business  man  and  the  home  circle.  Users  of  this  dictionary  can- 
not fail  to  find  all  their  reasonable  needs  satisfied,  and  the  pub- 
lishers offer  it  to  the  reading  community  with  the  full  assurance 
that  it  will  be  found  to  rank  high  among  the  best  English  diction- 
aries extant. 

CHARLES  MORRIS. 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

RULES  FOR  PUNCTUATION v 

DICTIONARY  OF  PREFIXES  AND  AFFIXES vii 

DICTIONARY  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE  1  to  915 

DICTIONARY   OF   FOREIGN   WORDS,    PHRASES,    COLLO- 
QUIALISMS, PROVERBS,  AND  QUOTATIONS 919 

DICTIONARY  OF  TERMS  USED  IN  COMMERCE  AND  LAW.  .     931 

DICTIONARY  OF   NAMES  OF  IMPORTANT   PLACES,  PER- 
SONS, BUILDINGS,  MONUMENTS,  PERIODS,  ETC.,  ALSO 

SIGNIFICANT    WORDS     AND    PHRASES    FREQUENTLY 

i 
MET  WITH  IN  LITERATURE 948 

DICTIONARY  OF  ENGLISH  CHRISTIAN   NAMES   OF   MEN 
AND  WOMEN  WITH  THEIR  DERIVATION  AND  MEANING     969 

DICTIONARY  OF  MYTHOLOGICAL  AND  CLASSICAL  NAMES     977 

DICTIONARY  OF  FORMS  OF   ADDRESS 983 

DICTIONARY  OF  ABBREVIATIONS 985 

DICTIONARY  OF  POPULAR  TITLES  OF  AMERICAN  STATES 
AND  CITIES,  ETC 990 

DICTIONARY  OF  SIMPLIFIED  SPELLING  ADOPTED  TO  DATB 
BY  THE  SIMPLIFIED  SPELLING   BOARD 993 


RULES  FOR  PUNCTUATION 


Punctuation  consists  in  the 
proper  placing  of  points  and  marks 
in  written  or  printed  language  to 
represent  correctly  the  meaning 
and  proper  pauses  in  a  sentence. 
The  punctuation  marks  are  the 
Comma  (,),  Semicolon  (;),  Colon 
(  :),  Period  (.),  Interrogation  (?), 
Exclamation  point  (  !),  Hyphen 
(-),  Dash  ( — ),  Apostrophe  ('), 
Quotation  Marks  ("  "),  Paren- 
theses (  ),  Brackets  [  ],  and 
Braces  j  j  . 

THE   COMMA    (,). 

The  Comma  is  used  to  indicate 
the  smallest  logical  or  grammat- 
ical divisions  of  a  sentence.  It  is 
employed  after  a  long  nominative 
clause ;  to  set  off  parenthetic 
phrases ;  to  introduce  explanatory 
clauses ;  to  set  off  a  dependent 
clause ;  to  separate  repeated 
words :  to  introduce  a  brief  quo- 
tation ;  to  separate  numerals  into 
groups  of  three  figures,  and  in 
various  other  cases  where  distinct- 
ness of  meaning  seems  to  require 
a  brief  pause.  It  was  formerly 
often  used  profusely  and  indis- 
criminately, but  the  tendency  now 
is  to  be  sparing  in  its  use. 

THE  SEMICOLON  (;). 

The  Semicolon  applies  to  greater 
breaks  in  the  sense  than  could  be 
properly  set  off  by  a  comma  and 
less  than  those  calling  for  a  colon 
or  period.  It  is  used  to  separate 
clauses  of  partially  complete 
sense,  and  expressions  having  a 
common  dependence  upon  each 
other;  to  mark  off  the  larger  di- 
visions of  a  sentence  wherein  the 
smaller  contain  commas ;  to  in- 
dicate collections  of  related  words 
or  expressions  in  pairs ;  to  precede 
in  a  sentence  the  words  "namely." 
"for  example,"  and  like  phrases 
used  to  call  attention  to  a  cita- 
tion. 

THE  COLON  (:). 

The  Colon  is  a  division  of  the 
sentence  employed  when  the  con- 
nection appears  not  close  enough 
for  the  semicolon  and  too  close 
for  the  period  ;  as  when  the  sense 


of  several  clauses  culminates  in 
a  closing  remark  to  follow  the  last 
of  them  ;  also,  to  introduce  formal 
words ;  to  set  off  principal  and 
subordinate  matters,  as  in  a  book 
title  and  its  subdivision  ;  to  follow 
the  more  formal  salutation  of  a 
letter  or  address ;  to  introduce  an 
extended  quotation. 

THE    PERIOD    (.)• 

The  Period  indicates  a  full  stop 
in  the  sense,  and  is  necessary  at 
the  end  of  every  complete  sentence, 
unless  an  interrogation  or  ex- 
clamation point  is  required.  It 
is  also  used  after  abbreviations ; 
as  a  decimal  point ;  to  indicate 
a  more  or  less  extended  omission ; 
after  numerals  to  number  par- 
agraphs or  other  particulars. 

THE  INTERROGATION  (?). 

The  Interrogation  Point  is  the 

mark  for  any  direct  question,  and 
is  used  to  end  a  sentence  con- 
taining a  direct  question,  after  a 
question  within  a  declarative  sen- 
tence, and  after  each  question  in 
a  succession.  It  ends  a  sentence 
declarative  in  form  but  interroga- 
tive in  purpose.  An  interroga- 
tion point  inclosed  in  brackets  in- 
dicates mistake  or  doubt,  and  is 
generally  used  ironically. 

THE  EXCLAMATION  (!). 
The  Exclamation  Point  in- 
dicates surprise  or  a  note  of  ex- 
clamation, and  is  used  after 
words,  phrases  or  sentences  of 
interjection  or  exclamation,  to 
denote  impassioned  address  or  sur- 
prise. This  point  can  be  doubled 
or  trebled  in  repeated  or  succes- 
sive exclamations  for  the  sake  of 
emphasis.  It  is  often  inserted 
after  amusing,  surprising  or 
doubtful  statements  for  special 
emphasis,  and  when  inserted  in 
brackets  or  placed  outside  of 
quotation  marks  it  has  an  iron- 
ical meaning. 

THE  APOSTROPHE  (')• 

The    Apostrophe    is   the  sign   of 

the   possessive   case,    and   is   used 


VI 


to  indicate  an  elision,  contraction 
or  omission  of  letters  from  a 
word.  Some  unusual  plurals  not 
possessive  require  the  apostrophe, 
and  this  mark  may  take  the  place 
of  omitted  figures  or  words  in 
dates  of  a  century. 

QUOTATION  MARKS  ("  ")• 

A  Quotation  usually  requires 
quotation  marks,  unless  the  au- 
thor's name  or  work  is  appended, 
or  if  the  matter  quoted  has  been 
introduced  in  a  separate  para- 
graph or  paragraphs  and  in  differ- 
ent type  than  the  rest.  Names 
of  books  and  literary,  musical  and 
art  titles  in  general,  are  quoted 
unless  they  have  become  so  thor- 
oughly familiar  as  to  become 
household  words,  as  the  Bible, 
the  Iliad.  The  names  of  news- 
papers and  other  periodicals  are 
usually  not  quoted  but  given 
in  italics.  Quotation  marks  are 
sometimes  used  in  irony  or  for 
emphasis.  A  quotation  within  a 
quotation  takes  but  single  marks ; 
any  quotation  within  that  re- 
sumes double  marks  and  so  on. 
Often,  however,  primary  quota- 
tions are  given  with  single  marks. 

THE  HYPHEN   (-). 

The  Hyphen  is  a  mark  of  di- 
vision, put  between  compound 
words  that  have  not  become  by 
usage  single  words,  and  where 
words  are  necessarily  divided  at 
the  end  of  a  line.  It  indicates 
for  some  special  purpose  prefixes 
and  suffixes,  syllabication,  deri- 
vation, pronunciation  or  spelling, 
and  is  occasionally  used  to  indi- 
cate a  series. 

THE  DASH  (— ). 

The  Dash  indicates  an  abrupt 
break  or  hiatus  in  a  sentence 


from  interruption,  explanation, 
emphasis,  rhetorical  repetition  or 
omission  of  letters  within  the 
first  and  the  last  letters  of  a  word. 

PARENTHESES  (  ). 

Parentheses  are  marks  placed  at 
the  beginning  and  end  of  an  ex- 
planatory or  qualifying  clause 
thrown  into  a  sentence  or  para- 
graph with  which  it  is  not  gram- 
matically connected.  In  modern 
usage,  however,  the  parentheses 
are  usually  replaced  by  dashes. 

BRACKETS    [  ]. 

Brackets  are  used  similarly  to 
parentheses,  but  are  restricted  to 
interpolations,  corrections,  notes 
or  explanations. 

'BRACES      {}. 

Braces  are  used  to  connect  brief 
particulars  of  one  class  in  a  sort 
of  diagram. 

CAPITALS. 

Capitals  are  used  to  begin  the 
first  word  of  a  sentence  or  a  line 
of  poetry ;  to  begin  direct  ques- 
tions or  direct  quotations  within 
a  sentence ;  to  begin  a  resolution 
or  an  enactment ;  to  begin  all 
proper  nouns,  names  of  persons 
and  places,  and  nouns  referring 
to  certain  distinctive  locations,  as 
North,  South.  East  and  West;  to 
begin  the  names  of  God  and  those 
pvonouns  or  nouns  that  refer  di- 
rectly to  deity ;  to  begin  all  ad- 
jectives derived  from  the  names 
of  countries  or  places ;  to  begin 
the  names  of  the  months  and 
days  of  the  week ;  to  begin  the 
titles  of  books  and  all  important 
words  in  such  title ;  to  begin  all 
formal  or  informal  addresses,  as 
"Dear  Sir,"  etc. 


DICTIONARY 

—OF— 

PREFIXES  AND  AFFIXES 


Prefixes 


a  [A.S.]  on  or  in  ;  as  abed,  ashore, 
afield. 

a  [A.S.  and]  over  against ;  as  along. 

a  [A.S.  a]  used  as  an  intensive  pre- 
fix to  verbs ;  as  arise,  abide,  af- 
fright. 

a  [A.S.]  of  or  from;  as  adown, 
anew. 

a  [A.S.  0e]  as  aware. 

a,  at,  old  sign  of  inf.;  as  ado. 

a,  an  [G.]  without,  denoting  pri- 
vation ;  as  apathy,  without  feel- 
ing ;  anarchy,  without  govern- 
ment. 

a,  ab,  abs  [L.]  from  or  away;  as 
avert,  abhor,  abstain,  abstract. 

ad  [L.]  to,  at;  with  its  different 
forms  a,  ac,  af,  ag,  al;  an;  ap; 
ar,  as,  at;  as  adhere,  ascend,  ac- 
cept, affect,  aggravate,  allot,  an- 
nounce, appear,  arrest,  assent,  at- 
tend. 

al  [A.S.]  all;  as  almighty,  alto- 
gether. 

amb,  ambi,  am  [L.]  on  both 
sides,  around ;  as  ambient,  ambi- 
tion, ambidexter,  amputate. 

amphi  [G.]  both,  round  about; 
as  amphibious,  amphitheatre. 

an  [F.  en,  L.  in]  as  anoint. 

ana  [G.]  through,  back,  up;  as 
anatomy,  analyze. 

ante,  anti,  anci,  ant,  an  [L.] 
before ;  as  antecedent,  anticipate, 
ancient,  antique,  ancestor. 

anti,  ant  [G.]  opposite  to, 
against :  as  antipathy,  antipodes, 
antagonist. 

apo  [G.]  from;  as  apostasy,  apos- 
tate :  aph,  in  aphelion. 

arch,  archi,  arcne  [G.]  first, 
chief ;  as  in  archangel,  architect, 
archetype. 

at  [E.]  nearness;  as  in  atone. 

anto,  anth  [G.]  self;  as  autobi- 
ography, authentic. 


be    [A.S.]    causative,   as   becloud; 

privative,  as  behead ;  intensive,  as 

bespatter,  bespeak,  &c. 
bis,   bi,   bin    [L.]    twice,   double; 

as  biscuit,  biennial,  binocular. 


by    [A.S.]    near,    beside;    as    by- 
stander, bypath. 


cata,  cat,  cath  [G.]  down, 
downwards,  according  to ;  as  cat- 
aract, catechism,  catholic. 

circum,  circu  [L.]  round  about; 
as  circumscribe,  circumfluent,  cir- 
cumspect, circuit. 

cis  [L.]  on  this  side;  as  cisalpine. 

con  [L.]  with  its  forms  co,  col, 
com,  cor,  conn,  together,  with ; 
as  connect,  cohere,  collect,  com- 
pose, correct,  council. 

contra  [L.]  against;  as  contra- 
dict, controvert. 

connter  [F.  contre]  against ;  as 
counteract. 


de  [L.]  down,  from,  or  off;  as  de- 
ject, deter,  defend. 

demi  [F.]  half;  as  demigod. 

di  [G.]  double;  as  dilemma. 

dia  [G.]  through;  as  diameter, 
diaphanous. 

dis  [L.]  with  its  forms  diflf  and 
di,  off,  asunder,  away,  out ;  as 
dispel,  disarm,  dishonest,  diffuse, 
divert. 

dis  [G.]  two,  twice ;  as  dissylla- 
ble. 

dys  [G.]  ill,  difficult ;  as  dysentery. 


e,  see  ex. 

e  [A.  S.  ge\  enough. 

e  [French  phonetic  addition]  as  in 
esquire. 

ec   [G.]   out  of;  as  eccentric. 

emb  [A.S.  ymb-ryne]  a  circuit; 
as  ember-days. 

en,  em,  and  im  [F.,  L.,  and  G.] 
in  or  on,  also  to  make;  as  encir- 
cle, encaustic,  enfeeble,  embark, 
immerge. 

enter  [F.]  between,  among;  as 
entertain. 

ep,  eph,  epi  [G.]  upon  ;  as  epoch, 
ephemeral,  epitaph. 

es  [F.]  out;  as  escape. 


Ylll 


pol 


eso   [G.]  in,  into;  as  esoteric. 

eu,  ev  [G.]  well ;  as  euphony, 
evangelist. 

ex  [L.]  with  its  forms  e,  ef,  &c., 
out  from  ;  as  exclaim,  evade,  ef- 
fuse, effulgence. 

ex  [(}.]  from,  out  of;  as  exodus. 

exo   ((}.]  without;  as  exotic. 

extra  [L.]  on  the  outside,  beyond; 
as  extramural,  extraordinary,  ex- 
tradition. 


for  [A.S.]  in  place  of;  as  foras- 
much. 

for  [A.S.]  from,  away,  against ; 
as  forswear,  forbid. 

for  [P.,  L.]  out  of  doors,  outside; 
foreclose,  forfeit. 

fore  [A.S.]  before;  as  forerun, 
foretell. 

forth   [A.S.]   forth;  as  forthwith. 

fro  [Scand.]  from;  as  f reward. 

G 

gain  [Scand.]  against;  as  gain- 
say. 


hemi  [G.I  half;  as  hemisphere. 

hetero  [G.]  other;  as  heterodox. 

holo   [G.]   entire ;  as  holograph. 

hoiiice  [G.]  same;  as  hpmoeopathy. 

hyper  [G.]  over,  above ;  as  hyper- 
critical, hyperborean. 

hypo,  hyph,  hyp  [G.]  under;  as 
hypocrite,  hyphen,  hypallage. 


i  [L.]  not;  as  ignoble. 

i,  y  [A.S.  ge\  yclept,  handywork. 

in  [L.]  with  its  forms  il,  im,  in, 
ir,  in,  into,  upon ;  as  inter,  il- 
lumine, impend,  include,  irrigate. 

in  [L.]  with  its  forms  il,  im,  ir, 
negative ;  as  infirm,  illegal,  im- 
mortal, irregular. 

in,  im  [A.S.]  in,  on;  as  inwrap, 
inward,  imbed. 

inter  [L.]  between;  as  intercept, 
interpose,  interval. 

intra  [L.]  in  the  inside  of,  with- 
in ;  as  intramural. 

intro  [L.]  into,  within ;  as  intro- 
duce. 

inn  [F.,  from  L.  ex}  out  of;  as  is- 
sue. 


juxta  fL.]  close  to,  near;  as  jux 
taposition. 


1,  curtailment  of  all;  as  lone. 
1  [Ar.]  the;  as  in  lute. 

M 

male,  mal,  man  [L.]  badly; 
malefactor,  maladroit,  maugre. 

meta,  meth,  met  [G.]  change; 
as  metamorphose,  method,  meteor. 

mid  [A.S.]  with;  as  midwife. 

mis  [A.S.  and  Icel.]  wrongly; 
misdeed,  mistrust. 

mis  [F.,  L.]  badly;  as  mischief. 

mono,  iii on  [G.]  single;  as  mon- 
ograph, monk. 

multi,  mult  [L.]  many;  as  mul- 
tiply. 

N 

n,  as  in  newt,  i.  e.,  an  ewt,  nick- 
name (an  ekename). 

ne   [L.]   not;  as  nefarious,  neuter. 

ne  [G.]  not ;  as  nepenthe. 

nee  [L.]  not ;  as  neglect,  negative. 

non  [L.]  not ;  as  nonsense, 
nonage. 


ob  [L.]  with  its  forms  o,  oc,  of, 
op,  os,  against,  in  front,  in  or 
on  ;  as  obloquy,  omit,  occur,  offer, 
oppose,  ostensible. 

off  [A.S.]  off,  from,  away;  offal, 
offset. 

on    [A.S.]   on;  onlooker. 

or    [A.S.]    out;   ordeal. 

out  [A.S.]  beyond ;  as  outdo,  out- 
run. 

over  [A.S.]  eminence  or  excess ; 
as  overtop,  overthrow. 


palim,  palin  [G.]  against;  as 
palimpsest,  palindrome. 

pan,  panto  [G.]  all;  panacea, 
pantomime. 

para,  par,  pa  [G.]  alongside,  be- 
yond, against ;  as  paradigm, 
parody,  palsy. 

pel,   see  per. 

pene    [Tj.]    almost;   as  peninsula. 

per,  par,  pel,  pil  [L.]  through, 
thoroughly :  as  perfect,  parson, 
pellucid,  pilgrim. 

peri  [G.]  round;  as  perimeter, 
periphrasis,  period. 

pol,  por,  pur  [F.]  other  forms  of 
L.  pro;  as  pollute,  portend,  pur- 
vey. 


pos 


Ix 


al 


post  [L.]  after,  behind ;  as  post- 
pone. 

pre  [L.]  before ;  as  predict,  pre- 
cede, prevail. 

preter  [L.]  beyond;  as  preter- 
natural. 

pro  [L.]  forth,  forward,  for;  as 
proceed,  proconsul,  provoke,  pro- 
noun. 

pros    [G.]    towards;   as   proselyte. 

proto,  prot  [G.]  first ;  as  proto- 
type, protoxide. 

B 

re,  red,  ren  [L.]  back;  as  re- 
tract, redeem,  render. 

retro  [L.]  going  backwards ;  as 
retrograde,  retrospect. 


s,  for  se;  as  in  sober. 

s,  for  dis;  as  in  spend. 

s,   for  ex;   as  in   sample. 

se,  sed  [L.]  literally  by  itself, 
without,  aside ;  as  seclude,  sedi- 
tion. 

semi    [L.]    half ;    semitone. 

sine    [L.]   without;  as  sinecure. 

sub  [L.]  with  its  forms  s,  su,  sue, 
suf,  sug,  sup,  sus,  so,  under 
or  after ;  as  subject,  sombre,  sus- 
pect, succeed,  suffuse,  suggest, 
suppose,  sustain,  sojourn. 

snbter  [L.]  under;  as  subterfuge, 
subterraneous. 

super  [L.]  over,  above,  beyond ; 
as  superstructure,  superfine, 
BUperadd. 

supra  [L.]  over,  above:  as  super- 
abundance, supernumerary,  supra- 
mundane. 

sur  [F..  L.  super]  as  surmount, 
surprise. 

syn  [G.]  with  its  forms  sy,  syl, 
sym,  together,  with ;  as  syntax, 
system,  syllogism,  sympathy. 


t,  at ;  as  in  twit. 

thorough.  [A.S.]  through;  as 
thoroughfare. 

to   [A.S.]  as  in  to-day,  together. 

to  [A.S.]  asunder,  as  in  the  bib- 
lical to  brake. 

trans,  tran,  tra,  tres,  tre  [L.] 
beyond,  over,  through ;  as  transit, 
transcend,  traduce,  trespass, 
treason. 


U 


u  [G.]   not ;  as  Utopia. 
ultra      [L.]      beyond;     as     ultra- 
marine. 
um    [L.]    same   as   non,   not ;    as 

umpire. 
un  [A.S.]  not;  as  unable,  unseen; 

before  a  verb,  to  do  the  opposite  ; 

as  unloose,  untie,  unfetter. 
under     [A.S.]     under,    below;    as 

underprop,   undersell. 
un,  uni   fL.]   one;  as  unanimous, 

unicorn. 
up    [A.S.]    high,    over;    as   uplift, 

upset. 

V 

ve   [L.]   apart  from  ;  vestibule. 
vis,    vice    [F.,    L.]    in    place   of; 
viscount,   viceroy. 

W 

wan    [A.S.]    wanting;   as  wanton 

(wanting   education). 
•with     [A.S.]     against,    back ;    as 

withstand,  withdraw. 


y,  see  under  I. 


Affixes 


able  [L.  abilia]  fit  to  be ;  as 
portable. 

ac  [G.  akos]  pertaining  to;  as 
elegiac. 

aceons  [L.  aceus]  having  the 
qualities  of;  as  herbaceous. 

acious  [L.  ax,  acts]  full  of;  as 
audacious. 

acity  fL.  acitas]  power,  abun- 
dance ;  as  capacity,  loquacity. 


acy  [L.]  act  of  doing,  as  con- 
spiracy ;  state,  as  celibacy. 

ade  [F.]  relating  to,  pertaining 
to ;  as  decade. 

age  [L.  aticus,  F.  aye]  act  of 
doing,  or  thing  done,  locality ;  as 
passage,  parentage,  postage, 
parsonage. 

al  [L.  a/is]  belonging  to;  as  bridal, 
criminal,  nuptial. 


est 


an,  ain  [L.  anus]  belonging  or 
pertaining  to.  one  who;  as  guard- 
ian, human,  librarian. 

ana  |  L.]  things  belonging  to,  say- 
ings :  as  Johusoniana. 

ance,  ancy  [L.  antia]  state  or 
being ;  as  ignorance,  abundance, 
constancy,  occupancy. 

and,  end  [L.  andus,  endus]  as 
viand,  legend. 

aneous  [L.  aneus]  belonging  to; 
as  extraneous. 

ant  [L.  ana,  antis]  equivalent  of 
E.  ing;  as  assistant,  pleasant. 

ar  [L.  an's]  of  or  belonging  to;  as 
globular,  angular ;  one  who,  as 
beggar. 

ard    [F.]    one  who;   as  drunkard. 

ary  [L.  arius]  agent  or  doer,  one 
who ;  as  secretary,  missionary, 
lapidary  ; — [L.  arium]  place 
where ;  as  seminary. 

ass,  ace  [L.  accus,  acius]  cuirass, 
pinnace. 

aster  [L.  aster]  implying  con- 
tempt ;  as  poetaster. 

ate  [L.  atus,  at  a  atum]  to  make; 
as  regulate,  deliberate ;  one  who, 
as  delegate,  potentate ;  office, 
thing,  as  consulate,  duplicate ; 
having,  full,  as  animate,  adequate. 

ative  [L.  ativus]  having  power; 
as  vegetative,  creative. 

atory  [L.  atorius]  relating  to, 
being ;  as  predatory,  transitory. 

ature  [L.  attire]  state,  form ;  as 
creature. 


ble,  nee  able. 

ble,  pie  [L.  plus]  fold;  as  double, 

quadruple. 
bund  and   cnnd    [L.   bundus  and 

cundus]  moribund,  rubicund. 


celli,  cello  [L.  culus  and  ellus] 
diminutive ;  as  violoncello. 

ch,  augmentative;  as  blotch. 

cle,  cule  [L.  culus]  particle, 
animalcule. 

craft  [A.S.  craft]  skill;  book- 
craft,  priestcraft 

cy  [Ij.  tia]  being  or  state  of  being; 
as  clemency,  delicacy,  intimacy, 
infancy. 


J,  t,  or  ed,  suffix  of  past  tense ; 
did,  felt,  loved. 

d,  ed,  denotes  possession ;  in  nouns 
with  passive  meanings,  as  deed, 
seed ;  in  adjectives  formed  from 


nouns,    as    booted,    feathered ;    in 
past   participles,   as   loved. 
tlom      |A.S.]      state,     power;     as 
kingdom,        earldom,        dukedom, 
popedom,  freedom. 


ed  [E.]  having,  action  done;  as 
landed,  finished. 

ee  [F.,  from  L.  atus]  one  who; 
as  lessee,  trustee,  referee,  refugee. 

eer,  [F.  ier,  L.  arius]  one  who, 
agent  or  doer ;  as  muleteer, 
charioteer,  mutineer,  engineer. 

el  [L.  ellus,  or  illus]  diminutive; 
as  damsel. 

el   [A.S.]   instrument;  as  shovel. 

en  [A.S.]  made  of  or  belonging 
to ;  as  wooden,  golden ;  to  make, 
as  lengthen,  strengthen. 

en  [A.S.  en]  diminutive;  as 
maiden. 

en  [A.S.  en]  vixen. 

en  [A.S.  n,  ne,  en]  pp.;  woven. 

en   [A.S.  an]  oxen,  kine. 

en   [A.S.]   to  make;  darken, 

eiice,  ency  [L.  entia]  action, 
state  or  being ;  as  leniency,  con- 
sistence, tendency  ;  indolence,  com- 
placency. 

ent  [L.  ens]  being;  as  president, 
opponent,  different. 

eons  [L.  eus]  pertaining  to,  con- 
taining ;  as  aqueous. 

er  [A.S.  ere]  one  wha;  as  maker, 
singer,  writer. 

er  [A.S.  erian]  frequentative;  as 
flicker. 

er,  more ;  in  comparative  of  ad- 
jectives, as  greater. 

erel  [O.F.]  little;  as  pikerel, 
cockerel. 

erie  [L.  ariinn]  place  where ;  as 
menagerie. 

erly  [  ern,  ly]  direction  to  or 
from ;  southerly. 

ern  [L.  erna]  noun  suffix;  cistern. 

ern  [A.S.]  direction,  to  or  from. 
as  eastern,  western ;  or  belonging 
to,  as  modern. 

ery  [F.  erie]  place,  act,  state;  as 
brewery,  bribery,  waggery. 

es,  or  s  [A.S.  as]  pi.  suffix ;  as 
foxes,  boots. 

escent  [L.  escens]  growing,  be- 
coming ;  as  convalescent. 

ese  [L.  ensis]  belonging  to;  as 
Japanese. 

ess  [F.  ease  L.  iasa]  fern,  suffix 
of  nouns ;  as  tigress,  lioness. 

est    [A.S.]   bringest,  lovest. 


Ilk 


est  [A.S.  est]  superl.  suffix  in 
adj.:  as  youngest. 

et  [F.]  little;  as  casket,  tablet, 
floweret,  rivulet. 

etio  [G.  etikos]  relating  to ;  as 
pathetic. 

ette   [F.]   little;  as  coquette. 

ety  [L.  etas]  state  of;  as  sobriety, 
anxiety. 

ever  [A.S.]  every,  any ;  as  who- 
soever, whoever. 

ey  [A.S.  iff]  consisting  of;  as 
clayey. 


fare,  way ;   as  welfare. 

fast  [A.S.  faest]  firm,  fast ;  as 
steadfast. 

fold  [A.S.  feald]  adj.  suffix;  as 
fourfold. 

fnl  [A.S.]  full  of;  as  joyful,  use- 
ful, painful,  delightful. 

fy  [F.  fier,  L.  facere]  to  make;  as 
purify,  fortify,  diversify. 

H 

head,  or  hood  [A.S.  had,  state] 
state  or  being ;  as  manhood, 
priesthood,  neighbourhood. 


1,     pi.     suffix    of    nouns,     through 

Italian ;  banditti. 
ian     [L.    ianus]     adj.    suffix;     as 

Arabian,  Canadian. 
ible    [F.,    L.    ililis]    able    to   be; 

as   flexible,   accessible,   possible. 
ic    [L.   and   G.]    belonging  to;    as 

gigantic,    angelic,   cubic. 
ical,   adj.  suffix,  belonging  to ;   as 

cubical,  comical. 
ice     [L.    itium]     thing    done;    as 

service,  notice. 
ice,   isn    [L.  ix,  ids]    as  pumice, 

radish. 
icle  [A.S.  gicel,  a  piece  of  ice]  as 

icicle. 
ics   [G.  ika]  in  names  of  science; 

as  pneumatics,   mathematics. 
id  [L.  idus]  belonging  to;  as  rabid, 

fervid. 

ide  [G.  eidos,  form]  as  bromide. 
ie,  y,  diminutive ;  as  lassie. 
ier  [F.  ier]  one  who;  as  cavalier, 

hosier. 
il,    ile     [L.    His]    able ;    as    civil, 

ductile. 
ile     [Ij.     His]     belonging    to;     as 

juvenile,  mercantile,  gentile. 
im,  pi.  suffix ;  as  cherubim. 
ina,  fern,  suffix ;   as  Czarina. 


ine  [L.  inus]  belonging  to ;  as 
divine,  genuine,  feline. 

ine  [F.  ine,  L.  ina]  fern,  suffix; 
as  heroine. 

ing  [A.S.  ende]  suffix  of  ppr.; 
coming. 

ing  [A.S.  ung,  ing]  noun  suffix ; 
learning,  dwelling. 

ing  [A.S.  ing]  son  of;  as  Man- 
ning, Harding ;  also  in  names  of 
animals,  herring ;  in  coins,  as 
farthing. 

ion  [L.  io]  being  or  state  of 
being :  as  creation. 

ior  [L.]  more;  as  superior,  in- 
ferior. 

iqne  [F.,  L.  iqiius]  belonging  to; 
as  antique. 

ish  [A.S.  isc]  like ;  as  childish, 
girlish,  foolish ;  little,  as  brown- 
ish; — [F.  iss.  L.  esc]  to  make; 
as  establish,  finish. 

ism,  asm  [G.  ismos.  asmos]  act, 
being,  or  state  of  being ;  as 
atheism,  pleonasm. 

ist,  ast  [G.  istes.  astes]  one  who; 
as  atheist,  gymnast. 

ite  [G.  ites]  belonging  to,  one 
who ;  as  anchorite,  dynamite. 

ity  [L.  itas]  being  or  state;  as 
ability,  capability,  inability. 

ive  [L.  ivus]  belonging  to,  having 
the  power  to ;  as  native,  active, 
expansive,  persuasive. 

ix   [L.]   as  executrix,  testatrix. 

ize  [G.  izein]  to  make;  as  fertilize, 
realize,  equalize,  canonize,  epito- 
mize. 

K 

k,  a  verbal  suffix ;  as  walk,  talk. 

kin  [A.S.]  little;  as  lambkin, 
manikin. 

kind  [A.S.]  race,  sort ;  as  woman- 
kind, humankind,  mankind. 


1,  Ie,  as  verb  suffix ;  as  kneel, 
drizzle. 

Ie,  el  [A.S.]  denoting  instrument, 
&c. ;  as  needle,  navel. 

lent  [L.  lentus]  full  of ;  as  benev- 
olent, redolent,  violent,  virulent, 
corpulent. 

less  [A.S.  leas]  without ;  as  use- 
less, worthless,  valueless,  tenant- 
less. 

let  [el,  Ie,  and  et]  diminution, 
little :  as  eaglet,  streamlet. 

like  [A.S.  He]  like ;  as  warlike, 
saintlike,  godlike. 


(in 


xii 


und 


ling  [A.S.]  little,  young;  as  duck- 
ling, codling,  darling ;  sometimes 
depreciatory,  as  hireling,  ground- 
ling. 

ling,  long  [A.S.  Innrja,  linga] 
adv.  suffix ;  its  sidelong,  darkling. 

lock  [A.S.  lac}  noun  suffix;  wed- 
lock. 

lock,  lick  [A.S.  leac]  a  leek ; 
as  garlic,  hemlock. 

ly  [A.S.  He]  like;  as  lordly, 
friendly,  kingly,  manly. 

M 

meal  [A.S.  mailum]  adv.  suffix ;  as 
piecemeal. 

men  [L.  men]  state,  that  which  ; 
as  regimen,  acumen. 

ment  [F.,  L.  mentum]  act  or 
state  of ;  as  treatment,  excite- 
ment, advancement,  nourishment. 

mony  [F.  monie,  L.  monium, 
monia]  act  or  state  of ;  as 
parsimony,  testimony,  matrimony. 

most  [ma  and  est]  greatest;  as 
uppermost,  endmost,  topmost. 

N 

m,  in  participles,  denoting  pos- 
session ;  as  broken,  hewn. 

ntl  [A.S.]  p.pr.  suffix  ;  friend. 

ness  [A.S.]  being  or  state  of 
being ;  as  madness,  blindness, 
kindness. 


ock  [A.S.  uc]  little ;  as  hillock. 
oid,  oidal  [G.  oeides]  as  colloid. 
om     [A.S.    urn]     old    dative;     as 

whilom. 

on  [L.  onem]  as  felon. 
on,    one,    pon    [F.    on.    It.    one] 

augmentative ;  as  balloon,  flagon, 

trombone. 
or    [L.]    one    who ;    as    imitator, 

persecutor,  author,  factor. 
ory     [L.    orius]    belonging    to    or 

place  where ;  as  olfactory,  purga- 
tory, prefactory,  piscatory. 
ose   [L.  osus]   full  of;  as  verbose, 

jocose. 
osity      [L.      ositas]      abundance, 

state ;  as  verbosity,  curiosity. 
ot   [F.]   little;  as  ballot,  pivot; — 

[G.    otes]    one    who ;    as   patriot, 

zealot. 
onr  [F.  eur.  L.  or]  state  of  being; 

as  honour,  favour. 
ons  [L.  us]  full  of;  as  prosperous, 

lustrous,  nervous,  dubious,  fibrous. 
ow,  w  [A.S.  u,  we,  wa]  meadow, 

sparrow,  straw. 


R 

r,  er,  verb  suffix ;  as  chatter,  titter. 

re    [A.S.]    pjace ;    as    here,    there. 

red  [A.S.  rwd]  implying  number: 
as  hundred. 

red  [A.S.  rceden,  rule]  state, 
those  who ;  as  kindred. 

ric  [A.S.  rice,  dominion]  dominion, 
region ;  as  bishopric. 

right  [A.S.  riht]  as  upright, 
downright. 

ry,  ery  [  F.  rie,  erie]  art,  place ; 
as  masonry,  foundry  ;  also  the  re- 
sult of  action,  as  poetry ;  action, 
as  sorcery ;  condition,  as  slavery  ; 
forming  collective  n.  as  infantry. 

S 

s    [A.S.   es]    marking   the  genitive 

case. 

se  [A.S.  sian]  to  make ;  as  cleanse. 
ship  [A.S.  scipe]  state  or  quality ; 

as  hardship,  friendship. 
sis  [G.]  action  or  state;  as  thesis. 
some    [A.S.]    full  of;  as  tiresome, 

quarrelsome,  gladsome. 
son,  son ;  as  Johnson. 
ster  [A.S.  estre]  agent  or  doer; 

as   punster,   gamester. 
stress    [A.S.]    as  songstress, 
sy,   se    [G.  sis]    state;   as  dropsy, 

eclipse. 


t  [L.  tus]  adj.  and  noun  suffix; 
as  fact,  exact. 

t,    for   th.    as   height. 

teen  [A.S.  tyne]  ten  to  be  added; 
as  fifteen,  sixteen. 

ter,  tre   [G.  tron]   meter,  centre. 

ter,  ther  [A.S.  dcr,  ter]  thither, 
after. 

th,  or  t  [A.S.]  state  or  thing ;  as 
birth,  broth,  light. 

ther,  ter,  der  [A.S.  dor,  thcr, 
der]  the  agent,  action  ;  as  father, 
mother,  slaughter,  rudder. 

tnde  [L.  tudo]  being  or  state  of 
being;  as  solitude,  altitude,  grati- 
tude. 

ty  [A.S.  tig]  ten  to  be  multiplied  ; 
seventy. 

ty  [F.  te,  L.  tas]  being  or  state  of 
being;  as  captivity,  poverty,  ra- 
pidity. 

V 

vie,  le  [L.  ulus]  little ;  as  globule, 

circle. 
und,    ond     [L.    undus,    F.    ond] 

as  jocund,  vagabond. 


ure 


yer 


nre  [L.  ura,  F.  eur]  act  or  state ; 

as      verdure,      mixture,      capture, 

exposure. 

urn  [L.  urnus]  as  taciturn. 
urnal    [L.    urnus]    belonging    to; 

as  diurnal. 

W 

ward  [A.S.]  in  the  direction  of; 
as  hitherward,  homeward,  east- 
ward. 

•ways  [A.S.]  way,  manner;  as 
side-ways,  bye-ways,  wrong-ways. 


•wise     [A.S.]     way,     manner;     as 
likewise. 


y  [A.S.  e]  place ;  as  smithy  ; — [A. 

S.    iff]    as    mighty ; — [A.S.    i-an] 

as  ferry, 
y  [F.  ie,  L.  ia]  abbey: — [L.  ivus] 

study  ; — [L.    ies]     progeny  ; — [L. 

ivus,     F.     if]     massy; — [G.     ia] 

academy. 
yer  [A.S.]  one  who;  as  lawyer. 


DICTIONARY  OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE 


-A 


A  a  (a  or  a),  indef.  art.  (contrac- 
tion of  an),  one  ;  any  :  used  before 
words  beginning  with  a  consonant 
or  the  sound  of  h. 

ab-a-ca  (ab'a-ka),  n.  manila  hemp. 

ab-a-cist  (ab'a-sist),  n.  a  calcula- 
tor ;  accountant. 

a-back  (a-bak'),  adv.  backward; 
pressed  back  against  the  mast : 
said  of  sails ;  by  surprise. 

ab-a-cus  (ab'a-kus),  n.  a  contriv- 
ance of  beads  or  balls  strung 
upon  rods  or  wires :  used  for 
arithmetical  computation  ;  the  slab 
crowning  a  column  or  pillar. 

a-baft  (fi-baff),  adv.  &_ prep,  at, 
towards,  or  in  the  direction  of  the 
stern  of  a  ship ;  astern. 

a-bai-ser  (a-ba'ser),  n.  bone  black. 

ab-a-lo-ne  (ab-a-15'ne),  n.  a  gas- 
tropod having  an  ear-shaped  shell. 

a-ban-clon  (a-ban'dun) ,  v.t.  to  give 
up  ;  desert  or  forsake  utterly  ;  give 
up  all  claim  to ;  yield  one's  self : 
n.  unrestraint;  freedom  of  manner. 
Syn.  leave,  forsake,  desert,  re- 
nounce, relinquish,  quit,  forego,  let 
go,  waive. 

Ant.  (see  keep,  cherish). 

a-ban-doned  (a-ban'dund),  adj. 
given  up  entirely ;  shamelessly 
profligate. 

a  -  ban  -  don  -  ment  (a-ban'dun- 
ment),  n.  the  act  of  abandoning; 
the  state  of  being  abandoned  ;  free- 
dom from  restraint. 

a-bas  (u-bii'),  [French]  down  with. 

a-base  (:1-bas'),  v.t.  to  humble  or 
degrade  ;  debase  morally  ;  dishonor. 

a-base-ment  (a-bas'ment),  n.  the 
act  of  abasing  or  humiliating. 

Syn.  degradation,  fall,  degener- 
acy, humiliation,  abjection,  debase- 
ment, servility. 
Ant.  (see  honor). 

a-bash  (a-bash'),  v.t.  to  put  to 
confusion ;  confound  or  make 
ashamed  by  consciousness  of  guilt 
or  error. 

Syn.    bewilder,    disconcert,    dis- 
compose, confound,  confuse,  shame. 
Ant.   (see  embolden). 

a-ba  ta-ble  (a-ba'tu-bl),  adj.  that 
may  be  abated. 

a-bate  (a-baf),  v.t.  to  lessen;  sup- 


press :  v.  i.  to  decrease ;  moderate ; 
subside. 

Syn.  decrease,  diminish,  lessen, 
moderate,  reduce,  subside. 

Ant.  (see  continue,  increase). 

a-bate-ment  (a-bat'ment),  n.  the 
act  of  abating ;  the  state  of  being 
abated  ;  diminution  ;  the  amount 
by  which  a  sum  or  quantity  is  re- 
duced. 

a  ba-tis  or  a-bat-tis  (English  ab'&- 

'  tis  ;  French  a-ba-te' ) ,  n.  a  barri- 
cade composed  of  felled  trees  with 
the  branches  pointing  outward. 

a-bat-toir  (a-bat-twar'),  n.  a  pub- 
lic slaughter-house. 

abb  (ab),  n.  the  yarn  of  the  warp 
in  weaving. 

abba  (ab'a  &  ab'a),  n.  father;  a 
title  of  a  bishop  in  the  Syriac, 
Coptic,  and  Ethiopic  churches. 

ab-ba-cy  (ab'a-si),  n.  the  office 
and  jurisdiction  of  an  abbot. 

ab-be  (a-ba'),  n.  an  ecclesiastic 
devoted  to  literature. 

ab-bess  (ab'es),  n.  the  lady  su- 
perior of  a  convent  or  nunnery. 

ab-bey  (ab'i),  n.  [pi.  abbeys 
(-iz)],  an  establishment  for  re- 
ligious devotees  of  either  sex,  re- 
nounced to  celibacy  and  seclusion 
from  the  world. 

ab-bot  (ab'ut),  n.  the  superior  or 
head  of  an  abbey. 

ab-bre-vi-ate  ( ab-bre' vi-at),  v.t. 
to  shorten,  as  by  contraction  of  a 
word  or  the  omission  of  words  in 
a  sentence ;  reduce  a  quantity  to 
its  lowest  terms. 

ab-bre-vi-a-tion  ( ab-bre' vi-a'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  shortening  or 
abbreviating;  the  state  of  being 
abbreviated  ;  the  word,  phrase,  or 
title  so  contracted,  as  M.D.  for 
Doctor  of  Medicine. 

ab-bre-vi-a-tor  ( ab-bre'vi-a-ter) , 
n.  one  who  shortens  or  abbreviates. 

ab-bre-vi-a-to-ry  ( ab-bre' vi-a-to- 
ri),  adj.  abbreviating  or  contract- 
ing. 

ab-bre-vi-a-ture  ( ab-bre'  vi-a- 
tur),  n.  the  sign,  letter  or  char- 
acter used  for  contraction  ;  a  com- 
pendium or  abridgment. 

ab-di-cant    (ab'di-kant).   adj.   re- 


'  lite,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


abd 


abl 


nouncing ;  abdicating :  n.  one  who 
renounces  or  abdicates. 

ab-di-cate  (ab'di-kat),  v.t.  re- 
nounce, give  up,  or  withdraw 
from ;  to  relinquish  the  crown  in 
favor  of  a  successor. 

ab-di-ca-tion  (ab-di-ka'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  relinquishment  or  resig- 
nation. 

ab-di-ca-tor  (ab'di-ka-ter),  ».  one 
who  abdicates  or  resigns. 

ab-do-men  (ab-do'men),  n.  the 
belly ;  the  cavity  containing  the 
digestive  apparatus  or  viscera ;  the 
posterior  segment  or  third  division 
of  the  body  of  an  insect. 

ab-dom-i-nal  ( ab-dom'i-nal ) ,  ad}. 
pertaining  to  the  abdomen. 

ab-dom-i-nous  ( ab-dom'i-nus) , 
adj.  relating  to  the  abdomen ;  large- 
bellied. 

ab-duce  (ab-dus'),  v.t.  to  draw 
away  by  persuasion  or  argument ; 
draw  aside  by  an  abductor  muscle. 

ab-dn-cent  (ab-du'sent),  n.  that 
which  abducts :  adj.  pulling  away 
from  a  common  center. 

ab-dnct  (ab-dukf),  v.t.  to  carry 
off  by  stealth  or  force ;  kidnap. 

ab-dnc-tion  (ab-duk'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  abducting  or  kidnapping. 

ab-duc-tor  (ab-duk'ter),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  abducts;  a 
muscle  moving  certain  parts  from 
the  axis  of  a  limb. 

a -beam  (a-bem'),  adv.  at  right 
angles  to  the  keel  of  a  ship. 

a-be-ce-da-ri-an  (a-be-se-da'ri- 
Sn ) ,  or  abecedary,  adj.  belonging 
to  the  alphabet :  n.  one  teaching 
or  learning  the  alphabet. 

a-bed  (a-bed'),  adv.  in  bed;  to  bed. 

ab-er-rant  (ab-er'ant),  adj.  de- 
parting from  the  usual  path,  type, 
or  standard. 

ab-er-ra-tion  (ab-er-ra'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  departing  from  the  usual 
path,  type,  or  standard ;  mental 
derangement ;  the  unequal  refrac- 
tion of  rays  of  light  from  a  lens 
so  that  they  do  not  converge  to  a 
single  point. 

ab-e-ran-ca-tor  (  ab-e-rung'ka- 
t§r),  n.  an  instrument  for  weed- 
ing, and  for  pruning  trees. 

a-bet  (a-bef),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
abetted,  p.pr.  abetting],  to  encour- 
age ;  to  aid  or  assist  in  the  per- 
formance of  an  act,  usually  to  a 


criminal  nature;  to  incite  or  In- 
stigate. 

Kyn.    aid,    assist,    countenance, 
sanction,  support,  uphold. 
Ant.   (see  hinder,  impede). 

a-bet-ment  (a-bet'ment),  n.  the 
act  of  abetting  or  instigating  to 
action  or  crime. 

a-bet-ter  or  abettor  (a-bet'er), 
n.  one  who  aids  or  abets  in  the 
commission  of  a  crime ;  one  who 
protects  a  criminal  or  assists  him 
to  escape  from  justice. 

a-bey-ance  (a-ba'ans),  n.  held  or 
kept  back ;  held  over ;  a  state  of 
suspension. 

ab-hor  (ab-h6r'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
abhorred,  p.pr.  abhorring],  to  hate, 
loathe,  execrate,  abominate ;  be 
strongly  averse  to ;  shrink  or  re- 
coil from  with  horror,  dread,  or 
disgust. 

Syn.     despise,     detest,    dislike, 
loathe,  abominate,  hate. 

Ant.  (see  admire,  approve). 

ab-hor-ren.ee  ( ab-hor' rens ),  n.  de- 
testation ;  extreme  hatred ;  that 
which  excites  a  feeling  of  strong 
repugnance. 

ab  hor-rent  (ab-hor'rent),  adj. 
detestable,  hateful,  repulsive. 

ab-hor-rer  (ab-h6r'rer),  n.  one 
who  abhors  or  detests. 

ab-hor-ring  (ab-hor' ring),  n.  the 
feeling  of  abhorrence ;  the  object 
of  abhorrence. 

a-bide  (a-bid'),  [p.t.  &  p.p.  abode, 
p.pr.  abiding],  v.t.  to  await,  en- 
dure, withstand,  tolerate :  v.i.  to 
dwell,  reside,  continue,  stand  firm. 
Syn.  dwell,  lodge,  remain,  so- 
journ, stop,  reside,  live. 

Ant.  (see  abandon,  depart). 

a-bid-er  (a-bid'er),  n.  one  who 
continues  or  resides ;  a  resident. 

a-bi-ding  (a-bi'ding),  p.adj.  re- 
maining ;  staying ;  steadfast,  in 
faith  or  in  purpose. 

ab-i-gail  (ab'i-gal),  n.  a  waiting- 
maid,  so  called  from  Abigail, 
"thine  handmaid"  (I  Sam.  ixv. 
2-41). 

a-bil-i-ty  (S-bil'i-ti),  ».  power  to 
perform  ;  skill  to  achieve  ;  capabil- 
ity for  carrying  out ;  capacity  to 
devise,  receive,  retain,  or  make  use 
of ;  physical  or  moral  strength ; 
talents  or  gifts,  in  a  special  or 
general  degree  ;  wealth  ;  means. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  m55a, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


4bi 


a  DO 


ab-in-tes-tate  (ab-in-tes'tat),  adj. 
succeeding  to  the  estate  of  a  per- 
son dying  without  a  will. 

ab-i-o-gen-e-sis  ( ab-i-o- jen'e-sis ) , 
n.  spontaneous  generation. 

ab-i-og-en-ous  (ab-i-oj'en-us), 
adj.  resulting  from  spontaneous 
generation. 

ab-ject  (ab'jekt),  adj.  worthless; 
mean  ;  low  ;  despicable  ;  in  a  sunken 
or  degraded  condition. 

ab-jec-tion  (ab-jek'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  being  cast  down ;  cast 
away  ;  degradation. 

ab-ju-ra-tion  (ab-jfi-ra'shun),  n. 
an  oath  of  renunciation,  as  of 
allegiance ;  the  act  of  renouncing 

ab-jure  (ab-jur'),  v.t.  to  renounce 
upon  path  ;  forswear  allegiance  to  ; 
repudiate  or  recant. 

ab  lac  ta  tion  ( ab-lak-ta'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  weai'.ing  a  child  from 
the  breast. 

ab-la-tion  (ab-la'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  removal  or  carrying  away. 

ab-la-ti-tious  (ab-Ia-tish'us).  adj. 
having  the  quality  of  carrying 
away. 

ab-la-tive  (ab'IS-tiv),  n.  one  of 
the  cases  of  Latin  nouns,  express- 
ing chiefly  separation  and  instru- 
mentality. 

a-blaze  (A-blaz'),  adv.  or  adj.  on 
fire  ;  well  alight ;  in  a  blaze  ;  eager ; 
inflamed  with  desire;  resplendent. 

a-ble  (a'bl),  adj.  possessed  of 
power,  means,  or  ability  ;  qualified, 
competent;  bodily  or  mentally 
strong ;  legally  authorized  or  en- 
titled. 

a-ble-bod-ied  (bod'id),  adj.  pos- 
sessed of  physical  strength ;  capa- 
ble or  efficient  for  duty. 

ab-le-gate  (ab'le-gat),  n.  the  en- 
voy sent  by  the  Pope  with  in- 
signia, &c.,  to  newly-appointed 
cardinals. 

abloom  (a-bloom'),  adv.  &  adj. 
in  bloom. 

ab  lu-ent  (ab'lu-ent),  adj.  cleans- 
ing: n.  that  which  cleanses;  a 
substance  which  purifies  the  blood. 

ab-lu  tion  (ab-lu'shun),  n.  a 
washing  or  cleansing  of  the  body 
by  water;  moral  purification. 

ab-lu-tion-a-ry  (ab-lu'shun-a-rr ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  cleansing. 

ab-ne-gate  (ab'ne-gat),  v.t.  to  re- 
fuse or  deny  to  one's  self. 


ab-nor-mal  (ab-n6r'mal),  adj. 
irregular;  deformed;  unnatural; 
departing  from  a  type,  standard, 
or  rule ;  exceptional ;  out  of  the 
common. 

ab-nor-mal-i-ty  ( ab-nor-mal'i-ti ) , 
n.  [pi.  abnormalities  (-tiz)],  the 
state  or  condition  of  being  abnor- 
mal or  irregular;  difference  or  de- 
parture from  a  regular  type  or 
rule. 

ab-nor-mal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an  ab- 
normal manner. 

ab-nor-mi-ty  (ab-nor'mi-ti),  n. 
[pi.  abnormities  (-tiz)  ],  deform- 
ity ;  irregularity. 

a-board  (fi-bord'),  adv.  on  or 
within  a  vessel :  prep,  into  a  ship. 

a -bode  (a-bod'),  n.  a  place  of  con- 
tinued residence  ;  a  dwelling ;  a 
habitation ;  residence  generally. 

a-bol-ish  (a-bol'ish),  v.t.  to 
efface ;  do  away  with  ;  put  an  end 
to. 

Syn.    annul,    destroy,    end,    ex- 
tirpate,  obliterate1,   exterminate. 
Ant.  (see  continue,  renew). 

ab-o-li-tion  (ab-o-lish'un),  n.  the 
act  of  abolishing ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing abolished ;  the  annulment  or 
abrogation  of  decrees,  rites,  cus- 
toms, &c. 

ab-o-li-tion -ism  (ab-6-lish'un- 
izm),  n.  the  doctrine  or  principles 
of  those  advocating  the  abolition 
of  certain  laws  or  customs,  as  the 
traffic  in  drink,  slaves,  &c. 

ab-o-li-tion-ist  ( ab-o-lish'un-ist). 
n.  one  who  is  in  favor  of  the  re- 
peal or  abolition  of  some  existing 
law  or  custom,  as  the  slave  trade 
or  drink  traffic. 

a-bo-ma  (a-bo'ma),  n.  the  name 
of  a  large  species  of  boa  or  ana- 
conda of  tropical  America. 

a-bpm-i-na-ble  (a-bora'i-na-bl), 
adj.  hateful;  odious;  offensive; 
unclean. 

a-bom-i-nate  (a-bom'i-nat),  v.t. 
to  abhor;  regard  with  feelings  of 
disgust  or  hatred. 

a-bom-i-na-tion  (a-bom-i-na'- 
shun),  n.  excessive  hatred  ;  the  act 
of  abominating ;  the  thing  abom- 
inated ;  defilement ;  pollution. 

Fyn.  nuisance,  abuse,  annoyance, 
aversion,  offense,  shame. 

Ant.  (see  blessing,  delight). 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


abo 


abs 


ab-p-rig-i-nal  (ab-6-rij'i-nSl),  adj. 
original ;  primitive  ;  existing  from 
the  beginning :  n.  the  species  of 
animals  or  plants  presumed  to 
have  originated  within  a  given 
area. 

ab-o-rig-i-nes  (ab-o-rij'i-nez), 
n.pl.  the  first  or  primitive  inhab- 
itants of  a  country ;  the  native  or 
indigenous  animals  or  plants  of 
any  geographical  area. 

a-bort  (a-b6rf),  v.i.  to  miscarry 
in  birth ;  to  remain  undeveloped. 

a-bor-ted  (a-b6r'ted),  p.adj.  pre- 
maturely born  ;  checked  or  arrested 
in  development ;  functionally  im- 
perfect. 

a-bor-tion  ( a-bor' shun ),  ».  un- 
timely birth ;  miscarriage ;  that 
which  falls  short  of  maturity  by 
arrest  of  development. 

a-bor  tion-ist  (a-bor'shun-ist),  n. 
one  who  is  guilty  of  the  crime  of 
procuring  a  criminal  abortion,  or 
who  induces  abortion. 

a-bor- tive  (a-bQr'tiv),  adj.  born 
imperfect ;  arrested  in  develop- 
ment ;  without  issue  or  result. 

Syn.  fruitless,  ineffectual,  idle, 
inoperative,  vain,  futile. 
Ant.  (see  effectual). 

a-bonnd  (a-bound'),  v.i.  to  have 
in  plenty  or  abundance ;  to  exist 
in  great  numbers  or  quantity  (fol- 
lowed by  in  or  with). 

a-bout  (fi-bouf).  adv.  around;  on 
every  side ;  circuitously  ;  near  to  ; 
intending  :  prep,  concerned  in  ;  re- 
lating to. 

a-bove  (a-buv'),  adv.  in  a  higher 
place  ;  overhead  ;  in  heaven  ;  be- 
fore ;  besides :  prep,  superior ;  be- 
yond ;  in  excess  of. 

a-bove-board  (a-buv'bord).  adj. 
&  adv.  in  open  sight ;  without 
trickery. 

ab-ra-dant  (ab-ra'dant),  adj.  hav- 
ing the  property  of  rubbing  away  : 
n.  substance  employed  for  abrad- 
ing or  scouring. 

ab-rade  (ab-rad'),  v.t.  to  wear  or 
rub  away ;  to  remove  as  by  fric- 
tion or  abrasion  ;  to  corrode,  as  by 
acids. 

ab-ra-sion  (ab-ra'zhun),  n.  the 
act  of  wearing  or  rubbing  away ; 
a  chafe. 

a -breast    (a-bresf),   adv.  side  by 


side ;    in    line   with ;    opposite   to ; 
at  the  same  level. 

a -bridge  (a-brij'),  v.t.  to  curtail, 
shorten,  condense,  epitomize. 

abridgment  (a-brij'ment).  n. 
the  state  of  being  contracted  or 
curtailed ;  an  epitome. 

a-broacb.  (a-broch'),  adv.  &  adj. 
letting  out ;  nlaced  in  position  for 
yielding  the  contents. 

a -broad  (a-brawd'),  adv.  widely: 
expansively ;  beyond  the  limits  of 
house  or  country ;  wide  of  the 
mark. 

ab-ro-gate  (ab'ro-gat) ,  v.t.  to  abol- 
ish, annul,  or  repeal  by  authority. 

ab-ro-ga-tion  (ab-ro-ga'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  abrogating ;  the  repeal 
or  annulling  of  a  law. 

ab-ro-ga-tor  (ab'ro-gii-ter),  n.  one 
who  repeals  by  authority. 

ab-rupt  ( ab-rupt'),  adj.  broken; 
terminating  suddenly  ;  steep  ;  pre- 
cipitous ;  rough ;  unceremonious. 

ab-mpt-ed  (ab-rupt'ed),  p.adj. 
broken  off  with  suddenness ;  torn 
off  or  asunder. 

ab-rap-tion  (ab-rup'shun),  n.  a 
separation  with  violence ;  a  sud- 
den or  abrupt  termination. 

ab-scess  (ab'ses),  n.  [pi.  abscesses 
(-ez)],  a  collection  of  morbid  mat- 
ter or  pus  in  the  tissues  of  the 
body. 

ab-scis-sion  (ab-sizh'un),  n.  the 
act  of  severance ;  the  breaking  off 
in  a  sentence,  leaving  the  rest  to 
be  implied. 

ab-scond  (ab-skond'),  v.i.  to  flee 
or  retire  in  haste  from  the  place 
of  one's  residence  or  post  of  duty  ; 
quit  the  country  in  secret. 

Syn.    run   off,   steal   away,  de- 
camp, bolt. 

ab-sence  (ab'sens),  n.  the  state  of 
being  absent;  the  period  of  being 
absent. 

ab-sent  (ab'sent),  adj.  not  pres- 
ent ;  away  ;  wanting ;  regardless  ; 
abstracted. 

Syn.  inattentive,  abstracted,  not 
attending  to,  listless,  dreamy. 
Ant.  (see  present). 

ab-sent  ( ab-sent'),  v.t.  to  retire  or 
keep  away  from. 

ab-sen-tee  (ab-sen-te'),  n.  one 
who  is  absent  or  absents  himself 
purposely  from  home  or  duty. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  hS,  he"r,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  mo6n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


abs 


ab-sen-tee-ism  ( nb-sen-te'izm).  n. 
the  state  or  custom  of  living 
away  from  one's  country  or  es- 
tate. 

mb-sent-ly  (ab'sent-li),  adv.  in  an 
abstracted  manner. 

ab  -  sinthe  (English  ab'sinth  ; 
French  iib-sangt'),  n.  wormwood: 
a  bitter  aromatic  liqueur  com- 
pounded of  brandy  and  worm- 
wood, largely  drunk  in  France. 

ab -sin-thin  (ab-sin'thin).  n.  the 
bitter  principle  of  wormwood. 

ab-so-lnte  (ab'so-lfit),  adj.  free 
as  to  condition  :  perfect  in  itself ; 
unlimited  in  power;  fixed,  irrev- 
ocable ;  despotic :  positive :  n.  the 
will  or  power  of  the  Almighty. 

Kyn.  arrogant,  commanding,  des- 
potic,   lordly,    supreme,    arbitrary. 
Ant.   (see  compliant,  humble). 

ab-so-lu-tion  (ab-so-lfi'shtm  ) .  ?j. 
the  act  of  absolving  from  the  con- 
sequences of  sin. 

ab  so  lu-tism  (ab'so-lu-tizm),  n. 
the  state  of  being  absolute;  the 
principle  or  system  of  absolute 
government. 

ab-so  lu-tist  (ab'so-lu-tist),  n.  a 
supporter  or  advocate  of  despotic 
or  absolute  government. 

ab-sol-u-to-ry  (ab-sol'u-to-ri), 
adj.  absolving ;  capable  of  absolv- 
ing. 

ab-sol-va-to-ry  ( ab-sol'va-to-ri ) , 
adj.  containing  or  conferring  abso- 
lution ;  having  power  to  pardon 
or  absolve. 

ab-solve  (ab-solv'),  v.t.  to  release 
or  set  free;  clear  of  crime  or 
guilt :  to  forgive  or  remit. 

Xiin.  exonerate,  pardon,  release, 
exempt,  clear,  acquit. 

Ant.    (see  condemn,   bind). 

absorb  ( ah-sorb'),  v.t.  to  drink 
in;  imbibe;  suck  or  swallow  up; 
engross  or  engage  wholly. 

NI/H.   consume,   engross,   imbibe, 
swallow,  take  in. 

Ant.   (see  emit,  dissipate). 

ab-sorb-a-bil-i-ty  I  ab-surb-u-bil'i- 
ti>.  n.  the  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing absorbable. 

ab-sorb-a-ble  (ab-sorh'u-bl ).  tnli. 
capable  of  being  absorbed. 

ab-sorb-en-cy  (ab-sorb'en-si),  n. 
capacity  for  absorbing. 

absorb  ent  (ab-s6rb'ent).  adj. 
absorbing:  n.  the  capacity  for  ab- 


sorbing :  anything  which  absorbs 
or  takes  in  nutritive  matter:  a 
vessel  in  the  body :  a  substance 
capable  of  absorbing  or  withdraw- 
ing gases  or  moisture  from  the  air. 

ab-sorp-ti-om-e-ter  ( ab-sorp-shi- 
om'e-ter).  n.  an  instrument  to 
show  the  amount  of  gas  absorbed 
by  a  unit  volume  of  a  fluid. 

ab-sorp-tion  (ab-sorp'shun).  n. 
the  process  or  act  of  absorbing ; 
the  state  of  being  absorbed  ;  en- 
tire occupation  of  the  mind. 

ab-sorp-tion-bands  ( -banz ) .  n.pl. 
the  dark  bands  in  the  spectrum, 
more  or  less  wide,  and  not  usually 
sharply  defined. 

ab-sorp-tion-lines  (-lins),  n.pl. 
dark  lines  in  the  spectrum  pro- 
duced by  the  absorption  of  cool 
vapors  through  which  the  light 
has  passed. 

ab-sprp-tive  (ab-s6rp'tiv),  adj. 
having  power  or  capacity  for  ab- 
sorption. 

ab-sorp-tiv-i-ty  ( ab-so rp-ti  v'i-ti ) , 
n.  the  power  of  absorption. 

ab  squat-u-late  ( ab-skwot'u-lat ) , 
v.i.  to  abscond. 

ab-stain  (ab-stan'),  v.t.  to  for- 
bear; refrain;  hold  aloof;  keep 
away  from. 

ab-stain-er  (ab-stan'er),  n.  one 
who  abstains,  especially  from  in- 
toxicants. 

ab-ste-mi-ons  (ab-ste'mi-ns),  ad}. 
moderate  and  sparing  in  the  use 
of  food  and  drink  ;  non-indulgent. 

ab-sten-tion  (ab-sten'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  holding  off  or  abstain- 
ing. 

ab-sten-tion-ist  (ab-sten'shun- 
ist),  n.  one  who  favors  or  prac- 
tices abstention. 

ab-sten-tious  (ab-sten'shus),  adj. 
characterized  by  abstention. 

ab-ster-gent  (ab-ster'jent),  adj. 
possessing  cleansing  or  purging 
properties :  n.  that  which  cleanses 
or  purges  ;  a  detergent. 

ab-ster  sion  (ab-ster-shun),  n. 
the  act  of  wiping  clean  ;  the  act  of 
cleansing  by  the  use  of  abster- 
gents. 

ab-ster-sive  (ab-ster'siv),  adj. 
cleansing ;  of  the  nature  or  qual- 
ity of  an  abstergent;  n.  tbat 
which  cleanses  or  purifies. 

ab-sti-nence  (ab'sti-nens),  n.  the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin.  then. 


ahs 


act  or  practice  of  abstaining :  self- 
denial  :  partial  or  total  forbearance 
from  the  use  of  food  or  drink. 

<Si/».  fasting,  moderation,  ab- 
stemiousness, sobriety,  temperance, 
self-denial. 

Ant.  (see  excess,  intemperance). 

ab-sti-nent  (ab'sti-nent),  adj.  re- 
fraining from  over-indulgence,  es- 
pecially with  regard  to  food  and 
drink  :  n.  an  abstainer. 

ab-stract  (ab-strakf),  v.t.  to  take 
or  draw  away;  separate;  purloin 
or  steal ;  epitomize  :  separate  from 
and  consider  apart. 

Syn.  detach,  remove,  separate, 
withdraw,  divert. 

Ant.  (see  restore,  complete). 

ab-stract  (ab-strakf),  n.  an  epit- 
ome; a  summary  or  abstract 
comprising  the  essence  or  princi- 
pal parts  of  a  larger  work :  adj. 
considered  or  conceived  apart  from 
its  concrete  or  material  nature. 
abstract  noun,  n.  the  name  of 
a  state  or  quality  considered  apart 
from  the  object  to  which  it  be- 
longs. 

ab-stract-ed  (ab-strakt'ed).  p. adj. 
separated  ;  disjoined  ;  refined  ;  ab- 
struse ;  mentally  absent. 

ab-strac-tion  (ab-strak'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  separating  or  drawing 
away ;  the  state  of  being  with- 
drawn or  abstracted;  concentra- 
tion of  mind  or  attention. 

ab-strac-tion-al  ( ab-strak'shun- 
Al).  «'/;'.  pertaining  to  abstraction. 

tib-strac  tion-ist  ( ab-strak'slmn- 
ist),  n.  one  who  deals  with  ab- 
stractions ;  an  idealist ;  a  dreamer. 

ab-strac-tive  (ab-strak'tiv),  adj. 
having  the  quality  or  power  of  ab- 
straction. 

ab-stract-ly  (ab'strakt-li),  adv. 
in  an  abstract  manner. 

ab-stra-hent  (ab'stra-hent).  adj. 
abstract ;  eliminating  from  un- 
essential or  foreign  elements. 

abstruse  (ab-stroos').  adj.  ob- 
scure; hidden  ;  difficult  of  compre- 
hension ;  profound. 

ab  surd  (ab-serd'),  adj.  contrary 
to  reason  or  sense  ;  ridiculous. 

•S'i/M.     foolish,     incorrect,     mon- 
strous, senseless,  wild,  nonsensical. 
Ant.    (see   consistent,   sensible). 

ab-surd-i-ty  (ab-serd'i-ti),  n.  \pl. 
absurdities,  (-tiz)]  the  state  of 


being  absurd ;   that   which    is  ab- 
surd. 

a-bun-dance  i  a-bun'dans).  n.  in 
great  plenty ;  an  over-flowing 
quantity  :  affluence. 

a-bun-dant  (a-bun'dant).  adj. 
plentiful ;  fully  sufficient :  abound- 
ing. 

a-buse    (a-biiz'),   v.t.    to    use    ill; 
treat  rudely  or  wrongfully:  to  de- 
file or  violate;  use  violent  or  abu- 
sive language  towards ;  vituperate. 
Syn.   asperse,    revile,   vilify,   re- 
proach, calumniate,  defame,  slan- 
der,   scandalize,    malign,    traduce, 
disparage,  depreciate,  ill-use. 
Ant.  (see  praise,  protect). 

a-buse  (a-bus'),  n.  ill-treatment; 
the  excessive  or  injudicious  use  of 
anything;  insult;  violation. 

a-bu-sive  (a-bu'siv),  adj.  practic- 
ing or  containing  abuse. 

a-but  (a-buf),  v.i.  \ p.t.  &  p.p. 
abutted,  p.pr.  abutting],  to  border 
upon  ;  touch  at  one  end  ;  terminate. 
(Used  with  on.  upon,  aaainst.) 

a-but-ment  (u-but'ment),  n.  that 
which  borders  upon  something 
else ;  the  solid  structure  which 
supports  the  extremity  of  a  bridge 
or  arch. 

a-buzz  (a-buz'),  adv.  filled  with 
buzzing  sounds. 

abysm  (a-bizm'),  n.  an  abyss;  a 
gulf. 

a-bys-mal  (A-biz'mAl),  adj.  per- 
taining to  an  abyss ;  bottomless. 

a-byss  (A-bis'),  n.  a  bottomless 
gulf  ;  that  which  is  unfathomable  ; 
bell. 

a-ca-ci-a  (u-ka'shi-a),  n.  a  plant 
of  the  genus  of  same  name. 

ac-a-dem-ic  (ak-a-dern'ik).  or 
academical  (-al),  n.  a  college 
student  or  member  of  a  university  : 
adj.  belonging  or  appertaining  to 
a  college  or  university. 

ac-a-dem-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
academical  manner ;  after  the 
fashion  of  an  academy. 

ac-a-dem-i-cals  (ak-a-dem'i-kals), 
n.pl.  the  costume  worn  by  gradu- 
ates and  undergraduates  at  a  uni- 
versity or  a  college. 

ac-a-de-mi-cian  (ak-a-de-mish'- 
an),  n.  a  member  of  an  academy 
or  society  for  promoting  the  arts, 
sciences,  and  literature. 

a-cad-e-my      (a-kad'e-mi),     n.     a 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ace 


private  school  or  seminary  for  the 
teaching  of  the  higher  branches 
of  education ;  a  school  for  in- 
struction in  special  subjects ;  an 
association  or  society  of  men  emi- 
nent in  literature,  science,  and 
art ;  a  building  devoted  to  aca- 
demic purposes. 

a-can-thus  (a-kan'thus),  n.  a 
plant  having  sharp-toothed  leaves  ; 
ornamentation  adopted  in  the  cap- 
itals of  the  Corinthian  and  Com- 
posite orders,  and  resembling  the 
foliage  of  the  acanthus. 

ac-cede  (ak-sed'),  v.i.  to  come  or 
attain  to ;  to  agree  or  yield  to. 

8yn.    assent    to,     consent,    ac- 
quiesce, comply  with,  agree,  coin- 
cide, concur,  approve. 
Ant.  (see  protest). 

ac-cel-er-ate  (ak-sel'er-at),  v.t. 
to  hasten ;  to  cause  to  move  or 
progress  faster ;  quicken  the  speed 
of ;  bring  nearer  in  time. 

Syn.    hasten,     hurry,     expedite, 
forward,  quicken,  despatch. 
Ant.  (see  retard). 

ac-cel-er-a-tion  ( ak-sel-er-a'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  accelerating; 
the  state  of  being  accelerated. 

ac-cel-er-a-tive  (ak-sel'er-a-tiv) , 
adj.  hastening ;  lending  to  increase 
velocity. 

ac-cel-er-a-tor  (ak-sel'er-a-ter),  n. 
that  which  quickens  or  acceler- 
ates ;  any  method  in  photography 
by  which  a  sensitized  or  chemical 
plate  is  exposed  for  a  less  time  to 
the  light. 

ac-cel-er-a-to-ry  ( ak-sel'er-a-to- 
ri),  adj.  accelerating  or  tending  to 
accelerate. 

ac-cent  (ak'sent),  «.  the  stress 
laid  by  the  voice  upon  a  particu- 
lar syllable  of  a  word,  so  as  to 
render  it  more  prominent  than  the 
rest ;  the  mark  or  character  used 
in  writing  and  printing  to  express 
the  manner  of  pronouncing  of  a 
word  :  a  peculiarity  of  utterance  or 
expression  distinguishing  the  lan- 
guage of  different  parts  or  dis- 
tricts of  the  same  or  a  foreign 
country ;  the  emphasis  placed 
upon  certain  notes  of  a  bar  of 
music :  v.t.  to  express  the  accent. 
or  denote  the  vocal  division  of  a 
word  by  stress  or  modulation  of 
the  voice ;  to  pronounce ;  mark  or 


accent  a  word  in  writing  by  use 
of  a  sign ;  dwell  upon  or  empha- 
size, as  a  passage  of  music. 

ao-cen-tu-al  (ak-sen'tu-al),  adj. 
belonging  to  accent ;  rhythmical. 

ac-cen-tu-ate  (ak-sen'tu-at),  v.t. 
to  speak  ;  pronounce  or  mark  with 
an  accent ;  give  prominence  to  in 
speaking  or  writing ;  lay  stress 
upon. 

ac-cen-tn-a-tion  (ak-sen-tu-a'- 
shun).  n.  the  act  of  accentuating 
by  stress  or  accent ;  the  act  of 
speaking  (or  writing)  with  em- 
phasis or  distinction. 

ac-cept  (ak-sepf),  v.t.  to  take  or 
receive  with  approbation ;  enter- 
tain ;  agree  to,  or  acquiesce  in ; 
understand  or  receive  in  a  partic- 
ular sense ;  to  agree  or  promise 
to  pay. 

Syn.  receive,  take,  admit. 
Ant.  (see  refuse). 

ac-cep-ta-ble  ( ak-sep'ta-bl ) ,  adj. 
capable  of  giving  pleasure  or 
gratification. 

Syn.   agreeable,    pleasing,    grat- 
ifying, pleasurable,  welcome. 
Ant.  (see  displeasing). 

ac-cep-ta-bil-i-ty  ( ak-sep'ta-bi  1'i- 
ti),  or  ae-cep-ta-ble-ness  (ak- 
sep'ta-bl-nes),  n.  the  quality  of 
being  acceptable  or  agreeable. 

ac-cep-tance  (ak-sep'tans),  n.  the 
act  of  accepting ;  the  fact  of  being 
accepted,  or  received  with  appro- 
bation ;  the  subscription  to  a  bill 
of  exchange ;  the  bill  accepted  or 
the  sum  contained  in  it. 

ac-cep-ta-tion.  (  ak-sep-ta'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  accepting,  or  state 
of  being  accepted  or  acceptable ; 
the  meaning  or  sense  of  a  word  or 
statement  in  which  it  is  to  be 
understood. 

ac-cep-ter  or  acceptor  (ak-sep'- 
ter) ,  n.  one  who  accepts ;  the  per- 
son who  accepts  a  bill  of  exchange. 

ac-cess  (ak'ses),  n.  admittance  or 
approach  to  a  person  or  place ; 
means  of  approach  or  admission ; 
addition  or  increase ;  the  recur- 
rence or  fits  of  paroxysms  in  dis- 
eases. 

ac-cess-a-ry.     See  accessory. 

ac-cess-i-bil-i-ty  ( ak-ses-i-bil'i-ti ) , 
n.  the  condition  of  being  accessible. 

ac-cess-i-ble      (ak-ses'i-bl),     adj. 


late.  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  hgr,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vo*o.  norch.  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ace 


8 


capable  of  being  approached  ;  easy 
of  access ;  attainable. 

ac-c  ess-ion  (ak-sesh'un),  n.  a 
coming  to,  as  by  succession  or  by 
right ;  entrance  or  attainment ;  the 
act  of  acceding  by  assent  or  agree- 
ment ;  increase  or  augmentation  ; 
the  acquirement  of  property  by  im- 
provement, growth,  or  labor  ex- 
pended ;  the  attack  or  commence- 
ment of  a  disease. 

ao  -cess-  ion  -al  (ak-sesh'un-al), 
adj.  additional ;  pertaining  to  an 
accession. 

ac-cess-p-ri-al  (ak-ses-o'ri-al) ,adj. 
pertaining  to  an  accessory,  as  ac- 
cessorial guilt  or  agency. 

ac-cess-o-ry  (ak-«es'6-ri),  [pi.  ac- 
cessories (-riz)],  r*dj.  aiding;  con- 
tributing to  some  result  or  effect : 
n.  one  who  aids  in  the  commission 
of  a  felony ;  an  accomplice ;  that 
which  is  in  the  nature  of  an  ap- 
pendage. 

Syn.  accomplice,  ally,  assistant, 
confederate,  helper,  abetter. 
Ant.  (see  hinderer,  opponent). 

ac-ci-dence  (ak'si-dens),  n.  the 
portion  of  grammar  which  deals 
with  the  inflections  of  words ;  a 
book  containing  the  rudiments  of 
grammar ;  the  rudiments  them- 
selves. 

ac-ci-dent  (ak'si-dent),  n.  an 
event  which  is  unexpected,  or  the 
cause  of  which  was  unforeseen ;  a 
contingency,  casualty,  or  mishap ; 
a  property  of  a  thing  which  is  not 
essential  to  it. 

Syn.  casualty,  incident,  contin- 
gency, adventure,  chance. 

Ant.     (see    certainty,     calcula- 
tion). 

ac-ci-den-tal  (ak-si-den'tal),  adj. 
happening  by  chance  or  unexpect- 
edly ;  fortuitous ;  non-essential ; 
connected  with,  but  not  necessar- 
ily belonging  to :  n.  that  which 
happens  unexpectedly  ;  an  adjunct, 
or  non-essential  part  or  quality  ;  a 
sharp,  flat,  or  natural  introduced 
into  a  piece  of  music  to  lower  or 
raise  the  note  before  which  it  is 
placed. 

ac-ci-den-tal-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  an 
accidental  manner. 

ac  claim  (ak-klam'),  v.i.  to  shout 
applause :  n.  a  shout  of  joy  or 
praise ;  acclamation. 


ac  cla ma  tion  ( ak-kla-ma'shun ) , 
n.  a  shout  of  applause,  or  other 
demonstration  of  hearty  approval ; 
an  outburst  of  joy,  or  praise  :  the 
adoption  of  a  resolution  vivd 
voce;  a  mode  of  papal  election. 

ac-clam-a-tp-ry  (ak-klam'a-to-ri), 
adj.  expressing  joy  or  applause  by 
acclamation. 

ac-cli-mate  (ak-kll'mat),  v.t.  to 
accustom  a  person  to  a  foreign 
climate. 

ac  cli  ma-tion  (ak-kll-ma'shun), 
n.  the  process  of  acclimatizing,  or 
the  state  of  being  inured  to  a  for- 
eign climate ;  acclimatization. 

ac-cli-ma-tize  (ak-kli'ma-tiz),  v.t. 
&  v.i.  to  accustom  or  become  ac- 
customed to  a  foreign  climate ; 
said  of  plants  or  animals. 

ac-cliv-i-ty  (ak-kliv'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
acclivities  (-tiz)],  an  ascent  or 
upward  slope  of  the  earth ;  the 
talus  of  a  rampart. 

ac-cli-vous  (ak-kll'vus),  adj.  ris- 
ing, as  a  slope;  uphill. 

ac-co-la-ted  (ak'ko-la-ted),  p.adj. 
containing  two  or  more  profile 
heads,  so  arranged  that  one  par- 
tially overlaps  the  next,  as  in  the 
shilling  of  William  III.  and  Mary. 

ac- com -mo -date  (ak-kom-mo- 
dat),  v.t.  to  adapt  or  make  fit  or 
suitable ;  adjust,  settle ;  supply  or 
furnish ;  do  a  favor  to ;  lend 
money  for  the  convenience  of  a 
borrower :  v.i.  to  be  comfortable 
to. 

Syn.    serve,    oblige,    adapt,    ad- 
just, fit,  suit. 

Ant.    (see  disoblige,  impede). 

ac-com-mo-da-ting  ( ak-kom'mo- 
da-ting),  p.adj.  obliging;  of  a 
yielding  disposition  ;  adapting  one's 
self  to  the  desires  of  others. 

ac-eom-mo-da-tion  (ak-kom-mo- 
da'shun),  n.  the  act  of  accommo- 
dating ;  or  the  state  of  being  ac- 
commodated ;  that  which  supplies 
a  want  or  desire. 

ac-coni-mo-da-tion-Mll  (-bil), 
n.  a  bill  or  note  endorsed  by  one 
or  more  parties  to  enable  the 
drawer  to  raise  money  upon  it. 

ac-com-mo-da-tion  -  lad-der 
(-lad'er),  n.  a  ladder  or  stairway 
suspended  at  the  gangway  of  a 
ship. 


lite,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  v6te,  pOrch,  lot ;  mdCn, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ace 


9 


acc 


ac-com-mo-da-tive  (ak-kom'mo- 
da-tiv),  adj.  disposed  or  tending 
to  accommodate. 

ac-coni-pa-ni-ment  (ak-kum'pa- 
ni-ment),  n.  something  which  is 
added  to,  or  attends  the  original 
or  principal  thing  by  way  of  orna- 
ment, or  for  the  sake  of  sym- 
metry. 

ac-com-pa-nist  ( ak-kum'pa-nist ) , 
n.  one  who  plays  an  accompani- 
ment. 

ac-com-pa-ny  (ak-kum'pa-ni),  v.t. 
to  keep  company  with ;  escort ; 
join  in  movement  or  action ;  per- 
form the  accompaniment  in  a  com- 
position for  voice  and  instrument. 

ac-com-plice  (ak-kom'plis),  n. 
an  associate  or  companion  in 
crime. 

Syn.      confederate,      accessory, 
abettor,  coadjutor,  assistant,  ally, 
associate,  particeps  criminis. 
Ant.   (see  adversary). 

ac-com-plish.  (ak-kom'plish),  v.t. 
to  bring  to  completion,  or  to  an 
issue ;  fulfill ;  attain  as  the  result 
of  exertion. 

Syn.  do,  effect,  finish,  execute, 
achieve,  complete,  perfect,  con- 
summate. 

Ant.  (see  fail). 

ac-com-plished  (ak-kom'plisht), 
p.adj.  finished ;  perfected ;  pos- 
sessed of  social  qualifications. 

ac-cotu-plisli-nient  (ak-kom'- 
plish-ment),  n.  the  completion  of 
an  act  or  undertaking ;  fulfill- 
ment ;  an  acquirement  or  qualifi- 
cation in  art  or  manners. 

Syn.  attainment,  qualification, 
acquirement. 

Ant.   (see  defect). 

ac-compt-ant.     See  accountant. 

ac-cprd  (ak-k6rd'),  v.t.  &  v.i.  to 
be  in  agreement  with ;  reconcile ; 
a**  ree ;  give ;  grant ;  concede ;  to 
adjust  or  bring  to  agreement ; 
to  be  in  correspondence  or  har- 
mony ;  agree  in  pitch  and  tone :  n. 
agreement ;  unison ;  concurrence 
of  will  or  opinion ;  harmony. 

Syn.  grant,  allow,  admit,  con- 
cede. 

Ant.   (see  deny). 

ac-cord-ance  (ak-k6rd'ans),  «. 
the  state  of  being  in  harmony  or 
accord. 


ac-cord-ant  (ak-k6rd'ant),  adj. 
corresponding ;  of  the  same  mind. 

ac-cord-ing  (ak-k5rd'ing),  p.adj. 
agreeing,  harmonious :  adv.  in  ac- 
cordance (with)  or  agreeably 
(to). 

ac-cord-i-on  (ak-kord'i-un),  n.  a 
small  wind  instrument,  having 
keys  and  metallic  reeds,  and 
worked  by  means  of  a  bellows, 
after  the  fashion  of  a  concertina. 

ac-cost  (ak-kosf),  v.t.  to  draw 
near,  or  come  face  to  face  with ; 
speak  to ;  salute :  n.  the  act  of 
accosting;  manner. 

Syn.  salute,  address,  speak  to, 
stop. 

a  c-c  o  u  c  h  e-m  e  n.  t  (uk-koosh'- 
mong),  n.  delivery  in  child-bed; 
parturition  ;  a  lying-in. 

ac-couch-eur  (ak-koosh-er'),  n.  a 
medical  man  who  attends  confine^ 
ment  cases. 

ac-count  (ak-kount')»  v.t.  to 
reckon  or  hold  to  be ;  compute ; 
count :  v.i.  to  assign  an  explana- 
tion [with  for]  ;  take  into  con- 
sideration ;  relate :  n.  a  reckon- 
ing ;  a  financial  statement  or 
memorandum  ;  a  narrative  ;  any- 
thing in  the  form  of  a  statement, 
written  or  verbal ;  reason  or  con- 
sideration ;  profit ;  advantage  ;  es- 
timation ;  consequence ;  impor- 
tance. 

Syn.  narrative,  description,  nar- 
ration, relation,  detail,  recital, 
moneys,  reckoning,  bill,  charge. 

ac-count-curr-ent  (-kur'ent),  n. 
the  statement  of  account  between 
two  or  more  persons,  drawn  out 
in  the  form  of  debtor  and  creditor. 

ac-cpuat-a-bil-i-ty  (ak-kount-a- 
bil'i-ti),  n.  the  state  of  being 
liable  or  accountable. 

ac-count-a-ble  ( ak-kount'a-bl ) , 
adj.  answerable  ;  responsible  ;  lia- 
ble to  be  called  to  account. 

Syn.  punishable,  answerable, 
amenable,  responsible,  liable. 

ac-count-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  an 
accountable  manner. 

ao-coun-tan-cy  ( ak-koun'tan-si ) , 
n.  the  art  or  practice  of  an  ac- 
countant. 

ac-coun-tant  (ak-koun'tant),  n. 
one  skilled  in  the  keeping  or  ex- 
amination of  accounts :  adj.  giv- 
ing account ;  responsible. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  h§,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pGrch.  lot ;  mooo, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ace 


ac-cou-tre  (ak-koo'ter),  v.t.  to 
dress ;  equip :  to  array  in  military 
dress ;  furnish  with  accoutre- 
ments. 

ac-cou-tre-ments  (ak-koo'ter- 

ments),     n.pl.     equipage;     dress; 
military  equipments. 

ac-cred-it  (ak-kred'it).  v.t.  to 
give  credit  to  ;  have  confidence  in  ; 
authorize ;  stamp  with  authority  ; 
to  believe  and  accept  as  true. 

ac-crea-cent  (ak-kres'sent),  adj. 
increasing;  growing. 

ac-crete  (ak-kref),  v.i.  to  ad- 
here ;  be  added :  v.t.  to  cause  to 
grow  or  unite. 

ac-cre-tion  (ak-kre'shun),  n.  in- 
crease by  natural  growth ;  the 
addition  of  external  parts ;  the 
growing  together  of  parts  or  mem- 
bers naturally  separate. 

ac-cre-tive  (ak-kre'tiv),  adj.  add- 
ing to  or  increasing  by  growth. 

ac-croacli-ment  (ak-kroch'ment), 
n.  the  act  of  accroaching ;  usur- 
pation. 

ac-crue  (ak'kroo),  v.i.  to  come  to 
happen  or  result  to  naturally  as 
an  increment,  as  of  profit  or  loss. 

ac-crue -merit  (ak-kroo'ment),  n. 
an  addition  or  increment. 

ac-cm-er  (ak-kroo'er),  n.  the  act 
of  accretion. 

ac-cum-bent  (ak-kum'bent),  adj. 
reclining  or  recumbent. 

ac-cu-mn-late  (ak-ku'mu-lat), 
v.t.  to  collect  or  bring  together ; 
amass ;  heap  up :  v.i.  to  increase 
in  size,  number,  or  quantity. 

Syn.  bring  together,  amass,  col- 
lect, gather. 

Ant.  (see  scatter,  dissipate). 

ac-cu-mu-la-tion  ( ak-ku-mu-la'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  accumulating 
or  amassing ;  the  addition  of  in- 
terest to  principal ;  the  mass  ac- 
cumulated. 

Syn.     collection,     store,     mass, 
congeries,  concentration. 

ac-cu-mu-la-tive  ( ak-kfi'mu-la- 
tiv),  adj.  tending  to  accumulate. 

a  c-c  Ti-m  n-1  a-t  i  v  e  judg-ment 
(-juj'ment),  n.  a  second  judg- 
ment which  takes  effect  against  a 
person  after  the  first  sentence  has 
expired. 

ac-cu-mu-la-tor  (ak-ku'mu-la- 
t§r),  n.  one  who,  or  that  which, 
accumulates ;  an  apparatus  for 


equalizing    pressure ;    an    electric 
storage  battery. 

ac-cu-ra-cy  (ak'ku-ra-si),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  accurate ;  exact- 
ness or  correctness. 

ac-cn-rate  (ak'ku-rat),  adj.  in 
exact  conformity  with  the  truth ; 
free  from  error ;  precise. 

Syn.     correct,     exact,     precise, 
nice,  truthful. 

Ant.    (see  erroneous,  careless). 

ac-cur-sed  (a-ker'sed),  or  ac- 
curst (a-kersf),  p.adj.  under  or 
subject  to  a  curse ;  doomed  to 
destruction  ;  detestable  ;  execrable. 

ac-cus-a-ble  (ak-kiiz'a-bl),  adj. 
liable  to  be  censured  or  accused. 

ac-cu-sa-tion  (ak-ku-za'shun) ,  n. 
a  charge  or  imputation  of  wrong- 
doing ;  the  act  of  accusing  or  im- 
puting. 

ac-cu-sa-ti-val  ( ak-ku-za-ti'val ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  accusative 
case. 

ac-cu-sa-tive  (ak-ku'za-tiv),  adj. 
accusing :  n.  the  objective  case, 
denoting  the  object  of  the  verb. 

ac-cu-sa-to-ry  (ak-ku'za-to-ri), 
or  accusatorial  (ak-ku-za-to'- 
ri-al),  adj.  accusing,  or  contain- 
ing an  accusation. 

ac-cu-sa-to-ri-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
an  accusatorial  manner. 

ac-cuse  (ak-kuz'),  v.t.  to  charge 
with  guilt  or  blame ;  make  or 
bring  an  imputation  against. 

ac-cus-er  (ak-kuz'er),  n.  one  who 
accuses ;  one  who  formally  charges 
an  offense  against  another. 

ac-cus-tom  (ak-kus'tum),  v.t.  to 
habituate  or  familiarize  by  cus- 
tom or  use. 

ac-cus-tomed  (ak-kus'tumd), 
p.adj.  frequent ;  usual ;  often  prac- 
ticed. 

ace  (as),  n.  [pi.  aces  (-ez)],  a 
unit ;  in  playing  cards  and  dice, 
a  card  or  die  marked  with  a  single 
pip ;  a  very  small  quantity. 

ace-point  (-'point),  the  single 
mark  of  the  ace-card  and  of  the 
die  marked  with  one  spot. 

a-ce-di-a  (a-se'di-a),  n.  an  ab- 
normal condition  of  the  mind, 
characterized  by  lassitude,  list- 
lessness.  and  general  indifference. 

a-ceii-tric  (a-sen'trik),  adj.  away 
from  the  center ;  having  no  center. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  th&n. 


Ace 


11 


aci 


A-cepfc-a-la  (a-sef'a-la),  n.pl.  a 
term  applied  to  all  ordinary  bi- 
valves, as  the  oyster,  having  no 
distinct  head. 

a-ceph-a-lons  (a-sef'a-lus).  adj. 
headless ;  without  a  leader ;  an 
ovary  of  a  plant  that  has  its  style 
springing  from  the  base  instead  of 
the  apex. 

a-cer-bi-ty  (a-ser'bi-ti),  n.  [pi. 
acerbities  (-tiz)  ],  sourness  ;  sharp- 
ness ;  harshness  or  severity  of 
temper  or  expression. 

ac-et-an-i-lide  (as-et-an'i-lid),  n. 
a  pungent  white  powder,  formed 
by  the  action  of  acetyl  chloride  on 
aniline :  used  in  medicine  as  an 
antipyretic. 

ac-e-tate  (as'e-tat),  n.  a  salt  of 
acetic  acid. 

ac-e-ta-ted  (as'e-ta-ted),  p.adj. 
combined  with  acetic  acid. 

ac-e-ta-tion.     See  acetification. 

a-ce-tic  acid  (a-sS'tik  &  a-set'ik 
as'id),  n.  a  clear  liquid,  with  a 
strong  acid  taste  and  peculiar 
sharp  smell.  It  is  present  in  a 
dilute  form  in  vinegar. 

a  -  cet  -  i  -  fi  -  ca  -  tion  ( a-set-i-fi-ka'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  or  process  of 
acetifying  or  becoming  acetous ; 
the  preparation  of  vinegar. 

a-eet-i-fy  (a-set'i-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  acetified,  p.pr  acetifying],  to 
turn  into  vinegar ;  make  acetous. 

ac-e-tim-e-ter  (as-e-tim'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  gauging  the 
strength  or  purity  of  vinegar  or 
acetic  acid. 

ac-e-tin  (as'e-tin),  n.  a  combina- 
tion of  acetic  acid  with  glycerine. 

ac-e-tone  (as'e-ton),  n.  a  clear 
volatile  liquid,  composed  of  car- 
bon, hydrogen,  and  oxygen. 

ac-e-tose  (as'e-t5s),  or  acetous 
(as'e-tus),  adj.  of  the  nature  of 
vinegar;  sour;  causing  acetifica- 
tion. 

a-cet-y-lene  (a-set'i-len),  n.  a 
brilliant  illuminating  gas,  pro- 
duced by  subjecting  calcium-carbide 
to  the  action  of  water. 

ache  (ak),  «.  pain,  more  or  less 
continuous :  v.i.  to  suffer,  or  be 
in  pain. 

a-chie-va-ble  (S-che'va-bl),  adj. 
possible  to  achieve ;  capable  of 
being  performed. 

a-chieve    (fi'chev),  v.t.  to  perform, 


carry  out,  accomplish  ;  to  gain  or 
bring  to  a  successful  issue  by  an 
effort :  v.i.  to  bring  about  a  de- 
sired result. 

Syn.  do,  accomplish,  effect,  ful- 
fill, execute,  gain,  win. 

a-chieve-ment  (a-chev'ment),  n. 
the  act  of  achieving ;  accomplish- 
ment ;  that  which  is  achieved  or 
accomplished ;  an  escutcheon  or 
armorial  shield,  also  called  a 
hatchment. 

Syn.   feat,   exploit,    accomplish- 
ment attainment  performance,  ac- 
quirement, gain. 
Ant.    (see  failure). 

a-chill-es- ten-don  ( a-kil'ez-ten'- 
dun),  the  powerful  tendon  placed 
in,  and  moving,  the  heel. 

a-ching  (a'king),  p.adj.  enduring 
or  causing  pain ;  painful :  adv. 
with  aching;  painfully. 

ach-ro-mat-ic  (ak-ro-mat'ik),  adj. 
free  from  coloration  ;  transmitting 
light  without  decomposition. 

acli-ro-mat-ic-leiis  (-lenz),  n.  a 
lens  free  from  chromatic  aberra- 
tion. 

ach-ro-mat-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
in  an  achromatic  manner. 

ach-ro-ma-tize  ( ak-ro'ma-tiz ) ,  v.+. 
to  deprive  of  the  power  of  trans- 
mitting color ;  to  render  achro- 
matic. 

ach-ro-xna-tous  (ak-ro'ma-tus), 
adj.  without  color. 

ac-id  (as'id),  adj.  sour  and  sharp 
or  biting  to  the  taste,  as  vinegar : 
n.  anything  sour;  the  name  ap- 
plied to  a  large  number  of  com- 
pounds containing  one  or  more 
atoms  of  hydrogen  which  may  be 
displaced  by  a  metal. 

a-cid-ic  (a-sid'ik),  adj.  contain- 
ing a  large  proportion  of  the  acid 
element ;  opposed  to  basic. 

ac-i-dif-er-ous  (as-i-dif'er-us), 
adj.  producing  or  containing  acids. 

ac-i-dif-ic  (as-i-dif'ik),  adj.  acid- 
ifying; producing  acidity  or  an 
acid. 

a-cid-i-fi-ca-tion  (a-sid-i-fi-ka'- 
shun),  n.  the  process  of  acidify- 
ing. 

a-cid-i-fi-er  (a-sid'i-fi-er),  n.  a 
substance  having  the  property  of 
imparting  an  acid  quality. 

a-cid-i-fy  (a-sid'i-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  acidified,  p.pr.  acidifying],  to 


late,  mar,  mfisk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


aci 


12 


acq 


make  acid  ;  convert  into  an  acid  ; 
sour ;   embitter. 

a-cid-i-ty  (a-sid'i-ti),  n.  the  qual- 
ity of  being  acid  or  sour. 

a-cid-u-late  (a-sid'u-lat),  v.t.  to 
render  slightlj  acid. 

a-cid-u-lent  (a-sid'ii-Ient),  adj. 
somewhat  acid ;  tart ;  peevish. 

a-cid-n-lons  (a-sid'u-lus),  adj. 
slightly  sour;  subacid. 

ac-i-er-age  (as'i-er-aj),  n.  the 
term  given  to  the  process  of  elec- 
trically depositing  iron  on  an  en- 
graved copper  plate. 

ac-i-forni  (as'i-form),  adj.  needle- 
shaped. 

ac-i-na-ceous  (as-i-na'shus),  adj. 
consisting  of  or  full  of  kernels,  as 
the  grape,  mulberry,  &c. 

ac-knowl-edge  (ak-nol'ej),  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  acknowledged,  p.pr. 
acknowledging],  to  admit  or  own 
to  be  true  ;  recognize,  confess ;  ad- 
mit the  receipt  of. 

Syn.  admit,  confess,  own,  avow, 
grant,  recognize,  allow,  concede. 
Ant.   (see  deny). 

ac-knowl-eclg-ment  (ak-nol'ej- 
ment),  n.  the  act  of  acknowledg- 
ing ;  the  admission  or  recognition 
of  a  truth ;  confession ;  the  ex- 
pression of  appreciation  of  a 
favor  or  benefit  conferred ;  a  re- 
ceipt. 

a-clin  ic  (a-klin'ik),  adj.  without 
inclination. 

a-clin-ic-line  (-lln),  n.  the  imag- 
inary point  near  the  equator  where 
the  magnetic  needle  has  no  dip. 

ac-me  (ak'me),  n.  the  highest 
point ;  the  utmost  reach ;  the 
crisis  of  a  disease. 

ac-ne  (ak'ne),  n.  a  pustular  erup- 
tion of  the  body  ;  chiefly  confined  to 
the  face,  shoulders  and  chest. 

a-cock  (a-kok'),  adv.  in  a  cocked 
or  turned  up  manner. 

a  cock-bill  (-bil),  adv.  with  the 
ends  directed  upwards,  as  of  an 
anchor  or  yards  of  a  ship. 

a-col-o-gy  (a-kol'6-ji),  n.  the 
science  of  remedies. 

ac-o-lyte  (ak'o-lit).  or  acolyth 
(ak'o-lith  &  -lith),  n.  the  highest 
of  the  minor  orders  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  ranking  next  be- 
low the  subdeacon. 

ac-o-nite    (ak'6-nlt),  n.  the  plant 


wolf's-bane    or    monk's-hood ;    the 
drug  prepared  from  the  plant. 

a-con-i-tine  (a-kon'i-tin  <fe  -tin), 
n.  the  narcotic  drug  prepared 
from  the  roots  and  leaves  of  sev- 
eral species  of  aconite,  used  as  a 
remedy  for  neuralgia. 

a-corn  (a'kSrn),  n.  the  fruit  of 
the  oak ;  a  conical  piece  of  wood 
afiixed  to  the  spindle  above  a  vane, 
to  keep  the  vane  from  being  blown 
off. 

a-cot-y-le-don  (a-kot-i-le'dun),  n. 
a  plant  whose  seeds  (spores)  are 
not  furnished  with  cotyledons 
(seed-lobes). 

a-cot-y-led-on-ous  ( a-kot-5-led'un- 
us),  adj.  having  no  cotyledons 
or  seed-lobes. 

a-cou-me-ter  (a-kou'-  &  a-koo'me- 
ter),  n.  an  instrument  to  test  the 
power  of  hearing,  or  sensibility 
to  sound. 

a-cous-tic  (a-kous'-  &  a-kpos'tik), 
adj.  belonging  to  the  science  of 
sound  :  n.  a  remedy  for  deafness. 

a-cous-tics  (a-kous'-  &  a-k5os'- 
tiks),  the  science  of  sound;  the 
study  of  the  effects  of  sound  upon 
the  organ  of  hearing. 

ac-qnaint  (ak-kwanf),  v.t.  to 
familiarize  or  make  one's  self  con- 
versant with ;  furnish  information. 
Syn.  inform,  enlighten,  apprise, 
make  aware,  make  known,  notify, 
communicate. 

Ant.   (see  deceived). 

ac-qnaint-ance  ( ak  k want'Sns ) . 
n.  the  state  of  being  acquainted 
with  a  person  or  subject ;  personal 
knowledge  less  than  friendship ;  a 
person  with  whom  one  is  ac- 
quainted. 

Syn.  friendship,  intimacy,  knowl- 
edge, familiarity,  association,  com- 
panionship. 

Ant.  (see  ignorance,  inexperi- 
ence). 

ac-qnaint-ed  (ak-kwant'ed)  ,p.adj. 
having  personal  knowledge ;  famil- 
iar, known  (of  or  with). 

ac-qui-esce  (ak-kwi-es'),  v.t.  to 
agree ;  comply  passively ;  assent 
[followed  usually  by  in]. 

Syn.  agree,  accede,  assent,  com- 
ply, consent,  give  way,  coincide 
with. 

Ant.  (see  protest). 


late,  mar,  mask,  ''at,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  m&on, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


acq 


13 


act 


ac  qui-es-cence  ( ak-kwi-es'ens ) , 
n.  the  act  of  submitting ;  silent 
assent ;  neglect  to  take  legal  pro- 
ceedings, so  as  to  imply  consent. 

ac-qui-es-cent  (ak-kwi-es'ent), 
adj.  disposed  to  submit  or  yield 
tacitly  ;  resting  satisfied. 

ac-quir-a-ble  (ak-kwir'a-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  acquired. 

ac-quire  (ak-kwir'),  v.t.  to  gain 
or  obtain  possession  of  by  one's 
own  physical  or  intellectual  ex- 
ertions. 

ac-quire-ment  (ak-kwlr'ment), 
n.  the  act  of  acquiring ;  that 
which  is  acquired. 

ac-qui-si-tion.  (ak-kwi-zish'un), 
n.  the  act  of  acquiring ;  the  ob- 
ject acquired. 

ac-qnis-i-tive  (ak-kwiz'i-tiv), 

adj.    having   a   propensity    to    ac- 
quire; greedily  disposed. 

ac-quis-i-tive-ness  (-nes),  n. 
the  propensity  to  acquire. 

ac-quit  (ak-kwit'),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  acquitted,  p.pr.  acquitting],  to 
release  ;  set  free  ;  discharge ;  to 
pronounce  not  guilty. 

Syn.  pardon,  forgive,  discharge, 
set  free,  clear,  absolve. 

Ant.   (see  condemn,  convict). 

ac-qnit-tal  (ak-kwit'al).  n.  the 
act  of  releasing  or  acquitting ;  the 
state  of  being  acquitted ;  the  ju- 
dicial pronouncement  of  "not 
guilty." 

ac  quit-tance  (ak-kwit'ans),  n. 
a  discharge  or  release  from  debt 
or  other  liability ;  a  receipt  bar- 
ring a  further  demand. 

a-cre  (a'ker),  n.  a  superficial 
measure  of  land  containing,  in 
Great  Britain,  the  United  States, 
and  the  Colonies,  4.840  sq.  yds. 

a-cre -age  (a'ker-aj),  n.  the  num- 
ber of  acres  in  a  tract  of  land. 

a-cred  (a'kerd),  adj.  possessing 
acres  or  landed  property. 

acrid  (ak'rid),  adi.  sharp  or 
biting  to  the  taste ;  pungent ;  irri- 
tating ;  stinging :  n.  an  acrid  or 
irritant  poison. 

ac-rid-i-ty  (ak-rid'i-ti),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  acrid. 

ac-ri  mo-ni-ous  (ak-ri-mo'ni-us) , 
adj.  bitter;  caustic;  stinging. 

ac-ri-mo-ny  (ak'ri-mo-ni),  n. 
sharpness  of  temper ;  bitterness 

^of  expression. 


Syn.  asperity,  sharpness,  tart- 
ness, sourness,  harshness,  acer- 
bity. 

Ant.   (see  gentleness,  courtesy). 

ac-ro-bat  (ak'ro-bat),  n.  a  per- 
former on  the  tight-rope ;  one  who 
practices  tumbling,  vaulting,  tra- 
pezing,  &c. 

ac-ro-bat-ism  (ak'ro-bat-izm),  n. 
the  performance  of  acrobatic 
feats ;  the  profession  of  an  acro- 
bat. 

ac-ro-lith.  (ak'ro-lith),  n.  a  sculp- 
tured figure,  the  head  and  extremi- 
ties of  which  are  of  stone  and  the 
rest  of  wood. 

a-crop-o-lis  (a-krop'6-lis) ,  n.  the 
highest  part  or  citadel  of  a  Gre- 
cian city,  as  that  of  Athens, 
hence  a  citadel. 

a-cross  (a-kros'),  adv.  &  prep. 
from  side  to  side ;  transversely ; 
adversely  ;  athwart ;  intersecting 
at  an  angle. 

a-cros-tic  (a-kros'tik),  n.  a  com- 
position, usually  in  verse,  in  which 
the  first  or  last  letters  of  the  lines, 
or  other  letters,  taken  in  order, 
form  a  motto,  phrase,  name,  or 
word. 

act  (akt),  n.  an  action;  process 
of  doing ;  a  decree,  edict,  or  enact- 
ment ;  the  judgment  of  a  court ;  a 
formal  writing ;  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal divisions  of  a  drama ;  a 
thesis  maintained  by  a  candidate 
for  a  degree  at  a  university :  v.t. 
to  do ;  perform ;  play,  as  on  the 
stage  ;  set  in  motion :  v.i.  to  exert 
force  or  energy. 

Syn.  deed,  achievement,  exploit, 
feat,  motion,  work,  effect. 

Ant.  (see  suspension,  cessa- 
tion). 

act-ing  (akt'ing).  p.adj.  perform- 
ing services,  as  those  of  an  offi- 
cial. 

ac-tin-ic  (ak-tin'ik),  adj.  having 
the  property  of  actinism. 

ac -tin-ism  (ak'tin-izm),  n.  that 
property  of  the  sun's  rays  which 
produces  chemical  action. 

ac-tin-i-um  (ak-tin'i-um),  n.  a 
recently  discovered  radio-active 
element. 

ac-tin-o-graph  (ak-tin'o-graf) ,  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
variation  of  the  chemical  rays  of 
light. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  t Aen. 


act 


14 


ada 


ac-tiii-oid  (ak-tin'oid),  adj.  hav- 
ing the  form  of  rays ;  resembling 
a  starfish. 

ac-ti-npl-o-gy  (ak-ti-nol'6-ji),  n. 
the  science  that  treats  of  the 
chemical  action  of  light. 

ac-tin-om-et-er  ( ak-tin-om'et-er ) , 
n.  an  instrument  for  measuring 
the  intensity  of  heat-rays. 

ac-tion  (ak'shun),  n.  the  state  of 
being  active,  as  opposed  to  rest ; 
the  effect  of  one  body  upon  an- 
other (used  in  sing.)  ;  an  act  or 
thing  done  (used  in  pi.)  ;  a  suit 
instituted  by  one  party  against 
another  in  a  court  of  law ;  the 
gesture  or  deportment  of  a 
speaker;  the  performance  of  a 
function ;  effective  motion,  as  of 
machinery  ;  the  appearance  of  ani- 
mation, &c.,  given  to  figures ;  an 
engagement  on  sea  or  land,  less 
important  than  a  battle. 

Syn.  deed,  achievement,  feat, 
exploit,  accomplishment,  battle, 
engagement,  agency,  instrumen- 
tality. 

ac-tion-a-ble  (ak'shun-a-bl),  adj. 
giving  grounds  for  an  action  at 
law. 

ac-tive  (ak'tiv),  adj.  endowed 
with  or  exercising  the  power  or 
quality  of  action ;  constantly 
active ;  the  performance  and  not 
the  continuance  of  an  action ; 
lively ;  moving  freely ;  acting 
quickly. 

Syn.  lively,  sprightly,  alert, 
agile,  nimble,  brisk,  quick,  supple, 
prompt,  vigilant,  laborious,  in- 
dustrious. 

Ant.   (see  lazy,  passive). 

ac-tiy-i-ty  (ak-tiv'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
activities  (-tiz)],  energy;  the 
state  of  action. 

ac-tor  (ak'ter),  n.  one  who  acts 
or  performs ;  a  stage^player ;  a 
proctor  or  advocate  in  civil  causes. 

ac -tress  (ak'tres),  n.  a  female 
actor. 

ac-tu-al  (ak'tu-al),  adj.  real;  ex- 
isting ;  present. 

Syn.  real,  positive,  genuine, 
certain. 

Ant.   (see  fictitious). 

ac-tn-al-i-ty  (ak-tu-al'i-ti),  n. 
[pi.  actualities  (-tiz)],  the  state 
of  being  real  or  actual ;  that 
which  is  in  full  existence. 


ac-tu-al-i-za-tion  ( ak'tu-al-i-za'- 
shun),  n.  making  actual. 

ac-tn-al-ize  (ak'tu-al-Iz),  v.t.  to 
make  actual. 

ac-tu-al-ly  (ak'tu-al-li),  adv.  as 
an  existing  fact. 

ac-tu-a-ry  ( ak'tu-a-ri ) ,  n.  [pi. 
actuaries  (-riz)],  a  registrar  or 
clerk  of  a  court ;  one  who  is 
skilled  in  life  assurance  and  simi- 
lar computations. 

ac-tn-ate  (ak'tu-at),  v.t.  to  move 
or  incite  to  action. 

ac-tu-a-tion  ( ak-tu-a'shun ) ,  n. 
the  state  of  being  actuated  or  im- 
pelled. 

a  cu  le-ate  (a-ku'le-at),  adj. 
equipped  with  a  sting ;  having 
aculei  or  sharp  prickles :  n.  cer- 
tain insects  furnished  with  stings, 
as  the  bee. 

a-cu-men  (a-ku'men),  n,  quick- 
ness of  perception  ;  penetration  ; 
insight ;  discrimination. 

Syn.  insight,  keenness,  pene- 
tration, sagacity,  sharpness,  clever- 
ness. 

Ant.   (see  bluntness,  stupidity). 

a-cu-miu-ate  (a-ku'min-at),  adj. 
ending  in  a  sharp  point. 

ac-u-press  (ak'u-pres),  v.t.  to 
check  hemorrhage  by  acupressure. 

ac-u-pres-sure  (ak'u-presn'er),  n. 
a  method  of  checking  hemorrhage 
in  arteries  during  amputations  by 
needles  or  wire. 

a-cute  (a-kiif),  adj.  sharp- 
pointed  ;  intellectually  sharp ; 
quick  of  perception ;  severe,  as 
pain  or  symptoms  attending  a 
disease ;  high  in  pitch  ;  shrill. 

Syn.   shrewd,   intelligent,   pene- 
trating, piercing,  keen. 
Ant.   (s6e  dull). 

ad-age  (ad'aj),  n.  an  ancient 
proverb,  or  pithy  saying. 

ad-am's  ale  (ad'amz  iil),  n. 
water. 

ad-am's  ap-ple  (ap-1),  ».  a 
lofty  species  of  the  banana ;  the 
prominence  in  front  of  the  throat, 
especially  conspicuous  in  males. 

ad-a-mant  (ad'a-mant),  n.  a  sub- 
stance of  extreme  hardness;  the 
diamond :  adj.  formed  of  ada- 
mant; hard. 

ad-a-man-tine  (ad-a-man'tin), 
adj.  made  of  adamant ;  impene- 
trable. 


Iftte,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  h£r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ada 


15 


adi 


a-dapt  (a-dapf),  v.t.  to  make  to 
correspond ;  fit  by  alteration  or 
adaptation. 

Syn.  accommodate,  suit,  fit,  con- 
form. 

a-dap-ta-bil-i-ty  ( a-dap-ta-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  adap- 
table. 

ad-ap-ta-tion  (ad-ap-tu'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  adjusting  or  adapting ; 
the  state  of  being  adapted ;  that 
which  is  adapted. 

add  (ad),  v.t.  to  join,  unite,  sum 
up  ;  increase ;  affix. 

Syn.    adjoin,    affix,    annex,    ap- 
pend, attach,  increase,  extend. 
Ant.  (see  deduct,  reduce). 

ad-den-dum  (ad-den'dum).  n.  [pi. 
addenda  (-da)],  an  appendix. 

add-er  (ad'er),  n.  the  popular 
name  for  the  viper. 

ad-dict  (ad-dikt'),  v.t.  to  devote 
or  give  one's  self  up  to ;  to  prac- 
tice sedulously  (usually  in  a  bad 
sense). 

ad-di-tion  (ad-dish'un) .  n.  the 
act  or  process  of  adding  together ; 
increase ;  the  result  of  addition ; 
the  thing  added ;  the  adding  or 
uniting  of  two  or  more  numbers 
in  one  sum ;  a  title  added  to  a 
name,  denoting  rank,  as  esquire ; 
a  dot  placed  at  the  side  of  a  note 
to  indicate  the  lengthening  of  the 
sound  by  one-half. 

Syn.    increase,    accession,    aug- 
mentation, reinforcement. 

Ant.    (see    subtraction,    separa- 
tion). 

ad-di-tion-al  (ad-dish'un-al),  adj. 
added ;  supplementary. 

ad-di-tion-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  ad- 
dition to. 

ad-di-tive  (ad'di-tiv),  adj.  that 
may  be,  or  is  to  be,  added. 

ad  die  (ad'l),  n.  &  adj.  rotten,  as 
eggs  that  are  barren  or  putrid : 
v.t.  to  make  corrupt  or  putrid, 
as  eggs :  v.i.  to  become  addled.  * 

ad-dle-head-ed  (adl-hed'ed),  or 
ad-dle-pa-ted  (ad-1-pa'ted), 

adj.    stupid  ;   weak-brained ;    mud- 
dled. 

address  (ad-dres'),  v.t.  to 
straighten  ;  to  bring  into  line ;  to 
arrange,  redress,  as  wrongs,  &c. ; 
to  direct ;  speak  or  write  to ;  get 
ready ;  consign :  n.  a  speech  de- 
livered or  written ;  manners  and 


bearing  ;  tact ;  adroitness  :  the  at- 
tention of  a  lover. 

Syn.    accost,     approach,    greet, 
salute,  appeal,  hail. 

Ant.   (see  shun,  avoid). 

ad-dress-ee  (ad-dres-e'),  n.  one 
who  is  addressed. 

ad-duce  (ad-dus'),  v.t.  to  bring 
forward  or  cite  in  proof  or  sub- 
stantiation of  what  is  alleged. 

ad -dn- cent  (ad-du'sent),  adj. 
bringing  forward  or  together. 

ad-du-ci-ble  (ad-du'si-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  adduced. 

ad-duc-tive  (ad-duk'tiv),  adj. 
bringing  forward. 

ad-duc-tor  (ad-duk'ter),  n.  one 
who  draws  to. 

ad-duc-tor  mus-cles  (mus'lz), 
n.pl.  muscles  which  draw  certain 
parts  to  a  common  center. 

a-dept  (a-depf).  adj.  well  skilled: 
n.  one  who  is  fully  proficient  or 
skilled  in  an  art. 

ad-e-qua-cy  (ad'e-kwa-si),  n.  suffi- 
ciency for  a  particular  purpose. 

ad-e-quate  (ad'e-kwat),  adj.  equal 
to  requirement  or  occasion ;  fully 
sufficient. 

Syn.    able,    capable,    competent, 
equal,  suitable,  fitted. 
Ant.   (see  insufficient). 

ad-fec-ted  (ad-fek'ted),  adj.  com- 
pounded ;  consisting  of  different 
powers  of  an  unknown  algebraic 
quantity. 

ad-here  (ad-her'),  v.i.  to  stick 
fast ;  become  firmly  attached  to. 

ad-her-ence  (ad-her'ens),  n.  the 
act  or  state  of  adhering ;  unwaver- 
ing attachment. 

ad-her-ent  (ad-her'ent),  adj.  ad- 
hering ;  sticking :  n.  one  who  ad- 
heres ;  a  follower  of  a  party  or 
leader. 

ad-he-sion  (ad-he'zhun),  n.  the 
state  or  act  of  adhering. 

Syn.  adherence,  attachment,  fi- 
delity, devotion. 

Ant.  (see  aloofness). 

ad-he-sive  (ad-he'siv),  adj.  hold- 
ing fast ;  gummed  for  use  ;  sticky. 

a-dien  (a-du').  n.  [pi.  adieus, 
adieux  (a-duz')  ].  a  farewell ;  good 
wishes  at  parting  :  inter j.  goodby  ; 
farewell. 

ad-it  (ad'it),  n.  an  entrance  or 
passage ;  an  entrance  to  a  mine 
more  or  less  horizontal. 


late,  mar.  mask,  oat,  awl :  h£;  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  ffcen. 


adj 


10 


Adia 


ad-ja-cen-cy  (ad-ja'sen-si),  n.  the 
state  of  being  close  or  contiguous. 

a  d-j  a-c  cut  (ad-ja'sent) ,  adj. 
near :  close  to. 

Syn.  near  to,  adjoining,  contig- 
uous, conterminous,  bordering, 
neighboring. 

Ant.    (see  distant). 

ad-jec-ti-val  (ad-jek-ti'val),  adj. 
of  the  nature  of  an  adjective. 

ad-jec-tive  (ad'jek-tiv),  n.  a  word 
used  with  a  substantive  or  noun 
to  express  the  quality  or  attribute 
of  the  thing  named,  or  to  limit  and 
define  a  thing  as  distinct  from 
something  else. 

ad-join  (ad-join'),  v.t.  to  unite  or 
join  :  v.i.  to  lie  next  to. 

ad-journ  (ad-jern'),  v.t.  to  put  off 
to  another  day. 

Syn.   defer,  prorogue,   postpone. 

ad-journ-ment  (ad-jern'ment), 
n.  the  act  of  adjourning ;  the  post- 
ponement of  a  meeting. 

ad-judge  (ad-juj'),  v.t.  to  deter- 
mine in  a  controversy. 

ad-judged  (ad-jujd'),  adj.  deter- 
mined by  judicial  decree. 

ad-judg-ment  (ad-juj'ment),  n. 
the  act  of  judging. 

ad-ju-di-cate  (ad-ju'di-kat),  v.t. 
to  try  and  determine  a  case  as  a 
court. 

ad-ju-di-ca-tion  (ad-ju'di-ka'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  determining 
judicially  ;  a  judicial  sentence. 

ad-ju-di-ca-tor  (ad-ju'di-ka-ter) , 
n.  one  who  adjudicates. 

ad-jnnct  (ad'jungkt),  n.  some- 
thing added  to  another  thing,  but 
not  an  essential  part  of  it. 

Syn.  appendage,  appurtenance, 
appendency,  dependency. 

ad-junc-tive  (ad-jungk'tiv),  ad). 
haying  the  quality  of  joining  or 
uniting. 

ad-junct-ly  (ad-jungkt'li),  adv  in 
connection  with. 

ad-ju-ra-tion  (ad-jii-ra'shun),  n. 
the  solemn  charging  on  oath ;  the 
form  of  an  oath. 

ad- jure  (ad-jur'),  v.t.  to  command 
on  oath  under  pain  of  a  penalty ; 
to  charge  solemnly. 

ad-just  ( ad-just'),  v.t.  to  fit,  or 
make  exact ;  to  make  correspond- 
ent ;  to  make  accurate. 

Syn.  set  right,  fit,  accommo- 
date. 


ad-jns-ter  (ad-jus'ter),  n.  one 
who  regulates  or  adjusts. 

ad- just-incut  (ad-just'ment) ,  n. 
the  act  of  adjusting. 

ad-ju-tan-cy  (ad-ju-tan-si),  ». 
the  office  of  an  adjutant. 

ad-ju-tant  (ad'jii-tant),  n.  a  regi- 
mental staff-officer  who  assists  the 
commanding  officer. 

ad-ju-tant-gen-er-al  ( - jen'er'al ) , 
[pi.  adjutants-general],  the  chief 
staff-officer  of  an  army,  through 
whom  all  orders,  &c.,  are  received 
and  issued  by  the  general  com- 
manding. 

ad-meas-ure  (ad-mezh'ur).  v.t.  to 
measure  dimensions ;  apportion. 

ad-meas-ure-ment  (ad-mezh'ur- 
ment),  n.  a  measurement  bv  a  rule. 

ad-min-is-ter  (ad-min'is-ter),  v.t. 
to  manage  as  chief  agent  or  min- 
ister, as  a  king,  president,  or 
judge ;  direct  the  application  of 
the  laws  ;  dispense  ;  to  cause  to  be 
taken,  as  medicine ;  to  give,  as  an 
oath  or  a  sacrament. 

ad-min-is-ter-i-al  ( ad-min-is-terM- 
al),  adj.  pertaining  to  adminis- 
tration. 

ad-min-is-tra-ble  ( ad-min'is-tra- 
bl),  adj.  capable  of  being  adminis- 
tered. 

ad-min-is-tra-tion  (ad-min-is- 
tra'shun),  n.  the  act  of  administer- 
ing, as  government,  justice,  medi- 
cine, a  sacrament,  or  an  intestate's 
estate :  the  ministry. 

ad-min-is-tra-tive  (ad-min'is-tra- 
tiv),  adj.  pertaining  to  adminis- 
tration. 

ad-min-is-tra-tor  ( ad-min-is-tra'- 
ter),  n.  one  who  administers 
affairs ;  one  who  settles  the  estate 
of  an  intestate. 

ad-min-is-tra-trix  (-tra'triks),  n. 
a  female  administrator. 

ad-mi-ra-ble     (ad'mi-ra-bl),     adj. 
worthy  of  admiration  ;  excellent. 
••   Syn.  striking,   surprising,   won- 
derful, astonishing. 
Ant.  (see  detestable). 

ad-mi-ral  (ad'mi-ral),  n.  the  chief 
commander  of  a  fleet ;  a  naval  offi- 
cer of  the  highest  rank. 

Ad-mi-ral-ty  (ad'mi-rSl-ti) ,  n.  [pi. 
Admiralties  (-tiz)],  the  depart- 
ment of  the  English  government 
having  authority  over  naval  af- 
fairs ;  the  building  in  which  Brit- 


Ifite,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


adm 


17 


adu 


ish   naval   affairs  are  transacted ; 
the  office  of  an  admiral. 

ad-mi-ra-tion  (ad-mi-ra'shun),  n. 
wonder  excited  by  beauty  or  ex- 
cellence. 

admire  (ad-mir'),  v.t.  to  regard 
with  strong  approval. 

ad-mis-si-ble  (ad-mis'i-bl),  adj. 
worthy  of  being  admitted. 

ad-mission  (ad-mish'un),  n.  the 
power  or  permission  to  enter;  the 
granting  of  an  argument. 

admit  (ad-mif),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
admitted,  p.pr.  admitting],  to  per- 
mit to  enter;  allow  in  argument; 
receive. 

Syn.  allow,  permit,  suffer,  toler- 
ate. 

Ant.  (see  deny). 

ad-mit-ta-ble  ( ad-mit'a-bl ) ,  adj. 
admissible. 

ad-mit-tance  (ad-mit'ans),  n.  the 
power  or  permission  to  enter. 

ad-mix  (ad-miks'),  v.t.  to  mix 
with  something  else. 

ad-mix -tnre  (ad-miks'tur),  n.  a 
compound  of  substances  mixed  to- 
gether. 

ad-mon  ish  (ad-mon'ish),  v.t.  to 
reprove  gently  ;  warn  ;  instruct. 

ad-mo -ni-tion.  ( ad-mo-nish'un ) ,  n. 
friendly  reproof  or  warning. 

ad-mon-i-to-ry  ( ad-mon'i-to-ri ) , 
adj.  conveying  reproof  or  warning. 

ad  nas-cent  (ad-nas'ent),  adj. 
growing  upon  something  else. 

ad-nate  (ad'nat),  adj.  with  or- 
ganic cohesion  of  unlike  parts. 

a-do  (d-doo'),  n.  bustle;  trouble. 

a-dp-be  (a-do'ba),  n.  unburnt 
brick  dried  in  the  sun,  used  for 
building  in  Central  America  and 
Mexico. 

ad-o-les-cence  (ad-o-les'ens),  n. 
the  period  of  life  between  puberty 
and  maturity ;  youth. 

ad-o-les-cent  (ad-o-les'ent),  adj. 
growing  to  maturity. 

a-dopt  (a-dopf),  v.t.  to  choose  or 
take  to  one's  self,  as  a  child,  an 
opinion,  or  a  course  of  action. 

a-dop-tion  (a-dop'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  adopting ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing adopted ;  voluntary  accep- 
tance ;  admission  into  more  in- 
timate relations. 

•-dop-tive  (a-dop'tiv),  adj.  consti- 
tuted by  adoption. 


a-dor-a-ble  (a-dor'a-bl),  adj. 
worthy  of  worship. 

ad-o-ra-tion  (ad-o-ra'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  worship. 

a-dore  (a-dor'),  v.t.  to  pay  divine 
honors  to ;  honor  highly  ;  love  in- 
tensely :  admire  greatly :  v.i.  to 
offer  worship. 

a-dorn  (a-dorn'),  v.t.  to  beautify; 
dignify  ;  ornament ;  embellish. 

a-dom-ment  (a-dorn'ment),  n. 
ornament ;  decoration. 

a-down  (a-doun'),  adj.  &  prep. 
downward ;  down. 

a-drift  (4-driff),  adj.  &  adv. 
floating  at  random. 

a-droit  (a-droif),  adj.  exhibiting 
skill :  dexterous. 

ad-  -la-tion  (ad-u-la'shun),  n.  in- 
terested praise ;  flattery. 

ad-u  la-tor  (ad'u-la-ter),  n.  a 
flatterer. 

ad-u-la-to-ry  (ad'u-la-to-ri),  adj. 
flattering. 

a-dult  (a-dulf),  adj.  grown  up  to 
full  age,  size,  and  strength :  n.  a 
man  or  a  woman. 

a-dnl-ter-ant  (a-dul'ter-ant),  adj. 
adulterating :  n.  the  person  or 
thing  that  adulterates. 

a-dul-ter-ate  (a-dul'ter-at),  v.t. 
to  corrupt  by  baser  admixture : 
adj.  corrupted  by  baser  admixture. 

a  -  dul  -  ter  -  a  -  tion  (a-dul'ter-a'- 
shun),  n.  the  debasing  or  being 
debased  by  admixture ;  deteriora- 
tion. 

a-dul-ter-a-tor  (a-dul'ter-a-ter) , 
n.  one  who  corrupts  or  adulter- 
ates. 

a-dul-ter-er  (a-dul'ter-er),  ».  a 
man  who  commits  adultery. 

a-dul-ter-ess  (-es),  n.  a  woman 
who  commits  adultery. 

a-dul-ter-ous  (a-dul'ter-us),  adj. 
guilty  of  adultery. 

a-dnl-ter-y  (a-dul'ter-i),  n.  [pi. 
adulteries  (-iz)],  violation  of  the 
marriage-bed. 

ad-um-brant  (ad-um'brant),  adj. 
shadowing  forth. 

ad-um-brate  (ad-um'brat),  v.t. 
to  shadow  forth ;  give  a  faint  re- 
semblance of. 

ad-um-bra-tion  (ad-um-bra'- 

shun),  n.  something  that  shadows 
forth. 

a d  um-bra-ti ve  ( ad-um'bra-ti v ) , 
adj.  faintly  representing;  typical. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vSte,  pOrch,  lot :  m66n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


adu 


18 


adz 


ad-un  cous  (ad-ung'kus),  adj. 
hooked,  as  a  parrot's  bill. 

advance  (ad-vans'),  v.i.  to  go 
forward :  v.t.  to  further ;  to  make 
a  payment  of  beforehand :  n.  im- 
provement ;  an  addition  to  or  rise 
in  value;  an  overture  (usually 
used  in  pi.)  ;  a  loan  ;  payment  be- 
forehand. 

ad-vance-ment  (ad-v&ns'ment), 
n.  furtherance ;  progress  ;  promo- 
tion. 

ad-van-tage  (ad-van'taj),  ».  a 
state  of  advance  or  forwardness ; 
a  benefit ;  the  first  point  gained 
after  deuce. 

ad-yan-ta-geous    ( ad-van-ta'jus ) , 
adj.  of  advantage ;  beneficial. 
Syn.  beneficial. 
Ant.   (see  hurtful). 

ad-vent  (ad' vent),  n.  a  coming 
or  arrival. 

Ad-vent  (ad'vent).  n.  the  period 
including  the  four  Sundays  before 
Christmas. 

ad-ven-ti-tious  (ad-ven-tish'us) , 
adj.  happening  by  chance  ;  casual ; 
fortuitous ;  accidental ;  produced 
out  of  normal  and  regular  order. 

ad-ven-tu-al  (ad-ven'tii-al),  adj. 
relating  to  the  season  of  Advent. 

ad-ven-ture  (ad-ven'tur),  n.  an 
event  the  issue  of  which  is  de- 
termined by  chance  :  v.t.  to  hazard 
or  risk. 

ad-ven-tur-er  (ad-ven'tur-er),  n. 
one  who  undertakes  adventures ;  a 
speculator ;  one  who  seeks  social 
distinction  by  false  or  specious 
pretenses. 

ad-ven-tnr-ess  ('tur-es),  n.  a  fe- 
male adventurer;  (usually  in  a 
bad  sense). 

ad-ven-ture-some  (ad-ven'tur- 
sum),  or  adventurous  (ad-ven'- 
tQr-us),  adj.  inclined  to  incur 
risk  ;  full  of  risk  ;  daring. 

ad- verb  (ad' verb),  n.  a  word  used 
to  modify  the  sense  of  a  verb  or 
adjective. 

ad-ver-bi-al  ( ad-ver'bi-al ) ,  adj. 
of  the  nature  of  an  adverb. 

ad-ver-bi-al-ly  (-H),  adv.  with 
the  force  of  an  adverb. 

ad-ver-sar-y  ( ad'ver-sar-i ) ,  n.  [pi. 
adversaries  (-iz)],  an  opponent. 

ad-y  er-sa-tive  ( ad- ver'sa-tiv ) , 
adj.  expressing  opposition. 

ad -verse    (ad'vSrs),    adj.   opposed 


to  ;  contrary  ;  unfortunate ;  inim- 
ical. 

ad-ver-si-ty  (ad-vgr'si-ti),  n.  a 
state  of  things  adverse ;  the  re- 
verse of  prosperity  ;  misery. 

ad-vert  (ad-vert'),  v.i.  to  turn 
one's  attention  to ;  refer. 

ad-ver-tence  (ad-ver'tens),  n.  at- 
tention. 

ad-ver-ten-cy  (ad-ver'ten-si),  n. 
the  habit  of  being  attentive. 

ad-ver-tent  (ad-ver'tent),  adj. 
attentive. 

ad-ver-tent-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
intentional  manner. 

ad-ver-tise  (ad'ver-tiz),  v.t.  to 
turn  the  attention  of  others  to ; 
announce ;  publish. 

ad-ver-tise-ment  (ad-ver'tiz- 

ment),  n.  a  notice  in  a  public 
print ;  an  announcement. 

ad-vice  (ad- vis'),  n.  an  opinion 
given  for  the  practical  direction 
of  conduct ;  information  given  by 
letter ;  counsel. 

ad-vi-sa-ble  (ad-vi'za-bl),  adj.  fit 
to  be  advised  ;  prudent ;  expedient. 

ad-vis-a-bil-i-ty  (ad-yiz-a-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  advis- 
able ;  desirability. 

ad- vise  (ad- viz'),  v.t.  to  offer  an 
opinion  to  ;  counsel ;  inform. 

ad-vised  (ad-vizd'),  p.adj.  acting 
with  caution. 

ad-vi-sed-ly  (ad-vi'zed-li),  adv. 
with  advice ;  with  intention ;  de- 
liberately. 

ad-vi-so-ry  (ad-vi'zo-ri),  adj.  hav- 
ing power  to  advise ;  containing 
advice. 

ad-vo-ca-cy  (ad'vo-ka-si),  n.  the 
act  of  pleading  for. 

ad-vo-cate  (ad'vo-kat),  n.  one 
called  to  the  aid  of  another ;  one 
who  pleads  the  cause  of  another. 

ad-vo-ca-tor  (ad'vo-ka-ter),  n.  an 
advocate ;  a  supporter. 

ad-vow-ee  (ad-vou-e'),  n.  one 
who  has  an  advowson ;  the  patron 
of  a  living. 

ad- vow-son  (ad-you'zn),  n.  the 
right  of  presentation  to  a  benefice. 

a-dyn-a-mi-a  (a-din-a'mi-a),  n. 
great  debility ;  physical  weakness. 

adze  or  adz  (adz),  n.  a  cutting 
tool  having  a  curved  blade  at 
right  angles  to  the  handle,  used 
for  dressing  timber  by  ships'  car- 
penters, coopers,  &c.  adze- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


aed 


19 


aff 


plane,  a  tool  for  molding  and 
rabbeting. 

ae-tlile  or  edile  (e'dil),  n.  a  Ro- 
man magistrate  who  exercised 
supervision  over  the  temples,  pub- 
lic and  private  buildings,  the  mar- 
kets, public  games,  sanitation, 
&c.,  hence  a  municipal  officer. 

ae-o-li-an  harp  (e-o'li-an  harp), 
n.  a  stringed  instrument,  the  wires 
of  which  are  set  in  motion  by  air. 

ae-on  or  eon  (e'on),  n.  a  period  of 
immense  duration ;  an  age. 

a-er-ate  (a'er-at),  v.L.  to  combine 
or  charge  with  carbonic-acid  gas, 
or  with  air. 

a-er-a-ted  bread  (bred),  n.  bread 
raised  by  charging  the  dough  with 
carbonic-acid  gas. 

a-er-a-tion  (a-er-a'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  aerating ;  oxygenation  of 
the  blood  by  exposure  to  the  air 
in  respiration. 

a-e-ri-al  (a-e'ri-al),  adj.  belong- 
ing to  the  air. 

a-e-ri-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  like  the  air. 

a-er-if-i-ca-  tion  ( a-er-if-i-ka'- 
shun),  n.  the  state  of  being  aeri- 
form. 

a-er-i-form  (a'er-i-form),  adj. 
having  the  form  of  air ;  gaseous. 

a-er-i-fy  (a'er-i-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  aerified,  v.pr.  aerifying],  to 
combine  with  air. 

a-er-o-drome  (a'er-o-drom).  H.  an 
enr-losed  space  or  field  in  which 
aeroplanes  ;iro  kept  and  experi- 
mental flights  nre  made. 

a-e  r-o-d  y-n  a  m-i  c  s  (a-er-o-di- 
nam'iks),  n.  the  science  which 
treats  of  air  in  motion. 

a-er-o-gram  (a'er-6-gram),  n.  a 
wireless  telegraph  message. 

a-er-o-lite  (a'er-o-llt),  n.  a  me- 
teorite. 

a-er-om-e-ter  (a-er-om'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  weighing  the 
air. 

a-er-o-nant    (a'er-o-nawt),   n.   an 

"  aerial  navigator ;  a  balloonist. 

a-er-o-nan-tic  ( a-er-o-naw'tik ) . 
or  a-er-o-nau-tic-al  (-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  aeronautics. 

a-er-o-nan-tics  (a-er-6-naw'tiks), 
n.  aerial  navigation. 

a-er-o-phone  ( a'§r-5-f6n ) ,  n .  an 
instrument  invented  by  Edison 
for  increasing  the  intensity  of 
sound. 


a-er-o-phor  (a'Sr-6-fer) .  n.  an 
apparatus  used  in  spinning-facto- 
ries to  moisten  the  air,  to  counter- 
act the  electricity  produced  by 
the  friction  of  the  machinery. 

a-er-o-phyte  (a'er-o-fit),  n.  an 
air-plant;  a  parasitical  plant. 

a-er-o-plane  (a'er-6-plan),  n.  a 
flying  machine,  kept  afloat  by  the 
force  of  its  motor  and  the  air,  and 
having  no  lifting  power  in  itself 
like  the  airship  or  balloon. 

a-er-o-stat  (a'er-o-stat),  n.  a  bal- 
loon ;  a  flying  machine. 

a-er-o-stat-ic  (a-er-o-stat'ik),  or 
aerostatical  (-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  aerostatics. 

a-er-o-stat-ies  (a-er-o-stat'iks),  ». 
the  science  which  treats  of  the 
equilibrium  of  bodies  sustained  in 
air. 

aer-y  (er'i),  n.  an  eagle's  nest;  a 
brood  of  eagles  or  hawks. 

ses-the-si-om-e-ter  ( es-the-si-om'- 
e-ter),  n.  an  instrument  for  deter- 
mining sensibility  of  touch. 

aes-thet-ic  or  esthetic  (es-thef- 
ik),  adj.  pertaining  to  aesthetics. 

aes-thet-ic  school  (skdol).  n.  a 
school  of  art  composed  of  devotees 
of  the  beautiful. 

aes-thet-i-cism  (es-thet'i-sizm).  n. 
love  for,  or  devotion  to,  the  beau- 
tiful. 

ses-thet-ics  or  esthetics  (es- 
thet'iks),  n.  the  science  or  theory 
of  the  beautiful. 

ne-ther     See  ether. 

aeth-ri-o-scope  (eth'ri-o-skop),  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring 
changes  of  temperature  of  the  sky, 
as  when  clear  or  clouded. 

ae-ti-ol-o-gy.     See  etiology. 

a-far  (a-far7),  adv.  at.  to,  or  from, 
a  distance. 

af-fa-bil-i-ty  (af-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  affable. 

af-fa-ble  (af'a-bl),  adj.  easy  to  be 
addressed ;  courteous. 

af-fair  (af-ar'),  n.  that  which  is 
done,  or  is  to  be  done ;  business. 

af-fect  (af-fekf),  v.t.  to  produce 
an  effect  upon ;  seek  by  natural 
affinity ;  assume  the  appearance 
of ;  pretend. 

af-fec-ta-tion  (af-ek-ta'shun),  n. 
the  assuming  a  manner  which  is 
not  one's  own. 


lite,  mttr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon. 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Iff 


20 


Atr 


a  f -f  e  c-t  i  n  g  ( af-fek'ting) ,  ad;', 
having  power  to  excite  the  emo- 
tions ;  pathetic. 

af-fec-tion  (af-fek'shun),  n.  hav- 
ing the  feelings  affected ;  inclina- 
tion ;  attachment ;  fondness  ;  dis- 
ease. 

Syn.  love. 

Ant.  (see  aversion). 

af  -  fee  -  tion  -  al  ( af-f  ek'shun-;\l ) , 
adj.  relating  to  the  affections. 

af -f  ec-tion-ate      ( af-f  ek'shun-at ) , 
adj.  having  affection  ;  kind. 
Syn.  fond,  kind. 
Ant.  (see  harsh) . 

af-fer-ent  (af'fer-ent),  adj.  con- 
veying inwards  or  to  a  part. 

af -fiance  (af-fi'ans),  n.  trust;  a 
marriage-contract :  v.t.  to  betroth. 

af-fi-da-vit  (af-i-dfi'vit),  n.  a 
sworn  statement  in  writing. 

af-fil-i-a-ble  (af-fil'i-a-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  affiliated. 

af-fil-i-ate  (af-fil'i-fit),  v.t.  to  as- 
sign a  child  to  its  father ;  connect 
with  in  origin ;  connect  with  a 
parent  society  :  v.i.  to  be  intimately 
connected  or  associated  (followed 
by  with ) . 

af-fil-i-a-tion  (af-fil-i-a'shun),  n. 
assignment  of  a  child  to  its  father  ; 
connection  by  way  of  descent. 

af-fin-i-ty  (af-fin'i-ti),  n.  [pi.  af- 
finities (-tiz)],  nearness  of  kin. 
[Affinity  is  relationship  by  mar- 
riage ;  consanguinity,  relationship 
by  blood.]  Physical  or  chemical 
attraction  ;  a  relationship  between 
species  or  groups  depending  on 
similarity  of  structure. 

af-firm  (af-ferm'),  v.t.  to  assert 
strongly :  v.i.  to  confirm,  as  a 
judgment,  decree,  or  order,  in  an 
appellate  court ;  aver. 

af-fir-mance  (af-fer'mans),  n. 
confirmation. 

af-fir-mant  (af-fer'mant),  n.  one 
who  affirms;  one  who  affirms  in- 
stead of  taking  an  oath. 

af  fir  ina  tion  (af-er-m:Vshun),  n. 
an  averment ;  the  solemn  declara- 
tion permitted  to  those  who  have 

•  conscientious  scruples  about  tak- 
ing an  oath. 

af-flr-ma-tive  (af-fer'ma-tiv),  n. 
that  which  affirms :  adj.  relating 
to,  or  containing,  an  affirmation ; 
positive. 

affix    (af-fix'),  v.t.  to  fix  to;  at- 


tach ;  n.  a  letter  or  syllable  added 
to  the  end  of  a  word  ;  a  suffix. 

af-fia-tus  (af-fla'tus),  n.  a  breath 
or  blast  of  wind ;  inspiration. 

afflict  (af-flikf),  v.t.  to  cause 
prolonged  pain  to  body  or  mind ; 
distress. 

af-flic-tion  (af-flik'shun),  n.  pro- 
longed pain  of  body  or  mind  ;  dis- 
tress. 

af-flic-tive  (af-flik'tiv),  adj.  caus- 
ing pain. 

af-flu-ence  (af'lu-ens),  n.  an 
abundant  supply,  as  of  thoughts, 
words,  riches ;  wealth. 

af -flu-eat  (af'lu-ent),  n.  a  tribu- 
tary stream  :  adj.  abundant. 

af-fiux  (af'luks),  n.  an  increase; 
an  influx. 

af-ford  (af-ford'),  v.t.  to  supply; 
produce  ;  yield  ;  be  capable  of  bear- 
ing the  expense  of. 

af-fran-chise  (af-fran'shiz),  v.t. 
to  make  free  ;  enfranchise. 

af-f  ray  (af-fra'),  n.  the  fighting  of 
two  or  more  persons  in  a  public 
place  to  the  terror  of  others. 

af-f  right  (af-frlf),  v.t.  to  fright- 
en :  terrify  ;  alarm  ;  confuse. 

af -front  (af-f  runt'),  v.t.  to  con- 
front, oppose  face  to  face ;  insult 
designedly. 

NI/N.    annoy,    displease,    insult, 
irritate,   offend,   provoke. 

Ant.   (see  please,  conciliate). 

af-fu-sion  (af-fu'zhun),  n.  the  act 
of  pouring  upon. 

Af-ghan  (af'gan),  adj.  pertaining 
to  Afghanistan :  n.  a  native  of  Af- 
ghanistan. 

af-ghan  (af'gan),  n.  a  crocheted 
or  knitted  soft  wool  blanket  or  car- 
riage-robe. 

a-field  (u-feld'),  adv.  to,  in,  or  on, 
the  field ;  astray. 

a-flaine  (a-flam'),  adj.  &  adv.  in 
flames ;  ablaze. 

a-float  (a-flof),  adj.  &  adv.  float- 
in?  :  in  circulation ;  unfixed ; 
adrift. 

a-foot  (a-foof),  adv.  on  foot; 
astir. 

a-fraid    (a-frad'),  adj.  frightened. 

a-fresh  (a-fresh'),  adv.  again; 
anew. 

Af-ri-can  (af-ri'kan),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Africa  ;  also  Afric :  n. 
a  native  of  Africa. 

Af-ri-can-der    (af-ri-kan'der),   n. 


lite,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


art 


21 


agi 


a  native  of  South  Africa  born  of 
white  parents. 

aft  (aft),  adj.  &  adv.  towards  the 
stern. 

af-ter  (after),  ad),  next,  subse- 
quent, later :  prep,  behind  in  place  ; 
in  succession  to :  later  in  time ; 
in  imitation  of  ;  according  to  ;  next 
in  rank  or  excellence ;  in  propor- 
tion to;  in  pursuit  of:  adv.  be- 
hind :  subsequent  in  time  or  place : 
n.  the  future. 

af-ter-clap  (-klap),  n.  an  unto- 
ward event  happening  after  an 
affair  is  supposed  to  be  at  an  end. 

af-ter-damp  (-damp),  n.  the  car- 
bonic acid  found  in  coal-mines 
after  an  explosion  of  fire-damp ; 
choke-damp. 

af-ter-hold  (-hold),  n.  that  part 
of  the  hold  which  lies  abaft  the 
mainmast. 

af-ter-math.  (-math),  n.  a  second 
mowing  in  a  season. 

af-ter-noon  (af-ter-noon'),  n.  the 
part  of  the  day  between  noon  and 
evening. 

af-ter-ward  (After-ward),  or  af- 
terwards (-warclzl,  adv.  at  a 
later  time ;  subsequently. 

af-ter- wit  (-wit),  n.  wisdom  that 
comes  too  late. 

again  (A-gen'),  adv.  a  second 
time  ;  in  return  ;  further :  anew. 

a-gainst  (a-gensf),  prep,  opposite 
to  ;  in  opposition  to ;  contrary  to 
one's  inclinations. 

a-gape  (a-gfip'),  adj.  &  adv.  gap- 
ing :  with  the  mouth  wide  open 
in  a  state  of  expectation  or  as- 
tonishment. 

ag-ate  (ag'at),  n.  a  precious  stone, 
a  variety  of  chalcedony ;  Scotch 
pebble. 

ag-a-ty  (ag'A-ti) ,  adj.  of  the  nature 
of  agate. 

age  (aj),  n.  a  particular  period  of 
time  in  life  or  in  history  ;  time  : 
v.i.  to  grow  old. 

a-gen-cy  (a'jen-si),  n.  operation; 
action  ;  an  establishment  for  the 
purpose  of  doing  business  for  an- 
other. 

a-gent  (fi'jent),  n.  one  who  acts, 
especially  for  another ;  an  active 
power  or  cause. 

Nj/n.  actor,  doer,  factor,  opera- 
tor, performer,  instrument. 
Ant.  (see  principal,  chief). 


ag-glom-er-ate       ( ag-glom'er-at ) , 
v.t.  to  gather  into  a  heap ;   accu- 
mulate. 
ag-glom-er-a-tion    ( ag-glom-er-i'- 

shun),  n.  a  heap. 
ag-glom-er-a-tive      (ag-glom'er-a- 
tiv),    adj.    tending    to    gather    to- 
gether. 

ag-glu-ti-nant  (ag-glu'ti-nant), 
adj.  uniting :  n.  any  sticky  sub- 
stance which  causes  bodies  to  ad- 
here together. 

ag-glu-ti-nate  (ag-glu'ti-nat),  v.t. 
to  glue  together :  adj.  glued  to- 
gether. 

ag-glu-ti-na-tion       ( ag-glu-ti-na'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  or  condition  of 
being  united  or  joined  together. 
ag-gran-dize   (ag'gran-dlzj,  v.t.  to 
make  great  or  greater  in   power, 
;     rank,  or  riches  ;  augment. 
ag-gran-dize-ment      ( ag'grun-diz- 
inent),    n.    exaltation;     advance- 
J    ment. 

ag-gra-vate  (ag'gra-vat),  v.t.  to 
add  to  a  load ;  be  troublesome ; 
intensify. 

ag-gra-va-ting      (ag'gra-va-ting), 
I    p.adj.  making  worse  or  more  hei- 
nous. 

\  ag-gra-va-tion  (ag-gra-va'shun), 
!  n.  the  act  of  making  worse. 
;  ag-gre-gate  (ag'-gre-gat),  v.t.  to 
j  collect  or  bring  together ;  gather 
I  in<;o  a  mass  or  body  ;  accumulate : 
j  n.  total :  mass :  a  mass  formed  by 
j  the  union  of  similar  particles :  adj. 

formed  into  a  mass  or  total. 
ag-gre-ga-tion     (ag'gre-ga'shun), 
1    n.  a  collection  of  particulars. 
,  ag-gre-ga-tive         (ag'gre-ga-tiv), 

adj.  collective ;  social. 
ag-gress     (ag-grcs'),    v.i.    to    at- 
tack ;    begin   a   quarrel   or  contro- 
versy. 
ag-gres-sion       (ag-gresh'un),      n. 

unprovoked  attack. 
ag-gres-sive  (ag-gres'iv),  adj.  un- 
justly attacking. 
ag-gres-sor    (ag-gres'er),    n.    one 

who  attacks. 
aggrieve    (ag-greV),  v.t.  to  bear 

heavily  upon  ;  oppress. 
a-ghast   (A-gast'),  ndj.  struck  with 
I    sudden  astonishment,  or  terror. 
ag-ile     (aj'il),    adj.    easily    driven 

about ;  active  in  body  ;  nimble. 
;  a-gil-i-ty     (a-jil'i-ti).    n.    nimble- 
i    ness. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  he  r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


•gl 


ane 


a-gi-o  (a'ji-6).  n.  [pi.  agios  (-oz)], 
the  premium  on  money  or  foreign 
hills  of  exchange ;  discount. 

ag-i-o-tage  (aj'i-6-tfij).  n.  ex- 
change business ;  stock- jobbing. 

ag-i-ta-ble  (aj'i-ta-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  moved,  or  debated ; 
debatable. 

ag-i-tate  (nj'i-tfit),  v.t.  to  stir 
violently  ;  discuss  ;  excite  ;  revolve 
in  the  mind ;  disturb ;  keep  con- 
stantly before  the  public. 

ag-i-ta-tion  (aj-i-ta'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  agitating ;  excitement ;  dis- 
cussion. 

a  g-i-t  a-t  i  v  e  (aj'i-ta-tiv) ,  adj. 
tending  to  agitate. 

ag-i-ta-top  (aj'i-ta-ter),  n.  one 
who  starts  or  keeps  up  a  political 
or  other  agitation  ;  an  implement 
for  stirring. 

a-glow  (fi-gl6'),  adj.  &  adv.  in  a 
glow ;  glowing. 

ag-lu-ti-tion  (ag-lu-tish'un),  n. 
inability  to  swallow. 

ag  nail  (ag'nal),  n.  a  sore  under 
or  near  the  nail ;  a  whitlow. 

ag-no-men  (ag-no'men).  n.  an 
additional  name  or  epithet,  as 
Milton,  the  poet. 

agnostic  (ag-nos'tik),  n.  one 
who  denies  that  man  possesses 
any  knowledge  of  the  ultimate 
nature  of  things ;  one  who  neither 
affirms  nor  denies  the  existence  of 
a  personal  Deity  :  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  agnostics  or  their  teach- 
ings ;  expressing  ignorance. 

ag-nos-ti-cism  (ag-nos'ti-sizm). 
n.  the  doctrines  of  the  agnostics. 

n-go  ( a-go' ) ,  adj.  gone  ;  past  ( used 
always  after  the  noun)  :  adv.  in 
past  time  (used  only  in  the 
phrase  long  ago). 

a-gog  (a-gog'),  adj.  &  adv.  in  agi- 
tation or  expectation  ;  eager. 

a-go-ing  (a-go'ing),  adv.  on  the 
going ;  in  motion. 

ag-o-nis-tics  (ag-o-nis'tiks).  n. 
the  science  of  athletic  combats. 

ag-o-nize  (ag'6-nlz),  v.i.  to  suffer 
anguish,  make  convulsive  efforts: 
v.t.  to  torture. 

ag-o-ni-zing-ly  (ag'6-m-zing-li), 
adv.  with  anguish  or  struggles. 

ag-o-ny  (ag'o-ni).  n.  \ pi.  agonies 
(-niz)l,  extreme  pain;  anguish. 

a-gou-ti     (a-goo'ti),    n.    a    rodent 


found    in    the    West    Indies    and 
South    America. 

a-gra-ri-an  (a-grfi'ri-an),  adj.  re- 
lating to  land,  or  to  land-tenure ; 
growing  wild  in  the  fields  :  n.  one 
who  is  in  favor  of  a  redistribu- 
tion of  land. 

a-gra-ri-an-ism  (a-gra'ri-fm-ism) , 
n.  the  principle  of  a  uniform  divi- 
sion of  land :  agitation  with  re- 
spect to  land-tenure. 

a-gree  (a-gre'),  v.i.  to  harmonize 
physically,  mentally,  or  morally ; 
to  accord. 

a-gree-a-bil-i-ty  ( a-gre-a-bil'i-ti ) , 
n.  agreeableness. 

a-gree-a-ble  ( 3,-gre'a-bl ) ,  adj. 
pleasing  to  the  mind  or  senses. 

Syn.  pleasant,  pleasing,  charm- 
ing. 

Ant.   (see  disagreeable). 

a-gree-ment  (a-gre'ment),  n.  har- 
mony of  opinions  or  feelings ;  con- 
cord of  one  word  with  another  in 
gender,  number,  case,  or  person ; 
a  compact ;  a  contract ;  mutual 
understanding. 

ag-ri-cul-tur-al  (ag-ri-kul'tur- 
al),  adj.  pertaining  to  tillage. 

ag-ri-cul-ture  (ag'ri-kul-tiir) ,  n. 
the  science  and  art  of  cultivating 
fields  by  the  plow,  &c. ;  tillage ; 
farming. 

ag-ri-cul-tur-ist  ( ag-ri-kul'tur- 
ist),  n.  one  engaged  in  tillage;  a 
farmer. 

a-grin  (a-grin'),  adj.  &  adv.  in 
the  act  or  state  of  grinning. 

a  ground  (a-ground'),  adj  &  adv. 
on  the  ground  :  the  situation  of  a 
ship  whose  bottom  touches  the 
ground  ;  stranded. 

a-gue  (fi'gii),  n.  an  intermittent 
fever ;  the  cold  fit  of  the  inter- 
mittent fever. 

a-gue-cake  (-kak),  n.  an  enlarge- 
ment of  the  spleen  produced  by 
ague. 

a-gu-ish.  (a'gu-ish),  adj.  having 
the  qualities  of  an  ague ;  produc- 
ing ague ;  intermittent. 

ah  (ii),  inter j.  an  exclamation  ex- 
pressive of  sudden  emotion. 

a-ha  (ii-h:i'),  inter  j.  an  exclama- 
tion expressive  of  satisfaction  or 
irony. 

a-head  (a-hed').  adv.  in  the 
front ;  forward. 

a  heap   (a-hep'),  adv.  in  a  heap. 


lite,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ane 


23 


alb 


a-hem  (a-hem').  inter j.  an  ex- 
clamation to  call  attention. 

a-hoy  (a-hoi'),  inter},  a  term 
used  in  hailing  a  vessel. 

ahull  (a-hul'),  adv.  with  sails 
furled  and  helm  lashed  alee :  said 
of  a  ship  in  a  storm. 

ai  (a'i),  n.  [pi.  ais  (a'ez)],  the 
three-toed  sloth  of  America. 

aid  (ad),  v.t.  to  assist;  support: 
".  help  ;  assistance. 

aide-de-camp  (ad'de-kong),  n. 
[pi.  aides-de-camp],  an  officer  who 
assists  a  general. 

ai-gret  (a'gret).  or  aigrette 
(a-gret'),  n.  the  small  white 
heron  ;  a  plume  arranged  in  imita- 
tion of  the  feathers  of  the  heron, 
worn  on  helmets,  and  as  an  article 
of  women's  head-attire  ;  a  feathery 
crown  of  seed. 

ail  (al),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  -ed,  p.pr. 
-ing],  to  give  or  cause  pain:  v.i. 
to  feel  pain ;  be  afflicted  with 
pain. 

ailment  (al'ment),  n.  a  slight 
disorder  of  the  body ;  sickness. 

aim  (am),  v.i.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  -ed, 
p.pr.  -ing],  to  endeavor  after;  di- 
rect at  something ;  seek :  n.  a  pur- 
pose ;  an  endeavor. 

>•'.;/«.  mark,  object,  purpose,  en- 
deavor, design,  aspiration. 
Ant.   (see  aimlessness). 

air  (ar),  v.t.  to  expose  to  the  air; 
dry.  thoroughly,  as  clothes  :  to  ex- 
hibit ostentatiously :  n.  the  fluid 
which  we  breathe ;  the  atmos- 
phere ;  external  manner ;  appear- 
ance: bearing;  a  melody. 

air-gas  (-gas),  n.  an  illuminat- 
ing gas  made  from  air  charged 
with  the  vapor  of  petroleum, 
naphtha,  &c. 

air-gun  ('-gun),  n.  a  gun  dis- 
charged by  the  elastic  force  of 
'•onilcnsod  air. 

air-i-ly  (ar'i-li),  adv.  in  an  airy 
manner ;  gaily. 

air-i-ness  (fir'i-nes).  n.  the  state 
of  being  airy  ;  gai(-ty. 

air-ing  (fir'ing),  n.  a  walk,  ride, 
or  drive  in  the  open  air :  exposure 
to  the  air  or  firo. 

air-line  (-lin),  n.  a  straight  line. 
Also  railed  a  bee-line. 

air-plant  (-plant),  n.  a  plant 
which  derives  its  nourishment 
from  the  air. 


air-pump  (-pump),  n.  a  machine 
for  exhausting  the  air  from  a  re- 
ceiver ;  the  pump  used  to  exhaust 
the  water  and  gases  from  the  con- 
denser of  a  steam  engine. 

air-ship  (ar'ship),  n.  a  balloon 
with  motor  and  steering  appa- 
ratus. 

air-y  (ar'i),  adj.  exposed  to  or 
composed  of  air ;  breezy ;  unsub- 
stantial :  gay. 

aisle  (il),  n.  the  win?  of  a  church. 

a-jar  (a-jilr') ..  adj.  &  adv.  slightly 
turned  or  opened,  as  a  door ;  out 
of  harmony. 

a- jog  (a-jog'),  adv.  on  the  jog; 
jogging. 

a-kim-bo  (a-kim'bo),  adv.  with 
the  hands  on  the  hips  and  the 
elbows  turned  outwards. 

a-kin  (a-kin'),  adj.  &  adv.  of  kin; 
related  by  blood ;  allied  by  nature. 

al-a-bas-ter  (al'a-bas-ter).  n.  a 
white  marble-like  mineral ;  a  box 
made  of  alabaster,  in  which  the 
ancients  held  ointments :  adj. 
made  of,  or  transparent  like,  ala- 
baster. 

a-lack  (a-lak'),  inter  j.  an  ex- 
clamation expressive  of  blame, 
sorrow,  or  surprise. 

a-lac-ri-ty  (a-lak'ri-ti),  n.  eager 
readiness  ;  joyous  activity  ;  brisk- 
ness. 

a-la-li-a  (a-la'li-a).  n  loss  of 
speech  by  paralysis  of  the  muscles. 

al  a-lus  (al'a-lus),  n.  the  hypo- 
thetical ape-man. 

a-la-mode  (A-la-motT).  adv.  in 
the  fashion  :  adj.  fashionable :  n. 
a  thin,  light,  glossy  black  silk. 

a-lar  (a'lar),  adj.  pertaining  to  or 
having  wings ;  wing-shaped. 

a-larm  (a-Iiirm'),  v.t.  arouse  to  a 
sense  of  danger ;  strike  with  ap- 
prehension of  danger :  n.  a  call  to 
arms :  a  warning  of  danger ;  the 
apprehension  of  danger. 

a-larm-ing  (a-liirm'ing),  adj.  ex- 
citing apprehension  ;  ominous. 

a-la-ry  (a'lu-ri),  adj.  of  or  per- 
taining to  wings ;  •\ying-shaned. 

a-las  (a-lftfl'),  intcrj.  an  exclama- 
tion expressive  of  unhappim  ss. 

a-late  (a'lfit)  or  alated  (-ed), 
adj.  having  wings  or  wing-like 
side-appendages. 

alb  (alb),  n.  a  white  priestly  vest- 
ment worn  at  the  celebration  of 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  mfton, 
cook  ;  miite.  nut ;  thin.  then. 


alb 


24 


all 


the  Eucharist  in  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church  and  in  some  Angli- 
can churches. 

al-ba-ta  (al-bfi'ta),  n.  an  alloy 
imitating  silver:  German  silver. 

al-ba-tross  ( al'ba-tros),  n.  a  sea- 
bird  allied  to  the  petrel,  inhabit- 
ing the  Pacific  and  Southern 
Oceans. 

al-be-it  ( awl-Wit), con/. although  ; 
even  though  ;  notwithstanding. 

al-bi-no  (al-bi'nu),  n.  a  person 
with  white  skin  and  hair  and 
pinkish  eyes:  a  man,  animal,  or 
plant  abnormally  wnite  in  color. 

al-bu-Riii-e-oiis  ( al-bu-jin'e-us ) , 
adj.  of  the  nature  of  white-of- 
egg ;  albuminous. 

album  (al'lnim),  n.  a  blank  book 
in  which  to  insert  autographs, 
photographs,  stamps,  &c. 

al-bu-men  (al-bu'meu),  n.  the 
white  of  an  egg;  the  nutritious 
farinaceous  matter  stored  up  with 
the  embryo  of  an  animal  or  plant. 

al-bu-men-ize  ( al-bu'men-Iz),  v.t. 
in  photography,  to  coat  paper  with 
an  albuminous  solution. 

al-lm  min  (al-bu'min),  n.  a  vari- 
ant of  albumen. 

al  -  bu  -  mi  -  noid  ( al-bu'mi-noid ) , 
adj.  like  albumen :  n.  a  class  of 
organic  compounds  which  form 
the  chief  part  of  the  organs  and 
tissues  of  animals  and  plants ; 
proteids. 

al-bu-mi-nous  (al-bu'mi-nus)  or 
albnminose  (-nos),  adj.  like,  or 
containing  albumen. 

al  -  bu  -  mi  -  nu  -  ri  -  a  ( al-bu'm  i-nu'- 
ri-S),  n.  the  presence  of  albumen 
in  the  kidneys  and  the  urine. 

al-bur-nuni  (al-ber'num),  n.  the 
white  and  softer  part  of  wood  be- 
tween the  bark  and  the  heart- 
wood  ;  sap-wood. 

al-cal-de  (al-kal'dii),  n.  a  magis- 
trate or  justice  in  Spain  or  Portu- 
gal. 

al-che-mist  (al'ke-mist).  n.  one 
who  studies  or  practices  alchemy. 

al-cbe-my  (al'ke-mi),  n.  the  chem- 
istry of  the  Middle  Ages ;  the  pro- 
fessed art  of  transmuting  the 
baser  metals  into  gold. 

al-co-hol  (al'ko-hoi),  n.  pure  or 
rectified  spirits  of  wine ;  the  spirit- 
uous or  intoxicating  element  in 
fermented  liquors ;  rectified  spir- 


its ;  a  class  of  compounds  of  the 
same  type  as  spirits  of  wine. 

al-co-hol-ic  (al-ko-hol'ik),  adj. 
containing  alcohol :  -s,  n.  pi.  alco- 
holic liquors. 

al-co-liol-ism  (al'ko-hol-izm),  n.  a 
diseased  condition  produced  by  al- 
cohol. 

al-co-hol-i-za-tion  ( al-ko-hol-i-za'- 
shun),  n.  subjection  to  the  influ- 
ence of  alcohol. 

al-co-hol-ize  (al'ko-hol-Iz),  v.t.  to 
subject  to  the  influence  of  alcohol ; 
to  rectify  (spirits  of  wine). 

Al-co-ran  (al'ko-ran  &  al-ko-ran'). 
n.  the  Koran ;  the  Mohammedan 
Bible. 

al-cove  (al-kov')  n.  a  recess  in  a 
room  or  a  garden ;  a  bower. 

alder  (awl'der),  n.  a  genus  of 
plants  growing  in  moist  land  and 
related  to  the  birch. 

al-der-man  (awl'de"r-man),.n.  [pi. 
aldermen  (-men)],  in  English  and 
Irish  cities  and  boroughs  a  magis- 
trate next  in  dignity  to  the  mayor ; 
certain  members  of  county  coun- 
cils elected  by  those  bodies. 

ale  (al),  n.  a  liquor  made  from  an 
infusion  of  malt  by  fermentation. 

a-lee  (a-le'),  adv  &  adj.  on  the  lee 
or  sheltered  side  of  the  ship  ;  oppo- 
site to  aweather. 

a-lert  (a-lerf),  adj.  on  the  watch  ; 
active :  n.  an  alarm  ;  a  sudden  at- 
tack. 

Syn.  active,  brisk,  lively,  nimble, 
prompt,  ready,  vigilant. 
Ant.  (see  inactive). 

al-ex-an  tlriiie  (al-eks-an'drin) ,  n. 
a  kind  of  heroic  verse  of  six  iam- 
bic feet,  or  twelve  syllables. 

al-gse  (al'je),  n.pl.  one  of  the  great 
divisions  of  cryptogamic  plants, 
including  seaweeds  and  lindred 
fresh-water  plants. 

al-ge-bra  (al'je-bra),  n.  the 
science  of  calculation  by  general 
symbols. 

al-ge-bra-ic  (al'je-bra-ik)  or  al- 
gebraical (-ik-iil),  adj.  occur- 
ring in  or  dealing  with  algebra. 

al-ge-bra-ic-al-ly  (-H),  adv.  by 
means  of  algebraic  processes. 

al-gine  (al'jin),  n.  a  substance  ob- 
tained from  seaweed,  and  used  in 
manufactures  instead  of  horn. 

a-li-as     (a'li-as),     adv.     otherwise 


late,  miir,  musk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


•II 


25 


all 


[named]:  n.  [pi.  aliases  (-ez)], 
another  name ;  an  assumed  name. 

al-i-bi  (al'i-bl),  n.  the  plea  of  hav- 
ing been  elsewhere  when  the  al- 
leged act  was  committed. 

a-li-en  (a'li-en),  adj.  belonging  to 
another :  n.  a  foreign-born  resident 
of  a  country  in  which  he  is  not 
naturalized. 

a-li-en-a-bil-i-ty  (u-li-on-fi-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  alien- 
able ;  salability. 

a-li-en-age  (a'li-en-aj),  n.  the 
state  or  legal  status  of  an  alien. 

a-li-en-ate  (a'li-en-jit),  v.t.  to  es- 
trange, as  the  affections ;  transfer 
to  another,  as  property. 

a-li-en-a-tion  (a-li-en-a'shun),  n. 
estrangement ;  transference  ;  diver- 
sion to  another  purpose ;  mental 
derangement. 

a-li-en-ism  (:Vli-en-izm).  n.  the 
position  of  being  an  alien ;  the 
study  and  treatment  of  mental 
diseases. 

al-i-form  (al'i-form),  adj.  wing- 
shaped. 

a-light  (a-Hf),  v.i.  to  dismount; 
to  descend  and.  settle;  to  come 
upon  accidentally :  adj.  lighted  ; 
lighted-up ;  in  a  flame. 

a-lign    (3,-lin'),  same  as  aline. 

a-lign-ment  (a-lln'ment),  same 
as  alinement. 

a-like  (u-llk'),  adj.  like  one  an- 
other: adv.  in  like  manner;  simi- 
lar. 

al-i-ment  (al'i-ment),  n.  food;  the 
necessaries  of  life  generally ;  an 
allowance  for  support  by  decree 
of  court :  v.t.  to  make  provision 
for  the  maintenance  of ;  make  pro- 
vision for  the  support  of  parents 
or  children  respectively. 

al-i-meu-tal  (al-i-men'tal),  adj. 
having  the  quality  of,  or  supply- 
ing the  materials  for.  nourishing. 

al-i-men-ta-ry  (al-i-men'tft-ri  ), 
atJj  pertaining  to  food  ;  nutritious. 

al-i-men-ta-ry  ca-nal  (ka-nal'), 
n.  the  great  duct  which  convoys 
food  to  the  stomach  and  carries 
oft  solid  excreta. 

al  -  i  -  men  -  ta  -  tion  (  al-i-men-t;V- 
snun),  n.  the  act  of  giving  nour- 
ishment ;  the  function  of  the  ali- 
mentary canal. 

al-i-men-tive-ness  (al-i-men'tiv- 
nes),  n.  the  instinct  for  food. 


al-i-mon-y  (al'i-mon-i),  n.  means 
of  living;  an  allowance  made  by 
decree  of  court  to  a  wife  out  of 
her  husband's  estate  on  separation, 
or  pending  an  action  for  the  same. 

a-line  (a-lm'),  v.t.  to  lay  out  or 
adjust  by  a  line :  v.i.  to  form  or 
fall  into  a  line. 

a-line-ment  (a-lln'ment),  n.  the 
act  of  laying  out  or  adjusting  by  a 
line  ;  the  ground-plan  of  a  railway 
or  road. 

al-i-ped  (al'i-ped),  adj.  wing- 
footed,  like  the  bat. 

al-i-qnant  (al'i-kwant),  adj.  being 
a  part  of  a  number  which  does  not 
divide  it  without  a  remainder,  as 
8  is  an  aliquant  part  of  25. 

al-i-qnot  (al'i-kwot),  adj.  being  a 
part  of  a  number  or  quantity 
which  will  divide  it  without  a  re- 
mainder, as  8  is  an  aliquot  part 
of  24. 

a-live  (a-llv'),  adj.  having  life; 
in  a  state  of  action ;  sprightly ; 
sensitive  ;  thronged. 

al-ka-hest  (al'ka-hest),  n.  the 
pretended  universal  solvent  of  the 
alchemists. 

al-ka-les-cent  (al-ka-les'sent), 
adj.  tending  to  become  alkaline. 

al-ka-li  (al'ka-li  &  -11),  n.  \  pi.  al- 
kalis &  -ies],  one  of  a  class  of 
caustic  bases,  as  soda,  potash,  hav- 
ing the  common  properties  of  be- 
ing soluble  in  water  and  in  alco- 
hol, combining  with  fats  to  form 
soap,  neutralizing  acids  and  form- 
ing salts  with  them,  and  changing 
the  tint  of  many  vegetable  color- 
ing-matters. 

al-ka-line  (al'ka-lin  &  -lin),  adj. 
pertaining  to.  or  having  the  prop- 
erties of,  an  alkali. 

al-ka-loid  (al'ka-loid),  n.  a  body 
or  substance  containing  alkaline 
properties ;  pi.  nitrogenous  com- 
pounds met  with  in  plants  in  com- 
bination with  organic  acids:  adj. 
resembling  an  alkali  in  its  prop- 
erties. 

al-ka-net  (al'M-net).  n.  a  plant 
the  root  of  which  yields  the  rich 
red  dye  of  commerce. 

all  (awl),  adj.  the  whole  quantity 
of,  as  substance,  duration,  extent, 
amount,  or  degree ;  the  whole 
number  of,  collectively,  as  indi- 
viduals, particulars,  or  parts ; 


late,  mar,  mfisk,  cat,  awl  :  he,  h<~r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  mufm. 
cook  :  mtite,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


all 


26 


ait 


every,  as  with  kind ;  any,  used 
after  a  preposition  or  verb :  pron. 
the  whole ;  the  whole  quantity  or 
amount ;  total :  aggregate  :  n.  a 
whole ;  an  entirety  ;  one's  entire 
possessions  :  adv.  wholly  ;  entire- 
ly ;  completely. 

all  a -long  (along),  ad.phr. 
throughout. 

all  but  (but),  adv.phr.  everything 
but ;  almost. 

all-fours  (-forz),  n.  a  game  of 
cards  which  comprises  four  points 
or  chances  for  scoring :  adv.  on 
hands  and  knees. 

all-hail  (hal),  inter j.  all  health! 
a  phrase  of  salutation. 

All-hall-ows  (hal'oz),  n.pl.  All 
Saints'  Day,  celebrated  on  the 
first  of  November,  in  honor  of  all 
the  saints. 

all  one  (wun),  adj.  &  n.  in  effect 
the  same ;  quite  the  same. 

all-round  (round),  adj.  versatile; 
capable  of  doing  anything ;  many- 
sided. 

all-sorts  (sfirts),  n.  remnants  of 
various  liquors  blended  together. 

All  .Souls'  Day  (solz  da),  n.pl. 
the  day,  celebrated  second  of  No- 
vember by  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  in  honor  of  the  departed. 

all  told  (awl  told),  adv.  all 
counted. 

Al-lah  (aTla),  n.  the  Arabic  name 
for  the  Supreme  Being,  in  use 
among  the  Mohammedans. 

allay  (al-la'),  v.t.  to  quiet  or 
calm ;  assuage ;  appease ;  abate ; 
mitigate  ;  relieve  ;  as  pain  or  grief. 

al-le-ga-tion  (al-e-gfi'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  alleging ;  assertion ; 
declaration ;  that  which  is  as- 
serted or  alleged ;  that  which  is 
offered  as  a  plea,  an  excuse,  or 
justification ;  the  statement  of  a 
party  to  a  suit  of  that  which  he  is 
prepared  to  prove. 

al-lege  (al-lej'),  v.t.  to  produce  or 
adduce  as  argument,  plea,  or  ex- 
cuse ;  affirm  ;  declare  ;  assert. 

al  lege-a-ble  (al-lej'fi-bl),  adj. 
that  may  be  alleged  or  affirmed. 

allegiance  (al-le'jans),  n.  the 
tie  or  obligation  of  a  subject  to 
his  sovereign  or  government ; 
fealty ;  fidelity  to  a  cause  or  per- 
son. 

al-le-gor-ic  (al-e-gor'ik),  or  alle- 


gorical (al-e-gor'i-kal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  consisting  of,  or  in  the 
nature  of  allegory  ;  figurative. 

al-le-gor-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  fig- 
uratively ;  in  an  allegorical  man- 
ner. 

al-le-go-rize  (al'e-go-riz),  v.t.  to 
turn  into  allegory  ;  to  treat  alle- 
gorically ;  to  interpret  in  an  alle- 
gorical sense :  v.i.  to  make  use  of, 
or  indulge  in,  allegory. 

al-le-go-ry  (al'e-go-ri),  n.  [pi.  al- 
legories (-riz)],  a  figurative  man- 
ner of  'treating  a  subject  by  the 
use  of  other  terms  analogous  in 
properties  or  circumstances ;  a 
figurative  representation  in  which 
the  meaning  is  conveyed  symbolic- 
ally. 

al-le-vi-ate  (al-le'vi-at),  v.t.  to 
lighten  ;  lessen  ;  make  easier ;  miti- 
gate. 

al-le-vi-a-tion  ( al-le-vi-a'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  alleviating;  that 
which  lessens  or  lightens. 

al-le-vi-a-tive  (al-le'vi-a-tiv),  adj. 
tending  to  alleviate  •  n.  that  which 
alleviates. 

al-le-vi-a-tor  (al-le'vi-a-ter),  n. 
one  who,  or  that  which,  alleviates. 

al-ley  (al'i),  n.  [pi.  alleys  (-iz)j, 
a  passage ;  a  way  (generally  nar- 
row) ;  a  lane. 

al-li-a-ceous  (al-i-a'shus),  adj.  of 
the  nature  or  property  of  garlic 
or  the  onion. 

al-li-ance  (al-li'ans),  n.  the  state 
of  being  allied ;  relation  or  con- 
nection by  birth  or  marriage ; 
union  between  nations. 

N//H.  confederacy,  fusion,  league, 
partnership,  union,  coalition,  com- 
pact. 

Ant.    (see  separation). 

al-li-ga-tion  (al-i-g&'shun),  n.  a 
rule  for  ascertaining  the  value  or 
price  of  a  compound  by  determin- 
ing the  relative  proportions  and 
prices  of  the  ingredients. 

al-li-ga-tor  (al'i-ga-tSr),  n.  the 
American  crocodile. 

al-lit-er-a-tion  (al-lit-er-a'shun) , 
n.  the  repetition  of  the  same  in- 
itial letter  in  closely-succeeding 
words,  or  in  words  directly  follow- 
ing each  other,  as  ."apt  allitera- 
tion's artful  aid." 

al-lit-er-a-tive         (al-lit'er-fi-tiv). 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  miite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


all 


27 


alt 


adj.  pertaining  to,  or  characterized 
by,  alliteration. 

al-lo-cate  (al'6-kat).  r.t.  to  assign 
or  allot ;  distribute,  as  in  equal  or 
proportionate  parts  or  shares. 

»l-lo-ca-tion  (al-6-ka'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  allotting,  allocating,  or 
assigning ;  an  allotment  or  assign- 
ment ;  an  allowance  made  on  an 
account. 

al-lo-cu-tion  (al-o-ku'shun).  n. 
an  address  of  a  formal  nature,  as 
that  delivered  by  the  Pope  to  his 
clergy  or  to  the  Church  generally. 

al-lo-'di-al  (a-lo'di-al),  adj.  free- 
hold :  not  feudal :  n.  land  thus  held. 

al-lo-di-um  (a-15'di-um),  n.  [pi. 
allodia  (-:°i)],  freehold  estate. 

al-lo-grapli  (al'6-graf),  n.  a  sig- 
nature by  one  person  on  behalf  of 
another ;  opposed  to  autograph. 

al-lo-mor-piism  ( al-o-mor'fizm ) , 
n.  the  property  in  certain  sub- 
stances of  assuming  a  different 
form  while  remaining  the  same  in 
constitution. 

al-lo  path  (al'o-path),  n.  one  who 
favors  or  practices  allopathy ;  an 
allopathist. 

al-lo-path-ic  (al-o-path'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  allopathy. 

al-lo-path-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
in  an  allopathic  manner. 

al-lop-a-thy  (al-op'a-thi),  n.  a 
method  of  treating  disease  by  in- 
ducing an  action  opposite  to  the 
disease  it  is  sought  to  cure ;  op- 
posed to  homoeopathy. 

a  1-1  o-q  u  i-a  1-i  a  m  (al-15'kwi-al- 
izm),  n.  a  phrase  or  manner  of 
speech  used  in  addressing. 

allot  (al-lof),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
allotted,  p.pr.  allotting],  to  dis- 
tribute or  divide,  as  by  lot :  appor- 
tion, as  shares :  assign  or  grant 
for  a  specific  purpose. 

al-lot-ment  ( al-fot'ment) ,  n.  the 
art  of  allotting ;  that  which  is 
allotted :  a  portion  of  land  as- 
signed or  allotted. 

al-lo-trop-ic  (al-6-trop'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  or  characterized  by 
allotropy. 

allot  ro-pi sin  (ft-lot'ro-pizm),  n. 
diversity  of  molecular  arrange- 
ment. 

al-lot-ro-py  (a-lot'ro-pi).  n.  the 
capability  shown  by  certain  chem- 
ical elements  to  assume  different 


forms,  each  characterized  by  pecu- 
liar qualities,  as  the  occurrence  of 
carbon  in  the  form  of  the  dia- 
mond, charcoal,  and  plumbago  re- 
spectively. 

al-lot-ee  (al-lot-te'),  n.  one  to 
whom  an  allotment  or  share  is 
granted  or  assigned. 

al-low  (al-lou').  v.t.  to  grant, 
yield  ;  admit ;  deduct ;  permit ;  ap- 
prove :  v.i.  to  make  concession  or 
provision  (followed  by  for). 

al-low-a-ble  (al-lou-a-bl) ,  ndj. 
that  may  be  allowed ;  permissible ; 
lawful ;  praiseworthy  ;  acceptable. 

al-low  ance  (al-lou'ans),  n.  the 
act  of  allowing ;  admission ;  con- 
cession ;  a  definite  sum  granted ; 
sanction  or  approval ;  abatement 
or  deduction :  v.t.  to  put  upon 
allowance ;  limit  to  a  fixed  ex- 
penditure or  consumption  of 
money  or  food. 

al-loy  (al-loi'),  v.t.  to  combine;  to 
form  a  compound,  by  fusion,  of 
two  or  more  metals ;  reduce  in 
standard  or  quality  by  mixture, 
as  with  a  metal  of  baser  value ; 
debase :  n.  a  compound  or  fusion 
of  two  or  more  metals ;  a  mixture 
of  two  metals  of  differing  nature 
and  value ;  an  admixture  of  evil 
with  good. 

all-spice  (awl'spis),  n.  the  fruit 
or  berry  of  the  pimento :  so  named 
in  allusion  to  its  taste  being  sup- 
posed to  combine  the  flavors  of 
other  spices. 

al-lude  (a-liid'),  v.t.  to  compare: 
r.t.  refer  or  make  an  allusion  in- 
directly (with  to). 

al-lure  (a-lur'),  v.t.  to  tempt  by 
the  offer  of  something  good,  real, 
or  apparent ;  entice  ;  attract. 

al-liire-ment  (a-lur'ment),  n.  the 
act  of  alluring,  or  that  which 
allures. 

al-ln-sion  (a-lu'zhun),  n.  a  casual 
reference ;  a  comparison  or  refer- 
ence by  symbol  or  metaphor. 

al-lu-sive  (a-lii'siv),  adj.  having 
reference  to  something  not  defi- 
nitely expressed. 

al-lu-so-ry  (a-lu'so-ri),  adj.  al- 
lusive. 

al-ln-vi-al    (a-lu'vi-al),    adj.    per- 
taining  to   or   composed   of   allu- 
vium. 
al-lu-vi-on    (a-lu'vi-un),    n.    land 


late,  mSr,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin,  //ion. 


an 


28 


alp 


added  to  a  shore  or  river-bank 
by  the  action  of  water. 

al-lu-yi-nm  (a-lu'vi-um),  n.  [pi. 
alluvia  (-a)  ],  a  deposit  of  mingled 
sand  and  clay  (mud),  or  of  alter- 
nating layers  of  sand  and  clay,  of 
river  origin. 

al-ly  (a-li'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  allied, 
p.pr.  allying],  to  unite  by  mar- 
riage, treaty,  league,  or  confeder- 
acy ;  bind  or  connect  by  friend- 
ship or  resemblance:  n.  [pi.  allies 
(a-liz')],  one  united,  related,  or 
associated  by  these  means ;  a  con- 
federate. 

al-ma-di-a  (al-ma-de'a),  n.  an  In- 
dian river-boat,  shuttle-shaped, 
about  80  ft.  in  length,  with  a 
narrow  beam ;  a  small  African 
bark-canoe. 

al-ma-gra  (al-ma'gra),  n.  a  fine 
deep-red  ochre  used  in  India  for 
staining  the  skin ;  used  also  as  a 
paint  and  polish  (Indian-red). 

al-ma-nac  (awl'ma-nak),  n.  a 
year-book  or  calendar  giving  the 
order  of  the  days  of  the  week  and 
month,  astronomical  data,  tide- 
tables,  ecclesiastical  festivals  and 
fasts,  and  other  varied  informa- 
tion. 

al-migh-ty  (awl-nu'ti),  adj.  pos- 
sessing all  power ;  omnipotent. 

Al-migh-ty  (awl-ml'ti),  n.  the 
omnipotent  God. 

al-migh-ti-ness  (-nes),  n.  omnip- 
otence ;  infinite  or  boundless  power. 

alm-oud  (a'mund  &  al'mund),  n. 
the  kernel  of  the  fruit  of  the  alm- 
ond-tree ;  anything  resembling  the 
almond  in  shape. 

al-mon-er  (al'mun-er).  n.  one  who 
dispenses  or  distributes  alms  or 
charity;  an  alms-purse;  a  ponoh 
or  purse  which  in  early  times  was 
suspended  from  the  girdle. 

al-mon-ry  (al'mun-ri),  n.  [pi.  al- 
monries (-riz)],  the  residence  of 
the  almoner ;  the  place  where  alms 
are  dispensed. 

almost  (awl'most),  adv.  nearly: 
very  nearly  ;  well-nigh  ;  all  but. 

alms  (amz),  n.sina.  [used  some- 
times as  n.pl.],  the  act  of  re- 
lieving by  charitable  aid ;  that 
which  is  bestowed  in  or  out  of 
charity. 

alms-house  (-hous).  n.  a  house 
endowed  by  private  or  public  char- 


ity and  appropriated  to  the  use  of 
the  poor. 

al-oe  (al'o),  n.  [pi.  aloes  (-6z)], 
the  common  name  for  succulent 
plants,  natives  of  the  warm  cli- 
mates of  the  Old  World,  and  espe- 
cially of  the  southern  part  of 
Africa. 

al-oes  (al'pz),  n.  a  drug,  the  in- 
spissated juice  of  several  species 
of  aloe,  and  obtained  from  the 
leaves ;  the  fragrant  resin  or  wood 
of  the  agallochum. 

a-loft  (a-16ff),  adv.  on  high;  far 
above  the  earth  ;  at  the  mast-head, 
or  on  the  higher  yards  or  rigging. 

a  lone  (a-lon'),  adj.  &  adv.  with- 
out or  apart  from  another;  single 
or  singly  ;  only ;  separately ;  by 
itself. 

a-long  (a-16ng'),  prep.  &  adv.  by 
the  length ;  lengthwise ;  in  a  line 
parallel  with  the  length ;  onward. 

a  long  shore  man  ( -shor'man ) , 
n.  \pl.  -men],  a  laborer  employed 
at  docks  in  loading  and  unloading 
vessels. 

a -long-side  (-sld),  adv.  by  the 
side ;  side  by  side. 

a-loof  (a-166f),  adv.  at  a  moderate 
distance  but  within  sight ;  pur- 
posely keeping  apart. 

al-o-pe-ci-a  (al-6-pe'si-a),  or  alo- 
pecy  (al'o-pe-si ) ,  n.  baldness  ;  loss 
of  hair  through  skin  disease. 

al-o-pec-ist  (al'o-pes-ist),  n.  one 
who  undertakes  the  cure  or  pre- 
vention of  baldness. 

a  loud  (a-loud'),  adv.  with  raised 
voice  ;  loudly  ;  with  a  great  noise  ; 
audibly. 

al-pac-a  (al-pak'a),  n.  a  mammal, 
closely  allied  to  the  llama,  a  native 
of  the  Andes  of  Chili  and  Peru  ; 
the  fabric  constructed  from  the 
long,  soft,  silky  wool  of  the  al- 
paca. 

al-pen-glow  (al'pen-gl6),  n.  a 
peculiar  purple  glow  on  the  snow 
on  the  Alps  seen  just  before  sun- 
rise and  after  sunset. 

al-pen-horn  (-hfirn),  n.  a  long 
and  nearly  straight  horn  used  by 
the  mountaineers  of  the  Alps. 

al  pen-stock  (-stok).  n.  a  stout 
staff,  furnished  with  an  iron  spike, 
used  by  mountain-climbers. 

alpha-bet  (al'fa-bet).  n.  the  let- 
ters of  a  language  arranged  in  the 


late,  mftr,  mftsk,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


•IP 


customary  order ;  the  first  rudi- 
ments of  any  branch  of  knowl- 
edge :  v.t.  to  arrange  or  classify  in 
alphabetical  sequence ;  mark  by 
the  letters  of  the  alphabet. 

al-pha-bet-ic  (al-fa-bet'ik),  or 
alphabetical  ('i-kal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  an  alphabet ;  in  the 
order  of  the  alphabet. 

al-pha-bet-ic-al-ly  (-11).  adv.  in 
an  alphabetical  order  or  manner. 

al-pha-bet-ize  (al'fa-bet-lz),  v.t. 
to  arrange  in  alphabetical  order. 

al-read-y  (awl-red'i),  adj.  quite 
ready ;  fully  prepared :  adv.  by, 
at,  or  before,  a  specified  time. 

al-so  (awl'so),  adv.  &  con},  wholly 
so  ;  in  like  manner ;  likewise ;  fur- 
ther, or  in  addition  to. 

altar  (awl'tar),  n.  a  raised 
place,  structure,  or  elevation, 
whether  of  earth  or  stone,  for  the 
offering  of  sacrifices  or  burning  of 
incense;  the  Communion-table;  a 
place  of  worship. 

alt-az-i-muth  (alt-az'i-muth),  n. 
an  instrument  employed  to  deter- 
mine the  altitudes  and  azimuths  of 
the  heavenly  bodies. 

al-ter  (awl'ter),  v.t.  to  effect  some 
change  in  ;  modify  or  vary  ;  change 
entirely  or  materially. 

al-ter-a-bil-i-ty  ( awl-ter-a-bil'- 
i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  alter- 
able or  liable  to  change. 

al-ter-ant  (awl'ter-ant),  adj.  pro- 
ducing or  effecting  change :  n.  a 
substance  used  in  dyeing  to  change 
or  modify  a  color. 

al-ter-a-tion  (awl-ter-a'shun).  n. 
the  act  of  altering  or  changing ; 
the  change  or  modification  effected. 

al-ter-a-tive  (awl'ter-a-tiv),  adj. 
producing  change ;  having  the 
power  to  alter :  n.  a  medicine 
which  restores  the  healthy  func- 
tions of  the  body. 

al-ter-cate  (awl'ter-kat),  v.t.  to 
contend  in  words ;  wrangle ;  dis- 
pute with  anger  or  heat. 

al-ter-ca-tion  ( awl-ter-ka'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  wrangling;  warm 
contention  in  words;  a  dispute. 

al-ter  e-go  (al'ter  e'go),  n.  a  sec- 
ond self;  one's  double:  frequently 
applied  to  a  person  fully  author- 
ized to  act  for  another. 

alternant  (al-ter'nant),  adj. 
composed  of  alternate  layers. 


al  ter-nate  (al'ter-nat),  v.t.  to 
perform  by  turns ;  cause  to  suc- 
ceed by  turns ;  exchange  recipro- 
cally :  v.i.  to  take  place  by  turn? 
(followed  by  with)  :  adj.  by  turns  ; 
following  each  other  in  recipro- 
cal succession ;  succeeding  each 
other  by  turns  on  opposite  sides 
of  a  stem. 

al-ter-nate  an-gles  (ang'glz), 
n.pl.  the  internal  angles  made  by 
two  lines  with  a  third  on  opposite 
sides  of  it. 

al-ter-na-tion  (al-ter-na'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  alternating,  or  state  of 
being  alternate ;  reciprocal  succes- 
sion ;  antiphonal  singing  or  read- 
ing. 

al-ter-na-tive  (al-ter'na-tiv),  adj. 
giving  the  choice  of  two  things:  n. 
the  option  or  choice  of  two  possi- 
bilities, so  that  if  one  be  rejected 
the  other  must  be  accepted. 

Syn.     choice,    election,     option, 
preference,  resource,  pick. 
Ant.    (see  compulsion). 

al-tcr-na-tor  (al'ter-na-ter),  n.  an 
alternating  current  dynamo. 

alt-horn  (alt'horn),  n.  a  musical 
instrument  of  the  sax-horn  class, 
frequently  used  in  military  bands. 

al -though  (awl-tho),  conj.  grant- 
ing that ;  though  ;  even  if  ;  not- 
withstanding. 

al-tim-e-ter  (al-tim'e-ter),  n.  an 
instrument  for  measuring  altitudes 
trigonometrically. 

al-tim-e-try  (al-tim'e-tri),  n.  the 
art  of  measuring  altitudes  by  the 
use  of  the  altimeter. 

al-tis-cope  (al'tis-kop),  n.  an  in- 
strument consisting  of  mirrors  and 
lenses  by  means  of  which  an  ob- 
ject is  brought  to  the  view  of  the 
observer  notwithstanding  inter- 
vening obstacles ;  used  to  guide 
submarine  boats. 

al-tis-o-nant  (al-tis'o-nant),  adj. 
high-sounding ;  pompous  in  lan- 
guage. 

al-ti-tnde  (al'ti-tud).  n.  space  ex- 
tended upward  ;  height ;  highest 
point  or  degree ;  the  elevation  of 
a  celestial  body  above  the  horizon  ; 
the  perpendicular  distance  from 
the  base  of  a  figure  to  the  summit 
or  to  the  side  parallel  to  the  base. 

al-ti-tu-di-nal  ( al-ti-tu'di-nal ) , 
adj.  of  or  pertaining  to  height. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


•It 


30 


alto  (al'to),  adj.  high:  n.  the 
contralto ;  the  tenor  violin  or 
viola. 

al-to-geth-er  (awl-too-geM'er), 
adv.  wholly  ;  completely  ;  without 
exception  ;  conjunctly  ;  entirely, 

al-to-re-lie-vo  (al'to-r§-l§'v5),  or 
al-to-ri-li-e-vo  (aTto-re-le-a'v6), 
n.  [pi.  alto-relievos  (-v5z)],  high 
relief ;  figures  or  other  objects 
that  stand  out  boldly  from  the 
background,  and  having  more 
than  half  their  thickness  project- 
in?. 

al-trop-a-thy  (al-trop'a-thi),  n. 
sympathy  for  others. 

al-tru-isrn  (al'troo-izm).  n.  the 
principles  inculcated  by  Comte, 
and  involving  the  sacrifice  of  self 
in  the  interests  of  others :  opposed 
to  egoism. 

al-trii  ist  (al'troo-ist) ,  n.  one  who 
advocates  or  practices  altruism. 

al-tru-is-tic  (al-troo-is'tik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  altruism ;  mindful 
of  the  wants  and  interests  of 
others. 

al-tru-is-tic-al-ly  (-ul-li),  adv. 
in  an  altruistic  manner. 

al-um  (al'um),  n.  a  double  sul- 
phate formed  of  aluminum  and 
some  other  element,  usually  an 
alkali  metal. 

alum-root  (-root),  n.  &  popular 
name  given  to  certain  roots  of  an 
astringent  nature  belonging  to  the 
saxifrages. 

alumina  (a-lfi'mi-na),  n.  the 
single  oxide  of  aluminum,  the 
most  abundant  of  the  earths ;  a 
notable  constituent  of  common 
clay.  Alumina  is  largely  used  in 
dyeing  and  calico-printing  as  a 
mordant. 

a-ln-mi-nite  (a-lu'mi-mt),  n.  the 
hydrous  sulphate  of  aluminum. 

aluminous  (a-lu'mi-nus) ,  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  containing,  alum 
or  alumina. 

a  lu-mi  num  (iT-lu'mi-num) ,  or 
aluminium  (al-u-min'i-um),  n. 
a  bluish-white,  light,  sonorous, 
ductile,  malleable  metal. 

a  lum  iia  (a-lum'na),  n.  [pi. 
alumnae  (-ne)],  a  female  gradu- 
ate or  pupii  of  a  university  or  col- 
lege. 

a  lum  nus  (a-lum'nus),  n.  [pi. 
alumni  (-Hi)],  a  pupil,  more  par- 


ticularly the  graduate  of  a  univer- 
sity ;  one  educated  at  a  school, 
college,  or  university. 

a  1-y  e-p-1  a-t  e  d  (al-ve'6-la-ted) , 
adj.  with  deep  pits  or  cells  resem- 
bling the  honeycomb. 

always  (awl'waz),  adv.  con- 
stantly ;  ever ;  regularly  at  inter- 
vals ;  continually. 

am  (am),  1st  pers.  sing,  indie, 
mood  of  the  verb  to  be.  See  be. 

a-main  (a-man'),  adv.  with  force 
or  violence  ;  suddenly  ;  at  once. 

a-mal-gam  (a-mal'gam),  n.  any 
metallic  mixture  or  alloy  of  which 
mercury  is  the  chief  constituent ; 
a  mixture  or  compound  of  differ- 
ent things. 

a-mal-ga-mate  (a-mal'ga-mat), 
v.t.  to  alloy  mercury  with  another 
metal ;  mix  to  form  a  compound : 
v.i.  to  blend,  combine,  as  one  race 
with  another. 

a-xnal-ga-ma-tion  (a-mal-ga-ma'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  or  process  of 
compounding  mercury  with  an- 
other metal ;  the  separation  of 
precious  metals  from  the  mother- 
rock  by  means  of  quicksilver ;  the 
blending  or  mixing  of  different 
elements  or  things ;  the  union  or 
consolidation  of  two  or  more  com- 
panies or  businesses  into  one 
concern. 

a-mal-ga-ma-tor  (a-mal'ga-ma- 
ter),  n.  one  who,  or  that  which, 
amalgamates;  a  machine  for  puri- 
fying ore  containing  precious 
metals  by  amalgamation  with  mer- 
cury ;  one  who  takes  an  active 
part  in  combining  two  or  more 
businesses. 

a-man-u-en-sis  (a-man-u-en'sis) , 
n.  [pi.  amanuenses  (-sez)],  one 
who  is  employed  to  write  at  the 
dictation  or  direction  of  another ; 
a  secretary. 

am-a-ranth  (am'a-ranth) ,  n.  an 
imaginary  flower  said  by  poets  to 
be  unfading;  a  plant  of  the  genus 
amarantus ;  a  color-mixture  in 
which  magenta  is  the  chief  in- 
gredient. 

am  a-ran-thine  (am-a-ran'thin), 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  amaranth  ; 
never-fading,  like  amaranth  ;  pur- 
plish. 

amass  (a-mas').  v.t.  to  collect 
into  a  heap ;  gather  together  in 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


31 


am* 


great    quantity    or    amount ;    ac- 
cumulate. 

Syn.  accumulate,  collect,  gather, 
hoard,  aggregate,  store  up. 
Ant.  (see  disperse) . 

amassment  (a-mas'ment) ,  n. 
the  act  of  amassing ;  a  heap  or 
accumulation ;  a  great  quantity 
or  number  brought  tog_ether. 

a  m-a-t  e  u  r  (am'a-tur  &  am-a- 
ter'),  n.  one  who  cultivates  an  art 
or  pur§ues  a  study  from  love  or 
attachment,  and  without  reference 
to  gain  or  emolument :  adj.  ap- 
plied to  the  work  or  productions 
of  an  amateur  as  opposed  to  pro- 
fessional. 

am-a-tive  (am'a-tiv),  adj.  amor- 
ous ;  full  of  love. 

am-a-tive-ness  (am'a-tiv-nes),  n. 
the  tendency  to  love ;  the  desire 
for  sexual  intercourse. 

am-a-tor-i-al  (am-a-tor'i-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  love  ;  amatory  ;  per- 
taining to  the  oblique  muscles  of 
the  eye  used  in  ogling. 

am-a-tor-i-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
amatorial  manner. 

am-a-to-ry  (am'a-t5-ri),  adj.  re- 
lating to  or  expressive  of  love. 

am-au-ro-sis  (am-aw-ro'sis) ,  n. 
loss  or  decay  of  sight  due  to  par- 
tial, periodic,  or  complete  paraly- 
sis of  the  optic  nerve. 

am-au-rot-ic  (am-aw-rot'ik) ,  adj. 
relating  to,  or  affected  with,  am- 
aurosis. 

a  maze  (a-maz'),  v.t.  to  confound 
or  stun  with  fear,  surprise,  or 
wonder;  astonish:  n.  astonish- 
ment ;  confusion  ;  perplexity. 

amazement  (a-maz'ment) ,  n. 
the  state  of  being  amazed ;  aston- 
ishment ;  perplexity  arising  from 
sudden  surprise. 

Syn.  awe.  wonder,  surprise, 
confusion,  admiration,  bewilder- 
ment, perplexity. 

Ant.    (see  composure). 

am  bass-a-dor  (am-bas'A-der) .  n. 
an  accredited  representative  of  a 
sovereign  or  state  at  the  court  of 
another:  a  diplomatic  agent  of 
liiirh  rank;  a  representative  or 
auont  of  another  charged  with  a 
special  mission. 

» m  bass  a-dor  -  ex-tra-or-din-a- 
ry  (-eks-tra-or'din-ii-ri),  n.  an 


ambassador  sent  on  a  special  mis- 
sion. 

am  bass  a  dor  -  plen-i-po-ten-ti 
a-ry  (-plen-i-po-ten'shi-a-ri),  n. 
an  ambassador  sent  with  full 
powers  to  make  a  treaty. 

a  m-b  a  s  s-a-d  o  r-i-a  1  (am-bas-a- 
dor'i-al ) ,  adj.  belonging  to  an  am- 
bassador, or  to  his  office. 

am-bass-a-dress  ( am-bas'a-dres) , 
n.  the  wife  of  an  ambassador ;  a 
female  ambassador. 

am-ber  (am'ber),  n.  a  yellowish 
fossil  resin  found  on  the  shores 
of  the  Baltic :  adj.  made  of  am- 
ber ;  amber-colored. 

am-ber-gris  (am'ber-gres),  n.  a 
morbid  secretion  from  the  intes- 
tines of  the  sperm-whale,  usually 
found  floating  in  tropical  seas : 
used  in  perfumery. 

am-bi-dex-ter  (am-bi-deks'ter), 
adj.  using  both  hands  equally :  n. 
a  man  of  unusual  dexterity. 

a  m  b  i-d  e  x-t  r  o  u  s  ( am-bi-deks' 
trus),  adj.  able  to  use  both  hands 
alike ;  unusually  clever. 

am-bi-ent  (am'bi-ent),  adj.  sur- 
rounding ;  investing. 

am-bi-gu-i-ty  (am-bi-gu'i-ti).  n. 
[pi.  ambiguities  (-tiz)],  double  or 
dubious  signification  ;  vagueness. 

ain-big-u-ous  (am-big'u-us),  adj. 
doubtful ;  equivocal. 

aiu-bit  (am'bit),  n.  a  circuit  or 
compass ;  the  line  or  sum  of  the 
lines  by  which  a  figure  is 
bounded ;  the  perimeter. 

am-bi-tion  (am-bish'un),  n.  a 
seeking  for  preferment ;  a  consum- 
ing desire  to  achieve  some  object 
or  purpose,  as  to  gain  distinction, 
influence,  &c. 

am-bi-tious  (am-bish'us),  adj. 
having  ambition ;  aspiring. 

am-ble  (am'bl),  v.i.  to  move  with 
a  peculiar  pace,  as  a  horse,  by 
lifting  the  two  feet  on  one  side 
together :  n.  at  an  easy  pace. 

am-bly-o-pi-a  (am'bli-6-pi-a)  or 
amblyopy  (-pi),  n.  dimness  of 
vision. 

a  m-b  o  y-n  a-w  o  o  d  (am-boi'nS- 
wood),  n.  a  beautifully  mottled 
and  curled  wood  used  in  cabinet- 
work. 

a  m-b  r  o-s  i  a  (am-bro'zia) .  n. 
anything  exquisitely  pleasing  tc 


lite,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot : 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


nmb 


ami 


taste  or  smell ;  a  genus  of  weeds 
allied  to  wormwood. 

am  bro-sial  (am-bro'zial),  adj. 
divinely  delicious ;  fragrant. 

am-bro-sial-ly  (-li),  adv.  with 
ambrosial  fragrance. 

am-bro-type  (am'bro-tlp),  n.  a 
photographic  process  by  which 
the  light  parts  of  a  photograph 
are  produced  in  silver,  the  dark 
parts  showing  as  a  background 
through  the  clear  glass. 

am-bu-lance  (am'bu-lans),  n.  a 
field  hospital ;  an  ambulance  cart 
or  wagon  for  the  conveyance  of 
the  sick  and  wounded. 

am-bu  lant  (am'bu-lant),  adj. 
walking ;  moving  aboutL 

am-bu  la-tion  ( am-bii-la'shun ) , 
H.  the  act  of  walking  _about. 

am-bu-la-tor  (am'lm-la-ter),  n. 
a  walker ;  a  pedometer. 

am-bu-la-to-ry  ( am'bu-lfi-to-ri ) , 
adj.  of  or  pertaining  to  walking ; 
movable ;  temporary :  n.  a  place 
for  walking  in ;  a  covered  way. 

am-bus-cade  (am-bus-kad'),  n.  a 
strategic  disposition  of  troops  in 
ambush. 

am-bnsh  (am'boosh),  n.  a  lying 
in  wait  to  attack  by  surprise :  v.t. 
to  place  in  ambush  to  surprise  an 
enemy  ;  waylay  :  v.i.  to  lie  in  wait 
for  the  purpose  of  attacking  by 
surprise. 

a-meer  (a-mer'),  n.  a  prince; 
governor ;  the  Mohammedan  ruler 
of  Afghanistan.  Also  written 
amir.  emir. 

a-ine-li-or-a-ble  ( a-me'li-or-a-bl ) , 
adj.  capable  of  improvement. 

a-me-li-or-ate  (a-me'li-or-at),  v.t. 
to  make  better :  v.i.  to  grow  bet- 
ter :  improve. 

a-me-li  or-a-tion  (a-me-li-or-a'- 
shun),  n.  the  making  or  growing 
better ;  improvement. 

a-me-li-or-a-tive  ( a-me'li-or-a- 
tiv),  adj.  producing  amendment; 
improving. 

a-m  e-1  i-o  r-a-t  o  r  (a-me'li-pr-a- 
ter),  n.  one  who  amends. 

a  men.  (fi-men'  &  M/men'),  adv. 
verily :  inter j.  so  be  it. 

a-me-na  bil-i  ty  (a-me-na-bil'i- 
ti)  or  amenableness  (a-me'nsV 
bl-nes),  n.  liability  to  answer  (to 
a  charge,  &c. )  ;  tractableness ;  re- 
sponsibility. 


a-me-na-ble  ( a-me'na-bl ) ,  adj. 
easy  to  lead ;  submissive  ;  liable. 

a-mend  (a-mend'),  v.t.  to  free 
from  fault ;  improve  ;  correct. 

t^yn.    improve,    correct,    better, 
mend. 

Ant.  (see  impair). 

a-men-da-tor-y  ( a-men'da-tor-i ) , 
adj.  tending  to  amend. 

a-mende-hon-or-a  ble  (a-mangd- 
on'or-a-bl ) ,  H.  a  public  apology 
and  reparation ;  a  punishment 
formerly  inflicted  in  France  on 
traitors  and  the  sacrilegious. 

a-mend-ment  (a-mend'ment),  n. 
the  removal  of  faults ;  the  altera- 
tion of  a  bill  before  Parliament ; 
a  counter-motion  at  a  public 
meeting. 

a-mends  (a-mendz'),  n.pl.  com- 
pensation for  loss  or  injury  ;  repa- 
ration. 

a-men-i-ty  (a-men'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
amenities  (-tiz)],  pleasantness, 
as  of  climate  or  demeanor ;  geni- 
ality. 

a-men-or-rlice-a  (a-men-or-re'a) , 
n.  entire  or  partial  suppression  of 
the  menses. 

a-men-ti-a  (a-men'shi-a),  n.  want 
of  reason  ;  mental  imbecility. 

a-merce  (a-mers'),  v.t.  to  punish 
by  an  arbitrary  fine. 

a-mer-cea-ble  (a-mer'sa-bl),  adj. 
liable  to  be  amerced. 

a-merce-meiit  (a-mers'ment),  n. 
an  arbitrary  fine  left  to  the  dis- 
cretion of  a  court. 

A-mer-i-can  (a-mer'i-kan),  adj. 
belonging  to,  or  characteristic  of, 
America. 

A-m  e  r-i-c  a  n-i  s  m  (a-mer'i-kan- 
izm),  n.  a  form  of  expression 
peculiar  to  the  United  States ;  a 
custom  peculiar  to  the  United 
States  or  America ;  attachment  to 
the  United  States. 

A-mer-i-can -ize  (a-mer'i-kan-iz), 
v.t.  to  render  American ;  assimi- 
late to  the  political  institutions  of 
the  United  States. 

am-e-thyst  (am'e-thist),  n.  a 
violet-purple  variety  of  quartz  or 
rock-crystal. 

am-e-thys  tine  (am-e-this'tin), 
adj.  containing,  composed  of,  or 
colored,  like  amethyst. 

a-mi-a-bil-i-ty   (a-mi-a-bil'i-ti),  n. 


lat«,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ami 


33 


amp 


aniiableness ;  excellence  of  dispo- 
sition ;  lovableness. 

ami-a-ble  ( ii'mi-a-bl ) ,  adj. 
friendly  ;  worthy  of  love  ;  lovable. 

a  m-i-c  a-b  1  e  (am'i-ka-bl),  adj. 
friendly  ;  peaceable. 

a-mid  (a-mid')  or  amidst  ('st), 
prep,  in  the  middle  of ;  among. 

a-mid-ships  (a-mid'ships),  adv. 
in  the  middle  of  a  ship. 

amir.     See  ameer. 

amiss  (a-mis'),  adj.  wrong; 
faulty  :  adv.  wrongly  ;  that  misses 
the  mark. 

am-i-ty  (am'i-ti),  n.  friendly  rela- 
tions ;  friendship. 

am-mo-ni-a  (a-mo'ni-a),  n.  a 
transparent,  pungent  volatile  gas, 
used  in  medicine  and  the  arts ; 
spirits  of  hartshorn. 

am  1110  ni-ac  (a-mo'ni-ak),  a.dj. 
pertaining  to  ammonia :  n.  sal 
ammoniac  :  chloride  of  ammonium, 

am-mon  ite  (am'on-lt),  n.  a  fos- 
sil shell,  twisted  like  a  ram's 
horn  ;  snake-stone. 

am  mu-ni-tion  (am-u-nish'un),  n. 
powder,  balls,  &c.,  used  in  charg- 
ing firearms  of  all  kinds;  military 
stores :  adj.  supplied  to  troops  as 
equipment,  &c. 

am  ne  si  a  (am-ne'si-a),  n.  loss  of 
memory. 

am-nes-ty  (ana'nes-ti),  n.  an  act 
of  oblivion  for  political  offenses ; 
a  general  pardon :  v.t.,  p.t.  &  p.p. 
amnestied,  p.pr.  amnestying,  to 
grant  pardon  to. 

am  ni  on  (am'ni-on),  n.  the  thin 
innermost  membrane  surrounding 
the  foetus  of  mammals,  birds,  and 
reptile. 

a-moe-ba  (a-me'ba),  n.  [pi. 
amoebas  ('bftz)  &  -bae  ('be)],  a 
genus  of  microscopic  organisms, 
consisting  of  a  mass  of  proto- 
plasm which  moves  about  in  fresh- 
water ponds  by  means  of  finger- 
like  processes  with  which  it  grasps 
its  food. 

a-mong  (a-mung'),  or  amongst 
('st),  prep.  &  adv.  mixed  with; 
surrounded  by ;  amidst. 

am-or-ons  (am'or-us).  adj.  fond 
of  the  opposite  sex ;  loving. 

a-mor  phi sm  (a-mor'fizm).  n. 
want  of  regular  form ;  without 
crystalline  structure. 

amorphous      (a-m6r'fus),      adj. 


formless  ;  irregularly  shaped  ;  un- 
crystallized  ;  unorganized. 

a-mor t  (a-mort),  adj.  and  adv. 
without  life  or  animation ;  de- 
pressed ;  spiritless  ;  as  if  dead. 

a-m  o  r-t  i-z  a-t  i  o  n.  (a-m6r-ti-za'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  conveying 
lands  and  tenements  to  a  corpora- 
tion having  perpetual  succession ; 
the  extinction  of  a  debt  through  a 
sinking  fund. 

a-mor-tize  (a-m6r'tiz),  v.t.  to  sell 
and  convey  to  a  corporation  hav- 
ing  perpetual  succession ;  to  ex- 
tinguish a  debt  by  means  of  a 
sinking  fund ;  to  kill ;  destroy. 

a-monnt  (a-mounf),  v.i.  to  mount 
up  to ;  be  equivalent  or  equal  to : 
n.  the  totality  :  sum. 

a-mour  (a-moor').  n.  a  love-in- 
trigue. 

am-pere  (am-par'),  n.  the  unit  of 
measurement  of  the  strength  of  an 
electrical  current. 

am-pere-me-ter  (am-par'me-ter) 
or  am-pe-rom-8-ter  (am-pe-rom'- 
e-tir),  n.  an  instrument  for  meas- 
uring in  amperes  the  power  of  an 
electric  current. 

Am-ph.ib-i-a  (am-fib'i-a),  n.pl. 
the  fourth  division  of  vertebrates, 
intermediate  between  fishes  and 
reptiles,  which  in  their  early  state 
breathe  by  gills. 

am-phib-i-an  (am-fib'i-Sn),  n.  one 
of  the  Amphibia. 

am-phib-i-ous  (am-fib'i-us) ,  adj. 
having  the  power  of  living  both  on 
land  and  in  water. 

am-plii-brach  (am'fi-brak),  n.  a 
foot  of  three  svllables,  the  middle 
long,  the  first  and  last  short. 

am  phi  ox-ns  (am-fi-ox'us),  n. 
the  name  of  the  lancelet,  a  fish 
with  a  body  taperinsr  at  both  ends, 
the  lowest  in  organization  of  the 
vertebrates. 

am-pbi-tlie-a-ter,  -re  (am-fi-the'- 
fi-ter),  n.  a  double  theater;  a 
theater  with  seats  all  round  the 
arena ;  a  circus. 

am-phor-a  (am'for-5).  n.  [pi.  am- 
phorae (-re)],  a  two-handled  ves- 
sel of  oblong  shape,  used  by  the 
ancients  for  holding  wine,  &c. ;  a 
Greek  and  Roman  liquid  measure, 
the  former  =  9  gals.,  the  latter  = 
6  gals. 


Ifite,  iniir,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her.  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  porch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


amp 


34 


ana 


am -pie  (am'pl),  adj.  full;  large; 
abundant. 

am  pli  a-tive    (am'pli-a-tiv),   adj. 

enlarging ;  synthetic. 
am-pli-fi-ca-tion        (am-pli-fi-ka'- 
shun),   n.    the   act  of   amplifying 
or  expanding;  enlargement. 

am-pli-fy  (am'pli-fl),  v.t.  \p.t.  & 
p.p.  amplified,  p.pr.  amplifying], 
to  make  large :  v.i.  to  speak  or 
write  diffusely ;  expand. 

Syn.    augment,    develop,    dilate, 
expand,    extend,    widen,    enlarge. 
Ant.    (see  abbreviate). 

am-pli-tude  (am'pli-tiid),  n.  the 
angular  distance  of  a  celestial 
body  at  rising  or  setting  from  the 
eastern  or  western  points  of  the 
horizon ;  an  angle  on  which  the 
value  of  some  mathematical  func- 
tion depends ;  the  distance  which 
a  particle  moves  in  performing  a 
complete  vibration. 

am  ply  fam'pli)  adv.  in  an  ample 
manner ;  liberally. 

am-pul  la  (am-pul'la),  n.  [pi.  am- 
pulla? (-16)],  an  ancient  vessel 
which  contained  unguents  for  the 
bath  ;  a  drinking  vessel ;  a  vessel 
for  consecrated  oil  or  chrism  used 
in  Church  rites,  and  at  the  cor- 
onation of  sovereigns. 

am-pu-tate  (am'pu-tat),  v.t.  to 
lop  off  in  pruning ;  to  cut  off  a 
limb ;  dismember. 

am-pu-ta-tioii  ( am-pii-ta'shun ) , 
n.  a  cutting  off ;  the  operation  of 
cutting  off  a  limb. 

amt  (amt),  n.  the  largest  terri- 
torial administrative  division  of 
Norway  and  Denmark. 

ami-man  (-man),  n  I  pi.  -men], 
the  principal  executive  official  of 
an  amt. 

a-muck  (a-rnuk'),  adj.  or  adv. 
(used  only  in  the  phrase,  to  run 
amuck),  running  about  armed,  in 
a  state  of  frenzy,  attacking  all 
that  come  in  the  way,  or  com- 
mitting indiscriminate  slaughter. 

am  n  let  (am'u-let),  n.  a  charm 
worn  to  protect  against  evil ;  a 
talisman. 

a-muse  (ft-mfiz'),  v.t.  to  occupy 
the  attention  pleasantly  ;  beguile  ; 
entertain  ;  divert. 

a-miise-ment  (a-muz'mentK  n. 
that  which  amuses ;  a  pastime. 


a-mu-sive-ly  (a-mu'ziv-li),  adv.  in 
an  amusive  manner. 

a-myg-da-lin  (a-mig'da-lin),  n. 
white  crystalline  substance  ob- 
tained from  the  kernels  of  alm- 
onds. 

am-yl  (am'il),  n.  the  hypothetical 
alcohol  radical  of  many  chemical 
compounds. 

am-y-la-ceous  (am-i-lii'shus),  adj. 
sta  rchy. 

am-y-lene  (am'i-len),  n.  a  hydro- 
carbon obtained  by  the  removu- 
of  water  from  amyl  alcohol. 

a-myl-ic  (a-mil'ik),  adj.  of  or  per- 
taining to  amyl. 

an  (an),  indef.  art.  any;  each.  [An 
is  properly  an  adj.,  and  is  used 
before  nouns  of  the  singular  num- 
ber only ;  also  before  a  word  hav- 
ing an  initial  vowel  and  silent  h 
(See  H).  An  has  a  distributive 
force  in  such  expressions  as  "once 
an  hour"  ;  "a  dime  an  ounce."] 

a-na  (a'na),  \pl  anas  ('naz)],  a 
collection  of  notable  sayings,  liter- 
ary gossip,  anecdotes,  &c.,  as 
Shakesperiana,  boxiana. 

an  ach-ron-ism  ( an-ak'ron-izm ) . 
n.  an  error  in  the  order  of  time, 
hence  any  error  in  the  misplace- 
ment of  persons  or  events  in  point 
of  time. 

an-ach-rpn-is-tic  ( an-ak-ron-is'- 
tik),  adj.  out  of  date. 

an-a-con-da  (an-a-kon'da),  n.  the 
specific  name  of  a  large  South 
American  boa,  and  loosely  applied 
to  any  large  snake  which  crushes 
its  prey. 

a  -  n  ad  -  ro  -  nious  ( a-nad'ro-mus ) . 
adj.  ascending  from  the  sea  to 
fresh-water  rivers  to  deposit  spawn, 
as  the  salmon,  &c. ;  tending  up- 
wards :  said  of  ferns. 

a-nsR-mi  a,  anemia  (a-ne'mi-a), 
n.  deficiency  or  low  condition  of 
the  blood. 

an-ees-the-si-a,  anesthesia  (an- 
es-the'si-a) ,  n.  a  condition  of  in- 
sensibility to  pain,  combined  with 
loss  of  the  sense  of  touch,  pro- 
duced by  anesthetics. 

an-a?s-tnet-ic.     See  anesthetic. 

an-a-glyph-(an'A-glin.  n.  a  work 
of  art  carved  in  relief,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  intaglio. 

an-a-glyph-ic  (an'a-glif'ik),  or 
anaglyptic  (-glip'tik),  adj.  re- 


late, mar,  mAsk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot :  moon; 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin.  then. 


35 


ana 


lating    to    anaglyphs,    or    the    art 
of  decoration   in   relief. 

an-ag-ly-phy  (an-ag'li-fi),  n.  the 
art  of  producing  sculpture,  or  or- 
namentation, in  relief. 

an-a-glyp -to -graph  (an-a-glip'to- 
graf).  n.  an  instrument  by  which 
a  medallion-engraving  of  any  ob- 
ject in  relief  can  be  made. 

an-a-glyp-to-graph-ic  ( an-fi-glip'- 
to-graf'ik),  adj.  relating  to  the 
production  of  engravings  in  relief. 

an-a-glyp-tog-ra-phy  (an-a-glip- 
tog'ra-fi),  n.  the  art  of  reproduc- 
ing relief -work  on  paper 

an-a-gram  (an'a-gram),  n.  a  word 
or  a  sentence  constructed  put  of 
another  by  the  transposition  of 
the  letters  contained  in  the  sec- 
ond ;  a  word  obtained  by  reading 
the  letters  of  another  word  back- 
wards. 

an-a-gram-mat-ic  (an-a-gram- 
mat'ik)  or  anagrammatical 
(ik-al),  adj.  relating  to,  or  form- 
ing an  anagram. 

a  n-a-g  r  a  m-m  a  t-i  c-a  1-1  y  ( -li ) , 
adv.  in  the  style  of  an  anagram. 

an-a-gram-ma-tize  ( an-A-gram'- 
ma-tiz),  v. t.  to  make  into  an  ana- 
gram :  v.i.  to  construct  anagrams. 

a  nal  (fi'nul),  adj.  relating  to  the 
anus :  situated  near  to  the  anal 
orifice. 

an-a-lect  (an'a-lekt),  n.  [pi.  ana- 
lects (-lekts)  &  analecta  (-ta)l, 
a  passage  or  extract  from  a  pub- 
lished work :  pi.  a  collection  of 
such  extracts  from  different  au- 
thors. 

an-a-lec-tic  (an-a-lek'tik).  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  composed  of,  se- 
lections from  other  works. 

an-al-ge-si-a  (an-al-je'si-S),  n. 
the  insensibility  to  pain  in  any 
part  of  the  body.  Called  also  an- 
algia. 

an-al-ges-ic  (an-51-jes'ik).  adj. 
that  allays  pain  :  n.  an  anodyne. 

am-al-get-ic  (an-51-jet'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  analgesia  :  insensible 
to  pain  :  painless. 

an-a-log-i-cal  (an-A-loj'i-kal) .  adj. 
bearing  reference ;  having  relation 
or  resemblance. 

an-a-log-i-cal-ly  (-li),  adv.  by 
way  of  analogy. 

a-nal-o-gism  (a-nal'6-jism).  n.  a 
reasoning  from  the  cause  to  the 


effect :  study  and  examination  of 
matters  and  things  by  reference  to 
their  analogies. 

a-nal-o-gist  (a-nal'o-jist),  n.  one 
who  reasons  from  the  standpoint 
of  analogy. 

a-nal-o-gize  (a-nal'6-jlz),  v.t.  to 
reason  or  expound  by  reference  to 
analogy :  v.i.  to  treat  or  investi- 
gate by  use  of  analogy. 

a-nal-o-gous  (a-nal'o-gus) .  adj. 
possessing  points  of  analogy ; 
linked  by  resemblance ;  similar. 

an-a-logue  (an'a-log),  n.  an  ob- 
ject which  bears  analogy  to  some- 
thing else :  a  part  which  corre- 
sponds with  another  in  structure, 
function,  or  other  relations. 

a-nal-o-gy  (a-nal'o-ji).  n.  [pi.  an- 
alogies (-jiz)].  agreement,  resem- 
blance, or  correspondence  in  rela- 
tions between  different  objects  ;  the 
inference  as  to  general  agreement 
which  is  derived  from  similarity  in 
certain  essential  particulars  ;  equal- 
ity of  mathematical  ratios  :  con- 
formity of  its  parts  to  the  gen- 
eral rules  and  structures  of  a  lan- 
guage. 

Syn.    affinity,    likeness,    resem- 
blance,   similarity,    relation,    pro- 
portion,  comparison. 
Ant.    (see  unlikeness). 

a-nal-y-sis  (a-nal'i-sis),  n.  [pi. 
analyses  (-sez)].  the  resolution 
of  a  compound  into  its  constitu- 
ent parts ;  the  method  of  deter- 
mining the  nature  of  a  compound 
by  resolution  into  its  constituent 
parts ;  the  resolving  of  problems 
by  reducing  the  conditions  that 
are  in  them  to  equations ;  a 
synopsis. 

an-a-lyst  (an'a-list),  n.  one  who 
is  skilled  in  analysis ;  one  skilled 
in  the  resolution  of  chemical  com- 
pounds. 

an-a-lyt-ic  (an-a-lit'ik),  or  ana- 
lytical (-ik-al),  adj.  relating  to. 
or  characterized  by,  the  method  of 
analysis. 

an-a-lyt-ic-al-ly  (-al-li).  adv.  in 
the  manner  or  by  means  of  analy- 
sis. 

an  a  lyt-ics  (an-a-lit'iks),  n.  pi 
the  science  of  analysis. 

an-a-ly-za-ble  (an'a-li-za-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  resolved  by,  or 


late,  mar,  mask.  cat.  awl :  he.  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  mode, 
cook  :  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


36 


anc 


that  may  be  subjected  to,  analy- 
sis. 

analyze  (an'a-liz),  v.t.  to  sepa- 
rate or  resolve ;  determine  the  nat- 
ure of  a  compound  by  resolution 
of  its  constituent  parts. 

an-a-pest  or  anapaest  (an'A-pest), 
n.  a  foot  comprising  two  short 
syllables  and  one  long  syllable. 

an-a-plas-ty  (an-a-plas'ti ),  n. 
the  repairing  of  wounds  by  the 
transplantation  of  adjacent  healthy 
tissue. 

an-ar-chic  (an-iir'kik),  or  anar- 
chical (-til),  adj.  of  or  pertaining 
to  anarchy,  or  the  theory  of  an- 
archism. 

an-ar-chism  (an'ilr-kizm),  n.  law- 
lessness ;  confusion  :  anarchy  ;  the 
doctrines  of  the  anarchists. 

an-ar-chist  (an'iir-kist),  n.  one 
who  supports  or  promotes  a  scheme 
for  anarchy,  or  upholds  anarchy 
as  a  social  theory. 

an-ar-chy  (an'ilr-ki),  n.  non-exist- 
ence or  incapability  of  govern- 
mental rule ;  a  lawless  condition 
of  society ;  the  theory  of  individu- 
al liberty. 

an-ar  throus  (an-iir'thrus),  adj. 
without  the  article ;  destitute  of 
joints  ;  without  articulated  limbs. 

a-nas-tro-phe  or  anastrophy  (A- 
nas'tro-fe),  n.  an  inversion  of  the 
sequence  of  words  in  a  sentence, 
as  "echoed  the  hills,"  for  "the 
hills  echoed." 

anathema  (a-nath'e-ma) ,  n. 
[pi.  anathemas  (-mAz)],  the  curse 
accompanying  excommunication 
pronounced  by  a  religious  assem- 
bly or  convocation  ;  an  imprecation 
or  curse :  the  thing  or  person  held 
to  be  accursed. 

a  -  nath  -  e  -  nia  -  tize  ( a-nath'e-ma- 
tiz),  v.t.  to  pronounce  a  decree  of 
excommunication  against :  v.i.  to 
curse. 

an  a  torn  ic-al  (an-A-tom'ik-al), 
adj.  relating  to,  or  according  to, 
the  laws  of  anatomy. 

an-a-tom-ic-al-ly  (-H)",  adv.  in 
an  anatomical  manner. 

a  nat-o-mism  (A-nat'o-mizm),  n. 
anatomical  analysis  or  structure ; 
anatomy  as  the  basis  of  life  of 
organized  bodies ;  the  explanation 
of  vital  phenomena  by  anatomical 


structure ;  the  application  of  the 
principles  of  anatomy,  as  in  art. 

a-nat-o-mist  (A-nat'o-mist).  n. 
one  possessing  a  knowledge  of 
anatomy  derived  from  dissection. 

a-nat-o-mize  (a-nat'o-mlz),  v.t.  to 
separate  by  dissection  and  exhibit 
the  relative  position  and  struct- 
ure of  the  parts  of  an  animal  or 
plant. 

a-nat-o-my  (a-nat'o-mi) ,  n.  [pi. 
anatomies  (-miz)],  separation  by 
dissection  of  the  various  parts  of 
a  body,  with  a  view  to  the  ex- 
amination and  determination  of 
their  structure  and  relations ;  the 
art  or  science  of  dissection ;  a  de- 
scriptive account  of  the  parts  of 
an  organic  body ;  a  withered  or 
emaciated  person. 

an-a-trip-sis  (an-A-trip'sis),  n. 
massage. 

an-ces-tor  (an'ses-ter),  n.  a  fore- 
father or  progenitor,  on  the  side 
of  father  or  mother,  from  whom 
one  is  descended  in  direct  line ; 
one  who  held  previous  possession. 

an-ces-tral  (an-ses'trul),  adj.  be- 
longing to,  or  connected  with, 
one's  ancestors  :  derived  from  one's 
progenitors:  lineal. 

an-ces-tress  (an'ses-tres),  n.  a 
female  ancestor. 

an-ces-try  (an'ses-tri),  n.  the  line 
of  one's  descent  traced  from  a 
period  more  or  less  remote ;  the 
personages  comprising  such  line- 
age :  lineage. 

an-chor  (ang'ker),  n.  an  iron  im- 
plement of  varying  form,  but  gen- 
erally having  two  curved  and 
pointed  arms  terminating  one  end 
of  a  shank,  to  the  other  extremity 
of  which  is  aflixed  a  cable,  used 
to  secure  a  floating  vessel  to  the 
bottom ;  that  on  which  depend- 
ence is  placed  for  security  or  sta- 
bility ;  a  metallic  clamp  securing 
a  tie-rod  connecting  opposite  walls  : 
/•./.  to  affix  by  an  anchor;  grapple  ; 
hold  fast. 

an  -  chor  -  ice  (ang'ke"Ms),  n. 
ground-ice. 

an-chor-age  (ang'kgp-ftj),  n.  a 
suitable  or  customary  place  for 
the  anchoring  of  vessels ;  the  hold 
attained  by  an  anchor :  harbor- 
dues  for  anchorage  in  a  port. 

an  chor-et     (ang'kor-et)     or    an- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he,  her.  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  m  >f>n,, 
c«ok  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


anc 


37 


ang 


chorite  (-it),  n.  one  who  volun- 
tarily secludes  himself  from  so- 
ciety and  lives  a  solitary  life  de- 
voted to  religious  or  philosophic 
meditation  ;  a  recluse  ;  a  hermit. 

an-cho-vy  (an-cho'vi),  n.  [pi.  an- 
chovies (-viz)],  a  diminutive  fish 
abounding  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  especially  esteemed  for  its  pe- 
culiar flavor,  used  for  pickling  and 
as  a  sauce. 

an-cient     (an'shent).    adj.    of    or 
pertaining  to  the  early  history  of 
the  world  ;  of  past  times  or  remote 
ages ;   of  great  age  or  antiquity 
n.  one  who  lived  in  ancient  times 
pi.    the    people   of   classic    times 
the  Jewish   elders ;  the  governing 
body  of  an  Inn  or  Court :  n.  for- 
merly  a  flag  or  ensign  ;    a   ship's 
pennant. 

an-cil-lar-y  (an'sil-ar-i),  adj.  at- 
tendant upon  ;  accessory  ;  subser- 
vient. 

an-cip-i-tal  (an-sip'i-tal),  adj. 
two-edged  and  sharp. 

an-con  (ang'kon),  n.  [pi.  ancones 
(-ez)],  the  upper  extremity  of 
the  forearm  or  ulna  ;  the  elbow ; 
a  bracket  or  projection  for  the 
support  of  a  cornice. 

and  (and),  con;',  the  copulative 
joining  words  and  sentences.  And 
is  sometimes  used  emphatically  by 
way  of  contrast,  as  "there  are  ora- 
tors and  orators,"  i.e.  two  very 
different  kinds. 

an-de  site  (an'de-slt),  n.  a  silicate 
of  alumina,  soda,  and  lime. 

and  -  i  -  rons  (and'i-ernz),  n.pl. 
metal  standards  used  for  open 
fires,  to  support  the  logs ;  fire- 
dogs. 

an-dro-cepn-a-lus  (an-dro-sef'a- 
lus).  ndj.  having  a  human  head, 
as  a  sphinx,  &c. 

an-drog-y-nous  (an-droj'i-nous), 
ndj.  combining  both  sexes,  or 
l;o;iring  both  male  and  female 
organs  :  hermaphroditi'cal. 

an-dro-sphinx  (an'dro-sfingks) . 
11.  a  sphinx  with  the  body  of  a 
lion  and  the  head  of  a  man. 

an-ec-do-tal  (an'ek-do-tal),  adj. 
relating  to,  or  consisting  of,  anec- 
dotes. 

an-ec-dote  (an'ek-dot),  n.  a  brief 
narrative  of  an  entertaining  char- 
acter ;  a  terse  and  pithy  account 


of  some  detached  incident,  chiefly 
personal  or  biographical. 

an-ec-dot-ic  (an-ek-dot'ik)  or  an- 
ecdotical  ('ik-al),  adj.  relating 
to  anecdotes. 

an-ec-dot-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  by 
anecdotes. 

an-e-lec-tric  (an-e-lek'trik),  adj. 
without  the  properties  of  elec- 
tricity ;  non-electric :  n.  a  conduct- 
or in  contradistinction  to  an  in- 
sulator. 

an-e-lec-trode  (an-e-lek'trod),  n. 
the  positive  pole  of  a  galvanic 
battery. 

a  iie  nii-a.     See  anaemia. 

a-nem-o-graph  (a-nem'o-graf ),  n. 
an  instrument  for  registering  the 
force  or  direction  of  the  wind. 

an-e-mom-e-ter  (an-e-mom'e-ter), 
n.  a  wind-gauge ;  an  instrument 
which  indicates  the  pressure  of  the 
wind. 

a-nem-o-ne  (a-nem'6-ne),  n.  [pi. 
anemones  (-nez)],  the  wind-flower 
or  wood-anemone ;  a  sea-anemone, 
a  marine  zoophyte. 

a-nem-o-scope  (a-nem'o-skop),  n. 
an  apparatus  for  exhibiting  the 
direction  of  the  wind. 

an-e-roid  (an'e-roid).  adj.  having 
no  liquid,  as  quicksilver:  n.  a  ba- 
rometer shaped  like  a  watch,  the 
action  depending  on  the  varying 
pressure  of  the  atmosphere  on 
the  top  of  an  elastic  metal  box. 

an-es-the-si-a.     See  anaesthesia. 

an-es-thet-ic  or  anaesthetic  (an- 
es-thet'ik),  adj.  pertaining  to  loss 
of  the  sense  of  feeling :  n.  a  drug 
which  produces  insensibility. 

an-aes-the-tize  (an-es'the-tlz),  v.t. 
to  bring  under  the  influence  of  an 
anaesthetic;  render  insensible  to 
pain. 

an-eu-rism  (an'u-rizm).  n.  a  local 
swelling  or  dilation  of  an  artery 
at  a  point  where  the  coat  is 
thinned  or  weakened  by  disease. 

a-new  ( a-nu' ) ,  adv.  afresh  ;  over 
again  ;  in  a  new  manner  or  style. 

an-gel  (an'jel),  n.  a  messenger  of 
God ;  one  of  an  order  of  spiritual 
attendants  who  form  a  connection 
between  heaven  and  earth,  as 
from  God  to  mankind  ;  a  spirit  of 
evil,  as  a  fallen  angel :  the  pres- 
byter in  the  Early  Christian 
Church  residing  in  some  particu- 


Jatc,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  IK-.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ong 


38 


ang 


lar  city  (Rev.  ii.  8)  :  an  English 
gold  coin,  value  about  10s.,  struck 
in  the  reign  of  Edward  IV.,  and 
impressed  with  the  figure  of  the 
archangel  Michael. 

an  gel-fish  (-fish),  n.  a  species  of 
shark  with  large  pectoral  fins, 
which  give  to  it  a  winged  appear- 
ance. 

an-gel-ic  (an-jel'ik)  or  angelical 
('ik-al),  adj.  belonging  to  or  re- 
sembling an  angel  in  nature  or 
function. 

an-ge-lus  (an'je-lus),  n.  a  devo- 
tional exercise  in  commemoration 
of  the  Incarnation,  during  which 
the  Ave  Maria  is  twice  repeated : 
said  morning,  noon,  and  night ; 
the  bell  which  is  rung  to  announce 
the  time  of  such  devotions. 

an-ger  (an'ger),  n.  excessive 
emotion  or  passion  aroused  by  a 
sense  of  injury  or  wrong ;  wrath  : 
v.t.  to  provoke  to  resentment ;  ex- 
cite to  wrath  ;  enrage. 

tfyn.  fury,  choler,  ire,  passion, 
offense,  rage,  wrath,  temper,  re- 
sentment, indignation. 

Ant.    (see  forbearance,  love). 

an-gi-na    (an-jl'na  &  an'ji-na),  n. 
an     inflamed     condition     of     the ! 
throat,  as  in  quinsy,  &c. 

an-gi-na    pec-to-ris    (pek'to-ris),  j 
n.  a  muscular  spasm  of  the  chest,  j 
very  often  accompanied  by  an  af- 
fection   of    the    heart,    and    fre-  , 
quently  fatal. 

an-gi-ol-o-gy  (an-ji-ol'o-ji),  n. 
that  branch  of  anatomy  which 
treats  of  the  blood-vessels  and 
lymphatics. 

an-gle  (an'gl),  n.  the  inclosed 
space  near  the  point  where  two 
lines  meet ;  a  sharp  or  projecting 
corner ;  the  inclination  of  two 
lines  which  meet  at  a  point  (the 
vertex ) . 

an-gle  (an'gl).  v.i.  to  fish  with 
a  hook  and  line :  v.t.  to  fish  for. 
an-gler  (an'gler),  n.  one  who 
fishes  with  rod  and  line ;  a  pisca- 
tor ;  the  name  of  a  fish  furnished 
with  filamentary  appendages, 
which  by  their  movement  attract 
smaller  fish  on  which  it  fceiis. 
Also  called  fishing-frog  and  sea- 
devil. 

an-gli-can  (an'gli-kan),  adj.  per- 
taining to  England  as  a  nation ; 


pertaining  to  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land and  churches  in  other  coun- 
tries in  accord  with  it.  and  (popu- 
larly) to  the  High  or  Ritualistic 
section  of  the  Anglican  Church: 
n.  a  member  of  the  Anglican 
Church  ;  a  Ritualist. 

an-gli-can-ism  ( an'gli-kan-izrn ) , 
n.  the  principles  and  ritual  of  the 
Anglican  Church. 

an-gli-ce  (an'gli-se).  adv.  ac- 
cording to  the  English  language 
or  manner. 

an-gli-cism  (an'gli-sizm),  n.  a 
form  of  speech ;  a  principle  or 
mannerism  peculiar  to  England. 

au-gli-cise  (an'gli-siz),  v.t.  to 
make  or  to  render  into  English  : 
accord  with  English  manners  and 
customs. 

an-gling  (an'gling),  n.  the  pis- 
catorial art ;  the  act  of  fishing 
with  rod  and  line. 

An-glo-A-mer-i-can  (an'glo-a- 
mer'i-kfm),  adj.  pertaining  to 
England  and  the  United  States 
conjointly,  as  to  commerce  or 
population  :  n.  an  American  citi- 
zen of  English  descent. 

An-glo-ma-nia  ( an-glo-mfm'i-fi ) . 
n.  a  predilection  carried  to  excess 
for  everything  that  is  English,  in 
the  sense  of  being  peculiar  to  Eng- 
land. 

An-glo-pho-bi-a  (-fo'bi-a),  n.  an 
intense  aversion  for  or  fear  of 
everything  English. 

An-glo-Sax-on  (-saks'un).  ndj. 
pertaining  to  the  Saxon  settlors 
in  England  prior  to  the  Conquest, 
or  to  their  language :  n.  one  of  the 
Saxon  settlers  in  England  as  dis- 
tinguished from  those  on  the  Con- 
tinent :  pi.  the  English  race. 

an-go-ra  ( an-gu'ni  ).  n.  cloth 
made  from  Angora-wool. 

an-go-ra-cat  (-kat).  n.  a  cat  of 
the  domestic  kind  with  long  hand- 
some hair. 

an-go-ra-wool  (-wool),  n.  the 
coat  of  the  Angora  gnat,  much 
esteemed  for  its  long  silky  hair. 

an-gos-tu-ral-bark  (an-gos-tu'- 
ra-bark),  n.  a  bitter  aromatic 
bark  used  for  medicinal  purposes. 

an-gry  (an'gri),  adj.  inflamed 
with  anger;  provoked;  feeling 
resentment;  wrathful:  showing 
anger;  fierce;  inflamed. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ang 


39 


anl 


an-gri-ly     ('gri-li),     adv.     in     an 

angry  manner. 
an-gri-ness    (-ness),   n.   the  state 

of  being  r.ngry. 

au-guish  (an'gwish),  n.  intense 
pain  or  grief ;  acute  suffering, 
bodily  or  mental. 

an-gu-lar  (an'gu-lar),  adj.  pos- 
sessing an  angle  or  angles ;  sharp, 
bent,  or  cornered ;  pointed,  or  full 
of  points. 

an-gn-lar-i-ty  (an-gu-lar'i-ti),  n. 
[pi.  angularities  (-tiz)],  the 
quality  of  being  angular  in  any 
sense. 

an-gu-late  (an'gu-lat),  adj.  con- 
structed of  angles ;  having  the 
form  of  an  angle. 

an-gns-tate  (an-gus'tat) .  adj. 
narrow  at  the  base  and  expanded 
at  the  ton. 

an-hy-dride     (an-hi'drld),    n.    an 
oxygen  compound  formed  by  sub- 
stituting an   acid    radical    for  the 
whole  of  the  hydrogen  in  one  or 
two  molecules  of  water. 
an-hy-drite   (an-hl'drit),  n.  anhy- 
drous sulphate  of  lime. 
an-hy-drons      (an-hi'drus),      adj. 
without  water;  applied  to  miner- 
als in  which  the  water  of  crystal- 
lization is  not  present. 
an-il  (an'il).  n.  the  indigo  plant. 
an-ile    (an'il    &    'II),    adj.    resem- 
bling an   old   woman  ;    aged ;    old- 
womanish. 

an-i-line  (an'i-lin),  n.  a  base  used 
in  the  formation  of  many  rich 
dyes  obtained  from  coal-tar,  but 
more  extensively  from  benzole : 
adj.  of  or  pertaining  to  aniline. 
an-il-ism  (an'il-izm),  n.  aniline 
poisoning,  caused  by  the  inhala- 
tion of  aniline  vapors. 
a-nil-i-ty  (a-nil'i-ti),  n.  the  state 
of  being  anile ;  a  condition  of 
dotage. 

a  n-i-m  a  d-v  e  r-s  ion    ( an-i-mad- 
yer'shun).    n.    the    act   of    observ- 
ing; capacity  for  perception;  cen- 
surf :  criticism  ;  stricture. 
a  n-i-m  a  d-v  e  r-s  i  v  e    ( an-i-mad- 
ver'siv).    adj.   possessing   the   fac- 
ulty of  observation. 
an-i-mad-vert       (an-i-mad-verf). 
v.i.  to  give  the  mind  to  ;  pass  com- 
ment or  stricture  upon  ;   criticise. 
an-i-mal   (an'i-mal),  n.  an  organ- 
ized   living    body,    sentient,    mo- 


bile, and  locomotive ;  an  inferior 
being ;  a  brute :  adj.  of  or  belong- 
ing to  animals. 

Syn.  beast,  brute,  fauna,  living 
creature,  sentient  being,  living 
organism. 

Ant.    (see  vegetable,  spirit). 

a  n-i -111  a  1-mag-net-ism  ( an'i- 
mal-mag'net-izm ) ,  n.  another 
name  for  mesmerism. 

a  n-i-m  a  1-c  n-1  a  r  (an-i-mal'kii- 
lar)  or  animalculine  (-liu), 
adj.  of  or  relating  to  animalcules. 

an-i-mal-cnle  (an-i-mal'kul),  n. 
one  of  a  class  of  minute  or  micro- 
scopic organisms  abounding  in 
water  and  infusions ;  an  infuso- 
rian. 

a  n-i-m  a  1-c  n-1  i  s  t  (an-i-mal'ku- 
list),  n.  a  specialist  of  animal- 
cules. 

a  n-i-m  a  1-c  u-lum  (an-i-mal'ku- 
lum),  n.  [pi.  animalcula  (-18.)], 
a  minute  organism ;  an  animal- 
cule. 

an-i-ma-li-a  (an'i-ma-li-a),  n.pl. 
the  animal  kingdom. 

an  i-mal  ism  (an'i-mal-izm),  n. 
the  state  of  being  animal,  or  actu- 
ated by  animal  instincts  or  appe- 
tites ;  the  theory  which  regards 
mankind  as  merely  animal ;  sen- 
suality. 

an-i  mal-is-tic  (an-i-mal-is'tik), 
adj.  characterized  by  animal  or 
sensual  instincts. 

an-i-mal-i-ty  (an-i-maPi-ti),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  an 
animal,  or  possessing  animal 
characteristics. 

an-i-mal-i-za-tion  ( an-i-mal-i-za'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  making  ani- 
mal ;  the  process  of  becoming 
bestial. 

an-i-mal-ize  (an'i-mal-iz),  v.t.  to 
make  animal ;  impart  animal  life, 
form,  and  attributes ;  sensualize 
or  bestialize ;  convert  into  animal 
substance  by  assimilation. 

an-i-mate  (an'i-mat),  v.t.  to  im- 
part life  to ;  to  inspire  with  en- 
ergy or  action ;  enliven :  adj.  en- 
dowed with  animal  life ;  full  of 
spirit  and  vigor. 

an-i-ma-ting-ly  (an'i-ma-ting-li) . 
inlr.  so  as  to  enliven  or  excite 
feeling. 

animation  (an'i-ma'shun).  n. 
the  act  of  giving  life  or  spirit ; 


late,  mar,  mask    cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


am 


the  state  of  being  animated  ;  vi- 
vacity. 

an  i ma  tive  (an'i-mu-tiv),  adj. 
that  has  power  to  impart  life  or 
spirit. 

animism  (an'i-mi/m),  n.  the 
theory  of  the  existence  of  an  im- 
material principle  or  force  insep- 
arable from  matter  to  which  all 
life  and  action  are  attributable. 

an-i-mos-i-ty  (an-i-mos'i-ti),  n. 
[l)l.  animosities  (-tiz)],  hostility; 
hatred  ;  active  enmity. 

an-i-mus  (an'i-mus).  n.  a  hostile 
spirit,  or  purpose  ;  hostility. 

an  i  on  (an'i-on),  n.  the  element 
in  a  body  decomposed  by  voltaic 
action,  which  is  evolved  at  the 
positive  pole  or  anode. 

an-ise  (an'is),  n.  the  common 
name  for  a  plant  (indigenous  in 
Egypt)  yielding  the  aniseed  of 
commerce. 

ankle  (ang'kl),  n.  the  joint  or 
articulation  connecting  the  foot 
with  the  leg. 

anklet  (ang'klet),  n.  a  diminu- 
tive ankle ;  an  ornament  or  sup- 
port for  the  ankle ;  a  fetter  or 
shackle. 

an  ky -lose  (ang'ki-los),  v.t.  to 
consolidate  or  join  by  bony 
growth ;  stiffen  as  a  joint :  v.i. 
to  grow  together:  become  stiff. 

an  ky  lo-sis  (ang'ki-lo-sis),  n. 
the  joining  or  consolidation  of 
parts  formerly  or  normally  sep- 
arate or  movable  by  means  of 
bony  growth. 

an-ky  lot-ic  (ang-ki-lot'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of 
ankylosis. 

an-nal-ist  (an'al-ist),  n.  a  com- 
piler of  annals. 

annals  (an'alz),  n.pl.  a  descrip- 
tion, history,  or  chronicle  issued 
from  time  to  time,  and  comprising 
the  events  of  each  year  in  order 
of  sequence ;  chronicles. 
anneal  (an-nel),  v.t.  to  heat  or 
fix  by  heat ;  temper  and  render 
malleable  ;  bake  or  fuse. 
annealing  (an-ne'ling) ,  n.  the 
process  of  tempering,  baking,  fus- 
ing, or  fixing. 

annex  (an-neks').  v.t.  to  add  or 
affix  at  the  end ;  subjoin  or  con- 
nect;  purloin:  n.  (an-neks'  &  an'- 


neks),  that  which  is  added;  an 
addition. 

an  nex-a-tion  (an-eks-a'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  annexing ;  that  which  is 
annexed. 

aii-iiex-a-tion-ist  ( an-eks-a'shun 
ist),  n.  an  advocstte  for,  or  pro- 
moter of,  annexation. 

an-ni-hi-la-ble  ( an-ni'hi-la-bl ) , 
adj.  capable  of  annihilation. 

an-iii  hi-late  (an-ni'hi-lat) .  v.t. 
to  reduce  to  nothing ;  wipe  out  of 
existence ;  destroy. 

an  iii-lii-la  tioii  (an-nl-hi-la'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  annihilating; 
non-existence. 

an  iii  hi  la  tion-ist  (an-nl-hi-la'- 
shun-ist),  n.  one  who  believes  that 
eternal  punishment  consists  of  an- 
nihilation. 

an-ni-ver-sa-ry  ( an-i-ver'sa-ri ) , 
n.  [pi.  anniversaries  (-riz)],  the 
recurrence  in  each  year  of  the  date 
of  an  event ;  the  annual  commem- 
oration of  an  event :  adj.  recurring 
once  in  every  twelve  months ; 
yearly. 

an-no-tate  (an'6-tat),  v.t.  to  mark 
or  note  by  way  of  explanation  or 
criticism,  as  a  book. 

annotation  (an-6-ta'shun) .  n. 
the  act  of  noting  or  commenting 
upon ;  a  note,  remark,  or  criticism 
made  in  a  book. 

an-no-ta-tor  (an'o  ta-ter),  n.  one 
who  annotates  or  writes  remarks 
by  way  of  comment  or  criticism 
upon  the  works  of  authors. 

aii-nounce  (an-nouns').  r.t.  to 
proclaim  or  make  known,  form- 
ally, or  in  a  public  manner;  pro- 
nounce by  judicial  sentence ;  pro- 
claim. 

an  -  noiince  -  ment  (an-nouns'- 
ment),  n.  the  act  of  announcing; 
that  which  is  announced  ;  a  procla- 
mation. 

an-noy  (an-noi'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
-ed,  p.pr.  -ing],  to  vex  or  trouble 
by  repeated  acts ;  harass  or  dis- 
compose by  petty  injury  or  oppo- 
sition :  v.t.  to  be  troubled,  vexed : 
H.  the  feeling  of  discomfort  caused 
by  an  injury  or  vexation. 

an  noy-aiice  ( an-noi'Ans) ,  n.  the 
act  of  annoying  or  causing  vexa- 
tion :  the  state  of  being  annoyed ; 
the  thing  or  act  which  annoys. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ; 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


41 


ant 


an-noy-ing-ly  (an-noi'ing-li),  adv. 
in  a  vexatious  manner. 

annual  (an'u-al).  adj.  once  in 
twelve  months :  yearly  :  of  or  be- 
longing to  a  year;  published  once 
a  year ;  completed  in  a  year ;  last- 
ing or  living  only  for  a  year  or 
season,  as  an  annual  plant :  n.  an 
anniversary  mass  said  for  a  de- 
ceased person ;  the  fee  paid  for 
such  a  mass. 

an-nu-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  yearly; 
happening,  returning,  or  completed 
year  by  year. 

an-nu-i-tant  (an-nu'i-tant),  n.  one 
who  is  in  receipt  of,  or  is  entitled 
to  receive,  an  annuity. 

an-nu-i-ty  (an-nu'i-ti),  n.  [pi.  an- 
nuities (-tiz)],  the  payment  of  a 
sum  of  money  by  periodical  or 
yearly  installments. 

annul  lan-nul'),  i.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
annulled,  p.pr.  annulling],  to  make 
void,  abolish,  or  obliterate,  as  a 
law.  decree,  or  compact. 

an-nu-lar  (an'u-lar),  adj.  ring- 
like  ;  in  the  form  of  a  ring  or 
annulus :  n.  the  ring  of  light  sur- 
rounding the  moon's  body  in  an 
annular  eclipse  of  the  sun. 

an-nu-late  (an'u-lat).  adj.  ringed; 
having  ring-like  bands  or  circles. 

an-nu-la-tion  (an-u-la'shun),  n. 
a  ring-like  formation. 

an-nu-let  (an'u-let),  n.  a  little 
ring ;  a  small  fillet  encircling  a 
column. 

an-nul-ment  (an-nul'ment),  n. 
the  act  of  reducing  to  nothing ; 
abolition  ;  invalidation. 

an-nu-lo-sa  (an-ii-lo'sa),  n.  the 
annulose  animals,  as  crustaceans, 
insocts,  worms. 

an  nu -lose  (an'u-los),  adj.  com- 
posed of  a  succession  of  rings. 

an-nun-ci-ate  (an-nun'si-at),  v.t. 
to  make  known  officially  or  pub- 
licly ;  announce. 

an-nun-ci-a-tion  (an-nun-si-a'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  annunciating. 

An-nun-ci-a-tion  (an-nun-si-u'- 
shun),  n.  the  Church  festival 
(Lady-day,  Mar.  25)  commemo- 
rating the  intimation  of  the  Incar- 
nation made  by  the  angel  Gabriel 
to  the  Virgin  Mary  (Luke  i.  28- 
33). 

an  -  nun  -  ci  -  a  -  tor  ( an-nun'shi-a- 
ter),  n.  a  signaling  apparatus;  an 


indicator  used  in  hotels,  and  con- 
nected with  the  bells  and  tele- 
phones, to  show  in  which  room  at- 
tendance is  required. 

an  ode  (an'ud),  n.  the  path  of  the 
electric  current  from  the  positive 
to  the  negative  pole ;  the  positive 
pole. 

an-o-dyne  (an'6-clin),  adj.  assuag- 
ing pain :  n.  a  drug  which  relieves 
pain. 

anoint  (a-noinf),  v.t.  to  pour 
oil  upon,  in  a  religious  ceremony  ; 
consecrate. 

a  noni-a  lis-tic  ( a-nom-a-lis'tik ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  anomaly  or 
angular  distance  of  a  planet  from 
its  perihelion. 

a-noni-a-lous  (a-nom'a-lus),  adj. 
deviating  from  the  common  order ; 
abnormal. 

a-nom-a-ly  (a-nom'a-li),  n.  devia- 
tion from  the  natural  order :  the 
angular  distance  of  a  planet  from 
its  perihelion. 

a  -  iion  (a-non'),  adv.  soon; 
straightway  ;  again. 

an-o-nym  (an'6-nim),  n.  a  per- 
son who  remains  nameless ;  a 
pseudonym. 

an-o-nym-i-ty  (an-o-nim'i-ty).  n. 
the  state  of  being  anonymous. 

a-non-y-mous  (u-non'i-mus),  adj. 
bearing  no  author's  name ;  name- 
less. 

a-noth-er  (a-nuth'er),  adj.  &  pron. 
one  more ;  not  the  same ;  any 
other ;  any  or  some  one  else. 

an-ser-ine  (an'ser-!n),  adj.  re- 
lating to  or  resembling  a  goose ; 
stupid  as  a  goose. 

an-swer  (an'ser),  v.t.  to  swear  in 
opposition  to ;  to  reply  to  a 
charge  :  n.  a  cpunterstatement ;  a 
response  or  rejoinder;  a  reply  to 
a  charge;  a  solution,  as  of  a 
mathematical  problem. 

an-swer-a-ble  (an'ser-a-bl),  adj. 
liable  to  give  answer ;  responsible. 

ant  (ant),  n.  a  small  social  insect 
of  the  hymenopterous  order. 

ant-bear  ('bar),  n.  the  name 
sometimes  given  (from  its  like- 
ness to  a  bear)  to  the  great  ant- 
eater  of  America ;  the  Cape  ant- 
eater  of  South  Africa. 

ant-ea-ter  ('e-ter),  n.  the  name 
applied  to  a  group  of  quadrupeds 
which  feed  upon  ants. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


ant 


42 


anv 


ant-li  on  ('li-un).  n.  a  neuropter- 
ous  insect  whose  larva  constructs 
a  pitfall  for  a»ts  and  other  in- 
sects. 

ant  ac-id  (ant-as'id),  adj.  counter- 
acting acidity  :  n.  a  medicine  which 
counteracts  the  formation  of  acids 
in  the  system. 

an-tag-o-nism  (an-tag'o-nizm),  n. 
the  active  opposition  of  two  oppo- 
nents or  opposing  forces  ;  hostility. 

an-tag-o-nist  (an-tag'o-nist),  «.  a 
competitor  in  any  sphere  of  ac- 
tion ;  an  opponent. 

an  -  tag -o- nig- tic  (an-tag-o-nis'- 
tik),  adj.  acting  in  opposition;  op- 
posed. 

an-tag-o-nis-tic-al-ly  (-al-li), 
adv.  in  rivalry  or  opposition. 

an-tag-o-nize  (an-tag'o-niz),  v.t. 
to  oppose ;  hinder ;  counteract ; 
contend  against ;  compete  with  : 
v.i.  to  act  in  opposition  ;  neutral- 
ize. 

ant-arc-tic  (ant-ark'tik),  adj.  op- 
posite to  arctic :  pertaining  to  the 
south-polar  regions;  southern. 

an-te-cede  ( an-te-sed' ) ,  v.t.  to 
precede  or  go  before  in  time  or 
space. 

an-te-ce-dence  (an-te-se'dens),  or 
antecedency  ('den-si),  n.  preced- 
ence ;  the  act  or  state  of  going 
before ;  priority. 

an-te-ce-dent  (an-te-se'dent),  adj. 
preceding :  n.  the  substantive  or 
noun  to  which  a  relative  or  other 
pronoun  refers :  the  part  of  a  con- 
ditional proposition  upon  which 
the  other  depends  :  pi.  the  previous 
events  of  a  person's  life. 

an-te-ce-dent-ly  (-li),  adv.  at  a 
time  preceding. 

an-te-ces-sor  (an-te-ses'er),  n. 
one  who  goes  before  (in  office). 

a  n-t  e-c  n  a  m-b  e  r  (an'te-chr.m- 
ber),  n.  an  apartment  next  the 
principal  room,  where  persons 
wait  for  audience ;  an  outer  room. 

an-te-date  (an'te-dat),  v.t.  to 
carry  back  to  an  earlier  period ; 
anticipate:  n.  a  date  earlier  than 
the  actual  date. 

an-te-di-lu-vi-an  ( an-te-di-lu'vi- 
ftn),  adj.  of  or  pertaining  to  the 
world  before  the  Flood :  belong- 
ing to  very  ancient  times :  anti- 
quated :  n.  one  who  lived  before 
the  Flood. 


an-te-lope  (an'te-lop),  n.  the 
name  given  to  numerous  species 
of  deer-like  ruminants,  intermedi- 
ate between  the  deer  and  the  goat, 
with  cylindrical  ringed  horns. 

an-te-me-rid-i-an  ( an-tf'-nie-rid'- 
i-ftn),  adj.  preceding  noon. 

ant-e-met-ic  (ant-e-met'ik),  adj. 
allaying  vomiting :  n.  a  medicine 
possessing  this  property. 

a  n-t  e-m  u  n-d  a  n  e  (an-te-mun'- 
dan),  adj.  before  the  creation  of 
the  world. 

an-te-na-tal  (an-te-na'tal),  adj. 
before  birth. 

an-ten-na  (an-ten'A),  n.  [pi.  an- 
tennae ('e)],  the  jointed  horns  or 
feelers  upon  the  heads  of  insects 
and  Crustacea. 

an-te-nnp-tial  (an-te-nup'shal), 
adj.  before  marriage. 

an-te-pas-chal  ( an-te-pas'kal ) , 
adj.  before  Easter ;  preceding  the 
Jewish  Passover. 

an-te-pe-nult  (an-te-pe-nulf)  or 
antepenultima  (an-te-pe-nul'- 
ti-ma),  n.  the  last  syllable  but 
two  of  a  word. 

an-te-pe-nul-ti-mate  (an-te-pe- 
nul'ti-mat),  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
last  but  two :  n.  that  which  is  last 
but  two. 

an-te-pran-di-al  (an-te-pran'di- 
51),  adj.  before  dinner. 

an-ter-i-or  (an-ter'i-er),  adj. 
more  to  the  front :  former. 

an-ter-i-or-i-ty  (an-ter-i-or'i-ti), 
n.  the  quality  of  being  anterior, 
especially  in  order  of  time ;  prior- 
ity. 

an-te-room  (an'te-room).  n.  a 
room  before,  or  forming  an  en- 
trance to,  another ;  an  antecham- 
ber. 

an-te-tem-ple  (an'te-tem-pl),  u. 
the  portico  of  an  ancient  temple 
or  church  ;  the  narthex. 

ant-he-li  on  (ant-he"-  or  an-the'- 
li-on).  n.  [pi.  anthelia  (-ft)],  a 
halo  or  a  colored  ring  or  rings, 
opposite  the  sun,  formed  around 
the  shadow  of  the  head  of  the  ob- 
server, as  projected  on  a  cloud  or 
moist  surface. 

an-them  (an'them),  n.  a  composi- 
tion from  the  Scriptures  or  lit- 
urgy sot  to  pncred  music. 

an-ther    (an'ther),  n.  the  summit. 


Late,  mar,  mask,  cat.  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pCrch,  lot ;  moCn, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin.  then. 


ant 


43 


ant 


of  the  stamen  of  a  flower  contain- 
ing the  pollen  or  fertilizing  dust. 

an  ther-oid  (an' ther-oid),  adj. 
having  the  form  of  an  anther. 

a  n-t  h  o-c  a  r-pous  (an-tho-kar/- 
pus),  adj.  having  a  fruit  formed 
from  the  ovaries  of  several  flow- 
ers, as  the  pineapple. 

an-thog-ra-phy  ( an-thog'ra-fi ) , 
n.  the  scientific  description  of 
flowers. 

a  n-t  h  o-l  o  g-i-c  a  1  (an-tho-loj'i- 
kal),  adj.  pertaining  to  an  an- 
thology ;  consisting  of  beautiful 
extracts,  more  especially  of  those 
from  the  poets. 

an-thol-o-gist  (an-thol'o-jist),  n. 
one  who  compiles  an  anthology. 

an-thol-o-gy  (an-thol'6-ji),  n.  a 
collection  of  choice  poems,  epi- 
grams, and  fugitive  pieces  by 
various  authors ;  a  hymnal. 

an-thra-cene  (an'thra-sen),  n.  a 
complex  hydrocarbon  obtained 
from  coal-tar ;  paranaphthalin. 

an-thra-cite  (an'thra-sit),  n.  a 
non-bituminous  coal  which  burns 
without  smoke  ;  blind-coal :  glance- 
coal  ;  stone-coal ;  hard-coal. 

aa-thra-cit-ic  ( an-thra-sit'ik) , 
adj.  resembling,  or  of  the  nature 
of,  anthracite. 

anthrax  (an'thraks),  n.  [pi. 
anthraces  (-sez)],  a  carbuncle,  or 
malignant  boil ;  the  splenic  fever 
of  sheep  and  cattle,  caused  by  the 
presence  of  a  bacillus  in  the 
blood  and  tissues  ;  the  carbuncular 
disease  caused  in  man  by  inocu- 
lation from  affected  sheep  and 
cattle. 

a  n-t  h  r  o-pog-ra-phy  (an-thro- 
pog'ra-fi),  n.  that  branch  of  an- 
thropology which  treats  of  the 
actual  geographical  distribution 
of  the  human  race,  and  the  local 
variations  of  its  different  divi- 
sions. 

an-thro-poid  (an'thro-poid) .  adj. 
resembling  man :  >/.  one  of  the 
higher  apes  resembling  man. 

An-thro-poi-de-a  (an-thro-poi'- 
dr-A ) ,  n.pl.  a  sub-order  of  pri- 
mate mammals,  including  man, 
the  apes,  and  monkeys. 

an-thro-po-log-i-cal    (an-thro-po- 
loj'i-kfil ) ,   adj.   relating  to  an  an- 
thropology. 
an  thro  polo  gist     (an-thro-pol'- 


6-jist),    n.    a    student    of    anthro- 
pology. 

an-tiro-pol-o-gy  (an'thr5-pol'o- 
ji),  n.  the  science  of  man,  consid- 
ered zoologically  or  ethnographic- 
ally. 

an-thro-po-inet-ric  (an-thro-po- 
met'rik),-  adj.  relating  to  the 
measurement  or  proportions  of  the 
human  body. 

an-thro-po-met-ric-al-ly  (-al-li) , 
adv.  in  an  anthropological  man- 
ner, or  by  means  of  anthropom- 
etry. 

an-thro-pom-e-try  (an-thro-pom'- 
e-tri),  n.  the  measurement  of  the 
human  body ;  the  department  of 
anthropology  relating  to  such 
measurement  of  persons  at  vari- 
ous ages,  and  in  different  tribes, 
races,  occupations.  &c. 

an-thro  po  mor  phic  (an-thro- 
po-mor'fik),  adj.  characterized  by 
anthropomorphism ;  resembling 
man. 

an  thro  po  mor-phism  (an-thro- 
po-mor-fizm),  n.  the  ascription  of 
a  human  form  and  attributes  to 
the  Deity,  or  to  supernatural 
beings. 

an  thro-poph-a-gi  (an-thro-pof- 
a-ji),  n.pl.  maneaters ;  cannibals. 

an  thro  poph  a  gous  (an-thro- 
pof'a-gus),  adj.  feeding  on  human 
flesh. 

an-tic  (an'tik),  adj.  grotesque:  n. 
a  clown ;  a  trick ;  a  grotesque 
gesture. 

An-ti-christ  (an'ti-krist),  n.  an 
opponent  of  Christ,  especially  the 
great  personal  opponent  expected 
to  appear  before  the  end  of  the 
world  [I  John  ii.  22]. 

a  n-t  i-c  h  r  i  s-t  i  a  n  (an-ti-kris'- 
chan),  n.  one  who  is  an  opponent 
of  the  Christian  religion :  adj. 
pertaining  to  Antichrist ;  opposed 
to  the  Christian  religion. 

an-tic-i-pant  (an-tis'i-pant),  adj. 
that  which  operates  beforehand : 
n.  one  who  looks  forward. 

an-tic-i-pate      (an-tis'i-pat),     v.t. 
to    take    beforehand ;    use   in    ad- 
vance ;   look   for  as  certain ;   deal 
with   beforehand :   v.i.   to  treat  of 
something  before  the  proper  time. 
ftyn.    apprehend,    expect,    hope, 
forecast,  foretaste. 
Ant.   (see  distrust). 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  m66n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  theu. 


ant 


44 


ant 


a  n-t  i  c-i-p  a-t  i  o  n  (an-tis-i-pa'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  taking  before- 
hand ;  expectation  ;  hope  ;  precon- 
ception. 

an-tic-i-pa-tive  (an-tis'i-pa-tiv) , 
or  anticipatory  (-to-ri),  adj. 
taking  beforehand  ;  anticipating. 

an  ti-cli-max  (an'ti-kll-inaks),  n. 
a  ludicrous  descent  in  thought  and 
expression  ;  bathos. 

an-ti-cy-clone  (an'ti-sl-klon),  n.  a 
meteorological  condition  in  which 
the  ordinary  features  of  a  cyclone 
are  reversed,  i.e.  the  winds,  which 
are  light,  flow  from  instead  of  to- 
wards the  center. 

an-ti-cy-clon-ic  ( an-ti-si-klon'i  k ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  an  anticyclone. 

an-ti-do-tal  (an'ti-do-tal),  adj. 
of  the  nature  or  quality  of  an  an- 
tidote. 

an-ti-do-tal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  the 
manner  of  an  antidote. 

an-ti-dote  (an'ti-dot),  n.  a  sub- 
stance which  acts  medicinally  as 
a  counteractive  to  the  effects  of 
poison  or  disease ;  that  which  an- 
nuls or  tends  to  prevent  the  evil 
effects  of  anything  else ;  a  remedy. 

an-ti-fat  (an'ti-fat),  adj.  avail- 
able for  preventing  or  reducing 
fatness :  n.  a  remedy  against  fat- 
ness. 

an-ti-feb-rile  (an-ti-feb'ril),  adj. 
capable  of  allaying  fever :  n.  a 
fever  medicine  or  antipyretic. 

an-ti-feb-rine  (an-ti-feb'rin),  n. 
acetanilide,  used  in  medicine  as  an 
antipyretic. 

an -ti- mask  (an'ti-mask),  n.  a 
species  of  drollery  introduced  as 
interlude  between  acts  of  more 
serious  nature.  Written  also  an- 
timasque. 

an-ti-ma-son-ic  (an-ti-ma-son'- 
ik),  adj.  opposed  to  the  principles 
of  freemasonry. 

an-ti-mo-nar-chi-cal  (an-ti-mo- 
nar'ki-kal),  adj.  opposed  to  mon- 
archy. 

an  ti  mo  ni-al  ( an-ti-mo 'ni-al ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  antimony  ;  com- 
posed of,  or  possessing  the  quali- 
ties of,  antimony. 

an-ti-mo  ni  ate  (an-ti-mo'ni-at), 
n.  a  salt  of  antimonic  acid. 

an-ti-mon  ic  (an-ti-mon'ik),  or 
antinionious  (an-ti-mo'ni-us), 


adj.   relating  to,   composed   of,   or 
obtained  from  antimony. 

an-ti-mo-nite  (an'ti-mo-nlt),  n. 
native  sulphide  of  antimony. 

an-ti-mo-ny  (an'ti-mo-ni),  n.  a 
white  lustrous  metal,  entering 
largely  into  medicinal  preparations 
and  various  important  alloys,  such 
as  pewter  and  Britannia-metal. 

an-ti-no-mi-an-ism  (an-ti-no'mi- 
an-izm),  n.  the  tenets  of  the  An- 
tinomian  sect. 

an-tin-o-my  (an-tin'5-mi),  n.  [pi. 
antinomies  (-miz)],  the  opposition 
of  one  law  or  part  of  a  law  to 
another. 

an-ti-par-al-lel  (an-ti-par';\-lel ) , 
adj.  running  parallel,  but  in  an 
opposite  direction  :  n.  one  of  two 
or  more  lines  making  equal  angles 
with  two  other  lines,  but  in  con- 
trary order. 

an-ti-pa-thet-ic  (an-ti-pa-thet'ik) , 
or  antipathetical  ('i-kal),  adj. 
possessing  a  natural  antipathy  or 
aversion  [with  to]. 

an-ti-patn-ic  (an-ti-path'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  antipathy  ;  adverse  ; 
opposite. 

an-tip-a-thy  (an-tip'a-thi),  n.  [pi. 
antipathies  (-thiz)],  natural  aver- 
sion ;  an  instinctive  dislike ;  the 
object  of  aversion  (followed  in 
composition  by  to,  against,  be- 
tween, and  for). 

Syn.  aversion,  dislike,  distaste, 
hatred,  hostility,  repulsion,  repug- 
nance, antagonism. 
Ant.   (see  attraction). 

an-ti-pe-ri-od-ic  ( an-ti-pe-ri-od'- 
ik),  adj.  preventive  of  return  in 
periodic  or  intermittent  diseases: 
n.  a  medicine  for  periodic  diseases. 

an-ti-phlo-gis-tic  ( an-ti-flO-jis'- 
tik),  adj.  efficacious  in  counter- 
acting fever  or  inflammation  :  >i. 
any  remedy  which  serves  to  check 
inflammatory  symptoms. 

an-ti-phon  (an'ti-fon),  or  anti- 
phone  (-fdn).  ti.  a  chant  or  hymn 
rendered  alternately  by  two  choirs. 
as  in  English  cathedral  services. 

an-tiph-o-nal  (an-tif'6-nal),  aiJj- 
characterized  by  antiphony  or  re- 
sponsive singing:  n.  a  collection  of 
antiphons. 

an-tiph-o-nar-y  (an-tif'o-nnr-i), 
n.  \pl.  antiphonaries  (-iz)l.  a 
book  of  responses  used  in  the  serv- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
COOK  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ant 


45 


ant 


ices :    adj.   antiphonal,   or   respon- 
sive. 

an-ti-pho-net-ic  ( an-ti-fo-net'ik ) , 
adj.  similar  in  sound  ;  applied  to 
words  which  rhyme. 

an-tiph-o-ny  (an-tif'6-ni).  n.  [pi. 
antiphonies  (-niz)],  the  alternate 
or  responsive  rendering  of  psalms 
or  chants  by  a  dual  choir ;  a  musi- 
cal setting  of  sacred  verses  ar- 
ranged for  alternate  singing. 

an-tiph-ra-sis  (an-tif'ra-sis),  n. 
the  employment  of  a  word,  or 
words,  in  a  sense  contrary  to  its, 
or  their,  true  meaning 

an-tip-o-dal  (an-tip'6-dal),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  antipodes ;  oppo- 
site or  extreme. 

an-ti-pode  (an'ti-pod),  n.  [pi.  an- 
tipodes (an-tip'6-dez)  ],  one  who 
resides  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
earth  ;  that  which  is  directly  oppo- 
site to  another. 

an-tip-o-de-an  ( an-tip-o-de'an ) . 
adj.  belonging  to  the  antipodes :  n. 
one  who  resides  on  the  opposite 
side  o£  the  earth. 

an  tip-o-des  (an-tip'o-dez) ,  n.pl. 
those  who,  residing  at  opposite 
sides  of  the  globe,  have  their  feet 
directly  opposed  ;  the  two  portions 
of  the  earth's  surface  which  are 
exactly  opposite  to  each  other ;  the 
direct  opposite  of  a  person  or 
thing. 

an-ti-py-ret-ic  ( an-ti-pi-ret'ik ) , 
adj.  preventive  of,  or  remedial  to. 
fever :  n.  a  remedy  of  such  nature. 

air.-ti-py-rin  (an-ti-pl'rin).  n.  a 
drug,  obtained  from  coal-tar,  em- 
ployed for  the  relief  of  neuralgia, 
nervous  headaches,  and  reduction 
of  heat  in  fevers. 

an-ti-quar-i-an  ( an-ti-kwar'i-an ) . 
adj.  pertaining  to  antiquaries  or  to 
antiquity  :  n.  an  antiquary. 

an  ti  quar-i-an  isin  (an-ti-kwfir'i- 
fin-izm),  n.  the  attachment  to 
what  is  old  or  antiquated  which 
characterizes  the  antiquary :  the 
study  or  collecting  of  antiquities. 

an-ti-quar-y  (an'ti-kwfir-i),  n. 
one  who  is  attached  to  ancient 
things  and  is  learned  in  their  his- 
tory :  one  who  collects  antiquities 
for  the  purpose  of  study. 
an  -  ti  -  qua  -  ted  ( an'ti-kwa-ted ) , 
ji.adj.  grown  old  ;  old-fashioned ; 
obsolete ;  ancient. 


an-tique  (an-tek'),  adj.  of  or  be- 
longing to  a  former  age ;  ancient : 
n.  something  of  great  age ;  a  relic 
of  antiquity. 

Syn.    ancient,    quaint,   old-fash- 
ioned, antiquated. 

Ant.  (see  modern,  new). 

an-tique-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  qual- 
ity of  being  ancient,  or  having  the 
appearance  of  antiquity. 

an.-tiq-ui-ty  (an-tik'wi-ti) ,  n.  [pi. 
antiquities  (-tiz)],  great  age;  an- 
cientness ;  early  ages ;  the  people 
or  races  of  ancient  times ;  that 
which  belonged  to,  or  survives 
from,  ancient  times ;  a  relic. 

an-ti-scor-bu-tic  ( an-ti-sk6r-bu'- 
tik),  adj.  &  n.  counteractant  or 
remedial  to  scurvy. 

an-ti-Sem-ite  (an-ti-sem'it),  n. 
one  who  favors  the  social  and 
political  persecution  of  Jews. 

an-ti-Sem-it-ic  (an-ti-sem-it'ik), 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  character- 
ized by,  anti-Semitism. 

an-ti-Sem-it-ism  (an-ti-sem'it- 
izm),  n.  antagonism  to  the  Jewish 
race. 

an-ti-sep-sis  (an-ti-sep'sis).  n.  the 
exclusion  of  bacteria  from  wounds, 
&c.,  by  the  use  of  antiseptics. 

an-ti-sep-tic  (an-ti-sep'tik),  adj. 
destructive  to  the  germs  of  dis- 
ease or  putrefaction :  n .  a  sub- 
stance that  acts  as  a  preventive  to 
putrefaction. 

an-ti-sla-ver-y  ( an-ti-sla'ver-i ) , 
adj.  opposed  to  slavery :  n.  opposi- 
tion to  slavery. 

an-ti-spas-mod-ic  (an-ti-spaz- 
mod'-ik).  adj.  counteractive  to,  or 
curative  of,  spasms :  n.  a  medicine 
having  such  an  effect. 

an-ti-sple-net-ic  ( an-ti-sple-net'- 
ik),  adj.  of  use  remedially  in  dis- 
eases of  the  spleen :  n.  a  medi- 
cine for  spleen  diseases. 

an-tis-tro-phe  (an-tis'tro-fe),  n. 
in  the  ancient  Greek  chorus,  the 
alternating  part  immediately  fol- 
lowing the  strophe  and  sung  in 
moving  to  the  right,  the  strophe 
having  been  sung  when  moving 
to  the  left. 

an-tith-e-sis  (an-tith'e-sis),  n.  [pi. 
antitheses  (-sez)J,  opposition; 
contrast ;  expression  by  contrast 
or  opposition  of  words  or  senti- 
ments. 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he.  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pGrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


ant 


ape 


an-ti-thet-ic  (an-ti-thet'ik),  or 
an-ti-thet-ic-al  (-al).  adj.  per- 
taining to,  of  the  nature  of,  or 
containing  antithesis. 

an-ti-thet-ic-al-ly  (-H),  adv.  in 
the  manner  or  by  means  of  antith- 
esis. 

an-ti-tox-iii  (an-ti-toks'in),  n.  a 
serum  used  hypodermically  as  a 
preventive  of,  or  cure  for,  diph- 
theria. 

an-ti-trade  (an'ti-trful).  n.  a 
tropical  wind  blowing  steadily  in 
an  opposite  direction  to  the  trade 
wind. 

an-ti-type  (an'ti-tip),  n.  that 
which  preceded  the  type,  and  of 
which  the  type  is  the  prefigure- 
ment  or  representation. 

an  -  ti  -  typ  -  i  -  cal  ( an-ti-tip'i-kal ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to,  9r  of  the  nat- 
ure of,  an  antitype. 

an-ti-typ-i-cal-ly  (-li),  adv.  by 
way  of  antitype. 

an-ti-zy-mot-ic  (an-ti-zi-raot'ik) , 
adj.  preventing  fermentation :  n. 
the  agent  so  used. 

ant-ler  (ant'ler),  n.  the  individual 
branches  of  a  stag's  horns ;  the 
horn  in  its  complete  condition. 

an-to-nyw  (au'i\»-nlui).  n.  a  word 
opposed  to  another  in  meaning. 

an-trum  (an'trum).  n.  a  sinus  or 
oavitj  in  a  body. 

a-nus  (a'nus),  n.  the  terminal 
portion  of  the  rectum ;  the  excre- 
mental  orifice. 

anvil  (an'vil),  n.  an  iron  block 
used  for  the  hammering  and  shap- 
ing of  metals. 

anx-i-e-ty  (ang-zl'e-ti),  n.  [pi. 
anxieties  (-tiz)j,  a  condition  of 
mental  uneasiness  arising  from 
fear  or  solicitude. 

Syn.  concern,  care,  dread,  fear, 
worry,  trouble. 

Ant.  (see  ease,  calmness). 

anxious  (ang'shus),  adj.  deeply 
concerned  ;  very  solicitous  ;  appre- 
hensive. 

an-y  (en'i),  adj.  &  pron.  one,  inde- 
terminately, unlimited ;  some,  an 
indefinite  number,  quantity,  or  de- 
gree :  adj.  one  indefinitely;  (pi.) 
some:  pron.  one;  anyone;  (pi.) 
some  :  adv.  to  "any  extent ;  at  all : 
in  any  degree  (used  with  compar- 
atives, as  any  better) . 


an-y-bod-y  (-bod-i),  n.  any  per- 
son ;  some  one  of  importance. 

an-y-how  (-hou),  adv.  in  any  way 
or  manner ;  in  any  case ;  at  any 
rate. 

an-y-thing  (-thing),  n.  any  ob- 
ject as  distinguished  from  a  per- 
son ;  aught ;  with  as  or  like,  as 
"It  rains  like  anything." 

an-y-way  (-wfv),  adv.  in  any  man- 
ner. 

an-y-where  (-hwfir),  adv.  in  any 
place. 

an-y-whith-er  (-hwif/i'er),  adv. 
to  or  towards  any  place. 

an-y-wise  (-wiz),  adv.  in  any  way 
or  manner ;  anyhow. 

a-or-ta  (Fi-6r'tfi),  n.  [pi.  aorta? 
(-te)],  the  chief  artery  or  main 
trunk  of  the  arterial  system,  open- 
ing from  the  left  ventricle  of  the 
heart  and  supplying  all  parts  of 
the  body,  excepting  the  lungs,  with 
arterialized  blood. 

a-or-tic  (Fi-6r'tik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  aorta. 

a-or-ti-tis  (a-6r-ti'tis),  n.  inflam- 
mation of  the  aorta. 

a-ou-dad  (a'u-dad),  n.  a  sheep- 
like  animal  of  North  Africa, 
somewhat  resembling  the  chamois. 

a-pace  (a-pas'),  adv.  quickly;  at 
a  quick  pace ;  speedily. 

a-part  (A-parf),  adv.  separately; 
aside ;  asunder. 

a-part-ment  (A-piirt'ment),  n.  a 
room  or  part  of  a  divided  build- 
ing :  pi.  a  set  or  suite  or  two  or 
more  rooms  of  a  house  set  apart 
as  lodgings. 

ap-a-thet-Ic  (ap-a-thet'ik),  or 
ap-a-thet-ic-al  (-&1),  adj.  devoid 
of,  or  insensible  to,  feeling  or  emo- 
tion. 

ap-a-thet-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
an  apathetical  manner. 

ap-a-thy  (ap'a-thi),  n.  [pi.  apa- 
thies (-thiz)],  lack  of  feeling; 
want  of  passion  or  emotion ;  in- 
difference. 

Syn.     composure,     indifference, 
lethargy,   unconcern,   sluggishness. 
A /if.   (see  agitation,  anxiety). 

ap-a-tite  (ap'a-tlt),  n.  a  crystal- 
line phosphate  of  lime. 

ape  (ap),  n.  a  tailless  monkey 
having  teeth  in  number  and  ap- 
pearance as  man;  a  silly  mimic; 
a  fool.  The  family  of  the  apes 


late,  mar,  musk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  v6te,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin.  then. 


ape 


47 


apo 


includes  the  gorilla,  chimpanzee, 
orang-outang,  &c. :  v.t.  to  imitate 
servilely  ;  mimic,  as  an  ape. 

a-peak  (a-pek'),  adv.  nearly  ver- 
tical in  position. 

a-p  e  r-i-e  n.  t  (a-per'i-ent) ,  adj. 
gently  laxative ;  opening  the  bow- 
els :  n.  a  mild  laxative  medicine. 

a-pe-ri-od-ic  (a-pe-ri-od'ik),  adj. 
without  periodicity. 

ap-er-ture  (ap'er-tur),  n.  an 
opening ;  a  perforation  or  pass- 
age ;  the  space  between  two  inter- 
secting right  lines ;  the  diameter 
of  the  exposed  part  of  the  object- 
glass  of  a  telescope  or  other  opti- 
cal instrument. 

a-pet-a-lous  (a-pet'fi-Ius),  adj. 
without  petals  or  corolla. 

a-pex  (a'peks),  n.  [pi.  apices 
(ap'i-sez),  &  apexes  (a'pek-sez)  ], 
the  point,  tip,  or  summit  of  any- 
thing. 

a-pha-gi-a  (a-fa'ji-a),  n.  inability 
to  swallow. 

a-pha-si-a  (sVfa'zi-a),  n.  loss  of 
the  power  of  speech,  or  the  appro- 
priate use  of  words,  due  to  dis- 
ease or  injury  of  the  brain. 

a-phe-li-on.  (a-fe'li-on).  n.  [pi. 
aphelia  (-a)],  that  point  in  the 
orbit  of  a  planet  or  a  comet 
which  is  farthest  from  the  sun. 

aph-id  (af'id),  «.  a  plant-louse 
belonging  to  the  genus  Aphis. 

aph-i-des,  pi.  of  Aphis. 

a-phid-i-an  (a-fid'i-an),  n.  an 
aphid :  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
genus  Aphis. 

A-phis  (a'fis).  n.  [pi.  Aphides 
(af'i-dez)],  the  genus  of  plant- 
suckers,  to  which  the  aphides  be- 
long :  a  member  of  the  genus. 

aph-o-risru  (af'6-rizm),  n.  a  con- 
cise and  pithy  statement  of  a  rule 
or  precept ;  a  maxim. 

aph  thong  (af'thOng),  n.  a  letter 
or  letters  not  sounded  in  a  word. 

a-pi-a-ry  (fi'pi-a-ri).  n.  [pi.  api- 
aries (-riz)].  a  place  where  bees 
are  kept :  a  bee-house. 

a-piece  (a-pes'),  adv.  to  or  for 
each  ;  each  ;  severally. 

Syn.     separately,     individually, 
each,  severally. 

Ant.  (see  collectively,  together). 

apish  (ap-ish),  adj.  resembling 
an  ape  in  manners ;  foppish ; 
foolish. 


a-plomb     (a-plong'),    n.    self-pos- 
session ;  assurance. 
A-poc-a-lypse     (a-pok'a-lips),     n. 
the  last  book  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment. 

A-poc-a-lyp-tic  (a-pok-a-lip'tik), 
or  A-poc-a-lyp-tic-al  Ctik-al), 
adj.  pertaining  to  or  containing 
the  Apocalypse. 

a-poc-o-pe  ( a-pok'e--pe ) ,  n.  the 
cutting  off  or  deletion  of  the  last 
letter  or  syllable  of  a  word. 

a-poc-ry-pha  (a-pok'ri-fa),  n.pl. 
used  as  a  sing,  with  pi.  apocry- 
phas  (-faz),  a  writing,  or  some- 
thing, of  doubtful  authorship ; 
certain  writings  received  by  some 
Christians  as  an  authentic  part 
of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  but  re- 
jected by  others,  as  Ecclesiasticus. 

a-poc-ry-phal  (a-pok'ri-fal),  adj. 
of  doubtful  authority ;  uncanon- 
ical ;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  apoc- 
rypha. 

a-poc-ry-phal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
apocryphal  manner ;  doubtfully. 

ap-od  (ap'od).  n.  an  animal  with- 
out feet. 

a-pod-o-sis  (a-pod'o-sis),  n.  the 
latter  portion,  or  consequent 
clause,  of  a  conditional  sentence. 

ap-o-ge-an  (ap-o-je'an),  or  apo- 
geic  ('ik),  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
apogee. 

ap-o-gee  (ap'6-je),  n.  that  point 
in  the  orbit  of  a  planet  which  is 
most  distant  from  the  earth. 

a-pol-o-get-ic  (a-pol-o-jet'ik),  or 
apologetical  I'i-kal).  adj.  in 
the  way  of  defense  or  apology. 

a-pol-o-get-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
an  apologetic  manner. 

a-pol-o-get-ics  ( a-pol-o-jet'iks) , 
«.  the  defense  and  vindication  of 
the  principles  and  laws  of  the 
Christian  belief. 

a-pol-o-gist  (a-pol'6-jist),  or 
apologizer  (-ji-zer),  n.  one  who 
apologizes ;  one  who  pleads  in  ex- 
tenuation or  defense  of  the  actions 
or  principles  of  another. 

a-pol-o-gize  (a-pol'6-jlz),  v.i.  to 
make  an  apology  or  excuse ;  to  ex- 
press regret  or  make  amends  for 
anything  said  or  done,  on  one's 
own  behalf  or  that  of  another: 
v.t.  to  write  a  defense  of :  to  de- 
fend. 

ap-o-logue   (ap'6-log),  n.  a  moral 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


apo 


48 


apo 


fable;  a  fiction  or  allegory  em- 
bodying a  moral  application,  as 
^•lOsop's  fables. 

a-pol-o-gy  (a-pol'6-ji),  n.  [pi. 
apologies  (-jiz)],  a  vindication  or 
excuse;  something  spoken,  writ- 
ten, or  offered  in  defense  or  ex- 
tenuation ;  an  explanation  by  way 
of  amends. 

8yn.     excuse,     acknowledgment, 
defense,  justification,  plea. 
Ant.   (see  censure). 

ap-o-phthegm.      See  apothegm. 

ap-o-plec-tic  (ap-o-plek'tik),  or 
apoplectical  ('tik-iil),  <ulj.  per- 
taining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of, 
apoplexy  ;  afflicted  with  apoplexy. 

ap-o-plex-y  (ap'6-plek-si),  n.  the 
sudden  loss  of  consciousness  and 
motive  power,  resulting  from  cere- 
bral rupture. 

a-port  (a-port'),  adv.  on  or  to- 
wards the  port  or  left  side  of  a 
ship. 

a-pos-ta-sy  (a-pos'ta-si),  n.  [pi. 
apostasies  (-siz)],  the  forsaking  or 
abandonment  of  what  one  has 
hitherto  professed  or  adhered  to, 
as  faith,  principles,  or  party. 

a-pos-tate  (u-pos'tat),  n.  one  who 
hns  forsaken  or  apostatized  his 
faith  or  party ;  one  who  renounces 
his  profession  after  having  been 
in  holy  orders :  adj.  false ;  trait- 
orous ;  renegade. 

ap-os-tat-i-cal  ( ap-os-tat'5-kal ) , 
adj.  rebellious,  in  the  manner  of 
apostasy ;  apostate. 

a-pos-ta-tize  (a-pos'ta-tlz),  v.i. 
to  abandon  one's  faith,  church,  or 
party ;  change  one's  religion  for 
another. 

a  pos-te-ri-o-ri    (a  pos-te-ri-6'ri), 
reasoning  founded  on  observation 
of  facts,  effects,   or  consequences, 
by  means  of  which  the  causes  are  j 
reached. 

a-pos-tle  (a-pos'l),  n.  one  charged 
with  a  high  mission  ;  one  of  the  ; 
twelve  persons  specially  selected 
by  Christ  to  propagate  His  gospel 
(Luke  yi.  13)  ;  one  who  performed 
apostolic  functions,  as  St.  Paul 
(I  Cor.  5.  1)  ;  the  first  missionary 
who  plants  the  Christian  faith  in 
any  region  :  one  who  labors  with 
special  success  as  a  moral  or  so-  , 
cial  reformer. 

A-pos-tles'  Creed   (kred),  n.  the 


shortest   of   the    three    creeds,    so 
named   as   containing   a   summary 

i    of  apostolical  doctrine. 

'  a-pos-tle-spoon     (-spoon),    n.    a 

;    spoon   having   a   figure   of  one   of 

i    the    Apostles    at    the    top    of    the 

,     handle. 

a  pos  to  late  (a-pos'to-lat),  n. 
apostleship  (now  restricted  to  the 
dignity  or  office  of  the  Pope). 

a  p-o  s-t  o  1-i  c  (ap-os-tol'ik) ,  or 
apostolical  (-'i-kiil),  adj.  &  n. 
of  or  pertaining  to  an  apostle  or 
apostles,  and  their  age,  doctrine, 
or  practice ;  papal. 

ap-os-tol-ic-al  sue  ces-siou  (suk- 
sesh'un),  n.  the  regular  and  unin- 
terrupted transmission  of  minis- 
terial authority  by  bishops  from 
the  Apostles. 

a-pos-tro-phe  (a-pos'tro-fe),  n.  a 
breaking  off  in  a  speech  to  ad- 
dress directly  a  person  or  persons 
who  may  or  may  not  be  present ; 
the  omission  from  a  word  of  one 
or  more  letters,  such  omission 
being  indicated  by  the  sign  (')  ; 
the  sign  (')  so  employed  in  writ- 
ing or  printing. 

ap-p-stroph-ic  (ap-o-strof'ik), 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  na- 
ture of,  an  apostrophe. 

a-pos-tro-phize  (u-pos'tro-flz) , 
v.t.  to  address  by  apostrophe ; 
omit  a  letter  or  letters ;  mark  an 
omission  by  the  sign  (')  :  v.i.  to 
make  an  apostrophe  or  short  di- 
gressive address  in  speaking. 

a-poth-e-ca-ry  (a-poth'e-ka-ri).  n. 
[pi.  apothecaries  (-riz)],  one  who 
prepares  and  dispenses  medicines 
and  drugs  for  profit ;  one  who  is 
licensed  to  prescribe ;  a  pharma- 
cist. 

a-poth-e-ca-ries'  weight  (wat), 
n.  the  weight  used  for  dispensing 
drugs,  and  comprising  the  pound 
(12  oz.),  the  ounce  (8  drachms), 
the  drachm  (3  scruples),  the 
scruple  (20  grs.),  and  the  grain. 

ap-o-thegm  (ap'6-them),  n.  a 
pichy  saying,  embodying  a  whole- 
some truth  or  precept.  Also  spelt 
apophthegm. 

ap-o-the-o-sis  (ap-o-the'6-sis).  n. 
[pi.  apotheoses  (-sez)],  deifica- 
tion ;  the  god-like  personification 
bestowed  upon  deceased  emperors 
under  the  Roman  Empire;  ex- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lo 
cook  :  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then 


apo 


49 


app 


cessive    honor    paid    to    a    distin- 
guished person ;  canonization. 

ap-o-the-o-size  ( ap-6-the-6'siz ) , 
r.t.  to  exalt  to  the  rank  of  a  God  ; 
deify. 

ap-pal  (ap-pawl'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
appalled,  p.pr.  appalling],  to 
fright ;  depress  or  discourage  by 
fear  ;  dismay  ;  terrify. 

ap-pal-ling  (ap-paw'ling),  p.adj. 
inspiring  horror  or  dismay. 

ap-pa-ra-tus  (ap-a-ra'tus),  n. 
sing.  &  pi.  an  outfit  of  tools, 
utensils,  or  instruments  adapted 
to  the  accomplishment  of  any 
branch  of  work,  or  for  the  per- 
formance of  an  experiment  or 
operation ;  a  set  of  such  appli- 
ances ;  a  group  or  set  of  organs 
concerned  in  the  performance  of 
a  single  function. 

ap-par-el  (a-par'el),  n.  clothing; 
vesture  ;  garb,  or  dress ;  the  equip- i 
ment  of  a  vessel :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
appareled,  p.pr.  appareling],  to 
clothe  or  adorn ;  furnish  or  fit 
out. 

a  p-p  a  r-e  n  t  (ap-par'ent),  adj. 
open  to  view ;  capable  of  being 
readily  perceived  or  understood ; 
evident ;  seeming,  but  not  real. 

Syn.    likely,   probable,   seeming,  i 
presumable. 

Ant.  (see  doubtful) . 

ap-pa-ri-tion  (ap-ft-rish'un),  n.  a  ' 
visible  object ;  an  appearance  of 
something  not  real  or  tangible ;  a 
ghost  or  specter :  the  first  appear- 
ance of  a  luminary  after  obscura- 
tion :  opposed  to  occultation. 

ap-peal   (ap-peT).  v.t.  to  transfer 
or    refer   to   a    superior   court   or 
judge ;  to  refer  to  another  person 
or  tribunal ;   entreat,   call   for,  or 
invoke   aid.   sympathy,   or  mercy : 
«.  a  call  or  invocation  for  aid  or 
sympathy;  the  right  of  appeal;  a: 
summons  to  answer  a  charge ;   a 
call   or  reference   to   another :    re-  \ 
course;    the    removal    of    a    cause 
from    an    inferior    to    a    superior  i 
court,  the  latter  having  the  power 
to  revise  the  decision  of  the  lower 
tribunal. 

ap-pear  (ap-per7),  v.i.  to  be  or 
become  visible ;  come  before  > 
seem. 

ap-pear-ance  (ap-per'Ans),  n. 
the  act  of  becoming  visible ;  the 


object  seen ;  a  phenomenon ;  an 
apparition ;  semblance ;  outward 
show ;  the  act  of  coming  before 
the  public ;  coming  into  court ; 
look  ;  bearing  or  aspect. 

ap-peas-a-ble  (ap-pe'zo-bl).  adj. 
capable  of  being  appeased. 

ap-pease  (ap-pez'),  v.t.  to  allay; 
assuage  ;  quiet ;  satisfy  ;  pacify. 

ap-pease-ment  (ap-pez'ment),  n. 
the  act  of  appeasing ;  the  state  of 
being  appeased. 

ap-peas-ive  (ap-pez-iv),  adj.  of  a 
nature  to  appease ;  that  tends  to 
quiet  or  assuage. 

ap-pel-laiit  (ap-pel'ant),  n.  one 
who  appeals  to  a  higher  court ; 
one  who  appeals  to  a  judge,  or  to 
any  tribunal. 

ap-pel-late  (ap-pel'at),  adj.  per- 
taining to  appeals ;  having  cogni- 
zance of  appeals :  n.  the  person  ap- 
pealed against  or  called  upon  to 
appear. 

ap-pel-la-tion  (ap-e-la'shun),  n. 
the  name,  title,  or  designation  by 
which  a  person  or  thing  is  called 
or  known ;  the  act  of  appealing. 

ap-pel-la-tive  (ap-pel'a-tiv),  adj. 
serving  to  distinguish,  as  a  name 
or  denomination  of  a  group  or 
class ;  common,  as  a  noun :  n.  a 
common,  as  distinguished  from  a 
proper,  name ;  the  designation  of  a 
class. 

ap  -  pel  -  la  -  to-ry  ( ap-pel'a-to-ri ) , 
adj.  containing  an  appeal. 

ap-pel-lee  (ap-e-le').  n.  the  person 
appealed  against ;  the  defendant 
in  an  appeal. 

ap-pend  (ap-pend')?  v.t.  to  attach, 
hang,  or  suspend  ;  subjoin  or  add 
to,  as  an  accessory  part;  annex. 

ap-pen-dage  ( ap-pen'da  j ) ,  n.  some- 
thing appended  or  attached  as  a 
part  of;  something  added  as  an 
adjunct. 

Syn.    accessory,    adjunct,    addi- 
tion. 

Ant.  (see  total). 

ap-pen-dant  (ap-pen'dant),  or 
appendent  ('dent),  adj.  attached 
or  annexed :  n.  that  which  is  ap- 
pended or  added. 

ap-pen-di-ci-tis  (ap-pen-di-sl'tis) , 
N.  inflammation  of  the  vermiform 
appendix  of  the  ca?cum. 

ap-pen-dix  (ap-pen'diks).  n.  \pl. 
appendixes  ('dik-sez)  &  appendices 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  :  vote.  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


app 


50 


•PP 


('di-sez)],  that  which  is  added  as 
supplemental. 

ap-per-tain.  (ap-er-tan'),  v.i.  to 
belong  or  pertain  to,  as  by  relation 
or  custom. 

ap-pe-tite  (ap'e-tlt),  n.  the  de- 
sire for  gratification  of  some 
want,  craving,  or  passion  that  is 
natural  or  acquired  ;  the  relish  for 
food  induced  by  keenness  of  stom- 
ach. 

ap-pe-ti-zer  (ap'e-tl-zer),  n.  some- 
thing that  excites  or  whets  the 
appetite. 

ap-plaud  (ap-plawd'),  v.t.  to 
praise  ;  express  approval  or  appro- 
bation by  clapping  of  the  hands  or 
acclamation. 

ap-plause  (ap-plawz'),  n.  the  ex- 
pression of  approval  by  clapping ; 
approbation  openly  shown  by  ac- 
clamation. 

ap-plau-sive  (ap-plaw'siv),  adj. 
aplauding ;  manifesting  approval. 

ap-ple  (ap'l),  n.  the  round  fleshy 
fruit  of  the  apple-tree,  and  its 
numerous  cultivated  varieties  ;  any 
fruit  resembling  an  apple. 

ap-pli-ance  (ap-pli'ans),  n.  the 
act  of  applying ;  that  which  is 
used  with,  or  as  a  part  of,  some- 
thing else. 

ap-pli-ca-bil-i-ty  (ap-li-ka-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  applica- 
able. 

ap-pli-ca-ble  (ap'li-ka-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being,  or  fit  to  be,  ap- 
plied. 

ap-pli-cant  (ap'li-kant),  n.  one 
who  applies,  or  prefers  a  request 
for  something  ;  a  petitioner. 

ap-pli  ca-tioii  (ap-li-ka'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  applying,  putting  to, 
or  on  ;  the  thing  applied ;  the  ap- 
plying or  reducing  to  practice ; 
the  practical  demonstration  of  a 
principle ;  the  act  of  requesting ; 
request ;  mental  assiduousness. 

ap-pli-ca-tive  (ap'li-ka-tiv),  adj. 
capable  of  being  applied. 

mp-pli-ca-to-ry  ( ap'15-ka-to-ri ) , 
adj.  fitness  to  be  applied :  n.  that 
which  applies. 

ap-plied  (ap-plid'),  p.adj.  practi- 
cal. 

ap-pli-que  (ap-li-ka'),  n.  a 
method  of  ornamentation  in  dress 
or  upholstery  in  which  portions  or 
figures  cut  from  other  patterns  are 


fixed  or  applied  to  a  groundwork 
or  foundation  of  any  material. 

ap-ply  (ap-pll'>,  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p 
applied,  p.pr.  applying],  to  place 
one  to  another ;  lay  on  ;  put  into 
practice ;  devote  to  a  particular 
purpose;  refer  or  ascribe  as  fitting 
to  a  person  or  thing ;  address  or 
direct ;  fix  the  mind  upon  :  v.i.  to 
suit ;  have  connection  with  or  ref- 
erence to ;  make  application  to. 

ap-point  (ap-point'),  v.t.  to  fix; 
settle  ;  found  ;  make  fast ;  estab- 
lish by  decree;  assign  or  ordain; 
fix  the  time  and  order  of ;  furnish 
or  equip:. v.i.  to  decree;  ordain; 
determine. 

ap-poin-tee  (ap-poin-te'),  n.  one 
in  whose  favor  an  appointment 
is  made. 

ap-point-ment  (ap-point'ment),n. 
the  act  of  appointing ;  the  assign- 
ing to  an  office  or  trust ;  the  state 
of  being  appointed ;  the  position  or 
office  assigned  or  held ;  a  stipula- 
tion ;  an  engagement ;  an  arrange- 
ment to  meet  by  mutual  agree- 
ment ;  an  ordinance  or  decree  es- 
tablished by  authority ;  furniture 
or  equipment. 

ap-por-tion  (ap-por'shun),  v.t.  to 
assign  by  equal  or  proportionate 
division  ;  distribute  or  set  out  in 
just  proportiona. 

Syn.  allot,  assign,   appoint,   di- 
vide. 

Ant.  (see  collect). 

ap-por-tion-ment  (ap-por'shun- 
ment),  n.  the  act  of  apportion- 
ing or  dividing  into  just  shares. 

ap-po-site  (ap'6-zit).  .adj.  proper; 
fit ;  pertinent ;  well-adapted. 

ap-po-si-tion  (ap-d-zish'un),  n. 
the  act  of  adding ;  addition  by  ap- 
plication, or  placing  together ;  the 
placing  of  a  second  noun  in  the 
same  case  in  juxtaposition  to  the 
first,  which  it  characterizes  or 
explains,  as  St.  Mark,  the  Evan- 
gelist. 

ap-po-si-tion-al  f  ap-6-zish'un-51), 
adj.  belonging  to  apposition. 

ap-prai-sal  (ap-pra'zdl),  n.  the 
act  of  appraising,  or  putting  a 
price  upon  with  a  view  to  sale. 

ap  praise  (ap-praz'),  v.t.  to  set  a 
price  upon  ;  value ;  estimate  the 
worth  of,  as  by  a  licensed  ap- 
praiser. 


iftte,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
oook  ;  mute,  nut ,  thin,  then- 


«pp 


51 


app 


ap-praise-ment  (ap-praz'ment), 
n.  the  act  of  valuing ;  an  author- 
ized valuation. 

ap-prai-ser  (ap-pra'zer)  n.  one 
who  appraises ;  a  person  licensed 
and  sworn  to  estimate  the  value 
of  goods  or  estate. 

ap-pre-ci-a-ble  ( ap-pre'shi-a-bl ) , 
adj.  capable  of  being  appreciated, 
perceived,  or  estimated. 

ap-pre-ci-ate  (ap-pre'-shi-at),  v.t. 
to  value ;  estimate  the  worth  of ; 
esteem  highly  ;  prize ;  be  sensible 
of ;  raise  in  value. 

ap-pre-ci-a-tion.  ( ap-pre-shi-jV- 
shun),  n.  the  just  valuation,  or 
proper  estimate  of  worth  or  merit ; 
a  rise  in  value. 

ap-pre-ci-a-tive  (ap-pre'shi-a- 
tiv),  adj.  exhibiting  appreciation. 

ap-pre-ci-a-to-ry  ( ap-pre'shi-a-to- 
ri).  adj.  expressive  of  admiration. 

apprehend  (ap-re-hend').  v.t. 
to  take  or  lay  hold  of ;  seize ; 
arrest ;  take  a  mental  hold  of ; 
anticipate  or  expect :  v.i.  to  in- 
cline to  belief ;  form  a  conception. 

ap-pre-lien-si-ble  ( ap-re-hen'si- 
bl),  adj.  capable  of  being  appre- 
hended or  conceived. 

ap-pre-hen-sion  (ap-re-hen'shun), 
n.  the  act  of  seizure  or  laying  hold 
of  ;  arrest ;  the  act  of  conceiving  ; 
perception  ;  anticipation  of  evil ; 
fear  or  distrust  of  the  future. 

ap-pre-h.en-sive  ( ap-re-hen'siv ) , 
adj.  capable  of  apprehending ; 
quick  to  learn,  or  grasp ;  fearful  of 
evil ;  anxious  for  the  future. 

ap-pren-tice  (a-pren'tis),  n.  one 
bound  or  articled  by  indenture  to 
serve  a  certain  number  of  years  to 
learn  some  trade  or  craft ;  a 
novice  or  tyro :  v.t.  to  put  under 
the  care  of  a  master  for  instruc- 
tion in  some  trade  or  craft. 
ap-prize  (a-priz),  v.t.  to  give 
notice  to ;  inform. 

ap-proach.      (ap-proch'),     v.i.     to 
draw  or  grow  near;  approximate: 
v.t.  to   resemble,  come  near  to. 
ap-proach   (ap-proch').  n.  the  act 
of  drawing  near ;  access ;  passage. 
ap-pro-bate     (ap-ro-biit),    v.t.    to 
express    approval    of ;    license    or 
sanction. 

ap-pro-ba-tion  ( ap-ro-ba'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  approving ;  commen- 
dation 


ap-pro-ba-tive  (ap'ro-ba-tiv),  adj. 

approving ;     expressing     approba- 
tion. 
ap-pro-ba-tive-ness      (-nes),     n. 

love  of  praise  or  fame ;  ambition. 
ap-pro-ba-tp-ry      (ap'ro-ba-to-ri), 
adj.   containing  or  expressing  ap- 
probation. 
ap-pro-pri-a-ble  ( ap-pro'pri-a-bl ) , 

adj.  capable  of  appropriation. 
ap  -  pro  -  pri  -  ate  (ap-pro'pri-at), 
v.t.  to  take  to  one's  self,  in  exclu- 
sion of  others ;  claim  or  use,  as  by 
an  exclusive  right ;  set  apart  or 
assign  to  a  particular  use ;  annex 
a  benefice  to  a  religious  corpora- 
tion :  adj.  peculiar ;  fit ;  apt. 

Syn.  assume,  ascribe,  arrogate, 
usurp. 

ap-pro-pri-a-tion  ( ap-pro-pri-a'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  assigning  to 
one's  self,  or  to  a  particular  use 
or  person  ;  application  to  a  special 
use  or  purpose  ;  the  annexation  of 
a  benefice  to  a  religious  corpora- 
tion. 

ap-pro-prl-a-tive  (ap-pro'pri-a- 
tiv),  adj.  appropriating:  making 
or  tending  to  appropriation. 

ap-pro-pri-a-tor  (ap-pro'pri-a- 
ter) ,  n.  one  who  appropriates  ;  one 
who  holds  an  appropriated  bene- 
fice. 

ap-prov-a-ble  (ap-proov'a-bl), 
adj.  deserving  of  or  meriting  ap- 
proval. 

ap-prov-al  (ap-proov'al),  n.  ap- 
probation ;  sanction  ;  ratification  ; 
consent. 

ap-prove  (ap-proov'),  v.t.  to 
prove,  test,  or  demonstrate ;  rat- 
ify ;  pronounce  efficient  or  suffi- 
cient ;  be  pleased  or  satisfied  with ; 
commend :  v.i.  to  express  approval 
(usually  followed  by  of). 

ap-prov-er  (ap-proov'-er),  n.  one 
who  approves. 

ap-pro  ving-ly  ( ap-proov-'ing-ly ) , 
adv.  in  a  commendatory  manner. 

ap-prox-i-mate  ( ap-proks'i-mat ) , 
v.t.  to  bring  or  carry  near;  cause 
to  approach :  v.i.  to  draw  near ; 
approach  closely  :  adj.  making  ap- 
proach to  ;  near  in  resemblance  or 
position. 

ap-prpx-i-mate-ly  (ap-proks'i- 
mat'li).  adv.  very  nearly  but  not 
absolutely, 

ap-prox-i  ina-tioa        (ap-Dtok«'>- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat.  awl  ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moan, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


app 


52 


aqu 


mu'-shun),  n.  the  act  of  approxi- 
mating ;  approach  to  anything  as 
a  standard ;  continual  approach  in 
exactness  to  the  quantity  sought, 
without  actually  arriving  at  it ; 
a  value  nearly  but  not  quite  cor- 
rect. 

Syn.    approach,    likeness,    near- 
ness, contiguity. 

Ant.   (see  remoteness). 

ap-prox-i-ma-tiye  (ap-proks'i- 
mfi-tiv),  adj.  with  a  tendency  to 
exactness. 

ap-prox-i-ma-tive-ly  (ap-proks'i- 
ma-tiv-li),  adv.  in  an  approxi- 
mative manner. 

ap-pulse  (ap-puls'),  or  appul- 
sion  (-pul'shun),  n.  a  coming  to- 
wards ;  the  near  approach  of  a 
planet  to  a  conjunction  with  the 
sun  or  any  fixed  star. 

a  p-p  u  r-t  e-n  a  n  c  e  (ap-per'te- 
nans),  n.  that  which  belongs  or 
relates  to  something  else ;  an  ad- 
junct or  appendage ;  that  which 
belongs  to,  or  is  accessory  to,  an 
estate  or  property. 

ap-pur-te-nant     (ap-per'te-nant), 

.  adj.  belonging  or  pertaining  to ; 
accessory. 

a-pri-cot  (a'pri-kot  &  ap'ri-kot), 
n.  the  fruit  of  a  tree,  allied  to  the 
plum. 

A-pril  fool  (fool),  n.  one  who  is 
imposed  upon  or  deceived  in  a 
jocular  manner  on  April  1st,  or 
All  Fools'  Day. 

a  pri-o-ri  (a  pri-o'ri),  from  some- 
thing prior ;  proceeding  from  an- 
tecedent to  consequent. 

a-pron  (a'prun),  n.  a  portion  of 
cloth,  leather,  or  other  material, 
worn  as  a  protective  or  orna- 
mental covering  to  the  front  of 
the  person  ;  a  leathern  covering  for 
the  legs,  used  in  driving ;  the  vent- 
cover  of  a  cannon ;  the  curved 
timber  placed  above  the  foremost 
end  of  a  ship's  keel ;  a  platform 
at  the  entrance  to  a  dock. 

a-pro-pos  (a-pro-p<V),  adv.  to  the 
purpose  ;  to  the  point ;  opportune- 
ly ;  in  respect  (followed  by  of)  : 
adj.  seasonable  ;  happy.  Written 
also  a  propos. 

apse  (aps).  n.  [pi.  apses  (-ez)],  a 
polygonal  or  semicircular  recess 


terminating  the  choir  or  other 
portion  of  a  church. 

ap-si-dal  (ap'si-dftl),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  apsides. 

ap-sis  (ap'sis),  n.  [pi.  apsides 
('si-dez)  ],  one  of  two  points  in  the 
orbit  of  a  planet  situated  at  the 
furthest  or  the  least  distance 
from  the  central  body  or  sun ; 
the  imaginary  line  connecting 
these  points. 

apt  (apt),  adj.  suitable;  perti- 
nent ;  appropriate ;  liable ;  in- 
clined ;  ready ;  expert ;  quick  of 
apprehension. 

ap-te-ral  (ap'te-ral),  adj.  with- 
out wings ;  without  side-columns. 

ap-te-rous  (ap'te-rus),  adj.  desti- 
tute of  wings,  or  wing-like  expan- 
sions. 

ap-te-ryx  (ap'te-riks),  n.  a  wing- 
less and  tailless  bird  peculiar  to 
New  Zealand. 

ap-ti-tude  (ap'ti-tud),  n.  capac- 
ity for  anything :  fitness ;  tend- 
ency ;  readiness  in  learning. 

a-qua  (a'kwa),  n.  a  term  much 
used  in  pharmacy  in  the  abbrevi- 
ated form  of  Aq.,  and  denoting 
the  addition  of  water. 

a-qua  am-mo-ni-se  (am-mo'ni-e), 
water  containing  an  infusion  of 
ammonia-gas. 

a-qua  for-tis  (for'tis).  n.  (strong 
water),  impure  nitric  acid. 

a-qua  re-gi-a  (fi'kwa  re'ji-a),  n. 
(royal-water),  a  mixture  of  nitric 
and  hydrochloric  acids,  capable  of 
dissolving  gold. 

a-qua  vi-tse  (a'kwa  yi'te),  n. 
(water  of  life)  unrectified  alco- 
hol ;  brandy  and  other  ardent 
spirits. 

a-qua-ma-rine  ( a'kwa-ma-ren' ) , 
n  a  pale  bluish-green  variety  of 
beryl ;  a  color  resembling  the 
precious  beryl. 

a-qua-ri-um  (a-kwa'ri-um).  n. 
[pi.  aquaria  (-a)  &  aquariums 
(-umz)],  a  tank  or  globe  for  the 
keeping  and  cultivation  of  aquatic 
plants  and  animals ;  a  series  of 
such  receptacles. 

a-quat-ic  (a-kwat'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  water;  growing  or  liv- 
ing in  or  upon  water;  performed 
in  or  upon  water,  as  sports:  n.  an 
animal  or  plant  inhabiting  water: 
pi.  aquatic  sports. 


late.  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  thon. 


aqu 


53 


arc 


a-qua-tint  (a'kwa-tint),  n.  a 
species  of  etching  resembling  a 
water-color  drawing  in  India  ink 
or  in  sepia ;  an  engraving  pro- 
duced by  this  process :  v.t.  to  etch 
or  engrave  in  aquatint. 

aq-ue-duct  (ak'we-dukt),  n.  a 
structure  in  the  form  of  a  con- 
duit or  artificial  channel  for  con- 
ducting water  from  a  source,  as 
for  the  supply  of  a  large  city. 

a-que-ous  (a'kwe-us),  adj.  of  the 
nature  of,  or  abounding  in.  water ; 
watery ;  formed  in  or  by  means  of 
water. 

a-qui-fonn  (a-kwi-form),  adj. 
having  the  form  of  water ;  liquid. 

aq-ui-line  (ak-wi-lin  &  -lin),  adj. 
belonging  to  or  resembling  an 
eagle ;  curved,  as  the  beak  of  an 
eagle. 

Ar-ab  (ar'ab),  n.  a  native  of 
Arabia  ;  a  desert-dweller ;  one  of 
the  Arabic  races  spread  over  the 
African  and  Syrian  deserts ;  a 
homeless  street-urchin  or  outcast : 
adj.  pertaining  to  Arabia  or  the 
Arabs. 

ar-a-besqne  (ar-a-besk'),  n.  the 
style  of  Arabic  decorative  art, 
which  consists  of  the  painting,  in- 
laying, or  carving  in  low  relief 
of  figures  of  plants,  fruits,  flowers, 
and  foliage,  variously  combined 
or  fantastically  grouped :  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  exhibiting  the  ara- 
besque style  of  ornamentation : 
r.^.  enrich  with  ornament  in  ara- 
besque. 

Ar-a-bic  nnm-er-als  (-num'er- 
alz),  n.pl  the  figures  0,  1,  2,  3, 
&c..  of  Indian  origin,  used  by  the 
Arabs  and  introduced  into  Eu- 
rope in  the  12th  century. 

ar-a-ble  (ar'a-bl),  adj.  fit  for  the 
plow ;  suited  to  the  purposes  of 
cultivation. 

ar-bi-ter  (ar'bi-ter),  n.  an  um- 
pire or  judge  :  an  arbitrator. 

ar-bit-ra-ment  Cur-bit' rfi-ment) , 
n.  the  decision  of  arbitrators ;  an 
award. 

ar-bi-tra-ri-ly  nir-bi-tra'ri-ly) . 
adv.  in  a  capricious  manner;  im- 
periously. 

ar-bi-tra-ry  <  iir'bi-tra-ri ) ,  adj. 
depending  on  the  will  of  the  ar- 
biter: discretionary;  capricious; 
imperious. 


ar-bi-trate  (ar'bi-trat),  v.i.  to 
act  as  arbiter ;  to  settle  a  dispute, 
as  an  umpire ;  mediate. 

ar-bi-tra-tion  (ar-bi-tra'shun),  n. 
the  settlement  of  a  dispute  by  an 
umpire. 

ar-bi-tra-tor  (ar'bi-tra-ter).  n. 
one  chosen  by  the  parties  in  a 
dispute  to  settle  it ;  an  umpire. 

ar-bor  (ar'ber),  n.  a  bower;  a 
shaded  nook  or  walk. 

Ar-bor  Day  (ar^ber  da),  a  day 
legally  set  apart  in  certain  States 
for  planting  trees. 

ar-bo-ra-ceous  (ar-bo-ra'shus). 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  na- 
ture of,  a  tree  or  trees ;  living  on 
or  among  trees. 

a  r-b  o-r  e-o  n  s  (ar-bo're-us)  or 
arboreal  (-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to  trees ;  wooded. 

ar-bo-res-cence  (ar-bo-res'ens), 
n.  something  having  the  shape  of 
a  tree,  as  certain  crystals. 

a  r-b  o-r  e  s-c  e  n  t  ( ar-bo-res'ent) , 
adj.  tree-like. 

ar-bo-re-tum  (ar-bo-re'tum),  n. 
[pi.  arboreta  (-ta)  &  arboretums 
(-tumz)],  a  place  in  which  rare 
trees  are  cultivated  and  exhibited. 

ar-bor-i-cul-ture  ( ar-ber-i-kul'- 
tur),  n.  the  cultivation  of  trees. 

a  r-b  o  r-i-s  e  ( ar-ber-e-za' ) .  adj. 
marked  like  the  branching  of  trees, 
as  agates,  enamels,  &c. 

ar-bor-i-sa-tipn  or  ar-bor-i-za- 
tion  (ar-ber-i-za'shun),  n.  a  tree- 
like appearance. 

ar-bor-ons  (iir'ber-us),  adj.  hav- 
ing the  appearance  or  nature  of 
an  arbor. 

ar-bor- vi-tae  (ar-ber-vi'te),  n.  an 
evergreen  tree  extensively  culti- 
vated in  gardens,  &c. 

arc  (ark),  n.  a  curved  line  or  any 
part  of  a  curve  forming  the  seg- 
ment of  a  circle ;  the  portion  of  a 
circle  described  by  the  sun  or  any 
heavenly  body  in  its  apparent 
passage  through  the  heavens. 

arc-lamp  (-lamp),  n.  a  lamp  hav- 
ing a  luminous  bridge  dr  arc. 

arc-light  (-lit),  a  light  produced 
by  a  current  of  electricity  passing 
between  two  carbon  points  placed 
a  short  distance  from  each  other. 

ar-cade  (ar-kad'),  n.  a  series  of 
arches  supported  by  pillars ;  an 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
ccok  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  f/ien. 


•re 


54 


arc 


arched  gallery,  or  promenade,  lined 
with  shops. 

ar  -  ca  -  di  -  an  (ar-ka'di-an),  adj. 
rurally  simple. 

ar-ca-num  (iir-ka'num),  n.  [pi. 
arcana  ('nfi)].  a  secret;  a  mys- 
tery ;  a  valuable  elixir. 

arch  (arch),  n.  structure  of  brick 
or  masonry,  the  component  wedge- 
shaped  parts  of  which  follow  a 
curved  line ;  any  curvature  hav- 
ing the  form  of  an  arch  :  v.t.  to 
cover  with  an  arch  or  arches ;  to 
bend  or  curve  into  the  form  of  an 
arch :  v.i.  to  form  an  arch  or 
arches ;  curve :  adj.  chief ;  of 
the  first  rank  ;  cunning  ;  crafty  ; 
shrewd  ;  waggish  ;  mischievous  ; 
roguish;  sportive;  coy. 

arch-board  (arch'bord),  n.  the 
portion  of  the  stern  over  the 
counter  of  a  ship. 

arch-brick  (arch'brik),  n.  a 
wedge-shaped  brick  used  in  the 
construction  of  arches. 

ar-chse-o-log-ic  (ar-ke-6-loj'ik)  or 
ar-chse-o-log-ic-al  ('ik-ul),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  study  of  antiqui- 
ties. 

ar-chse-o-log-ic-al-ly  (-H),  adv. 
in  accordance  with  the  science  of 
antiquities. 

ar-chse-ol-o-gist  or  archeolo- 
gist  (iir-ke-ol'o-jist),  n.  one  versed 
in  the  study  of  ancient  things ; 
an  antiquary. 

ar-chae-ol-o-gy  or  archeology 
(S.r-ke-ol'6-ji),  n.  the  science  of 
antiquities ;  the  study  of  prehis- 
toric remains,  or  the  relics  of  the 
early  races  of  mankind. 

ar-cha-ic  (ilr-ka'ik)  or  archa- 
ical  ('ik-al),  adj.  pertaining  to  a 
remote  period ;  characterized  by 
antiquity  ;  old-fashioned  ;  antiqua- 
ted. 

ar  cha-ism  (aVka-izm),  n.  an- 
tiquity of  style  or  use;  an  anti- 
quated, old-fashioned,  or  obsolete 
word,  expression,  or  idiom. 

arch-an-gel  (ark-.^n'jel).  ».  an 
angel  of  the  highest  order. 

arch  -  an  -  gel  -ic  ( iirk-an-  jel'ik ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  archangels. 

arch-bish-op  (iirch-bish'up),  n.  a 
chief  bishop,  one  who  supervises 
the  bishops  in  his  province,  and 
also  exercises  episcopal  authority 
in  his  own  diocese. 


arch- bish-op-ric  (iirch-bish'up- 
rik),  n.  the  jurisdiction,  office,  or 
see  of  an  archbishop. 

arch-dea-con  (arch-de'kn),  n.  dig- 
nitary ranking  next  below  a 
bishop,  and  who  acts  as  his  vicar 
or  vice-regent. 

areh-dea  con-ate  (-ate),  n.  the 
territory  or  section  over  which  an 
archdeacon  has  jurisdiction ;  an 
archdeaconry. 

arch-dea-con-ry  (-ri),  n.  the  office 
rank,  jurisdiction,  or  residence  of 
an  archdeacon. 

arch-du-cal  (arch-du'kal),  adj. 
pertaining  to  an  archduke  or  an 
archduchy. 

arcli-ducli-ess  (iirch-duch'es).  n. 
the  wife  of  an  archduke ;  a  daugh- 
ter of  the  Emperor  of  Austria. 

arch-duch-y  (arch-duch'i),  n.  \pl. 
archduchies  (-iz)  1,  the  territory  or 
rank  of  an  archduke  or  archduch- 
ess). 

arch-duke  (arch-duk'),  n.  a 
prince  of  the  imperial  house  of 
Austria. 

arcli-  cluke-dom  ( arch-duk'dom ) , 
n.  the  dignity  or  territory  of  an 
archduke. 

ar-che-bi-o-sis  (ar-ke-bi-6'sis).  n. 
the  origination  of  living  from 
non-living  matter ;  abiogenesis. 

ar-cheg-o-ny  (ar-keg'6-ni),  n.  the 
doctrine  of  the  origin  of  life. 

arch-en-e-my  (lirch-en'e-mi),  n.  a 
principal  enemy ;  Satan. 

ar-cher  (iir'cher),  n.  a  bowman; 
one  skilled  in  the  use  of  the  bow 
and  arrow. 

arch-er-fish  (-fish),  n.  a  scaly- 
finned  fish  of  the  Java  seas,  which 
catches  insects  by  darting  drops 
of  water  upon  them. 

arch-er-y  (arch'er-i),  n.  the  art 
practice,  or  skill  of  one  who  uses 
the  bow  and  arrow. 

ar-che-type  (iir'ke-tlp),  n.  the 
original  type  or  pattern  upon  or 
after  which  a  thing  is  made ;  a 
model ;  the  original  or  funda- 
mental type-structure  from  which 
a  natural  group  of  plants  or  ani- 
mals are  assumed  to  have  de- 
scended. 

ar-che-typ-ic  (ar-ke-tip'ik).  ar- 
che-ty-pal  (-ti'pal),  or  ar-che- 
typ-ic-al  (-tip'ik-al).  adj.  of  or 
pertaining  to  an  archetype. 


late,  mftr,  mask,  cat.  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch.  lot ;  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


arc 


55 


aye 


ar-che-typ-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  af- 
ter the  manner  of  an  archetype. 

ar-chl-e-pis-co-pa-cy  ( ar-ki-e-pis'- 
k5-pa-si),  n.  the  rule  or  dignity 
of  an  archbishop. 

ar-chi-e-pis-co-pal  (ar-ki-e-pis'ko- 
p&l),  adj.  pertaining  to  an  arch- 
bishop or  to  his  office. 

ar-chi-e-pis-co-pate.  See  archie- 
piscopacy. 

ar-ching  (ar'ching),  adj.  curving 
like  an  arch  :  n.  arched  work. 

ar-chi-pe-lag-ic  ( ar-ki-pe-la  j'ik ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  a  collection  of 
islands  with  the  sea  dividing  them. 

ar-chi-pel-a-go  (ar-ki-pel'a-go),  n. 
[pi.  archipelagoes  &  -gos  (-goz)], 
any  sea  or  body  of  salt  water  in- 
terspersed with  numerous  islands ; 
the  island-group  itself. 

ar-chi-tect  (ar'ki-tekt),  n.  one 
versed  in  the  art  of  building  and 
the  various  styles  of  architecture  ; 
one  who  plans  or  designs  build- 
ings and  superintends  their  con- 
struction, hence  one  who  forms  or 
designs. 

ar-chi-tec-tive  (ar'ki-tek-tiv),  adj. 
used  in  building ;  proper  for  build- 
ing. 

ar-chi-tec-ton-ics  ( ar-ki-tek-ton'- 
iks),  n.pl.  the  science  of  architec- 
ture. 

ar-chi-tec-tu-ral  (ar-ki-tek'tu- 
ral),  ad/,  pertaining  to  the  art  of 
building ;  in  accordance  with  the 
rules  of  the  building  art. 

ar-clii-tec-tu-ral-ly  (-li),  adv. 
with  regard  to  the  principles  of 
the  building  art ;  from  the  design- 
er's point  of  view. 

ar-chi-tec-ture  (ar'ki-tek-tur),  n. 
the  science  or  art  of  building ;  the 
method  or  style  of  building ;  con- 
struction ;  workmanship. 

ar-chi-trave  (ar'ki-trav),  n.  the 
lowest  division  of  an  entablature, 
or  that  part  which  rests  immedi- 
ately on  the  column. 

ar  chi-val  (ar-ki'vul  &  ar'ki-val), 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  included  in, 
state  records. 

ar-chive  (ar'klv),  n.  [pi.  archives 
(-kivz)],  a  record  preserved  as 
evidence :  pi.  the  place  where  pub- 
lic or  state  records  are  kept ;  state 
or  public  documents,  or  records  of 
historical  value  pertaining  to  a 
nation  or  to  a  family. 


arch-ly  (-li),  adv.  roguishly  ;  wag- 
gishly ;  coyly. 

arch-ness  (-nes),  n.  shyness;  coy- 
ness. 

ar-chon  (ar'kon),  n.  a  chief  magis- 
trate of  ancient  Athens :  one  of 
the  nine  chief  magistrates  chosen 
to  superintend  civil  and  religious 
matters.. 

arch-priest  (arch'prest),  n.  a 
chief  priest ;  a  rural  dean. 

arch- way  (arch'wa),  n.  an  open- 
ing or  passage  beneath  an  arched 
or  vaulted  roof. 

arc-o-graph  (ark'6-graf ),  n.  an 
instrument  for  drawing  an  arc 
without  the  use  of  a  central  point. 

arc-tic  (ark'tik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  region  of  the  north  pole ; 
polar  ;  northern  ;  frigid. 

arc-tic  cir-cle  (ser'kl),  n.  an 
imaginary  circle  parallel  to  the 
equator  and  distant  23°  28'  from 
the  north  pole. 

ar-dent  (iir'dent),  adj.  hot;  burn- 
ing ;  fiery  ;  warm  ;  glowing  ;  pas- 
sionate ;  eager :  zealous  ;  vehement. 

ar-dent   spir-its    (spir'itz),   n.pl. 
alcoholic     beverages,     as    brandy, 
I    whiskey,  &c. 

1  ar-dor  (ar'der),  n.  heat  in  a  physi- 
cal sense ;  warmth  of  affection  or 
passion  ;  eager  desire  ;  zeal. 

ar-du-ous    (iir'du-us),   adj.   steepi; 
hard  to  climb  ;  attended  with  great 
j    labor  or  exertion  ;  difficult. 

are  (ar),  pres.  tense  pi.  of  the 
verb  to  be.  See  be. 

are    (ar),   n.   the   unit   of   French 
;    superficial  or  square  measure  con- 
taining 100  sq.  meters  or  1076.44 
English  sq.  ft. 

ar-e-a  (ar'e-a),  n.  [pi.  areas 
(-az)],  any  plane  surface  having 
bounds,  whether  natural  or  ar- 
tificial, as  the  floor  of  a  hall,  &c. ; 
any  defined  extent  of  land-surface  ; 
the  sunken  space  situated  at  the 
base  of  a  building  and  separating 
it  from  the  street ;  the  superficial 
contents  of  any  space  or  figure ; 
extent ;  range  ;  scope  ;  a  compass 
of  ore  allotted  to  miners. 

a-re-na  (a-re'na),  n.  [pi.  arenas 
(-naz)],  the  central  enclosed 
space  (usually  strewn  with  sand) 
of  a  Roman  amphitheater,  in 
which  the  gladiatorial  combats 
took  place ;  hence  the  scene  or 


Into,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot :  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


are 


oo 


an 


field  for  combat  or  exertion  of  any 
kind. 

ar-e-na-ceous  (ar-e-na'shus),  adj. 
sandy :  abounding  in,  or  having 
the  properties  of,  sand. 

Ar-e-op-a-gus    (ar-e-op'a-gus),    n. 
the  tribunal,   or  highest  court,  of  ', 
ancient  Athens,  so  named  from  its 
situation     on     the     hill     of     Ares  [ 
(Mars)  ;  hence  any  high  court  or 
tribunal. 

Ar-gand  lamp  (lamp),  n.  a  lamp 
having  a  hollow  circular  wick  to 
permit  the  passage  of  air  inside 
and  outside  the  flame. 

ar-gent  (iir'jent),  n.  the  silver  of 
a  coat  of  arms,  represented  in 
drawing  or  engraving  by  a  plain 
white  surface,  symbolical  of  puri- 
ty, beauty,  &c. :  adj.  made  of.  or 
resembling,  silver;  silvery  white; 
bright  like  silver. 

ar-gen-tite  (ar'jen-ttt),  n.  sul- 
phide of  s;'ver  of  a  lead-grey  color. 

ar-gen-tous  (ar-jen'tus),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  containing,  silver. 

ar-gil  (iir'jil),  n.  potters'  clay  or 
earth. 

ar-gil-la-ceous  ( ar-ji-lfi'shus) , 
adj.  of  the  nature  of,  or  contain- 
ing, clay ;  clayey. 

ar-gil-lite  (iir'ji-lit),  n.  clay- 
slate. 

ar-gol  (iir'gol),  n.  crude  tartar 
from  which  cream  of  tartar  is 
prepared. 

ar-gon  (ar'gun),  n.  an  element 
associated  with  nitrogen,  and 
forming  one  of  the  constituents  of 
the  air. 

ar-go-naut  (ar'go-nawt),  n.  a 
cephalopod  commonly  known  as 
the  paper-nautilus,  and  paper- 
sailor  of  the  Mediterranean. 

ar-go-sy  (aVgo-si),  n.  [pi.  argo- 
sies (-siz)],  a  large  richly- 
i'roighted  merchant-vessel. 

a  r-g  Ti-a-b  1  e  ( ar'gu-a-bl ) ,  adj. 
capable  of  being  disputed  or  dis- 
cussed. 

ar-gue  (iir'gu),  v.i.  to  show  or 
offer  reasons  in  support  of,  or  in 
opposition  to,  a  proposition,  opin- 
ion, or  measure ;  to  reason,  dis- 
pute, discuss ;  contend  in  debate : 
v.t.  to  debate  or  discuss ;  prove  or 
evince. 

Syn.     debate,     dispute,     reason 
upon. 


ar-gu-fy  (ar'gu-fl),  v.i.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  argufied,  p.pr.  argufying],  to 
contend  in  argument ;  to  persist 
in  discussion. 

ar-gn-ment  (ar'gu-ment),  n.  that 
which  is  advanced  in  support  or 
proof  with  a  view  to  persuade  or 
convince  the  mind ;  a  discussion, 
controversy,  or  debate ;  the  sub- 
ject of  a  discourse  or  writing ;  an 
abstract  or  summary  of  a  book. 

ar-gu-men-tal  (iir-gu-men'tal), 
adj.  pertaining  to  reasoning ;  con- 
sisting of  reasons. 

ar-gu-men-ta-tion  (ar-gu-men- 
ta'shun),  n.  the  act  of  arguing; 
discussion. 

ar-gu-men-ta-tive  (ar-gu-men'- 
ta-tiv),  adj.  consisting  of,  or  ex- 
hibiting a  process  of  reasoning; 
addicted  to  argument ;  disputa- 
tious. 

a  r-g  u  s-e  y  e  d  (iir'gus-id),  adj. 
watchful ;  vigilant ;  extremely  ob- 
servant. 

a-ri-a  (iir'e-a  &  ar'i-A),  n.  an  air; 
a  melody  or  tune  for  single  voice 
with  accompaniment ;  a  solo  part 
in  a  cantata  or  oratorio,  &c. 

A-ri-an  (fi'ri-An),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  doctrines  of  the  Arian  sect. 

ar-id  (ar'id),  adj.  dry;  parched 
up ;  barren. 

a-rid-i-ty  (a-rid'i-ti),  or  arid- 
ness  (fir'id-nes),  n.  the  state  of 
being  dry  ;  dryness ;  want  of  life 
or  interest. 

ar-i-et-ta  (ar-e-et'ta),  n.  a  short 
song  or  air. 

a-right  (a-rif),  adv.  rightly;  in  a 
right  way  or  form ;  without  sin 
or  error. 

a-rise  (a-riz').  v.i.  \p.t.  arose,  p.p. 
arisen,  p.pr.  arising],  to  mount  up 
or  ascend  ;  to  come  into  view  ;  rise 
or  get  up ;  spring  up  :  come  into 
existence  or  action  ;  originate. 

Syn.  flow,  emanate,  spring,  pro- 
ceed, rise,  issue. 

ar-is-toc-ra-cy  (ar-is-tok'ra-si),  n. 
[pi.  aristocracies  (-siz)],  govern- 
ment by  persons  of  the  highest 
rank  in  a  state;  the  nobility  or 
chief  persons  in  a  state. 

ar-is-to-crat  (ar'is-to-krat  &  A-ris'- 
to-krat),  n.  a  personage  of  rank 
and  noble  birth  ;  one  who  upholds 
the  aristocracy  or  favors  govern- 
ment by  the  nobles ;  a  person  \vlio 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


arr 


57 


possesses  traits  supposed  to  char- 
acterize the  nobility. 

ar-is-to-crat-ic  ( ar-is-to-krat'ik ) 
or  ar-is-to-crat-ic-al  ( -ik-al ) ,  adj. 
pertaining  to.  or  consisting  in.  a 
government  of  the  nobles  ;  pertain- 
ing to,  or  characteristic  of.  the 
higher  class  or  nobility. 

ar-is-to-crat-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv. 
in  an  aristocratic  manner. 

ar-is-to-crat-ism        (ar'is-to-krat- 
izm    &    ar-is-tok'ra-tizm),    n.    the  J 
rank,    condition,    or   privileges   of  i 
one  of  noble  birth  ;  the  principles  i 
of  aristocracy. 

a-rith-me-tic  (a-rith'me-tik).  n. 
the  science  of  numbers :  the  art  of 
computation  by  figures. 

ar-ith-met-ic-al  ( ar-ith-met'ik-al ) . 
adj.  of  or  pertaining  to  arithmetic. 

ar-ith-met-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  or  methods  of 
arithmetic. 

a-rith-me-ti-cian  (a-rith-me-tish'- 
an),  re.  one  skilled  in  the  science 
of  numbers. 

ar-ith-mom-e-ter  (ar-ith-mom'e- 
ter),  n.  a  calculating  machine 
which  performs  multiplication  and 
division. 

ark  (ark),  n.  the  repository  of  the 
Covenant,  or  tables  of  the  Law,  in 
the  Jewish  Tabernacle  (Exod. 
xxv.),  and  subsequently  placed  in 
the  Temple  of  Solomon  (I  Kings 
viii.)  ;  the  vessel  in  which  Noah 
and  his  family  were  preserved  dur- 
ing the  Deluge,  hence  a  place  of 
safety  or  refuge ;  a  large  boat  used 
for  transporting  produce  on  Amer- 
ican rivers. 

arm  (arm),  n.  the  limb  of  the 
human  body  which  extends  from 
the  shoulder  to  the  hand  ;  the  an- 
terior or  fore-limb  of  any  verte- 
brate animal ;  any  projecting  or 
diverging  organ  or  part  of  a  main 
body  or  trunk,  as  the  tentacle  of  a 
star-fish,  the  branch  of  a  tree,  an 
inlet  of  the  sea,  &c. ;  might : 
power;  support. 

arm  (lirrn).  n.  a  weapon  ;  a  branch 
of  the  military  service:  v.t.  to  fur- 
nish or  equip  with  weapons  of 
offense  or  defense ;  fortify  or  pro- 
vide against ;  furnish  with  an 
armature:  v.i.  to  fit  one's  self 
with  arms,  or  take  to  one's  self 
means  of  defense. 


arm-chair  (arm'-char).  n.  a  chair 
furnished  with  supports  for  the 
elbows. 

arm-pit  (arm'-pit).  n.  the  cavity 
beneath  the  shoulder  ;  the  axilla. 

ar-ma-da  (ar-ma'da),  n.  a  fleet  of 
armed  vessels ;  a  squadron ;  the 
Spanish  fleet  dispatched  against 
England  in  1588,  by  Philip  II. 

ar-ma-clil-lo  (ar-ma-dil'o),  n.  [pi. 
armadillos  Coz)],  a  South  Ameri- 
can quadruped,  armed  with  a  bony 
shell  divided  into  belts  consisting 
of  numerous  small  plates,  and  re- 
sembling a  coat  of  mail ;  an  electric 
battery  so  named,  worn  round  the 
body  as  a  cure  for  nervous  and 
other  affections. 

ar-ma-ment  (ar'ma-ment).  n.  a 
body  of  forces  equipped  for  war, 
either  military  or  naval ;  the  can- 
non and  small  arms  collectively  of 
a  warship  or  fortification ;  the 
number  and  weight  of  guns  of  a 
war- vessel. 

ar-ma-ture  (ar'nia-tur) .  n.  armor : 
that  which  serves  as  a  means  of 
defense ;  a  piece  of  soft  iron  con- 
necting the  poles  of  a  magnet,  or 
electro-magnet,  to  preserve  and  in- 
crease the  magnetic  force ;  iron 
bars  or  frame-work  used  to 
strengthen  a  building. 

arm-fill  (arm'fool).  n.  as  much 
as  can  be  compassed  by  the  arms. 

ar-mis-tice  (ar'mis-tis),  n.  a  tem- 
porary cessation  of  hostilities 
agreed  upon  by  opposing  forces ;  a 
truce. 

arm-let  (arm'let),  n.  a  small  arm 
of  the  sea  ;  a  metal  band  for  the 
arm  used  for  ornament  or  for 
protection. 

ar-moire  (ar-mwar'),  n.  a  mov- 
able cupboard  with  doors. 
ar-mor  (ar'mer),  n.  defensive 
arms ;  protective  covering  for  the 
body  in  battle ;  the  steel  plating 
of  a  warship. 

ar-mor-clad  (-klad),  adj.  iron- 
clad :  n.  a  war  vessel  protected  by 
steel  plating. 

ar-mor-gra-ting  (-gra'ting),  n. 
deep  iron  gratings  used  to  protect 
the  boilers  of  ironclads  from  mis- 
siles during  an  engagement. 
ar-mor-plate  (-plat),  n.  a  plate 
of  iron  or  steel  intended  to  be 
affixed  to  the  side  of  a  ship  as 


late,  niiir.  niAsk.  cat,  awl  ;  he,  he"r.  let:  line,  tin;  vflte,  pGroh,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin,  then. 


58 


arr 


part    of   a    casing   for   protection 
against  shell-fire. 

ar-mor-er  (ar'mor-er),  n.  for- 
merly a  maker  of  arms  or  armor, 
or  one  who  had  charge  of  the  ar- 
mor of  another ;  the  custodian  of 
the  arms  of  a  troop  or  battleship. 

ar-mo-ri-al  ( iir-mo'ri-al ) ,  adj. 
pertaining  to  armor  or  to  the  arms 
or  escutcheon  of  a  family :  n.  a 
book  or  dictionary  of  heraldic  de- 
vices and  the  names  of  persons  en- 
titled to  use  them. 

ar-mor-y  (iir'mer-i).  n.  [pi.  -ries. 
(-riz)],  a  place  for  arms  or  the 
assembly  of  soldiers ;  a  manufac- 
tory of  arms. 

ar-mo-zeen  or  armozine  (ar-mo- 
zen'),  n.  a  thick  plain  silk,  gen- 
erally black,  used  for  clerical 
robes. 

arms  (armz),  n.pl.  weapons  of 
offense  or  defense ;  the  military 
service ;  war  as  a  profession ;  ar- 
morial bearings. 

8yn.  armor,  mail,  weapons,  har- 
ness. 

ar-my  (ar'mi),  n.  [pi.  armies 
(miz)],  a  body  of  men  trained 
and  equipped  for  war,  and  organ- 
ized in  regiments,  brigades,  or 
similar  divisions  under  proper 
officers :  a  great  number  or  multi- 
tude ;  an  organized  body  of  per- 
sons engaged  in  moral  warfare. 

ar  my- worm  (-worm),  n.  the 
larva  of  a  moth  which  devastates 
grain  and  other  crops. 

ar-ni-ca  (ar'ni-ka).  n.  a  genus  of 
perennial  herbs ;  the  mountain  to- 
bacco :  from  the  roots  or  flowers 
of  a  species  of  this  herb  a  valua- 
ble external  remedy  for  bruises  is 
made. 

a  ro ma  (a-ro'ma).  n.  [pi.  aromas 
('inAz)],  the  odor  exhaled  by 
plants  or  other  substances,  gen- 
erally of  an  agreeable  or  spicy 
nature  ;  perfume  :  fragrance. 

ar-o-mat-ic  (ar-o-mat'ik)  or  ar- 
o  mat  ic-al  ('ik-nl),  adj.  giving 
out  aroma  ;  fragrant :  spicy  ;  odor- 
iferous :  n.  a  plant,  herb,  or  drug 
yielding  a  fragrant  smell. 

ar  o  mat  ie  ally  (-li),  adv.  with 
an  aromatic  taste  or  smell. 

ar-o-mat-ic-vin-e-gar  (-vin'e- 
gar),  n.  a  powerful  perfume  com- 
posed of  strong  acetic  acid,  the 


essential    oils    of    lavender,    cam- 
phor, &c. 

a-ro-ma-tous  (a-ro'ma-tus),  adj. 
full  of  fragrance;  aromatic. 

a-rose   (a-roz').  p.t.  of  arise. 

around  (a- round') ,  adv.  in  a 
circle  ;  on  every  side  :  roundabout : 
prep,  about;  on  all  sides;  encir- 
cling; encompassing. 

a  ron  sal  (a-rou'zal),  n.  the  act 
of  awakening ;  the  state  of  being 
awakened. 

a-rouse  (a-rouz'),  v.t.  to  excite  or 
stir  to  action  ;  put  in  motion  that 
which  is  at  rest ;  awaken  from 
sleep  or  a  state  of  inactivity ; 
stimulate ;  _animate. 

a-row  (a-nV),  adv.  in  a  row;  in 
order ;  successively. 

ar-raign  (a-ran'),  v.t.  to  summon 
or  set,  as  a  prisoner  at  the  bar  of 
a  court  to  answe_r  to  a  charge ; 
censure  publicly  ;  impeach  ;  indict. 

ar-raign-ment  (ft-rfm'ment),  n. 
an  accusation  ;  an  impeachment. 

ar-range  (fi-rfmj'),  v.t.  to  put  in 
proper  order  or  sequence ;  class- 
ify ;  adjust  or  settle ;  adapt ; 
group. 

ar-range-ment  (u-ranj'ment).  n. 
the  act  of  putting  in  proper  form 
or  order ;  that  which  is  ordered  or 
disposed  ;  the  method  or  style  of 
disposition ;  a  preparatory  meas- 
ure ;  preparation ;  settlement ; 
classification  ;  adjustment ;  adap- 
tation. 

ar-rant  (ar'ant),  adj.  notorious; 
unmitigated ;  thorough  or  down- 
right (in  a  bad  sense)  ;  shame- 
less. 

ar-ras  (ar'as),  n.  tapestry;  hang- 
ings made  of  rich  figured  fabric. 

ar-ra-sene  or  arasene  (ar-a- 
sen'),  n.  a  kind  of  mixed  thread 
of  wool  and  silk  used  in  raised 
embroidery. 

ar-ray  (ar-ril'),  n.  order;  the 
grouping  or  arrangement  of  a  body 
of  men  as  drawn  up  for  battle  ;  an 
orderly  collection  or  series  of 
things  imposingly  displayed  ;  dress 
arranged  on  the  person  ;  apparel  : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  -ed.  p  pr.  -ing],  to 
place  or  dispose  in  order ;  mar- 
shal ;  deck  or  dress. 

N?/».  collection,  order,  show,  ex- 
hibition. 

ar-ray-al  (ar-ra':\l),  n.  the  proc- 
ess of  arraying. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her.  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moOn, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


arr 


59 


art 


ar-rear    (ar-rer').   n.   the  state  of] 
being  behind-hand  ;   that  which  is 
undone,  outstanding,  or  unpaid. 

ar-rear-age  (ar-rer'aj),  n.  the 
state  or  condition  of  being  in  ar- 
rears ;  that  which  remains  unpaid 
and  overdue  after  a  previous 
payment. 

ar-rest  (ar-resf),  v.t.  to  stop  or 
stay ;  check  or  hinder  the  action 
or  motion  of ;  seize,  take,  or  appre- 
hend by  legal  authority  ;  seize  and 
fix,  as  the  eye  or  attention  :  n.  the 
act  of  seizing ;  stoppage  or  hold- 
ing back  by  force  or  restraint ;  the 
state  of  being  seized  or  detained 
by  legal  authority. 

Syn.  capture,  hold,  detain,  seize, 
stop,    secure. 

Ant.    (see  release). 

ar-ris  (ar'is),  n.  the  line  or  edge 
in  which  two  curved  or  straight 
surfaces  of  a  body,  forming  an 
exterior  angle,  meet  each  other. 

ar-ris-wise  (-wiz),  adv.  diagon- 
ally laid,  like  tiles ;  ridge-wise. 

ar-ri-val  (ar-ri'val),  n.  the  act  of  j 
coming  to  a  place,  or  reaching  a 
destination  from  a  distance ;  at- 
tainment of  any  object ;  the  per- 
son or  thing  arriving,  or  which 
has  arrived. 

ar-rive  (ar-riv'),  v.i.  to  come  to 
or  reach,  as  a  destination ;  reach 
a  point  or  stage  ;  gain  or  compass 
an  object :  attain  to  a  state  or  re- 
sult [with  at]. 

ar-ro-gance  (ar'ro-gans),  n.  an 
undue  degree  of  self-importance ; 
an  exorbitant  claim  to  dignity, 
rank,  or  estimation  ;  a  lordly  con- 
tempt of  others. 

a  r-r  o-g  ant  (ar'ro-gant) ,  adj. 
making  exorbitant  claims  to  dig- 
nity or  estimation,  by  presuming 
upon  one's  self-importance ;  over- 
bearingly haughty. 

ar-ro-gate  (ar'ro-gfit),  v.t.  to  as- 
sume or  lay  claim  to  unduly,  or 
with  presumptuous  pride. 

ar-ro-ga-tion  (ar-ro-ga'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  arrogating. 

ar-row  (ar'ro),  n.  a  slender, 
pointed  missile  weapon,  usually 
feathered  and  barbed,  made  to  be 
shot  from  a  bow. 

ar-row  char-ac-ters  (kar'ak- 
ters),  n.pl.  the  arrow-headed 
(cuneiform  or  wedge-shaped) 


characters  of  the  Assyrian  in- 
scriptions. 

ar-row-head  (-bed),  n.  the  head 
or  barb  of  an  arrow ;  an  aquatic 
plant  so  named  from  its  leaves. 

ar-row-root  (ar'ro-root) ,  n.  a 
starch  obtained  from  the  root- 
stocks  of  several  species  of  West 
Indian  plants. 

ar-row-wood  (-wood),  n.  a  wood 
of  which  the  arrows  of  the  Red 
Indians  are  made. 

ar-roy-o  (a-roi'6),  n.  [pi.  arroyos 
(-oz)],  a  watercourse  or  rivulet; 
the  dry  bed  of  a  small  stream. 

ar-se-nal  (ar'se-nal),  n.  a  maga- 
zine for  the  storage  of  arms  and 
military  stores  for  land  or  naval 
service,  or  then  manufacture. 

ar-se-nic  (iir'se-nik),  n.  an  ele- 
ment of  steel-gray  color  and  bril- 
liant luster,  and  exceedingly  brit- 
tle, occurring  usually  in  combina- 
tion. 

ar-sen-ic  (ar-sen'ik)  or  ar-sen- 
ic-al  ('ik-al),  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  containing  arsenic. 

ar-se-ni-ous  (iir-se'ni-us),  adj. 
pertaining  to  or  containing  ar- 
senic. 

ar-sen-ite  (ar'sen-it),  n.  a  salt  of 
arsenious  acid. 

ar-sis  (ar'sis),  n.  that  part  of  a 
foot  where  the  metrical  accent  is 
placed. 

ar-son  (ar'sn),  n.  the  malicious 
firing  of  any  building,  agricultural 
produce,  ship,  &c.,  belonging  to 
another,  or  one's  own  propertyt 
with  the  intent  to  defraud  an  in- 
surance office. 

art  (art),  2nd  pers.  sing,  indie, 
mood,  pres.  tense,  of  the  verb  to 
be.  [Art  is  used  only  in  solemn 
or  poetic  style.]  See  be. 

art  (art),  n.  the  employment  of 
means  to  the  accomplishment  of 
some  end ;  the  skilful  adaptation 
and  application  to  some  purpose 
or  use  of  knowledge  or  power  ac- 
quired from  Nature;  a  system  of 
rules  and  established  methods  to 
facilitate  the  performance  of  cer- 
tain actions ;  familiarity  with 
such  principles,  and  skill  in  ap- 
plying them  to  an  end  or  purpose, 
as  of  a  practical,  useful,  or  tech- 
nical character :  opposed  to  Sci- 
ence ;  one  of  the  fine  arts ;  the 
fine  arts  collectively ;  the  power 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


art 


60 


art 


or  quality  of  perceiving  and  tran- 
scribing  the  beautiful  or  sesthetical 
in  Nature,  as  in  painting  or 
sculpture ;  practical  skill ;  dex- 
terity ;  knack  ;  cunning  ;  artifice  : 
pi.  the  branches  of  learning  in- 
cluded in  the  ordinary  course  of 
academic  study. 

ar-te-ri-al  (ilr-te'ri-fil),  adj.  per- 
taining to  an  artery  or  the  arter- 
ies :  contained  in  an  artery. 

ar-te-ri-al -i-za-tion    (ar-te-ri-al-i- 
zfi'shun ) ,   n.    the   process   of  con- ! 
verting  venous  blood  into  arterial 
blood. 

ar-te-ri-al-ize  (ar-te'ri-ul-iz),  v.t. 
to  convert  venous  blood  into  ar- 
terial blood  by  exposure  to  oxygen 
in  the  lungs. 

ar-te-ri-ol-o-gy  ( ar-te'ri-ol'o-ji ) , 
n.  that  branch  of  anatomy  which 
treats  of  the  arteries. 

ar-te-ri-ot-o-my  ( iir-te-ri-ot'o-mi ) , 
n.  the  opening  of  an  artery ;  the 
part  of  anatomy  treating  of  the 
dissection  of  the  arteries. 

ar-ter-y  (ar'ter-i),  n.  \pl.  arter- 
ies (-iz)],  one  of  a  system  of 
tubes  or  vessels  which  convey  the 
blood  from  the  heart  to  all  parts 
of  the  body. 

ar-te-sian  well  (ar-to'zhan  wel), 
n.  a  well  formed  by  boring,  often 
to  great  depth,  through  strata  the 
nature  and  arrangement  of  which 
permit  of  the  permeation  and  ac- 
cumulation of  water ;  on  being 
freed  from  constraint,  the  water 
rises  by  pressure  in  the  tube  and 
overflows  at  the  surface. 

art-ful  (iirt'fool),  adj.  cunning; 
crafty. 

Syn.    disingenuous,    sly,    tricky, 
insincere. 

Ant.    (see  candid). 

art-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  cunning 
or  crafty  manner. 

ar-thri-tis  (ar-thri'tis),  n.  any 
inflammation  of  the  joints ;  the 
gout. 

ar-ti-choke  (lir'ti-chok),  n.  a 
plant  with  thistle-like  foliage,  and 
bearing  large  terminal  flower- 
heads,  the  lower  portion  of  which, 
consisting  of  a  fleshy  receptacle 
covered  with  thick  scales,  is  used 
as  food  :  the  tuberous  root  of  an 
American  sunflower  (Hclianthus 


tuberosis),  used  as  a  substitute 
for  potatoes. 

ar-ti-cle  (ar'ti-kl),  n.  a  distinct 
portion  or  member ;  a  single 
clause,  item,  or  particular,  as  in 
a  formal  agreement  or  treaty ;  a 
concise  statement ;  a  prose  compo- 
sition, complete,  in  itself,  in  a 
newspaper,  magazine,  or  work  of 
reference ;  a  material  thing,  as  one 
of  a  class ;  an  item ;  a  point  of 
duty,  faith,  or  doctrine ;  one  of 
the  words  (an  [a  before  conso- 
nant-sounds], the  indefinite  ar- 
ticle, and  the,  the  definite  article 
[see  a,  an,  &  the]),  used  before 
nouns  or  substantives  to  define  or 
limit  their  application  ;  a  jointed 
segment  connecting  two  parts  of 
a  limb  or  body :  v.t.  to  bind  by 
articles  of  covenant  or  stipula- 
tion ;  specify. 

ar-tic-n-lar  (ar-tik'u-lar) ,  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  joints  or  to  a 
joint. 

ar-tic-u-late  (ar-tik'u-lat),  v.t. 
to  joint ;  unite  by  means  of  a 
joint ;  to  form  words ;  utter  in 
distinct  syllables ;  speak  as  a 
human  being :  v.i.  to  unite  or  form 
an  articulation  (with)  ;  utter 
articulate  sounds ;  speak  with 
distinctness  :  adj.  jointed  ;  formed 
with  joints ;  segmented ;  charac- 
terized by  syllabic  division ;  ut- 
tered  with  distinctness. 

a  r-t  i  c-u-1  a-t  ion  (ar-tik-u-lfi'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  jointing;  the 
act  of  speaking  distinctly  ;  a  dis- 
tinct utterance ;  the  state  of  being 
articulated ;  a  joint  or  juncture 
between  bones ;  the  point  of  sepa- 
ration of  organs  or  parts  of  a 
plant ;  a  node  or  joint  of  the  stem, 
or  the  space  between  two  nodes. 

ar-tic-u-la-tor  (ar-tik'u-lfi-ter),  n, 
one  who  pronounces  distinctly;  an 
instrument  to  cure  stammering ; 
an  apparatus  attached  to  a  trio- 
phone  to  secure  regularity  of  tone  ; 
one  who  mounts  skeletons. 

ar-ti-fice  (iir'ti-fis),  n.  an  artful 
or  crafty  device ;  an  ingenious  ex- 
pedient ;  a  trick  or  stratagem  ;  a 
manoeuvre. 

Syn.    trick,    stratagem,    finesse, 
cunning,  craft. 

Ant.   (sco  openness). 

ar-tif-i-cer      (iir-tif'i-ser),     n.     a 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


art 


61 


asc 


skilled  or  artistic  worker ;  a  me- 
chanic ;  a  maker  or  constructor ; 
an  inventor. 

ar-ti-fl-cial  (ar-ti-fish'al),  adj. 
made  or  contrived  by  art ;  pro- 
duced by  human  skill  or  labor ; 
feigned ;  unreal ;  assumed ;  af- 
fected ;  not  genuine  or  natural. 

ar-ti-fi-ci-al-i-ty  (-fish-i-al'i-ti)  or 
artificialness  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  unreal  or  unnat- 
ural ;  that  which  is  artificial. 

ar-ti-fi-cial-ly  (-H),  adv.  by 
human  skill  or  contrivance. 

ar-til-ler-y  (ar-til'ler-i),  n.  can- 
non ;  great  guns ;  ordnance  of  all 
kinds,  with  its  equipment  of  car- 
riages, men,  and  material ;  the 
officers  and  men  forming  the  ar- 
tillery division  of  an  army ;  the 
science  which  treats  of  the  use  or 
management  of  ordnance. 

a  r-t  i-s  a  n  (ar'ti-zan),  n.  one 
skilled  in  any  art  or  trade ;  a  me- 
chanic; a  handicraftsman. 

ar-tist  (ar'tist),  n.  one  skilled  in 
any  branch  of  high  art;  one  pro- 
fessing or  practicing  one  of  the 
fine  arts. 

Syn.    artisan,    mechanic,    work- 
man, operative. 

ar-tiste  far-test'),  n.  one  who  is 
an  expert  in  any  branch  of  pro- 
fessional art  other  than  the  fine 
arts,  as  a  public  singer,  cook,  &c. 

ar-tis-tic  (;ir-tis'tik)  or  artis- 
tical  ('tik-Al),  adj.  pertaining  to 
art  or  to  artists ;  characterized  by 
aesthetic  feeling  or  conformity  to 
the  principles  of  a  school  of  art 
or  design. 

ar-tis-tic-al-ly  (-al-li).  adv.  in  a 
manner  conformable  to  the  rules 
and  principles  of  art. 

art-less  (art'les),  adj.  lacking  art ; 
unskilful ;  devoid  of  cunning ;  sim- 
ple ;  natural;  undesigning ;  unaf- 
fected ;  ingenuous. 

Ar-yan  Uir'yan),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  Aryans,  or  to .  their  lan- 
guage. 

Ar-yaiis,  n.  the  race  of  mankind 
from  which  the  white  people  of 
Europe  and  Southern  Asia  have 
descended. 

as  Cas),  n.  [pi.  asses  (as'sez)],  a 
Roman  weigkt  equivalent  to  the 
libra  or  pound. 

as-a-fet-i-da      or      as-a-foet-i-da 


(as-a-fet'i-da).  n.  a  fetid  sap  ob- 
tained from  the  roots  of  several 
large  umbelliferous  plants  of 
Persia  and  Afghanistan. 

as-bes-tine  (as-bes'tin),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of, 
asbestos ;  incombustible. 

as-bes-tos  (as-bes'tos)  or  asbes- 
tus  ('tus),  n.  a  fibrous  variety  of 
horn-blende,  separable  into  flexi- 
ble filaments  of  flax-like  appear- 
ance and  silky  luster,  and  pos- 
sessing the  property  of  being  in- 
combustible. 

as-cend  (as-send'),  v.i.  to.  take  an 
upward  direction;  mount;  go  up; 
rise ;  to  proceed  from  an  inferior 
to  a  superior ;  rise  from  a  lower 
to  a  higher  pitch  or  tone :  v.t.  to 
go  or  move  upward  upon  ;  climb ; 
go  upward  along. 

as-cend-a-ble  (as-sen'da-bl)  or 
as-cen-di-ble  ('di-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  climbed  or  navigated. 

as-cend-an-cy  (ns-sen'dan-si)  or 
ascendency  ('den-si),  n.  a  gov- 
erning or  controlling  power  or  in- 
fluence ;  domination. 

as-cend-ant  (as-sen'dant)  or  as- 
cend-ent  ('dent),  adj.  rising; 
superior ;  predominant ;  above  the 
horizon :  n.  superiority  or  com- 
manding influence ;  predominance ; 
an  ancestor,  or  one  who  precedes 
in  genealogy  or  degrees  of  kin- 
dred :  opposed  to  descendant :  the 
particular  zodiacal  sign  appearing 
above  the  horizon  at  the  time  of 
one's  birth. 

as-cen-sion  (as-sen'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  moving  unward ;  a  rising ; 
the  ascent  of  our  Lord  to  heaven ; 
the  rising  of  a  star  or  point  above 
the  celestial  horizon. 

As-cen-sion  Day  (da),  n.  a 
movable  feast  to  commemorate 
Christ's  ascension  into  heaven, 
celebrated  on  the  Thursday  next 
but  one  before  Whit-Sunday :  also 
called  Holy  Thursday. 

as-cent  (as-sent'),  n.  the  act  of 
rising  ;  an  upward  movement ;  the 
act  of  climbing ;  the  way  or  means 
of  reaching  a  height ;  an  acclivity  ; 
an  upward  slope. 

as-cer-tain  (as-ser-tan'),  v.t.  to 
make  certain  :  find  out  or  deter- 
mine definitely  by  test  or  exami- 
nation. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pfirch,  lot ;  m55n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


asc 


62 


asp 


ns  -  cer  -  tain  -  ment  (as-ser-tan'- 
ment),  n.  the  act  of  ascertaining. 

as-cet-ic  (as-set'ik),  adj.  exceed- 
ingly rigid  in  the  exercise  of  re- 
ligious duties  and  mortification  of 
worldly  desires :  n.  one  who  re- 
nounces the  \yorld  and  devotes 
himself  to  religious  exercises ;  one 
who  subjects  himself  to  severe 
disciplinary  methods  of  living ;  a 
hermit ;  a  recluse. 

as-cet-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in  an 
ascetical  manner. 

as-cet-i-cism  (as-set'i-sizm),  n. 
the  condition  or  mode  of  life 
adopted  by  one  who  renounces 
worldly  matters ;  austerity. 

as-cri  liable  (As-kri'bA-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  attributed  or  im- 
puted. 

as-cribe  (as-krib'),  v.t.  to  attrib- 
ute, impute,  or  refer ;  assign. 

as  crip-tion  (as-krip'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  attributing  or  imputing ; 
that  which  is  assigned. 

a-sep-tic  (a-sep'tik),  adv.  free 
from  the  germs  of  disease  or  putre- 
faction ;  not  liable  to  putrefy :  an 
aseptic  substance. 

a-sex-u-al  (a-seks'ii-al),  adj.  not 
sexual ;  produced  by  other  than 
sexual  processes. 

a-sex-u-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  man- 
ner other  than  by  conjunction  of 
the  sexes  :  applied  to  reproduction. 

ash  (ash),  n.  the  name  popularly 
applied  to  trees  of  the  genus  Frax- 
inus,  many  of  which  supply  valu- 
able timber ;  the  wood  of  the 
ash-tree :  adj.  pertaining  to,  or 
like,  the  ash  ;  made  of  ash. 

ash  Cash),  n.  \pl.  ashes  ('ez)].  the 
residue  of  plant  or  animal  sub- 
stance remaining  after  subjection 
to  red-heat :  pi.  the  waste  of 
burned  coal  :  the  remains  of  a  hu- 
man body  when  cremated,  hence  a 
corpse. 

a-shamed  (A-shamd'),  p.adj.  af- 
fected or  touched  by  shame :  cast 
down  or  dejected  by  conscious 
guilt :  abashed  by  a  sense  of  in- 
decorum ;  reluctant  through  fear 
of  shame  (followed  by  an  infini- 
tive). 

ash-en  (ash'n),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  ash-tree ;  made  of  ash  ;  of  the 
color  of  ashes  ;  pale. 


ashore  (a-shor'^,  adv.  on  shore; 
to  the  shore ;  on  land. 

a  side  (a-sld'),  adv.  on  or  to  one 
side ;  out  of  a  given  direction ; 
apart ;  away  from :  n.  a  speech  or 
utterance  not  intended  for  the 
present  company ;  a  remark  made 
by  an  actor  on  the  stage,  and  as- 
sumed to  be  heard  only  by  the 
person  for  whom  it  is  intended. 

as-i-nine  (as'i-nin),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  ass ;  having  the  nature 
or  characteristics  of  an  ass. 

as-i-nin-i-ty  (as'i-nin'i-ti),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  asinine  ;  obstinate 
stupidity. 

ask  (ask),  v.t.  to  request;  seek  to 
obtain  by  words  ;  petition  or  beg 
for ;  claim  or  demand  :  expect  or 
require  ;  inquire  respecting  ;  inter- 
rogate ;  invite :  v.i.  to  prefer  by 
request;  inquire  after. 

8yn.   crave,    beg,   beseech,   peti- 
tion, request,  solicit. 
Ant.  (see  command). 

a-skance  (a-skans')  or  a-skant 
(a-skanf).  adv.  sideways;  ob- 
liquely ;  awry ;  from  the  corner  of 
the  eye ;  aslant. 

a-skew  (a-skii'),  adv.  obliquely; 
awry ;  out  of  position  or  arrange- 
ment. 

a-slant  (a-slant'),  adv.  not  at  right 
angles  ;  sloping ;  oblique  ;  slant- 
ing ;  athwart. 

asleep  (a-slep'),  adj.  &  adv. 
Bleeping;  in  a  state  of  slumber; 
dormant. 

a -slope  (a-slop'),  adv.  in  a  sloping 
direction. 

a-soak  (a-sok'),  adv.  in  a  state  of 
saturation  or  soaked  with  moist- 
ure. 

asp  (asp),  n.  a  small  venomous 
snake  of  Egypt ;  the  common 
viper,  or  adder,  of  Europe ;  a 
royal  symbol  of  ancient  Egypt. 

as-par-a-gus  (as-par'fi-gus).  n.  a 
plant  having  tender  edible  shoots. 

as-pect  (as'peckt),  n.  visual  or 
mental  appearance  ;  look  ;  mien  ; 
air;  outlook  or  prospect:  the  rela- 
tive position  of  the  planets  as 
viewed  from  the  earth ;  appear- 
ance. 

as-pen  (as'pen),  n.,  a  species  of 
poplar  whose  leaves  nave  the  prop- 
erty of  trembling  in  the  slightest 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat.  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  po*rch,  lot:  moon, 
cook  ;  mii  re.  nut ;  thin,  *7ien. 


asp 


63 


breeze :  adj.  pertaining  to  the  asp- 
tree  :  quivering  like  an  aspen-leaf. 

as-per  (as'per),  adj.  rugged  ;  hard  ; 
warlike:  n.  the  mark  (')  in  Greek, 
to  indicate  the  rough  breathing,  or 
aspirate. 

as-per-i-ty  (as-per'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
asperities  (-tiz)],  roughness  of 
surface  ;  roughness  or  harshness  of 
sound ;  sourness ;  bitterness  of 
taste  or  temper. 

a-sper-mous  (a-sper'mus).  adj. 
without  seed  ;  not  producing  seed. 

as-perse  (as-pers'),  v.t.  to  be- 
sprinkle ;  injure  in  reputation  by 
calumny  ;  slander. 

as-per-sion  ( as-per' shun ),  n.  a 
sprinkling  as  of  dust  or  water ; 
injury  by  false  and  calumnious 
charges  or  reports  ;  slander. 

as-phalt  (as'falt),  n.  a  compact, 
brittle  variety  of  native  bitumen, 
employed  for  the  purpose  of  pav- 
ing, roofing,  and  cementing  :  v.t.  to 
lay  down  or  cover  with  asphalt. 

as-phal-tic  (as-fal'tik),  adj.  of 
the  nature  of,  composed  of,  or 
containing  asphalt. 

as-phal-tum.     Same  as  asphalt. 

as-pho-del  (as'fo-del) ,  n.  the  name 
of  several  plants  of  the  liliaceous 
genus  Asphodelus  ;  the  daffodil  of 
the  older  English  poets ;  the  un- 
fading plant  of  the  dead,  which 
covered  the  meadows  of  Hades. 

as-ph.yx-i-a  (as-fik'si-a)  or  as- 
phyx-y  ('si),  n.  the  condition  of 
lifelessness  occasioned  by  suspen- 
sion or  interruption  of  respiration. 

as-phyx-i-ate  (as-fik'si-fit).  v.t,  to 
suffocate ;  deprive  of  oxygon,  and 
so  cause  death  or  dangerous 
symptoms. 

as-pic  (as'pik),  n.  a  venomous 
asp;  the  great  lavender;  a  side- 
dish  composed  of  game,  fish,  &c.. 
encased  in  clear  savory  meat-jelly. 

as-pi-rant  (as-pi'rant),  adj.  as- 
piring; ambitious:  n.  one  who 
seeks  to  attain,  or  aspires  to,  a 
high  object  or  position. 

as-pi-rate  (as'pi-rfit),  v.t.  to  pro- 
nounce with  a  full  breathing ;  to 
prefix  the  sound  of  the  letter  h : 
n.  the  sound  of  the  letter  h,  as  in 
horse ;  the  mark  or  sign  used  to 
denote  the  sound :  adj.  pro- 
nounced with  the  audible  breath. 

as-pi-ra-tion     (as-pi-ra'shun),    n. 


the  act  of  aspirating  ;  an  aspirated 
sound  ;  a  breath  ;  the  yearning  de- 
sire for  something  higher  or  bet- 
ter than  that  already  possessed ; 
ambition. 

as-pi-ra-to-ry  (as-pl'ra-to-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to  breathing ;  suited  to 
the  inhaling  of  air. 

as-pire  (as-p!r'),  v.i.  to  seek  after 
or  desire  with  longing ;  yearn  for 
that  which  is  better  or  nobler ; 
rise  or  ascend ;  to  soar :  v.t.  to 
breathe  to,  or  into  ;  breathe  forth ; 
soar  to  ;  attain. 

a-squiiit  (a-skwinf) ,  adv.  with  a 
squint ;  to  or  out  of  the  corner  of 
the  eye ;  obliquely. 

ass  (as),  n.  a  quadruped  of  the 
genus  Equus,  allied  to  the  horse, 
usually  employed  in  its  domesti- 
cated state  as  a  beast  of  burden ; 
a  dull,  stupid  fellow. 

as-sa-feet-i-da.     See  asafetida. 

as-sail  (as-sal'),  v.t.  to  fall  upon 
or  attack  with  vehemence ;  attack 
with  argument  or  abuse. 

assailant  (as-sal'ant),  adj.  as- 
saulting ;  attacking :  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  assails. 

as-sas-sin  (as-sas'sin) ,  n.  one  who 
slays  treacherously  or  by  covert 
assault ;  one  who  kills,  or  at- 
tempts to  kill,  secretly  as  the  agent 
of  another  or  others,  or  for  re- 
ward ;  formerly  one  of  a  band  of 
Syrian  fanatics. 

as-sas-si-nate  (as-sas'si-nat) ,  v.t. 
to  kill,  or  attempt  to  kill,  by 
secret  or  treacherous  means  ;  slay 
suddenly  or  unawares  ;  murder. 

as-sas-si-na-tion  ( as-sas-si-na'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  slaying  in 
secret,  or  at  the  bidding  or  reward 
of  others ;  murder. 

as-sault  (as-sawlf),  n.  an  attack 
with  violence  by  physical  means; 
an  onslaught ;  an  attack  by  mili- 
tary force ;  a  violent  attack  by 
moral  force ;  an  attempt  or  threat 
to  do  bodily  violence  or  injury  to 
another ;  the  charge  of  an  attack- 
ing party  on  a  fortified  position: 
v.t.  to  attack  violently ;  storm,  as 
by  armed  force ;  attack  by  moral 
force ;  threaten  or  attempt  by  visi- 
ble means  bodily  violence  or  in- 
jury to  another;  attack  a  fortified 
position  by  a  sudden  charge. 

as-say  (as-sa'),  n.  the  act  or  proc- 


!ate,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOuh,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


64 


ess  of  determining  by  analysis  the 
quantity  or  proportion  of  any  one 
or  more  metals  in  a  metallic  com- 
pound, ore,  or  alloy,  especially  the 
standard  purity  of  gold  or  silver 
coin  or  bullion  ;  the  substance  or 
metal  to  be  assayed :  v.t.  \p.t.  & 
p.p.  -ed.  p.pr.  -ing],  to  subject  to 
analysis ;  to  determine  the  quan- 
tity or  proportion  of  one  or  more 
of  the  constituents  of  a  metal. 

as-say-er  (as-sa'er),  n.  one  who 
assays :  an  officer  of  the  Mint  ap- 
pointed to  test  the  purity  of  bul- 
lion and  coin. 

as-sem-blage  (as-sem'blaj),  n.  the 
act  of  assembling ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing assembled ;  a  group  or  col- 
lection of  persons  or  particular 
things. 

as-sem-ble  (as-sem'bl).  v.t.  to  col- 
lect or  gather  together  in  one  place 
or  body ;  congregate :  v.i.  to  meet 
or  come1  together ;  convene. 

as-sem-bly  (as-sem'bli) ,  n.  [pi. 
assemblies  (-blix)J,  a  collection 
or  company  of  persons  brought  to- 
gether in  one  place,  and  for  a 
common  object ;  a  meeting ;  a 
congregation. 

as-sem-bly-man  (-man),  n.  a 
member  of  a  legislative  assembly. 

as-sent  (as-sent'),  v.i.  to  admit  as 
true  ;  concede  ;  agree  to  ;  consent : 
n.  the  act  of  agreeing  to  ;  consent ; 
acquiescence ;  approval ;  concur- 
rence. 

assentation  ( as-sen-ta'shun ) . 
n.  compliance  with  the  opinion  of 
another,  in  flattery  or  obsequious- 
ness. 

as  sen-ti-ent  (as-sen'shi-ent),  adj. 
assenting :  n.  one  who  assents. 

as-sert  (as-sert'),  v.t.  to  main- 
tain ;  declare  positively,  or  with 
assurance  ;  aver  ;  affirm  ;  defend  or 
vindicate;  declare. 

assertion  (as-ser'shun) ,  n.  the 
act  of  asserting ;  that  which  is  as- 
serted ;  positive  declaration  ;  alle- 
gation ;  maintenance  or  defense. 

as  ser  tive  (as-ser'tiv),  adj.  posi- 
tive ;  dogmatical ;  confident  in  as- 
sertion. 

as-ser-tor  (as-ser'ter),  n.  one  who 
asserts ;  one  who  maintains  or  de- 
fends. 

a»-ser-to-ry  (as-ser'to-ri),  adj. 
affirming ;  supporting. 


as-sess  (as-ses').  v.t.  to  fix  or  de- 
termine, as  damages ;  fix,  rate,  or 
set  a  certain  charge  upon,  as  a 
tax ;  estimate  or  value  officially 
for  the  purpose  of  taxation. 

as-sessed  tax-es  (as-s^st  taks'ex  ) . 
n./il.  taxes  levied  on  income, 
houses  and  property. 

as-sess-xnent  (ns-sos'ment),  n.  the 
act  of  assessing  or  determining  an 
amount  to  be  paid ;  an  official 
valuation  of  property,  or  income, 
for  the  purpose  of  taxation ;  the 
specific  sum  levied  as  tax,  or  as- 
sessed for  damages. 

as-sess-or  (as-ses'er),  n.  one  ap- 
pointed to  assess  property  or  per- 
sons for  taxation. 

as-ses-so-ri-al  ( as-ses-so'ri-al ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  an  assessor. 

as-sets  (as'sets),  n.pl.  the  prop- 
erty, whether  real  or  personal,  of 
a  deceased  person  which  is  sub- 
ject by  law  to  the  discharge  of  his 
debts  and  legacies ;  the  property 
or  effects  of  an  insolvent  debtor 
which  are  available  for  the  satis- 
faction of  his  creditors ;  the  en- 
tire property  of  a  trader  or  com- 
pany of  traders. 

as-sec-er-ate  (as-sev'er-at),  v.t. 
to  affirm  or  aver  positively,  or 
with  solemnity. 

a  s-s  e  v-e  r-a-t  ion    (as-sev-er-a'- 
i    shun),  n.  a  solemn  affirmation  or 
!    declaration,  as  upon  oath. 
:  as-sib-i-late    (as-sib'i-lfit),  v.t.   to 
pronounce  with   a  hissing  sound  ; 
to  alter  to  a  sibilant. 

as-sib -i-la-tion  (as-sib-i-lfi'shun), 
n.  pronunciation  with  a  hissing 
sound ;  the  change  of  a  dental  or 
guttural  mute  into  a  sibilant  or  a 
similar  sound. 

as-si-du-i-ty  (as-si-dii'i-ti),  n.  \pl. 
assiduities  (-tiz)],  close  applica- 
tion or  unremitting  attention  to ; 
diligence :  pi.  studied  and  perse- 
vering attention  to  pleaso. 

as-sitl-u-ons  (as-sid'u-us),  adj. 
constant  in  application  ;  devotedly 
attentive ;  perseveringly  diligent. 

as-sign  (as-sm'),  v.t.  to  appoint, 
mark  out.  apportion,  make  over ; 
fix;  designate  for  a  specific  pur- 
pose ;  point  out  exactly  ;  to  trans- 
fer or  make  over  to  another,  as 
for  the  benefit  of  creditors :  n.  an 
appurtenance ;  one  to  whom  prop- 


late,  mSr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ,;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin, 


65 


ast 


erty  or  interest  is  assigned  by  will  [ 
or  deed. 

as-sig-nat  (as'ig-nat,  French  a-se- 
nyu').  n.  a  money  or  currency  bond 
issued  by  the  French  Revolution- 
ary Government  (1789-00). 

as-sig-na-tion  (as-ig-na'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  assigning :  an  appoint- 
ment to  meet  [used  chiefly  of  love- 
meetings  and  in  a  bad  sense]  ;  the 
transfer  of  title,  or  the  deed  of 
transferment. 

as-sign-ee  Cns-sin-e'),  n.  one  to 
whom  an  assignment  of  anything 
is  made,  either  in  trust  or  for  his 
own  use  and  enjoyment. 

as-sign-inent  (as-sin'ment) ,  n.  a 
setting  apart,  allotment,  or  ap- 
pointment to  some  particular  per- 
son or  use  :  transfer  of  title  or  in- 
•erest ;  the  deed  of  writing  effect- 
ing such  a  transfer. 

as-sig-nor  (as-si-n6r'),  n.  one  who 
assigns  or  transfers  an  interest. 

as-sim-i-la-ble  ( as-sim'i-la-bl ) , 
adj.  capable  of  being  assimilated. 

as-sim-i-late  (as-sim'i-lfit).  v.t.  to 
bring  to  conformity  or  agreement 
with  something  else  ;  convert  or  in- 
corporate into  organic  substamce : 
absorb  or  appropriate,  as  nourish- 
ment :  v.i.  to  be  converted  into  or 
become  incorporated  with  the  sub- 
stance of  the  animal  body. 

as  -  sim  -  i  -  la  -  tion  (as-sim-i-la'- 
shun).  n.  the  act  or  process  of 
assimilating;  the  state  of  being 
assimilated. 

as-sim-i-la  tive  (as-sim'i-la-tiv) . 
idj.  having  the  power  of  assimilat- 
;ng.  or  causing  assimilation. 

as-sist  (as-sist').  v.t.  to  help;  aid: 
give  support  to ;  attend :  v.i.  to 
lend  help  or  aid. 

as-sis  tance  (ns-sis'tans).  n.  help; 
furtherance;  aid;  succor;  support. 

as-sis-tant  (as-sis'tfmt),  adj. 
helping  ;  lending  aid  ;  auxiliary  :  n. 
one  who.  or  that  which,  assists ;  a 
helper:  an  auxiliary. 

as  sist  ful  (as-sist'fool),  adj.  help- 
ful. 

as-size  (as-slz').  n.  \pl.  assizes 
fez)],  a  court  or  session  of  jus- 
tice for  the  trial  by  jury  of  civil 
or  criminal  cases ;  the  sessions 
held  periodically  in  each  county  of 
England  by  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court  [usually  in  the  pi.]  ;  the 


time  or  place  of  holding  the  assize 
[usually  in  the  pi.]. 

as-size-ment  (as-siz'ment),  n.  an 
inspection  of  weights  and  mea^ 
ures.  enacted  by  statute. 

as-si-zer  (as-si'zer)  or  assizor 
('zer),  n.  a  juror. 

as-so-ci-ate  (as-so'shi-ut),  v.t.  to 
unite ;  join  with ;  connect ;  ac- 
company, as  a  companion,  friend, 
or  confederate :  v.i.  to  unite  in 
company  :  keep  company  ;  unite  in 
action  :  adj.  joined  in  interest,  ob- 
ject, or  purpose :  sharing  office  or 
employment,  as  a  colleague  or 
partner ;  connected  by  habit,  func- 
tion, or  sympathy  :  n.  a  compan- 
ion ;  a  confederate ;  an  ally ;  one 
belonging  to  a  society  or  institu- 
tion, usually  of  a  lower  grade  than 
a  Member  or  Fellow. 

as-so -ci -a-tion  ( as-so-shi-a'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  associating  or  state  of 
being  associated  :  union  :  conjunc- 
tion ;  an  associate  body  of  persons 
formed  for  a  common  object ;  a 
society. 

Syn.      combination,      company, 
partnership,  society. 
Ant.   (see  isolation). 

as-so-ci-a-tive  ( as-so-shi-a'tiv) , 
ndi.  tending  to  or  characterized  by 
association. 

as-so-nance  (as'so-nans) .  n.  re- 
semblance of  sound ;  a  species  of 
rhyme  which  consists  in  the  use  of 
the  same  vowel-sound  in  the  last 
syllable  of  words  having  different 
consonants. 

as-so-nant  (as'so-nant),  adj.  hav- 
ing resemblance  of  sound  ;  pertain- 
ing to,  or  possessing,  assonance. 

as-sort  (as-s6rf),  v.t.  to  divide  or 
separate  into  lots  according  to  ar- 
rangement ;  to  classify  ;  arrange  : 
v.i.  to  agree ;  suit ;  be  in  accord- 
ance with. 

as-sort-ment  (as-s6rt'ment),  n. 
the  act  of  assorting  or  placing 
out:  a  classified  collection  of  arti- 
cles or  goods  of  a  varied  character. 

as-snade  (as-swad').  v.t.  to  pre- 
sent, as  advice  ;  urge  persuasively. 

as-snage  (as-swfij').  v.t.  to  soften  ; 
mitigate,  allay,  lessen,  satisfy,  or 
appease. 

as-suage-ment  (as-swaj'ment).  n. 
mitigation  ;  a  lenitive  application 
or  medicine. 


late,  mSr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut :  thin.  then. 


ass 


66 


as-sume  (as-sum').  v.t.  to  take  to  ; 
take  in  or  into  ;  take  upon  one's 
self ;  arrogate  or  appropriate ; 
take  for  granted  :  take  in  appear- 
ance ;  pretend  to  possess  :  v.i.  to  be 
arrogant ;  presume  ;  claim  more 
than  is  one's  due ;  give  a  legal  un- 
dertaking ;  pretend  ;  usurp. 

XJ/N.  claim,   arrogate,   appropri- 
ate, take,  usurp,  pretend. 

as  sump  sit  (as-sump'sit) ,  n.  a 
verbal  or  unsealed  contract  based 
on  a  consideration  ;  an  action  to 
enforce  such  a  contract. 

assumption  (as-sump'shun) ,  n. 
the  act  of  assuming  or  taking  to 
or  upon  one's  self ;  taking  for 
granted ;  the  thing  supposed ;  a 
postulate ;  the  taking  up  of  a  per- 
son to  heaven ;  a  verbal  or  un- 
sealed contract. 

as  sump-tive  (as-sump'tiv),  adj. 
assumed,  or  capable  of  assumption. 

as  sur-a-ble  (a-shur'fi-bl ),  a dj.  ca- 
pable of  being  assured  or  insured. 

as-sur-ance  (u-shur'fms),  n.  the 
act  of  assuring ;  an  earnest  or 
testimony  intended  or  tending  to 
elicit  or  inspire  confidence :  cer- 
tain expectation;  confidence:  self- 
possession  ;  self-reliance :  impu- 
dence ;  a  deed  or  other  legal  evi- 
dence of  the  conveyance  of  prop- 
erty ;  a  security  or  contract  to 
make  good  a  loss,  or  pay  over  a 
sum  at  death  or  at  some  deter- 
minate age. 

as-sure  (a-shur'),  v.t.  to  make 
sure  or  certain  ;  to  inspire  confi- 
dence by  declaration  or  promise : 
secure  to  another:  insure,  or  cove- 
nant for  indemnity  in  event  of  loss 
or  death. 

as-sured  (fi-slmrd'),  p.adj.  made 
certain  ;  guaranteed  ;  self -pos- 
sessed ;  insured :  n.  a  person  in- 
sured. 

as-sur-ed-ly  (-H),  adv.  certainly: 
with  assurance. 

as-sur-ed-ness  (-nes),  n.  cer- 
tainty ;  full  confidence. 

as-sur-er  (a-shur'er),  n.  one  who 
assures. 

As-syr-i-an  (as-sir'i-Sn),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Assyria  or  to  its  inhabi- 
tants. 

As-syr-i-ol-o-ery  (as-sir-i-ol'o-ji). 
n.  the  science  or  study  of  the 


language   and    antiquities    of    As- 
syria. 

a-stat-ic  (fi-stat'ik),  adj.  without 
polarity. 

a-stat-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in  an 
astatic  manner. 

a  stut  i-cisiu  (a-stat'i-sizm),  n. 
the  state  of  being  astatic. 

a-stay  (a-sta'),  adv.  said  of  an 
anchor  when  on  heaving  it  the 
cable  makes  an  acute  angle  with 
the  level  of  the  water. 

As-ter  (as'ter),  n.  a  genus  of 
flowering  -  plants  with  rosette- 
shaped  flowers,  to  which  the 
Michaelmas-daisy  belongs. 

as-ter,  n.  any  plant  of  the  genus 
Aster. 

as-te-ri-al  (as-te'ri-al),  adj.  con- 
nected with,  or  related  to,  the 
stars. 

as-te-ri-a-ted  (as-te'ri-a-ted),  adj. 
radiated ;  having  the  form  of  a 
star. 

as-ter-isk  (as'ter-isk),  n.  the 
mark  (*)  used  in  printing  as  a 
reference  to  a  marginal  passage 
or  footnote  appended  to  the  text, 
or  to  indicate  letters  or  words 
omitted  (***)  ;  v.t.  to  mark  with 
an  asterisk. 

as-ter-ism  (as'ter-izm).  n.  a  group 
or  cluster  of  stars ;  three  asterisks 
placed  in  the  form  of  a  triangle 
[  .a**  or  ***  ]  to  direct  attention 
to  a  particular  passage :  the  star- 
like  appearance  in  certain  crys- 
tals. 

a  stern  (a-stern'),  adj.  &  adv.  at 
or  toward  the  hinder  part  of  a 
ship  ;  behind  a  ship. 

a-ster-nal  (a-sternal),  adj.  not 
joined  to  the  sternum  or  breast- 
bone :  said  of  ribs. 

as-ter-oid  (as'ter-oid),  adj.  star- 
like  ;  star-shaped :  n.  one  of  the 
small  planets  whose  orbits  lie  be- 
tween those  of  Mars  and  Jupiter: 
a  minor  planet. 

as-the-ni  a  (as-the-ni'a),  n.  de- 
bility. 

as-then-ic    (as-then'ik),   adj.   per- 
taining   to.    or    characterized    bj 
asthenia  ;  feeble. 

asthma,  (ast'm°i  &  as'mu),  n.  ! 
respiratory  disease,  chronically  re 
current  and  attended  by  difficultj 
of  breathing,  with  a  wheezing 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he.  her,  let:  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin,  then. 


ast 


67 


ast 


cough  and  a  sense  of  constriction 
in  the  chest. 

asth-mat-ic  (ast-mat'ik),  orasth- 
mat-ic-al  ('ik-al),  adj.  pertaining 
tc  asthma ;  affected  by  asthma : 
n.  a  person  suffering  from  the  dis- 
ease. 

asth-mat  ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
asthmatical  manner. 

as-tig-mat-ic  (as-tig-mat'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  affected  with,  or 
curing  astigmatism. 

a-stig-ma-tism  ( a-stig'ma-tizm ) , 
or  a-stig-mism  ('mizm),  n.  a 
defect  in  the  structure  of  the  eye 
pausing  variation  of  the  focus  of 
the  crystalline  lens. 

a-stir  (a-ster').  adv.  or  adj.  on  the 
move:  active;  stirring. 

as-tom-a-tous  (as-tom'a-tus),  or 
as  to-inous  (as'to-mus),  ad;,  des- 
titute of  a  mouth  ;  without  breath- 
ing pores. 

as-ton-ish  (as-ton'ish),  v.t.  to 
strike  with  sudden  wonder;  sur- 
prise :  amaze. 

as  -  ton  -  ish  -  ment  (as-ton'ish- 
ment).  n.  the  state  of  being 
astonished ;  amazement. 

astound  (as-tound'),  v.t.  to 
strike  with  amazement ;  shock ; 
alarm  ;  stun. 

a-strad-dle  (a-strad'l).  adv.  with 
one  leg  on  each  side  of  something ; 
astride. 

as-tra-gal  (as'trfi-gal),  n.  a  small 
molding  or  bead  of  semicircular 
form  :  called  also  a  roundel ;  the 
astragalus ;  the  circular  molding 
near  the  mouth  of  a  cannon. 

astragal-us  (as-trag'al-us).  n. 
[pi.  astragali  (-11)],  the  ball  of 
the  ankle-joint ;  the  lower  bone 
into  which  the  tibia  articulates. 

as-tra-khan  (as'tra-kan),  n.  the 
skins  of  young  lambs  with  curly 
wool,  obtained  from  Astrakhan,  a 
city  in  Russia ;  an  imitation  with 
a  pile  resembling  this  wool  or  fur. 

as-tral  (as'trAl).  adj.  pertaining 
to  tin*  stars;  starry;  star-shaped; 
pertaining  to  a  super-sensible  sub- 
stance presumed  by  occultists  to 
pervade  the  rosrions  of  space  and 
to  enter  into  the  composition  of  all 
bodies. 

as-tral  bod-y  (bod'i),  n.  a  kind  of 
ethereal  body  said  by  the  occultists 
to  be  capable  of  projection  to  a 


distance,  and  to  possess  the  power 
of  occupying  two  places  at  the 
same  instant ;  a  ghost  or  double. 

as-tral  lamp  (lamp),  n.  a  lamp 
similar  to  an  Argand  lamp,  giving 
an  uninterrupted  light. 

as-tral  spir-its  (spir'itz),  n.pJ. 
spirits  formerly  supposed  to  in- 
habit the  stars,  and  represented  as 
fallen  angels  o_r  spirits  of  fire. 

a-stray  (a-stnV),  adv.  out  of  the 
right  way ;  wandering. 

a-stride  (a-strid'),  adv.  with  the 
legs  wide  apart ;  astraddle. 

as-trin-gen-cy  (as-triu'jen-si),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  astringent ; 
harshness ;  severity. 

as-trin-gent  (as-trin'jent),  adj. 
binding ;  contracting,  opposed  to 
laxative :  n.  a  substance  or  medi- 
cine that  produces  contraction  of 
the  tissues  and  checks  discharges. 

as-tro-labe  (as'tro-lfib),  n.  an  in- 
strument formerly  employed  for 
taking  the  altitude  of  the  sun  or 
stars ;  a  stereographic  projection 
of  the  sphere  on  the  plane  of  the 
equator  or  a  meridian. 

as-trol-o-ger  (as-trol'6-jer),  n.  one 
who  professes  to  forecast  events 
by  means  of  the  stars. 

as-tro-log-ic-al  ( as-tro-loj'ik-al ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  astrology,  or  the 
practice  of  astrology. 

as-tro-log-ic-al-ly  (-H),  adv.  in 
an  astrological  manner ;  according 
to  astrology. 

as-trol-o-gy  (as-trol'6-ji),  n.  pre- 
destination by  the  stars ;  the  art 
anciently  pursued  of  foretelling  or 
forecasting  the  future  of  man- 
kind, by  reference  to  the  influence 
supposed  to  be  exerted  by  the 
stars  in  their  various  aspects  and 
relative  positions  upon  the  course 
of  human  destiny. 

as-trom-e-ter  (as-trom'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  ascertaining 
and  comparing  the  relative  mag- 
nitude and  luster  of  the  stars. 

as-tron-o-mer  (as-tron'6-mer),  n. 
one  who  studies,  or  is  versed  in, 
astronomy. 

as-tron-p-mer  roy-al  (roi'al),  n. 
the  official  title  of  the  astronomer 
in  charge  of  a  royal  observatory 
in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

as  -  tro  -  nom  -  ic  ( as-tro-nom'ik ) 
or  as-tro-nom-ic-al  ('ik-al),  adj. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ast 


68 


ath 


pertaining    to    astronomy,    or   ac- 
cording to  astronomical  laws. 

as-tro-nom-ic-al  clock  (klok),n. 
a  clock  which  keeps  sidereal  time. 

as-tro-nom-ic-al  signs  (sinz), 
n.pl.  the  signs  of  the  zodiac. 

as-tro-nom-ic-al  year  (yer),  n.  a 
year  the  length  of  which  is  de- 
termined by  astronomical  observa- 
tions. 

as-tro-nom-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
an  astronomical  manner. 

as-tron-o-my  (as-tron'6-mi),  n. 
the  study  of  the  heavenly  bodies ; 
the  science  which  treats  of  their 
magnitude,  motions,  relative  posi- 
tions, and  all  connective  phenom- 
ena. 

as-tro-pho-tog-ra-phy  ( as-tro-f  o- 
tog'ra-fi).  n.  photography  applied 
to  the  delineation  of  the  heavenly 
bodies. 

as-tro-pho-tom-e-ter  (as-tro-f  5- 
tom'e-ter),  n.  an  instrument  for 
measuring  the  intensity  of  the 
light  of  stars. 

as-tro-phys-i-cal  (as-tro-fiz'i-kal), 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  physical 
structure  of  the  stars. 

as-tute  (as-tuf),  adj.  shrewd; 
keenly  penetrating ;  sagacious ; 
cunning ;  crafty. 

Syn.     acute,     crafty,     cunning, 
keen,  sharp,  shrewd. 
Ant.  (see  blind). 

a-snn-der  (a-sun'der),  adv.  apart ; 
separately  ;  into  parts. 

as-wail  (as'wal),  n.  the  sloth-bear 
of  India. 

a-sy-lnm  (a-si'lum),  n.  [pi.  asy- 
lums ('lumz)],  a  sanctuary  or 
place  of  refuge  wherein  formerly 
criminals  and  debtors  might  find 
immunity  from  arrest ;  an  institu- 
tion for  the  care  or  relief  of  the 
aged,  destitute,  or  afflicted. 

a-sym-met-ric-al  (a-sim-et'rik- 
al ) ,  adj.  not  symmetrical ;  dispro- 
portionate. 

a-sym-met-rie-al-ly  (-li),  adv. 
not  symmetrical. 

a-sym-me-try  ( a-sim'e-tri ) ,  n.  lack 
of  symmetry  or  proportion  be- 
tween the  parts  of  a  thing. 

a-syn-de-ton  (a-sin'de-ton),  n.  a 
figure  of  speech  which  omits  con- 
nectives, as  "I  came,  I  saw,  I 
conquered." 

at-a-vism    (at'a-vizm),   n.  the  re- 


version, or  tendency  to  revert,  to 
the  ancestral  type  of  a  species ;  re- 
semblance to  a  remote  ancestor, 
exhibited  by  a  certain  organism; 
the  recurrence  of  any  peculiarity 
or  disease  from  which  an  an- 
cestor in  remote  generations  has 
suffered. 

at-a-vis-tic  (at-a-vis'tik),  adj.  of, 
or  pertaining  to,  atavism. 

a-tax-i-a  (a-tak'si-a),  or  ataxy 
('si),  n.  irregularities  in  the  func- 
tions of  the  body  or  in  the  course 
of  a  disease. 

a-tax-ic  (a-tak'sik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  characterized  by,  ataxy. 

a-tax-ic  fe-ver  (fe'ver),  n.  ty- 
phus fever  of  a  malignant  type. 

ate   (at),  p.t.  of  eat. 

a-te-lier  (a'te-lya),  n.  a  workshop; 
the  studio  of  a  painter  or  sculptor. 

a-tlie-ism  (n'the-izm),  n.  disbelief 
in  the  existence  of  a  God. 

a-the-ist  (a'the-ist),  n.  one  who 
disbelieves  or  denies  the  existence 
of  a  God. 

a-the-is-tic(a-the-is'tik),or  a-tne- 
is-tic-al  ('tik-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  containing,  or  implying  athe- 
ism. 

a-the-is-tic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
atheistic  manner ;  impiously. 

ath-e-ne-um,  ath-e-nae-um  (ath- 
e-ne'um),  n.  [pi.  atheneums 
('umz)  &  athenjr'a  CA)"],  an  insti- 
tution, club,  or  building  devoted  to 
the  purposes  or  study  of  literature, 
science,  and  art. 

a-ther-man-cy  (a-ther'mAn-si),  n. 
impermeability  to  radiant  heat. 

a-tner-ma-nous  ('ma-nus),  adj. 
impervious  to  radiant  heat. 

a-tnirst  (a-thersf),  adj.  in  want 
of  drink. 

ath-lete  (ath'let),  n.  a  competi- 
tor for  a  prize  in  public  games; 
one  trained  to  contend  in  feats  of 
physical  prowess  ;  one  possessed  of 
great  physical  strength. 

ath-let-ic  (ath-let'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  athletes,  or  their  per- 
formances ;  strong  ;  robust ;  vigor- 
ous :  muscular. 

ath-let-ic-al-ly  (ath-let'ik-ai-li ) .. 
adv.  in  an  athletic  manner. 

ath-let-i-cism  (ath-let'i-sizm),  n. 
the  practice  of  athletic  games  or 
exercises. 

ath-let-ics     (ath-let'iks),    n.    any 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moOn. 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ath 


atr 


system  of  athletic  training  by 
gymnastic  exercises  or  outdoor 
sports ;  athletic  exercises  collect- 
ively. 

a-thwart  (si-thwart') ,  prep. 
across :  from  side  to  side :  adv. 
crosswise ;  obliquely :  across  the 
course  or  direction  of  a  ship. 

a-th  wart-ships  (-ships).  adv. 
phr.  across  a  ship  from  one  side  to 
the  other. 

a-tilt  (a-tilf).  adi\  &  adj.  in  the 
position  or  with  the  action  of  a 
person  making  a  thrust ;  tilted. 

at-lan-tes  (at-lan'tez).  n.pl.  fig- 
ures or  half-figures  of  mon.  used 
in  place  of  columns  or  pilasters  to 
support  an  entablature. 

at-las  (at'lAs),  n.  \pl.  atlases 
('ez)l.  a  collection  of  maps  in  a 
volume :  a  work  in  tabulated 
form ;  a  large  size  of  drawing- 
paper. 

at-las-pow-der  ( at'lus-pou'der ) . 
n.  a  powerful  nitro-glycerine 
blasting:  compound. 

at-mi-dom-e-ter  (at-mi-dom'e- 
ter),  n.  an  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  evaporation  from  ice, 
snow,  or  water. 

at-mol-o-gy  (at-mol'o-ji),  n.  the 
science  of  aqueous  vapor,  its  laws 
and  phenomena. 

at-mom-e-ter  (at-mom'e-ter).  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
rate  and  amount  of  evaporation 
from  a  moist  surface. 

at-mos-phere  (at'rnos-fer),  n.  the 
aeriform  fluid  surrounding  the 
earth,  composed  of  a  mechanical 
mixture  of  7!)  parts  by  volume  of 
nitrogen  with  21  parts  of  oxygen, 
and  a  trace  of  carbonic  acid  and 
argon,  with  a  varying  proportion 
of  aqueous  vapor,  ammonia.  ozon->, 
and  organic  matter :  the  gaseous 
envelope  surrounding  any  of  the 
heavenly  bodies :  the  influence, 
mentnl  and  mornl.  exerted  on  a 
person  by  his  environments. 

at-mos-plier-ic  (at-mos-fer'ik^.  or 
at-mos-pher-ic-al  Cilt-flH.  adj. 
pertaining  to.  resembling,  or  con- 
sisting of.  existing  in.  or  depend- 
ent upon,  the  atmosphere. 

a  t-m  o  s-  p  h  e  r-i  c  press-nre 
(-presh'er).  n.  the  pressure  ex- 
erted in  every  direction  upon  a 
body  by  the  atmosphere ;  equiva- 


lent to  14  2-3  Ib.  on  the  sq.  in.,  or 
1,033  grams  on  the  sq.  centimeter. 

at-oll  (a-tol'  &  at'ol),  n.  a  coral 
island  having  the  form  of  an  outer 
ring  of  coral  surrounding  a  basin 
or  lagoon. 

at-om  (at'um).  n.  an  ultimate  in- 
divisible particle  of  matter. 

a-tpm-ic  (a-tom'ik),  or  atomical 
('i-kal),  adj.  pertaining  to,  or  con- 
sisting of,  atoms ;  extremely  mi- 
nute. 

a-tom-ic  weight  (a-tom'ik  wat), 
n.  the  weight  of  the  atom  of  any 
element  as  compared  with  another 
taken  as  a  standard,  usually  hy- 
drogen, taken  as  1. 

a-tom-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
atomic  manner. 

at-om-ic-i-ty  (at-om-is'i-ti).  n. 
equivalence  ;  the  combining  capac- 
ity of  an  element. 

at-om-ize  (at'um-iz),  v.t.  to  re- 
duce to  atoms  or  exceedingly  fine 
particles. 

at-om-i-zer  (at'um-i-zer),  n.  an 
instrument  constructed  to  reduce 
a  liquid  to  spray. 

a-ton-a-ble  (a-ton'a-bl) ,  adj.  ca- 
pable of  being  atoned  for. 

a-tone  (a-ton'),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
atoned,  p.pr.  atoning],  to  make 
reparation  or  amends,  as  for  in- 
jury done  or  implied ;  expiate ; 
make  satisfaction  for ;  reconcile. 

a  -  tone  -  ment  (fi-ton'ment).  n. 
reparation  or  satisfaction  offered 
or  made  in  return  for  injury ;  ex- 
piation of  wrong  or  sin  by  suffer- 
ing ;  the  recompense  for  sin  typi- 
fied by  the  sufferings  and  death 
of  Christ :  reconciliation. 

a-ton-ic  (a-ton'ik),  adj.  wanting 
tone,  or  vital  energy  ;  unaccented  : 
n.  an  unaccented  word  or  sylla- 
ble ;  a  medicine  to  allay  excite- 
ment. 

at-o-ny  (at'6-ni).  n.  want  of  tone; 
debility ;  weakness  of  any  organ. 

a-trip  (a-trip'),  adv.  just  clear  of 
the  ground. 

a-tri-um  (a'tri-um),  n.  [pi.  atria 
(-S)].  the  square  entrance-hall, 
lighted  from  above,  constituting 
the  chief  apartment  in  an  ancient 
Roman  house :  a  hall  or  entrance- 
court:  a  portico:  the  auricular 
portion  of  the  heart ;  a  cavity. 

a  -  tro  -  cious      (a-tro'shus) ,     adj. 


late,  mar,  mSsk,  cat,  awl:  he.  her.  let:  line,  tin;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin,  then. 


atr 


70 


att 


wicked  in  the  highest  decree ;  ex- 
tremely criminal  or  cruel ;  out- 
rageous;  exhibiting  or  character- 
ized by  great  atrocity  :  flagrant. 

a-troc-i-ty  (fi-tros'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
atrocities  (-tiz)  ],  enormous  wick- 
edness :  abominable  cruelty ;  an 
atrocious  deed. 

at-ro-phy  (at'ro-fi).  n.  a,  wasting, 
or  diminution  in  bulk,  of  tho  body. 
or  any  part  of  the  body  arising 
from  lack  of  nourishment ;  the 
degeneration  of  an  organ  or  part: 
v.i.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  atrophied,  p.pr. 
atrophying],  to  waste  away;  to 
dwindle. 

at-ro-pin  (at'ro-pin),  or  atro- 
pine  (-pin),  n.  a  crystalline  al- 
kaloid of  very  poisonous  nature 
extracted  from  the  deadly  night- 
shade (belladonna),  having  the 
singular  property  of  producing  dil- 
atation of  the  pupil  of  the  eye. 

at  -  ro  -  pisin  ( at'ro-pizm ) ,  n. 
poisoning  by  atropin  or  bella- 
donna. 

at-tach  (at-tach'),  v.t.  to  fasten, 
or  fix,  to  or  on ;  bind  :  connect 
with  or  appoint  to ;  connect  by 
ties  of  affection  ;  to  take,  or  seize, 
by  legal  authority  :  v.i.  to  adhere. 

at-ta-che  (at-t;Vsha'),  n.  one  who 
is  attached  to  another,  or  as  part 
of  a  suite  or  staff,  as  of  an  em- 
bassy or  legation. 

at-tach-ment  (at-tach'ment),  n. 
the  act  of  attaching ;  adherence  : 
fidelity ;  affection  or  regard ;  that 
which  attaches,  or  the  thing  which 
is  attached  :  a  taking  into  custody 
or  seizure  of  the  person,  goods,  or 
estate  by  virtue  of  a  legal  process. 

at-tack  (at-tak').  v.t.  to  assault: 
fall  upon  with  force ;  assail  with 
intent  to  overcome  or  to  damage, 
discredit,  or  bring  into  ridicule : 
begin  to  affect  or  act  upon,  as 
disease :  v.i.  to  make  an  onset  or 
attack :  n.  the  act  of  attacking  in 
any  sense  of  the  word. 

Kyn.  assail,  assault,  encounter. 
A  nt.  (see  defend). 

attain  (at-tan'),  v.t.  to  achieve; 
gain  :  compass  ;  accomplish  :  r.i.  to 
reach  ;  come,  or  arrive  at. 

at  tain  a-bil-i  ty  ( at-tan'a-bil'- 
i-ti).  n.  attainableness. 

attainable  (at-tan'a-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  attained. 


at-tain-a-ble-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  attainable. 

at-tain-der  (at-tfm'der),  n.  the 
act  of  attainting,  or  the  state  of 
being  attainted  ;  an  act,  formerly 
in  operation,  for  the  deprivation 
of  all  civil  rights  and  of  power  to 
inherit  or  transmit  property  :  ap- 
plied to  persons  under  sentence  of 
death  or  outlawry  for  treason  or 
felony. 

at-tain-ment  (at-tan'ment),  n. 
the  act  of  attaining ;  the  act  of  ar- 
riving at  or  reaching,  as  the  re- 
sult of  exertion  or  effort :  that 
which  is  attained  :  an  acquisition. 

at-taint  (at-tanf),  v.t.  to  taint  ; 
corrupt ;  sully  or  stain  by  dis- 
grace. 

at-tar  of  ros-es  (at'ar  of  roz'ez), 
n.  an  essential  oil  expressed  from 
the  petals  of  the  rose.  Written 
also  atar,  ottar,  and  otto. 

at-tem-per  (at-tem'per),  v.t.  to 
reduce,  modify.  or  moderate 
by  mixture ;  regulate ;  temper ; 
smooth,  soften,  or  mollify ;  mix 
in  proper  proportion  ;  fit  or  adapt. 

at-tempt  (nt-tempt'),  v.t.  to  make 
an  effort  to  accomplish  :  try  ;  en- 
deavor or  essay  to  perform ;  try 
to  win  or  seduce ;  attack,  or  in- 
vade :  n.  a  trial,  essay,  or  en- 
deavor ;  an  effort  to  gain  a  point ; 
an  attack  or  assault. 

at-tend  (at-tend'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
-ed,  p.pr.  -ing],  to  wait  upon  ;  ac- 
company or  be  present  with  ;  serve 
or  look  after  in  any  capacity ;  be 
present  at ;  accompany  or  follow  : 
v.i.  to  pay  heed  or  regard  to ; 
listen  ;  be  in  attendance  upon. 

at-ten-dance  (at-ten'dSns),  n.  the 
act  of  attending ;  waiting  on ; 
presence  :  the  persons  attending  ; 
retinue. 

at-ten-dant  (at-ten'dAnt).  n.  one 
who  attends  or  accompanies  in 
service  or  train  of  another;  one 
who  is  present ;  that  which  at- 
tends or  is  consequent  upon  any- 
thing else  :  adj.  accompanying  ;  be- 
ing present ;  connected  or  conse- 
quent upon  :  depending  on  or  ow- 
ing duty  or  service  to. 

at  ten-tion  (at-ten'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  applying  the  mind  to  any- 
thing ;  consideration  or  regard  for 
auy  person  or  thing :  a  mark  or 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


att 


71 


att 


act  of  civility  or  courtesy ;  care 
for  the  comfort  of  others ;  a  mili- 
tary command  to  assume  the  at- 
titude of  attention. 

at-ten-tive  (at-ten'tiy),  adj.  heed- 
ful ;  full  of  attention ;  intent ; 
mindful ;  regardful  of  the  wishes 
of  others. 

at-ten-u-ant  (at-ten'u-ant),  adj. 
making  thin,  as  fluids ;  diluting ; 
diminishing  in  denseness :  n.  a 
aiedicine  which  thins  the  fluids  of 
the  body  ;  a  diluent. 

at-ten-u-ate  ( at-ten'u-at ) ,  v.t.  to 
make  thin  or  slender ;  weaken  or 
reduce ;  thin  out  by  dilution ; 
rarefy :  v.i.  to  become  thin, 
slender,  or  fine :  lessen :  adj.  made 
thin  :  dilute  ;  rarefied  ;  tapering  ; 
slender. 

at-ten.-u-a-tion  ( at-ten-u-a'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  or  process  of  making 
slender,  or  thinning  out  by  dilu- 
tion ;  the  state  of  being  slender. 

at -test  (at-test'),  v.t.  to  bear 
witness  to ;  certify  as  being  genu- 
ine or  true,  especially  in  an  offi- 
cial sense ;  give  proof  of ;  mani- 
fest. 

at-tes-ta-tion  (at-tes-ta'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  attesting ;  testimony  or 
evidence  given  on  oath,  or  by  offi- 
cial declaration ;  swearing  in. 

at-tes-tor  (at-tes'ter),  n.  one  who 
attests. 

at-tic  (at'tik),  n.  an  uppermost 
room  in  a  house  immediately  be- 
neath the  roof  ;  a  garret. 

At-tic  (at'tik),  adj.  pertaining  to 
Attica,  in  Greece ;  classical ;  ele- 
gant. 

Att-i-cism    (at'i-sizm),    n.    a   pe- 
culiarity of  style  or  idiom  charac-  j 
terizing  the  Attic  rendering  of  the 
Creek    language;   elegant   manner 
of  expressionL 

at-tire  (at-tir'),  v.t.  to  dress; 
clothe  ;  array  ;  adorn  :  n.  dress ; 
clothes:  habit;  garb;  the  horns 
of  the  stag,  employed  as  a  heraldic 
bearing. 

at-ti-tude  (at'ti-tud),  n.  bodily 
position  or  posture ;  the  bearing 
assumed  by  a  person  or  body  of 
persons  indicative  of  feeling,  opin- 
ion, &c. 

Syn.  pose,  position,  posture. 

at-ti-tu-di-nal  ( at-ti-tu'di-nal ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  attitude. 


at-ti-tu-di-na-ri-an  ( at-ti-tu-di- 
na'ri-an),  n.  one  who  studies  or 
affects  attitudes. 

at-ti-tu-di-nize  ( at-ti-tu'di-nlz ) , 
v.i.  to  pose  for  effect. 

at-tor-ney  (at-ter'ni),  n.  [pi.  at- 
torneys (,-nez)],  one  legally  quali- 
fied to  act  for  another  in  the 
transaction  of  private  business,  or 
in  the  management,  prosecution, 
or  defense  of  actions  at  law. 

at-tor-ney-gen-er-al  ( -jen'er-al ) , 
n.  the  chief  law  officer  appointed 
to  act  for  the  government ;  the 
chief  law  officer  of  a  State. 

at-tor-ney -ship  ( at-ter'ui-ship ) , 
n.  agency  for  another. 

at-tract  (at-trakf),  v.t.  to  draw 
to  or  towards  ;  cause  to  approach  ; 
draw  by  moral  influence ;  allure ; 
entice. 

at-tract-a-bil-i-ty  ( at-trakt'a-bil'- 
i-ti).  n.  the  quality  of  being  at- 
tractable ;  the  power  of  attraction. 

at-tract -ile  (at-trakt'il),  adi. 
having  the  power  to  attract. 

at-trac-tion  (at-trak'shun),  n.  the 
power  or  act  of  attracting ;  the 
force  exerted  by  one  body  or  mass 
upon  or  over  the  constituent  par- 
ticles of  another,  by  which  it  tends 
to  overcome  the  resistance  to  mo- 
tion, and  to  draw  them  together; 
tendency  to  coherence. 

at-tract-ive  (at-trakt'iv),  adj. 
having  the  power  or  tendency  to 
attract ;  alluring ;  inviting :  n. 
that  which  attracts,  allures,  or 
charms. 

at-trib-u-ta-ble  ( at-trib'u-ta-bl ) , 
adj.  capable  of  being  attributed. 

at-trib-ute  (at-trib'ut),  v.t.  to  as- 
cribe, impute,  assign :  n.  (at'tri- 
but),  that  which  is  attributed,  as 
quality  ;  trait ;  property  ;  a  char- 
acteristic ;  an  attributive  adjunct 
or  adjective ;  that  which  may  be 
predicated  of  any  subject. 

Bifn.    ascribe,    assign,    connect, 
associate,  impute. 
Ant.  (see  separate). 

at-tri-bu-tion  (at-tri-bu'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  attributing ;  designa- 
tion. 

at-trib-u-tive  (at-trib'u-tiv),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of, 
or  expressing,  an  attribute :  n.  a 
word  denoting  an  attribute ;  a 
word  joined  to  and  describing  a 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin;  vote,  porch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


att 


72 


•ug 


noun ;    an    adjective   or   adjective 
phrase. 

at-trite  (at-trif),  adj.  worn  by 
friction ;  repentant  through  fear 
of  punishment. 

at-tri-tion  (at-trish'un),  n.  the 
act  of  wearing  by  rubbing ;  abra- 
sion ;  the  state  of  being  worn ; 
grief  for  sin  arising  only  from 
fear  of  punishment. 

at-tnne  (at-tfin'),  v.t.  to  put  in 
tune ;  bring  into  accordance  or 
harmony. 

a-typ-ic  (a-tip'ik),  or  atypical 
('i-kal),  adj.  without  definite-typi- 
cal character ;  not  conformable  to 
the  type. 

au-bura  (aw'bern),  adj.  reddish- 
brown. 

auc-tion  (awk'shun),  n.  a  public 
sale  of  property  or  effects  con- 
ducted on  the  principle  of  the 
highest  bidder  becoming  the  pur- 
chaser of  any  particular  lot  put 
up  for  sale ;  the  property  or  effects 
offered  for  sale  by  auction :  v.t.  to 
sell  by  auction. 

auc-tipn-eer  (awk-shun-er'),  n. 
one  licensed  to  sell  property  or 
goods  by  public  auction :  v.i.  to 
sell  by  auction. 

au-da-cious  (aw-da'shus),  adj. 
bold  ;  daring ;  spirited  ;  insolent ; 
impudent ;  characterized  by  shame- 
less effrontery. 

au-dac-i-ty  (aw-das'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
audacities  (-tiz)],  boldness;  dar- 
ing ;  spirit ;  presumptuousness ; 
impudence ;  effrontery. 

Syn.  boldness,  effrontery,  hardi- 
hood. 

Ant.  (see  meekness). 

au-di-ble  (aw'di-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  heard. 

au-di-bly  (-bli),  adv.  so  as  to  be 
heard. 

au-di-ence  (aw'di-ens),  n.  the  act 
of  hearing ;  admittance  to  a  hear- 
ing or  formal  interview  with  one 
of  high  position  ;  an  assembly  of 
hearers. 

au-di-ent  (aw'di-ent),  adj.  hear- 
ing ;  listening. 

au-di-om-e-ter  (aw-di-om'e-ter) , 
n.  an  instrument  for  gauging  the 
power  of  hearing. 

au-di-phone  (aw'di-fon),  n.  an 
instrument  constructed  to  assist 
the  deaf  by  collecting  the  sound- 


waves and  conveying  the  vibra- 
tions to  the  auditory  nerves 
through  the  medium  of  the  teeth. 

au-dit  (aw'dit),  n.  official  exami- 
nation and  verification  of  claims 
or  accounts  with  vouchers  and  the 
attendance  of  witnesses  to  effect  a 
settlement ;  a  receipt  of  rent  at 
stated  times :  v.t.  to  examine  and 
adjust,  as  accounts  or  claims :  v.i. 
to  examine  an  account ;  act  as 
auditor. 

au-di-tor  (aw'di-ter),  n.  a  hearer 
or  listener ;  a  person  appointed  to 
examine  and  verify  accounts  and 
claims ;  one  who  hears  judicially, 
as  in  an  audience  court. 

au-di-to-ri-um  ( aw-di-to'ri-um ) , 
n.  [pi.  auditoria  (-a),  &  audi- 
toriums (-umz)j,  the  space  in  a 
theater  or  other  public  building 
assigned  to  the  audience. 

au-di-to-ry  (aw'di-to-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to  hearing,  or  to  the  sense 
or  organs  of  hearing :  n.  an  audi- 
ence ;  a  place  or  space  allotted  to 
hearers ;  an  auditorium. 

au-ger  (aw'ger),  n.  a  tool  for  bor- 
ing holes. 

aught  (awt),  n.  anything;  any 
part :  adv.  in  any  way  ;  at  all. 

aug-ment  ( awg-ment' ) ,  v.t.  to  in- 
crease ;  to  enlarge  in  size  or  er- 
tent ;  to  add  an  augment  to :  v.i. 
to  grow  larger ;  increase  in  size 
and  strength :  n.  increase ;  en- 
largement ;  a  vowel  prefixed,  or  a 
lengthening  of  the  initial  vowel. 

aug-men-ta-tion  ( awg-men-ta'- 
shun),  n.  increase;  the  increase 
in  time-value  of  the  notes  of  a 
theme ;  an  additional  charge  to  a 
coat  of  arms  bestowed  as  a  mark 
of  honor ;  the  period  of  increase  in 
a  fever  before  the  crisis  is 
reached. 

ang-men-ta-tive  (awg-men'ta- 
tiv),  adj.  having  the  quality  or 
power  of  augmenting :  n.  a  word 
or  affix  which  expresses  with 
greater  force  the  idea  conveyed  by 
the  term  from  which  it  is  derived : 
opposed  to  diminutive. 

au-gur  (aw'ger),  n.  one  who  offi- 
cially predicted  events  by  the  ob- 
servation and  interpretation  of 
natural  signs  or  omens,  the  flight 
of  birds,  the  inspection  of  the  en- 
trails of  slaughtered  victims,  the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  theu. 


T6 


ana 


occurrence  of  meteorological  phe- 
nomena, &c. ;  one  who  professes 
to  foretell  events  by  omens ;  a 
soothsayer ;  a  prophet :  v.i.  to  con- 
jecture from  signs  or  omens :  v.t . 
to  predict  or  prognosticate ;  be- 
token or  infer. 

Syn.  forebode,  portend,  predict, 
prophesy,  foretell. 
Ant.   (see  assure). 

au-gu-ry  (aw'gu-ri),  n.  [pi.  au- 
guries (-riz)],  the  art  or  practice 
of  foretelling  events  by  reference 
to  natural  signs  or  omens;  an 
omen  ;  prediction  ;  presage. 

an -gust  ( aw-gust' ) ,  adj.  grand  ; 
invested  with  grandeur  and  dig- 
nity ;  majestic ;  of  a  nature  to  in- 
spire awe  and  reverence. 

An-gnst  (aw'gust),  n.  the  eighth 
month  of  the  year. 

auk  (awk),  n.  the  name  given  to 
the  members  of  a  family  of  arctic 
diving  birds.  The  Great  Auk  is 
now  extinct.  Also  spelled  awk. 

au-lic  (aw'lik),  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  royal  court. 

aunt  (ant),  n.  the  sister  of  one's 
father  or  mother. 

an-ra  (aw'ra),  n.  a  subtle,  vapor- 
ous streaming,  or  exhalation,  sup- 
posed to  emanate  from  a  living 
body  or  substance,  as  aroma, 
effluvium,  or  the  subtle  essence  of 
its  individual  nature ;  a  sensation 
as  of  a  stream  of  air  rising  from 
a  part  of  the  body  toward  the 
head,  and  preceding  an  epileptic 
seizure  or  hysteria. 

an-ral  (aw'rAI),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  air  or  to  an  aura ;  pertain- 
ing to  the  ear,  or  to  the  sense  of 
hearing. 

au-re-ate  (aw're-at),  adj.  golden; 
gilded  ;  golden-yellow. 

au-re-lia  (aw-re'lya),  n.  the  pupa 
or  chrysalis  of  an  insect. 

au-re-lian  (aw-re'lyan),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  aurelia  :  n.  one  who 
makes  a  special  study  of  butter- 
flies and  moths. 

au-re-o-la  (nw-re'6-la,  or  anre- 
ole  (aw're-ol).  n.  a  halo,  radi- 
ance, or  luminous  cloud  encircling 
the  figures  of  Christ,  the  Virgin, 
and  the  saints  as  represented  by 
the  painters;  anything  resembling 
an  aureola. 

au-ric     (aw'rik),    adj.    pertaining 


to  gold. 

au-ri-cle  (aw'ri-kl),  n.  the  ex- 
ternal ear;  that  part  of  the  ear 
which  projects  from  the  head ;  one 
of  two  chambers  of  the  heart 
which  receive  the  blood  from  the 
veins  and  transmit  it  to  the  ven- 
tricle or  ventricles. 

au-ric-u-lar  (aw-rik'u-lar),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  ear  or  to  the 
sense  of  hearing ;  privately  ad- 
dressed, as  to  the  priest  in  the 
confessional ;  perceived  by  the 
ear ;  known  by  report ;  obtained 
by  the  ear ;  ear-shaped ;  pertain- 
ing to  the  auricles  of  the  heart. 

au-i'ic-n-late  (aw-rik'u-lat),  or 
auriculated  (-ed),  adj.  ear- 
shaped  ;  having  ears  or  ear-like 
appendages. 

au-rif-er-ous  (aw-rif'er-us),  adj. 
gold-bearing ;  yielding  or  contain- 
ing gold. 

au-ri-form  (aw'ri-f&Tm).  adj.  ear- 
shaped  ;  having  the  form  of  the 
human  ear. 

au-ri-scope  (aw'ri-skop),  n.  an 
instrument  for  examining  the  ear. 

au-rist  (aw'rist),  n.  one  skilled  in 
the  treatment  of  ear  disorders. 

au-rochs  (aw'roks),  n.  the  Euro- 
pean bison. 

au-ro-ra  (aw-ro'ra).  n.  [pi.  auro- 
ras ('rSz)  &  aurora?  ('re)],  the 
rising  light  of  the  morning ;  the 
dawn  or  dayspring. 

an-ro-ra  bo-re-al-is  (bo-re-al'is), 
n.  the  northern  lights,  a  luminous 
meteoric  phenomenon  manifesting 
itself  by  streams  of  light  ascend- 
ing from  the  northern  horizon 
towards  the  zenith,  or  assuming 
the  form  of  an  arc  having  its  ends 
on  the  horizon. 

an-ro-ra-au-stra-lis  (-aw-stra'- 
lis),  n.  a  phenomenon  of  corre- 
sponding nature  in  the  southern 
hemisphere. 

au-rous  (aw'rus),  adj.  pertaining 
to  gold. 

aus-cnl-tate  (aws'kul-tat),  v.t.  to 
examine  by  auscultation. 

aus-cul-ta-tion  (aws-kul-tn'shun ) , 
n.  a  method  of  detecting  chtst 
disease  by  observing  the  sounds 
arising  in  the  part,  either  by  ap- 
plying the  ear  directly  to  the  chest 
or  thorax,  or  by  means  of  a 
stethoscope. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


aus 


74 


aut 


aus-cul-ta-ter  (aws'kul-ta-tSr),  n. 
one  who  practices  auscultation  ;  a 
stethoscope. 

aus  -  cnl  -  ta  -  to  -  ry  (aws-kul'ta- 
to-ri),  00!;'.  pertaining  to  auscul- 
tation. 

aus-pice  (aws'pis),  n.  [pi.  aus- 
pices (-ez)],  an  omen  drawn  from 
birds ;  an  omen  ;  a  predication  as 
to  the  future  ;  protection  ;  patron- 
age ;  favoring  influence  (generally 
in  pi.). 

aiis-pi-cious  (aws-pish'us),  adj. 
having  promise  of  success  or  hap- 
piness ;  propitious ;  prosperous ; 
fortunate. 

aus-tere  (aws-ter'),  adj.  sour; 
harsh  ;  rough  to  the  taste  ;  severe  ; 
rigid  in  character  or  mode  of  liv- 
ing ;  severely  simple. 

Syn.     rigid,     rigorous,     severe, 
stern. 

Ant.    (see  dissolute). 

aus-ter-i-ty  (aws-ter'i-ti),  n.  sever- 
ity of  manner  or  life ;  harsh  dis- 
cipline ;  rigorous  simplicity. 

aus-tral  (aws'trSl),  adj.  southern. 

an -then- tic  (aw-then'tik),  or 
ail-then  tic  al  ('tik-al),  adj.  gen- 
uine ;  original  ;  duly  authorized  ; 
true  ;  trustworthy  ;  vested  with  all 
due  formalities,  and  legally  at- 
tested. 

au-then-tic-al-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  an 
authentic  manner. 

an  then  ticate  ( aw-then'ti-kat ) , 
v.t.  to  make  authentic ;  give  au- 
thority to  by  accordance  with  legal 
formalities ;  to  establish  as  gen- 
uine. 

an  then-ti  ca-tlon  (aw-then-ti- 
kti'shun),  n.  the  act  of  authenti- 
cating. 

an-then-tic-i-ty  (aw-then-tis'i-ti), 
n.  the  quality  of  being  authentic ; 
authority. 

au-thor  (aw'ther),  n.  the  beginner 
or  prime  mover  of  anything;  an 
efficient  cause ;  an  originator ;  a 
creator ;  one  who  composes  or 
writes  a  book ;  a  composer. 

au-thor-ess  (aw'ther-es),  n.  a  fe- 
male author.  [The  term  author 
is  now  generally  used  without  re- 
gard to  sex.] 

au-thor-i-ta-tive  (aw-thor'i-ta- 
tiv),  adj.  having  due  authority,  or 
the  air  of  being  duly  authorized ; 


positive,  dictatorial ;  magisterial ; 
commanding. 

au-thor-i-ty  (aw-thor'i-ti),  n.  \pl. 
authorities  (-tiz)],  power  or 
right  to  act  or  command ;  domin- 
ion ;  jurisdiction ;  power  derived 
from  opinion,  respect,  or  reputa- 
tion ;  influence ;  justification  or 
support  for  statement  or  action  ; 
a  person  invested  with  power  to 
act  or  command  ;  one  deserving  of 
credit,  to  whom  appeal  or  refer- 
ence can  be  made ;  in  pi.  the  gov- 
ernment ;  the  constituted  authori- 
ties. 

au-thor-i-za-tion  (aw-ther-i-za'- 
shun).  n.  the  act  of  authorizing; 
establishment  by  authority. 

au-thor-ize  (aw'ther-iz),  v.t.  to 
vest  with  authority  ;  give  a  right 
to  act  or  command ;  empower ; 
legalize ;  establish  or  confirm  by 
authority. 

au -to  (aw'to),  n.  an  abbreviation 
in  common  use  for  automobile. 

an -to,  prefix  meaning  self :  of  one's 
self ;  of  itself. 

au-to-bi-o-graph-ic  ( aw-to-bi-5- 
graf 'ik ) ,  or  au-to-bi-o-graph-ic- 
al  ('ik-al),  adj.  pertaining  to  au- 
tobiography. 

au-to-bi-o-graph-ic-al-ly  (-H), 
adv.  in  an  autobiographic  manner. 

au-to-bi-og-ra-phy  ( aw-to-bi-og'- 
ra-fi),  n.  [pi.  autobiographies 
(-fiz)],  a  biography,  account,  or 
character-sketch  of  a  person  writ- 
ten by  himself. 

au-to-car  (aw'to-kar),  n.  a  car- 
riage or  wagon  capable  of  being 
moved  by  motor  power  within 
itself ;  an  automobile. 

au-toc-ra-cy  (aw-tok'rA-si).  n.  [pi. 
autocracies  Csiz)],  absolute,  un- 
controlled authority ;  supremacy ; 
government  by  one  invested  with 
absolute  and  uncontrolled  author- 
ity ;  autonomy. 

au-to-crat  (aw'to-krat),  n.  an  ab- 
solute prince  or  sovereign ;  one 
who  rules  without  restriction. 

au-to-crat-ic  (aw-to-krat'ik)  or 
an-to-crat-ic-al  ('ik-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  autocracy ;  absolute. 

au-to-crat-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
an  autocratic  manner. 

au-to-cy-cle  (aw'to-si-kl),  n.  a 
motor  bicycle. 

au-to-dy-nam-ic      ( a  w-to-rll-nam'- 


late,  mSr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


aut 


75 


aut 


ik),  adj.  operating  by  its  own 
force. 

au-tog-en-ic  (aw-toj'en-ik)  or  au- 
togenous (-us),  adj.  self-gener- 
ated ;  produced  independently. 

an-to-graph  (aw'to-graf ),  adj. 
self-written ;  in  one's  own  hand- 
writing :  n.  a  person's  own  hand- 
writing ;  an  original  manuscript 
or  signature :  v.t.  to  reproduce  by 
autography  ;  to  sign  or  write  one's 
autograph. 

au-to-grapli-ic  (aw-to-graf'ik)  or 
au-to-graph-ic-al  ('ik-al).  adj. 
pertaining  to  an  autograph  or 
personal  handwriting ;  relating  to, 
or  used  in,  the  process  of  autog- 
raphy ;  self-recording. 

au-tog-ra-phy  (aw-tog'ra-fi).  n. 
the  science  or  study  of  auto- 
graphs ;  an  original  manuscript ; 
a  process  in  lithography  by  which 
copies  of  writings  or  drawings  are 
reproduced  in  facsimile. 

au-to-grav-ure  ( aw-to-grav-ur' ) , 
n.  a  process  of  photo-engraving. 

au-tol-a-try  (aw-tol'u-tri),  n.  self- 
worship. 

au-tol-o-gy  (aw-tol'o-ji),  n.  the 
scientific  study  of  one's  self. 

au-to-mat-ic  (aw-to-mat'ik),  or 
au-to-mat-i-cal  ('i-kal),  adj. 
having  the  power  of  self-motion 
or  self-action  ;  of  the  nature  of  an 
automaton ;  independent  of  the 
will. 

au-to-mat-ic-al-ly  f-li),  adv.  in 
an  automatic  manner. 

au-tom-a-tism  (aw-tom'a-tizm). 
n.  automatic  action  ;  the  doctrine 
which  assigns  all  animal  functions 
to  the  active  operation  of  physi- 
cal laws. 

an-tom-a-ton  (aw-tom'a-ton),  n. 
[pi.  automata  (-ta),  &  automatons 
(-tonz)].  that  which  possesses  the 
power  of  spontaneous  movement 
without  consciousness ;  a  self-act- 
ing machine. 

an-tom-a-tous  (aw-tom'a-tus), 
adj.  spontaneous ;  of  the  nature  of 
an  automaton. 

au-tom-e-try  (aw-tom'e-tri),  n. 
the  estimation,  or  measurement, 
of  one's  self. 

an  -  to  -  mo  -  bile  (aw-to-mo'bil ) , 
adj.  self-moving. 

au-to  mo-bile  (aw-to-mo-beT  & 
aw-to-mo'bil) ,  n.  a  vehicle  moved 


by  a  source  of  power  within  it- 
self ;  a  motor-carriage. 

au-to-mo-bil-ist  (aw-to-mo'bil- 
ist),  n.  one  who  uses  and  controls 
an  automobile  ;  a  chauffeur. 

au-to-inorpli-ism  ( aw-to-morf '- 
ism),  n.  the  judgment  of  others 
by  analogy  from  the  knowledge  of 
one's  self. 

au-to-mo-tor  (aw'to-mo-ter),  n,  a 
self-acting  machine. 

au-to-nom-ic  (aw-to-nom'ik),  or 
au-ton-o-mons  (-ton'o-mus),  adj. 
pertaining  to  autonomy. 

an-toii  o-mist  (aw-ton'6-mist),  n. 
a  supporter  of  autonomy. 

au-ton-o-my  (aw-ton'6-mi),  n.  [pi. 
autonomies  (-miz)],  the  power  or 
right  of  self-government ;  the 
state  of  political  independence. 

au-to-nym  (aw'to-nirn),  n.  one's 
own  name :  opposed  to  pseu- 
donym ;  a  work  published  under 
the  author's  real  name. 

an  to -p lion  (aw'to-fon),  n.  a  bar- 
rel-organ, the  tunes  of  which  are 
determined  by  perforated  mill- 
board. 

au-to-plas-ty  (aw'tp-plas-ti),  n. 
the  process  of  repairing  lesions  by 
application  of  tissue  removed  from 
another  part.  Called  also  rhino- 
plasty. 

au-top-sy  (aw'top-si),  n.  per- 
sonal observation  ;  ocular  demon- 
stration ;  a  post-mortem  examina- 
tion. 

*u-to-tox-ic  (aw-to-toks'ik),  adj. 
self-poisoning. 

au-to-truck  (aw'to-truk),  n.  a 
self-moving  truck ;  motor-truck. 

au -to-type  (aw'to-tip),  n.  a  fac- 
simile ;  a  photo-gelatine  process  of 
producing  pictures. 

au-to-ty-pog-ra-phy  ( aw-to-ti- 
pog'ra-fi),  n.  a  kind  of  nature 
printing,  by  the  transference  of 
gelatine  drawings  on  to  a  plate  of 
soft  metal  from  which  the  design 
is  printed. 

autumn  (aw'tum),  n.  the  sea- 
son between  summer  and  winter, 
beginning  astronomically  at  the 
autumnal  equinox,  about  Septem- 
ber 22nd,  and  ending  at  the  win- 
ter solstice,  about,  December  23rd  ; 
the  period  of  decline  or  decay. 

au-tum-nal  (aw-tum'nal),  adj.  be- 
longing or  peculiar  to  autumn ; 


late,  iniir.  mAsk,  cat,  awl ;  ho.  her,  let;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  m66n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


aut 


76 


avi 


produced  or  gathered  in  autumn  ; 
pertaining  to  the  period  of  life 
when  middle  ai:<>  is  past :  n.  a 
plant  that  flowers  in  autumn. 

au-tum-iial  e-qui-nox  (e'kwi- 
noks),  n.  the  time  of  the  sun's 
southward  passage  across  the 
equator,  about  September  22nd. 

aux-il-i-a-ry  (awg-zil'i-a-ri).  adj. 
helping  ;  aiding  ;  assisting ;  sub- 
sidiary :  n.  I  pi.  auxiliaries  (-riz)l, 
a  helper ;  an  assistant :  a  confed- 
erate or  ally ;  aid  of  any  kind ;  a 
verb  which  helps  to  form  the 
moods  and  tenses  of  other  verbs : 
pi.  foreign  troops  in  the  service  of 
a  nation  at  war. 

a-vail  (ii-vAT),  v.i.  to  be  of  use, 
value,  or  service ;  give  profit :  v.t. 
to  turn  to  profit  or  advantage :  n. 
use ;  means  towards  an  end ;  ad- 
vantage to  an  object :  pi.  proceeds 
or  profits. 

a-vai-la-bil-i-ty  (a-va'la-bil-i-ti ) , 
n.  the  state  or  quality  of  being 
available. 

avalanche  (av'a-lanch),  n.  the 
sudden  descent  of  a  mass  of  com- 
pact snow  or  ice  from  the  higher 
parts  of  a  mountain ;  a  fall  of 
rocks  or  earth  from  the  heights  of 
a  mountain ;  anything  that  over- 
whelms by  suddenness  and  irre- 
sistible force. 

av-a-rice  (av'a-ris),  n.  an  in- 
ordinate or  insatiable  desire  of 
gain  ;  covetousness ;  cupidity ; 
greediness. 

ay-a-ri-cious  (av-a-rish'us),  adj. 
impelled  by  avarice ;  greedy  /  of 
gain  ;. grasping. 

Syn.   niggardly,   miserly,   parsi- 
monious. 

Ant.  (see  generous). 

a- vast  ( a- vast' ) ,  inter j.  stop  ! 
cease !  hold ! 

av-a-tar  (av-fi-tar').  or  avatara 
(-ta'ra),  n.  the  descent  of  a  deity 

•  to  earth  in  an  incarnate  form  :  a 
manifestation  or  embodiment. 

a-vaiint  (a-vawnt'  &  a-vant'), 
interj.  begone !  depart !  an  excla- 
mation of  contempt  or  abhorrence. 

a-ve  (a've  &  a've),  interj.  hail! 
farewell !  n.  an  Ave  Maria ;  a 
salutation. 

av-e  na-ceous  (av-e-na'shus),  adj. 
belonging  to  or  resembling  oats. 

avenge     (a-venj'),    v.t.    to    exact 


punishment  or  satisfaction  for 
wrong  or  injury  done  to  one's  self 
or  another :  v.i.  to  execute  venge- 
ance ;  to  receive  satisfaction  for 
injury  by  the  punishment  of  the 
offender. 

av-e-nue  (av'e-nfi),  n.  a  way  or 
means  of  approach  to  a  place ;  a 
passageway,  drive,  or  alley  bor- 
dered by  trees  leading  to  a  house ; 
a  broad  street  planted  with  trees. 

a-ver  (a-ver'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
averred,  p.pr.  averring],  to  affirm 
positively  ;  declare  to  be  true. 

av-er-age  (av'er-aj),  n.  any 
charge  additional  to  the  cost  of 
freightage :  v.t.  to  find  the  mean, 
as  of  unequal  sums  or  quantities  ; 
reduce  to  a  mean  ;  assign  propor- 
tionately. 

a-ver-ment  (a-ver'ment),  n.  the 
act  of  affirming  positively  ;  verifi- 
cation ;  a  statement  as  to  facts. 

a-verse  (u-vers').  <idi.  unwilling; 
unfavorable  ;  having  a  repugnance 
or  disinclination  to. 

a-ver-sion  (a-ver'shun),  n.  opposi- 
tion or  repugnance  of  mind  ;  an- 
tipathy ;  fixed  dislike  ;  hatred  ;  the 
object  or  cause  of  dislike  or  re- 
pugnance. 

Syn.  antipathy,  dislike,  hatred, 
repugnance. 

Ant.  (see  affection). 

a-vert  (a-verf),  v.t.  to  turn 
aside  or  away ;  turn  or  ward  off : 
prevent. 

a-vert-i-ble  (a-vert'i-bl),od/.  capa- 
ble of  being  warded  off,  or  averted. 

A-ves-ta  (a-ves'ta),  n.  the  sacred 
writings  attributed  to  Zoroaster; 
the  Zend-Avesta. 

a-vi-an  (a'vi-an),  adj.  pertaining 
to  birds. 

a-vi-a-ry  (a'vi-a-ri),  n.  [pi.  avia- 
ries (-riz)  ].  a  house,  large  cage,  or 
inclosure  for  the  keeping  and 
rearing  of  birds  in  confinement. 

a-vi-a-tion  (u'vi-a-shun),  n.  fly- 
ing ;  the  act  of  mechanical  flight. 

a-vi-a-tor  (fi'vi-a-ter),  n.  a  flyer; 
the  operator  of  a  flying  machine. 

a-vic-u-lar-i-um  (A-vik-ii-lar'i- 
um),  n.  [pi.  ayicularia  (-a)],  the 
small  prehensile  process,  resem- 
bling the  head  of  a  bird  with  a 
movable  mandible,  which  contin- 
ually snaps :  found  in  many  of  the 
Polyzoa. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


avl 


77 


a-vi-cul-ture  (a'vi-kul-tur).  n.  the 
breeding  and  rearing  of  birds. 

a-vid-i-ty  (a-vid'i-ti),  n.  greedi- 
ness ;  eagerness ;  strong  appetite. 

av-o-ca-tion  (av-6-ka'shun),  n.  a 
subordinate  or  occasional  occupa- 
tion, as  contradistinguished  from 
vocation. 

a-void  (a-void'),  v.t.  to  keep 
away ;  to  shun ;  the  state  of  be- 
in?  vacant ;  to  make  void :  v.t.  to 
become  vacant  01-  void. 

a-voi-dance  (a-voi'dans).  n.  the 
act  of  annulling  or  making  void : 
the  act  of  shunning ;  the  state  of 
being  vacant. 

av-oir-du-pois  (av-er-du-poiz') . n. 
a  system  of  weights  in  which  one 
pound  contains  16  ounces :  used 
generally  for  all  commodities  ex- 
cept precious  metals,  gems  and 
drugs. 

a-vonch  (fi-youch'),  v.t.  to  affirm 
openly ;  maintain ;  declare  posi- 
tively ;  vouch  for ;  admit  or  confess. 

a-vow  (a-vou').  v.t.  to  declare 
openly  :  acknowledge  frankly  ;  to 
admit  and  justify. 

Syn.   admit,    aver,    confess,    de- 
clare, acknowledge. 
Ant.   (see  deny). 

a-vow-al  (a-vou'al).  n.  an  open 
declaration  :  a  frank  acknowledg- 
ment ;  a  confession. 

a-wa-bi  (a-wa'br>).  n.  an  edible 
shell-fish  found  on  the  coast  of 
Japan ;  the  abalone. 

a-wait  (a-waf).  v.t.  to  wait  for: 
look  for  or  expect ;  be  ready  for. 

a-wake  (a-wfik').  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p. 
awoke,  awaked,  p.pr.  awaking], 
to  arouse  frorn  sleep,  or  from  any 
state  resembling  sleep;  put  into 
action  :  infuse  new  life  into :  v.i. 
to  cense  to  sleep  :  bestir  one's  self  : 
ndi.  not  sleeping:  roused  from 
sleep  or  inactivity ;  in  a  state  of 
vigilance  or  action. 

a-wak-en-ing  (a-wfik'en-ing).  n. 
the  act  of  rousing  from  sleep :  a 
revival  of  religion,  or  activity  of 
a  particular  reliffious  sect :  adj. 
rousing  :  exciting  :  alarming. 

a-ward  (a-wawrd').  r.t.  to  ad- 
judge ;  assign  by  judicial  sen- 
tence, or  arbitration :  bestow  in 
consideration  of  merit :  to  deter- 
mine or  make  an  award :  n.  a 


judgment ;  a  decision  ;  a  sentence  ; 
the  decision  of  arbitrators  on 
points  submitted  to  them :  the  doc- 
ument containing  such  decision ; 
that  which  is  awarded  or  assigned. 

a- ware  (a-war').  adj.  on  guard; 
watchful ;  apprised ;  cognizant ; 
conscious:  vigilant. 

a- wash  (A-wosh'),  adj.  &  adv.  on 
a  level  with  the  waves. 

a- way  (a-wa'),  adv.  absent;  at  a 
distance  ;  out  of ;  off ;  in  another 
direction ;  continuously :  interj. 
begone !  depart ! 

awe  (aw),  n.  reverential  fear;  the 
feeling    or    emotion    inspired    by 
the    contemplation    of    something 
sublime ;  a  sense  of  profound  ad- 
miration and   respect :   reverence  : 
v.t.  to  strike  or  inspire  with  feel- 
ings    of     reverential     respect     or 
fear ;  restrain  by  fear  or  respect. 
Syn.  dread,  fear,  reverence. 
Ant.   (see  familiarity). 

a-weath-er  (a-wef/t'er),  adv.  on 
the  weather  side,  or  toward  the 
wind  :  n.  opposed  to  alee. 

aw-ful  (aw'ful),  adj.  inspiring  or 
impressing  with  profound  fear  or 
reverence ;  of  a  dreadful  or  ap- 
palling nature ;  solemn. 

aw-ful-ly  (-li).  adv.  in  an  awful 
manner ;  excessively. 

a-while  (a-hwil'),  adv.  for  a 
period  of  time. 

awk.     See  auk. 

awk-ward  (awk'werd),  ad/,  want- 
ing dexterity  ;  unskilful ;  ungrace- 
ful or  ungainly  in  shape,  move- 
ment, or  manners ;  clumsy. 

Syn.   clumsy,   uncouth,   boorish. 
Ant.    (see  graceful). 

awl  (awl),  n.  a  pointed  instru- 
ment for  piercing. 

awn  (awn),  n.  the  beard  or  bris- 
tle-like appendage  of  the  outer 
glume  of  wheat,  barley,  and  nu- 
merous grasses. 

awn-ing  (awn'ing).  n.  a  covering 
of  canvas  or  other  cloth  stretched 
upon  a  frame  and  used  as  a  shel- 
ter from  wind  or  sun. 

aw-ny  (aw'ni),  adj.  having  bris- 
tles :  bearded. 

a-woke,  p.t.  of  awake. 

a- wry   (a-rT),  adj.  or  adv.  turned 
or   twisted   toward   one   side ;    er- 
roneous. 
ax-al.     See  axial. 


late,  miir,  mask.  cat.  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin, 


78 


azz 


axe  or  ax  (aks),  n.  a  tool  or  in- 
strument of  steel,  or  iron  with  a 
steeled  edge,  attached  to  a  handle, 
used  for  the  hewing  of  timber  and 
chopping  of  wood. 

ax-i-al  (aks'i-al)  adj.  pertaining  to 
an  axis  in  any  sense  of  the  word. 

ax-i-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  the  di- 
rection of  an  axis. 

ax-if-er-ous  (ak-sif'e-rus),  adj. 
consisting  of  stem  or  axis  alone 
without  leaves. 

ax-i-forxn  (ak'si-f6rm),  adj.  in 
the  form  of  an  axis. 

ax-il  (ak'sil),  n.  the  angle  formed 
by  the  upper  side  of  an  organ  or 
branch  with  the  stem  or  trunk  to 
which  it  is  attached. 

ax-ile  (ak'sil),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  axis ;  situated  or  lying  in  the 
axis. 

axilla  (ak-sil'a).  n.  [pi.  axillfp 
Ce)].  the  armpit,  or  cavity  in  the 
junction  of  the  arm  and  shoulder; 
the  axil  of  a  leaf. 

ax-il-lar  (ak'si-lar).  or  axillary 
(-la-ri),  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
armpit ;  pertaining  to,  springing 
from,  or  situated  in,  the  axil. 

ax-i-om  (ak'si-um),  n.  an  indis- 
putable self-evident  truth ;  a 
proposition  embodying  a  truth  at 
once  obvious  and  incontrovertible  ; 
an  established  principle  in  an  art 
or  science. 

Ryu.  adage,  aphorism,  apo- 
thegm, byword,  maxim,  proverb, 
saying,  saw. 

Ant.  (see  absurdity). 

ax-i-o-mat-ic  (ak-si-o-mat'ik)  or 
ax-i-o-mat-ic-al  ('ik-Sl),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of, 
an  axiom. 

ax-i-o-mat-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
the  manner,  or  by  use,  of  accepted 
truth. 

ax-is  (nk'sis),  n.  [pi.  axes  ('sez)]. 
the  straight  line,  real  or  imagi- 
nary, passing  through  a  body,  upon 
or  around  which  such  body  re- 
volves, or  is  supposed  to  revolve ; 
a  straight  line  drawn  through  the 
center  of  a  bilateral  symmetrical 
figure,  as  the  spinal  column:  the 
central  line  of  any  symmetrical 
body ;  the  stem  or  central  column 
of  a  plant,  round  which  the  or- 
gans or  parts  are  disposed  ;  the  cen- 
tral region  of  a  mountain  chain. 


ax-is  (ak'sis),  n.  hog-deer  of  India. 

ax-le  (ak'sl),  n.  the  spindle,  or 
portion  of  the  axle-tree,  which  is 
inserted  in  the  hub  of  the  wheel, 
and  on  which  the  wheel  revolves. 

ax-le-box  (-boks),  n.  a  bushing  in 
the  hub  of  a  wheel  through  which 
the  axle  passes. 

ax-le-tree  (-tre),  n.  a  bar  con- 
necting the  opposite  wheels  of  a 
carriage,  on  the  rounded  ends  of 
which  the  wheels  revolve. 

ay  or  aye  (a),  adv.  always;  for 
ever ;  continually. 

aye  or  ay  (a  or  I),  adv.  or  inter j. 
yes;  yea;  even  so;  indeed:  n.  [pi. 
ayes  (Iz)l,  the  affirmative  votes 
in  a  parliamentary  division ;  the 
members  so  voting. 

aye-aye  (I'l),  n.  a  singular  noc- 
turnal quadruped,  native  of  Mad- 
agascar, and  allied  to  the  lemurs. 

Ayr-shire  (ar'shir),  n.  a  fine 
breed  of  cattle  from  the  county  of 
Ayr,  Scotland,  noted  for  rich  milk. 

A-za-le-a  (a-za'le-a),  n.  [pi.  aza- 
leas (-az)],  a  genus  of  plants,  be- 
longing to  the  rhododendron  tribe, 
and  remarkable  for  their  flowers. 

az-a-rine  (az'S-rin),  n.  a  bright 
red  dye  obtained  from  CQal-tar. 

az-i-nmth  (az'i-muth),  n.  an  arc 
of  the  horizon  intercepted  between 
the  meridian  of  a  place  and  the 
vertical  circle  passing  through  the 
center  of  a  celestial  body. 

az-ote  (az'ot),  n.  the  old  name  for 
nitrogen. 

Az-tec  (az'tek),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  Aztec  race.  Also  written 
Aztecan. 

az-ure  (azh'iir  &  a'zhur),  adj.  like 
the  blue  of  the  sky :  cerulean :  n. 
the  clear  blue  of  the  sky ;  any 
pigment  of  this  colorT  the  blue 
tint  expressed  in  heraldry  by 
horizontal  shading. 

az-ure-stone  (azh'ur-ston).  n.  the 
lapis  lazuli,  from  which  genuine 
ultramarine  is  made. 

az-nr-ine  (azh'ur-in).  n.  a  greyish- 
blue  color. 

az-u-rite  (azh'fi-rit).  n.  bine  car- 
bonate of  copper;  blue  malachite 
or  chessylite :  Inzulite. 

az-zi-mi-iia  (iit-si-me'na) .  n.  a 
mode  of  decoration  by  damaskeen- 
ing in  gold  and  silver,  &c. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vot*. 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


,  lot :  moon. 


baa 


bac 


B 


baa  (ba),  v.i.  to  cry,  as  a  sheep; 
bleat :  n.  the  cry  or  bleating  of  a 
sheep. 

Ba-al-ism  (ba'al-izm),  n.  the  wor- 
ship of  Baal ;  gross  idolatry. 

tab  ( bab ) ,  n.  a  fishing  bob  :  v.i. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  babbed,  p.pr.  babbing], 
to  fish  with  a  bob. 

baba  (bii'ba),  n.  an  Eastern  title 
of  respect. 

Bab-bitt-met-al  ( bab'it-met-al ) , 
n.  an  anti-friction  alloy  of  copper, 
tin,  and  zinc,  used  in  crank  and 
axle  bearings,  &c. 

bab-ble  (bab'bl),  v.i.  to  utter  in- 
distinct or  imperfect  sounds  ;  prat- 
tle ;  talk  childishly  :  murmur  con- 
tinuously :  v.t.  to  utter ;  prate  ;  re- 
peat unintelligently  ;  tell  secrets  : 
n.  unmeaning  or  foolish  talk ;  a 
confused  murmur. 

tij/n,  chatter,  prattle,  prate. 

bab-bler  (bab'ler),  n.  one  who 
babbles ;  a  dog  that  gives  tongue 
too  frequently  when  on  scent. 

babe  (bab),  n.  [pi.  babes  (biibz)]. 
an  infant  or  young  child  of  either 
sex. 

bab-i-roiis-sa  or  bab-i-rus-sa 
(bab-i-rdo'sa),  n.  the  wild  hog  of 
Eastern  Asia.  Written  also  baby- 
roussa,  babyrussa. 

bab  -  lab.  (bab'lii)  or  ba-bnl 
(ba-bool'),  n.  the  rind  of  the 
legume  of  an  East  Indian  species 
of  the  acacia,  containing  gallic 
acid  and  tannin. 

ba-boon  (ba-boon'),  n.  the  popu- 
lar name  of  a  large  division  of 
monkeys,  which  inhabit  Africa 
and  Arabia,  and  are  characterized 
by  a  long  dog-like  snout,  large 
canine  teeth,  great  head,  rudi- 
mentary tail,  large  callosities  on 
the  hips,  and  capacious  cheek 
pouches  ;  an  epithet  of  contempt. 

ba-boon-er-y  (ba-bf>fm'er-i),  n. 
[pi.  babooneries  (-iz)],  a  collec- 
tion of  baboons :  behavior  or  con- 
duct like  that  of  a  baboon. 

baboon  ish  (ba-boon'ish),  adj. 
like  a  baboon. 

ba-boosb  or  ba-boncbe  (ba- 
boosh'),  n.  a  kind  of  loose  slipper 


worn  in  Oriental  countries.  Also 
written  pabouche: 

bab-n-i-na  (bab-u-i'na),  n.  a  fe- 
male baboon. 

ba  bnl.     See  bablah. 

ba-by  (ba'bi),  n.  [pi.  babies 
('biz)],  an  infant  of  either  sex; 
a  small  child :  adj.  pertaining  to 
an  infant  or  young  child :  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  babied,  p.pr.  babying],  to 
treat  or  fondle  like  a  baby  or 
young  child ;  to  keep  dependent. 

baby-farm  (ba'bi-farm),  n.  a 
place  where  young  children  are 
put  out  for  nursing. 

ba-by-isb  (ba'bi-ish),  adj.  childish. 

ba-by-ism  (ba'bi-izm),  n.  the 
characteristics  of  a  baby ;  a 
childish  manner  of  speech. 

Bab-y-lo-ni-an  ( bab-i-lo'ni-an ) . 
<idj.  pertaining  to  Babylonia ; 
magnificent;  luxurious.  Also  Baby- 
lonish. 

bac-ca  (bak'a),  n.  a  berry;  any 
fleshy  fruit ;  a  one-celled  fruit 
with  a  soft  outer  envelope,  and 
with  naked  seeds  immersed  in 
palp. 

bac-ca-lau-re-ate  ( bak-a-law're- 
at),  n.  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of 
Arts.  Science,  &c. :  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  degree  of  Bachelor. 

bac-ca-rat  (bak-a-ra').  n.  a 
French  card  game  played  between 
a  banker  and  an  unlimited  number 
of  betters  with  one  or  more  packs 
of  cards. 

bac-cate  (bak'at)  or  baccated 
(-ted),  adj.  having  many  berries. 

bac-cha-nal  (bak'a-nal)  or  bac- 
cha  na-li-an  ( bak-a-na'li-an ) ,  adj. 
indulging  in  or  characterized  by 
drunken  revelry ;  drunken :  n. 
a  votary  of  Bacchus ;  a  drunken 
reveler ;  a  drunken  feast. 

bac  chaii  tic  (ba-kan'tik),  adj.  of 
or  resembling  a  bacchanal ;  noisy  ; 
jovial. 

bac-chic  (bak'ik)  or  bacchical 
('ik-al),  adj.  pertaining  to  Bac- 
chus or  the  feasts  in  his  honor; 
riotous,  or  mad  with  drink. 

bach-e-lor  (bach'e-ler),  n.  one 
who  has  taken  the  lowest  uni- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mtite.  nut ;  thin.  then. 


bac 


bac 


versity  degree  in  any  faculty  ;  an 
unmarried  man. 

hach-e-lor's-but  tons  (bach'e- 
lerz-but'unz),  n.pl  the  name  popu- 
larly given  to  several  flowering 
plants  wliose  blossoms  somewhat 
resemble  buttons. 

ba-cil-la-ri-a  (ba-si-la'ri-a),  n.  a 
genus  of  microscopic  diatoms. 

bac-il-la-ry  (bas'i-la-ri),  adj.  con- 
sisting of  bacilli. 

ba-cil-li  an  (ba-sil'i-an).  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  a 
bacillus. 

ba-cil-li  cicle  (ba-sil'i-sid) ,  n.  an 
agent  employed  for  destroying 
bacilli. 

ba-cil-li-cul-ture  ( ba-sil'i-kul- 
tiir),  n.  the  culture  of  bacilli  in 
animal  or  vegetable  infusions  for 
scientific  research. 

ba-cil-lus  (bn-sil'us),  n.  [pi.  ba- 
cilli ('i),  a  genus  of  microscopic 
vegetable  organisms  with  rod-like 
jointed  bodies  or  filaments  in  con- 
stant movement,  present  in  many 
ferments,  active  in  all  stages  of 
putrefaction,  and  associated  with 
the  earliest  stages  of  malignant 
or  zymotic  disease.  (Commonly 
known  as  bacteria.) 

back  or  bac  (bak),  n.  a  flat-bot- 
tomed ferry-boat,  especially  one 
adapted  for  carrying  vehicles ;  a 
large  cistern  or  vat  used  by  brew- 
ers. &c.,  for  liquids. 

back  (bak),  n.  the  hinder  part  ot 
the  body  in  man,  or  in  other  ani- 
mals the  upper  portion  ;  the  whole 
region  of  the  spine,  extending 
from  the  base  of  the  neck  to  the 
buttocks ;  the  dorsal  region  of  a 
fish ;  that  which  is  opposed  to  the 
front ;  the  rear  or  hinder  part  of 
anything ;  the  part  of  a  tool  or 
weapon  opposed  to  the  edge :  adj. 
lying  or  being  behind  or  in  the 
rear,  as  to  time,  situation,  or  di- 
rection ;  in  a  backward  direction : 
adv.  into  or  toward  the  rear;  to 
or  toward  a  former  or  original 
place,  state,  or  condition ;  to  or 
toward  times  past ;  not  advanc- 
ing; in  a  state  of  hindrance  or 
restraint ;  in  withdrawal  or  re- 
tirement ;  away  ;  in  return  ;  again  : 
v.t.  to  furnish  with  a  back  or 
backing ;  get  upon  the  back  of 
or  mount ;  second  or  support ;  bet 


or  wager ;  sign  or  indorse ;  put 
backward  or  cause  to  recede:  v.i. 
to  move  or  go  backward. 

back-rent  (bak'rent),  n.  arrears 
of  rent ;  rent  paid  after  reaping 
the  first  crop  by  a  tenant  enter- 
ing on  a  lease. 

back-rest  (bak'rest).  n.  a  guide 
attached  to  the  slide-rest  of  a 
lathe,  and  placed  in  contact  with 
the  work  to  steady  it. 

back  -  set  -  tie  -  ment  (bak-set'l- 
ment),  n.  an  outlying  or  partially 
reclaimed  portion  of  a  country  be- 
ginning to  be  cultivated. 

back-set-tier  ( bak-set'ler),  n. 
one  living  in  the  outlying  dis- 
tricts of  a  settlement. 

back-bite  (bak'blt),  v.t.  .[p.t. 
backbit,  p.p.  backbit  &  backbitten, 
p.pr.  backbiting]  to  slander  or 
speak  evil  of  in  absence ;  v.i.  to 
censure  absent  persons. 

back -board  (bak'bord),  n.  a 
board  to  support  the  back ;  a  thin 
wooden  backing  used  for  picture 
frames,  mirrors,  &c. 

back-bone  (bak'bon).  n.  the  bone 
of  the  back ;  the  vertebral  column 
of  animals ;  that  which  serves  as 
a  backbone  ;  hence,  firmness  or  de- 
cision of  character. 

back-er  (bak'er).  n.  one  who  sus- 
tains or  abets  another :  especially 
one  who  bets  in  favor  of  a  person 
or  animal  in  a  contest. 

back-gam-mon  (bak-gam'un).  n. 
a  game  played  by  two  persons 
upon  a  table  or  board  made  for 
the  purpose,  with  fifteen  pieces 
each,  and  dice-boxes  and  dice. 

back-ground  ( bak'sround ) ,  n. 
ground  in  the  rear :  the  distant 
portion  of  a  landscape ;  the  por- 
tion of  a  picture  furthest  from 
the  spectator;  that  which  is  dimly 
seen :  a  subordinate  position ;  a 
place  of  retirement  or  reserve. 

back-band  (bak'hand),  n.  writing 
which  slopes  backward  or  to  the 
left. 

back  han  clod  (bak'han-ded) ,  adj. 
with  the  hand  turned  backward; 
unfair  ;  indirect ;  ambiguous  ;  slop- 
ing backward. 

back-ing  (bak'ing),  n.  something 
placed  behind  to  support  or 
strengthen ;  aid  or  support  given 
to  a  person  or  cause. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bac 


81 


back  sheesli  or  backshish.     See 

bakshish. 

back-side  (bak'sid).  n.  the  hind 
part  of  anything  or  that  which  is 
opposed  to  the  front ;  the  hind 
part  of  an  animal. 
back-slide  (bak'slld),  v.i.  [p.t. 
backslid,  backslided.  p.p.  backslid, 
backslidden,  backslided,  p.pr.  back- 
sliding], to  slide  back;  fall  off  or 
away  from ;  apostatize. 
back-stair  (bak'star)  or  back- 
stairs ('starz).  n.  stairs  in  the 
back  part  of  a  house :  stairs  for 
private  use  :  adj.  indirect ;  under- 
hand ;  secret ;  intriguing. 
jack-stays  (bak'staz),  n.pl.  long 
ropes  extending  from  the  mast- 
head to  the  side  of  the  ship,  slant- 
ing a  little  aft,  to  assist  the 
shrouds  in  supporting  the  mast. 
back  -  sword  (bak'sord).  n.  a 
sword  with  one  sharp  edge :  a 
stick  with  a  basket  handle  used  in 
the  game  of  singlestick. 
back- ward  (bak'werd)  or  back- 
wards ('werdz),  adv.  with  the 
back  foremost ;  toward  the  back  : 
in  a  contrary  or  reverse  manner, 
way,  or  direction :  toward  past 
times  or  events ;  from  a  better  to 
a  worse  state. 

back-ward  (bak'werd).  adj.  di- 
rected to  the  back  or  rear ; _  un- 
willing ;  reluctant :  hesitating ; 
slow ;  behind  in  learning  or  prog- 
ress :  behind  in  time. 
back-wa-ter  (bak'waw-ter),  n. 
water  caused  to  flow  backwards 
by  obstruction  of  its  course :  ac- 
cumulation of  water  overflowing 
lowlands,  caused  by  obstruction  : 
water  held  back  by  a  dam  or  weir: 
water  thrown  back  by  the  turn- 
ing of  a  water-wheel  or  the  pad- 
dles of  a  steamer. 

back-woods  fbak-woodz').  n.pl. 
forests  or  partially  cleared  land 
situated  far  from  the  centers  of 
population. 

ba-con     (ba'kn).    n.    hog's    flesh 
salted   or  pickled  and  dried,   usu- 
ally in  smoke. 
bac-te-ri-a    (bak-te'ri-a),   n.pl.   of 

bacterium. 

bac-te-ri-o-log-ic-al  f  bak-te-ri-o- 
loj'ik-Sl),  adj.  of  or  pertaining  to 
bacteriology. 


bac-te-ri-ol-o-gist    (bak-te-ri-ol'6- 
jist),  n,  a  student  of  bacteriology. 
bac-te-ri-ol-o-gy        ( bak-te-ri-ol'6- 
ji),  n.  the  scientific  investigation 
or  study  of  bacteria. 
bac-te-ri-os-co-py '     ( bak-te-ri-os'- 
ko-pi  > ,  n.  the  examination  of  bac- 
teria by  the  microscope. 

bac-te-ri-nm  (bak-te'ri-um),  n. 
[pi.  bacteria  (-a)],  a  microscopic 
vegetable  organism  varying  in 
form  ;  a  disease  germ. 

bad    (bad),   adj.    \compar.   worse, 
stiperl.    worst],    the    opposite    of 
good  ;  evil ;  ill ;  wicked  ;  depraved  ; 
vicious  ;    pernicious  ;    corrupting  ; 
hurtful ;  offensive ;  noxious,  phys- 
ically     or      morally ;      defective ; 
worthless  ;  unhappy  ;  unfortunate. 
Kyn.  wicked,  evil. 
Ant.  (see  good). 

bad-form  (bad'f6rm),  n.  that 
which  is  bad ;  not  very  refined ; 
somewhat  vulgar. 

bad-der-locks  (bad'er-Ioks),  n.  a 
large  dark  green  edible  seaweed. 

ba-de-laire  (ba-de-lar'),  n.  a 
curved  sword  used  as  a  heraldic 
bearing. 

badge  (baj),  n.  a  mark.  sign,  or 
token,  or  cognizance  to  denote  the 
occupation,  allegiance,  associa- 
tion, or  achievements  of  the  per- 
son by  whom  it  is  displayed  ;  the 
mark  or  token  of  anything ;  a 
carved  ornament  on  the  stern  of  a 
vessel. 

badg-er  (baj'er),  n.  a  plantigrade 
carnivorous  mammal,  of  nocturnal 
habits :  an  artist's  brush  of  badg- 
er's hair :  v.t.  to  worry  or  annoy, 
as  a  badger  when  baited ;  pester ; 
persistently  assail. 

badg  -  er  -  bai  -  ting  (baj'er-ba'- 
ting),  n.  a  cruel  sport  formerly 
practiced  of  assailing  a  badger 
placed  in  a  barrel  with  dogs. 

badg  -  er  -  dog  (baj'er-dog) ,  n. 
another  name  for  the  dachshund. 

bad-i-a-ga  (bad-i-a'gft),  n.  a  sea- 
weed, the  powder  of  which  is  used 
for  removing  discoloration  caused 
by  bruises. 

bad-i-nage  (bad'i-naj  &  b8-de- 
nSlzh'),  ».  light  or  playful  raillery 
or  banter. 

bad-ly  (bad'li),  adv.  wickedly; 
grievously :  unskilfully ;  defect- 
ively ;  511. 


ate,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her.  lot :  line,  tin  :  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon 
rook:  mute,  nut:  thin. 


oad 


02, 


bak 


badminton  (had'min-tnn),  n. 
an  out-door  game  similar  to  ten- 
nis, but  played  with  shuttlecocks ; 
a  kind  of  claret-cup. 

bad-ness  (bad'nes).  n.  the  state  of 
being  wicked  or  vicious  ;  depravity. 

baffle  (baf'l),  v.t.  to  elude  or 
circumvent  by  artifice  or  the  in- 
terposition of  obstacles :  foil  or 
check  ;  defeat :  frustrate  ;  thwart ; 
subject  to  indignities. 

8yn.   confound,    defeat,    discon- 
cert. 

Ant.  (see  aid,  abet). 

bag  (bag),  n.  a  sack;  a  pouch;  a 
wallet;  a  receptacle  for  holding 
anything;  that  which  is  contained 
in  a  bag,  or  the  result  of  a  day's 
sport ;  a  sack  or  receptacle  in 
animal  bodies,  containing  a  fluid 
or  other  substance ;  a  definite 
quantity  of  certain  commodities : 
v.t.  to  enclose  in  a  bag ;  distend  ; 
swell ;  secure  or  capture,  as  game  ; 
steal  :  v.i.  to  bulge ;  hang  down 
like  a  full  bag. 

faa-gasse  (ba-gas').  n.  sugar-cane 
refuse  as  delivered  from  the 
crushing  mill. 

bag-a-telle  (bag-a-tel'),  n.  a 
trifle ;  a  game  played  on  a  nine- 
holed  board,  baized  and  cushioned, 
with  a  cue  and  nine  balls. 

bag-gage  (bag'aj),  n.  the  tents, 
clothing,  utensils,  &c.,  of  an  army 
or  expeditionary  force  on  the 
march :  the  trunks,  bags,  and 
other  impedimenta  or  baggage  of 
a  traveler :  n.  an  immoral  woman  ; 
a  coquettish  or  frolicsome  girl. 

bag-ga-la  (bag'a-la).  n.  Arab 
trading  vessel  with  two  masts. 

bag-Ring  (bag'ing),  n.  the  act  of 
putting  into  bags ;  coarse  cloth  or 
other  material  used  for  bags ;  fil- 
tration through  canvas  bags. 

bag-gy  (bag'i),  adj.  having  a  loose 
or  flabby  appearance;  swelled  or 
puffed  out. 

bagn-io  (ban'yo),  n.  a  bath- 
house ;  a  brothel ;  an  oriental 
prison. 

bag-pipe  (bag'plp),  n.  a  shrill- 
toned  musical  instrument,  consist- 
ing of  a  leathern  wind-bag  from 
which  air  is  forced  by  the  per- 
former's elbow  into  pipes,  one  (the 
chanter)  giving  the  melody. 
[Commonly  used  in  pl.~\ 


bah.  (bSl),  interj.  an  exclamation 
expressing  incredulous  contempt 
or  disgust. 

bail  (bfil),  v.t.  to  set  free  or  lib- 
orate  from  arrest  on  security  for 
reappearance ;  to  deliver,  as  goods, 
in  trust,  on  contract  expressed  or 
implied  that  the  person  entrusted 
shall  return  or  account  for  the 
same :  n.  the  person  or  persons 
who  provide  security  for  the  re- 
lease of  a  prisoner ;  the  security 
tendered,  or  accepted. 

bail  (bal).  v.t.  to  free  from  water 
by  dipping ;  to  lade  out  with  a 
bucket  or  other  utensil,  as  in  a 
boat :  n.  a  bent  or  arched  handle 
of  a  pail  or  kettle ;  a  half-hoop 
supporting  the  cover  or  tilt  of  a 
wagon ;  one  of  the  two  small 
sticks,  4  in.  long,  which  are  laid 
across  the_tops  of  cricket  stumps. 

bai-lee  (ba-le'),  n.  the  person  to 
whom  goods  are  committed  in 
trust. 

bail-er.     See  bailor. 

bai-liff  (ba'lif),  n.  a  sheriff's  offi- 
cer who  serves  processes,  &c. ;  any 
subordinate  civil  officer ;  an  over- 
seer or  under-steward  on  an  es- 
tate. 

bai-li-wick  (ba'li-wik),  n.  the  dis- 
trict within  which  a  bailiff  has 
jurisdiction. 

bail-ment  (bal'ment),  n.  a  de- 
livery of  goods  in  trust  to 
another ;  the  action  of  becoming 
surety  for  one  in  custody. 

bail  -  or  (ba'ler)  or  bail-er 
(ba'ler),  n.  one  who  delivers  goods 
to  another  in  bailment. 

bairn  (barn),  n.  a  child  F Scotch], 

bait  (bat),  v.t.  to  harass  or  pro- 
voke, as  by  the  setting  on  of 
dogs  ;  worry  ;  torment,  for  sport ; 
annoy  persistently ;  prepare  a 
hook,  trap,  or  snare  by  covering 
it  with  food  or  other  substance ; 
give  food  and  drink  to  upon  a 
journey :  v.i.  to  take  food  or  drink 
upon  a  journey :  n.  any  substance 
used  to  entice  or  ai!ure  fish  or 
other  animals  with  a  view  to  cap- 
ture;  an  allurement;  temptation; 
refreshment  taken  on  a  journey. 

baize  (haz).  n.  a  coarse  woolen 
stuff,  with  a  nap  on  one  side. 

bake  (bak),  v.t.  to  cook  or  pre- 
pare food  by  subjection  to  dry 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot :  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut :  thin,  Men- 


bak 


88 


bal 


heat  in  a  closed  place,  as  an  oven  ; 
to  dry  and  harden  by  heat :  v.i.  to 
do  the  work  of  baking ;  become 
hard  by  heat:  n.  the  result  of 
baking,  as  a  clam  bake. 

ba-ker  (ba'ker),  n.  one  whose 
business  is  to  make  bread,  bis- 
cuits, &c. 

ba-ker-y  (ba'ker-i),  n.  [pi.  baker- 
ies (-iz)],  a  place  used  for  bread- 
making  ;  a  baker's  shop. 

bak-ing  (bak-ing),  n.  the  quantity 
of  anything  baked  at  the  same 
time :  a  batch. 

bak-sliish,  bakh-shish,  or  bak- 
sheesh, (bak'shesh),  n.  an  East- 
ern term  for  a  present  or  gratu- 
ity. 

bal-ance  (bal'ans).  n.  an  instru- 
ment for  determining  the  weight 
of  bodies ;  a  pair  of  scales ;  a 
steel-yard  ;  a  spring  balance ;  the 
act  of  weighing  mentally  ;  equilib- 
rium; equipoise;  equality;  an 
equality  between  the  two  sides  of 
an  account ;  the  excess  shown  on 
either  side ;  the  sum  or  weight 
necessary  to  make  two  unequal 
sums  or  weights  equal :  v.t.  to 
weigh ;  compare  ;  bring  to  a  state 
of  equipoise  ;  keep  in  equilibrium  ; 
poise;  equal  or  make  equal; 
counterbalance  ;  adjust  or  settle  ; 
to  examine  and  compare  accounts : 
v.i.  to  have  equal  weight ;  be  in 
equipoise ;  be  employed  in  the  ad- 
justment of  accounts. 

bal-ance  of  trade  (bal'Ans  of 
trad),  n.  the  difference  between 
the  imports  and  exports  of  a  coun- 
try. 

bal-ance-reef  (bal'ans-ref ),  n. 
a  reef-band  crossing  a  sail  diag- 
onally. 

bal  ance-sheet  (bal'ans-shet),  n. 
a  statement  of  the  assets  and  lia- 
bilities of  a  business. 

balance-wheel  (bal'ans-hwel), 
n.  a  wheel  in  a  watch  (chronome- 
ter) which  regulates  the  beats. 

bal-an-cer  (bal'an-ser).  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  keeps  any- 
thing in  equilibrium;  an  acrobat: 
pi.  the  organs  placed  under  the 
wings  of  certain  insects  to  balance 
the  body. 

ba-la-ta  (ba-la'ta),  n.  the  dried 
gum  of  the  bully-tree,  similar  to 


india-rubber,  and  used  for  insulat- 
ing electric  wires. 

bal-a-yense  (bal-u-yez),  n.  plaited 
muslin  or  lace  inserted  at  the  bot- 
tom of  a  dress  to  protect  it  from 
the  ground. 

bal-co-net  (bal-ko-nef),  n.  a 
slightly  projecting  low  ornamental 
railing  to  a  door  or  window. 

bal-co-nied  ( bal'ko-nid),  adj.  hav- 
ing a  projecting  exterior  platform 
or  interior  gallery. 

bal-co-ny  (bal'ko-ni),  n.  [pi.  bal- 
conies (-niz)],  a  platform  or  gal- 
lery projecting  from  the  wall  of  a 
building,  enclosed  bv  a  balustrade 
or  parapet. 

bald  ( bawld ) ,  adj.  without  the 
natural  or  usual  covering  to  the 
head  or  summit ;  unadorned ; 
bare  ;  literal ;  undisguised  ;  having 
a  white  spot  or  patch  on  the 
head ;  bald-faced. 

bald-head  (bawld'hed),  n.  a  man 
bald  on  the  head. 

bal-der-dash  ( bawl'der-dash ) ,  n. 
a  nonsensical  jumble  of  words ; 
silly  talk  or  writing ;  a  worthless 
mixture. 

bal-dric  or  bal-drick(bawl'drik), 
n.  a  broad  belt,  often  richly  or- 
namented, worn  round  the  waist, 
or  over  one  shoulder  and  across 
the  breast. 

bale  (bal),  n.  a  large  bundle  or 
package  of  goods :  v.t.  to  make  up 
into  a  bale  or  bales ;  to  lade  out 
as  water. 

bale  (bal),  n.  woe;  calamity;  mis- 
chief. 

ba-leen  (ba-len'),  n.  whalebone  in 
its  natural  condition ;  the  horny 
elastic  material  fringing  the  jaws 
of  right  whales. 

bale-fire  (bal'fir),  n.  a  beacon  or 
signal-fire ;  a  bonfire ;  a  funeral 
pyre. 

bale-ful  (bal'fool),  adj.  replete 
with  deadly  or  malign  influence ; 
full  of  woe;  direful;  predicative 
of  disaster. 

bale-ful-ly  (-H),  adv.  calami- 
tously ;  miserably. 

ba-lise  or  ba-lize  (ba-lez'),  n. 
a  sea-mark  or  beacon,  consisting 
of  a  pole  or  buoy  surmounted  by  a 
flag  or  other  object. 

balk  or  baulk  (bawk),  n.  a  strip 
or  ridge  of  land  left  unplowed ;  a 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  ne.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  th<m. 


bal 


84 


Dai 


thick  heavy  piece  of  timber ;  a 
barrier  or  check ;  frustration  or 
disappointment :  v.t.  to  thwart, 
check,  or  disappoint :  v.i.  to  stop 
short,  or  swerve ;  to  signify  the 
position  of  herring  or  pilchard 
shoals  from  a  height,  and  indicate 
their  position  to  the  fishermen. 

ball  ( bawl ) ,  n.  a  round  body  ;  any 
mass  resembling  a  sphere ;  a 
spherical  body  used  for  play ;  a 
bullet ;  any  roundish  part  of  the 
body  ;  a  game  played  with  a  ball ; 
the  globe  or  earth :  v.t.  to  make 
into  a  ball :  v.i.  to  form  or  gather 
into  a  ball.  ball-bearing 
(bawl'bar-ing),  n.  a  bearing  con- 
taining loose  balls  of  metal  to 
reduce  friction. 

ball  (bawl),  n.  a  dance;  a 
social  assembly  of  persons  of  both 
sexes  for  the  purpose  of  dancing. 

ballad  (bal'ad),  n.  a  short  nar- 
rative poem,  adapted  for  reciting 
or  singing. 

ballast  (bal'ast),  n.  weighty 
material  carried  by  a  ship  to  en- 
sure stability  ;  sand  carried  in  the 
car  of  a  balloon  to  steady  it ; 
gravel  or  rubble  filling  the  space 
between  the  sleepers  of  a  rail- 
way ;  that  which  imparts  stabil- 
ity to  the  character :  v.t.  to  place 
ballast  in  or  on ;  impart  steadi- 
ness to. 

bal-last-age  (bal'&st-aj),  n.  a  toll 
paid  for  leave  to  take  ballast. 

ballet  (bal'a),  n.  a  theatrical 
representation  in  which  a  story 
is  told,  and  actions,  characters, 
and  passions  represented  by  gest- 
ures, accompanied  by  music  and 
dancing ;  the  company  of  persons 
who  perform  the  ballet. 

bal-lis-tic  (bal-lis'tik) ,  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  scientific  construc- 
tion and  use  of  projectiles. 

bal-lis  tics  (bal-is'tiks),  n.  the 
science  of  the  motion  of  pro- 
jectiles. 

bal-lon  d'es-sai  (ba-Iong  da-se'), 
n.  [Fr.]  a  balloon  used  to  test  the 
direction  of  air  currents ;  hence  a 
feeler  to  test  public  opinion. 

bal  loon,  (bal-loon'),  n.  a  large 
bag  of  prepared  silk  or  other  ma- 
terial, which,  when  inflated  by 
hydrogen  gas  or  heated  air,  as- 


cends and  floats  in  the  atmos- 
phere ;  a  round  vessel  with  a  short 
neck  used  in  distillation. 

bal-loon- jib  (bal-loon'jib),  n.  a 
triangular  sail  used  by  yachts  in  a 
slight  breeze. 

balloon-ing  (bal-loon'ing),  n. 
the  art  or  practice  of  managing 
balloons  or  making  balloon  as- 
cents. 

bal-loon-ist  (bal-loon'ist),  n.  one 
who  makes  or  ascends  in  a  bal- 
loon ;  an  aeronaut. 

bal-lot  (bal'ot),  n.  a  ball,  ticket, 
or  paper  by  which  a  vote  is  reg- 
istered ;  the  system  of  secret  vot- 
ing by  the  use  of  balls,  tickets, 
or  papers  ;  election  by  secret  vote  ; 
also  the  total  number  of  votes 
cast  or  recorded :  v.i.  to  vote  or 
decide  by  secret  vote. 

balm  (bam),  n.  the  oily  aromatic 
exudation  of  certain  trees  or 
shrubs,  used  for  healing  or  sooth- 
ing ;  balsam ;  anything  which 
heals,  or  that  soothes  pain ;  an 
odoriferous  tree  or  shrub  yield- 
ing balm. 

balm  of  gil-e-ad  (of  gil'e-ad).  n. 
the  name  of  various  kinds  of  fra- 
grant resins,  as  that  of  the  ever- 
green terebinth  tree  of  Arabia. 

balm-i-ly  (bam'i-li).  adv.  in  a 
soothing  manner ;  fragrantly. 

balm-i-iiess  (-nes).  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  soothing  or  re- 
freshingly fragrant. 

bal-mor-al  (bal-mor'ai) ,  adj.  &  n. 
the  name  given  to  various  strong 
articles  of  dress,  as  a  petticoat, 
or  lace  up  boots. 

balm-y  (biim'i),  adj.  having  the 
qualities  of  balm  ;  soft ;  fragrant ; 
refreshing. 

bal-sam  (bawl'sam),  n.  an  oily, 
aromatic,  resinous  substance  ob- 
tained from  certain  ^  trees  or 
shrubs,  and  used  medicinally  or  in 
perfumery ;  balm ;  the  name  ap- 
plied to  several  trees,  shrubs,  or 
plants  yielding  balsam,  as  the 
balsam-tree ;  anything  soothing  or 
healing. 

bal-sam-ic  (bawl-sam'ik)  or  bal- 
sam-ic-al  (-al),  adj.  having  the 
qualities  of,  or  yielding,  balsam ; 
soft ;  soothing  ;  healing. 

bal-us-ter  (bal'us-ter),  n.  a  small 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ba! 


85 


ban 


column  or  pilaster  to  support  the 
rail  of  a  parapet  or  balustrade. 

bal-us-trade  (bal-us-trad'),  n.  a 
series  of  small  columns  or  pilas- 
ters, surmounted  by  a  top-rail  or 
coping,  serving  as  a  parapet  or 
protective  railing,  staircase,  &c. 

bal-za-rine  (bal'za-rin) .  n.  a  dress 
fabric  of  wool  and  cotton. 

bam  (bam),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p  bam- 
med, p.pr.  bamming],  to  bam- 
boozle ;  cheat :  wheedle  :  n.  an  im- 
position ;  a  cheat ;  a  hoax. 

bam-bi-no  (bam-be'nO),  n.  [pi. 
bambini  ('ne)],  a  child  or  baby: 
a  figure  of  the  infant  Christ 
wrapped  in  swaddling  clothes :  ex- 
hibited in  many  Roman  Catholic 
churches  from  Christmas  to 
Epiphany. 

barn-boo  (barn-boo') ,  n.  the  name 
of  certain  tropical  grasses  having 
thick-jointed  stems  of  exceeding 
hardness,  and  attaining  to  a 
height  of  from  20  to  120  ft.;  a 
stick  or  cane :  v.t.  to  flog  with  a 
bamboo  rod. 

bam-boo-zle  (bam-boo'zl),  v.t.  to 
hoax ;  deceive  by  trickery ; 
mystify;  humbug:  v.i.  to  practice 
cheating. 

ban  (ban),  n.  in  feudal  times  a 
public  proclamation,  or  summons 
to  arms  ;  an  edict  of  proscription 
or  interdiction  ;  prohibition  ;  ex- 
communication ;  curse  ;  anathema  : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  banned,  p.pr. 
banning],  to  curse;  to  interdict  or 
prohibit ;  to  place  under  a  ban. 

ban  (ban),  n.  the  title  of  the 
governor  of  Croatia  and  Slavonia 
as  viceroy  of  the  Austrian  em- 
peror. 

ba-na-na  (bS-na'nS),  n.  a  tropical 
herbaceous  plant,  closoly  allied  to 
the  plantain  ;  its  soft,  luscious 
fruit,  which  furnishes  a  nutri- 
tious and  important  article  of  food 
in  tropical  countries. 

ban-ate  (ban'at),  n.  the  territory 
ruled  by  a  ban ;  the  office  itself. 

band  (band),  n.  that  which  binds 
together ;  that  which  connects : 
that  which  encircles,  supports,  or 
restrains ;  a  fillet ;  strap ;  tie ; 
shackle  or  fetter;  collar:  ligature  ; 
a  driving  belt ;  a  company  of  per- 
sons united  by  a  common  object ;  a 
body  of  soldiers ;  a  company  of 


musicians  forming  an  orchestra, 
a  military  or  other  band :  v.t.  to 
unite  in  a  troop,  company,  or 
confederacy :  v.i.  to  associate  or 
unite  for  some  common  purpose. 

ban-dage  (ban'daj),  n.  a  roller  »f 
cotton  or  other  material  used  in 
dressing  and  binding  up  wounds, 
&c. ;  a  band  or  ligature :  v.t.  to 
dress  or  bind  with  a  bandage. 

ban-da-la  (ban-da'la),  n.  manila 
white  rope. 

ban-dan-a  or  ban-dan-na  Cban- 
dan'a),  n.  a  large  silk  or  cotton 
handkerchief,  dyed  red.  blue,  or 
yellow,  with  white  or  yellow 
spots  ;  a  style  of  calico  printing  in 
imitation  of  the  bandana. 

band-box  (band'bpks),  n.  a  light 
box  of  pasteboard^  &c.,  for  hold- 
ing bonnets. 

ban-dean  (ban-do'\  n.  \pl.  ban- 
deaux (-ddz')],  a  ribbon  worn 
over  the  forehead. 

ban-ded  (ban'ded),  p.adj.  allied; 
confederated ;  having  bands ; 
marked  by  stripes  of  different 
color  or  material ;  having  a  band 
differing  in  tincture  from  the  garb. 

baiicle  let.      Same     as    bandlet. 

ban-de-ril-la  (ban-de-reTya).  n.  a 
dart,  with  a  banderole  attached, 
used  in  bull  fights  to  exasperate 
the  bull. 

ban-de-role  (ban'de-rol )  or  ban- 
de-rol  (-rol),  n.  a  little  flag  or 
streamer ;  a  small  flag  carried 
at  the  head  of  a  lance  or  mast. 

ban-di-coot  (ban'di-koot),  n.  a 
large  rat,  native  of  India  and 
Oylon,  very  destmctive  to  rice 
fields  and  gardens;  the  name  given 
to  rat-like  marsupials  of  several 
species  found  in  Australia  and 
Tasmania. 

ban-dit  (ban'dit),  n.  [pi.  bandits 
('dits)  &  banditti  (-dit'i)],  an 
outlaw ;  a  brigand ;  a  robber ;  a 
highwayman. 

band-let  (band'let),  n.  a  small 
band ;  a  little  band  or  flat  molding 
encircling  a  column. 

ban-dog  (ban'dog),  n.  a  large 
fierce  kind  of  dog  usually  kept 
chained ;  a  mastiff. 

ban-do-leer  (ban-do-ler'),  n.  a 
broad  leather  belt,  worn  over  the 
shoulder  and  across  the  breast, 
for  holding  ammunition. 


late,  mar,  masK,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let ;  line,  tin  :  v5te,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ban 


86 


ban 


ban-do-line  (ban'do-lin),  n.  a 
guinmy  perfumed  substance  used 
for  imparting  a  gloss  to  the  hair 
or  for  fixing  it  in  any  position. 

ban-dore  (ban-dor'  &  ban'dor),  n. 
an  ancient  stringed  instrument  re- 
sembling a  zither. 

band- saw  (band'saw),  n.  an  end- 
less steel  saw  running  on  pulleys. 

ban-dy  (ban'di).  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
bandied,  p.pr.  bandying],  to  throw 
or  beat  to  and  fro,  as  a  ball  in 
play ;  toss  from  one  to  another ; 
give  and  take :  v.i.  to  contend ; 
strive :  n.  a  club  bent  at  the  end 
for  striking  a  ball ;  a  hockey- 
stick  ;  a  game  played  with  such  a 
club,  commonly  called  hockey : 
adj.  bent ;  having  a  bend  or  crook 
outward. 

ban-dy  (ban'di),  n.  a  kind  of  cart 
or  buggy  used  in  India,  drawn  by 
oxen. 

bane  (ban),  n.  that  which  causes 
death,  ruin,  or  destruction,  hence 
a  deadly  poison,  vice,  or  sin ;  a 
disease  (rot)  in  sheep. 

bane-ful  (ban'fool),  adj.  poison- 
ous ;  pernicious. 

bane-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  per- 
nicious manner ;  destructively. 

bang  (bang),  v.t.  to  beat,  as  with 
a  club  or  cudgel ;  thump ;  handle 
roughly ;  produce  a  loud  sound  by 
or  from  (as,  bang  the  door)  ;  sur- 
pass or  excel :  v.i.  to  make  a  loud 
noise  ;  thump  violently  :  n.  a  heavy 
blow ;  a  loud,  sudden  noise :  adv. 
with  a  sudden  or  violent  blow : 
abruptly. 

bang  (bang),  n.  [pi.  bangz],  hair 
cut  straight  across  the  forehead 
so  as  to  form  a  fringe ;  false  hair 
so  worn :  v.t.  to  cut  the  hair 
across  the  forehead  so  as  to  form 
a  fringe. 

bang-le  (bang'gl),  n.  an  orna- 
mental ring  worn  upon  the  wrists 
and  ankles  in  India  and  Africa  ; 
a  ring-bracelet. 

ban-ian  or  ban-yan  (ban-yan'), 
n.  a  Hindu  trader  or  merchant ;  a 
Bengali  native  who  manages 
money  affairs  for  Europeans ;  a 
loose  gown  for  men,  like  that 
worn  by  the  Hindus. 

ban-ian-tree  (-tre),  n.  the  In- 
dian fig-tree,  which  spreads  over 
a  large  area  by  sending  down 


shoots  from  its  branches ;  these 
take  root  and  become  new  trunks. 

ban-isb.  (ban'ish),  v.t.  to  condemn 
to  exile ;  expel  from  the  country 
as  a  punishment ;  drive  away  ;  dis- 
pel from  the  mind. 

Syn.  eject,   dismiss,   evict,   exile, 
oust,   dislodge. 

ban-isb-ment  (ban'ish-ment),  n. 
the  act  of  expelling  or  driving 
away ;  the  state  of  being  expelled. 

ban-is-ter  or  bannister  (han'- 
is-ter),  n.  corrupt  forms  of  balus- 
ter. 

ban- jo  (ban' jo),  n.  a  musical 
instrument,  of  from  five  to  nine 
strings,  having  a  neck  like  a 
guitar,  and  a  circular  body  cov- 
ered in  front  with  tightly-stretched 
parchment. 

ban-jo-ist  (ban'jo-ist),  n.  a  per- 
former on  the  banjo. 

bank  (bangk),  n.  a  heap,  mound, 
or  ridge  of  earth  ;  any  steep  ac- 
clivity ;  an  elevation  or  rising 
ground  beneath  the  sea  or  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river,  forming  a  shoal 
or  shallow ;  a  bench  for  rowers ; 
a  tier  of  oars :  v.t.  to  enclose,  de- 
fend, or  fortify  with  a  bank ;  pile 
or  heap  up. 

bank  (bangk),  n.  an  establish- 
ment for  the  custody,  loan,  ex- 
change, or  issue  of  money ;  the 
office  of  a  banking  company :  in 
certain  games  of  chance,  the  fund 
held  against  the  table :  v.t.  to 
deposit  money  in  a  bank :  v.i.  to 
have  an  account  with  a  banker. 

bank-bill  (bangk'bil),  n.  note 
or  a  bill  of  exchange  of  a  bank 
payable  on  demand  or  at  a  future 
specified  time. 

bank-book  (bangk-book),  «.  the 
pass-book  kept  by  a  depositor,  in 
which  a  cashier  of  the  bank  en- 
ters the  debits  and  credits. 

bank-cred-it  (bangk-kred'it),  n. 
the  amount  a  person,  on  giving 
proper  security,  is  allowed  to  draw 
upon  a  bank. 

bank-note  (bangk'not),  n.  a 
promissory  note  issued  by  a 
legally  authorized  bank,  payable 
on  demand,  and  forming  part  of 
the  money  currency. 

bank-a-ble    (bangk'a-bl),  .adj.   re- 
ceivable by  a  bank. 
bank-er    (bangk'er),   n.   one   who 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ban 


87 


bar 


keeps  a  bank ;  one  who  traffics 
in  money,  receives  and  remits 
money,  negotiates  bills  of  ex- 
change, &c. ;  a  vessel  employed 
in  the  cod-fishery  on  the  banks 
of  Newfoundland  ;  the  stone  bench 
on  which  masons  cut  and  square 
their  work ;  a  ditcher. 

bank-ing  (bangk'ing),  n.  the  act 
of  raising  a  mound  or  bank  ;  fish- 
ing on  the  banks  of  Newfound- 
land ;  the  loading  of  coals  at  the 
pit's  mouth. 

bank-rupt  (bangk'rupt),  n.  a 
person  legally  declared  to  be  un- 
able to  discharge  his  liabilities ; 
an  insolvent  debtor :  adj.  unable 
to  meet  one's  obligations ;  insol- 
vent :  v.t.  to  make  or  render  in- 
solvent :  v.i.  to  exhaust  one's  finan- 
cial credit ;  become  insolvent. 

bank-rupt-cy  (bangk'rupt-si),  n. 
[pi.  bankruptcies  (-siz)],  the 
state  of  being  legally  insolvent,  or 
unable  to  pay  all  debts ;  failure 
in  trade. 

ban-ner  (ban'er),  n.  a  piece  of 
cloth  or  silk  attached  to  a  pole  or 
staff,  and  usually  worked  with 
some  device  or  motto,  heraldic  or 
emblematical ;  an  ensign,  stand- 
ard, or  flag  of  a  country,  state,  or 
order. 

ban-nock  (ban'uk),  n.  a  thick 
cake  made  of  oatmeal,  barley- 
meal,  or  pease-meal,  and  baked 
on  an  iron  plate  or  griddle. 

banns  (banz),  n.  pi.  the  proclama- 
tion in  church  of  an  intended 
marriage. 

ban-quet  (bang'kwet),  n.  a 
sumptuous  entertainment  or  feast  : 
v.t.  to  treat  with  a  feast  or 
rich  entertainment :  v.i.  to  regale 
one's  self  sumptuously. 

ban-qnet  or  ban-quette  (bang- 
kef),  n.  a  bank  running  along 
the  inside  of  a  parapet,  on  which 
soldiers  stand  to  fire  upon  the 
enemy ;  the  footway  of  a  bridge 
when  raised  above  the  carriage- 
way ;  a  side-walk. 

ban-shee  (ban'she),  benshie 
(ben'she),  or  benshi  ('she),  n.  a 
kind  of  female  fairy  who,  accord- 
ing to  the  belief  of  the  peasantry 
of  Ireland,  and  some  parts  of 
Scotland,  attaches  herself  to  a 
particular  house,  and  foretells  the 


death  of  any  member  of  the  family 
by   an   appearance. 

ban-tarn  (ban'tam),  n.  a  diminu- 
tive breed  of  domestic  fowl :  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  bantam ;  di- 
minutive ;  consequential. 

ban-ter  (ban'ter),  v.t.  to  rail  at 
good-humoredly  ;  attack  jestingly  ; 
make  fun  of :  n.  humorous  rail- 
lery. 

Syn.    chaff,    mockery,    ridicule, 
jeering,  derision,  badinage. 

Bant  ing  ism  (bant'ing-ism),  n. 
a  method  of  reducing  fat  by  diet- 
ing. So-called  from  William 
Banting,  its  first  advocate. 

bant-ling  (bant'ling),  /i.  a  young 
child. 

Ban-tii  (ban'tu),  «.  a  term  used 
for  the  languages  of  South  Africa. 

ban-zai  (ban'zl),  n.  the  Japanese 
hurrah. 

ba-o-bab  (ba'6-bab  &  ba'o-bab),  n. 
an  African  tree  of  huge  size, 
called  the  sour-gourd,  or  the 
cream-of-tartar  tree,  largely  used 
as  an  article  of  food  by  the  na- 
tives. 

bap-tism  (bap'tizm),  n.  the  ap- 
plication of  water  by  an  author- 
ized administrator,  in  the  name  of 
the  Holy  Trinity,  to  a  person,  by 
sprinkling,  effusion,  or  immersion, 
constituting  the  sacrament  or  rite 
by  which  he  is  initiated  into  the 
visible  church  of  Christ. 

bap-tis-mal  (bap-tiz'mal),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  ceremonial  ap- 
plication of  water  or  initiatory 
rite  of  the  Christian  Church. 

Bap-tist  (bap'tist),  n.  one  of  a 
Christian  denomination  who  bap- 
tize adult  believers  only,  and  who 
maintain  the  necessity  for  im- 
mersion. 

bap-tis-ter-y  (bap'tis-ter-i),  or 
bap-tis-try  (-tri),  n.  [pi.  bap- 
tisteries (-iz),  -tries  (-triz)],  a 
building  or  portion  of  a  building 
in  which  the  rite  of  baptism  is  ad- 
ministered. 

bap-tize  (bap-tlz'),  v.t.  to  ad- 
minister the  rite  of  baptism  to; 
admit  to  the  Christian  Church  by 
the  ceremonial  application  of 
water ;  christen. 

bar  (bar),  n.  a  piece  of  wood, 
metal,  or  other  solid  matter,  long 
in  proportion  to  its  thickness ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote.  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut :  thin,  then. 


bar 


88 


bar 


anything  which  impedes  or  ob- 
structs ;  a  bank  of  sand,  gravel, 
&c.,  obstructing  navigation  at  the 
entrance  to  a  harbor  or  mouth  of 
a  river;  the  railing  enclosing  the 
space  occupied  by  counsel  in 
courts  of  justice ;  the  place  in 
court  when-  prisoners  arc 
stationed  for  trial,  or  sentence ; 
the  members  of  the  legal  profes- 
sion collectively,  entitled  to  plead 
in  court ;  any  tribunal ;  the 
portion  of  a  hotel.  &c.,  where 
liquors  are  served  out ;  a  band  or 
stripe ;  a  line  drawn  vertically 
through  the  staff  of  a  piece  of 
music,  dividing  it  into  equal 
measures  of  time ;  the  space  and 
notes  enclosed  by  two  such  lines ; 
an  ordinary,  similar  to,  but  nar- 
rower than,  a  fess,  and  filling 
one-fifth  of  the  heraldic  field :  v.t. 
[l>.t.  &  p.p  barred,  p.pr.  barring], 
to  fasten  with  a  bar ;  to  hinder ; 
obstruct ;  exclude. 

barb  (barb),  n.  that  which  re- 
sembles a  beard  in  lower  animals ; 
a  hair  or  bristle  ending  in  a 
double  hook ;  the  sharp  point  pro- 
jecting backwards  from  the  ex- 
tremity of  an  arrow,  fish-hook, 
&c. :  v.t.  to  furnish  with  barbs. 

barb  (barb),  n.  a  horse  of  the 
Barbary  breed,  remarkable  for 
speed,  endurance,  and  docility  ;  a 
short-beaked  pigeon  of  a  breed 
originally  brought  from  Barbary. 

bar-ba-ri-an  (bar'bfi'ri-ftn),  n.  a 
foreigner ;  a  man  in  a  rude,  savage 
state ;  an  uncivilized  person ;  a 
cruel,  savage,  brutal  man :  adj. 
pertaining  to  savages ;  rude ;  un- 
civilized ;  inhuman. 

bar-bar-ic  (bar-bar'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  characteristic  of 
savage  or  uncivilized  people ; 
rude ;  savage. 

bar  ba-rism  (bar'ba-rizm),  n.  an 
offense  against  purity  of  style  or 
language ;  an  uncivilized  state  or 
condition ;  a  cruel  or  barbarous 
action  ;  an  outrage. 

bar-bar-i-ty  ( bar-bar'i-ti ) ,  n.  [pi. 
barbarities  (-tiz)],  the  state  of 
being  uncivilized ;  cruelty ;  in- 
humanity ;  an  act  of  savage 
cruelty. 

bar-ba-rize  (bar'ba-riz),  v.i.  to 
adopt  a  foreign  or  barbarous  mode 
of  speech  :  v.t.  to  make  barbarous. 


bar-bar  ous       (bar'ba-rus),      adj. 
uncivilized ;    rude    and    ignorant ; 
contrary   to   pure   idiom ;   savage ; 
cruel;   ferocious;   inhuman;   wild. 
tiyn.  brutal,  cruel,  savage,  rude, 
inhuman,  uncouth. 
Ant.   (see  civilized). 

bar-bate  (bar'bat),  or  barbated 
('ba-ted),  adj.  bearded;  furnished 
with  long  and  weak  hairs. 

bar-be-cue  (bar'be-ku),  n.  a 
frame  on  which  all  kinds  of  meat 
or  fish  are  roasted  or  smoke-dried  ; 
the  carcass  of  an  ox,  hog.  &c., 
roasted  whole  ;  a  social  or  political 
entertainment  at  which  animals 
are  roasted  whole,  with  appro- 
priate surroundings :  v.t.  to  dress 
and  roast  whole. 

bar-bel  (bar'bel),  n.  a  slender 
vermiform  process  appended  to 
the  lips  of  certain  fishes :  a 
European  fresh-water  fish,  having 
its  upper  jaw  furnished  with  four 
barbels. 

bar-ber  (bar'ber).  n.  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  shave  the  beard 
and  cut  and  dress  the  hair:  v.t. 
to  shave  and  dress  the  hair  of. 

bar-bette  (bar-bet'),  n.  the  plat- 
form or  breastwork  of  a  fortifi- 
cation, from  which  cannon  may  be 
fired  over  a  parapet  instead  of 
through  the  embrasures. 

bar-bi-can  (blir'bi-kAn),  n.  a 
tower  or  advanced  work  defending 
the  entrance  to  a  castle  or  city. 

bar-bo-tine  (bar'bo-tin),  n. 
kaolin  clay,  thinly  mixed,  used  for 
ornamenting  pottery. 

bar-bnle  (bar'bul),  n.  a  very 
minute  barb. 

bar-ca-role  or  bar-ca-rolle  (biir'- 
k?i-rol),  n.  a  simple  song  or  mel- 
ody sung  by  Venetian  gondoliers  ; 
a  piece  of  music  in  imitation  of 
such  a  song. 

bard  (bard),  n.  a  poet  and  singer. 

bard  or  barde  (bard),  n.  one  of 
the  ornaments  and  housings  of  a 
horse ;  one  of  the  pieces  of  de- 
fensive armor  of  a  mediaeval  war- 
horse. 

bard-ic  (biird'ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  bards  or  to  their  poetry. 

bard-ish  (bard'ish),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  characteristic  of,  bards. 

bard-ism       (bard'izm),      n.      the 


late,  mar,  mAsk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bar 


bar 


methods,  maxims,  and  sentiments 
of  bards. 

bare  (bar),  adj.  naked;  with  the 
head  uncovered ;  unconcealed ; 
simple :  unfurnished  ;  threadbare  ; 
poor ;  mere  :  v.t.  to  divest  of  cover- 
ing. 

bare-faced  (bar'fast),  adj.  with 
the  face  uncovered  ;  undisguised  ; 
shameless ;  impudent. 

ba-rege  (ba-razh'),  n.  thin  gauze- 
like  fabric,  usually  of  silk  and 
worsted. 

bar-gain  (blir'gan),  n.  an  agree- 
ment or  contract  between  two  or 
more  parties  with  reference  to  the 
sale  or  transfer  of  property ;  a 
compact  or  pledge  mutually  agreed 
upon ;  the  thing  purchased  or 
stipulated  for ;  that  which  is  ac- 
quired or  sold  at  a  low  price  ;  an 
advantageous  purchase:  v.i.  to 
make  a  contract  or  agreement :  v.t. 
to  sell  or  transfer  for  a  considera- 
tion. 

bar-gain-ee  (bar-gan-e'),  n.  the 
party  to  whom  a  bargain  and  sale 
is  made. 

bar-gain-er  or  bar-gain-or  (bar'- 
gan-er),  n.  one  who  stipulates  or 
contracts  to  sell  or  transfer  to 
another  for  a  consideration. 

barge  (barj),  n.  a  flat-bottomed 
vessel  employed  in  loading  and 
unloading  ships,  and  for  the  con- 
veyance of  goods  on  rivers  and 
canals ;  a  vessel  of  state. 

ba-ril-la  (bu-ril'a),  n.  an  impure 
carbonate  and  sulphate  of  soda 
imported  from  Spain  and  the 
Levant,  and  obtained  from  the 
alkaline  ashes  of  certain  plants. 

bar-il-let  (bar'il-let),  n.  the  cyl- 
indrical case  containing  the  main- 
spring of  a  watch. 

bar-i-tone.     See  barytone. 

ba-rl-um  fbfi'ri-um),  n.  one  of 
the  elementary  metals. 

bark  (biirkt.  v.i.  to  utter  a  sharp, 
short  sound,  as  the  cry  of  a  dog ; 
to  cough :  n.  the  sound  or  cry 
emitted  by  dogs. 

bark  (bark),  n.  the  exterior  layer 
or  rind  of  woody  stems  or  trunks ; 
Peruvian  bark :  v.t.  to  remove  by 
stripping. 

bark  or  barque  (bark),  n.  a 
three-masted  vessel  having  the 
fore-  and  main-mast  square-rigged, 


and  the  mizzen-mast  fore-and-aft 
rigged. 

bar-kan  tine     or     bar-ken-tine 

( bar'kan-ten ) ,  n.  a  three-masted 
vessel  having  the  fore-mast  square- 
rigged,  and  the  main-  and  mizzen- 
mast  fore-and-aft  or  schooner- 
rigged.  Also  barquantine. 

bark-ing  (bark'ing),  n.  a  sharp 
sound  like  that  of  a  dog ;  cough- 
ing :  n.  the  process  of  stripping 
bark  from  trees ;  the  process  of 
tanning  leather  and  of  dyeing  with 
bark. 

bark-y  (bark'i),  adj.  consisting 
of,  or  covered  with,  bark. 

bar-ley  (bar'li),  n.  the  grain 
jrrown  and  used  chiefly  for  malt- 
ing ;  the  plant  which  yields  the 
grain. 

bar-ley-corn  (bar'li-k6rn),  n.  a 
grain  of  barley ;  formerly  a 
measure  of  length  equal  to  the 
third  part  of  an  inch. 

barm  (barm),  n.  the  foam  rising 
upon  beer  or  other  malt  liquors 
when  fermenting,  and  used  as 
leaven  in  bread-making ;  yeast. 

barm-y  (biirm'i),  adj.  containing 
or  consisting  of  yeast ;  frothy. 

barn  (barn),  n.  a  covered  building 
for  the  storage  of  grain  or  other 
farm  produce. 

barn-owl  (barn'oul),  n.  the 
white  or  screech  owl. 

bar-na-cle  (bar'na-kl).n.  a  species 
of  wild  goose,  called  barnacle  or 
bernicle  goose ;  a  cirriped  crus- 
tacean, found  adhering  in  groups 
or  clusters  to  rocks  or  to  the 
bottoms  of  ships,  &c. ;  an  official 
who  holds  tenaciously  to  his  post : 
n.pl.  an  instrument  placed  on  a 
horse's  nose  to  restrain  him  while 
being  shod,  bled,  or  dressed ;  a 
pair  of  spectacles. 

bar-o-gram  (bar'o-gram),  n.  the 
record  traced  by  the  barograph. 

bar-o-graph  (bar'o-graf),  n.  an 
instrument  recording  automatic- 
ally variations  in  atmospheric 
pressure. 

ba-rol-o-gy  (ba-rol'o-gi).  n.  the 
science  of  weight  or  gravity. 

ba-rom-e-ter  (ba-rom'e-ter),  n.  an 
instrument  for  measuring  the 
weight  or  pressure  of  the  atmos- 
phere :  used  for  indicating  the 
various  changes  of  weather,  or  to 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin, 


bar 


90 


bar 


determine  the  altitude  of  a  par- 
ticular place. 

bar-o-met-ric  (bar-o-met'rik),  or 
bar-o-met-ric-al  ('rik-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  made  with,  or  in- 
dicated by,  a  barometer. 

bar-o-met-ric-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  by 
means  of  a  barometer. 

bar-on  (bar'un),  n.  the  title  of  an 
English  peer  of  the  lowest  rank, 
next  below  a  viscount ;  formerly 
the  title  of  the  judges  of  the 
Court  of  Exchequer. 

bar-on-age  (bar'un-aj),  n.  the 
whole  body  of  barons ;  the  dignity 
or  rank  of  a  baron. 

bar- on -ess  (bar'un-es),  n.  a 
baron's  wife ;  a  lady  holding  a 
baronial  title  in  her  own  right. 

bar  on  et  (bar'un-et),  n.  a  title 
of  hereditary  rank  or  degree  of 
honor  next  below  a  baron  and 
above  a  knight. 

bar-on-et-age  (bar'un-et-aj),  n. 
the  collective  body  of  baronets ; 
the  dignity  or  rank  of  a  baronet. 

bar-on-et-cy  (bar'un-et-si),  n. 
the  title  and  dignity  of  a  baronet. 

bar-o-ni-al  (bar-6'ni-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  baron  or  a  barony. 

baron-ism  (bar'un-izm),  n.  the 
feudal  system  of  government  by 
barons. 

bar-on-y  (bar'un-i),  n.  [pi.  bar- 
onies (-iz)],  the  rank  or  dignity 
of  a  baron  ;  the  domain  or  lord- 
ship of  a  baron ;  a  territorial 
division  in  Ireland,  corresponding 
nearly  to  the  English  hundred ;  a 
large  freehold  estate  in  Scotland. 

ba-roque  (ba-rok'),ad/.  grotesque; 
in  bad  taste. 

bar -o- scope  (bar'o-skop),  n.  an 
instrument  for  indicating  varia- 
tions in  the  pressure  of  the  at- 
mosphere without  actual  measure- 
ment of  its  weight ;  a  storm-  or 
weather-glass. 

barouche  (ba-ro5sh'),  n.  a  roomy, 
four-wheeled  carriage  with  a  fold- 
ing or  falling  top. 

bar-quaii  tine.     See  barkantine. 

barque.      See   bark. 

bar-ra-can  (bar'a-kan),  n.  a 
thick  strong  stuff  made  of  camel's 
hair.  „ 

bar-rack  (bar'ak),  n.  a  large 
building,  or  series  of  buildings, 
for  the  lodgment  of  soldiers  and 


officers ;  a  building  or  collection  of 
huts  within  an  enclosure  in  which 
a  body  of  men  are  lodged  [gener- 
ally in  the  pi.]. 

bar-ra-try  (bar'a-tri),  n.  the 
practice  of  yexatiously  inciting 
and  encouraging  to  law-suits  or 
litigation ;  the  committal  by  a 
ship's  master,  officer,  or  mariner, 
of  an  act  of  fraud,  or  breach  of 
duty,  whereby  the  owners,  freight- 
ers, or  insurers  of  the  vessel  are 
defrauded  or  injured. 

barred  (bard),  p.adj.  furnished 
with  bavs  ;  obstructed ;  secured ; 
striped. 

bar-rel  (bar'el),  n.  a  vessel  or 
cask,  cylindrical  in  form,  bulging 
in  the  middle,  made  of  wooden 
staves  bound  with  hoops,  and  hav- 
ing flat  ends  or  heads ;  the 
quantity  which  a  barrel  should 
contain ;  anything  resembling  a 
barrel  in  shape ;  a  drum  or  cylin- 
der; a  metallic  tube. 

bar-rel  (bar'el),  v.t.  [p.t.  p.p. 
barreled,  p.pr.  barreling],  to  put 
or  pack  in  a  barrel. 

bar-ren  (bar'en),  adj.  incapable 
of  producing  its  kind ;  unpro- 
ductive ;  unfruitful ;  sterile  ;  lack- 
ing ;  devoid  ;  profitless  ;  empty  :  n. 
an  unproductive  tract  of  land. 

bar-rl-cade  (bar-ri-kad'),  n.  a 
fortification  constructed  in  haste 
of  such  materials  as  are  nearest 
to  hand,  and  which  will  serve  to 
obstruct  the  progress  or  attack  of 
an  enemy,  or  shield  a  besieged 
party  ;  any  bar  or  obstruction  :  v.t. 
to  obstruct  or  stop  up ;  fortify  or 
enclose  by  a  barricade. 

bar-ri-er  (barM-er),  n.  anything 
which  hinders  or  obstructs ;  an  ob- 
stacle to  progress,  approach,  or 
attack ;  an  enclosing  fence  or 
boundary  wall ;  a  limit  or  bound- 
ary. 

Syn.    bar,    hindrance,    obstacle, 
obstruction,  rampart,  bulwark. 
Ant.      (see  opening). 

bar-ri-er-reef  (-ref),  n.  a  reef  of 
coral  encircling  an  island,  or  skirt- 
ing the  mainland,  and  enclosing 
an  open  channel  or  lagoon. 

bar-ring  (bar'ing),  p.pr.  as  prep. 
excepting ;  leaving  out  of  account. 

bar-rig-ter  (bar'is-ter),  n.  in 
England,  a  member  of  the  legal 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  h6r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pCrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bar 


91 


bas 


profession  qualified  to  plead  at 
the  bar ;  in  Scotland,  an  advocate ; 
counselor  at  law. 

bar-row  (bar'o),  n.  a  frame 
covered  with  boards,  and  furnished 
with  handles  at  both  ends,  or 
with  a  pair  of  wheels  and  handles 
or  shafts  at  one  end ;  a  hand- 
barrow  ;  a  shallow  box,  with  a 
single  wheel  and  handles  and  sup- 
ports ;  a  wheel-barrow  ;  a  mound 
of  earth  or  heap  of  stones  form- 
ing an  ancient  or  prehistoric 
grave,  constructed  in  various 
forms. 

bar-shot  (bar'shot),  n.  double- 
headed  shot. 

bar-ter  (bar'ter),  v.i.  to  traffic  or 
trade  by  exchanging  one  com- 
modity for  another:  v.t.  to  give 
in  exchange :  n.  trafficking  by  ex- 
change of  commodities ;  the  thing 
given  in  exchange. 
bar-ti-zan  (bar'ti-zan),  n.  a  small 
overhanging  turret,  with  loop- 
holes or  embrasures,  projecting 
from  the  top  of  a  tower  or  wall. 
bar-wise  (bar'wiz),  adv.  horizon- 
tally. 

bar-wood    (bar' wood),    n.    a    red 
dye-wood. 
ba-ry-ta    (ba-ri'ta),    n.    the   oxide 

of  barium. 

ba-ry-tes  (ba-ri'tez),  n.  the  native 
sulphate  of  barium.  Also  called 
heavy-spar. 

ba-ryt-ic  (ba-rit'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  or  containing  baryta. 
bar-y-tone  or  bar-i-tone  (bar'i- 
ton),  adj.  intermediate  between 
bass  and  tenor,  as  a  male  voice 
or  instrument :  n.  a  person  with  a 
voice  having  this  range :  adj.  hav- 
ing the  last  syllable  unaccented  : 
r.t.  to  leave  the  last  syllable  un- 
accented. 

bar-y-tone-clef  (-kief),  n.  the  F 
clef  on  the  middle  line  of  the  bass 
staff. 

bas-al   (biis'al),  adj.  pertaining  to 
or   forming   the   base ;    fundamen- 
tal :  n.  a  basal  part. 
ba  salt    (ba-sawlf  &  bas'awlt).  n. 
an  igneous  rock  of  greenish  black 
color,   and  composed   of   feldspar, 
augite,  titaniferous  iron,  and  fre- 
quently olivine. 
ba-sal-tic    (ba-sawl'tik) ,  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  formed  of  basalt. 


bas-a-nite   (bas'a-mt),  n.  a  black 
siliceous  rock   or  jasper ;   Lydian 
stone ;    touchstone. 
bas-bleu     (ba-ble'),    n.    a    blue- 
stocking ;  a  literary  woman. 
bas-cule   (bas'kul),  n.  a  mechani- 
cal   arrangement    on    the    see-saw 
principle  by  which  the  lowering  of 
one  end  raises  the  other. 
base   (bas),  adj.  worthless;  spuri- 
ous ;  of  mean  spirit ;  morally  ab- 
ject ;  deep  or  grave  in  sound  (com- 
monly  bass). 

Syn.   vile,   mean. 
Ant.  (see  noble). 

base   (bas),  «.  the  part  of  a  thing 
on   which   it   rests :   a   foundation 
or  groundwork  ;   that  which  com- 
bines with  an  acid  to  form  a  salt : 
the  line  or  surface  forming   that 
part   of   a    figure   on   which   it   is 
supposed    to    stand ;     a    fortified 
line  from  which  the  operations  of 
an     army     proceed ;     a     starting 
place  ;  the  lower  part  of  a  heraldic 
field :  v.t.  to  lay  a  foundation. 
base-ball    (bas'bawl),  »•   a  game 
of  ball  played  by  nine  on  a  side ; 
ball   used  in   playing  baseball. 
base-born    (bfis'born),    adj.   born 
out  of  wedlock ;  of  low  or  mean 
parentage ;    mean. 
base-man  (bfis'man),  n.  [pi.  base- 
men  ('men)],  a  player  placed  at 
baseball   at  the  first,  second,  and 
third   bases  respectively. 
base-iiieiit      (bas'ment),     n.     the 
lowest   part   of   a   structure ;    the 
lowest  story   of   a  building. 
bash,  (bash) ,  v.t.  to  strike  heavily  ; 

to  knock  out  of  shape. 
ba-shaw   (ba-shaw'),  n.  a  pasha; 

a  magnate  or  grandee ;  a  bigwig. 
basli-ftil    (bash'fool),    adj.   easily 
disconcerted ;    modest    to    excess ; 
diffident ;  shy. 

bash-ful-ly   (-li),  adv.  in  a  bash- 
ful manner. 

bash-i-ba-zoiik    ( bash'i-ba-z66k' ) , 
n.  a  volunteer  or  irregular  in  the 
Turkish  army.     [Turkish.] 
basli-lyk    (bash'lik),  n.  a  kind  of 
hood    with    long    ends,    worn    in 
Russia.     [Russian.] 
ba-sic   (ba'sik),  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  base  ;  fundamental ;  performing 
the  office  of  a  base  in  a  salt. 
bas-il     (baz'il),     n.    a    sheepskin 
tanned  with  bark ;  the  name  given 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bas 


92 


bas 


to  several  aromatic  herbs  used  in 
cookery. 

bas-il  (baz'il),  n.  the  angle  to 
which  the  cutting  edge  of  a  tool  is 
ground :  v.t.  to  grind  or  form  the 
edge  of  to  an  angle. 

bas-i-lar  (bas'i-lar),  or  basilary 
(-la-ri),  adj.  pertaining  to,  or 
situated  at,  the  base. 

ba-sil-ic  (ba-zil'ik),  or  basilical 
(i-kal),  adj.  kingly;  royal;  per- 
taining to  a  basilica :  n.  the  mid- 
dle vein  of  the  arm. 

basilica  (ba-zil'i-ka),  n.  [pi. 
basilicas  (-kaz)],  in  ancient 
Rome,  a  public  hall  of  rectangular 
shape  used  for  judicial  assem- 
blies; a  church  built  on  such  a 
plan. 

ba-sil-i-con  (ba-zil'i-kon),  n.  an 
ointment  composed  of  yellow  wax, 
black  pitch,  resin,  and  olive  oil. 

bas-i-lisk  (bas'i-lisk),  n.  a  fabu- 
lous creature,  variously  conceived 
as  a  kind  of  serpent,  lizard,  or 
dragon,  and  sometimes  identified 
with  the  cockatrice ;  the  name  of 
a  lizard  with  an  inflatable  crest : 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  basilisk ; 
penetrating  or  malignant. 

basin  (bfi'sn),  n.  s.  circular  ves- 
sel for  holding  water  or  other 
liquid ;  a  pond,  or  dock,  or  other 
reservoir  for  water ;  the  area 
drained  by  a  river ;  a  set  of  strata 
or  stratified  formations  occupying 
a  basin-shaped  depression  in  older 
rocks. 

ba-sis  (ba'sis),  n.  [pi.  bases 
('sez)  ],  a  foundation  ;  the  ground- 
work or  fundamental  principle  of 
anything. 

bask  ( bask ) ,  v.i.  to  lie  in  warmth  ; 
be  exposed  to  genial  heat ;  be  at 
ease  and  thriving  under  benign 
influences :  v.t.  to  warm  by  con- 
tinued exposure  to  heat. 

bas-ket  (bas'ket),  n.  a  vessel 
made  of  rushes,  or  other  flexible 
material,  plaited  or  interwoven ; 
as  much  as  a  basket  will  hold. 

bas  ket  ful  (bas'ket-fool),  n.  [pi. 
basketfuls],  as  much  as  a  basket 
will  carry. 

b  a  s-k  i  n  g-s  h  a  r  k  (bas'king- 
shark),  n.  one  of  the  largest  of 
the  sharks  inhabiting  the  northern 
seas ;  it  is  harmless,  and  has  the 


habit  of  basking  at  the.surface  in 
the  sun. 

Basque  (bask),  adj.  of,  or  per- 
taining to,  the  Basque  race  or 
language. 

basque  (bask),  n.  a  kind  of  a 
woman's  jacket  with  a  short  skirt. 

bas-re-lief  ( ba-re-lef ' ) ,  «.  low  re- 
lief ;  a  form  of  relief  in  which  the 
figures  stand  out  very  slightly 
from  the  ground.  Also  spelled 
bass-relief,  basso-relievo,  &  basso- 
rilievo. 

bass  or  basse  (bas),  n.  the  name 
of  various  edible  fishes  allied  to 
the  perch. 

bass  (bas),  n.  the  American  lime- 
tree  ;  matting  made  from  its  bark  ; 
a  hassock. 

bass  (bas),  adj.  low;  deep;  grave: 
n.  the  lowest  part  in  the  harmony 
of  a  musical  composition  ;  the  low- 
est male  voice,  ranging  from  D 
below  the  bass  staff  to  I)  or  E 
above  it ;  one  who  sings  bass. 

bass-bar  (bas'bar),  n.  a  piece  of 
wood  placed  lengthwise  inside 
stringed  instruments  to  resist  the 
pressure  of  the  bridge. 

bass  clef  (has'  kief),  n.  the 
character  placed  at  the  beginning 
of  the  bass  staff. 

bass  horn  (has'  h6rn),  n.  a  modi- 
fied form  of  a  clarionet. 

bass  staff  (bas'  staf),  n.  the  staff 
on  which  the  notes  of  the  bass  of 
a  harmonized  composition  are 
written. 

bass  viol  (bas'  vil),  n.  a  large 
stringed  instrument  of  the  violin 
class  for  playing  bass. 

bas-set  (bas'et),  v.i.  to  crop  out 
at  the  surface. 

bas-set-korn  (bas'et-horn),  n.  an 
instrument  resembling  a  clarionet, 
but  of  greater  compass. 

bas-si-net  (bas'i-net),  n.  a  wicker 
basket  with  a  hood  at  one  end. 

bas-so  (bas'o).  adj  Italian  for 
bass :  n.  one  who  sings  bass. 

bas-so-pro-fon-do  (-pro-fon'do), 
n.  the  lowest  bass  voice ;  a  singer 
having  such  a  voice. 

bas-soon  (bas-oon'),  n.  an  instru- 
ment of  the  reed  kind. 

bas-soon-ist  (bas-oon'ist),  n.  a 
performer  on  the  bassoon. 

bas-so-re-lie-To.     See  bas-relief. 

bas-so  riii    (bas'o-rin),  or  basso- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat.  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


»as 


93 


bat 


rine  (-rin),  n.  a  substance  ex- 
tracted from  gum  tragacanth  and 
some  other  gums. 

bast  (bast),  n.  the  tough  inner 
fibrous  bark  of  various  trees, 
especially  of  the  lime ;  rope  or 
matting  made  from  this  bark. 

bas-tard  (bas'terd),  n.  a  child  be- 
gotten and  born  out  of  wedlock ; 
an  animal  of  inferior  quality  or 
breed ;  a  kind  of  hawk  formerly 
used  in  falconry ;  a  coarse  brown 
sugar  made  from  syrup  previously 
boiled :  adj.  begotten  and  born  out 
of  lawful  matrimony  ;  spurious ; 
adulterate. 

bas-tar-dize  (bas'ter-diz),  v.t.  to 
make  or  prove  to  be  a  bastard ; 
declare  to  be  illegitimate. 

bas-tar-dy  (bas'ter-di),  n.  the 
state  of  being  illegitimate,  or  born 
out  of  lawful  wedlock. 

baste  (bast),  v.t.  to  beat  with  a 
stick ;  to  drip  or  pour  melted  fat 
or  butter  on  meat  while  roasting ; 
to  sew  slightly,  or  fasten  with 
long  stitches,  as  in  dressmaking. 

bas-tile  or  bas-tille  (bas-teT), 
n.  a  tower  or  fortification  used 
for  the  defense  or  siege  of  a  forti- 
fied place ;  an  old  castle  in  Paris 
used  as  a  state  prison,  demolished 
by  the  populace  in  1879. 

bas-ti.-n.a-do  (bas-ti-na'do),  n.  an 
Oriental  mode  of  punishment,  con- 
sisting in  beating  an  offender  upon 
the  soles  of  his  feet  with  a  stick 
or  rod.  Spelled  also  bastinade : 
r.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  bastinadoed,  p.pr. 
bastinadoing"),  to  beat  the  solos 
of  the  feet  with  a  stick  or  cudgel. 

bas-tion.  (bas'chun),  n.  an  earth- 
work faced  with  brick  or  stone, 
projecting  from  the  angles  of  a 
rampart,  and  having  two  flanks 
and  two  faces. 

bas-to  (bas'to),  n.  the  are  of  clubs 
in  the  card  games  of  quadrille  and 
ombre. 

bat  (bat),  n.  a  heavy  stick  or 
club ;  the  flattened  club  used  in 
cricket  or  similar  games ;  a  bats- 
man ;  a  part  of  a  brick  with  one 
end  whole ;  a  plate  of  flexible 
gelatine  used  to  print  impressions 
on  glaze ;  bituminous  shale :  v.t. 
\p.t.  &  p.p.  batted,  p.pr.  batting], 
to  hit  or  strike :  v.i.  to  use  or 
wield  a  bat  in  cricket  or  baseball. 


bat  (bat),  n.  an  insectivorous 
mammal  furnished  with  wings 
formed  by  a  membrane  stretched 
between  the  elongated  fingers,  legs, 
and  tail. 

batch  (bach),  n.  the  quantity  of 
bread  baked  at  one  time ;  a  quanti- 
ty of  anything  produced  at  one 
operation ;  a  group  or  collection 
of  similar  things. 

bate  (bat),  v.t.  to  lessen  or  re- 
duce ;  deduct. 

ba-teau  or  bat-teau  (ba-to'),  «. 
[pi.  bateaux,  batteaux  (-toz)],  a 
light  boat  used  on  Canadian  riv- 
ers ;  a  pontoon  of  a  floating  bridge. 

ba-tean-bridge  (-brij),  n.  a 
floating  bridge  constructed  on 
boats. 

bath,  (bath),  n.  [pi.  baths 
(ba#7iz)],  the  act  of  washing  or 
immersing  the  body  in  water,  or 
exposing  it  to  any  other  fluid 
or  vapor ;  a  vessel  holding  water 
for  bathing ;  a  building  fitted  up 
for  bathing  purposes ;  a  medium 
through  which  heat  is  applied  to 
a  body ;  a  vessel  containing  a 
solution  for  treatment  of  an  ob- 
ject by  immersion. 

bathe  (bath),  v.t.  to  subject  to 
a  bath ;  immerse  in  water  or  other 
liquid ;  to  suffuse  or  moisten  with 
a  liquid ;  immerse  or  surround 
with  anything  analogous  to  water, 
as  vapor  or  light :  v.i.  to  take  a 
bath. 

ba-thom-e-ter  (ba-thom'e-ter),  n. 
an  apparatus  for  measuring 
depths. 

ba-thos  (ba'thos),  n.  a  ludicrous 
descent  from  the  elevated  to  the 
commonplace  in  writing1  or  speech. 

bath-y-met-ric  (bath-i-met'rik), 
or  bath-y-met-ri-cal  ('ri-kal). 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  measure- 
ment of  depths. 

ha-thym-e-try  (ba-thim'e-tri),  n. 
the  art  of  sounding  or  of  measur- 
ing sea  depths. 

ba-tiste  (ba-tesf),  n.  a  kind  of 
cambric. 

bat-on  (bat'un,  French  ba-to'ng'), 
n.  a  staff  or  truncheon  used  as  a 
weapon,  or  as  a  mark  or  badge 
of  office ;  the  wand  of  an  or- 
chestral conductor ;  a  heraldic 
mark  indicating  illegitimacy :  v.t. 


liite,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pdrch,  lot;  moOn, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Bat 


bay 


to  strike  with  a  baton  or  trun- 
cheon. 

Ba-tra  -clii-a  (  bfi-t  rfi  'ki-fi  1 .  >i.t>J. 
the  order  of  Amphibia  which  in- 
cludes the  frogs  and  toads. 

ba-tra-chi-an  (ba-trfi'ki-an).  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  Batrachia :  n. 
one  of  that  order. 

bat-ra-choid  (bat'ra-koid),  adj. 
having  the  form  of  a  frog. 

bat  tal-ion  (ba-tal'yun),  n.  a 
body  of  infantry  usually  forming 
a  division  of  a  regiment. 

bat-ten  (bat'n),  v.t.  to  make  fat 
by  plenteous  living;  fertilize  or 
enrich :  v.i.  to  grow  or  become 
fat ;  thrive  at  the  expense  of 
others. 

bat-ten  (bat'n),  n.  a  narrow  strip 
or  scantling  of  wood  used  for  vari- 
ous purposes  ;  a  strip  of  wood  used 
to  fasten  the  edges  of  a  tarpaulin 
to  the  deck  of  a  ship :  v.t.  to 
fasten  or  form  with  battens. 

bat-ter  (bat'er),  r.t.  strike  with 
heavy,  repeated  blows,  so  as  to 
bruise,  shatter,  or  demolish ;  in- 
jure or  impair:  v.i.  to  make  an 
attack  by  heavy  blows. 

bat-ter  (bat'er),  n.  a  mixture  of 
several  ingredients,  as  flour,  eggs, 
&c.,  beaten  together,  used  in  cook- 
ery. 

b  a  t-t  e  r-i  n  g-ram  (bat'er-ing- 
ram),  n.  a  military  engine  an- 
ciently used  to  beat  down  the 
walls  of  besieged  places,  and  con- 
sisting of  a  large  beam  with  a 
head  of  iron  somewhat  resembling 
the  head  of  a  ram. 

bat-ter-y  (bat'er-i),  n.  [f)l.  bat- 
teries (-iz)],  the  act  of  battering 
or  beating :  a  body  of  cannon, 
with  its  complement  of  officers, 
men,  and  equipments,  for  field 
operations ;  any  raised  work  or 
parapet  where  guns  are  mounted 
and  gunners  screened ;  a  number 
of  Leyden  jars  connected  for 
charging  and  discharging  simul- 
taneously ;  an  apparatus  for  gen- 
erating voltaic  electricity. 

bat-tie  (bat'l),  n.  a  fight  or  en- 
counter between  opposing  forces ; 
a  combat ;  a  contest  or  struggle 
for  mastery :  v.i.  to  contend  in 
fight;  struggle  (followed  by 
against,  with).  battle-piece 
(bat'I-pes),  n.  a  painting,  poem, 


or  writing  descriptive  of  a  battle. 
battle-royal  (bat'l-roi'al),  n. 
a  match  in  which  more  than  two 
game-cocks  are  engaged ;  a  mo- 
lee. 

Syn.    action,     combat,     engage- 
ment. 

Ant.   (see  truce). 

bat-tle-dore  or  bat-tle-door 
(bat'1-dor),  n.  a  kind  of  liuht 
racket  used  for  playing  battle- 
dore and  shuttlecock. 

bat-tle-ment  (bat'1-ment),  n.  an 
indented  parapet  consisting  of 
alternate  solids  and  openings. 

bat-tue  (bat-tu'),  n.  in  shooting 
over  cover,  the  method  pursued  by 
the  beaters  who  surround  tht 
preserve  and  drive  the  game  by 
beats  and  cries  towards  the 
sportsmen. 

bau-ble  (baw'bl),  n.  a  trifling 
piece  of  finery ;  anything  showy 
or  gay ;  a  child's  cheap  trinket : 
n.  the  club  or  staff  formerly  car- 
ried by  a  court  jester,  or  king's 
fool. 

bav-in  (bav'in),  n.  wood  easily 
kindled. 

baw-bee  or  ban-bee  (baw-be'), 
n.  originally  a  coin  issued  in  1542 
by  James  V.  of  Scotland,  of  the 
value  of  l^d.,  Scotch ;  now  ap- 
plied in  Scotland  to  the  half- 
penny. 

baw-ble.     Same  as  bauble. 

bawd  (bawd),  n.  a  person  who 
keeps  a  house  of  prostitution ;  one 
who  procures  women  for  lewd 
purposes,  or  acto  as  agent  in 
illicit  intercourse. 

bawd-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  obscen- 
ity ;  lewdni'ss. 

bawd-ry  (bawd'ri),  n.  the  busi- 
ness or  practice  of  a  procuress ; 
illicit  intercourse;  obscenity; 
filthy  language. 

bawd-y  (bawd'i),  adj.  obscene; 
unchaste. 

bawl  (bawl),  v.i.  to  cry  out  with 
a  loud.  full,  and  sustained  sound ; 
vociferate :  v.t.  to  proclaim  loud- 
ly:  n.  a  loud  prolonged  cry. 

bay  (ba),  v.i.  to  bark  as  a  dog, 
with  a  deep  sound,  as  hounds  in 
the  chase :  v.t.  to  bark  at ;  to  pur- 
sue with  barking  so  as  to  bring 
to  bay:  n.  the  deep-toned  pro- 
longed bark  of  a  dog. 


into.  mHr,  mAsk:  cat,  awl:  he,  her,  let:  line,  tin;  vote,  porch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  miite,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


bay 


95 


bea 


bay  (ba),  adj.  red  or  reddish,  ap- 
proaching to  chestnut  [applied 
to  horses]  :  n.  a  horse  of  such 
color. 

bay  (ba),  n.  a  recess  in  the  shore 
of  a  sea  or  lake ;  the  expanse  of 
water  between  two  capes  or  head- 
lands ;  a  recess  or  opening  in 
walls ;  a  place  or  receptacle  for 
depositing  or  storing  coal ;  the 
fore  part  of  a  ship  between  decks  : 
the  laurel-tree,  noble  laurel,  or 
sweet-bay ;  an  honorary  garland 
or  crown,  composed  of  woven 
laurel  leaves,  bestowed  as  a  prize 
upon  successful  poets  and  con- 
querors, hence  [pi.]  fame. 

bay-salt  (ba'sawlt),  n.  salt  re- 
sulting from  the  evaporation  of 
sea-water,  and  used  for  artificial 
sea-baths. 

bay- win-do  w  (ba-win'dq),  n.  the 
window  or  windows  forming  a  bay 
or  recess  in  a  room,  and  extending 
outwards  from  the  wall,  usually  of 
a  rectangular,  semicircular,  or 
polygonal  shape. 

ba-ya  (ba'ya),  n.  the  weaver-bird 
of  the  East  Indies,  resembling  the 
bullfinch. 

ba-ya-deer  or  ba-ya-dere  (ba-ya- 
der'),  n.  a  Hindu  dancing  girl. 
Also  written  bajadere. 

ba-ya-mo  (ba-ya'mp).  n.  a  violent 
tempest  of  wind  with  lightning. 

bay-o-net  (ba'o-net),  n.  a  short 
dagger-like  instrument  constructed 
to  fix  on  to  the  barrel  of  a  rifle : 
v.t.  to  stab  or  drive  with  a  bayo- 
net. 

bay-on  (bi'oo),  n.  [pi.  bayous 
Cooz)],  in  the  southern  United 
States,  the  outlet  of  a  lake,  or 
one  of  the  delta  streams  of  a 
river ;  a  sluggish  watercourse. 

ba-zaar  or  ba-zar  (ba-zar').  n.  in 
the  East,  a  market-place  or  ex- 
change ;  a  hall  or  series  of  rooms 
with  stalls  for  the  sale  of  goods : 
a  sale  of  fancy  articles  in  aid  of 
some  charity ;  a  fancy  fair. 

bdel-lium  (del'yum),  n.  an  aro- 
matic gum-resin  brought  from 
Africa,  India,  and  Persia,  and 
used  medicinally  and  as  a  perfume. 

be  (be),  v.i.  [pt.  was,  p.p.  been, 
p.pr.  being],  to  exist;  have  ex- 
istence in  fact,  physical  or 


mental ;  include  or  involve  as  a 
result ;  bring ;  produce ;  come 
about ;  become  ;  remain  ;  signify  ; 
answer  to._ 

beach  (bech),  n.  [pi.  beaches 
('ez)],  the  portion  of  the  shore  of 
the  sea  or  of  a  lake  which  is 
washed  by  the  waves  ;  the  strand  ; 
shingle :  v.t.  to  run  or  haul  up 
(as  a  vessel  or  boat)  upon  the 
beach  :  v.i.  to  land  on  a  beach. 

beacli-conib-er  (bech'kom-er),  n. 
a  long  curling  wave  rolling  in 
from  the  ocean ;  one  who  lyings 
about  the  shore  on  the  look-out 
for  wreckage  or  plunder. 

beach.-y  (bech'i),  adj.  having  a 
beach  ;  covered  with  shingle. 

bea-con  (bekn),  n.  a  signal  of 
warning  or  guidance,  on  sea  or 
land ;  formerly  a  fire  lighted  on  a 
hill  or  high  tower  to  signal 
danger  or  assemble  troops,  &c. : 
v.t.  to  light  up,  as  a  beacon ;  fur- 
nish with  beacons :  v.i.  to  serve  as 
a  beacon. 

bead  (bed),  n.  a  little  perforated 
ball  of  any  suitable  material,  in- 
tended to  be  strung  with  others 
and  worn  as  an  ornament  or  used 
to  form  a  rosary ;  any  small 
globular  body  ;  a  drop  or  bubble ; 
a  small  knob  of  metal  at  the  end 
of  a  gun-barrel  used  as  a  sight ; 
a  narrow  rounded  molding ;  an 
astragal :  v.t.  to  ornament  with 
beads  or  beading. 

bead-roll  (bed'rol),  n.  a  list  of 
persons  for  the  repose  of  whose 
souls  a  certain  number  of  prayers 
are  assigned  to  be  repeated ;  a 
rosary. 

bea-dle  (be'dl),  n.  a  messenger  or 
crier  of  a  court ;  a  parish  officer 
with  various  subordinate  duties 
connected  with  a  church  or 
vestry,  &c. 

bea-gle  (be'gl).  n.  a  small  hound, 
formerly  used  for  hunting  hares. 

beak  (bek),  n.  the  bill  of  a  bird; 
the  horny  jaws  or  mandibles  of 
other  animals;  anything  which  is 
pointed  or  shaped  like  a  beak ;  the 
metal-sheathed  prow  of  an  ancient 
galley  intended  to  pierce  the  ves- 
sels of  an  enemy ;  the  powerful 
appendage  of  steel  forming  part 
of  the  bow  of  modern  war-vessels ; 
a  magistrate. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bea 


96 


bea 


beak-er  (bek'er),  n.  a  large 
drinking  cup  or  vessel  with  a 
wide  mouth ;  an  open-mouthed 
glass  vessel  with  a  projecting  lip. 

beam  ^bem),  n.  a  long  piece  of 
timber  or  iron  used  horizontally 
or  vertically  to  support  the  rafters 
of  a  building;  one  of  the  principal 
horizontal  timbers  of  a  building 
or  ship ;  the  extreme  breadth  of  a 
ship ;  the  shank  of  an  anchor :  the 
oscillating  lever  which  transmits 
motion  in  a  steam-engine ;  a  cyl- 
inder of  wood  around  which,  be- 
fore weaving,  the  warp  is  wound  ; 
the  pole  of  a  carriage ;  the  main 
"part  of  a  plow  to  which  the 
handles  are  secured ;  the  bar  of 
a  balance  which  suspends  the 
scales ;  the  principal  stem  of  a 
deer's  horns  which  bears  the  ant- 
lers ;  a  collection  of  parallel  rays 
of  light  emitted  from  the  sun  or 
other  luminous  body :  v.t.  to  send 
forth,  as  rays  of  light :  v.i.  to 
shine. 

beam-com -pass  ( bem-kum'pas ) , 
n.  an  instrument  used  for  describ- 
ing large  circles. 

beam-featli-er  (bem'fef/t-er),  n. 
one  of  the  long  feathers  in  the 
wing  of  a  bird. 

bea-my  (be'mi),  adj.  emitting 
rays  of  light  resembling  a  beam 
in  size  and  weight. 

bean  (ben),  n.  the  smooth,  kid- 
ney-shaped seed  of  many  legumi- 
nous plants  ;  the  plant  itself  ;  the 
popular  name  of  other  seeds  or 
fruits  resembling  true  beans. 

bear  (bar),  v.t.  [p.t.  bore,  bare, 
p.p.  borne,  p.pr.  bearing],  to  sup- 
port, hold  up ;  carry  or  convey ; 
suffer  or  endure ;  be  answerable 
for ;  possess,  wear,  or  use ;  have 
in  or  on  ;  contain  ;  cherish  ;  carry 
in  the  mind  ;  admit  or  be  capable 
of ;  show  or  exhibit ;  bring  forth 
or  produce :  v.i.  to  be  capable  of 
supporting ;  be  fruitful ;  to  bear, 
press,  or  weigh  upon  or  against ; 
tend  ;  relate  ;  take  effect ;  be  situ- 
ated. [N.  B. — When  used  pas- 
sively bear  (to  produce)  has  as 
its  p.p.  born,  as  an  infant  was 
torn.] 

8yn.    carry,    convey,    transport, 
endure,  suffer,  support. 


bear  (bar),  n.  a  plantigrade  car- 
nivorous mammal,  belonging  to 
the  genus  Ursus,  the  three  best 
known  species  of  which  are :  the 
brown  or  black  bear  of  Europe, 
the  grizzly  bear  of  North  America, 
and  the  polar  bear  of  arctic  re- 
gions ;  the  name  of  two  constel- 
lations in  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere, called  the  Great  Bear  and 
the  Little  Bear ;  one  who  attempts 
to  depreciate  the  value  of  stock  in 
order  to  buy  cheap ;  opposed  to  a 
bull ;  a  rude,  uncouth,  or  brutal 
person :  v.t.  to  endeavor  to  lower 
the  price  of. 

bear-bait-ing  (bar'bat-ing),  n. 
the  illegal  sport  of  setting  dogs  to 
fight  with  captive  bears. 

bear-gar-den  (bur'gar-dn),  n.  a 
place  where  bears  are  kept  for 
sport ;  hence  any  scene  or  place  of 
tumult  or  disorder. 

beard  (herd),  n.  the  hair  thai 
grows  on  the  chin,  lips,  and  adja- 
cent parts  of  the  human  face ; 
anything  which  resembles  a  beard  ; 
the  awn  of  barley  and  other 
grains ;  the  barb  of  an  arrow,  fish- 
hook, &c. :  v.t.  to  take  by  the 
beard ;  oppose  to  the  face ;  set  at 
defiance. 

bear-ing  (bar'ing),  n.  the  act  of 
enduring  with  patience  ;  carriage  ; 
behavior ;  mutual  relation  of  the 
parts  of  a  whole ;  meaning  or  ap- 
plication ;  the  act  or  power  of 
producing ;  the  part  of  a  machine 
that  bears  the  friction  ;  the  direc- 
tion or  point  of  the  compass  in 
which  an  object  is  seen  ;  the  posi- 
tion of  one  object  with  respect  to 
another ;  the  heraldic  charges  that 
fill  the  escutcheon. 

bear-ing-rein  (-ran),  n.  a  short 
rein  for  holding  up  the  head  of  a 
horse. 

bearish  (bar'ish),  adj.  resem- 
bling a  bear  in  qualities ;  rude ; 
surly. 

beast  (best),  n.  any  four-footed 
animal,  as  distinguished  from 
birds,  insects,  fishes,  and  man ;  an 
irrational  animal ;  a  person  rude, 
coarse,  or  filthy,  or  whose  actions 
degrade  him  below  the  level  of  a 
rational  being ;  a  brute. 

beat  (bet),  v.t.  [p.t.  beat,  p.p. 
beaten,  beat,  p.pr.  beating],  to 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bea 


97 


bea 


strike  with  repeated  blows : 
thrash  ;  knock  ;  pound  or  break ; 
flatten  or  spread  by  blows ;  scour 
and  range  with  blows  and  cries 
in  order  to  rouse  or  drive  game ; 
dash  or  strike  against,  as  water 
or  wind ;  tread,  as  a  path ;  over- 
come or  vanquish  ;  excel ;  baffle  ; 
be  too  difficult  for :  exhaust ;  flut- 
ter, as  wings  :  v.i.  to  strike  repeat- 
edly ;  throb :  dash  or  fall  with 
force  or  violence ;  signal  or  sum- 
mon by  beat  of  drum  ;  sound,  as 
a  drum,  when  struck :  n.  a  re- 
curring stroke :  a  pulsation ;  a 
throb ;  a  footfall :  a  round  or 
course  which  is  frequently  gone 
over ;  a  place  of  habitual  resort : 
the  rise  or  fall  of  the  hand  or 
foot  marking  the  divisions  of 
time ;  the  divisions  of  the  meas- 
ure so  marked. 

Syn.    defeat,    overpower,    over- 
throw, rout. 
Ant.   (see  fail). 

beat  (bet),  p.p.  of  beat,  exhausted  ', 
by  mental  or  bodily  fatigue. 

beat-en    (bet'n),    p.adj.    worn    by  j 
use,   as  by   the   beat   or   tread   of 
feet ;   conquered  ;   exhausted  ;   baf- 
fled. 

beat-en-work  (-werk),  n.  metal 
shaped  by  being  beaten  on  an 
anvil. 

be-a-tif-ic  (be-a-tif'ik),  adj.  hav- 
ing power  to  bless  or  render  per- 
fectly happy ;  blissful. 

be-a-tif-ic-vis-ion  (-vizh'un),  n. 
the  direct  vision  of  God,  regarded 
as  the  bliss  cf  the  angels  and 
saints. 

be-a-tif-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
blissful  manner. 

be  at-i-ft-ca-tion  ( be-at-i-fi-ka'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  blessing  or 
the  state  of  being  blessed ;  the  act 
of  the  Pope  in  declaring  a  de- 
ceased person  to  have  attained  the 
rank  of  "the  blessed" :  usually  the 
second  step  towards  canonization. 

be-at-i-fy  (be-at'i-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  beatified,  p.pr.  beatifying], 
to  make  happy ;  bless  with  the 
completion  of  celestial  enjoyment ; 
to  declare  by  public  decree  that  a 
deceased  person  has  attained  the 
rank  of  "the  blessed." 

beat -ing    (bet'ing),  n.  the  act  of 


striking ;  a  flogging ;  pulsation  or 
throbbing ;  a  defeat ;  tacking 
against  the  wind. 

be-at-i-tude  (be-at'i-tud),  n.  fe- 
licity of  the  highest  kind ;  con- 
summate bliss. 

beau  (bo),  n.  [pi.  beaus  or  beaux 
(boz)],  one  who  dresses  himself 
in  strict  accordance  with  the 
fashion ;  a  ladies'  man  or  suitor. 

heau-i-de-al  (bo-1-de'al),  n.  ideal 
excellence. 

beau  monde  (bo  mond),  n.  [Fr.] 
the  fashionable  world. 

beau-ish  (bo'ish),  adj.  like  a 
beau  ;  foppish. 

beau-te-ous  (bu'te-us),  adj.  pos- 
sessing beauty. 

beau-ti-ful    (bii'ti-fool),  adj.  pos- 
sessing qualities  which  charm  and 
delight  the  senses ;  lovely. 
Syn.  fine,  handsome,  pretty. 
Ant.   (see  homely,  ugly). 

beau-ti-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
charming  or  attractive  manner. 

beau-ti-fy  (bu'ti-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  beautified,  p.pr.  beautifying], 
to  make  or  render  beautiful ;  em- 
bellish :  v.i.  to  grow  beautiful. 

beau-ty  (bu'ti).  n.  [pi.  beauties 
('tiz)],  an  assemblage  of  graces 
or  properties  which  command  the 
approbation  of  the  senses ;  those 
qualities  which  are  most  pleasing 
to  the  eye ;  a  particular  grace  or 
charm ;  a  beautiful  woman. 

beau-ty-sleep  (-slep),  n.  sleep 
taken  before  midnight,  popularly 
supposed  to  be  more  restorative 
than  that  taken  later. 

beau-ty-spot  (-spot),  n.  a  patch 
or  spot  placed  on  the  face  with 
intent  to  heighten  beauty  by  con- 
trast. 

beau-ty-wash  (-wosh),  n.  a  cos- 
metic. 

bea-ver  (be'ver),  n.  a  rodent 
quadruped  of  amphibious  habits, 
and  valued  for  its  fur;  the  fur  of 
the  beaver ;  a  hat  formerly  made 
of  beaver  fur. 

bea-ver  (be'ver),  n.  the  portion 
of  armor  which  served  to  protect 
the  lower  part  of  the  face,  and 
could  be  raised  or  depressed. 

bea-ver-rat  (be'ver-rat),  n.  a 
water  rodent  of  Australia  and 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


T>ea 


bee 


Tasmania,  similar  in  habit  to  the 
European  water  vole. 
bea-ver-tree    (be'ver-tre),  n.  the 
sweet-bay,     common     in     United 
States. 

bea-yer-teen     (be'ver-ten),    n.    a 
species  of  fustian. 
be-calm    (be-kam'),   v.t.   to  make 

calm  or  still. 

bech-a-mel  (besh'a-mel),  n.  a 
fine  white  sauce  thickened  with 
cream. 

beche-de-mer     (biish'de-mar),   n. 
the  trepang,  a  sea-slug  dried  and 
eaten  by  the  Chinese. 
beck    (bek),    n.    a    nod,    or   other 

significant  gesture. 
beck-et  (bek'et),  n.  a  contrivance 
in  ships  to  confine  small  spars  or 
loose  ropes,  &c. 

beck-on  (bek'n),  v.i.  to  make  a 
signal  to  another  by  a  motion  of 
the  head  or  hand  :  v.t.  summon  or 
signal  by  signs. 
be-cloud.  See  cloud. 
be -come  (be-kum'),  v.i.  [p.t.  be- 
came, p.p.  become,  p.pr.  becom- 
ing], to  pass  from  one  state  to 
another ;  come  or  grow  to  be :  v.t. 
to  suit,  or  be  suitable  to ;  befit ; 
accord  with  ;  grace  or  adorn. 
becoming  (be-kum'ing) ,  p.ndj. 
fit ;  suitable  ;  seemly  ;  proper  ;  ap- 
propriate ;  befitting. 
Syn.  decent,  fit,  seemly,  suitable. 
Ant.  (see  unbecoming). 
becqne-rel  rays  (bek-rel'  raz), 
n.pl.  radio-active  energy  mani- 
fested by  radium,  polonium,  and 
certain  compounds  of  uranium. 
bed  (bed),  n.  an  article  of  do- 
mestic furniture  upon  or  within 
which  one  rests  or  sleeps ;  con- 
jugal rights ;  anything  which 
serves  as  a  resting-place,  or  in 
which  something  lies  or  is  im- 
bedded ;  a  portion  of  a  garden 
prepared  and  set  apart  for  bed- 
ding plants ;  the  bottom  of  a 
river  or  other  stream,  or  of  any 
body  of  water ;  a  layer  or  stratum 
of  rock ;  a  mass  or  heap  of  any- 
thing resembling  a  bed ;  either  of 
the  horizontal  surfaces  of  a  build- 
ing stone :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  bedded. 
p.pr.  bedding],  to  furnish  with  a 
bed ;  plant,  as  flowers ;  lay  in  a 
stratum ;  lay  flat,  or  in  order :  v.i. 
to  go  to  bed ;  cohabit. 


bed-bug  (bed'bug),  n.  a  flat- 
bodied,  reddish-colored  insect  in- 
festing furniture,  &c. 

bed-pan  (bed'pan),  n.  a  warming- 
pan  ;  a  utensil  for  the  use  of  those 
confined  to  bed. 

bed-straw  (bed'straw),  n.  straw 
for  stuffing  beds ;  a  popular  name 
of  plants  used  formerly  in  beds. 

bed- tick  (bed'tik),  n.  a  bag  or 
case  of  strong  linen  or  cotton  for 
containing  the  feathers  or  other 
materials  of  a  bod. 

be-dab-ble.     See  dabble. 

be-daub.     Soe  daub. 

be-daz-zle.     See  dazzle. 

bed-ding  (bed'ing),  n.  a  bed  and 
its  furniture ;  the  materials  of  a 
bed,  whether  for  man  or  beast ; 
stratification ;  occurrence  in  lay- 
ers ;  a  foundation,  or  bottom  layer. 

be-deck.     See  deck. 

be-dev-il  (be-dev'l),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  (-ed),  p.pr.  (-ing)],  to  throw 
into  disorder  or  confusion  ;  spoil 
or  corrupt,  as  by  evil  agency. 

be-dev-il-ment  (be-dev'1-ment),  n. 
the  state  of  being  vexatiously  and 
bewilderingly  disordered  or  con- 
fused. 

be-dew  (be-dii'),  v.t.  to  moisten 
with  dew. 

be-dim.     See  dim. 

be-diz-en  (be-diz'n  &  -dl'zn),  v.t. 
to  deck  or  adorn ;  trick  out  with 
vulgar  finery. 

bed-lam  (bed'lam),  n.  a  mad- 
house ;  an  asylum  or  hospital  for 
lunatics :  hence,  an^  scene  of  up- 
roar and  confusion. 

bed-lam-ite  (bed'lam-it),  n.  a 
madman  ;  an  inmate  of  Bethlehem 
Hospital  or  bedlam. 

Bed-ou-in  (bed'oo-in),  n.  a  no- 
m^dic  Arab  or  tent-dweller  of 
Arabia,  Syria,  and  northern 
Africa  :  adj.  nomad. 

be-drab-ble.     See  drabble. 

be-drag-gle.     See  draggle. 

be-drencn.     See  drench. 

bed-rid  (bed'rid)  or  bedridden 
('rid-n),  adj.  confined  to  bed  by 
ago  or  infirmity. 

be-drop  (be-drop').  v.  t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
bedropped.  p.pr.  bedropping],  to 
sprinkle  as  with  drops  ;  bespatter. 
bee  (be),  n.  a  hymenppterous  in- 
sect of  the  genus  Apis;  the  hive 
or  honey-bee  kept  in  hives  for  the 


late,  mftr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  lot :  lino,  tin  ;  vote,  pftrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bee 


99 


beg 


sake  of  its  honey  and  wax  ;  an  in- 
dustrious person ;  a  social  meeting 
for  work  on  behalf  of  a  neighbor 
or  a  charitable  object ;  strips  of 
wood  bolted  each  side  of  a  bow- 
sprit, through  which  the  foretop- 
inast  stays  are  reeved. 

bee-bread  (be'bred),  n.  a  brown 
bitter  substance  consisting  of  the 
pollen  of  flowers  collected  and 
stored  by  bees  as  food  for  their 
young.  , 

bee-eat-er  (be'et-er),  n.  one  of 
the  numerous  species  of  bee-eating 
birds. 

bee-hive  (be'hiv),  n.  a  box  or 
other  covering  for  a  swarm  of 
bees,  and  serving  for  the  storage 
of  honey. 

bee-line  (be'lin),  n.  the  straight 
course  pursued  by  a  bee  returning 
laden  to  the  hive :  hence  the  most 
direct  way  from  one  point  to 
another. 

bee-moth  (be'moth),  n.  a  moth 
which  lays  its  eggs  in  beehives, 
and  whose  larvae  feed  upon  the 
wax. 

beech  (bech),  n.  [pi.  beeches 
('ez)  ],  a  tree  of  the  genus  Fagus. 
yielding  a  hard  timber  and  edible 
triangular  nuts. 

beech-en  (bech'en),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  made  of  the  wood  or 
bark  of,  the  beech. 

beef  (bef),  n.  the  flesh  of  an  ox, 
bull,  or  cow,  when  killed. 

beef-ea-ter  ('e-ter),  n.  a  yeoman 
of  the  English  royal  guard,  at- 
tending the  sovereign  on  state  oc- 
casions. 

bee-fy  (be'fi),  adj.  resembling 
beef ;  fleshy. 

been   (bin),  p.p.  of  be. 

beer  (ber),  n.  a  fermented  liquor 
made  from  any  farinaceous  grain, 
but  generally  from  malted  barley, 
with  hops  or  other  substances 
added  to  impart  a  bitter  flavor;  a 
fermented  extract  of  the  roots  and 
other  parts  of  various  plants,  as 
ginger,  spruce,  &c. 

beer-y  (ber'i),  adj.  pertaining  to 
beer;  stained  by  beer;  affected  by 
beer ;  maudlin. 

beest-ings  (best'ingz),  n.  the 
first  milk  given  by  a  cow  after 
calving. 

bees-wing   (bez'wing),  n.  a  gauzy 


film  occurring  in  port  and  some 
other  wines,  indicative  of  age. 

beet  (bet),  n.  a  biennial  plant, 
cultivated  for  its  edible  succulent 
root,  and  from  which  sugar  is 
made. 

bee-tie  (be'tl),  n.  a  heavy  wooden 
mallet  employed  for  driving 
wedges,  consolidating  earth,  &c. ; 
a  club  for  beating  linen,  &c.,  in 
washing :  v.t.  to  use  a  beetle  on ; 
beat  with  a  heavy  wooden  mallet, 
as  a  substitute  for  mangling. 

bee-tie  (be'tl),  n.  any  insect  be- 
longing to  the  order  of  Coleoptera, 
having  four  wings,  the  anterior  or 
outer  pair  being  hardened  and 
serving  as  a  horny  sheath  to  the 
inner  pair. 

bee-tie  (be'tl),  v.i.  to  be  promi- 
nent ;  jut  out ;  overhang,  as  a 
cliff. 

bee-tling  (be'tling),  adj.  standing 
out ;  overhanging. 

be-fall  or  be-fal  (be-fawP),  v.t. 
[p.t.  befell,  p.p.  befallen,  p.pr.  be- 
falling], to  happen  or  occur  to: 
v.i.  come  to  pass. 

be-fa-na  (be-fii'na),  n.  a  fairy 
supposed  to  reward  children  by 
presents  of  sweetmeats,  &c.,  on 
Ephiphany-eve  (Jan.  5th). 

be-fit  (be-fif),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  be- 
fitted, p.pr.  befitting],  befitting  or 
suitable  to  ;  become. 

be-fog.     See  fog. 

be-fool.    See  fool. 

be-fore  (be-for'),  prep,  in  front 
of ;  preceding  in  space,  time,  or 
rank ;  in  presence  or  sight  of ; 
under  jurisdiction  of ;  rather 
than  ;  earlier  than  :  adv.  in  front ; 
in  advance  ;  previously  ;  formerly  ; 
already. 

be-fore-hand  (be-for'hand),  adv. 
in  advance. 

be-fonl.     See  foul. 

be-friend  (be-frend'),  v.t.  to  act 
as  a  friend  to  ;  aid  or  shield ;  as- 
sist. 

beg  (beg),  v.t.  &  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
begged,  p.pr.  begging],  to  ask  or 
supplicate  in  charity :  ask  for 
earnestly  ;  beseech  ;  entreat  with 
humility ;  ask  as  a  favor ;  to 
practice  begging.  (The  phrase  "I 
beg  to,"  in  polite  usage,  is  em- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


beg 


100 


be 


ployed  elliptically  for  ask,  request, 
as  I  beg  to  state.) 

Syn.  beseech,  crave,  entreat,  im- 
plore, solicit,  supplicate. 
Ant.   (see  give). 

be-gan,  p.t.  of  begin. 

be-gem.     See  gem. 

be-get  (be-get'),  v.t.  [p.t.  begot, 
begat,  i>.p.  begotten,  begot,  i>./>r. 
begetting],  to  procreate,  as  a 
father  or  sire ;  generate ;  pro- 
duce ;  cause  to  exist. 

be-get-ter  (be-get'ter),  n.  one  who 
begets. 

beg-ga-ble  (beg'a-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  solicited  as  gift  or 
alms. 

beg-gar  (beg'er),  n.  one  who  en- 
treats or  supplicates  with  humil- 
ity :  one  who  makes  it  his  business 
to  beg  or  ask  for  alms ;  one  who 
is  reduced  to  extreme  poverty :  v.t. 
to  exhaust  the  resources  of  ;  outdo. 

beg-gar-li-ness  (-nes),  n.  extreme 
poverty ;  meanness. 

beg-gar-ly  (beg'er-li),  adj.  like,  or 
in  the  condition  of,  a  beggar ; 
poor ;  mean  ;  contemptible. 

beg-gar-y  (beg'er-i).  n.  the  state 
of  a  beggar ;  extreme  poverty ; 
beggars  collectively. 

be-gin  (be-gin'),  v.i.  [p.t.  began, 
p.p.  begun,  p.pr.  beginning],  to 
commence  existence ;  originate ; 
arise :  to  take  the  initiatory  step ; 
make  a  start. 

be-gin-ner  (be-gin'er),  n.  one  who 
begins  or  originates ;  one  who  en- 
ters upon  anything  for  the  first 
time ;  a  novice. 

be-gin-ning  (be-gin'ing),  n.  the 
first  cause ;  origin ;  the  initial 
stage  of  anything. 

be-gird.     See  gird. 

be-girdle.     See  girdle. 

be-gone  (be-g6n'),  inter j.  go 
away  !  depart ! 

be-go-ni-a  (be-go'ni-a),  -n.  a 
genus  of  tropical  plants,  culti- 
vated for  their  ornamental  leaves 
and  showy  flowers. 

be-got  (be-gof),  p.t.  &  p.p  of  be- 
get. 

be-got-ten  (be-got'n),  p.p.  of  be- 
get. 

be-grease.     See  grease. 

be-grime.     See  grime. 

be-grndge.     See  grudge. 

be  guile    (be-gll'),   v.t.   to   impose 


upon  or  delude  by  guile ;  deceive ; 
cause  to  pass  pleasantly ;  divert 
or  entertain. 

be-guile-ment  (be-gll'ment),  n. 
the  act  of  beguiling ;  the  state  of 
being  beguiled. 

be-gum  (be'gum),  n.  in  the  East 
Indies,  a  princess  or  lady  of  high 
rank. 

be-gun,  p.p.  of  begin. 

be-half  (be-haf),  n.  advantage; 
favor ;  support ;  defense ;  stead  ; 
interest  [governed  always  by  the 
preposition  in.  on,  or  upon]. 

be-have  (be-hav'),  v.t.  to  conduct, 
comport,  demean,  or  acquit :  v.i. 
to  act ;  conduct  one's  self  in  a 
proper  manner. 

be-hav -ior  (be-hav'yer),  n.  man- 
ner of  behaving,  whether  good  or 
bad  ;  conduct ;  deportment ;  man- 
ners. 

tiyn.   carriage,   conduct,   deport- 
ment, demeanor. 

be  head  (be-hed'),  v.t.  to  cut  off 
the  head  of. 

be-held  (be-held'),  p.t.  &  p.p.  of 
behold. 

lie  he  moth  (be-he'moth),  n.  an 
animal  described  in  Job  xl.  15-24, 
and  probably  intended  for  the  hip- 
popotamus. 

be-hest  (be-hesf),  n.  a  command; 
precept. 

be -hind  (be-hlnd'),  prep,  at  the 
back  of ;  in  the  rear  of ;  remain- 
ing after ;  inferior  to :  adv.  at  the 
back;  in  the  rear;  toward  the 
back  ;  out  of  sight ;  past  in  point 
of  time. 

behind-hand  (be-hlnd'hand), 
adv.  or  adj.  in  a  state  of  back- 
wardness ;  late ;  in  arrear. 

be  hold  (be-hold'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
beheld,  p.pr.  beholding],  to  fix  the 
eyes  upon  ;  have  in  sight ;  look  at ; 
observe  with  care ;  v.i.  to  look ;  di- 
rect or  fix  the  mind. 

be  hold-en  (be-hold'n),  p.adj.  in- 
debted ;  obliged ;  bound  in  grati- 
tude. 

be-hoof  (be-hoof),  n.  advantage; 
interest ;  profit ;  use  ;  behalf. 

be-hoove  or  be-hove  (be-hoov')r 
v.t.  to  be  meet,  necessary,  or  fit  for. 

beige  (bazh),  adj.  having  its 
natural  color,  as  a  fabric  of  un- 
dyed  wool. 

be-ing,  p.pr.  of  be. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  hgr,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bei 


101 


bei 


be-ing  (be'ing),  n.  existence,  as 
opposed  to  non-existence ;  that 
which  exists  in  any  form,  whether 
actual  or  ideal. 

be-jew-el  (be-ju'el),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  -ed,  p.pr.  ing],  to  ornament  or 
furnish  with  jewels. 

bek-ko-ware  (bek'o-war),  n.  an 
ancient  kind  of  Japanese  pottery 
in  imitation  of  tortoise-shell. 

be-la-bor  (be-la'ber),  v.t.  to  beat 
soundly. 

be-late  (be-laf),  v.t.  to  make  late, 
or  retard. 

be-la-ted  (be-la'ted),  p.adj.  de- 
layed ;  too  late ;  overtaken  by 
darkness;  benighted. 

be-lay  (be-ltV),  v.t.  make  fast,  as 
a  rope,  by  winding  round  a  pin, 
cleat.  &c. 

belch  (belch),  v.t.  to  eject  with 
force  or  violence :  v.i.  to  eject 
wind  from  the  stomach :  n.  the 
act  of  ejecting  wind  forcibly. 

bei  dam  (bel'dam)  or  bel-dame 
('dam),  n.  a  grandmother;  an 
ugly  old  woman. 

be-lea-guer  (be-le'ger).  v.t.  to 
besiege ;  surround  with  an  army 
so  as  to  preclude  escape ;  block- 
ade. 

bel-em-nite  (bel'em-nlt),  n.  the 
fossil  internal  bone,  or  shell,  of  an 
extinct  family  of  cuttle-fishes. 

bel-fry  (bel'fri).  n.  a  bell  tower; 
that  part  of  a  steeple  or  tower  in 
which  a  bell  is  hung. 

B  e  1-g  r  a-v  i-a  n  (bel-gra'vi-an) , 
adj.  belonging  to  Belgravia,  a 
fashionable  quarter  of  London : 
hence  aristocratic ;  fashionable  :  n. 
an  inhabitant  of  Belgravia ;  a 
member  of  the  upper  classes. 

"be-lie  (be-H),  v.t.  to  calumniate; 
slander  by  lies ;  give  the  lie  to ; 
show  to  be  false. 

be-lief  (be-lef).  n.  assent  to  any- 
thing proposed  or  declared,  and  its 
acceptance  as  fact,  by  reason  of 
the  authority  whence  it  proceeds, 
apart  from  personal  knowledge ; 
faith ;  the  thing  believed ;  the 
whole  body  of  tenets  held  by  the 
professors  of  any  faith ;  a  creed ; 
a  conviction. 

flj/n.   rrodit.    faith,   trust. 
Ant.    (see  doubt). 

be-liev-a-ble  (be-lev'a-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  accepted  as 
truth  ;  credible. 


be-liev-a-bil-i-ty  ('i-ti).  n.  credi- 
bility; credence;  believableness. 

be-lieve  (be-leV),  v.t.  to  place 
credence  in  and  accept  as  true, 
upon  the  ground  of  authority,  tes- 
timony, or  logical  inference  apart 
from  personal  knowledge ;  place 
confidence  in  ;  expect  or  hope :  v.i. 
to  have  faith ;  be  more  or  less 
firmly  persuaded  of  the  truth  of 
anything ;  think  or  suppose. 

be-liev-er  (be-lev'er),  n.  one  who 
accepts  as  truth  something  not 
actually  demonstrated ;  one  who 
adheres  to  a  religious  faith ;  a 
professor  of  Christianity. 

be-like   (be-lik'),  adv.  probably. 

be-lit-tle  (be-lit'l),  v.t.  to  lower 
or  depreciate ;  run  down  by  speak- 
ing slightingly  of. 

bell  (bei),  v.i.  to  bellow,  as  deer 
in  rutting  time ;  to  be  in  flower : 
said  of  the  hop. 

bell  (bei),  n.  a  hollow  metallic 
vessel,  usually  cup-shaped,  and 
giving  forth  a  clear,  ringing 
sound  when  struck ;  anything  in 
the  form  of  a  bell :  pi.  the  divi- 
sions of  daily  time  marked  each 
half-hour  by  strokes  on  a  bell :  v.t. 
to  put  a  bell  on. 

bell-bird  (bel'berd),  n.  an  Amer- 
ican bird  whose  note  resembles  a 
bell ;  an  Australian  bird  whose 
note  is  similar. 

bell-man  (bel'man),  n.pl.  bell- 
men, one  who  uses  a  bell  for  pub- 
lic announcement ;  a  town-crier. 

bell-met-al  (bel-met'al),  n.  an 
alloy  of  copper  and  tin,  used  for 
the  manufacture  of  bells. 

bell-punch,  (bel'punch),  n.  a 
punch  with  a  signal  bell  used  on 
tramcars  for  puncturing  the  tick- 
ets and  checking  the  number  of 
fares  issued. 

bell-tel-e-graph.  ( bel'tel'e-graf ) , 
n.  a  telegraphic  instrument  in 
which  bells  are  employed  instead 
of  needles. 

bell-weth-er  (bel'weffe'er),  n.  a 
wether  or  sheep  which  leads  the 
flock  with  a  bell  on  his  neck. 

bell-a-donn-a  ( bel-a-don'A ) ,  n. 
the  deadly  nightshade,  a  poisonous 
plant  used  as  medicine. 

belle  (bei),  n.  a  young  and  hand- 
some lady  ;  a  reigning  beauty. 

belles-let-tres     (bel-let'r),     n.pl. 


late.  mar.  mAsk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;'  thin,  then. 


Del 


102 


ben 


polite  or  elegant  literature ;  light 
literature. 

bel-li-cose  (bol'i-kos),  adj.  pugna- 
cious ;  contentious ;  warlike. 

bellied  (bel'id),  adj.  having  a 
belly ;  swelled  out  in  the  middle. 

bel-lig-er-ence  (bel-ij'er-ens),  or 
bel-lig-er-en-cy  (-en-si),  n.  the 
act  or  state  of  warfare. 

bel-lig-er-ent  (bel-ij'er-ent),  adj. 
waging  war ;  pertaining  to  war  or 
warfare ;  warlike :  n.  a  power 
recognized  as  carrying  on  war ;  a 
person  engaged  in  fighting. 

bel-lite  (bel'It),  n.  an  explosive 
compound  formed  of  ammonium 
nitrate  and  other  substances. 

bel  low  (bel'd),  v.i.  to  utter  a  full 
resonant  sound,  as  a  bull ;  bawl  or 
vociferate ;  roar,  as  the  sea  in  a 
tempest,  or  as  the  wind  when  vio- 
lent :  v.t.  to  utter  with  a  loud,  full 
voice :  n.  the  roar  of  a  bull ;  a 
loud,  resounding  outcry. 

bel  lows  (bel'oz),  n.  sing.  &  pi.  an 
instrument  for  producing  a  cur- 
rent of  air,  and  used  for  various 
purposes,  as  blowing  fires,  or  fill- 
ing the  pipes  of  an  organ. 

bel-ly  (bel'li),  n.  [pi.  bellies 
disc)],  that  part  of  the  human 
body  which  extends  from  the 
breast  to  the  thighs,  and  contains 
the  bowels ;  the  abdomen ;  the 
corresponding  part  in  the  lower 
animals ;  the  part  of  anything 
that  swells  out  into  a  larger  ca- 
pacity:  v.i.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  bellied: 
p.pr.  bellying],  to  swell  and  be- 
come protuberant :  bulge  out :  v.t. 
to  cause  to  swell  out.  as  sails. 

bel-ly-band  (bel'i-band),  n.  a 
band  that  encircles  the  belly  of  a 
horse :  a  saddle-girth. 

be-long  (be-lfing'),  v.i.  to  be  the 
property  (of)  ;  go  along  with;  be 
a  part  (of)  ;  be  appendant  (to), 
or  connected  (with)  ;  be  the  con- 
cern or  business  (of)  ;  appertain 
(to)  ;  be  suitable:  be  due;  have 
a  settled  or  legal  residence  (in)  ; 
be  native  (to). 

be-long-ing  (be-16ng'ing),  n.  that 
which  belongs  to  one  [generally 
used  in  the  pi.]  ;  qualities;  en- 
dowments ;  property  ;  possessions  ; 
appendages. 

be-loved      (be-luvd'     &     luv'ed), 


p.adj.  greatly  loved ;  dear  to  the 
heart :  n.  one  who  is  greatly  loved. 

be-low  (be-lo'),  prrp.  undi.-r  in 
place ;  beneath ;  not  so  high  ;  in- 
ferior to  in  rank  or  excellence ; 
lower  in  value,  price,  &c. :  adv.  in 
a  lower  place ;  on  the  earth :  in 
hell,  or  the  regions  of  the  dead ; 
in  a  lower  rank  or  grade ;  off 
duty  ;  under. 

belt  (belt),  n.  a  girdle  or  band 
used  to  encircle  the  waist ;  any- 
thing resembling  a  belt,  or  which 
encircles,  restrains,  or  supports, 
as  a  belt ;  a  strip ;  a  band ;  a 
heraldic  badge  denoting  knightly 
rank  ;  one  of  the  rings  surround- 
ing the  planet  Jupiter ;  a  band 
connecting  two  wheels  and  trans- 
mitting motion  from  one  to  the 
other :  v.t.  to  encircle,  as  with  a 
belt ;  surround. 

belt-ed-crui-ser  (-kroo'zer).  n. 
a  quick-sailing  ship,  having  a 
broad  band  of  armor-plating. 

belt-ing  (belt'ing),  n.  belts  col- 
lectively ;  the  material  of  which 
belts  are  made. 

be-lu-ga  (be-lu'ga),  n.  the  large 
white  sturgeon  from  the  roe  of 
which  caviare  is  made ;  the  white 
whale  of  the  Northern  Seas. 

bel-ve-dere  ( bel-ve-der' ) ,  n.  a  pa- 
vilion or  open  structure  raised 
upon  the  top  of  a  house ;  a  sum- 
merhouse  built_on  an  eminence. 

be-mire  (be-mir'),  v.t.  to  soil  by 
passing  through  mire ;  to  fix  in  the 
mire. 

be-moan  (be-nion'),  v.t.  to  la- 
ment ;  bewail ;  pity ;  sympathize 
with. 

bench  (bench),  n.  [pi.  benches 
('ez)l,  a  long  seat;  a  strong 
table  on  which  mechanics  do  their 
work ;  the  seat  where  judges  sit 
in  court ;  the  persons  who  sit  as 
judges ;  the  court :  v.t.  to  furnish 
with  benches. 

bench.  -  war-rant  ( bench-wor'- 
ant),  n.  a  warrant  issued  by  a 
court  or  judge,  as  distinguished 
from  a  justice's  warrant  issued  by 
a  magistrate. 

bend  (bend),  v.t.  to  curve  or  make 
crooked ;  move  or  deflect  out  of  a 
straight  line ;  direct  to  a  certain 
point ;  incline ;  cause  to  yield  : 
fasten :  v.i.  to  be  or  become 
curved  or  crooked  ;  be  turned  to- 


late,  m&r,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ben 


103 


ben 


wards;  bow  or  be  submissive:  n. 
a  curve ;  a  turn  or  deflection ;  a 
crook ;  a  knot  by  which  one  rope 
is  fastened  to  another,  or  to  any- 
thing else:  n.  one  of  the  nine  he- 
raldic- ordinaries. 
»S//"-  deviate,  incline,  twist. 

ben-der  (ben'der),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  bends. 

bends,  n.  a  disease  of  caisson 
workers,  due  to  the  effect  of  great 
changes  of  atmospheric  pressure. 

be-iieath  (be-neth').  prep,  lower 
in  place,  with  reference  to  some- 
thing above ;  under  the  pressure 
of ;  lower  in  rank,  dignity,  or  ex- 
cellence than  ;  unworthy  of  :  adv. 
in  a  lower  place ;  below. 

ben-e-dict  (ben'e-dikt),  n.  a  newly 
married  man,  especially  one  who 
has  previously  ridiculed  the  idea 
of  matrimony.  From  Benedick  in 
Shakespeare's  play  "Much  Ado 
about  Nothing. 

ben-e-dic-tion  (ben-e-dik'shun), 
n.  the  act  of  blessing ;  a  blessing 
or  expression  of  kind  wishes  sol- 
emnly or  affectionately  invoked  ; 
the  short  blessing  pronounced  at 
the  close  of  public  worship. 

ben-e-dic-tive  (ben-e-dik'tiv)  or 
ben-e-dic-to-ry  ('to-ri),  adj. 
tending  to  bless ;  conveying  or 
expressing  good  wishes. 

ben-e-fac-tion  (ben-e-fak'shun), 
n.  the  act  of  conferring  a  benefit ; 
a  benefit  conferred ;  a  charitable 
donation. 

ben-e-fac-tor  (ben-e-fak'ter),  n. 
one  who  confers  a  benefit.  Bene- 
factress, the  feminine  form  of  the 
word. 

ben-e-fice  (ben'e-fis),  n.  a  fief,  or 
estate  in  lands ;  an  ecclesiastical 
living;  a  church  endowed  with 
revenue ;  the  revenue  itself. 

be-nef-i-cence  (be-nef'i-sens),  n. 
active  goodness ;  a  benefaction. 

be-nef-i-cent  (be-nef'i-sent),  adj. 
characterized  by  benevolence. 

N.I///,  bountiful,  generous,  liberal, 
munificent. 

Ant.   (see  covetous,  miserly). 

beneficial  (ben-e-fish'al ),  adj. 
contributing  to  a  valuable  end ; 
helpful ;  profitable ;  conferring 
the  right  to  benefit. 

ben-e-fi-cial-ly  (-li).  adv.  in  an 
advantageous  manner. 


ben-e-fi-ci-a-ry  (ben-e-fish'i-a'ri) , 
adj.  holding  office  under  another ; 
connected  with  the  receipt  of  bene- 
fits or  profits  ;  freely  bestowed  :  n. 
one  who  holds  a  benefice ;  in 
feudal  times  a  vassal ;  one  who  re- 
ceives anything  as  a  gift. 

ben-e-fit  (ben'e-fit),  n.  an  act  of 
kindness ;  a  favor  conferred , 
whatever  promotes  the  happiness 
and  well-being  of  a  person  or 
thing,  or  adds  to  the  value  of 
property ;  a  theatrical  perform- 
ance, the  proceeds  of  which  go 
to  one  of  the  actors,  &c. :  v.t.  to  do 
good  to ;  be  of  service  to :  v.i.  to 
gain  advantage ;  make  improve- 
ment. 

Syn.  favor,  advantage,  kindness, 
civility. 

Ant.  (see  injury). 

be-ney-o-lence  (be-nev'6-lens),  n. 
the  disposition  to  do  good  ;  philan- 
thropy ;  good-will ;  an  act  of 
kindness :  a  royal  tax  formerly 
levied  under  the  guise  of  a  gratu- 
ity to  the  sovereign. 

til/n.  beneficence,  benignity,  hu- 
manity, kindness,  tenderness. 
Ant.  (see  malevolence). 

be  -  nev  -  o  -  lent  ( be-nev'6-lent ) , 
adj.  kind ;  charitable ;  philan- 
thropic. 

ben-gal  (ben-gawl'),  n.  a  thin 
stuff  made  of  silk  and  hair. 

ben-gal  light  (lit),  n.  a  firework, 
used  also  for  signaling  at  sea,  giv- 
ing a  steady  bright  blue  light. 
Called  aso  blue  light. 

ben-gal-stripes  (strips),  n.  a 
kind  of  cotton  cloth  or  gingham 
with  colored  stripes. 

ben-gal  ti-ger  (ti'g§r),  n.  the 
royal  tiger. 

benight  (be-nlf),  v.t.  enshroud 
in  darkness ;  overtake  with  night 
[usually  in  p.p.]. 

be-nign  (be-nin'),  adj.  of  a  kind 
or  gentle  disposition  ;  favorable  ; 
salutary  ;  genial. 

be-nig-nant  (be-nig'nant),  adj. 
kind  ;  gracious  ;  favorable. 

be-nig-ni-ty  (be-nig'ni-ti),  n.  [pi. 
benignities  (-tiz)],  kindness  of 
nature  ;  graciousness  ;  gentleness  ; 
mildness. 

ben-i-son  (ben'i-zn),  n.  a  blessing. 

be-ni-tier  (ba-ng'tia),  n.  a  font 
for  holy  water. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  Men. 


ben 


104 


her 


ben-ne  (ben'e),  n.  the  Sesame,  an 
East  Indian  annual,  cultivated  for 
its  seeds,  out  of  which  a  valuable 
oil  is  obtained. 

bent  (bent),  adj.  curved  ;  crooked  ; 
strongly  inclined  ;  determined  :  n. 
a  turn  ;  an  inclination  ;  a  leaning 
or  bias  ;  disposition  ;  propensity  ; 
a  stiff  or  wiry  grass. 

benumb.     See  numb. 

be  numb-meiit  (be-num'ment) .  n. 
the  act  of  stupefying ;  torpidity. 

ben-zene  (ben'zen),  n.  a  volatile 
highly  inflammable  liquid,  ob- 
tained commercially  by  distilla- 
tion from  coal-tar.  Also  called 
benzole  and  benzoline. 

ben-zine  (ben-zen'),  n.  a  liquid 
compounded  of  the  volatile  hydro- 
carbons of  petroleum,  and  ob- 
tained by  distillation  ;  used  as  a 
solvent  and  for  the  removal  of 
grease,  &c. 

ben-zo-ic  (ben-zo'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  or  obtained  from  benzoin. 

ben-zo-ic  ac-id  (as'id),  n.  (flow- 
ers of  benzoin),  a  peculiar  vege- 
table acid  obtained  from  benzoin 
and  other  balsams  by  sublima- 
tion or  decoction. 

ben-zo-in  (ben-zo'in)  or  ben- 
zoine  ('zoin),  n.  the  resinous 
juice  of  Gum  Benjamin,  a  tree  of 
Sumatra,  &c.,  used  chiefly  in  cos- 
metics, perfumes,  and  incense. 

bequeath  (be-kweW),  v.t.  to 
give  or  leave  by  will ;  hand  down  ; 
transmit. 

be-queath-ment  ( be-kweWment ) , 
n.  the  act  of  leaving  by  will ;  a 
bequest. 

be-quest  (be-kwesf),  n.  the  act 
of  leaving  by  will ;  something  left 
by  will ;  a  legacy. 

be-rate.     See  rate. 

ber-ber-ine  (ber'ber-in),  n.  an 
alkaloid  obtained,  as  a  bitter,  yel- 
low substance,  from  the  barberry 
and  other  plants ;  used  in  dyeing. 

ber-ber-ry.     Same  as  barberry. 

ber-ceuse  (bar-sez'),  n.  a  cradle 
song ;  a  tender  or  soothing 
musical  composition. 

be  reave  (be-reV),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
bereaved,  bereft,  p.pr.  bereaving], 
to  deprive  ;  make  destitute  ;  strip  ; 
rob  [with  of  before  the  thing 
taken  away]. 

be-reave-ment    (be-rev'ment),   n. 


the  act  of  bereaving;  the  state  of 
being  bereaved ;  the  loss  of  a 
relative  or  friend  by  death. 

be-reft  ( be-reft'),  p.t.  &  p.p.  of 
bereave. 

berg  (berg),  n.  a  large  floating 
mass  of  ice ;  an  iceberg ;  a  sharp 
pointed  rock  projecting  from  the 
sea. 

ber-ga-mot  (ber'gii-mot),  n.  vari- 
ety of  lemon,  the  rind  of  which 
yields  the  volatile  oil  of  bergamot, 
much  used  in  perfumery ;  a  vari- 
ety of  pear ;  a  variety  of  mint ; 
a  coarse  kind  of  tapestry. 

berg-mehl  (berg'mal),  n.  moun- 
tain-meal, a  powdery  substance 
composed  of  the  siliceous  skele- 
tons of  diatoms. 

Ber  mil  da  grass  ( ber-mu'da 
gras'),  n.  a  valuable  variety  of 
pasture  grass. 

B  e  r-m  u-d  i-a  n  (ber-mu'di-an) , 
adj.  of  or  pertaining  to  the  island 
of  Bermuda. 

Ber-nese  (ber-nez'),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Berne  in  Switzerland,"  or  its 
inhabitants. 

ber-ni-cle  (beVni-kftl),  n.  the 
bernicle  goose. 

be-roon  (be-roon'),  n.  the  prin- 
cipal court  of  a  Persian  house. 

ber-ry  (ber'i),  n.  [pi.  berries 
('iz)],  any  small  pulpy  or  suc- 
culent fruit,  as  the  strawberry, 
&c. ;  anything  resembling  a  berry 
in  shape:  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  berried, 
p.pr  berrying],  to  bear,  produce, 
or  gather  berries. 

berth,  (berth),  n.  ample  or  ade- 
quate sea  room ;  a  station  which 
a  ship  occupies  at  anchorage  or 
port ;  a  room  in  a  vessel  set  apart 
for  officers  or  seamen  ;  a  sleeping 
place  for  a  passenger  in  a  ship  or 
railway  carriage ;  a  situation  or 
appointment :  v.t.  to  allot  an 
anchorage  to ;  give  space  to  lie  in ; 
allot  a  sleeping  place  to. 

ber-tha  (ber'tha).  n.  a  kind  of 
lady's  cape. 

ber-thage  (ber'thfij),  n.  dues 
levied  upon  vessels  using  anchor- 
age in  harbor  or  dock ;  the  space 
for  mooring  vessels  in  harbor 
or  dock. 

ber-yl  (ber'il),  n.  a  mineral  of 
varying  colors,  commonly  green  or 
greenish-blue. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


her 


105 


bes 


ber-yl-line  (ber'i-lin),  adj.  like  a 
beryl  in  color. 

be-seech.  (be-sech'),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  besought,  p.pr.  beseeching], 
to  e  itreat ;  supplicate  ;  implore  ; 
beg  eagerly  for;  solicit. 

be-seem  (be-sein'),  v.i.  &  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  -ed,  p.pr.  -ing],  to  be  suit- 
able or  seemly ;  to  become ;  to 
seem. 

be-set  (be-sef),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
beset,  p.pr.  besetting],  to  set  or 
stud  ;  distribute  over ;  surround  ; 
besiege ;  press  upon  on  all  sides ; 
press  hard  on. 

be-set-ment  (be-set'ment),  n.  the 
condition  of  beinrr  surrounded. 

be-set-ting  (be-set'ing),  adj. 
habitually  attacking  or  coming 
upon. 

be-shrew  (be-shroo'),  v.t.  to  wish 
a  curse  to  ;  execrate. 

be  side  (be-sld').  prep,  at  the  side 
of;  near:  apart  from;  not  con- 
nected with. 

be-sides  (be-sldz'),  adv.  more 
than  that ;  in  addition  ;  as  well : 
prep,  over  and  above ;  separate  or 
distinct  from. 

be-siege  (be-sej'),  v.t.  to  encom- 
pass with  armed  forces,  in  order 
to  compel  a  foe  to  surrender ;  lay 
siege  to  ;  beset  or  harass. 

be-siege-ment  (be-sej'ment) ,  n. 
the  act  of  besetting ;  the  state  of 
being  encompassed. 

be-slav-er  (be-slav'er),  v.t.  to 
besmear  with  spittle;  cover  with 
fulsome  praise. 

be-slob-ber  (be-slob'er),  v.t.  to 
smear  with  anything  running 
from  the  mouth,  as  spittle ;  kiss 
effusively  all  over  the  mouth ;  to 
flatter  fulsomely. 

be  smear.     See  smear. 

be-smirch.  ( be-smerch' ) ,  v.t.  to 
soil ;  discolor ;  sully  or  dishonor. 

be-som  (be'zum),  n.  a  brush  of 
twigs  for  sweeping ;  a  broom. 

be-sot  ( be-sot'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
besotted,  p.pr.  besotting],  to  bes- 
tialize,  as  with  drink ;  stupefy ; 
infatuate. 

be-sot-ment  (be-sot'ment),  n.  the 
act  or  state  of  being  besotted  or 
infatuated. 

be-sot-ted-ly  f-li),  adv.  in  a  fool- 
ish or  infatuated  manner. 

be-sought,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  beseech. 


be-span-gle  (be-spang'gl),  v.t.  to 
adorn  with  spangles ;  dot  or 
sprinkle  with  something  that  glit- 
ters. 

be-spat-ter  (be-spat'er),  v.t.  to 
soil  by  spattering  ;  spot  with  mud  ; 
asperse  with  calumny. 

be-speak  (be-spek'),  v.t.  [p.t.  be- 
spoke, p.pr.  bespeaking],  to  speak 
for  beforehand ;  order  or  arrange 
in  advance ;  betoken  ;  indicate,  as 
by  signs  or  marks :  n.  among 
actors,  a  benefit. 

be-spread.     See  spread. 

be-sprin-kle.   See  sprinkle. 

bes-sem-er  steel  (bes'em-er  stel), 
n.  steel  made  by  forcing  atmos- 
pheric air  into  cast  iron  while  in 
a  molten  state. 

best  (best),  adj.  having  the  high- 
est degree  of  goodness  or  excel- 
lence ;  of  the  first  quality  or 
standing;  most  desirable,  suitable, 
advantageous,  &c. ;  largest :  n.  the 
highest  state  of  excellence ;  the 
utmost  endeavor ;  all  one  can  do 
or  show:  adv.  (superl.  of  well)  in 
the  highest  degree ;  with  most  ad- 
vantage or  success :  v.t.  to  get  the 
better  of  ;  surpass ;  outwit. 

best-man  (best'man),  n.  the 
groomsman  or  principal  attendant 
on  a  bridegroom. 

be-sted  or  bestead  ( be-sted' )» 
p.adj.  situated ;  placed ;  circum- 
stanced. 

bes-tial  (bes'tial),  adj.  belonging 
to  a  beast ;  animal ;  having  the 
qualities  of  a  beast ;  brutal ;  sen- 
sual ;  obscene. 

bes-tial-ize  (bes'tial-iz),  v.t.  to 
make  like  a  beast ;  degrade  to  the 
level  of  a  brute. 

bes-tial -i-ty  (bes-tial'i-ti).  n.  the 
qualities  or  nature  of  a  beast. 

bes-tial-ly  (bes'tial-Ii),  adv.  in  a 
beast-like  manner. 

be-stir  (be-ster),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
bestirred,  p.pr.  bestirring],  to  put 
into  brisk  or  vigorous  action. 

be-stow  (be-sto'),  v.t.  to  lay  up. 
in  store ;  deposit  in  safe  keeping ; 
use  or  apply ;  give  or  confer  [fol- 
lowed by  on  or  upon]. 

be-stow-ment     (be-sto'ment)     or 

be-stow-al  ('&!),  n.  the  act  of 
giving  or  conferring;  that  which 
is  given. 

be-strad-dle  (be-strad'l),  v.t.  to 
bestride. 


late,  milr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch.  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bes 


106 


bev 


be  strew  (be-stroo')  or  bestrow 
(-stro'),  v.t.  to  strew  or  scatter 
over. 

be  stride  (be-strid'),  v.t.  [p.t.  be- 
strode &  bestrid,  p.p.  bestridden, 
bestrid,  p.pr.  bestriding],  to  stand 
or  sit  on  with  the  legs  astride ; 
embrace  with  the  legs,  as  a  horse. 

bet  (bet),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  bet  and 
betted,  p.pr.  betting],  to  stake  or 
pledge  on  the  event  of  a  future 
contingency :  v.i.  to  lay  a  wager: 
».  the  act  of  wagering ;  that  which 
is  laid,  staked,  or  pledged  on  any 
event  or  contest  the  issue  of  which 
is  uncertain ;  the  terms  on  which 
a  bet  is  arranged. 

be-take  (be-tak'),  v.t.  [p.t.  be- 
took, p.p.  betaken,  p.pr.  betaking], 
to  have  recourse  to ;  repair ;  re- 
sort;  take  one's  self  (to). 

be-tel  (be'tl),  n.  a  species  of 
pepper,  native  of  the  East  Indies, 
the  leaves  of  which  are  chewed 
with  the  betel-nut  and  a  little 
lime. 

be-tel-nut  (-nut),  n.  the  nut- 
seed  of  the  East  Indian  areca- 
palm. 

beth-el  (beth'el),  n.  a  hallowed 
spot :  a  dissenting  chapel ;  a  sea- 
man's chapel. 

be-thiiik  (be-think'),  v.t.  &  v.i. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  bethought,  p.pr.  be- 
thinking], to  call  to  mind ;  con- 
sider ;  remind  one's  self ;  to  re- 
flect. 

be-tide  (be-tid'),  v.t.  to  happen 
to ;  befall :  v.i.  to  come  to  pass. 

be-times  (be-timz'),  adv.  in  good 
season  or  time ;  before  it  is  too 
late ;  early  ;  soon. 

be-to-ken  (be-to'kn),  v.t.  to  indi- 
cate by  signs ;  serve  as  a  sign  or 
token  of ;  foreshadow  by  what  is 
visibly  present. 

bet-on  (bet'tin,  French  ba-tong'), 
n.  a  concrete  composed  of  lime, 
sand,  and  gravel,  used  for  subma- 
rine structures. 

bet-o-ny  (bet'o-ni),  n.  a  common 
name  for  a  woodland  plant,  with 
purple  flowers,  formerly  useO  in 
medicine  and  as  a  dye. 

be-took,  p.t.  of  betake. 

be-tray  (be-tra'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
betrayed,  p.pr.  betraying],  to  de- 
liver into  the  hands  of  an  enemy 
by  treachery ;  violate  by  fraud  or 


unfaithfulness ;  reveal  in  broach 
of  confidence ;  disclose  inadvert- 
ently ;  deceive  ;  indicate  or  show. 

be-tray -al  (be-tra'al),  n.  the  act 
of  betraying. 

be-trpth  (be-troth'),  v.t.  to  con- 
tract'to  give  any  one  in  marriage; 
affiance ;  plight  or  pledge  one's 
troth  to. 

be  troth-al  (be-troth'al)  or  be- 
trothment  ('ment),  n.  the  act 
of  engaging  to  marry ;  the  state 
of  being  engaged  ;  a  mutual  prom- 
ise for  future  marriage  made  be- 
tween a  man  and  a  woman. 

bet-ter  (bet'er),  adj.  [used  as  the 
compar.  of  good],  having  good 
qualities  in  a  greater  degree  than 
another ;  preferable  or  more  suit- 
able ;  improved  in  health ;  more 
perfect ;  larger ;  greater :  adv. 
[used  as  compar.  of  well],  in  a 
superior  or  more  excellent  manner ; 
more  correctly  or  thoroughly ;  in 
a  higher  degree ;  more  in  extent : 
v.t.  to  improve  or  ameliorate ;  in- 
crease the  good  qualities  of;  sur- 
pass ;  excel ;  outdo :  v.i.  to  be- 
come better :  n.  a  superior ;  one 
who  has  a  claim  to  precedence 
[usually  in  the  pi.]  ;  superiority, 
or  advantage  over  [usually  with 
of]. 

bet-ter  or  bet-tor  (bet'er),  n. 
one  who  wagers  or  lays  bets. 

bet-ter-ment  (bet'er-ment).  n.  a 
making  better;  the  improvement 
of  land  or  houses. 

bet-ting  (bet'ing),  n.  the  act  of 
making  bets. 

be-tween  (be-twen'),  prep,  in  the 
space  or  interval  which  separates  ; 
in  intermediate  relation  to ;  from 
one  to  another  of ;  shared  in  com- 
mon. 

be-tween-whiles  ('hwilz),  adv. 
at  intervals. 

be-twixt  (be-twikst'),  prep,  be- 
tween ;  in  the  space  which  sepa- 
rates. 

bev-el  (bey'el),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
-ed,  p.pr.  -ing],  to  cut  to  a  bevel- 
angle  :  v.i.  to  slant  or  incline  off 
to  a  bevel-angle :  n.  an  ando 
otherwise  than  a  right  angle 
(00°)  ;  the  inclination  which  one 
surface  makes  with  another  when 
not  at  right  angles ;  an  instrument 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  mo5n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bev 


107 


bib 


used  for  drawing  angles  :  adj.  hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  bevel ;  aslant. 

bev-el-gear  (ger),  n.  a  species  of 
wheel-work  in  which  the  axis  or 
shaft  of  the  driving-wheel  forms 
an  angle  with  the  shaft  of  the 
wheel  driven. 

bevel- wheel  (hwel),  n.  a  cog- 
wheel with  its  working  face 
oblique  to  the  axis. 

bev  -  el  -  nient  (bev'el-ment) ,  n. 
the  act  or  process  of  beveling. 

bev-er-age  (bev'er-aj),  n.  drink 
of  any  description ;  liquor  for 
drinking. 

bev-y  (bev'i),  n.  a  company  or  as- 
sembly of  persons,  especially  of 
ladies ;  a  flock  of  quails  or  larks. 

be-wail  (be-wal'),  v.t.  to  mourn 
or  weep  aloud  for ;  lament :  v.i.  to 
express  grief. 

be  wail-ment  (be-wfil'ment),  n. 
the  act  of  lamenting ;  a  lamenta- 
tion. 

be-ware  (be-war'),  v.i.  to  be  on 
one's  guard  ;  be  wary  or  cautious  ; 
take  care. 

be-wil-der  (be-wil'der),  v.t.  to 
lead  into  perplexity  or  confusion  ; 
puzzle. 

be  -  wil  -  der  -  ment  (be-wil'der- 
ment),  n.  the  state  of  being 
greatly  puzzled  or  perplexed ;  a 
tangled  or  confused  mass. 

be- witch,  (be-wich'),  v.t.  to  cast 
a  spell  over ;  subject  to  witch- 
craft ;  charm  beyond  the  power  of 
resistance;  fascinate. 

be-witch-er-y  (be-wich'er-i),  n. 
witchery  ;  fascination  ;  charm. 

be-witch-ing  (be-wich'ing),  adj. 
having  power  to  fascinate ;  capti- 
vating ;  alluring. 

be-witch-mevat  (be-wich'ment). 
n.  fascination ;  charm ;  power  of 
bewitching. 

be-wray  (be-ra'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
bewrayed,  p.pr.  bewraying],  to  ex- 
pose, reveal. 

bey  (bfi),  n.  a  governor  of  a 
province  or  district  in  the  Turk- 
ish dominions ;  a  Turkish  title  of 
respect ;  a  beg. 

bey-lik  (ba'lik),  n.  the  territory 
ruled  by  a  bey. 

be-yond  (be-yond').  prep,  on  the 
further  side  of  ;  before :  past ;  out 
of  reach  of ;  later  than  ;  above ;  in 
a  degree  or  amount  exceeding  or 


surpassing :  adv.  further  away ; 
yonder :  n.  that  state  of  existence 
which  is  beyond  our  present  ex- 
perience. 

bez-an  (bez'an),  n.  a  Bengal  coi  • 
ton  cloth. 

bez-ant-ler  (bez-ant'ler),  n.  the 
second  branch  of  a  stag's  horn 
next  to  the  antler  proper. 

bez-el  (bez'el),  n.  the  slope  at  the 
edge  of  a  cutting  tool ;  the  rim 
wuich  encompasses  and  fastens  a 
gem  in  its  setting ;  the  groove  in 
which  the  glass  of  a  watch  is 
fitted. 

be-zet-ta  (be-zet'ta),  n.  a  dye  ob- 
tained by  immersing  coarse  rags 
in  a  colored  solution. 

be-zique  (be-zek'),  n.  a  recent 
game  of  cards. 

be-zoar  (be'zor),  n.  a  calcareous 
concretion  found  in  the  intestines 
of  certain  animals. 

bhang  or  bang  (bang),  n.  an 
Eastern  drug  prepared  from  the 
dried  leaves  of  the  hemp  plant, 
having  strong  narcotic  and  as- 
tringent qualities ;  hashish. 

bi-an-nu-al  (bi-an'u-al),  adj.  oc- 
curring twice  in  a  year. 

bi-an-nu-al -ly  (-li),  adv.  twice  a 
vear. 

bi-ar-tic-u-late  ( bi-ar-tik'u-lat ) , 
adj.  having  two  joints. 

bi-as  (bi'as),  n.  [pi.  biases  (-ez)], 
a  seam  formed  by  uniting  the 
edges  of  two  pieces  of  cloth  cut 
obliquely  to  the  texture ;  a  weight 
on  the  side  of  a  bowl  which 
causes  it  to  turn  from  a  straight 
line ;  prepossession  or  undue  pro- 
pensity for ;  prejudice :  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  -ed,  p.pr.  -ing],  to  give  a  bias 
or  particular  direction  to ;  incline 
to  one  side  ;  influence ;  prejudice  ; 
prepossess :  adv.  in  a  slanting 
manner;  obliquely. 

bi-au-ric-u-late  (bi-aw-rik'u-lat) , 
adj.  having  two  auricles,  as  the 
heart  of  the  higher  vertebrates ; 
having  two  ear-like  projections  at 
the  base,  as  a  leaf. 

bi-ax-i-al  (bi-aks'i-al),  or  biaxal 
( 'al ) ,  adj.  having  two  axes. 

bi-ax-i-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  with  two 
axes. 

bib  (bib),  «.  a  piece  of  cloth 
placed  under  an  infant's  chin  to 
protect  its  clothes. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


0ib 


108 


bic 


bi-bas-ic  (bi-bas'ik),  adj.  &  term 
applied  to  acids  which  combine 
with  two  equivalents  of  a  base. 

bib-ber  (bib'er),  n.  a  tippler. 

Bi-ble  (bi'bl),  n.  the  Book  (or 
the  Books)  by  pre-eminence;  the 
writings  of  the  Old  and  New 
Testament,  whether  in  the  original 
tongue  or  translated. 

Bib-li-cal  (bib'li-kal),  adj.  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Bible  ;  scriptural. 

Bib-li-cal-ly  (-li),  adv.  according 
to  the  Bible. 

Bib-li-cist  (bib'li-sist),  n.  one 
who  adheres  to  the  strict  letter  of 
the  Bible. 

bib-li-og-ra-pher  (bib-li-og'ra- 
ferl.  n.  one  who  is  versed  in  the 
making  of  books,  or  writes  a  his- 
tory of  their  production. 

bib-li-o-graph-ic  ( bib-li-o-graf '- 
ik)  or  bibliographical  (-al), 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  history  of 
books. 

bi  b-1  i-o-gr  a  ph-ic-al-ly  (-li), 
adv.  in  a  bibliographical  manner. 

bib-li-og-ra-phy  ( bib-li-og'ra-fi ) . 
n.  the  science  or  description  of 
books  ;  a  list  of  authorities  on  anv 
subject. 

bib-li-o-klept  (bib'li-6-klept),  n. 
a  book  stealer. 

bib-li-ol-a-ter  (bib-li-ol'a-ter)  or 
bib-li-ol-a-trist  (-trist).  n.  a 
book  worshiper ;  one  addicted  to 
bibliolatry. 

bib-li-ol-a-try  (bib-li-ol'a-tri),  n. 
book  worship  ;  excessive  reverence 
for  the  letter  of  the  Scriptures. 

bib-li-o-log-ic-al  (bib-li-o-loj'ik- 
fil).  adj.  pertaining  to  bibliology. 

bib-li-ol-o-gy  (bib-li-ol'6-ji),  n. 
an  account  of  books ;  Biblical  lit- 
erature or  doctrine. 

b  i  b-1  i-o-m  a-m  i-a  (bib-li-6-ma'- 
ni-a),  n.  a  mania  for  acquiring 
rare  and  curious  books. 

bib  li-o-ina-ni-ae  (bib-li-o-mfi'ni- 
ak),  n.  one  who  has  a  mania  for 
acquiring  books. 

bib-li-o-phile  (bib'li-5-fil),  n.  a 
lover  of  books. 

b  i  b-1  i-o  p  h-i-1  ism  (bib-li-of'i- 
lirfm),  n.  love  of  books. 

bib-li-o-pole  (bib'li-6-pol),  n.  a 
book-seller,  especially  one  who 
deals  in  rare  works. 

bib-li  o-tbe-ca  (bib-li-6-the'ka ) , 
n.  a  library. 


bib-Ins  (bib'lus),  n.  another  name 
for  the  papyrus. 

bib-u-lous  (bib'u-lus),  adj.  read- 
ily absorbing  or  imbibing  fluids; 
spongy ;  addicted  to  drink. 

bi-cal-lose  (bl-kal'os)  or  bical- 
lous  ('us),  adj.  having  two  cal- 
losities. 

bi-cam-e-ral  (bi-kam'e-ral),  adj. 
pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  two 
legislative  chambers. 

bi-car-bon-ate  (bl-kiir'bon-at),  n. 
a  carbonate  or  salt  containing  two 
equivalents  of  carbonic  acid  to  one 
of  a  base. 

bi-car-i-nate  (bi-kar'i-nat),  adj. 
having  two  keel-like  projections. 

bi-cau-date  (bl-kaw'dat),  adj. 
furnished  with  or  ending  in  two 
tails. 

bice  or  bise  (bis),  n.  name  given 
to  two  pigments  used  in  painting, 
one  blue  and  the  other  green, 
called  blue  bice  and  green  bice  re- 
spectively. 

bi-cen-te-na-ry  ( bi-sen'te-na-ri ) , 
M.  the  two  hundredth  anniversary 
of  any  event,  or  its  celebration  : 
adj.  pertaining  to  a  bicentenary. 

bi-cen-ten-ni-al  ( bi-sen-ten'i-al ) , 
adj.  comprising  two  hundred 
years:  n.  the  two  hundredth  anni- 
versary of  an  event,  or  its  cele- 
bration. 

bi-ceph-a-lous  (bi-sef'a'lus),  adj. 
having  two  heads. 

bi-ceps  (bi'seps),  n.  a  muscle 
having  two  heads ;  the  large  flexor 
muscle  of  the  arm  and  thigh. 

bi  -  clilo  -  ride  (bl-klo'rld  or 
'rid),  n.  a  compound  of  two  or 
more  atoms  of  chlorine  combined 
with  a  base. 

bi-cbord  (bi'kord),  adj.  having 
two  chords. 

bi-chro-xuate  (bl-kro'mat).  n.  a 
salt  having  two  parts  of  chromic 
acid  to  one  of  the  base. 

bi-cip-it-al  (bl-sip'it-ai),  or  bi- 
cipitous  (-us),  adj.  having  two 
heads ;  pertaining  to  a  biceps 
muscle;  dividing  into  two  parts 
at  either  extremity. 

bick-er  (bik'er),  v.i.  to  engage  in 
petty  altercation ;  move  rapidly 
with  a  noise;  quiver;  flicker:  n. 
a  noisy  wrangle. 

bi  con-cave  (bl-kon'kav) ,  adj. 
hollow  on  both  sides. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


blc 


109 


big 


bi-con-  ju-gate  ( bi-kon'  ju-gat ) , 
ndj.  twice  paired. 

bi-con-vex  (bi-kon'veks),  adj. 
rounded  on  both  sides. 

bi-corn  (bi'korn)  or  bicoraus 
('us),  adj.  having  two  horns. 

bi-cor-po-ral  (bi-kor'po-ral)  or 
bi-cor-po-rate  (-rat),  adj.  hav- 
ing two  bodies. 

bi-cns-pid  (bi-kus'pid)  or  bicus- 
pidate  (-at),  adj.  having  two 
points  or  prominences :  n.  one  of 
the  double-pointed  teeth  forming 
the  first  pair  of  molars  on  either 
side  of  the  jaw,  above  and  below. 

bi-cy-cle  (bi'si-kl),  n.  a  vehicle 
for  human  propulsion,  consisting 
primarily  of  two  wheels  placed  in 
line,  connected  by  a  fork  and 
backbone,  and  supporting  a  saddle 
for  the  rider,  the  machine  being 
propelled  by  the  feet  by  means  of 
treadles  attached  to  cranks  or 
levers :  v.i.  to  ride  on  a  bicycle. 

bi-cy-cling  (bi'si-kling).  or  bi- 
cy  clisiu  (-kllzm),  n.  the  practice 
or  art  of  riding  a  bicycle.  (The 
abbreviation  cycling  is  now  in 
common  use.) 

bi-cy-clist  (bi'si-klist),  n.  one 
who  rides  a  bicycle ;  a  cyclist. 

bid  (bid),  v.t.  [p.t.  bade  (bad) 
or  bid,  p.p.  bidden,  bid.  p.pr. 
bidding],  to  make  an  offer  of; 
propose  as  a  price ;  offer  for ;  in- 
vite ;  request ;  ask ;  offer  or  ex- 
press by  words  ;  command  ;  order 
or  direct ;  enjoin ;  to  proclaim  : 
/-./.  to  make  an  offer;  offer  a 
price :  n.  an  offer  of  a  price :  a 
price  offered  at  auction. 

bid-da-ble  (bid'a-bl),  adj.  docile, 
obedient. 

bid-der  (bid'er),  n.  one  who  bids 
or  offers  a  price,  as  at  a  sale  or 
auction. 

bid-der-y-ware  (bid'er-i-war),  n. 
inlaid  work  made  from  a  metallic 
alloy.  Called  also  bidhri-ware. 

bid-ding  (bid'ing),  n.  an  order: 
command  ;  proclamation  ;  the  act 
of  offering  a  price  at  auction. 

bid-dy  (bid'i),  n.  a  fowl  or 
chicken. 

bide  (bid),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  bode, 
bided,  p.pr.  biding],  inhabit;  re- 
side :  v.t.  to  endure ;  suffer ;  wait 
for. 


bi-dent  (bi'dent).  n.  a  two- 
pronged  instrument. 

bi-den-tal  (bi-den'tal)  or  biden- 
tate  ('tat),  adj.  having  two 
teeth,  or  two  tooth-like  processes. 

bi-det  ( bi-det',  French  be-da'),  «. 
a  form  of  night  commode ;  a  port- 
able bath ;  a  sitz  bath. 

bid-bri-ware.     See  biddery-ware. 

b  i-e  n-n.  i-a  1  (bl-en'ni-al) ,  adj. 
happening  once  in  two  years ;  con- 
tinuing or  existing  for  two  years, 
as  plants :  n.  a  plant  which  pro- 
duces roots  and  leaves  in  the  first 
year,  and  in  the  second  flowers, 
fruit,  and  seed,  afterwards  per- 
ishing ;  something  which  is  held 
once  in  two  years. 

bi-en-ni-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  once  in 
two  years. 

bier  (ber),  n.  a  frame  or  carriage 
on  which  a  corpse  is  placed,  or 
conveyed  to  the  grave ;  a  tomb. 

bi-fa-ci-al  (bi-fa'shi-al),  adj.  hav- 
ing two  similar  faces  or  the  oppo- 
site surfaces  alike. 

bi-fa-ri-ous  (bi-fa'ri-us),  adj. 
two-fold  ;  two-rowed  ;  pointing  in 
two  ways. 

bif-er-ous  (bif'er-us),  adj.  bear- 
ing flowers  or  fruit  twice  a  year. 

bifid  (bl'fid),  adj.  partially  di- 
vided into  two. 

bi-fil-ar  (bi-fil'ar),  adj.  two- 
threaded  ;  fitted  with  two  threads. 

bi-fo-cal  (bi-fo'kal),  adj.  having 
two  foci. 

bi-fold  (bl'fold),  adj.  two-fold; 
double. 

bi-fo-li-ate  (bl-fo'li-at),  adj.  hav- 
ing two  leaves. 

bi-fur-cate  (bi-fer'kat),  v.i.  to 
divide  in  two  directions  or 
branches. 

bi-fur-cate  (bi-fer'kat)  or  bi- 
furcated (-ed),  adj.  divided  into 
two  branches. 

bi-f  ur-ca-tion  ( bi-fer-ka'shun ) , 
n.  a  forking  or  division  into  two 
branches. 

big  (big-,  adj.  [compar.  bigger,  ««- 
perl,  biggest],  of  great  bulk  or 
magnitude ;  grown  up  ;  pregnant ; 
full  of  something  important ;  full ; 
inflated ;  pompous. 

big  game  (big'  gam),  n.  a 
hunter's  name  for  large  animals. 

big-bora.  (big-hOrn),  n.  the  wild 
sheep  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


Ifitc,  mar.  mask,  rat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  lino,  tin;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


big 


110 


bll 


big-wig  (big'wig),  n.  an  impor- 
tant person ;  great  official  im- 
portance. 

bi-ga  (bi'ga),  n,  a  two-horse  char- 
iot. 

big-a-mist  (big'a-mist),  n.  one 
guilty  of  bigamy. 

big-a-mous  (big'a-mus),  adj.  per- 
taining to  and  involving  bigamy. 

big-a-my  (b'g'a-mi),  n.  the  of- 
fense of  contracting  a  second  mar- 
riage during  the  existence  of  a 
former  marriage. 

bight  (bit),  n.  a  loop  or  bend  of 
a  rope,  in  distinction  from  the 
ends ;  a  bend  in  a  coast-line  form- 
ing an  open  bay ;  a  small  bay  be- 
tween two  headlands. 

Big-no-ni-a  (big-no'ni-a),  n.  a 
large  genus  of  American  tropical 
climbing  plants,  to  which  the 
trumpet-creeper  belongs. 

big-ot  (blg'ot),  n.  one  who  is  un- 
reasonably and  blindly  attached 
to  a  particular  creed,  church,  or 
party ;  one  who  is  intolerant  of 
opinions  which  differ  from  his 
own. 

big-ot-ed  (big'ot-ed),  adj.  charac- 
terized by  bigotry. 

big-ot-ry  (big'ot-ri),  n.  [pi.  bigot- 
ries (-riz)],  the  state  or  condition 
of  a  narrow-minded,  intolerant 
person ;  blind  and  obstinate  at- 
tachment to  a  particular  creed, 
party,  or  opinion ;  intolerance ; 
fanaticism. 

bi-jon  (be-zhoo'),  n.  [pi.  bijoux 
(-zhooz)  ],  a  jewel ;  any  small  and 
elegantly  finished  article. 

bi-jou-te-rie  (be-zhoo'tre),  n. 
jewelry  or  other  small  articles  of 
vertu. 

bike  (blk),  n.  a  bicycle:  v.i.  to 
ride  a  bicycle. 

bi-la-bi-ate  (bi-la'bi-at),  adj.  hav- 
ing two  lips. 

bil-an-der  (bil'an-  &  bi'lan-der), 
n.  a  small  two-masted  Dutch  ves- 
sel of  the  hoy  class. 

bi-lat-er-al  (bi-lat'er-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  having  two  sides. 

bi-lat-er-al-ly  (-li).  adv.  in  a 
two-sided  manner ;  on  both  sides. 

bil-ber-ry  (bil'ber-ri),  n.  [pi.  bil- 
berries (-riz)],  the  whortleberry. 

bilbo  (bil'bo),  n.  [pi.  bilboes 
('boz)],  a  rapier  or  sword:  pi. 
a  long  bar  of  iron  with  sliding 


shackles  for  the  feet,  and  a 
lock  at  the  end,  formerly  used  as 
fetters. 

bile  (bll),  n.  a  yellow  bitter  fluid 
secreted  by  the  liver  from  venous 
blood ;  ill-humor. 

bile-stone  (-ston),  n.  a  gall- 
stone. 

bilge  (bilj),  n.  the  bulging  part 
of  a  cask ;  the  broadest  part  of  a 
ship's  bottom,  on  which  the  vessel 
rests  when  aground :  v.i.  to  spring 
a  leak  by  a  fracture  in  the  bilge : 
v.t.  to  stave,  or  break  in,  the 
bottom  or  bilge  of  a  ship. 

bilge-board  ('bord),  n.  one  of 
the  boards  covering  the  timbers 
where  the  bilge-water  accumu- 
lates. 

bilge-keel  ('kel),  n.  a  piece  of 
timber  secured  edgewise  under  the 
bottom  of  a  vessel  'to  prevent 
heavy  rolling. 

bilge-wa-ter  ('waw-ter),  n. 
water  which  accumulates  in  the 
bilge  of  a  ship. 

bilge-ways  ('waz),  n.pl.  the  tim- 
ber supporting  the  cradle  of  a 
vessel,  which  upholds  it  while  be- 
ing built,  and  in  launching. 

bil-i-a-ry  (bil'i-a-ri),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  bile ;  conveying  the 
bile. 

bi-lin  (bi'lin),  n.  a  yellow  gummy 
substance  precipitated  from  bile. 

bi-lin-gual  (bi'ling'gwal),  adj. 
written  or  expressed  in  two  lan- 
guages. 

bi-lin-gnal-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  two 
languages. 

bil-ions  (bil'yus),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  bile ;  having  the  system 
disordered  by  derangement  of  the 
biliary  function ;  choleric. 

bil  ions-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  bilious. 

bi-lit-er-al  (bl-lit'er-al),  ad;,  con- 
sisting of  two  letters :  n.  a  word, 
root,  or  syllable  consisting  of  two 
letters. 

bilk  (bilk),  v.t.  to  spoil  the  score 
of  an  opponent  at  cribbage ;  de- 
ceive or  defraud,  as  by  evading  a 
payment ;  leave  in  the  lurch :  n. 
the  act  of  spoiling  the  score  of  an 
opponent  at  cribbage ;  a  swindler. 

bill  (bil),  n.  the  beak  of  a  bird: 
v.i.  to  join  bills,  as  doves ;  caress 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bil 


111 


him 


in  fondness ;  to  issue  bills  or  post- 
ers. 

bill  (bil),  n.  a  kind  of  hatchet 
with  a  blade  hook-shaped  toward 
the  point,  used  in  pruning,  &c. ; 
a  battle-axe,  attached  to  a  long 
staff,  formerly  used  by  infantry  ; 
the  extremity  of  the  fluke  of  an 
anchor. 

bill  (bil),  n.  an  account  for  goods 
sold,  services  rendered,  or  work 
done ;  a  document  binding  the 
signer  or  signers  to  pay  a  specified 
sum  at  a  certain  date  or  on  de- 
mand :  a  draft  of  a  proposed 
statute  presented  to  a  legislature : 
a  printed  advertisement ;  any  writ- 
ten paper  containing  a  statement 
of  particulars ;  a  written  declara- 
tion of  wrong  or  injury  sustained 
or  committed. 

bill-bro-ker  (bil'bro-ker),  n.  one 
who  negotiates  the  discount  of 
bills  of  exchange. 

bill  of  en-try  (en'tri),  n.  a 
written  account  of  goods  entered 
at  the  custom  house. 

bill  of  ex-change  (eks-chanj'), 
n.  a  written  order  from  one  per- 
son or  house  (the  drawer)  to 
another  (the  acceptor)  to  pay  to 
the  person  designated  a  certain 
sum  at  a  fixed  time,  in  considera- 
tion of  value  received. 

bill  of  health  (helth),  n.  a 
certificate  given  to  the  master  of 
a  vessel,  under  the  signature  of 
a  consul  or  other  authority,  speci- 
fying the  state  of  the  health  of  a 
ship's  company  or  passengers  at 
the  time  of  her  clearing  a  port. 

bill  of  la-ding  (la'ding),  n.  a 
document  specifying  the  goods 
shipped  on  board  a  vessel,  and 
signed  by  the  master  of  such  ship, 
acknowledging  the  receipt  of  the 
goods,  and  undertaking  their  safe 
conveyal  to  the  consignee,  unfore- 
seen perils  being  only  excepted. 

bill  of  mor-tal-i-ty  (m6r-tal'i- 
ti),  n.  the  official  return  of  the 
deaths  (also  births)  occurring  in 
a  particular  district  within  a  cer- 
tain period. 

bill  of  sale  (sal),  n.  a  formal  in- 
strument for  the  transfer  of  goods 
and  chattels. 

bil-let  (bil'et).  n.  a  small  paper 
in  writing;  a  note  or  short  letter; 


ticket  directing  soldiers  at  what 
house  to  lodge ;  a  soldier's  lodg- 
ing :  v.t.  to  quarter  or  lodge,  as 
soldiers :  v.i.  to  be  quartered  or 
lodged. 

bil-let  (bil'et),  n.  a  small  stick  or 
log  of  wood,  as  for  fuel ;  an  orna- 
ment in  Norman  work,  resembling 
a  billet  of  wood. 

bil-let-doux  (bil-le-dpo'),  n.  [pL 
billets-doux  (bil-le-doo')  ],  a  love- 
letter. 

bill-hook  (bil'hook),  n.  a  small 
kind  of  hatchet  with  a  hooked 
point. 

billiards  (bil'yerdz),  n.  a  game 
played  on  a  rectangular,  cloth- 
covered  slate  table,  12  ft.  x  6  ft. 
in  size,  with  ivory  balls  and  a  cue. 
(The  sing,  form  billiard  is  used 
always  in  composition.) 

bil-lings-gate  (bil'ingz-gat),  n. 
coarse  or  profane  language ;  viru- 
lent abuse. 

bil-lion  (bil'yun),  n.  in  the 
United  States  one  thousand  mil- 
lions (1,000,000,000)  ;  in  England 
a  million  millions  (1,000,000,000,- 
000). 

bil-lon  (bil'on),  n.  an  alloy  of 
gold  and  silver,  with  a  large  pro- 
portion of  copper  or  other  base 
metal,  used  in  coinage  of  low 
value. 

bil-lot  (bil'ot),  n.  bullion  in  the 
mass  or  bar. 

Ml  low  (bil'o),  n.  a  great  wave  of 
the  sea  swelled  by  the  wind :  v.i. 
to  rise  and  roll  in  large  waves  or 
surges. 

bil-ly-goat  (bil'i-got),  n.  a  male 
goat. 

bi-lo-bate  (bl-lo'bat),  or  bi- 
lobed  ('lobd),  adj.  divided  into 
two  lobes  or  segments. 

bi  ma  nons  (bi'ma-nus),  adj.  hav- 
ing two  hands. 

bi-met-al-lic  (bi-met-al'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  two  metals ;  per- 
taining to  bimetallism. 

bi  met  al  lism  (bi-met'al-izm),  n, 
the  legalized  adoption  of  two  met- 
als (as  gold  and  silver)  in  the 
currency  of  a  country,  at  a  fixed 
ratio. 

bimetal  list  (bl-met'al-ist),  n. 
an  advocate  for  the  use  of  a 
double  metallic  standard. 

bi  month-ly     (bl-munth'li) ,     adj. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
«ook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  thru 


bin 


112 


occurring  once  in  two  months. 
[  Sometimes  incorrectly  employed 
to  designate  semi-monthly  period- 
icals.] 

bin  (bin),  n.  a  receptacle  for  any 
commodity,  as  corn,  coal,  &c. ;  a 
frame  for  bottles  in  a  wine-cellar. 

bi-na-ry  (bl'na-ri),  adj.  consist- 
ing of  two  things  or  parts;  two- 
fold. 

bi-na-ry  star  (star),  n.  a  double 
star  or  sun  whose  members  re- 
volve round  their  common  center 
of  gravity. 

bi-nate  (bi'nat),  adj.  growing  in 
couples. 

bind  (bind),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
bound,  p.pr.  binding],  to  confine 
or  make  fast  with  a  cord  or  band ; 
confine  or  restrain  by  physical 
force ;  unite  by  bonds  of  affection, 
loyalty,  or  duty ;  hold  by  any 
moral  tie  ;  hinder  or  restrain  ;  pro- 
tect or  strengthen  by  a  band, 
border,  or  cover ;  fasten  together ; 
cause  to  cohere ;  place  under  legal 
obligation :  v.i.  to  tie  up ;  confine 
by  ligature  or  band ;  be  obliga- 
tory ;  grow  hard  or  stiff ;  stick 
together:  n.  anything  which  binds 
or  ties ;  a  twining  stem  ;  a  stalk 
of  hops ;  indurated  clay  or  shale 
forming  the  roof  of  a  coal-seam  ; 
a  musical  sign  or  brace  grouping 
notes  together. 

Syn.  fasten,  fetter,  fix,  restrain, 
restrict,  shackle. 
Ant.   (see  free). 

bind- weed  (-wed),  n.  a  common 
name  for  plants  belonging  to  the 
genus  Convolvulus. 

bind-ing  (bind'ing),  n.  the  act 
of  making  fast ;  a  bandage ;  the 
cover  of  a  book ;  something  that 
secures  the  edges  of  cloth. 

bine  (bin),  n.  the  slender  stem  of 
a  twining  plant. 

bing  (bing),  n.  a  heap  or  pile  of 
anything. 

bin-na-cle  (bin'a-kl),  n.  a  turret- 
shaped  box  containing  a  ship's 
compass. 

bin-o-cle  (bin'5-kl  or  bi'no-kl),  n. 
a  field  or  opera  glass  with  two 
eye-tubes  for  the  use  of  both  eyes 
at  once. 

bi-noc-u-lar  (bi-nok-  or  bin-ok'u- 
ler),  adj.  having  two  eyes;  per- 


taining to,  or  suited  to.  the  use  of 
both  eyes.     Also  binoculate. 

binomial  (bl-no'mi-al) ,  n.  an 
expression  or  quantity  consisting  of 
two  terms  connected  by  the  sign 
plus  (  +  )  or  minus  ( — ):  adj. 
consisting  of  two  terms ;  pertain 
ing  to  binomials ;  having  two 
names. 

bi-no-mi-al  the-o-rem  (the '6- 
rem),  n.  the  celebrated  theorem 
of  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  which  ex- 
presses the  law  of  formation  of 
any  power  of  a  binomial. 

bi-nox-ide.  Same  as  dioxide. 

bi-o-biast.  Another  name  for 
bioplast. 

bi-o-dy-nam-ics  ( bl-o-di-nam'iks ) , 
n.  the  doctrine  of  vital  force  or 
energy. 

bi-o-gen-e-sis  (bi-o-jen'e-sis),  or 
bi-og-e-ny  (-oj'e-ni),  n.  the 
doctrine  that  living  organisms  can 
proceed  only  from,  or  be  gen- 
erated by,  living  parents  or  germs  ; 
the  science  of  life  development. 

bi-o  graph  (bl'6-graf).  n.  a  de- 
vice for  projecting  seemingly  ani- 
mated pictures  upon  a  screen. 

bi-og-ra-pner  (bl-og'ra-fer),  n. 
one  who  writes  the  history  of  a 
particular  person's  life. 

bi-o-graph-ic-al-ly  ( bI-5-graf 'ik- 
al-li),  adv.  in  the  manner  of  a 
life  history. 

bi-og-ra-pny  (bl-og'ra-fi),  n.  [pi. 
biographies  (-fiz)],  the  history  of 
the  life  of  a  particular  person ; 
biographical  writings  in  general. 

bi-o-log-ic  (bi-6-loj'ik),  or  bio- 
logical (-al),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  science  of  life. 

bi-o-log-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  principles  of 
biology. 

bi-ol-o-gist  (bi-ql'6-jist),  n.  one 
who  studies,  or  is  skilled  in,  the 
science  of  living  forms. 

bi-pl-o-gy  (bl-ol'6-ji),  n.  the 
science  which  deals  with  the 
origin  and  life-history  of  plants 
and  animals. 

bi-o-plasm  (bi-6-plazm) ,  n.  living 
germinal  matter  or  protoplasm. 

bi-p-plast  (bi'o-plast),  n.  a 
minute  mass  of  protoplasm  pos- 
sessing formative  powers. 

bi-o-tax-y  (bi'd-tak-si),  n.  the 
classification  of  living  organisms 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bip 


113 


bis 


according  to  their  structural  char- 
acters. 

bip-a-rous  (bip'a-rus).  adj.  bring- 
ing fortli  two  at  a  birth. 

bi-par-tite  (bi-par'tit),  adj.  di- 
vided into  two  similar  parts ;  hav- 
ing two  correspondent  parts. 

bi-par-ti-tipn  (bl-par-tish'un),  n. 
the  act  of  dividing  into  two  parts ; 
the  state  of  being  so  divided. 

bi-ped  (bi'ped),  adj.  having  two 
feet :  n.  a  two-footed  animal. 

bi-ped-al  (bi'ped-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  biped ;  two-footed. 

bi-pen-nate  (bi-pen'nat),  or  bi- 
peunated  (-ed),  adj.  having  two 
wings. 

bi-pin-nate  (bi-pin'nat).  or  bi- 
pinnated  (-ed),  adj.  doubly  pin- 
nate. 

bi-plane  (bTplftn),  n.  an  aero- 
plane with  two  planes  or  gliding 
boards,  as  in  the  Wright  machine. 

bi-pli-cate  (bl'pli-kat),  adj. 
doubly  folded. 

bi  quad-rate  (bi-kwod'rat),  or 
bi-qnad-rat-ic  (-rat'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  fourth  power: 
n.  the  fourth  power,  arising  from 
the  multiplication  of  a  square 
number  or  quantity  by  itself. 

birch  (berch).  n.  [pi.  birches 
('ez)],  a  tree  or  shrub  belonging 
to  the  genus  Betula  :  a  rod  formed 
of  birch  twigs  used  for  punish- 
ment ;  a  birch-bark  canoe :  adj. 
birchen :  v.t.  to  chastise  with  a 
birch  rod  :  flog. 

bir-chen  (ber'chen).  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  consisting  of.  birch. 

bird  (herd),  n.  a  warm-blooded 
feathered  vertebrate,  furnished 
with  wings,  and  belonging  to  the 
class  Avcs  :  small  feathered  game, 
as  distinguished  from  water-fowl : 
v.i.  to  shoot  or  catch  birds. 

bird-lime  (berd'llm),  n.  a  viscous 
substance  prepared  from  holly- 
bark,  and  used  for  entangling 
small  birds  in  bird-snaring :  v.t.  to 
smear  with  birdlime. 

bird's-eye  (berdz'i),  adj.  seen 
from  above,  or  at  a  glance,  as  by 
a  flying  bird  :  hence,  general,  not 
minute  or  detailed. 

birn  (bern),  n.  that  part  of  a 
clarionet  or  a  similar  instrument 
into  which  the  mouthpiece  fits. 

bi-ros-trate      (bi-ros'trat),      adj. 


having  a  double  beak,  or  beak- 
like  process. 

birth  (berth),  n.  the  act  of  com- 
ing into  life :  the  fact  of  being 
born ;  the  act  of  bringing  forth  ; 
lineage  ;  extraction  ;  descent ;  ori- 
gin :  beginning. 

birth-rate  ('rAt),  n.  the  increase 
of  population  as  shown  by  the 
percentage  of  registered  births  to 
the  number  of  inhabitants  in  a 
district  within  a_  specified  period. 

birth-right  ('rit),  n.  any  right 
or  privilege  to  which  a  person  is 
entitled  by  birth  ;  the  right  of  the 
first  born. 

bis  cuit  (bis'kit),  n.  a  kind  of  un- 
raised  bread,  baked  hard  and  dry, 
and  shaped  in  flat  cakes ;  pottery 
after  the  first  baking  and  previous 
to  glazing  and  burning. 

bi-sect  (bl-sekt'),  v.t.  to  cut  or 
divide  into  two  equal  parts. 

bi-sec-tion  (bl-sek'shun),  n.  di- 
vision into  two  equal  parts. 

bi-sec-tor  (bi-sek'ter).  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  bisects ;  a  straight 
line  which  bisects  an  angle. 

bi-sex-u-al  (bi-seks'u-al),  adj. 
combining  the  organs  of  both 
sexes  in  one  individual ;  hermaph- 
rodite. 

bish-op  (bish'up).  n.  one  of  the 
highest  orders  of  an  Episcopal 
Church  :  below  in  rank  to  an  arch- 
bishop, but  above  a  priest :  a 
spiritual  overseer :  the  spiritual 
head  or  ruler  of  a  diocese,  having 
the  power  of  ordination,  confirma- 
tion, and  consecration  ;  the  name 
of  one  of  the  pieces  used  in  play- 
ing chess,  having  the  top  cleft  in 
resemblance  to  a  miter,  originally 
called  archer;  a  beverage  com- 
posed of  wine,  oranges,  lemons, 
and  sugar :  a  woman's  dress-im- 
prover ;  a  kind  of  pinafore :  r.t. 
\p.t.  &  p.p.  -ed,  p.pr.  -ing],  to 
make  a  horse  appear  younger  by 
manipulating  its  teeth,  and  hence 
to  deceive  by  improving  the  ap- 
pearance of  anything. 

bish-op's  sleeve  (bish'ups  slev)t 
n.  a  wide  sleeve  worn  by  woment 
so  called  from  its  resemblance  to 
that  worn  by  Anglican  bishops. 

bish-op's  staff  (bish'ups  staf),n. 
a  crosier. 

bish-op-ric    (bish'up-rik),   n.   the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut :  thin.  tht*n. 


bis 


114 


biv 


office,  dignity,  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
bishop;  a  diocese. 

bisk  or  bisque  (bisk),  n.  soup  or 
broth  composed  of  several  kinds  of 
meat  or  fish  boiled  together ; 
crawfish  soup ;  a  stroke  allowed  to 
an  inferior  player  or  side  at  lawn- 
tennis. 

bismuth  (bis'-  or  biz'muth),  n. 
one  of  the  elements,  a  light  red- 
dish-colored metal  of  brittle  text- 
ure. 

bi-son  (bi'son),  n.  the  aurochs,  or 
European  bison,  still  preserved  in 
Lithuania ;  the  American  bison, 
inaccurately  termed  the  buffalo, 
which  is  now  practically  extinct. 

bisque  (bisk),  n.  an  unglazed 
white  porcelain,  used  for  statu- 
ettes, &c. 

bis-sex-tile  (bis-seks'til),  n.  leap- 
year  :  adj.  pertaining  to  leap-year. 

bis  ter  (bis'tSr),  n.  a  dark  brown 
pigment  extracted  from  wood-soot. 

bi-sul-phate  (M-sul'f&t),  n.  a 
salt  of  sulphuric  acid  in  which 
half  of  its  hydrogen  is  replaced 
by  a  positive  element. 

bi  sul  phi te  (bl-sul'fit),  n.  a  salt 
of  sulphurous  acid,  half  the 
hydrogen  of  which  is  replaced  by 
the  base. 

bi-sym-me-try  (bl-sim'e-tri),  n. 
correspondence  of  the  right  and 
left  parts  of  anything. 

bit  (bit)  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  bite. 

bit  (bit),  n.  a  tool  for  boring;  the 
metal  mouthpiece  of  a  bridle ;  the 
part  of  a  key  which  enters  the 
lock  and  acts  on  the  bolts  and 
tumblers ;  the  cutting  blade  of  a 
plane ;  a  small  piece  or  fragment 
of  anything ;  any  small  coin :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  bitted,  p.pr.  bitting], 
to  put  a  bridle  upon ;  put  the  bit 
in  the  mouth  of. 

Mtch  (bich),  n.  the  female  of  the 
dog,  or  of  other  canine  animals. 

bite  (bit),  v.t.  [p.t.  bit,  p.p.  bit- 
ten, bit,  p.pr.  biting],  to  seize, 
grip,  cut,  or  crush  with  the  teeth  ; 
sting,  as  an  insect ;  cause  smart- 
ing pain  to ;  cut ;  pinch,  as  with 
intense  cold  ;  blight  or  blast ;  take 
fast  hold  on ;  to  corrode  or  eat 
into ;  to  cheat,  trick,  take  in  [now 
only  in  p.p.]  :  v.i.  to  have  the 
habit  or  exercise  the  power  of  bit- 
ing ;  inflict  injury  with  the  teeth ; 


cause  to  sting  or  smart ;  take  a 
bait ;  take  a  firm  hold :  n.  the  act 
of  seizing  with  the  teeth ;  a  wound 
made  by  the  teeth,  or  by  a  sting; 
a  mouthful ;  a  hold  or  grip ;  in 
printing,  a  blank  on  a  page  due 
to  some  intervening  substance  be- 
tween the  paper  and  the  type. 

bi-tel-e-phone  (bi-tel'e-fon),  n  a 
pair  of  telephones  arranged  so 
that  they  can  be  applied  simultane- 
ously to  both  ears. 

bi-ting-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  sar- 
castic manner. 

bitt  (bit),  n.  a  post  of  wood  or 
iron  to  which  cables  are  made  fast 
[generally  used  in  the  pi.]  :  v.t.  to 
put  round  the  bitts. 

bit-ten,  p.p.  of  bite. 

bit-ter  (bit'er),  adj.  having  a 
sharp  or  harsh  taste ;  acrid  ;  pierc- 
ing ;  painful ;  grievous  ;  poignant ; 
severe ;  reproachful ;  caustic ; 
sarcastic  ;  cruel :  n.  any  substance 
that  is  bitter. 

Syn.    acid,    acrid,    biting,    cut- 
ting, sharp,  sour. 
Ant.  (see  sweet). 

bit-ter-cup  (-kup),  n.  a  cup 
made  of  quassia  wood,  which  im- 
parts a  bitter  taste  to  liquids 
poured  into  it. 

bit-ter-sweet  (bit'er-swet),  n. 
the  woody  nightshade,  the  roots 
and  leaves  of  which  when  chewed 
produce  first  a  bitter,  then  a  sweet 
taste. 

bit-ter-ish  (-ish),  adj.  somewhat 
bitter. 

bit-tern  (bit'ern),  n.  a  wading 
bird  of  the  heron  family  ;  the  resid- 
ual brine  in  salt  works  from  which 
Epsom  salt  is  prepared. 

bit-ters  (bit'ers),  n.pl.  liquor  in 
which  herbs  or  roots  are  steeped. 

bi-tu-men  (bi-tu'men),  n.  mineral 
pitch. 

bi-tu -mi-nous  (bi-tu'mi-nus),  adj. 
having  the  qualities  of,  or  con- 
taining, bitumen. 

bi-va-lent  (bi'va-  or  biv'a-lent). 
n.  an  element,  one  of  the  atoms 
of  which  can  replace  two  atoms  of 
hydrogen. 

bi-valve  (bi'valv) ,  adj.  having  two 
valves  or  shells  united  by  a  liga- 
ment :  n.  a  mollusk  whose  shell  is 
composed  of  two  parts  or  valves, 
connected  by  a  ligament  or  hinge, 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Div 


115 


bla 


which  are  opened  or  closed  by 
muscles,  as  the  oyster  or  mussel. 

biv-ou-ac  (biv'oo-ak),  n.  an  en- 
campment of  soldiers  in  the  open 
air,  without  tents :  hence,  any 
open  air  encampment :  v.i.  to  en- 
camp without  tents  in  the  open. 

bi-wa  (be'wa).  n.  a  Japanese 
musical  instrument  similar  to  the 
mandolin. 

bi-week-ly  (bi-wek'li),  adj.  oc- 
curring or  appearing  every  two 
weeks;  fortnightly  [frequently 
confused  with  semi-weekly  = 
twice  in  a  week]. 

bi-zarre  (bi-zar'),  adj.  odd  in 
manner  or  appearance  ;  fanciful ; 
grotesque. 

blab  (blab),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
blabbed,  p.pr.  blabbing],  to  tell 
thoughtlessly :  v.i.  to  talk  indis- 
creetly ;  tell  tales :  n.  one  who  lets 
out  secrets,  or  tells  tales. 

black  (blak),  adj.  destitute  of 
light ;  of  the  darkest  hue  ;  opposed 
to  white ;  enveloped  in  darkness ; 
dismal ;  gloomy  or  forbidding ; 
destitute  of  moral  light  or  good- 
ness ;  atrocious  ;  evil ;  calamitous  ; 
threatening  ;  clouded  with  anger  ; 
sullen :  n.  the  darkest  color ;  the 
opposite  of  white ;  a  black  pig- 
ment or  dye  ;  a  negro  ;  mourning  : 
v.t.  to  make  black  ;  blacken  ;  apply 
blacking  to. 

black-a-moor  (blak'a-moor),  n.  a 
negro. 

black  an-ti-mo-ny  (an'-ti-mo-ni), 
n.  the  black  sulphide  of  antimony. 

black  art,  n.  necromancy,  magic. 

black-ball  (blak'bawl).  v.t.  to  re- 
ject or  exclude  (as  a  candidate) 
by  placing  black  balls  in  the  bal- 
lot box. 

black-ber-ry  (blak'ber-ri),  n.  the 
fruit  of  several  species  of  bramble. 

black-bird  (blak'berd),  n.  an 
English  song  bird,  a  species  of 
thrush.  Called  also  merle,  ousel, 
or  black  thrush  ;  a  crow-like  bird 
of  North  America ;  a  name  given 
to  a  kidnapped  negro  or  Poly- 
nesian. 

black- bird-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  kid- 
napping of  such  negroes  or  Poly- 
nesians. 

black-canker  (blak'-kangk- 
er),  n.  a  disease  in  root  crops. 

black-cap      (blak'-kap),     n.     the 


popular  name  of  several  black- 
crested  birds ;  the  cap  worn  by  a 
judge  when  pronouncing  sentence 
of  death ;  the  black  raspberry. 

black-cat-tle  (blak'-kat'l).  n.pl. 
cattle  raised  for  slaughter,  irre- 
spective of  color. 

black-cock  (blak'-kok).  n.  the 
male  of  the  European  black  grouse 
or  black  game ;  the  heath-cock. 

black-cur-rant  (blak'kur-ent),  n. 
the  well-known  garden  bush,  and 
its  fruit. 

black-en  (blak'n),  r.i.  to  grow 
black  or  dark  :  v.t.  to  make  black  ; 
defame ;  asperse. 

black-fish  (blak'-fish),  n.  a  female 
salmon  immediately  after  spawn- 
ing ;  a  common  name  for  several 
species  of  English  and  American 
fish. 

black-flag  (blak'flag),  n.  the  flag 
of  a  pirate  with  a  skull  and 
crossbones  emblazoned  upon  it. 

black-fly  (blak'-fli),  n.  a  black 
plant-louse ;  a  minute  beetle  in- 
jurious to  turnips. 

black-fri-ar  (blak'-fri-ar),  n.  a 
friar  of  the  Dominican  order ;  so 
called  from  the  black  gown 
adopted  by  members  of  the  order. 

black-guard  (blag'ard),  n.  a 
man  of  low  character,  and  ad- 
dicted to  the  use  of  foul  or  abusive 
language ;  a  scoundrel :  adj. 
vicious  ;  low  ;  vile  ;  scurrilous  ; 
abusive :  v.t.  to  revile  in  scur- 
rilous language. 

black-guard-ism  (blag'ard-izm), 
H.  the  conduct  or  language  of  a 
blackguard. 

black-bole  (blak'-hol),  n.  a  dun- 
geon or  dark  cell  in  a  prison ;  a 
place  of  confinement  for  soldiers. 

black-ing  (blak'ing),  n.  a  prep- 
aration for  imparting  a  shining 
black  polish  to  boots. 

blackish  (blak'ish),  adj.  some- 
what black. 

black-jack  (blak'-jak),  n.  a 
large  leathern  vessel  or  drinking- 
cup  of  old  times ;  the  ensign  of  a 
pirate ;  a  Cornish  mining  term 
for  blende. 

black-lead  (blak'led),  v.t.  to 
cover  with  blacklead  or  plumbago  : 
n.  plumbago. 

black-leg  (blak'-leg),  n.  one  who 
endeavors  to  obtain  money  by 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin,  then. 


bin 


116 


hla 


cheating  at  races  or  cards  ;  a  rook  ; 
an  opprobrious  term  for  a  work- 
man who  is  not  a  member  of  any 
trade  union ;  a  disease  affecting 
sheep  and  cattle. 

black-letter  (blak'-let-er),  n. 
the  old  English  or  Gothic  letter 
employed  in  the  early  manuscripts 
and  the  first  printed  books :  adj. 
written  or  printed  in  black-letter. 

black-list  (blak'list),  n.  a  list 
of  persons  who  are  deemed  to 
be  deserving  of  punishment,  or 
whom  it  is  desirable  to  exclude 
from  business  transactions :  v.t. 
to  put  in  a  black-list. 

black-mail  (blak'mal),  n.  a  tax 
anciently  paid  in  money,  corn, 
or  cattle,  in  the  north  of  England, 
and  in  Scotland,  to  the  agents  of 
robbers,  to  secure  protection  from 
pillage ;  hence  extortion  by  means 
of  intimidation :  v.t.  to  extort 
money  or  goods  from  by  intimi- 
dation of  any  kind. 

black-smith  (blak'smith),  n.  a 
smith  who  works  in  iron  and 
makes  iron  utensils,  horse-shoes, 
&c. 

blackthorn  (blak'thQrn),  n.  the 
sole ;  a  stick  cut  from  the  stem 
of  the  sloe. 

blad-der  (blad'er),  n.  a  thin 
elastic  membranous  bag  in  ani- 
mals, in  which  a  fluid  is  col- 
lected ;  any  vesicle,  blister,  or 
pustule  containing  fluid  or  air ; 
a  hollow  membranous  appendage 
to  some  plants :  v.t.  put  up  in  a 
bladder,  as  lard. 

blad-der-y  (blad'er-i),  adj.  re- 
sembling or  containing  bladders. 

blade  (bifid),  n.  the  leaf  of  a 
grass ;  the  young  ^talk  or  spire 
of  a  grass ;  the  broad  expanded 
part  of  a  leaf;  the  cutting  part 
of  an  instrument ;  the  broad  part 
of  an  oar ;  anything  resembling 
a  blade ;  a  dashing,  reckless,  rol- 
licking fellow :  v.t.  to  furnish 
with  a  blade :  v.i.  put  forth  blades. 

blade-bone  (blad'bon),  n.  the 
scapula  or  shoulder-blade. 

blain  ( blun ) ,  n.  a  pustule  or 
blister. 

bla  -  ma  -  ble  ( bla'ma-bl ) ,  adj. 
worthy  of  being  blamed ;  deserv- 
ing of  censure. 


bla-ma-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  a  cul- 
pable manner. 

blame  (blfim)  v.t.  to  censure;  re- 
proach :  n.  an  imputation  of  a 
fault ;  censure  ;  responsibility  for 
anything  wrong. 

Syn.  censure,  condemn,  reprove, 
reproach,   upbraid. 
Ant.   (see  praise.) 

blame-ful  (blfim'fool),  adj.  merit- 
ing blame. 

blame-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  cen- 
surable manner. 

blanch,  (blanch),  v.t.  to  take  the 
color  out ;  make  lustrous ;  to  re- 
move the  covering  of :  v.i.  become 
white ;  turn  pale :  n.  lead  ore 
found  separate  in  the  rock. 

blanc-mange  (bla-monzh')  n.  a 
white  jelly,  composed  of  isinglass, 
&c. 

bland  (bland),  adj.  mild;  soft; 
gentle  ;  affable  ;  soothing. 

blan-dish-ment  (blan'dish-ment) , 
n.  winning  expressions  or  actions  ; 
artful  caresses. 

blank  (blangk),  adj.  confounded; 
confused  ;  dejected  ;  empty  ;  free 
from  writing  or  printing  ;  without 
result ;  absolute  ;  complete  :  «.  any 
void  space ;  an  unfilled  space  in  a 
written  or  printed  document ;  a 
lottery  ticket  to  which  no  prize 
is  attached ;  disk  of  metal  prior 
to  stamping ;  the  white  spot  in 
the  center  of  a  target :  v.t.  a 
euphemistic  form  of  the  oath 
damn. 

blank  verse  (vers),  n.  unrhymed 
verse. 

blan-ket  (blang'ket),  n.  a  soft, 
loosely  woven  woolen  cloth  for  a 
bed  or  as  a  covering :  v.t.  to  toss 
in  a  blanket  by  way  of  punish- 
ment or  joke  ;  pass  to  windward  to 
take  the  wind  out  of  sails  of. 

blan-ket-ing  (blang'ket-ing),  n. 
coarse  cloth  for  blankets ;  the  act 
of  tossing  in  a  banket. 

blare  (blfir),  v.i.  to  bellow;  to 
give  forth  a  loud  sound  like  a 
trumpet :  v.t.  to  sound  loudly ; 
trumpet  forth  :  n.  a  noise  like  the 
blast  of  a  trumpet. 

blar-ney  (blar'ni),  n.  soft,  wheed- 
ling speech  ;  flattery :  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  blarneyed,  p.pr.  blarneying] . 
to  influence  or  talk  over  by  soft, 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  inute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bla 


117 


ble 


wheedling  speeches  r  humbug  with 
flattery. 

blar-ney-stone,  n.  a  stone  in  the 
wall  of  Blarney  Castle,  Cork,  on 
kissing  which  a  person  is  said  to 
become  an  adept  in  flattery. 

bla-se  (bla-za'),  adj.  exhausted  by 
excess  of  pleasure. 

blas-pheme  (bias-fern'),  v.t.  to 
speak  irreverently  of ;  mock ;  re- 
vile :  v.i.  to  utter  blasphemy  ;  use 
profane  language. 

blas-phe  mous  (blas'fe-mus) .  adj. 
uttering,  containing,  or  exhibiting 
blasphemy  ;  profane. 

blas-phe-my  (blas'fe-mi) .  n.  [pi. 
blasphemies  (-miz)  ],  impious,  pro- 
fane, or  mocking  speech  concern- 
ing God  or  sacred  things ;  ex- 
pressed contempt  or  contumely 
for  the  personality  or  authority 
of  God. 

blast  (blast),  n.  a  violent  or  sud- 
den gust  of  wind  :a  forcible  stream 
of  air  from  an  orifice;  the  sound 
produced  by  blowing  a  wind  in- 
strument ;  any  sudden  pernicious 
influence  upon  plants  or  animals ; 
a  blight ;  the  explosion  of  gun- 
power,  dynamite,  &c.,  in  rending 
or  removing  rocks,  or  the  charge 
so  used ;  a  flatulent  disease  in 
sheep :  v.t.  to  injure ;  cause  to 
fade  or  wither  by  some  pernicious 
influence  ;  blight :  ruin  or  destroy  ; 
to  rend  or  shatter  by  any  ex- 
plosive agent. 

blas-te-nia  (blas-te'ma).  n.  [pi. 
blastemata  (-ma-ta)],  the  point 
of  growth  of  an  organ  as  yet 
unformed,  from  which  it  is  de- 
veloped. 

bias-to  derm  (blas'to-derm),  n. 
the  germinal  spot  in  an  ovum, 
from  which  the  embryo  is  de- 
veloped. 

bias  to-gen-e  sis  ( bias-to- jen'e- 
sis),  n.  reproduction  by  gem- 
mation or  budding. 

bla-tant  (bla'tant),  adj.  bawling; 
noisy. 

blatii-er  (blatffe'er),  n.  foolish 
chatter. 

blaze  (blaz),  n.  a  body  of  flame; 
brilliant  sunlight :  a  sudden  burst- 
ing out ;  active  display ;  a  white 
spot  on  the  face  of  a  horse  or 
other  quadruped ;  a  white  mark 
cut  on  a  tree,  to  serve  as  a  guide : 


v.t.  to  mark,  as  trees,  by  removing 
a  portion  of  the  bark ;  to  indicate, 
as  a  path  or  boundary,  by  blaz- 
ing trees ;  publish  widely :  r.i.  to 
flame  ;  send  forth  a  brilliant  light ; 
be  conspicuous. 

blaz-er  (blaz'er),  n.  that  which 
shines ;  a  bright  colored  striped 
jacket. 

bla-zon  (bla'zn),  n.  a  coat  of 
arms ;  a  description  of  armorial 
bearings ;  ostentatious  display : 
v.t.  to  explain  technically,  accord- 
ing to  heraldic  rules  ;  embellish  ; 
display  ;  proclaim  boastingly. 

bla-zoii  inent  (bla'zn-ment),  «. 
the  act  of  blazoning. 

bla-zon-ry  (bla'zn-ri),  n.  a  he- 
raldic device  ;  the  art  of  describing 
and  explaining  coats  of  arms ; 
decoration,  as  with  heraldic  de- 
vices. 

bleach  (blech),  v.t.  to  make 
white  by  removing  color  or  dirt  by 
the  action  of  the  sun's  rays,  or  by 
a  chemical  process :  v.i.  to  grow  or 
become  white. 

bleacb.-er-y  (blech'er-i),  n.  [pi. 
bleacheries  (-iz)],  a  place  where 
bleaching  is  carried  on. 

bleach-ing-pow-der  (-pou'der). 
n.  chloride  of  lime. 

bleak  ( blek ) ,  adj.  exposed  to  wind 
and  cold  ;  desolate  ;  unsheltered  ; 
cheerless ;  piercing. 

bleak  (blek),  n.  a  small  river  fish, 
remarkable  for  its  brilliant  silvery 
scales. 

blear  (bier),  adj.  sore  or  dim 
from  a  watery  discharge :  said  of 
the  eyes :  v.t.  to  make  sore  or 
watery,  as  the  eyes ;  to  dim  or  ob- 
scure. 

bleat  (blet),  v.i.  to  cry  as,  or  like, 
a  sheep :  n.  a  cry,  as  of  a  sheep. 

bleb  (bleb),  n.  a  blister;  a  pust- 
ule ;  a  bubble. 

bleed  (bled),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  bled, 
p.pr.  bleeding],  to  emit,  or  lose 
blood  ;  to  shed  one's  blood  ;  to  lose 
sap  or  juice ;  to  pay  or  lose  money 
freely :  v.t.  to  take  blood  from ; 
take  money.  &c.,  from. 

blein-ish     (blem'ish),    v.t.    to    in- 
jure ;    stain ;    mar ;    tarnish ;    de- 
fame :  n.  any  defect  or  deformity, 
physical  or  moral ;  a  blemish. 
8yn.   flaw,   speck,   spot,   stain. 
Ant.   (see  ornament). 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ble 


118 


bli 


blench  (blench),  r.i.  to  start 
back  ;  flinch  ;  quail. 

blend  (blend),  v.t.  to  mix  to- 
gether, so  that  the  things  mixed 
cannot  be  separated  or  individual- 
ly distinguished  :  v.i.  to  mingle  ; 
shade  imperceptibly  into  each 
other :  n.  a  mixture  as  of  colors, 
liquids,  tobaccos,  teas,  &c. ;  a 
shading  of  one  color,  &c.,  into 
another. 

blende  (blend),  n.  native  sulphide 
of  zinc. 

bless    (bles),  v.t.    [p.t.   &  p.p.  -ed 
&  blest,  p.pr.  -ing],  to  consecrate 
invoke    a    blessing   upon ;    bestow 
happiness  upon  ;   praise  or  extol 
esteem  happy. 

bless-ed-ness  (bles'ed-nes).  n. 
the  state  of  being  blessed ;  happi- 
ness ;  heavenly  joys. 

bless-ing  (bles'ing),  n.  an  invo- 
cation of  happiness  on  another ;  a 
benediction  ;  that  which  promotes 
prosperity ;  a  divine  benefit  or 
gift ;  a  mercy  or  boon ;  grateful 
adoration. 

blest,  p.t.,  p.p.  &  p.adj.  a  con- 
tracted form  of  blessed. 

blet  (blet),  n.  a  decayed  spot  in 
fruit :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  bletted,  p.pr. 
bletting],  to  become  internally  de- 
cayed. 

blew,  p.t.  of_blow. 

blew-its  (bloo'its),  n.  the  edible 
purple  mushroom. 

blight  (blit),  n.  a  disease  in 
plants,  which  causes  them  to 
wither  partly  or  wholly ;  smut ; 
mildew  ;  anything  which  serves  to 
•check,  nip,  or  destroy :  v.t.  to 
affect  with  blight ;  to  check,  nip, 
<lpstro.\,  or  frustrate. 

blind  (blind),  adj.  destitute  of 
the  sense  of  sight ;  without  light, 
morally  or  intellectually ;  undis- 
criminating ;  inconsiderate:  hid- 
den: essentially  incomplete ; 
closed  at  one  end ;  without  under- 
standing :  n.  anything  which 
serves  to  hinder  or  obstruct  vision, 
or  intercept  the  passage  of  light ; 
a  window-screen ;  a  blinker ; 
something  to  mislead  the  eye  or 
the  understanding:  v.t.  to  deprive 
of  sisrht :  make  blind,  intellectual- 
ly or  morally;  obscure:  conceal. 
X.y/j.  sightless,  heedless. 
Ant.  (see  far-sighted). 


blind-coal  (blind'kol),  n.  a 
flamclcss  anthracite. 

blind-fish  (blind'fish),  n.  a  di- 
minutive fish  of  pale  color,  with 
rudimentary  eyes,  inhabiting  the 
waters  of  Mammoth  Cave,  Ken- 
tucky. 

blind-shell  (blmd'shel).  n.  a 
shell  which  falls  without  ex- 
ploding, or  contains  no  charge. 

blind-spot  (blind'spot),  n.  that 
point  in  the  retina  where  the 
optic  nerve  enters  the  eye,  but  is 
not  sensitive  to  the  light. 

blind-ness  (-nes),  n.  want  of 
sight ;  want  of  discernment ;  ig- 
norance :  heedlessness, 

blind-fold  (blind'fold),  adj.  hav- 
ing the  eyes  covered  so  as  to  be 
unable  to  see ;  having  the  mental 
eye  or  understanding  darkened : 
v.t.  to  cover  the  eyes  of,  as  with 
a  bandage ;  hinder  from  seeing. 

blind-man  (blind'man),  n.  [pi. 
blindmen  (-men)],  a  man  who  is 
blind. 

blind-worm  (bllnd'werm),  n.  a 
small  slender,  limbless  lizard,  so 
named  from  the  popular  but  er- 
roneous supposition  that  it  was 
blind.  Also  called  slow-worm. 

blink  (blink),  v.i.  to  wink  with 
or  as  with  the  eye;  twinkle;  to 
get  a  glimpse ;  glimmer :  v.t.  to 
evade  or  shut  one's  eyes  to  ;  shirk  : 
n.  a  glimpse  or  glance ;  a  gleam ; 
a  glimmer ;  a  twinkle ;  the  gleam 
reflected  from  an  ice-field  or 
-berg  at  sea :  pi.  boughs  cast 
in  the  path  of  deer  to  check  their 
course. 

bliu-ker  (bling'ker),  n.  one  who 
blinks ;  a  leather  flap  placed  one 
on  each  side  of  a  horse's  bridle  to 
prevent  him  from  seeing  any  ob- 
ject except  in  front ;  that  which 
obscures  the  sight  or  mental  per- 
ception :  pi.  colored  spectacles  to 
shield  the  eyes  from  excess  of 
light. 

bliss  (blis),  n.  the  highest  degree 
of  happiness :  blessedness ;  the 
perfect  joy  of  heaven. 

bliss-ful-ly  (-11),  adv.  in  a  blissful 
manner. 

blis-ter  (blis'ter),  n.  a  vesicle  or 
pustule  on  the  skin  containing 
watery  matter  or  serum  ;  an  eleva- 
tion made  by  the  raising  of  an 


'late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote.  p6rch,  lot ;  inoon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bll 


119 


bio 


external  film  or  skin ;  an  applica- 
tion to  the  skin  to  produce  a 
blister :  v.t.  to  raise  a  blister  or 
blisters  on :  v.i.  to  rise  in  blisters, 
or  become  covered  with  blisters. 

blithe  ( bllth ) ,  adj.  gay  ;  joyous  ; 
glad  ;  mirthful ;  sprightly. 

blithe-some  (bllf/i'sum),  adj. 
gay ;  merry. 

bliz-zard  (bliz'ard),  n,  a  furious 
hurricane  of  wind  with  fine  blind- 
ing snow,  and  characterized  by 
intense  cold ;  a  poser. 

bloat  (blot),  v.t.  to  cure  or  dry 
in  smoke. 

bloat  (blot),  v.t.  to  cause  to 
swell ;  make  turgid  or  swollen,  as 
with  water  or  air ;  inflate ;  make 
vain :  v.i.  to  grow  turgid. 

bloat-er  (bl5t'er),  n.  a  herring 
smoked  and  partially  dried,  but 
not  split  open. 

blob  (blob),  n.  a  blister;  a  bubble. 

block  (blok),  n.  any  unshaped 
solid  mass  of  matter,  as  of  wood, 
stone,  &c. ',  a  piece  of  wood  for 
supporting  the  neck  of  a  person 
condemned  to  be  decapitated ;  a 
piece  of  hard  wood  prepared  for 
the  tool  of  the  engraver ;  the  piece 
of  hard  wood  to  which  an  elec- 
trotype, &c.,  is  secured ;  a 
wooden  mold  for  shaping  hats ; 
the  piece  of  wood  in  which  the 
wheels  of  one  or  more  grooved 
pulleys  run  ;  a  row  of  buildings ; 
a  square  or  portion  of  a  city  en- 
closed by  streets  ;  an  obstruction  : 
hindrance ;  shares  bought  or  sold 
in  the  mass :  v.i.  to  obstruct  so 
as  to  hinder  the  passage  of  per- 
sons or  things  ;  stop  up  ;  obstruct ; 
to  secure  or  support  by  blocks ;  to 
mold  or  shape  on  a  block ;  to 
stop  a  train  by  signal  ;  to  give 
notice  of  opposition  to  a  bill, 
which  cannot  then  be  proceeded 
with  after  a  specified  time. 

block-head  (blok'hed),  n.  a 
stupid  follow. 

block-house  (blok'hous).  n.  an 
edifice  constructed  of  heavy  tim- 
ber, and  furnished  with  loopholes 
for  musketry. 

block  sys-tem  (blok'  sis-tern),  n. 
a  system  of  working  railway 
traffic  by  which  the  line  is  divided 
into  short  sections,  no  train  being 


allowed  to  leave  a  section  until 
the  next  section  is  signaled  clear. 

block-ade  (blok-ad'),  n.  the  shut- 
ting up  of  a  place,  as  a  port,  by 
hostile  ships  or  troops,  with  a 
view  to  compelling  a  surrender 
by  preventing  ingress  or  egress,  01 
the  reception  of  supplies :  v.t.  to 
surround  and  shut  up ;  obstruct ; 
block. 

block-age  (blok'aj),  n.  an  ob- 
struction. 

blond  or  blonde  (blond),  adj.  of 
a  fair  color ;  light  colored :  n.  a 
person  of  very  fair  complexion 
and  light  hair  (usually  fern. 
blonde) . 

blonde-lace  ('las),  n.  a  silk  lace. 

blood  (blud),  n.  the  fluid  which 
circulates  in  the  arteries  and 
veins  of  an  animal ;  the  juice  of 
anything,  especially  if  red ;  kin- 
ship ;  consanguinity  ;  lineage  ;  ex- 
traction ;  high  birth ;  temper ;  a. 
man  of  high  spirit ;  fleshy  nature  ; 
blood  shed  in  sacrifice ;  the  atone- 
ment :  v.t.  to  give  a  taste  of  blood ;. 
inure  to  the  sight  of  blood. 

blood-heat  (blud'het),  n.  the. 
normal  heat  of  the  human  blood- 
in  health  (98°  F.). 

blood-horse  (blud'hCrs),  n.  a 
horse  of  pure  breed  or  pedigree. 

blood-hound  (blud'hound),  n.  a 
breed  of  large  dogs  remarkable  for 
their  acuteness  of  smell,  and  em- 
ployed to  track  wounded  game,  or,, 
as  formerly,  fugitive  slaves  and 
escaped  criminals  ;  a  blood-hunter. 

blood-mon-ey  (blud'mun-i),  n. 
money  obtained  at  the  cost  of 
another's  life ;  the  reward  paid 
for  discovery  or  capture  of  a 
murderer ;  compensation  paid  to- 
the  next  of  kin  of  a  person  slain 
by  another. 

blood-stone  (blud'ston),  n.  a 
dark  green  variety  of  quartz 
spotted  with  red  jasper ;  helio- 
trope ;  red  hematite  iron  ore. 

blood-ed,  adj.  of  the  best  stock  or 
breed. 

blood-i-ly  (blud'i-li),  adv.  in  a 
bloody  manner ;  relentlessly ; 
cruelly. 

blood-i-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state- 
of  being  bloody ;  disposition  to 
shed  blood. 

blood-y    (blud'i),    adj.   pertaining 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bio 


120 


blu 


to.  containing,  or  resembling 
blood  ;  blood-stained  ;  cruel ;  mur- 
derous ;  attended  with  bloodshed; 
a  coarse  intensive  expletive. 

blood-y-flux  (blud'i-fluks'),  n. 
dysentery. 

bloom  ( blooui ) .  n.  a  blossom  ;  the 
flower  of  a  plant ;  the  blossoming 
of  flowers ;  a  state  or  period  of 
health  and  growth,  promising 
higher  perfection,  or  exhibiting 
freshness  and  beauty ;  the  blue 
color  upon  certain  newly-gathered 
fruits ;  a  flush :  a  glow ;  the 
powdery  appearance  on  new  coins, 
&c. :  a  rough  mass  of  iron  from 
the  puddling  furnace,  intended  to 
be  drawn  out  under  the  hammer 
or  rolled  into  bars :  v.i.  to  pro- 
duce blossoms  ;  flower  ;  exhibit  the 
freshness  and  beauty  of  youth ; 
glow. 

bloom-er  (bloom'er),  n.  a  cos- 
tume for  women  sought  to  be  in- 
troduced by  a  Mrs.  Bloomer,  of 
New  York,  in  1849-50.  and  con- 
sisting of  a  short  skirt,  loose 
trowsers,  fastened  round  the 
ankle,  and  a  broad-brimmed  hat. 
[Also  used  as  adj.]. 

bloom-er-y  (bloom'er-i),  or 
bloom-ar-y  ('S-ri),  ».  a  forge  in 
which  wrought  iron  is  made  di- 
rectly from  the  ore. 

bios  som  (blos'um),  n.  the  flower 
of  a  plant ;  the  state  of  flowering ; 
bloom  :  v.i.  to  put  forth  blossoms ; 
flower ;  flourish. 

blot  (blot),  n.  a  spot  or  stain;  an 
obliteration  or  erasure;  a 
blemish;  disgrace:  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
blotted,  p.pr.  blotting],  to  spot  or 
stain;  mar;  stain  with  infamy; 
cancel  or  efface  [usually  with 
out]  :  dry  with  blotting-paper ; 
eclipse;  obscure. 

Syn.    cancel,     efface,     expunge, 
erase,   obliterate. 

blotch  (bloch),  n.  a  large  ir- 
regular spot ;  a  clumsy  daub  ;  an 
eruption,  or  pustule :  v.t.  to  mark 
or  disfigure  with  irregular  blots  or 
spots. 

blotcli-y  (bloch'i),  adj.  having 
blotches. 

blottesque  (blot-esk'),  adj. 
coarsely  delineated,  or  marred  by 
a  heavy  touch  or  blots. 

blot-ty  (blot'i),  adj.  full  of  blots. 


blouse  (blouz),  n.  a  light,  loose 
overgarment ;  a  French  workman  : 
such  artisans  usually  wearing  a 
blue  blouse. 

blow  (bio),  n.  a  mass  of  blos- 
soms ;  the  state  or  condition  of 
flowering:  v.i.  [p.t.  blew,  p.p. 
blown,  p.pr.  blowing],  to  blos- 
som ;  flower. 

blow  (bio),  n.  a  stroke  with  the 
hand  or  with  a  weapon ;  a  knock ; 
an  act  of  hostility ;  a  sudden  shock 
or  calamity. 

blow  (bio),  v.i.  [p.t.  blew,  p.p. 
blown,  p.pr.  blowing],  to  form  or 
make  a  current  of  air ;  plant ; 
breathe  quickly ;  sound  by  be- 
ing blown  ;  spout  water ;  boast : 
v.t.  to  drive  a  current  of  air  upon ; 
impel  by  a  current  of  air ;  sound 
a  wind  instrument  by  forcing  air 
through  it ;  clear  by  forcing  air 
through ;  form  by  inflation ;  put 
out  of  breath  by  fatigue ;  scatter 
or  shatter  by  explosives ;  spread 
by  report ;  deposit  eggs  in  or 
upon :  n.  a  blowing ;  a  blast ;  a 
gale  of  wind ;  an  egg  deposited  by 
a  fly  :  the  spouting  of  a  whale. 

Syn.  buffet,  cuff,  knock,  thump, 
disaster,    misfortune,    stroke. 

blow-fly  (blo-fli),  n.  any  species 
of  fly  which  deposits  its  eggs  upon 
flesh. 

blow-pipe  (blo'plp),  n.  a  long 
tube  of  cane  or  reed  used  by 
South  American  Indians  and  the 
Dyaks  of  Borneo  to  discharge 
arrows  by  the  force  of  the  breath  ; 
a  tube  through  which  a  current 
of  air  or  gas  is  driven  upon  a 
flame  so  as  to  concentrate  its 
heat  upon  a  substance  to  fuse  it. 

bio w-y  ( blo'i ) ,  adj.  windy  ;  breezy. 

blowzed  (blouzd)  or  blowzy 
(blou'-zi),  adj.  ruddy-faced;  high- 
colored  ;  coarse-complexioned,  as 
by  exposure  to  the  weather. 

blub-ber  (blub'er),  v.i.  to  weep 
violently,  or  so  as  to  disfigure  the 
face :  v.t.  to  disfigure  with  weep- 
ing :  n.  the  fat  of  whales  and 
other  cetaceans,  from  which  train- 
oil  is  prepared ;  a  jelly-fish  or 
medusa. 

bluch-er  (blooch'er),  n.  a  strong 
half-boot. 

bludg-eon    (bluj'un),   n.   a   short 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
took  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


blu 


121 


blu 


heavy     stick,     sometimes     loaded, 
used   as  a  weapon. 

blue  (blu),  adj.  of  the  color  of 
the  clear  sky  ;  azure  ;  low-spirited  ; 
dismal ;  severe  ;  pedantic  :  n.  color 
of  the  clear  sky ;  one  of  the  pri- 
mary colors  ;  azure  ;  a  dye  or  pig- 
ment of  this  color ;  pale  without 
glare,  as  a  flame :  v.t.  to  make, 
or  dye,  blue. 

bine-bell  ('bel).  n.  the  wild  hya- 
cinth ;  the  harebell  of  Scotland. 

blue-book  ('book).  «.  a  govern- 
mental official  report,  &c. :  so 
called  from  the  blue  paper  covers. 

blue-blood  ('blud),  n.  aristo- 
cratic 'lineage. 

blue-bot-tle  ('bot-1),  n.  a  com- 
mon field  flower :  a  species  of  fly. 

blue-bon-net      Cbon-et),      n.      a 
Scotch  cap  of  blue  cloth ;  a  name  | 
given    to    the    Scottish    troops   be- 
fore the  Union ;   a   Scotchman. 

blue-buck  ('buk),  n.  a  name 
given  to  a  small  antelope,  and  the 
blauwbok  of  South  America. 

blue-dev-ils  ('dev-ilz),  n.pl.  low 
spirits;  mental  depression;  de- 
lirium tremens. 

blue-grass  ('gras).  n.  a  rich  past- 
ure grass. 

blue-gum  ('gum),  n.  a  lofty  tree 
of  Australia,  valuable  for  its  tim- 
ber, and  for  its  essential  oil : 
used  as  a  preventive  against  in- 
fluenza. 

blue-jack-et  (blu'jak-et),  n.  a 
sailor. 

blue-light  (blu'llt),  n.  a  light 
of  that  hue  used  as  a  signal ;  a 
pyrotechnic  composition. 

blue-mold  (blu'mold),  n.  a  mi- 
nute fungus  which  attacks  bread 
and  other  food-stuffs. 

blue-pe-ter  (blu'pe-ter),  n.  a 
small  blue  flag  with  a  white 
square  in  the  center  used  as  a 
signal  for  sailing.  &c. 

blue-rib-bpn  (blu'rib-un),  n.  a 
prized  distinction ;  mark  of  suc- 

CPSS. 

blue-spar   (blu'spar),  n.  lazulite. 
blne-stock-ing   (blu'stok-ing),  n. 

a    woman    of    literary    tastes    or 

occupation. 
blue-stone  (blu'ston),  n.  sulphate 

of  copper. 
blu-ing    (blu'ing),  n.  the  process 


of  imparting  a  blue  tint :  the  in- 
digo, &c.,  used  by  washerwomen. 

bluff  (bluf).  adj.  having  a  broad, 
flattened  front ;  rising  steeply  or 
boldly ;  broad  and  full ;  rough  and 
hearty ;  surly ;  gruff :  n.  a  high 
steep  bank :  a  cliff  or  headland 
with  a  broad  steep  face :  v.t.  to 
deceive,  or  gain  an  advantage  over, 
an  opponent  in  the  game  of  poker, 
by  inducing  the  other  players  to 
suppose  one's  hand  is  more  valu- 
able than  it  is  in  reality :  hence  to 
frighten  by  an  assumed  possession 
of  strength  or  knowledge. 

Syn.   blunt,   abrupt,   frank,   im- 
polite, rude,  uncivil. 
Ant.  (see  bland). 

bluff-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a  blunt,  out- 
spoken", or  off-hand  manner. 

bluff-y  (bluf'i),  adj.  having  bold 
steep  banks,  or  headlands. 

blu-ish  tblu'ish),  adj.  somewhat 
blue. 

blun-der  (blun'der),  v.i.  to  make 
a  gross  mistake ;  err  stupidly ;  to 
move  or  act  clumsily :  n.  a  gross 
or  stupid  mistake. 

blnn-der-buss  (blun'der-bus),  n. 
a  short  gun  or  firearm  with  a 
large  bore,  now  obsolete. 

blun-der-ing-ly  ( blun'der-ing-li ) , 
adv.  in  a  blundering  manner. 

blunt  (blunt),  adj.  having  a  thick 
or  rounded  edge  or  point ;  not 
sharp ;  dull  in  understanding ; 
abrupt  in  address  ;  plain-spoken  : 
n.  money,  especially  silver  money  ; 
v.t.  to  dull  the  edge  or  point  of, 
by  making  it  thicker;  impair  the 
force,  keenness,  or  susceptibility 
of. 

blunt-ish  (blunt'ish),  adj.  some- 
what blunt. 

blur  (bier),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
blurred,  p.pr.  blurring],  to  dim; 
sully ;  stain ;  blemish :  n.  a 
smudge ;  a  moral  stain  or  blem- 
ish ;  a  dim  confused  appearance. 

blurt  (blert),  v.t.  to  speak  inad- 
vertently ;  divulge  unadvisedly 
[usually  with  out']. 

blush  (blush),  v.i.  to  become  red 
in  the  face,  as  from  shame  or  con- 
fusion;  bloom;  feel  shame  (for)  : 
n.  the  suffusion  of  the  cheeks  or 
face  with  a  red  color,  through 
shame,  confusion,  modesty,  &c. ;  a 
red  or  reddish  color ;  a  rosy  tint. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  v6te,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
«K>k  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


blu 


122 


bob 


(blush'fool),  adj.  full 
of  blushes. 

blush-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
modest,  blushing,  manner. 

blns-ter  (blus'ter),  v.i.  to  be 
windy  and  boisterous,  as  the 
weather ;  talk  in  a  noisy,  swag- 
gering style ;  bully ;  use  empty 
threats :  v.t.  to  utter  with  noisy 
violence  [with  forth  or  out\  :  n. 
the  noise  and  violence  of  a  storm, 
or  of  the  wind  in  impotent  gusts  ; 
noisy  talk ;  empty  menace ;  swag- 
ger. 

blus-ter-ous  (blus'ter-us),  blus- 
trous  ('trus),  or  blus-ter-y 
('ter-i),  adj.  noisy;  tumultuous; 
rough. 

bo-a  (bo'a),  n.  [pi.  boas  ('az)l,  a 
huge  serpent  of  South  America ; 
a  long  fur  tippet. 

b  o-a-c  o  n-s  t  r  ic-tor^  (bo'A-kon- 
strik-ter),  n.  a  reptile  remarkable 
for  its  length  and  power  of  de- 
stroying its  prey  by  constriction. 

boar  (bor),  n.  the  male  of  swine; 
the  wild  hog,  or  wild  boar. 

board  (bord),  n.  a  piece  of  timber 
sawed  thin,  and  of  considerable 
length  and  breadth  compared  with 
the  thickness ;  a  table  for  food ; 
provision  ;  entertainment ;  a  coun- 
cil or  court ;  a  number  of  persons 
elected  to  the  management  of 
some  public  or  private  office  or 
trust ;  a  table  or  frame  on  which 
games  are  played ;  a  thick  stiff 
kind  of  paper; one  of  the  two  stiff 
covers  of  a  book :  pi.  the  stage  of 
a  theatre ;  the  side,  deck,  or  in- 
terior part  of  a  ship  or  boat ;  the 
line  over  which  a  ship  runs  be- 
tween tack  and  tack :  v.t.  to  cover 
with  boards ;'  place  at  a  board ; 
furnish  with  food,  or  food  and 
lodging,  for  a  compensation ;  go 
on  board  of ;  enter  a  ship  by 
force :  v.i.  to  be  supplied  with 
meals,  or  obtain  food  and  lodging, 
at  a  fixed  charge. 

board -ing  (bord'ing),  n.  light 
timber  collectively ;  a  covering  of 
boards ;  the  act  of  supplying,  or 
state  of  being  supplied  with,  food 
and  lodging  for  a  stipulated  sum ; 
the  act  of  entering  a  ship. 

boar-ish  (bor'ish),  adj.  swinish; 
brutal ;  cruel. 

boast     (bost),    v.i.    to    brag;    to 


speak  of  one's  self  or  belongings  in 
assertive  and  bombastic  terms ; 
vaunt ;  exult :  v.t.  to  brag  of :  n. 
proud,  vainglorious  speech ;  a  cause 
of  boasting;  occasion  of  pride, 
vanity,  or  laudable  exultation  ;  a 
stroke,  in  tennis,  driving  the  ball 
at  an  acute  angle  against  the 
court  wall. 

boast  (bost),  v.t.  to  dress  (stone) 
with  a  broad  chisel  and  mallet ;  to 
dress  (a  block)  in  outline  for  a 
statue.  &c.,  prior  to  more  detailed 
or  delicate  work. 

boast-ful  (bdst'fool),  adj.  given 
to  boasting. 

boast-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  boast- 
ful manner. 

boat  (bot),  n.  a  small  open  ves- 
sel usually  moved  by  oars  but 
often  by  a  sail ;  a  ship ;  an  open 
dish  resembling  a  boat  in  shape : 
v.t.  to  transport  in  a  boat :  v.i.  to 
go  in  a  boat ;  row  ;  sail. 

boat-swain  (bot'swan,  usually 
bo'sn),  n.  a  petty  officer  of  a 
ship  who  has  charge  of  the  rig- 
ging, anchors,  cables,  and  cordage, 
and  who  summons  the  crew  to 
their  duty. 

bob  (bob),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  bobbed. 
p.pr.  bobbing],  to  impart  a  short 
jerking  motion  to ;  to  cut  short : 
v.i.  to  have  a  short  jerking  mo- 
tion ;  move  or  play  to  and  fro, 
or  up  and  down  ;  to  angle  with  a 
bob :  n.  any  small  round  object 
playing  loosely  at  the  end  of  a 
cord,  chain,  &c. ;  a  pendant ;  an 
ear-drop ;  the  weight  at  the  end 
of  a  pendulum,  plumb-line,  &c. ;  a 
knot  of  worms  or  rags  on  a 
string,  used  in  angling  for  eels : 
a  float ;  a  short  jerking  action  or 
motion ;  a  bobwig ;  a  shilling. 

bob-bin  (bob'in),  n.  one  of  the 
pins  or  small  cylinders  of  wood 
used  to  carry  and  steady  the 
threads  in  pillow-lace  making ;  a 
spool  or  reel  with  a  head  at  one 
or  both  ends,  used  to  hoJd  yarn  or 
thread  for  spinning,  weaving,  or 
sewing ;  a  machine-made  cotton 
netting  or  lace,  in  imitation  of 
pillow-lace ;  bobbinet. 

bob-o-link  (bob'6-lingk),  n.  an 
American  song-bird.  Called  also 
ricebird,  reedbird,  boblincoln. 

bob-stay  (bob'sta),  n.  one  of  two 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let:  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bob 


123 


boi 


or  more  ropes  or  chains  to  hold 
the  bowsprit  down  towards  the 
stem  or  cut-water. 

bob-tail  (bob'tal),  n.  a  short  tail 
or  a  tail  cut  short ;  the  rabble 
(rag-tag  and  bobtail). 

bob-tailed  (bob'tald),  adj.  having 
the  tail  cut  short. 

bock-beer  (bok'ber),  n.  a  variety 
of  lager  beer  of  double  strength. 

bo-co-wood  (bu'ko-wood) .  n.  the 
hard  dark-colored  wood  of  a  tree 
of  Guiana,  extensively  used  for 
furniture,  turnery,  &c. 

bode  (bod),  v.t.  to  portend;  be  an 
omen  of :  v.i.  to  augur ;  presage. 

bod-ice  (bod'is),  n.  the  close-fit- 
ting waist  or  body  of  a  woman's 
dress. 

bod-i-ly  (bod'i-li),  adj.  not  men- 
tal ;  corporeal :  adv.  corporeally  ; 
entirely. 

bod-ing  (bod-ing),  n.  an  omen; 
presentiment ;  adj.  foreboding ; 
ominous. 

bod-kin  (bod'kin),  n.  a  pointed 
instrument  for  piercing  holes ;  a 
blunt  needle  for  drawing  tape,  rib- 
bon, &c.,  through  a  hem  or  loop ; 
a  long  pin  or  stiletto  to  fasten  up 
the  hair ;  an  awl-like  printer's 
tool. 

bod-y  (bod'i),  n.  [pi.  bodies 
('iz)],  the  material  organized  sub- 
stance of  an  animal,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  soul,  spirit,  or 
vital  principle ;  the  trunk,  or 
main  portion,  of  an  animal  or 
tree ;  the  main  or  principal  part 
of  anything ;  a  person ;  a  num- 
ber of  individuals  united  by  some 
common  tie ;  a  corporation ;  a 
united  mass  ;  a  general  collection  ; 
any  solid  geometrical  figure;  a 
material  thing ;  a  certain  consist- 
ency or  density;  substance; 
strength,  as  wine.  &c. :  v.t,  [pt.  & 
p.p.  bodied,  p.pr.  bodying],  to  fur- 
nish with  a  body :  embody ;  pro- 
duce in  definite  shape. 

Syn.  carcass,  clay,  form,  frame, 
trunk,  corpse,  system. 
Ant.  (see  spirit ) . 

bod-y-col-or  (bod'i-kul'er),  n.  a 
pigment  possessing  body  or  con- 
sistence, as  distinguished  from  a 
transparent  wash-tint. 

bod-y  pol-i-tic  (bod'i  pol'i-tik),  n. 
the  collective  body  of  people  liv- 


ing under  an  organized  political 
government. 

bod-y-snatcli-er  (bod'i-snatch- 
er),  n.  one  who  removes  bodies 
from  graves  to  sell  them  for  dis- 
section ;  resurrectionists. 

Bce-o-tian  (be-o'shan),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Bceotia  in  central 
Greece,  noted  for  its  moist  and 
heavy  atmosphere  ;  dull ;  stupid. 

Boer  (boor),  n.  a  Dutch  colonist 
of  South  Africa  engaged  in  farm- 
ing or  cattle  breeding. 

bog  (bog),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  bogged, 
p.pr.  bogging],  to  sink  or  sub- 
merge in  a  bog  or  quagmire :  v.i. 
to  sink  or  stick  in  a  bog :  n.  a 
tract  of  wet,  spongy  ground,  com- 
posed of  decayed  and  decaying 
vegetable  matter;  a  quagmire; 
marsh ;  morass. 

bo-gey  or  bo-gy  (bo'gi),  n.  \pl. 
bogeys,  bogies  ('giz)],  a  hobgob- 
lin ;  a  spectre. 

bog-gle  (bog'gl),  v.i.  to  hesitate; 
waver ;  equivocate  ;  act  clumsily  ; 
bungle :  v.t.  to  make  a  bungle  of ; 
embarrass :  n.  the  act  of  hesi- 
tating or  taking  alarm  ;  a  bungle  ; 
botch. 

bog-gy  (bog'i),  adj.  full  of  bogs; 
marshy. 

bo-gie  or  bo-gey  (bo'gi),  n.  a 
four-wheeled  truck  supporting  the 
front  of  a  locomotive,  or  each 
end  of  a  carriage,  and  turning 
beneath  it  by  a  central  pivot. 

bo-gns  (bo'gus),  adj.  counterfeit; 
spurious. 

bo-hea  (bo-he'),  n.  a  kind  of  black 
tea. 

Bo-he-mi-an  (bo-he'mi-an),  n.  a 
person  who  disregards  social  con- 
ventionalities, or  evinces  a  wild  or 
roving  disposition  ;  a  gipsy. 

Bo-he-mi-an-ism  (bo-he'mi-an- 
izm),  n.  the  life  or  habits  of  a 
person  who  by  natural  inclination 
leads  a  free  and  easy  unconven- 
tional existence. 

boil  (boil),  r.i.  to  be  in  a  state  of 
ebullition  through  the  action  of 
heat ;  seethe ;  be  agitated  or  ex- 
cited by  passion  or  anger ;  be 
subjected  to  the  action  of  boil- 
ing "water:  v.t.  to  heat  to  the 
boiling  point ;  cause  to  bubble  by 
heat ;  collect  from,  or  separate,  by 


late,  mar,  m3sk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bo? 


124 


bom 


boiling ;   subject  to   the  action  of 
heat  in  a  boiling  liquid. 

boil  (boil),  n.  an  inflamed  and 
painful  suppurating  tumor. 

boil-er  (boil'er),  n.  one  who  boils; 
a  vessel  in  which  anything  is 
boiled  ;  a  strong  metallic  vessel,  in 
which  steam  is  generated  for  driv- 
ing engines  or  for  other  purposes. 

bois-ter-ous  (bois'ter-us),  adj. 
violent ;  rough ;  stormy ;  turbu- 
lent ;  noisy. 

bo-las  (bo'las),  n.  sing,  or  pi.  a 
hunting  implement  consisting  of 
two  or  more  balls  of  iron  or  stone 
attached  to  the  ends  of  a  leather 
cord,  used  by  the  Gauchos  and  In- 
dians of  Southern  and  Western 
America. 

bold  (bold),  adj.  courageous;  ven- 
turesome ;  planned  or  executed 
with  courage  and  spirit ;  for- 
ward ;  rude  ;  impudent ;  over-step- 
ping conventional  rules ;  striking 
to  the  eye  ;  steep  ;  abrupt ;  promi- 
nent. 

Syn.  brave,  daring,  fearless,  in- 
trepid, undaunted. 
Ant.   (see  timid). 

bole  (bol),  n.  the  trunk  or  stem 
of  a  tree ;  a  general  term  for  fri- 
able clayey  shale  or  clay,  usually 
colored  by  oxide  of  iron. 

bo-ler-o  (bo-ler'o),  n.  a  lively 
Spanish  dance ;  the  music  accom- 
panying such  a  dance. 

bo-lide  (bo'lld),  n.  a  large  meteor 
which  explodes  on  coming  into 
contact  with  the  air. 

boll  (bol),  n.  the  pod  or  capsule 
of  a  plant,  as  of  flax :  v.i.  to  form 
into  a  boll  or  seed-vessel ;  go  to 
seed  (Ex.  ix.  31). 

bol-lard  (bol'ard),  n.  a  strong 
post  of  wood  or  iron  for  securing 
hawsers. 

bo-lo  (bo'lo),  n.  a  lai'ge  knife, 
used  in  the  Philippines  as  a  war 
weapon. 

bo-lom-e-ter  (bo-lom'e-ter),  n.  an 
instrument  for  measuring  minute 
quantities  of  radiant  heat. 

bol-ster  (bol'ster),  n.  a  long  pil- 
low or  cushion  used  to  support  the 
head ;  a  pad  to  ease  pressure ;  a 
compress ;  a  cushioned  or  padded 
part  of  a  saddle :  v.t.  to  support 
with  a  pillow  or  cushion  ;  prop ; 


maintain ;  or  support  [usually 
with  up]. 

bolt  (bolt),  n.  a  short,  thick  ar- 
row with  a  blunt  head ;  a  thun- 
derbolt ;  a  discharge  of  lightning ; 
a  stout  metallic  pin  or  rod  used 
for  holding  objects  together ;  a 
sliding  catch  for  securing  a  door, 
gate,  &c. ;  the  portion  of  a  lock 
shot  or  withdrawn  by  the  key :  an 
elongated  bullet  for  use  in  a  rifled 
cannon  ;  a  roll  or  length  of  certain 
textile  fabrics ;  a  refusal  to  sup- 
port a  nomination  made  by  one's 
party,  or  withdrawal  from  one's 
party  :  adv.  like  a  bolt ;  straight : 
suddenly  :  v.t.  to  shoot ;  discharge  ; 
start  or  spring ;  fasten  or  se- 
cure with  a  bolt ;  blurt  out ; 
swallow  hurriedly  or  without 
chewing;  secede  from  (a  party) 
or  decline  to  support  (a  party 
nomination)  :  v.i.  to  shoot  forth 
suddenly ;  depart  with  sudden- 
ness ;  start  and  run  off. 

bolt-rope  (bolt'rop),  n.  a  rope  to 
which  the  edges  of  sails  are  sewed. 

bolt  (bolt),  v.t.  to  sift  or  sepa- 
rate the  coarser  from  the  finer 
particles ;  hence  to  examine  with 
care :  separate. 

bo-lus  (bo'lus),  n.  [pi.  boluses 
(-ez)  ],  a  medicine  in  the  form  of  a 
soft  rounded  mass,  larger  than  an 
ordinary  pill,  to  be  swallowed  at 
once  :  hence  anything  disagreeable 
which  must  be  accepted. 

bomb  (bom  or  bum),  n.  a  hollow 
iron  ball  or  shell  filled  with  an  ex- 
plosive material,  fired  from  a  mor- 
tar and  usually  exploded  by  a 
fuse ;  any  missile  similarly  con- 
structed and  thrown  by  the  hand. 

bomb-ketch  (bom'ketch),  n.  a 
strongly-built  vessel,  on  which  one 
or  more  mortars  are  mounted  for 
use  in  a  naval  bombardment. 

bom-bard  (bom-bard'),  v.t.  to  at- 
tack with  cannon ;  fire  shot  or 
shell  at  or  into ;  assail  hotly ;  fire 
questions  at. 

bom-bard-ier  ( bom-bard-er' ) ,  n. 
a  non-commissioned  officer  of  the 
Royal  Artillery. 

b  o  m-b  a  r  d-m  e  n  t  ( bom-bard '- 
ment),  n.  a  continuous  attack 
with  shot  and  shell ;  the  act  of 
shelling  a  town  or  fort. 

bom-bar-don.     (bom-bar'dun),    or 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bom 


125 


boo 


bom-bar-do-ne  (-do'ne),  n.  a 
large-sized  musical  instrument  of 
the  trumpet  class. 
bombast  (bom'bast),  n.  origin- 
ally cotton  or  other  soft  material 
used  for  stuffing  garments :  hence, 
high-sounding  words :  inflated  lan- 
guage or  style ;  fustian. 

bom-bas-tic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
an  inflated  manner  or  style. 

bom-ba-zet  or  bom-ba-zette 
( bom-ba-zet').  ».  a  sort  of  thin 
woolen  cloth,  either  plain  or 
twilled. 

bom  ba-zine  (bom-  or  bum-ba- 
zen'),  n.  a  twilled  fabric,  of  which 
the  warp  is  silk  and  the  weft 
worsted.  Written  also  bombasine, 
bombasin,  and  bombazeen. 

bomb-shell.     Same  as  bomb. 

bo  na  fi-de  (bo'na  fi'de),  adj. 
[L.]  genuine. 

bon-a  fid-es  (b5n'a  fld'ez),  n. 
[ L.]  good  faith  ;  honorable  dealing. 

bo-nan-za  (bo-nan'zA),  «.  a  rich 
vein  of  ore :  hence,  anything 
which  is  a  mine  of  wealth. 

bon-bon  (bOng'bong),  n.  a  sugar- 
plum ;  any  confection  of  sugar ;  a 
Christmas  cracker. 

bond  (bond),  n.  anything  that 
binds,  fastens,  or  confines ;  a  liga- 
ment :  pi.  fetters  ;  imprisonment ; 
captivity :  hence,  a  cause  of 
union  ;  duty  ;  obligation  ;  an  in- 
strument under  seal  by  which  a 
person  binds  himself,  his  heirs, 
&c.,  to  do,  or  abstain  from  doing, 
a  certain  act ;  a  promise  to  pay 
a  certain  sum  on  or  before  a  spec- 
ified date ;  a  certificate,  bearing 
interest,  issued  by  a  government, 
a  corporation,  or  company,  for 
the  purpose  of  borrowing  money ; 
a  unit  of  combining  power  equiva- 
lent to  one  atom  of  hydrogen  :  v.t. 
to  put  in  bond  or  into  a  bonded 
warehouse,  as  dutiable  goods,  the 
duties  remaining  unpaid  till  the 
goods  are  taken  out,  but  bonds 
being  given  for  their  payment: 
adj.  in  a  state  of  servitude  or 
slavery  ;  captive. 

bone  (bon),  n.  the  ossified  tissue 
forming  the  skeleton  of  most  ver- 
tebrate animals ;  one  of  the  parts 
or  pieces  of  an  animal  skeleton  ; 
something  made  of  bone  ;  pieces  of 
bone  held  between  the  fingers  and 


rattled  together  as  an  accompani- 
ment to  music :  v.t.  to  remove  the 
bones  from  ;  put  whalebone  into  ; 
steal ;  appropriate. 

bone-black  (bon'blak),  n.  animal 
charcoal. 

bon-fire  (bon'fir),  n.  any  large 
fire  made  in  the  open  air  to  cele- 
brate an  event,  or  consume  rub- 
bish. 

bon-ho-mie  (bon-o-me'),  n.  good- 
heartedness  ;  a  frank  good-natured 
manner. 

bon-i-face  (bon'i-fas),  n.  an  inn- 
keeper. 

bon-mar-che  (bSng-mar-sha'),  n. 
[Fr.]  good  market. 

bonne    (bon),  n.  a  French  nurse. 

bon-net  (bon'et),  n.  a  soft  woolen 
cap  worn  by  men  in  Scotland ;  a 
woman's  head-covering,  varying 
according  to  fashion,  but  dis- 
tinguished from  a  hat  by  having 
no  brim ;  anything  resembling  a 
bonnet  in  shape  or  use :  v.t.  to 
crush  the  bonnet  or  hat  over  the 
eyes  of. 

bon-ny  (bon'ni),  adj.  handsome; 
beautiful ;  pretty ;  gay ;  blithe. 
Written  also  bonnie. 

bon-spiel  (bon'spel),  n.  in  Scot- 
land, a  curling  match  between 
players  of  different  clubs. 

bon-ton  (bOng-tong'),  n.  the  style 
of  persons  in  high  life ;  good 
breeding ;  fashionable  society ; 
height  of  fashion. 

bo-nns  (bo'nus),  n.  [pi.  bonuses 
(-ez)],  a  sum  given,  or  paid,  over 
and  above  what  is  required,  or 
actually  payable ;  an  additional 
dividend  out  of  accumulated  prof- 
its ;  a  sum  paid  in  addition  to 
regular  pay  or  wages. 

boo  (boo),  interj.  an  expression  of 
aversion  or  contempt :  n.  hooting  : 
v.i.  to  low  like  an  ox ;  groan :  v.t. 
to  hoot  at. 

boo-by  (boo'bi),  n.  a  dunce;  a 
stupid  fellow ;  a  species  of  gannet, 
a  West  Indian  bird. 

bpo-by-ish  (-ish),  adj.  stupid; 
silly. 

boo-dle  (boo'dl),  n.  money  paid 
for  votes,  or  undue  political  in- 
fluence ;  bribe  money. 

boo-dler  (boo'dler).  n.  one  who 
gives  or  accepts  a  bribe. 

book    (book),    n.    a   collection    of 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


boo 


126 


boo 


sheets  of  paper  and  other  mate- 
rial, blank,  written,  or  printed, 
bound  together ;  a  volume ;  a 
treatise ;  a  division,  section,  or 
part  of  a  literary  composition  ;  a 
register  or  record :  v.t .  to  enter  or 
register  in  a  book ;  record ;  to 
secure  or  engage  beforehand  by 
registry  or  payment. 

book-keep-ing  (book'kep-ing),  n. 
the  art  of  recording  pecuniary  or 
business  transactions  in  a  regu- 
lar and  systematic  manner. 

book-mak-er  (book'mak-er),  n. 
one  who  writes  and  publishes 
books :  a  compiler ;  one  who  bets 
against  the  success  of  a  horse  in 
a  race,  and  enters  his  transactions 
in  a  book ;  a  professional  betting 
man. 

"book-man  (book'mnn),  n.  a  stu- 
dious man ;  a  scholar. 

book-imis-lin  (book'muz-lin) ,  n. 
n  fine  kind  of  transparent  muslin. 

book-name  (book'nam),  n.  the 
name  of  a  plant  or  animal  in  use 
only  in  text-books. 

book-worm  (book'werm),  n.  the 
larva  or  grub  of  various  species 
of  insects  which  infest  and  injure 
books ;  a  person  closely  addicted 
to  study. 

book-ing-of-fice  (book'ing-of- 
fis),  n.  in  England,  an  office  where 
tickets  are  sold  for  railway  or 
steamship  traveling,  or  for  seats 
in  a  theater. 

book-ish  (book'ish),  adj.  given  to 
reading ;  fond  of  study ;  better  ac- 
quainted with  books  than  with 
men ;  pedantic. 

book -let  (book'let),  n.  a  little 
book. 

boom  (boom),  n.  a  long  pole  or 
spar  run  out  to  extend  the  foot  of 
certain  sails ;  a  strong  chain, 
cable,  or  line  of  spars  bound  to- 
gether, extended  across  a  river  or 
harbor  to  exclude  an  enemy's 
ships ;  a  deep,  hollow  sound ;  a 
sudden  demand  for  a  commodity ; 
a  rapid  rise  in  price ;  a  sudden 
burst  of  popular  favor :  v.i.  to 
make  a  deep,  hollow,  reverberat- 
ing sound :  to  go  off  with  a  rush  : 
v.t.  to  push  with  energy. 

boom-er  (boom'er),  n.  one  who 
starts  or  promotes  a  boom ;  the 


Australian  name  for  the  male  of 
the  great  kangaroo. 

boom-e-rang  (b56m'e-rang),  n.  a 
missile  weapon  used  by  the  Aus- 
tralian aborigines,  consisting  of  a 
piece  of  flat  curved  hard  wood, 
which,  when  thrown  by  the  hand 
in  a  certain  manner,  describes  a 
series  of  curves,  and  family  re- 
turns to  the  thrower,  striking  the 
ground  behind  him :  hence  any 
action  which  may  re.coil  on  its 
projector. 

boon  (boon),  n.  prayer  or  peti- 
tion; a  benefit;  a  gift;  a  privi- 
lege ;  a  favor :  adj.  gay ;  kind ; 
jovial ;  merry,  convivial. 

boon  (boon),  n.  the  refuse  woody 
matter  of  flax  from  which  the 
fiber  has  been  dressed. 

boor  (boor),  n.  a  rustic;  a  peas- 
ant ;  a  South  African  colonist  of 
Dutch  descent ;  a  rude,  ill-man- 
nered, clownish  person. 

boor-isn  (boor'ish),  adj.  like  a 
boor ;  clownish  ;  awkward  in  man- 
ner; illiterate. 

boose.     See  booze. 

boost  (boost),  v.t.  to  lift  by  push- 
ing from  behind :  n.  a  lift  from 
behind. 

boot  (boot),  n.  profit;  that  which 
is  thrown  in  as  an  inducement  to 
a  bargain,  or  to  make  an  exchange 
equal. 

boot  (boot),  v.t.  to  profit;  ad- 
vantage; avail  [usually  with  it}. 

boot  (boot),  «.  a  leather  covering 
for  the  feet  and  the  lower  part  of 
the  leg :  an  old  instrument  of  tor- 
ture ;  a  receptacle  for  luggage  at 
either  end  of  a  coach  ;  a  driving 
apron  of  leather  or  rubber-cloth : 
v.t.  to  put  boots  on  ;  kick  with  the 
boot. 

boots  (boots),  n.  the  servant  in  a 
short  boot,  for  women ;  a  child's 
knitted  boot. 


n. 

of 


a    temporary 
boards,    can- 


adv.  without  ad- 


b  oo  tli     (booth), 

structure    made 

V.TS.  &c. 
boot-less   ('les) 

vantage. 
boots   (boots),  n.  the  servant  in  a 

hotel  who  cleans  the  boots  of  the 

guests. 
boo-ty     (bfxVti),    n.     [pi.    booties 

Ctiz)].  spoil  taken  in  war;  plun- 
der ;   pillage. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  mf»f»n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin.  then. 


boo 


127 


bos 


booze  or  boose  (booz),  v.i.  to 
drink  immoderately ;  tipple :  n. 
liquor ;  drink  ;  a  carouse ;  spree. 

bo-ra  (bo'ra),  n.  a  fierce,  dry  N.E. 
wind  which  blows  on  the  coasts 
of  the  Adriatic  Sea. 

bo-rac-ic  (bo-ras'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  produced  from,  borax. 

bo-rac-ic  ac-id  (as'id),  n.  a  com- 
pound of  boron  with  oxygen  and 
hydrogen. 

bo-rax  (bo'raks).  n.  a  salt  com- 
pounded of  boracic  acid  and  soda, 
used  as  a  flux  in  soldering  metals, 
and  in  the  manufacture  of  glass, 
enamel,  artificial  gems,  &c. 

bord  (bord),  n.  the  face  of  coal 
parallel  to  the  natural  fissures. 

bord-age  (bord'aj),  n.  planking 
of  a  ship's  side ;  the  servile  ten- 
ure by  which  a  villein  of  the  low- 
est rank  held  his  cottage. 

bor-deaux  (bor-do'),  «•  red  and 
white  wines  produced  in  the  dis- 
trict of  Bordeaux,  France. 

bor-der  (bor'der),  n.  the  outer 
part  or  edge  of  anything ;  a  mar- 
gin ;  brink  ;  boundary  ;  frontier ;  a 
narrow  flower  bed :  v.t.  to  make  a 
border  about,  or  to  adorn  with  a 
border ;  adorn :  v.i.  to  touch  at 
the  edge  or  boundary  [with  on  or 
upon]. 

Syn.  brim,  brink,  edge,  margin, 
rim,  verge,  boundary,  confine, 
frontier. 

border-land  (bor'der-land).  n. 
land  forming  a  border  or  frontier ; 
an  uncertain  or  debatable  district. 

bore  (bor),  v.t.  to  pierce  or  drill 
a  hole  in ;  form  by  piercing  or 
drilling;  to  force  (as  a  passage) 
with  effort;  weary  by  tedious 
repetition,  or  by  dullness  ;  annoy  : 
r.i.  to  pierce  or  penetrate  by  bor- 
ing, &c. ;  push  forward  toward  a 
certain  point :  n.  a  hole  made  by 
boring;  the  caliber  or  internal 
diameter  of  a  hole ;  a  person  or 
thing  that  wearies  by  prolixity  or 
dullness;  anything  which  causes 
ennui. 

bore  (bor),  n.  a  tidal  wave  which 
breaks  in  the  estuaries  of  some 
rivers,  and,  being  impeded  by  the 
narrowing  channel,  rises  in  a 
watery  rirlge  and  courses  along 
with  great  force  and  noise. 

bore,  p.t.  of  bear. 


bo-re-au  (bo're-an)  or  boreal 
(-al),  adj.  northern  ;  pertaining  to 
the  North,  or  to  the  North  wind. 

bore-cole  (bor'kol),  n.  a  variety 
of  kale. 

bore-dom  (bor'dum),  n.  ennui; 
the  realm  of  bores ;  bores  col- 
lectively. 

bo-ride  (bo'rid),  n.  a  compound 
of  boron  with  a  metallic  base. 

born  (b6rn),  p.adj.  innate;  in- 
herited. 

born,  p.p.  of  bear,  to  bring  forth, 

borne,  p.p.  of  bear,  to  carry. 

bor-nite  (bor'nlt),  n.  a  valuable 
ore  of  copper. 

bo-ro-glyc-er-ide  ( bo-ro-glis'er- 
Td),  n.  an  antiseptic  containing 
boric  acid,  glycerine,  &c. 

bo-ron  (bo'ron),  n.  a  non-metal- 
lic element  occurring  abundantly 
in  borax. 

bor-ongh  (bur'6),  n.  a  corporate 
town. 

bor-ough  Eng-lish  (ing'lish),  n. 
a  custom  existent  in  some  parts  of 
England,  by  which  an  estate  de- 
scends to  the  youngest  son  instead 
of  the  eldest,  or,  if  there  is  no  son, 
to  the  youngest  brother. 

bor-row  (bor'6),  v.t.  to  obtain  (a 
thing)  on  loan  ;  adopt ;  appropri- 
ate ;  copy. 

bort  (b6rt),  n.  imperfect  or  in- 
ferior diamonds  used  for  polishing 
other  stones. 

bos-cage  or  bos-kage  (bos'kaj), 
n.  ground  covered  with  trees  and 
shrubs ;  woods ;  thickets ;  a 
wooded  landscape. 

bosh  (bosh),  n.  absurd  or  empty 
talk  ;  utter  nonsense  :  inter  j.  hum- 
bug ! 

bos-ket  (bos'ket),  n.  a  grove;  a 
thicket. 

bos-ky  (bos'ki),  adj.  woody; 
bushy. 

bos-oni  (boo'zum),  n.  the  breast; 
clothing  covering  the  breast ;  the 
affections  or  passions ;  something 
likened  to  a  bosom,  as  a  sustain- 
ing surface ;  inmost  recess,  &c. : 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  bosom ;  in- 
timate ;  cherished  ;  beloved  ;  worn 
on  the  bosom  :  v.t.  to  place  or  har- 
bor in  the  bosom ;  cherish ;  con- 
ceal. 

boss  (bos),  n.  [pi.  bosses  ('ez)~|. 
a  protuberant  part ;  a  stud  or 


late,  mar   mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bos 


128 


bou 


knob ;  an  ornamental  projection 
of  a  ceiling :  v.t.  to  ornament  with 
studs  or  knobs. 

boss  (b6s),  n.  a  master,  superin- 
tendent; foreman;  leader;  politi- 
cal party  controller:  adj.  chief; 
most  highly  esteemed :  v.t.  to  di- 
rect ;  manage. 

bo-tan-ic  (bo-tan'ik).  or  botan- 
ical ('ik-al),  mdj.  pertaining  to 
botany. 

bo  tan-ic-al-ly  (-H),  adv.  from  a 
botanist's  point  of  view ;  accord- 
ing to  a  system  of  botany. 

bot-a-nist  (bot'a-nist),  n.  one 
who  studies  or  is  skilled  in  a 
knowledge  of  plants. 

bot-a-nize  (bot'a-nlz),  v.i.  to  seek 
after  plants  for  the  purpose  of 
studying  them  :  v.t.  to  explore  bo- 
tanically. 

bot-a-ny  (bot'S-ni),  n.  the  sci- 
ence which  treats  of  plants. 

botch,  (boch),  n.  a  swelling  on  the 
skin  ;  a  large  ulcerous  affection. 

botch  (boch),  v.t.  to  mend  or 
patch  in  a  clumsy  manner ;  put 
together  unskilfully :  n.  a  clumsy 
patch  ;  bad  work. 

botch-y  (boch'i),  adj.  marked 
with  botches. 

both  (both),  adj.  &  pron.  the  one 
and  the  other ;  the  two :  the  pair, 
without  excepting  either :  adv.  & 
conj.  as. 

Syn.   twain,   two. 
Ant.  (see  each). 

both-er  (both' fir),  v.t.  to  annoy; 
tease ;  worry ;  give  trouble :  v.i. 
to  trouble  one's  self ;  be  trouble- 
some :  n.  worry ;  annoyance ;  one 
who,  or  that  which,  bothers. 

both-er-a-tion  ( bo*/i-er-fi'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  bothering,  or  state 
of  being  bothered. 

both-er-some  ( boM'er-sum ) ,  adj. 
troublesome. 

bots  (bots),  n.pl.  the  larva1  of 
several  species  of  gadfly,  which  in- 
fest horses,  oxen,  sheep,  &c. 

bot-tle  (bot'l),  n.  a  hollow  vessel, 
usually  with  a  narrow  neck,  made 
of  glass  or  earthenware,  for  hold- 
ing liquids ;  the  contents  of  a  bot- 
tle :  v.t.  to  put  into  bottles ;  a 
quantity  of  hay  or  grass  bundled 
up. 

bot-tle-hold-er  (bot'l-hold'er),  n. 
one  who  waits  upon  a  pugilist 


in  a  prize-fight,  administer!  n> 
refreshment,  &c. ;  a  backer ;  i. 
second. 

bot-tle-nose  (bot'1-noz),  n.  a 
name  given  to  several  species  of 
cetaceans  having  bottle-shaped 
noses. 

bot-tom  (bot'um),  n.  the  deepest 
part  of  anything ;  the  base  ;  foun- 
dation ;  root ;  the  ground  under 
any  body  of  water ;  the  buttocks ; 
the  seat  of  a  chair ;  low  land 
formed  by  alluvial  deposits ;  a 
river ;  a  valley  ;  a  dale ;  a  ship ; 
stamina  :  adj.  lowest ;  undermost : 
v.t.  to  found  or  build  upon ;  fur- 
nish with  a  bottom  ;  fathom ;  get 
to  the  bottom  of :  v.i.  to  rest ;  be 
based  or  grounded. 

b  o  t-t  p  in -lands  (bot'um-lanz)  , 
n.pl.  rich  flat  alluvial  soil  on  the 
river  banks  of  the  Western  States. 

bot-tom-ry  ( bot'um- ri),  n.  the 
act  of  borrowing  money  on  the 
security  of  a  ship. 

bouche  or  bouch  (b65sh),  v.t.  to 
drill  a  new  mouth  or  vent  in. 

bou-doir  (boo'dwar),  n.  a  small 
room,  elegantly  furnished  for  a 
lady's  private  use. 

bouffe  (boof),  n.  opera-bouffe ; 
comic  opera. 

bough  (bou),  n.  an  arm  or  branch 
of  a  tree. 

bought,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  buy. 

bou-gie  (boo-fche'),  n.  a  wax  taper 
or  candle ;  a  slender  flexible  tube 
for  insertion  in  the  urethra,  rec- 
tum, &c.,  in  cases  of  stricture. 

bouil-li  (boo'lye,  French  boo-ye'), 
n.  meat  boiled  or  stewed  with 
vegetables. 

bouil-lon  (boo'lyon,  French  b65- 
yong'),  n.  a  clear  soup  produced 
from  boiled  meat. 

boul-der  (bol'der) ,  n.  a  large  stone 
worn  or  rounded  by  the  action  of 
water ;  a  portion  of  rock  which 
has  been  transported  to  some  dis- 
tance from  its  native  bed. 

bou-le  (boo'le),  n.  the  higher  pop- 
ular assembly  of  ancient  Athens : 
the  modern  Greek  legislative  as- 
sembly. 

bou-le-vard  ( boo'le-  vard).  n.  a 
broad  street,  planted  with  trees. 

bounce  (bouns).  v.t.  to  cause  to 
bound ;  to  eject  summarily ;  tc 
bully:  v.i.  to  strike  against  any 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


bou 


129 


bow 


thing  so  as  to  rebound :  leap  or 
spring  suddenly  or  unceremoni- 
ously :  boast  or  bluster :  n.  a  sud- 
den bound  or  spring :  a  heavy  sud- 
den thrust  or  thump ;  a  boast ; 
brag :  an  impudent  lie :  adv.  with 
a  spring :  suddenly. 

bound  (bound),  n.  a  limit;  con- 
fine ;  extent ;  boundary :  pi.  terri- 
tory within  certain  boundaries : 
v.t.  to  serve  as  a  limit  to ;  circum- 
scribe. 

Syn.       circumscribe,       confine, 
limit,  restrict. 

bound  (bound),  v.i.  to  jump  or 
spring  suddenly  or  in  succession  ; 
leap  ;  rebound  :  n.  a  leap  ;  spring  ; 
jump ;  rebound. 

bound,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  bind. 

bound  (bound),  adj.  ready  to  go; 
destined. 

bonnd-a-ry  (bound'a-ri),  n.  [pi. 
boundaries  (-riz)],  the  extent  or 
limit  of  anything. 

boun-te-ous  (boun'te-us),  adj. 
giving  freely ;  liberal  in  gifts ; 
munificent. 

bonn-ti-fnl  (boun'ti-fool),  adj. 
liberal  in  bestowing  gifts  or  fa- 
vors ;  generous :  ample. 

boun-ti-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  lib- 
eral manner. 

bpun-ty  (boun'ti).  n.  [pi.  boun- 
ties ('tiz)l,  liberality  in  bestow- 
ing gifts  or  favors  ;  generosity  ; 
munificence  ;  a  premium  offered  by 
a  government  to  induce  men  to  en- 
list in  the  army  or  navy,  or  to  en- 
courage some  branch  of  industry. 

bou-quet  (bdd-ka'),  n.  a  nosegay; 
a  perfume  or  aroma  characteristic 
of  some  wines. 

bou-que-tier  ( boo-ke-ter' ) ,  n.  a 
bouquet-holder. 

bour-don  (boor'don),  n.  the  bass 
drone  of  the  bagpipe ;  a  bass  stop 
of  an  organ. 

bour-geois  (boor-zhwa'),  n.  a 
French  citizen  of  the  mercantile 
class :  a  shopkeeper ;  a  size  of 
type  between  long  primer  and 
brevier  (ber-jois')  (see  type)  : 
adj.  of  or  pertaining  to  the  mer- 
cantile or  middle  class. 

bonr-geoi-sie  (boor-zhwa-ze').  n. 
the  French  middle  classes ;  the 
middle  class  connected  with  the 
trade  of  any  country. 

bourn    (boorn),    n.    a    stream;    a 


rivulet ;  a  bound ;  destination ; 
goal. 

bour-ree  (boor-ra').  n.  a  com- 
position of  a  lively  character, 
allied  to  the  gavotte. 

bourse  (boors),  n.  a  stock  ex- 
change for  the  transaction  of 
business,  especially  the  Bourse  or 
Stock  Exchange  of  Paris. 

bout  (bout),  n.  a  turn  or  bend;  a 
going  and  returning ;  as  much  as 
is  performed  at  one  time  ;  a  trial ; 
essay  ;  round  ;  contest. 

bou-ton-niere  (boo-ton-nyar'),  n. 
a  bouquet  worn  in  the  button-hole. 

bo-vine  (bo'vin),  adj.  of,  or  per- 
taining to,  oxen ;  resembling  or 
possessing  the  characteristics  of 
an  ox  or  cow ;  stolid,  dull. 

bow  (bou),  n.  the  forepart  or 
prow  of  a  ship. 

bow  (bou),  v.t.  to  bend;  make 
curved  or  crooked ;  bend  or  in- 
cline, as  the  head  or  body  in 
token  of  respect ;  subdue :  v.i.  to 
make  a  bow :  n.  an  inclination  of 
the  head  or  bending  of  the  body, 
as  a  salute,  or  in  token  of  rever- 
ence, respect,  assent,  or  submis- 
sion. 

bow  (bo),  n.  a  weapon  for  dis- 
charging arrows  ;  anything  curved  ; 
an  implement  with  which  instru- 
ments of  the  violin  kind  are 
played ;  an  elastic  stick  with  its 
ends  connected  by  string,  used  for 
turning  a  drill,  &c. ;  a  looped  or- 
namental knot  of  ribbon  or  other 
material :  v.t.  to  bend  or  curve 
like  a  bow ;  play  with  a  bow :  v.i. 
become  bent  or  curved. 

bow-net  (bo'net),  n.  a  conical  bas- 
ket for  trapping  lobsters  and 
cray-fish. 

bow-saw  (bo'saw),  n.  a  saw  for 
cutting  curves. 

Bowd-ler-ize  (bod'ler-iz),  v.t.  to 
expurgate,  as  an  editor,  every- 
thing deemed  offensive  or  indeli- 
cate. 

bow-el  (bou'el),  n.  one  of  the  in- 
testines of  an  animal :  a  gut 
[generally  in  ths  pi.]  :  pi.  the  in- 
terior part  of  anything ;  tender- 
ness ;  pity  (II  Cor.  vi.  121. 

bow-er  (bou'e"r),  n.  a  shelter  con- 
structed of  boughs  or  twining 
plants ;  an  arbor. 

bow-er     (bou'er),    n.    an    anchor 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  he"r,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bow 


130 


bra 


carried  at  the  bow  of  a  ship ;  one 
of  the  two  highest  cards  in  euchre, 
or  the  second  and  third  highest 
(when  the  joker  is  used). 

bow-er-y  (bou'er-i),  adj.  like  a 
bower ;  shady. 

bow-er-y  (bou'er-i),  n.  [pi.  bow- 
eries (-iz)],  a  country  retreat; 
farm. 

l>o  w-ie -knife  (bo'e-mf),  n.  a 
sheath-knife  formerly  used  in  the 
United  States  as  a  weapon. 

bowl  (bol),  n.  a  circular  hollow 
vessel  for  holding  liquids ;  a  large 
drinking  cup ;  the  hollow  or  con- 
cave part  of  anything. 

bowl  (bol),  n.  a  ball  of  wood  used 
in  the  games  of  bowls,  and  skit- 
tles :  pi.  a  game  played  with 
bowls :  v.i.  to  play  with  bowls : 
roll  a  bowl  or  a  cricket  ball  ;  move 
rapidly  and  smoothly  like  a  ball : 
v.t.  to  roll,  as  a  bowl  or  ball. 

bow-line  (bo'lln),  n.  a  rope 
fastened  near  the  middle  of  a 
square-sail,  to  keep  the  ship  near 
the  wind. 

bowse  (bouz),  v.i.  to  pull  or  haul 
hard. 

bow-sprit  (bo'sprit),  n.  a  large 
boom  or  spar  running  out  from 
the  stem  of  a  ship  or  other  vessel 
to  cariy  its  sails  forward. 

bow-string  (bo'string),  n.  string 
of  a  bow ;  string  used  by  the 
Turks  for  strangling  offenders : 
v.t.  \pt.  &  p.p.  bowstrung,  p.pr. 
bowstringing],  to  strangle  with  a 
bowstring. 

box  (boks),  n.  an  evergreen  shrub 
or  small  tree,  yielding  a  hard 
close-grained  wood :  adj.  of  box, 
or  resembling  a  box-tree. 

box  (boks),  n.  \pl.  boxes  ('ez)l,  a 
case  or  receptacle  for  holding 
anything;  the  quantity  a  box 
contains ;  the  driver's  seat  on  a 
carriage;  a  compartment  in  a 
theater  or  other  public  place;  a 
Christmas  present ;  a  place  of 
shelter  for  a  man  on  duty ;  a 
small  country  house  used  by 
sportsmen ;  a  cylindrical  hollow 
iron  in  a  wheel,  in  which  the  axle 
runs ;  a  case  to  protect  mechanism 
from  injury :  v.t.  to  enclose  in  a 
box;  confine;  boxhaul. 

box  (boks),  n.  a  blow  on  the  head 
with  the  fist,  or  on  the  ear  with 


the  open  hand  :  v.t.  to  strike  with 
the  fist  or  hand  :  v.i.  to  fight  with 
the  fists. 

box-haul  (boks'hawl),  v.t.  to  veer 
a  ship  round  instead  of  tacking. 

box-i-an-a  (bok-si-an'a  or  -a'na), 
n.pl.  the  literature  of  prize-fight- 
ing. 

box-ing-glove  (boks'ing-gluv),  n. 
a  padded  glove. 

box-met-al  (boks'met-al),  n.  an 
antifriction  alloy  used  for  jour- 
nal-boxes, shafting,  &c. 

boy  (boi),  n.  a  male  child;  a 
young  lad  ;  sometimes  used  for  a 
man. 

boy  (boi),  n.  a  palanquin  bearer. 

boy-ar  (boi'ar),  n.  a  Russian 
landed  proprietor ;  the  name  of 
the  Conservative  party  in  Kou- 
mania. 

boy-cott  (boi'kot),  v.t.  to  combine 
against  a  person  so  as  to  ostracize 
socially,  and  prevent  or  hinder  the 
conduct  of  his  business  or  profes- 
sion, as  a  means  of  punishment  or 
intimidation  :  n.  the  act  or  state 
of  boycotting ;  a  combination  for 
such  a  purpose. 

boy-cot-tee  (boi-kot-e'),  n.  a  boy- 
cotted person. 

boy-er  (boi'er),  n.  a  Flemish  sloop 
with  a  raised  structure  at  each 
end. 

boy-hood  (boi'hood),  n.  the  state 
of  being  a  boy. 

boy-ish  (boi'ish),  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  boy  or  boyhood ;  childish  ; 
puerile. 

brace  (bras),  n.  that  which  holds 
anything  tightly  or  supports  it 
firmly ;  a  prop :  a  bandage :  a 
pair;  a  curve  connecting  two  or 

Tit-    I 
more  lines :  thus  gjtg   J  ;  a  curved 

instrument  for  holding  and  turn- 
ing boring  tools ;  a  rope  reeved 
through  a  block  at  the  end  of  a 
yard,  by  which  the  yard  is  swung 
from  the  deck  ;  a  timber  or  scant- 
ling to  strengthen  the  framework 
of  a  building :  pi.  the  leathern 
bands  clasping  the  cords  at  the 
side  of  a  drum  :  shoulder-straps  to 
support  the  trowsers :  v.t.  to 
bind  or  tie  closely;  strain  up : 
strengthen ;  furnish  with  sup- 
ports. 


late,  mar,  mfisk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bra 


131 


bra 


brace-drill  (bras'dril),  n.  a  drill 
for  boring  metals. 

brace-let  (brfis'let),  n.  an  orna- 
mental band  or  ring  for  the  wrist. 

bra-chi-al  (bra'ki-  or  brak'i-al), 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  connected 
with,  the  arm. 

bra-chi-ate  (bra'ki-  or  brak'i-at), 
adj.  'having  branches  in  pairs, 
nearly  horizontal,  and  each  pair 
at  right  angles  with  the  next. 

brack-en  (brak'en),  n.  the  brake 
fern. 

brack-et  (brak'et),  n.  a  support- 
ing piece  projecting  from  a  wall ; 
a  single  or  jointed  gas-pipe, 
burner,  &c. ;  one  of  two  marks 
[],  used  to  enclose  a  word  or 
note,  or  to  indicate  an  interpola- 
tion ;  a  brace :  v.t.  to  furnish  with  | 
or  enclose  within  brackets :  con- 
nect by  brackets ;  couple  together. 

brack-ish   (brak'ish),  adj.  saltish.  ; 

bract  (brackt).  n.  a  modified  leaf 
growing  from  the  flower  stem,  or 
enveloping  a  head  of  flowers. 

brac-te-ate  (brak'te-at),  adj.  fur- 
nished with  bracts ;  made  of  thin 
beaten  metal. 

bra  c-t  e-o-1  ate  (brak'te-o-lat) , 
adj.  furnished  with  bracteoles. 

brac-te-ole  (brak'te-6l),  n.  a 
small  bract. 

brad  (brad),  n.  a  slender  flat  nail, 
having  a  projection  on  one  side : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  bradded,  p.pr. 
bradding],  to  nail  or  secure  with 
brads. 

brae  (bra),  n.  a  hillside;  sloping 
ground. 

brag  (brag),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
bragged,  p.pr.  bragging],  to  boast; 
speak  vaingloriously  :  n.  a  boast ; 
a  thing  to  boast  of ;  ostentatious 
pretense  :  a  game  of  cards. 

brag-ga-do-cio  (brag-a-do'shio), 
n.  a  boaster ;  a  braggart ;  empty 
boasting. 

brag-gart  (brag'art),  n.  a 
boaster ;  a  vain  fellow  :  adj.  boast- 
ful. 

brag-ger  (brag'er),  n.  one  who 
brage. 

brah ma  (brii'ma),  n.  a  useful 
variety  of  large  domestic  fowl. 

Brah  miii  (bra'min),  n.  [pi. 
Brahmins  (-minz)],  a  member  of 
the  Hindu  priestly  caste. 


Brah.-min.-ee  (bra'min-e),  n.  a 
female  Brahmin. 

Brali-miii-ism  (bra'min-izm) ,  n. 
the  religion  or  doctrines  of  the 
Brahmins. 

Brali  miii  1st  (bra'min-ist) ,  n. 
an  adherent  of  Brahminism. 

braid  (brad),  v.t.  to  weave  or 
intertwine ;  plait :  n.  a  plaited 
band  or  fillet. 

braid-ism  (brad'izm),  n.  hypno- 
tism. 

brail  (bral),  n.pl.  certain  ropes 
used  to  gather  up  the  foot  and 
leeches  of  a  sail  prior  to  furling : 
v.t.  to  haul  in  by  the  brails  [usu- 
ally with  up]. 

brain  (bran),  n.  the  soft  whitish 
convoluted  mass  occupying  the 
cranium  of  a  vertebrate,  consti- 
tuting the  center  of  the  nervous 
system,  and  the  seat  of  conscious- 
ness and  volition  ;  the  understand- 
ing ;  intellectual  power :  v.t.  dash 
out  the  brains  of. 

brain-storm  (storm),  n.  a  state 
of  cerebral  excitement,  due  to 
continued  nerve  strain,  and  caus- 
ing temporary  mental  derange- 
ment. 

brain-wave  (bran'wav),  «.  a 
telepathic  vibration  by  which  it 
is  supposed  a  thought  is  conveyed 
from  one  mind  to  another. 

brain-y  (bran'i),  adj.  possessed 
of  brains;  acute;  sharp  witted. 

braise  (braz),  v.t.  to  stew  (as 
meat)  in  a  covered  vessel :  n. 
braised  meat. 

brait  (brat),  n.  a  rough  diamond. 

brake  (brak),  n.  an  instrument 
or  machine  to  break  flax ;  the 
handle  of  a  pump ;  a  baker's 
kneading  trough ;  a  sharp  bit  or 
snaffle ;  a  frame  for  confining  re- 
fractory horses  while  shoeing ;  a 
heavy  vehicle  without  a  body,  for 
breaking  in  young  horses  to  har- 
ness ;  a  kind  of  wagonette ;  a 
heavy  harrow  for  breaking  clods ; 
a  mechanical  device  for  checking 
the  motion  of  a  vehicle  or  ma- 
chine ;  a  brake  van. 

brake  (brak),  n.  a  place  over- 
grown with  bracken,  brushwood, 
Ac. ;  the  common  fern. 

brake-shoe  (brak'shoo),  n.  that 
part  of  a  brake  which  presses 
against  the  wheel. 


-late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bra 


132 


bra 


brak-y  (brak'i),  adj.  full  of 
bracken,  brushwood,  &c. ;  rough  ; 
thorny. 

bram-ble  (bram'bl),  n.  the  Eng- 
lish blackberry ;  any  prickly  bush 
or  shrub. 

brani-bly  (bram'bli),  adj.  full  of 
brambles. 

bran  ( bran ) ,  n.  the  husks  of 
wheat,  rye,  &c.,  separated  from 
the  flour  by  bolting. 

branch  (branch),  n.  [pi.  branches 
('ez)],  a  shoot  or  limb  from  a 
main  bough ;  an  off-shoot ;  any 
member  or  part  of  a  body  or  sys- 
tem ;  a  department;  a  section  or 
subdivision  ;  any  part  of  a  family 
descending  in  a  collateral  line : 
adj.  deviating  from  the  trunk  or 
main  body :  v.i.  to  ramify ;  di- 
verge ;  spread  diffusely  [with 
out]  :  v.t.  to  divide. 

bran-chi-se  (brang'ki-e),  n.pl.  the 
respiratory  organs  of  fishes  and 
some  amphibia ;  gills. 

bran-chi-al  (brang'ki-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  branchiae  or 
gills. 

bran-clii-ate  (brang'ki-at) ,  adj. 
having  permanent  gills. 

branch  let  (branch'let) ,  n.  a  lit- 
tle branch. 

bran-cliy  (bran'chi),  adj.  full  of 
branches. 

brand  (brand),  n.  a  burning  piece 
of  wood  ;  any  form  of  trade-mark  : 
hence,  quality  or  kind ;  a  stigma 
or  mark  of  infamy ;  a  fungoid  dis- 
ease of  plants :  v.t.  to  mark  by 
burning  with  a  hot  iron,  or  by 
other  means ;  stigmatize. 

bran-dish  (bran'dish),  v.t.  to 
move,  wave,  or  shake,  as  a  raised 
weapon. 

brand-ling  (brand'ling),  n.  a 
salmon  of  the  first  year ;  a  small 
red  worm  used  for  bait  by  fresh- 
water anglers. 

bran-dy  (bran'di),  n.  [pi.  bran- 
dies ('diz)],  an  ardent  alcoholic 
liquor  distilled  from  wine  or  the 
husks  of  grapes. 

bran-new  (bran-nu),  adj.  quite 
new. 

brann-y  (bran'i),  adj.  having  the 
appearance  of  bran ;  consisting 
chiefly  of  bran. 

brant.      Same  as  brant-goose. 


brant-fox  (brant'foks),  n.  a  va- 
riety of  fox  found  in  Sweden. 
Called  also  brent-fox. 

brant-goose  (brant'goos),  n.  the 
smallest  species  of  the  wild  goose. 

brash  (brash),  adj.  brittle,  as 
wood. 

brash  (brash),  n.  a  rash  or  erup- 
tion. 

brash  (brash),  n.  broken,  loose, 
and  angular  fragments  of  rock 
underlying  alluvial  deposits  ;  small 
broken  pieces  of  ice. 

brasque  (brask),  n.  a  paste  used 
for  lining  crucibles,  &c. :  v.t.  to 
line  with  brasque. 

brass  (bras),  n.  [pi.  brasses 
('ez)],  an  alloy  of  copper  and 
zinc  ;  a  utensil,  ornament,  or  other 
article  made  of  brass ;  a  monu- 
mental tablet  of  brass  ;  money  ; 
impudence :  pi.  the  brass  instru- 
ments of  a  band :  v.t.  to  cover 
with  brass. 

brass-y  (bras'i),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  resembling,  brass ;  impu- 
dent ;  brazen. 

brat  (brat),  n.  a  child  [used  con- 
temptuously]. 

bratt-ice  (brat'is),  n.  a  partition 
or  separation-wall  in  a  level  or 
shaft  to  form  an  air  passage :  v.t. 
to  divide  by  a  brattice. 

bratt-ic-ing  (brat'is-ing).  n.  or- 
namental open-work  cresting :  rich 
open  work  in  metal ;  a  brattice ; 
a  boarded  protection  against  ma- 
chinery. 

bra-va-do  (bra-va'do).  n.  [pi. 
bravados  &  -does  ('doz)],  arro- 
gant menace  ;  defiance. 

brave  (brav),  adj.  bold;  cour- 
ageous ;  intrepid ;  making  a  fine 
showr :  n.  an  Indian  warrior ;  one 
indiscreetly  bold :  v.t.  to  encoun- 
ter with  courage  and  fortitude : 
defy. 

tiyn.  dare,  defy.  bold. 
Ant.   (see  afraid). 

bra-ver-y       (bra'ver-i),      n.      the 
quality  of   being  brave ;   fearless- 
ness ;  magnificence. 
8yn.  courage,  valor. 
Ant.   (see  cowardice) . 

bra-vo  (bra'v5),  inter  j.  well 
done  !  good  !  n.  a  cheer. 

bra-vo  (bra'vo),  n.  [pi.  bravos  or 
-voes  ('voz)],  a  daring  villain;  a 
bandit ;  an  assassin. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bra 


133 


bre 


bra-vu-ra   (brft-vOO'rft),  n.  an  air 

of  florid,  brilliant  style,  adapted 
to  display  the  skill  of  the  per- 
former, or  the  range  and  flexibil- 
ity of  a  singer's  voice :  adj.  bril- 
liant ;  florid ;  pertaining  to  a 
bravura. 

brawl  (brawl),  r.i.  to  quarrel 
noisily  and  outrageously ;  make 
a  noise  as  of  water  rushing 
over  a  rocky  or  pebbly  bed :  n.  a 
noisy  quarrel:  an  uproar;  a  row. 

brawn  (brawn),  n.  boar's  flesh, 
especially  when  prepared  by  col- 
laring, boiling,  and  pickling ;  mus- 
cular strength. 

brawn  i-iiess  (-nes).  n.  hardness; 
strength. 

braw-ny  (braw'ni),  adj.  muscu- 
lar; tough. 

brax-y  (brak'si).  n.  a  name  given 
to  a  variety  of  diseases  of  sheep ; 
a  diseased  sheep,  or  its  mutton : 
adj.  affected  with  braxy. 

bray  (bra),  v.t.  [pt.  &  p.p.  brayed, 
p. l>r.  braying],  to  pound  or  beat 
fine  or  small :  r.i.  to  utter  a  loud, 
harsh  cry,  as  the  ass :  n.  the  harsh 
cry  of  an  ass. 

braze  (braxi,  v.t.  to  solder  with 
brass ;  cover  or  ornament  with 
brass. 

bra-zen   .(brfi'zn).    adj.    made    of 

'brass:  pertaining  to  brass:  im- 
penetrable ;  '  impudent :  shame- 
less :  v.t.  to  carry  off  or  behave 
with  insolence  or  effrontery. 

Bra-zen  Age  (  aj  i.  n.  the  age  that 
succeeded  to  the  Silver  Age,  char- 
acterized by  violence. 

bra-zier  I  hnVzher ),  n.  an  open 
pan  for  burning  charcoal. 

bra-zil-wood  (bra-zil'wood),  n.  a 
very  heavy  wood  of  a  red  color 
from  I?ra/il.  used  for  dyeing  red. 

braz-i-let-to  (braz-i-let'o),  n.  an 
inferior  sort  of  brazil-wood  brought 
from  Jamaica. 

Brazilian  peb-bles  (peb'lz), 
n. ill.  lenses  made  from  rock  crys- 
tal from  1 5rax.il. 

braz  i-lin  (braz'i-lin).  n.  the  col- 
oring  substance  extracted  from 
brazil-wood. 

bra-zil-nut  (bra-zil'nut),  n.  th" 
se.-d  of  a  palm  of  tropical 
America. 

breach  (brech),  n.  the  act  of 
breaking;  the  violation  of  a  law, 


contract,  or  any  other  engage- 
ment ;  a  gap ;  a  difference ;  quar- 
rel ;  injury  ;  surf :  v.t.  to  make  an 
opening  in. 

bread  (bred),  n.  food  made  from 
ground  corn ;  food  in  general. 

bread-fruit  (-froot),  n.  the  fruit 
of  a  tree  growing  in  the  Pacific 
islands,  which,  when  roasted,  is 
eaten  as  bread. 

bread-stuff  (-stuf),  n.  bread- 
corn  :  flour ;  meal  from  which 
bread  is  made. 

breadtb  (bredth),  n.  the  measure 
of  any  surface  from  side  to  side ; 
freedom  from  narrowness ;  broad 
effect. 

break  (brak),  v.t.  [p.*.  broke, 
p./j  broken,  p.pr.  breaking],  to 
separate  with  violence  ;  interrupt ; 
fracture  ;  weaken  or  destroy  ;  dis- 
perse ;  violate ;  make  bankrupt ; 
make  a  first  disclosure  of ;  dis- 
miss, cashier,  or  reduce  to  the 
ranks:  tame  or  subdue:  n.  a 
breach  ;  rupture  ;  an  interruption  ; 
change  of  direction ;  a  first  ap- 
pearance ;  a  pause ;  an  opening  in 
the  circuit  causing  interruption  to 
an  electric  current ;  a  twist  of  the 
ball  in  cricket ;  a  player's  turn  in 
billiards ;  the  number  of  points 
scored  successively ;  alteration  of 
the  male  voice  at  puberty ;  a  sud- 
den fall  in  prices. 

Syn.      bruise,      crush,      pound, 
squeeze. 

Ant.  (see  bind). 

brea-kage  (bra'kaj).  n.  the  act  of 
breaking ;  allowance  for  accidental 
fracture. 

break-do  wii  (brak'doun).  n.  a 
collapse;  failure;  downfall,  as  of 
a  carriage :  a  lively,  noisy  dance. 

brea-ker  (bra'ker).  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  breaks ;  a  machine 
to  crush  rocks,  &c. ;  a  wave 
broken  against  the  shore,  or  a 
rock  [usually  in  the  pi.};  a  small 
water  cask ;  a  trainer  of  horses. 
&c. 

break-fast  (brek'fast),  n.  the 
first  meal  in  the  day :  v.t.  to  pro- 
vide with  or  entertain  at  break- 
fast :  v.i.  to  eat  breakfast. 

break-wa-ter  ('waw-ter),  n.  any 
st  ructure  to  break  the  force  of  the 
waves. 

bream   (brem),  n.  a  broad-shaped 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


bre 


134 


bri 


fresh-water  fish  of  the  carp 
family :  v.t.  to  clear  of  shells,  sea- 
weed, &c.,  by  fire. 

breast  (brest),  n.  the  fore  part  of 
the  body  between  the  neck  and 
the  abdomen ;  one  of  the  organs 
in  women,  and  some  other  mam- 
malia, for  the  secretion  of  milk ; 
the  affections  ;  the  conscience  ;  the 
front  of  anything :  v.t.  to  present 
the  front  to ;  meet  or  oppose 
manfully  or  openly  ;  stem. 

breast-fast  ('fast),  n.  a  large 
rope  or  chain  to  secure  the  mid- 
ship part  of  a  ship  to  a  dock, 
wharf,  or  to  another  vessel. 

breast-plate  ('plat),  n.  a  portion 
of  armor  covering  the  front  of  the 
body ;  a  part  of  the  vestment  of 
the  Jewish  high  priest. 

breast  work  ('werk).  n.  a  hastily 
constructed  work  thrown  up 
breast-high  for  defense ;  the  para- 
pet of  a  building. 

breath,  (breth),  n.  the  air  in- 
haled and  exhaled  in  respiration  ; 
life ;  the  power  or  capacity  to 
breathe  freely;  respite:  a  pause; 
a  respiration;  an  instant;  air  in 
gentle  motion ;  a  mere  word ;  a 
trifle  ;  an  odorous  exhalation  ;  fra- 
grance ;  an  aspirate. 

breathe  (breth),  v.i.  to  inhale  air 
and  expel  it  from  the  lungs ;  live ; 
take  breath ;  rest  from  action ; 
pass,  as  air ;  blow  softly ;  insinu- 
ate :  v.t.  to  inhale  and  exhale ;  in- 
spire ;  whisper ;  exercise ;  blow 
into. 

brea-thing  (bre'f/nng).  n.  respi- 
ration ;  air  in  gentle  motion ;  a 
gentle  influence ;  a  pause ;  ardent 
desire;  an  accent  [']• 

brec-cia  (brech'ia).  n.  angular 
rock  fragments  united  by  a 
matrix. 

bree  (bre),  n.  broth;  sauce; 
moisture. 

breech,  (brech),  n.  the  buttocks; 
the  hinder  part  of  anything ;  the 
part  of  a  cannon  or  other  firearm 
behind  the  bore  or  chamber :  v.t. 
to  put  into  breeches;  furnish  with 
a  breech  ;  fasten  by  a  breeching. 

breech-es  (brich'ez),  n.pl.  a  gar- 
ment worn  by  men,  covering  the 
legs  from  the  knees  to  the  hips : 
trowsers  or  pantaloons. 

breech-ing     (brich'ing),     n.     the 


harness  which  passes  round  a 
horse's  breech ;  a  strong  rope  to 
check  the  recoil  of  a  gun. 

breed  (bred),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  bred, 
p.pr.  breeding] ,  to  procreate ; 
hatch  ;  produce  ;  train  ;  rear :  v.i. 
to  bear  young ;  be  fruitful ;  be 
produced :  n.  a  race  or  progeny 
from  the  same  parents  or  stock. 

breeze  (brez),  n.  a  gadfly  or 
horsefly. 

breeze  (brez),  n.  a  gentle  gale;  a 
fresh  soft  wind ;  an  excited  quar- 
rel or  wrangle. 

Syn.    blast,    gale,    gust,    hurri- 
cane, storm,  tempest. 

breeze  (brez),  n.  house  sweep- 
ings ;  sifted  ashes  and  cinders 
used  in  burning  bricks. 

breth -ren  (bretfft'ren),  n.  plural 
of  brother. 

breve  (brev),  n.  a  note  of  time 
equal  to  two  semibreves  or  four 
minims;  a  mark  (vj)  used  to  in- 
dicate a  short  vowel. 

bre-vet  (bre-vef),  n.  a  commis- 
sion to  an  officer  in  the  army  con- 
ferring a  higher  rank,  but  with- 
out increase  of  pay  ;  a  patent :  a 
warrant :  a  license  :  adj.  conferred 
by  brevet:  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  bre- 
vetted,  p.pr.  brevetting],  to  confer 
brevet  rank  upon.  . 

bre-vi-a-ry  (bre'vi-a-ri,  or  brev'i- 
a-ri).  n.  [pi.  breviaries  (-riz)l.  a 
book  containing  the  daily  offices 
arid  prayers. 

bre-vier  (bre-ver'),  n.  a  size  of 
type  between  bourgeois  and  min- 
ion. (See  type.) 

brev-i-ty  (brev'i-ti),  n.  \p1. 
brevities  (-tiz)],  shortness;  con- 
ciseness. 

brew  (broo).  v.t.  to  make  liquors 
from  malt  or  other  materials ; 
plot :  v.i.  be  in  preparation :  n. 
the  action,  process,  or  product  of 
brewing. 

brew-er-y  (broo'er-i),  n.  a  brew- 
house. 

bri-ar-root  (bri'er-root),  n.  the 
root  of  the  white  heath,  used  in 
the  manufacture  of  tobacco-pipes. 
Also  brier-root. 

bribe  (brib),  n.  a  gift  or  consid- 
eration in  money  given  or  prom- 
ised with  the  object  of  corrupting 
or  unduly  influencing  the  judg- 
ment or  conduct  of  the  recipient : 


late,  mar,  mAsk,  cat,  awl :  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  m5on, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


bri 


185 


brl 


v.t.  to  gain  over  or  influence  by 
a  bribe :  v.L  to  practice  or  at- 
tempt bribery. 

bri-ber-y  (bri'ber-i),  n.  [pi.  bri- 
beries (-iz)],  the  act  or  practice 
of  bribing. 

bric-a-brac  (brik'a-brak),  n.  an- 
tique articles  of  vertu ;  fancy 
ware. 

brick  (brik),  n.  an  oblong  block  of 
kneaded  clay  dried  in  the  sun  or 
burned  in  a  kiln ;  a  jolly,  good- 
natured  fellow :  adj.  made  of,  or 
resembling,  brick :  v.t.  to  lay  or 
build  with  bricks ;  make  like 
brickwork. 

brick-kiln  (-kil),  n.  a  kiln  or 
furnace  in  which  bricks  are  baked 
or  burnt. 

bri-cole  (bri-kol'),  n.  harness 
worn  by  men  for  dragging  guns 
or  loads. 

brid-al  (brid'al),  n.  a  marriage; 
nuptials :  adj.  pertaining  to  a 
bride,  or  wedding. 

bride  (brid),  n.  a  woman  newly 
married,  or  about  to  be  married. 

bride-groom  ('groom),  n.  a  man 
newly  married,  or  about  to  be 
married. 

brides-maid  (-z'mad),  n.  a  young 
unmarried  woman  who  attends  on 
a  bride. 

bride-well  (brid'wel),  n.  a  house 
of  correction  for  the  confinement 
of  disorderly  persons. 

bridge  (brij),  n.  a  structure  of 
iron,  stone,  or  wood,  spanning  a 
river,  road,  valley,  &c. ;  anything 
resembling  a  bridge  in  form  or 
us(> :  an  apparatus  for  measuring 
the  resistance  of  a  conductor, 
called  Wheatstone's  bridge ;  a 
game  of  cards  (usually  called 
bridge-whist)  :  v.t.  to  build  a 
bridge :  make  a  passage ;  find  a 
way  of  overcoming. 

bridge-board  ('bord),  n.  a 
notched  board  into  which  the  ends 
of  the  steps  of  wooden  stairs  are 
fastened. 

bridge-deck  ('dek),  n.  a  partial 
deck  extending  from  side  to  side 
of  a  vessel  amidships. 

bridge-bead  ('bed),  n.  a  cover- 
ing work  to  protect  the  end  of  a 
bridge  nearest  the  enemy  ;  a  tete- 
de-pont. 

bridge-rail    ('ral),  n.  a  railroad 


rail  with  an  arched  tread  and 
lateral  foot-flanges. 

bridge-train  ('tran),  n.  a  pon- 
toon train. 

bridg-iug  (brij'ing),  n.  a  piece  of 
wood  between  two  beams  to  keep 
them  apart. 

bri-dle  (bri'dl),  n.  the  headstall, 
bit,  and  reins  by  which  a  horse  is 
controlled ;  a  restraint :  v.t.  to  put 
a  bridle  on  ;  control ;  guide :  v.i, 
to  hold  the  head  up,  as  an  indica- 
tion of  pride,  scorn,  or  anger 
[with  up]. 

bri-doon  (bri-doon'),  n.  the  light 
snaffle  and  rein  of  a  military 
bridle. 

brief  (bref),  adj.  short;  concise; 
contracted ;  narrow :  n.  an  epito- 
me ;  an  abridged  statement .  of  a 
case  for  the  instruction  of  coun- 
sel :  a  writ ;  a  papal  letter :  v.t. 
to  shorten ;  make  an  abstract  of. 

bri-er  (bri'er),  n.  a  thorny  plant 
or  shrub. 

brig  (brig),  n.  a  two-masted, 
square-rigged  vessel. 

bri-gade  (bri-gad'),  n.  a  subdi- 
vision of  an  army,  consisting  of 
several  regiments,  squadrons,  or 
battalions  (cavalry,  infantry, 
militia,  or  volunteers),  under  the 
command  of  a  brigadier-general ; 
an  organized  body  acting  under 
authority :  v.t.  to  form  into  a 
brigade  or  brigades. 

brig-a-dier  ( brig-a-der' ) ,  n.  a 
general  officer  commanding  a  bri- 
gade, and  ranking  next  below  a 
major-general.  Also  brigadier- 
general. 

brig-and  (brig'and),  n.  a  robber; 
a  member  of  a  gang  of  free- 
booters infesting  mountainous 
districts ;  a  highwayman ;  a 
bandit. 

brig-and-age  (brig'and-aj),  n. 
the  life  and  practices  of  a  brig- 
and ;  organized  robbery. 

brig-an-tine  (brig'an-tin  or -tin), 
n.  a  small  two-masted  vessel, 
square-rigged  like  a  brig,  but  with 
fore-and-aft  mainsail  and  raking 
masts. 

bright  (brit),  adj.  [comp. 
brighter,  sit  perl,  brightest],  lumi- 
nous ;  brilliant ;  shining ;  spark- 
ling ;  illustrious  ;  glorious  ;  witty  ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot :  moon. 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bri 


136 


bro 


clever ;  lively  ;  auspicious  ;  alert ; 
glowing. 

N)/».  clear,  radiant,  shining. 
Ant.   (see  dull) . 

bright-en  (brlt'n),  v.i.  to  grow 
bright ;  clear  up :  v.t.  to  make 
bright  or  luminous ;  make  gay  or 
cheerful ;  make  acute. 

Bright's  dis-ease  ( brit's  diz-ez' ) , 
n.  a  form  of  kidney  disease  char- 
acterized by  the  presence  of  albu- 
min in  the  urine. 

brill  (bril),  n.  a  flat  fish  resem- 
bling the  turbot.  Also  prill. 

b  r  i  1-1  i  a  n-c  y  ( bril'yan-si ) ,  n. 
splendor. 

brilliant  (bril'yant) ,  adj. 
sparkling  ;  lustrous  ;  glittering  ; 
distinguished :  n.  a  diamond,  cut 
to  exhibit  its  refracting  qualities 
to  the  best  advantage ;  the  small- 
est size  of  type.  (See  type.) 

bril-lian-tine  (bril'yan-tin),  n.  a 
cosmetic  preparation  for  impart- 
ing a  gloss  to  the  hair. 

bril  liant  ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  bril- 
liant manner. 

brim  (brim),  n.  the  edge  of  any- 
thing :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  brimmed, 
p.pr.  brimming],  to  fill  to  the 
brim :  v.i.  to  be  full  to  the  brim. 

brim-fiil  (brim'fool),  adj.  over- 
flowing. 

brim-stone  (brim'stfm),  n.  sul- 
phur: adj.  made  of  brimstone;  of 
the  color  of  sulphur. 

brine  (brin),  n.  salt  water; 
pickle ;  the  ocean ;  tears :  v.t.  to 
steep  in  brine. 

bring  (bring),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
brought,  p.pr.  bringing],  to  fetch 
or  convey  from  another  place ; 
fetch  ;  cause  to  come ;  produce  ; 
procure  ;  conduct ;  persuade  ;  lead. 

brink  (bringk),  n.  the  edge; 
verge. 

brin-y  (brin-i),  adj.  very  salt. 

bri-qnette  (bri-kef,  French  bre- 
kfi'),  n.  coal-dust  molded  into  the 
shape  of  bricks. 

brisk  (brisk),  adj.  lively;  active; 
swift ;  vivacious  ;  effervescing  vig- 
orously ;  sparkling ;  burning 
freely :  v.i.  to  become  brisk  [gen- 
erally with  up]. 

brisket  (bris'ket),  n.  that  part 
of  an  animal's  breast  where  the 
ribs  join  the  breast-bone. 

bris-tle    (bris'l),  n.  a  short  stiff, 


coarse  hair,  especially  upon  the 
back  and  sides  of  swine ;  any  stiff, 
sharp  hair :  v.t.  to  erect  like 
bristles ;  fix  a  bristle  to. 

bris-tly  (bris'li),  adj.  covered 
with  bristles. 

bris-tol  board  (bris'tol  bord),  n. 
a  thick,  smooth,  white  pasteboard. 

bris-tol  pa-per  (pa'per).  n.  a 
kind  of  stout  drawing  paper. 

bris-tol  stone  (ston),  n.  a  trans- 
parent rock-crystal.  Called,  when 
polished,  bristol  diamond. 

brit  (brit),  n.  the  young  of  the 
herring  and  sprat ;  small  animals 
upon  which  whales  feed.. 

bri-tan-ni-a  met-al  (bri-tan'i-ft- 
met'al),  n.  a  white  metal  alloy 
of  tin,  copper,  antimony,  and  bis- 
muth. 

brite  (brit).  v.i.  to  be  over-ripe. 

Brit-ish  (brit'ish),  adj.  of,  or  per- 
taining to,  Great  Britain  or  its 
inhabitants ;  pertaining  to  the 
ancient  Britons. 

Brit-ish-er  (brit'ish-er).  n.  a 
British  subject,  especially  one  be- 
longing to  the  British  army  or 
navy. 

Brit-on  (brit'un),  n.  a  native  of 
Great  Britain. 

brit-tle  (brit'l),  adj.  apt  to 
break ;  not  tough. 

Kyn.  fragile,  breakable. 
Ant.  (see  solid) . 

britz-ska  (brits'ka),  n.  an  open 
carriage  used  in  Russia. 

broacli  (broch).  n.  an  awl ;  spike; 
skewer;  any  boring  bit  or  drill :  a 
stonecutter's  chisel ;  a  spire  rising 
directly  from  a  tower  \yithout  a 
parapet :  v.t.  to  tap  or  pierce ;  be- 
gin a  discussion  about. 

broad  (brawd),  adj.  [comp. 
broader,  superl.  broadest],  wide; 
ample  ;  vast ;  liberal ;  comprehen- 
sive ;  widely  diffused ;  open  ;  un- 
restrained ;  evident ;  character- 
ized by  breadth  of  treatment ; 
bold  ;  indelicate  :  n.  a  flooded  fen  ; 
an  expansion  of  a  river  over  low- 
lying  land. 

broad-ar-row  (-ar'o),  n.  a  Brit- 
ish government  mark  to  distin- 
guish its  property. 

broad-cloth  ('klawth),  n.  a  fine 
woolen  cloth  with  a  smooth  fin- 
ished surface. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bro 


137 


bro 


broad-seal  ('sel),  n.  the  great 
seal  of  England. 

broad-side  ('sid),  n.  the  entire 
side  of  a  ship  above  the  water- 
line  ;  a  simultaneous  volley  from 
one  side  of  a  warship :  a  sheet 
printed  on  one  side,  and  contain- 
ing information  of  a  popular 
character,  or  an  attack  on  some 
public  person. 

"broad-sword  ('s5rd),  n.  a  cut- 
ting sword  with  a  broad  blade. 

broad-en  (brawd'n),  v.i.  to  grow 
broad :  v.t.  to  make  broad  or  com- 
prehensive. 

Brob-ding-nag-i-an  (brob'ding- 
nag'i-an),  adj.  resembling  an  in- 
habitant of  the  fabled  country  of 
Brobdingnag  in  Swift's  "Gulliver's 
Travels,"  hence,  gigantic :  n.  a 
giant. 

bro-cade  (bro-kad'),  n.  a  silk  stuff 
variegated  with  gold  and  silver 
flowers,  &c. 

broc-a-telle  (brok'u-tel).  n.  a 
beautifully  variegated  marble  ob- 
tained from  Italy  and  Spain :  a 
figured  fabric  of  silky  texture. 

broc-co-li  (brok'5-li).  n.  a  variety 
of  cabbage. 

broch.  (brok).  n.  a  prehistoric 
roofless  round  tower,  with  mas- 
sive walls  of  unhewn  stone  :  found 
chiefly  in  Scotland. 

bro-clmre  (bro-shoor'),  n.  a 
pamphlet  dealing  with  a  subject 
of  passing  interest. 

brock  (brok).  n.  a  badger. 

brogue  (brog),  n.  a  coarse,  rough 
shoe ;  a  dialectic  pronunciation. 

broil  (broil),  v.t.  to  cook  upon  a 
gridiron :  v.i.  to  be  subjected  to 
great  heat ;  to  be  heated  with 
passion  :  n.  a  noisy  quarrel. 

bro-kage  (bro'kaj),  n.  the  pre- 
mium or  commission  of  a  broker ; 
brokerage. 

broke,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  break. 

bro-ken  (bro'kn),  p.adj.  not  en- 
tire ;  in  pieces ;  rough ;  hilly ; 
transgressed  ;  bankrupt ;  crushed  ; 
infirm  :  imperfect :  interrupted. 

bro-ker  (bro'ker),  n.  one  who 
acts  as  agent  or  middleman  for 
another ;  a  dealer  in  second-hand 
furniture. 

bro-ker-age  (bro'ker-aj),  n.  the 
business  of  a  broker ;  his  fee  or 
commission. 


bro-ma  (bro'ma).  n.  aliment;  a 
light  preparation  of  cocoa  or 
chocolate. 

bro-mal  (bro'mal),  n.  a  colorless, 
oily  fluid  obtained  by  the  action 
of  bromine  on  alcohol. 

bro-mate  (bro'mat),  n.  a  salt  of 
bromic  acid. 

brome-grass  (brom'gras),  n.  a 
name  for  the  oat-like  grasses  of 
the  genus  Bromus. 

bro-mic  ac-id  (bro'mik  as'id),  n. 
a  compound  of  bromine  and  oxy- 
gen. 

bro-mide  (bro'mld  or  'mid),  n.  a 
compound  of  bromine. 

bro-mide  of  po-tas-si-um  (of 
po-tas'i-um),  n.  a  compound  of 
bromine,  used  largely  In  medicine 
as  a  sedative. 

bro-mine  (bro'min  or  'mm),  n. 
a  non-metallic  element  related  to 
chlorine  and  iodine. 

bro-mize  (bro'miz),  v.t.  to  pre- 
pare or  treat  with  a  bromide. 

bro-iuo-clilo-ra-lum  (bro-mo- 
klo'ra-lum),  n.  a  disinfectant  fluid, 
composed  of  the  bromide  and 
chloride  of  aluminum. 

bro-mo-gel-a-tin  (bro-mo-jel'a- 
tin),  adj.  prepared  from  certain 
bromides,  nitrate  of  silver,  and 
gelatine,  and  used  for  the  sensi- 
tive emulsions  employed  for  dry 
photographic  plates. 

bron-chi,  n.  pi.  of  bronchus. 

bron-ch.i-a  (brong'ki'a),  n.pl.  the 
bronchial  tubes. 

bron-cliit-ic  (brong-kit'ik).  adj. 
of  or  pertaining  to  bronchitis. 

bron-chi-tis  (brong-ki'tis),  n.  an 
inflammation,  acute  or  chronic,  of 
the  mucous  lining  of  the  bronchial 
tubes. 

bron-cho  (brong'k5),  n.  an  un- 
broken Mexican  or  Californian 
horse. 

bron-cho-pneu-nao-ni-a  (brong- 
ko-nii-mo'ni-a),  «.  inflammation  of 
the  lungs  and  bronchi. 

bron-ch.ot-0-my  ( brong-kot'o-mi ) , 
n.  the  operation  of  making  an  in- 
cision into  the  windpipe  or  larynx 
to  afford  a  passage  for  air  to  the 
lungs. 

bron-chus  (brong'kus).  n.  \pl. 
bronchi  (Id)],  one  of  the  two 
principal  branches  of  the  wind- 
pipe or  trachea. 


late,  mar,  mAsk,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bro 


138 


bru 


bronze  (bronz),  n.  an  alloy  of 
copper  and  tin,  to  which  other  me- 
tallic substances  are  sometimes 
added ;  a  work  of  art  cast  or 
wrought  in  bronze ;  a  pigment 
used  to  imitate  bronze ;  impu- 
dence :  adj.  made  of  or  resembling 
bronze  :  v.t.  to  make  of  the  color 
of  bronze ;  tan  by  exposure  to  the 
sun ;  apply  bronze  pigment  or 
leaf  to. 

Bronze  Age  (aj),  n.  the  age  suc- 
ceeding the  Stone  Age,  the  orna- 
ments and  weapons  of  that  period 
being  made  of  bronze. 

bronz-ine  (bronz'in),  n.  a  metal 
resembling  bronze. 

brooch  (broch),  n.  an  ornamental 
dress-clasp. 

brood  (brood),  n.  offspring;  a 
hatch ;  the  young  birds  hatched  at 
one  time :  v.i.  to  sit  on  eggs,  as  a 
hen  ;  linger  over  sorrowfully  [with 
on  or  over}  :  v.t.  to  sit  over,  cover, 
and  cherish  ;  ponder  over. 

brood-y  (brood'i),  adj.  inclined  to 
sit ;  adapted  for  breeding. 

brook  (brook),  n.  a  small  stream. 

brook  (brook),  v.t.  to  bear;  put 
up  with. 

brook-let  (brook'let),  n.  a  small 
brook. 

broom,  (broom),  n.  a  shrub,  bear- 
ing large  yellow  flowers ;  a  besom 
or  brush. 

brose  (broz),  n.  a  kind  of  por- 
ridge, made  by  pouring  boiling 
water,  or  milk,  or  meat  liquor,  on 
oatmeal. 

broth,  (broth),  n.  a  kind  of  thin 
soup. 

broth-el  (broth'el),  n.  a  house  of 
ill-fame. 

broth-er  (brutfTi'er),  n.  [pi.  broth- 
ers (-erz),  &  brethren  (breth'- 
ren)],  a  male  born  of  the  same 
father  and  mother;  one  closely 
united  by  a  common  interest ;  a 
member  of  a  religious  order;  a 
fellow  creature ;  one  who  re- 
sembles another. 

broth-er-ger-man  (-jer'man),  n. 
a  brother  on  both  the  father's  and 
the  mother's  side. 

broth-er-in-law  (-in-law),  n.  the 

brother  of  one's  husband  or  wife ; 

sister's  husband. 

Broth-er  Jon  -  a  -  than    (jon'a- 


then),  n.  a  humorous  personifica- 
tion of  the  United  States. 

broth-er-u-ter-ine  (-fi'ter-in).  n. 
one  born  of  the  same  mother,  but 
of  a  different  father. 

broth-er-hood  (bruf/i/er-hood),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  a 
brother ;  a  fraternity. 

broth-er-ly  (bruf/i'er-li),  adj.  as 
becomes  a  brother ;  affectionate. 

brongh-am  (broo'am  or  broom), 
n.  a  close  four-wheeled  carriage 
for  one  or  two  horses. 

brought,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  bring. 

brow  (brou),  n.  the  arch  of  hair 
over  the  eye ;  the  forehead ;  the 
general  aspect  of  the  countenance ; 
the  edge  of  a  steep  place ;  the  up- 
per portion  of  a  hill. 

brow-beat  (brou'bet),  v.t.  [p.t. 
browbeat,  p.p.  browbeaten,  p.pr. 
browbeating],  to  depress  or  bear 
down  arrogantly ;  bully. 

brown  (broun),  adj.  of  a  dusky  or 
dark  color:  n.  a  dark  color,  in- 
clined to  red  or  yellow ;  a  half- 
penny :  v.i.  to  become  brown :  v.t. 
to  make  brown. 

brownie  (brou'ni),  n.  a  beneficent 
spirit  supposed  to  haunt  old  farm- 
houses [Scotch]. 

browse  (brouz),  n.  the  tender 
shoots  or  twigs  of  shrubs  and 
trees  :  v.t.  to  feed  on  ;  pasture  on  ; 
graze :  said  of  cattle,  deer,  &c. 

bru-in  (broo'in),  n.  the  brown 
bear. 

"bruise  (brooz),  n.  an  injury  to 
the  flesh  of  an  animal  or  to  a  plant 
or  other  body,  caused  by  a  blow : 
v.t.  to  injure,  crush,  or  indent  by 
a  blow  or  pressure  without  lacer- 
ation ;  contuse ;  bray,  as  drugs, 
&c. :  v.i.  to  fight  with  the  fists ; 
box. 

brnit  (broot),  n.  report;  rumor; 
fame :  v.t .  to  report ;  noise 
abroad. 

bro-mal  (broo'mal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  winter ;  foggy  ;  misty. 

brum-ma-gem  (brum'm:Vjem). 
adj.  sham ;  counterfeit ;  showy, 
but  worthless. 

bru-nette  (broo-nef),  «•  a  woman 

with  a  brown  or  dark  complexion, 

usually  with  dark  hair  and  eyes. 

adj.  having  such  a  color. 

brunt  (brunt),  n.  a  violent  shock  ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bru 


139 


buc 


a  furious  onslaught ;  a  brief  and 
sudden  effort. 

brush  (brush),  n.  a  thicket  of 
small  trees ;  the  small  trees  and 
shrubs  of  a  wood  ;  an  instrument 
composed  of  bristles,  &c.,  used  for 
cleaning,  applying  paint.  &c. :  the 
brushy  tail  of  a  fox ;  a  slight  en- 
counter ;  a  brushing ;  thin  me- 
tallic plates  or  flexible  wires 
bound  together,  employed  to  con- 
duct a  current  to  or  from  an 
electric  motor,  &c. ;  a  brief  trial 
of  speed  :  v.t.  to  sweep,  cleanse,  or 
rub  with  a  brush ;  touch  lightly 
in  passing;  renovate;  ruffle  [with 
iil>]'  v.i.  to  move  with  haste; 
skim  over  with  a  light  touch. 

trust- wheel  Chwel),  n.  a  tooth- 
less wheel  used  to  turn  a  similar 
wheel  by  means  of  bristles, 
leather,  cloth,  &c..  attached  to  the 
circumference ;  a  circular  wheel 
for  polishing,  used  on  a  lathe. 

brush  -  wood  (brush 'wood),  n. 
rough,  close  bushes ;  a  thicket ;  a 
coppice ;  small  wood,  suitable  for 
the  fire. 

brusque  (brusk),  adj.  abrupt  in 
manner. 

Brus-sels  -car-pet  ( brus'elz-kar'- 
pet),  n.  a  strong  kind  of  woolen 
carpet. 

Brus-sels-lace  (-las),  n.  various 
kinds  of  expensive  lace  made  origi- 
nally at  Brussels. 

Brus-sels-sprouts  (-sproutz).  n. 
pi.  a  variety  of  the  common  cab- 
bage. 

bru-tal  (broo'tal).  adj.  pertaining 
to  or  resembling  a  brute;  savage; 
cruel. 

bru-tal-i-ty  (broo-tal'i-ti),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  brutal ;  pitiless 
cruelty. 

"bru-tal-ize  (broo'tal-Iz),  v.t.  to 
make  brutal  ;  sensualize. 

bru-tal-ly  (broo'tal-i),  adv.  in  a 
cruel  or  brutal  manner;  inhuman- 
ly. 

brute  (brOot),  adj.  without  rea- 
son or  intelligence  ;  rough  ;  brutal ; 
uncivilized:  n.  a  beast;  an  ir- 
rational, irresponsible  animal ;  a 
brutal  person. 

bru-ti-fy  (broo'ti-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  brutifiod.  p.pr.  brutifyingl,  to 
make  like  a  brute;  degrade  moral- 
ly or  physically. 


bru-tish  (broot'ish),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  resembling,  a  brute ; 
savage ;  sensuous. 

Xyn.  base,  coarse,  sensual,  sot- 
tish, vile,  bestial. 
Ant.    (see  refined). 

bub  (bub),  n.  a  boy.     Also  bubby. 

bub-ble  (bub'l),  n.  a  small 
bladder  of  water  or  other  fluid 
filled  with  air  or  gas ;  anything 
unreal  or  unsubstantial ;  a  swind- 
ling speculation :  v.i.  to  rise  in 
bubbles ;  run  with  a  gurgling 
sound :  v.t.  to  cause  to  bubble ; 
cheat. 

bu-bo  (bu'bo),  n.  [pi.  buboes 
('boz)],  an  inflammatory  swelling 
in  the  groin  or  armpit. 

bn-bon-o-cele  ( bu-bon'o-sel ) ,  n. 
rupture  or  hernia  in  the  groin. 

buc-cal  (buk'al),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  cheek. 

buc-ca-neer  (buk-a-ner'),  n.  a 
pirate ;  a  sea-robber ;  one  of  the 
piratical  adventurers  who,  during 
a  part  of  the  17th  century,  made 
depredations  on  the  Spaniards  in 
America :  v.i.  act  the  part  of  a 
buccaneer. 

buc-ci-na-tor  (buk'si-na-ter),  n. 
a  muscle  of  the  cheek  called  the 
trumpeter's  muscle  from  its  use 
in  blowing  wind-instruments. 

buc-ci-num  (buk'sin-um),  n.  the 
genus  of  ruollusks  to  which  the 
whelk  belongs. 

bu-cen-taur  (bu-sen'tawr),  n.  a 
fabulous  monster,  half  man  and 
half  bull ;  the  state  barge  of 
Venice  used  by  the  doge  in  the 
annual  ceremony  of  espousing  the 
Adriatic. 

bu-chu  (bu'kii),n.  the  name  of  cer- 
tain species  of  Barosma,  employed 
as  a  medicine. 

buck  (buk),  v.t.  to  break  or  pul- 
verize, as  ore. 

buck  (buk),  «.  the  male  of  the 
fallow-deer,  goat,  rabbit,  hare, 
&c. ;  a  gay  fellow  ;  a  fop  ;  a  male 
Indian  or  negro. 

buck-eye  Ci),  n.  a  name  of  the 
American  horse-chestnut. 

buck-hound  ('hound),  n.  a  stag- 
hound. 

buck-jumper  Cjump'er),  n.  a 
vicious  untrained  horse  that  en- 
deavors to  throw  the  rider  by 
arching  its  back  and  drawing  its 
feet  together. 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat.  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


buc 


140 


bui 


track-shot  ('shot),  shot  of  a  large 
size. 

buck-wheat  ('hwet),  n.  a  plant 
cultivated  for  its  triangular  seeds, 
which  are  ground  into  meal  and 
used  for  food. 

buck-et  (buk'et),  n.  a  vessel  for 
drawing  or  holding  water ;  the 
scoop  of  a  dredging-machine  or  of 
a  grain  elevator ;  a  receptacle  on 
a  water-wheel  which  receives  the 
force  of  the  water. 

buck-et-shop  (-shop),  n.  an  office 
for  gambling  in  stocks,  grain,  &c. 
in  small  amounts. 

buck-le  (buk'l),  n.  a  metal  clasp 
consisting  of  a  frame  with  mov- 
able tongue  or  catch,  used  for 
securing  straps,  bands,  &c. :  v.t. 
to  fasten  with  a  buckle ;  twist, 
bend  ;  confine,  join  ;  to  prepare  for 
action :  v.i.  to  curl ;  apply  one's 
self  with  vigor  [with  to], 

buck-le  (buk'l),  n.  a  bend,  or 
kink,  as  in  a  blade ;  a  curl  of 
hair ;  the  condition  of  being 
curled,  as  hair. 

buck-ler  (buk'ler),  n.  a  kind  of 
ancient  shield. 

bnck-ra  (buk'ra),  n.  Negro  term 
for  a  white  man. 

buck-ram  (buk'ram),  n.  coarse 
linen  cloth  stiffened  with  dressing : 
adj.  made  of,  or  resembling,  buck- 
ram :  hence,  stiff ;  precise. 

bu-col-ic  (bu-kol'ik),  adj.  pas- 
toral :  n.  a  pastoral  poem ;  a 
rustic. 

bud  (bud),  vt.  [p.t.  &  p.p  budded, 
p,pr.  budding],  to  graft:  v.i.  to 
put  forth  or  produce  buds ;  begin 
to  grow:  n.  the  rudimentary,  un- 
developed stage  of  a  branch,  leaf, 
or  flower ;  a  gemmule. 

Bud-dhist  (bood'ist),  n.  one  who 
accepts  the  doctrines  of  Bud- 
dhism :  adj.  pertaining  to  Buddha 
or  Buddhism. 

budge  (buj),  v.i.  to  move  from 
one's  position :  v.t.  change  the 
position  of. 

budge  (buj),  n.  lambskin  dressed 
with  the  wool  outwards. 

bndg-et  (buj'et),  n.  a  bag  with 
its  contents :  hence  a  stock  or 
store;  the  annual  financial  state- 
ment of  the  Chancellor  of  the 
Exchequer. 

bud-let  (bud'let),  n.  a  small  bud. 


buff  (buf),  n.  a  thick  leather  pre- 
pared from  the  skin  of  the  buf- 
falo, ox,  &c.,  dressed  with  oil ;  a 
light  yellow ;  the  bare  skin  :  adj. 
made  of  buff-leather  ;  buff -colored. 

buf-fa-lo  (buf'a-16),  n.  [pi.  buffa- 
loes (-loz)],  a  ruminant  mammal 
of  the  ox  family  ;  a  name  given  to 
various  wild  oxen,  especially  to 
the  North  American  bison. 

buf-fa-lo-bird  (-bercl),  n.  bird 
which  perches  on  the  buffalo  to 
catch  parasites. 

buf-fer  (buf'er),  n.  any  contriv- 
ance which  serves  to  deaden  the 
concussion  caused  by  the  impact 
of  two  bodies ;  a  good-tempered, 
somewhat  foolish  person. 

buf-fet  (buf'et),  n.  a  blow  with 
the  hand :  v.t.  to  strike  with  the 
hand  ;  box  ;  beat ;  contend  against : 
v.i.  to  exercise  or  contend  with 
blows ;  struggle. 

buf-fet  (buf'et  &  boo-fa'),  n.  a 
cupboard  or  sideboard ;  a  counter 
for  refreshments. 

buf-fo  (boof'6),  n.  the  comic  actor 
in  an  opera :  adj.  comic ;  bur- 
lesque. 

buf-foon  (buf-oon'),  n.  one  Ayho 
amuses  others  by  low  jests,  antics, 
odd  gestures,  &c. 

buf-foon-er-y  (buf-6on'er-i),  n. 
[pi.  buffooneries  (-iz)],  the  arts 
and  practices  of  a  buffoon  ;  vulgar 
tricks  and  postures. 

buf-fy  (buf'i),  adj.  buff-colored. 

bug  (bug),  n.  name  in  England 
for  the  bedbug ;  an  insect. 

bug-a-boo  (bug'a-boo),  n.  a  bug- 
bear. 

bug-bear  (bug'bar),  n.  a 
frightful  object ;  a  Vain  terror. 

bug-gy  (bug'i),  n.  a  light  four- 
wheeled  carriage  drawn  by  one 
horse. 

bu-gle  (bu'gl),  n.  a  hunting  horn; 
a  military  wind-instrument. 

bu-gle  (bii'gl),  n.  an  elongated 
glass  brad. 

buhl  (bul),  n.  decorative  inlay- 
ing for  cabinet-work,  consisting  of 
brass  or  other  metal,  tortoise-shell. 
&•<•.,  worked  into  scrolls  or  other 
patterns ;  the  articles  so  orna- 
mented. 

build  (bild),v.*.  [pt.  &  p.p.  built, 
builded,  p.p.  building],  to  con- 
struct ;  erect,  as  a  house ;  form 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


buf 


141 


bul 


by  art ;  raise  anytning  on  a  sup- 
port or  foundation  :  establish  :  v.i. 
to  construct  an  edifice ;  depend. 
base,  or  reckon  [with  on  or  upon~\  : 
n.  mode  or  style  of  construction. 

"build-ing  (bild'ing),  n.  the  act 
of  constructing,  raising,  or  estab- 
lishing ;  an  edifice. 

bulb  (bulb),  n.  an  onion-shaped 
root :  a  kind  of  leaf  bud ;  any 
protuberance  or  expansion  on  a 
stem  or  tube :  v.i.  to  project  as  a 
bulb  [with  out], 

bul-bif-er-ous  (bul-bif'er-us).  adj. 
producing  bulbs. 

bul-bons  (bul'bus)  adj.  pertaining 
to  or  resembling  a  bulb. 

bul-bul  (bool'bool),  n.  the  Per- 
sian nightingale. 

bulb-ule  (bulb'ul),  n.  a  little 
bulb  ;  a  bulblet. 

bulge  (bulj).  n.  the  bilge  or 
widest  part  of  a  cask ;  a  bending 
outwards ;  the  bilge  of  a  ship :  v.i. 
to  jut  out ;  be  protuberant. 

bulk  (bulk),  n.  magnitude  or  size; 
complete  dimensions :  the  main 
mass  or  body ;  the  cargo  of  a 
ship  when  stowed ;  volume :  v.i. 
to  increase  in  size  ;  swell  out. 

bulk-head  (-hed).  n.  a  partition 
in  a  vessel  which  separates  one 
part  of  it  from  another. 

bul-ky  (bul'ki),  adj.  of  great  size 
or  bulk. 

bul-ki-ness  (-nes).  n.  greatness 
in  bulk. 

bull  (bool),  n.  the  male  of  any 
bovine  mammal ;  the  male  of  vari- 
ous large  animals,  as  the  whale, 
elephant,  &c. ;  one  who  endeavors 
to  raise  the  price  of  stock  in 
order  ihat  he  may  sell  dear:  the 
opposite  of  a  bear:  adj.  male,  or 
of  large  size  [in  composition]  : 
v.t.  to  endeavor  to  raise  the  mar- 
ket value  of. 

bull  (bool),  n.  a  papal  letter, 
edict,  or  rescript,  having  a  leaden 
seal  Chiilla)  affixed  to  it. 

bull  (bool),  n.  a  ludicrous  in- 
consistency in  language. 

bull-baiting  (bool'bfit-ing),  n. 
the  sport  of  baiting  or  attacking 
bulls  with  dogs. 

bull-calf  (bool'kaf),  n.  a  male 
calf. 

bull-dog  (bool'dog),  n.  a  variety 
of  dog  of  strong  muscular  build. 


and  remarkable  for  its  courage 
and  ferocity ;  formerly  used  for 
baiting  bulls  :  pi.  a  pair  of  pistols  ; 
a  nroctor's  attendant :  adj.  char- 
acterized by  the  courage  of  a 
bulldog,  as  bulldog  tenacity. 

bul-let  (bpol'et),  n.  a  small  ball 
or  projectile. 

bul-le-tin  (bool'e-tin),  n.  an 
official  report  regarding  some 
matter  or  event  of  public  interest ; 
a  periodical  publication :  v.t.  to 
publish  or  announce  by  bulletin. 

bull-fight  (bool'fit),  n.  a  combat 
between  armed  men  and  a  bull. 

bull-finch  (bool'finch),  n.  a  com- 
mon British  song  bird. 

bull-frog  (bool'Irog),  n.  a  large 
North  American  species  of  frog 
abounding  in  marshy  places,  re- 
markable for  its  loud,  bellowing 
croak. 

bull-head  (bool'hed),  n.  a  broad- 
headed  scaleless  fish  of  North 
America ;  catfish. 

bul-lion  (bool'yun),  n.  uncoined 
gold  or  silver ;  foreign  coin ;  a 
heavy  twisted  fringe  covered  with 
fine  gold-  or  silver-wire. 

bnl-liou-ist  (bool'yun-ist),  n.  an 
advocate  for  an  exclusive  metallic 
currency,  or  a  metallic  currency 
combined  with  convertible  paper. 

bul-lock  (bool'ok),  n.  an  ox  or 
castrated  bull ;  a  full-grown  steer. 

bull's-eye  (boolz'i),  n.  a  boss  of 
glass;  a  sweet-meat;  any  circular 
opening  for  light  or  air ;  a  small 
obscure  cloud,  with  a  ruddy  cen- 
ter ;  a  lantern  with  a  convex  lens ; 
a  plano-convex  lens  for  concen- 
trating the  light,  attached  to  a 
microscope;  the  center  of  a  tar- 
get ;  a  shot  that  hits  the  bull's- 
eye. 

bull-ter-ri-er  (bool'ter'i-er),  n.  a 
cross-breed  between  the  bulldog 
and  the  terrier. 

bull-y  (bool'i),  n.  [pi.  bullies 
('iz)L  one  who  domineers  by  in- 
solence or  threats :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
bullied,  p.pr.  bullying],  to  over- 
bear with  bluster  and  menaces : 
v.i.  to  be  insolently  noisy  and 
quarrelsome. 

bul-rush  (bool'rush),  n.  a  rush- 
like  aquatic  plant. 

bulse  (buls).  n.  a  bag  or  purse 
used  in  the  East  Indies  to  carry 


late,  mar,  mAsk,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  h§r,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  p6rch.  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bul 


142 


bur 


or  measure  valuables ;  a  packet  of 
diamonds  or  gold  dust. 

bulwark  (bool'werk) .  n.  a  ram- 
part ;  a  fortification ;  the  boarding 
round  the  sides  of  a  ship,  above 
the  level  of  the  deck ;  any  moans 
of  protection  or  defense. 

bum-ble-bee  (bum'bl-be),  n.  a 
large  bee. 

bum-boat  (bum'bot),  n.  a  boat 
used  for  the  conveyance  of  pro- 
visions, fruit,  &c.,  for  sale  to  ves- 
sels lying  off  the  shore. 

bniu-iuer  (bum'er),  n.  a  loafing 
fellow  who  sponges  on  others ;  a 
low  politician. 

bump  (bump),  n.  a  shock 
from  a  blow ;  a  swelling  protuber- 
ance ;  the  striking  of  a  boat  by 
the  prow  of  another  following  it 
in  college  boat-races :  v.t.  to  bring 
in  violent  contact ;  thump :  v.i.  to 
come  in  collision ;  strike  heavily. 

bump-er  (bump'er) ,  n.  an  over- 
flowing cup. 

bump-kin  (bump'kin),  n.  an  awk- 
ward, clumsy  rustic ;  a  country 
lout. 

bump-tious  (bump'shus),  adj. 
self-assertive. 

bun  (bun).  «.  a  small  light  cake. 

bunch  (bunch),  n.  a  cluster;  a 
collection  of  things  of  the  same 
kind  growing  or  fastened  together ; 
a  tuft ;  a  small  mass  of  ore :  v.i. 
to  swell  out ;  cluster :  v.t.  to  form 
into  a  bunch  ;  to  present  (a  lady) 
with  a  bouquet. 

bunch -i-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  bunchy. 

bunch-y  (bunch'i),  adj.  gathered 
into  a  bunch. 

bun-co  (bung'ko).  n.  a  confidence 
game. 

bun-combe  or  bun-kum  (bung'- 
kum),  n.  idle  or  showy  speech, 
especially  if  intended  to  secure 
votes  or  satisfy  one's  constitu- 
ents. 

fcniicl  (bund),  n.  an  embankment 
to  protect  the  land  against  inunda- 
tion. 

bnn-des-rath  (boon'des-rat).  n. 
the  federal  council  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire ;  bund. 

bun-die  (bun'dl),  n.  a  number 
of  things  bound  together ;  a  roll  or 
package ;  two  reams  of  printing 
or  brown  paper :  v.t.  to  tie  or 


bind  in  a  bundle  or  roll  ;  to  dis- 
miss unceremoniously  [with  off  or 
out]  :  v.i.  to  depart  without  cere- 
mony [with  off]. 

bung  (bung),  n.  a  large  cork  for 
stopping  the  hole  in  a  cask ;  a 
publican :  v.t.  to  stop  with  a 
bung ;  close  or  shut  up. 

bun-ga-low  (bung'ga-lo),  n.  a 
single-storied  house,  lightly  built, 
and  generally  surrounded  by  a 
veranda. 

bun-gle  (bung'gl),  v.i.  to  botch; 
manage  awkwardly :  v.t.  to  per- 
form clumsily :  n.  a  clumsy  per- 
formance ;  a  botch. 

bun-ion  (bun'yun),  n.  a  swelling 
on  the  foot,  usually  over  the  joint 
of  the  great  toe. 

bunk  (bungk),  n.  a  box  or  recess 
serving  for  a  sleeping-berth  in  a 
vessel,  sleeping-car,  &c. :  v.i.  to 
sleep  in  a  bunk. 

bun-ker  (bung'ker),  n.  a  large 
bin  or  receptacle ;  a  sandhole  on 
golf  links. 

bunt  (bunt),  n.  the  middle  part 
or  belly  of  a  square  sail :  v.i.  to 
swell  out:  v.t.  to  haul  up,  as  the 
middle  part  of  a  sail  in  furling. 

bunt  (bunt  I. n.  a  species  of  fungus 
which  produces  the  smut  disease 
in  wheat. 

bunt -ing  (bunt'ing),  n.  a  bird 
allied  to  the  finches  and  the  spa.- 
rows ;  a  thin  woolen  stuff  used  for 
making  flags  :  flags  collectively. 

bunt-line  (Imut'lln),  n.  one  of 
the  ropes  attached  to  the  foot- 
rope  of  a  square  sail  to  draw  the 
sail  up  to  the  yard. 

buoy  (boi).  n.  a  floating  body 
moored  at  a  certain  place  to  in- 
dicate the  position  of  something 
beneath  the  water;  a  life-buoy: 
r.t.  to  keep  afloat  in  a  fluid 
[with  «p]  ;  to  mark  with  a  buoy: 
support. 

buoy-age  (boi'fij),  n.  buoys  col- 
lectively. 

buoy-an-cy  (boi'an-si),  n.  relative 
lightness;  elasticity  of  spirits. 

buoy-ant  (boi'&nt),  adj.  having 
the  quality  of  floating  in  a  fluid ; 
not  easily  depressed. 

bur  (ber),  n.  the  rough  prickly 
seed-case  of  certain  plants;  a 
partially  burnt  brick  ;  the  guttural 
pronunciation  of  the  rough  r; 


late.  mar.  mask.  cat.  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pQrch.  lot;  moon, 
r-ook  ;  rmite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bur 


143 


bur 


the  rough  ridges  of  metal  left  by 
the  graver  in  cutting  metal. 

bur-hot  (ber'bot),  n.  the  eel- 
pout. 

bur-den  (ber'cln).  n.  that  which 
is  borne  or  carried ;  a  load ;  some- 
thing grievous,  wearisome,  or  op- 
pressive; a  ship's  capacity  for 
carrying  a  cargo ;  a  chorus  or  re- 
frain ;  a  topic  on  which  one 
dwells :  v.t.  to  load ;  lay  a  weight 
upon. 

bur-dock  (ber'dok),  n.  a  large 
wayside  weed  with  rough  broad 
leaves. 

bu-reau  (bu'ro),  n.  [pi.  bureaus 
or  bureaux  ('roz)],  a  desk  or 
writing-table  furnished  with 
drawers  ;  an  office  ;  a  government- 
al department  for  the  transac- 
tion of  public  business. 

bn-reau-cra-cy  (bu-ro'kra-si),  n. 
the  system  of  centralized  govern- 
ment by  means  of  bureaus  or  de- 
partments ;  the  officials  administer- 
ing sucli  bureaus,  as  a  body. 

bu-reau-crat  (bu'ro-krat).  n.  an 
advocate  or  supporter  of  bureau- 
cracy. 

burg  ((berg),  n.  a  borough. 

bur-gess  (ber'jes).  n.  a  citizen  or 
freeman  of  a  borough. 

bur-gher  (ber'gerl.  n.  a  citizen 
or  freeman  of  a  burg  or  borough. 

burg-lar  (berg'lar),  n.  one  who 
breaks  into  a  house  at  night  with 
intent  to  commit  a  felony. 

burg-la  ri-ous  (berg-la'ri-us) , 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  constituting, 
burglary. 

burg-la-ry  (berg'Ia-ri),  n.  the  act 
or  crime  of  breaking  into  a  house 
at  night  with  intent  to  commit  a 
felony. 

bur-go-mas-ter  (ber'go-mas-ter) , 
n.  the  chief  magistrate  of  a  mu- 
nicipal town  in  Holland,  Flanders, 
and  Germany. 

bnr-gun-dy  (ber'gun-di),  n.  a 
wine,  red  and  white,  made  in 
Burgundy  in  France. 

bur-gun-dy-pitcb,  (-pitch),  n. 
spruce-fir  resin. 

bur-i-al  (ber'i-al),  n.  the  act  of 
burying. 

bu-rln  (bu'rin),  n.  a  cutting  tool. 

burl  (bierl),  n.  a  small  knot  or 
lump  in  thread  or  cloth  ;  a  knot  in 


wood :  v.t .  to  pick  knots,  &c.,  from 
as  in  finishing  cloth. 

bur-lap  (ber'lap),  n.  a  coarse 
fabric  made  of  jute,  hemp,  &c., 
used  for  bagging  or  in  upholstery 
[commonly  in  the  pi.]. 

burlesque  (ber-lesk'),  adj.  tend- 
ing to  excite  laughter  by  extrav- 
agant contrast  or  caricature :  n. 
a  ludicrous,  grotesque  representa- 
tion ;  a  literary  composition  or 
dramatic  piece  composed  in  bur- 
lesque style :  v.t.  to  ridicule  or 
make  ridiculous  by  caricatured 
representation  ;  travesty  ;  parody. 

bur-let-ta  (ber-let'u),  n.  a  comic 
opera ;  a  musical  farce. 

bur-li-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  quality 
of  being  burly. 

bur-ly  (ber'li),  adj.  bulky;  large; 
corpulent. 

Bur-mese  (ber'mez),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Burma. 

burn  (bern),  v.t.  [p.t.  burnt  & 
burned,  p.pr.  burning],  to  con- 
sume or  injure  with  fire ;  reduce 
to  ashes ;  scorch ;  expose  to  the 
action  of  fire ;  produce  by  means 
of  fire ;  affect  with  a  burning  sen- 
sation ;  cauterize :  v.i.  to  be  on 
fire ;  suffer  from  or  be  injured  by 
excess  of  heat ;  glow ;  shine ;  be 
inflamed  with  passion  or  desire : 
n.  an  injury  to  the  flesh  caused 
by  fire. 

Syn.  blaze,  brand,  consume,  cre- 
mate,  scorch,   singe. 
Ant .  ( see  cool ) . 

burn  (bern),  n.  a  rivulet;  a 
brook. 

bur-ner  (ber'ner),  n.  one  who 
burns  or  sets  fire  to  anything ;  the 
part  of  a  lamp  or  gas  fixture  from 
which  the  llame  issues. 

bum-ing- glass  (-gifts),  n.  a 
double-convex  lens  used  to  focus 
the  rays  of  the  sun  upon  com- 
bustible substances  to  ignite  them. 

bur-nish  (ber'nish),  v.t.  polish 
by  friction ;  make  smooth  and 
lustrous :  n.  polish  ;  gloss  ;  bright- 
ness. 

burnt  of-fer-ing  (of'er-ing),  n. 
something  offered  and  burnt  upon 
an  altar  as  a  sacrifice  or  an  atone- 
ment for  sin. 

bur-row  (bur'o),  n.  a  hole  in  the 
ground  excavated  by  a  rabbit  or 
other  animal,  as  a  refuge  and  hab- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bur 


144 


out 


itation :  v.i.  to  excavate ;  work  a 
way  into  or  under  something ; 
lodge  in  a  deep  or  concealed  place  ; 
hide. 

bur-ry  (bur'i),  adj.  full  of  burs; 
rough. 

bur-sa  (ber'sa),  n.  a  sac  or  sac- 
like  cavity. 

bur-sar  (ber'ser),  n.  the  treasurer 
of  a  college ;  a  university  student 
who  receives  an  allowance  for  his 
support. 

bur-sar-y  (ber'ser-i),  n.  the  treas- 
ury of  a  college  or  monastery  ;  the 
allowance  paid  to  a  student  in  a 
Scottish  university. 

burst  (berst),  v.i.  [pt.  &  p.p. 
burst,  p.pr.  bursting],  to  rend  or 
break  open  with  violence ;  yield  to 
internal  force  or  pressure ;  ex- 
plode ;  give  way  under  excess  of 
grief  or  pain  ;  appear  or  disappear 
suddenly :  v.t.  to  rend  or  break 
by  violence ;  open  suddenly :  n.  a 
violent  or  sudden  breaking  forth ; 
a  sudden  explosion ;  a  rush ;  a 
strenuous  effort ;  a  spurt. 

bur-y  (ber-i),  n.  a  manor-house 
a  borough. 

bur-y  (ber'i),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
buried,  p.pr.  burying],  to  deposit 
and  cover  in  a  grave  or  tomb,  or 
in  any  final  resting-place ;  en- 
tomb ;  keep  secret ;  hide. 

bur-y-ing  (ber'i-ing),  n.  burial 
(John  xii.  7). 

bus  (bus),  n.  a  shortened  form  of 
omnibus. 

bush,  (boosh),  n.  a  thick  shrub;  a 
forest  region ;  wild,  uncleared 
country ;  the  tail  or  brush  of  a 
fox ;  a  branch  of  a  tree  formerly 
hung  out  as  a  tavern  sign :  v.i.  to 
grow  thick  or  bushy :  v.t .  to  set 
bushes  about ;  use  a  bush-harrow 
on. 

bush  (boosh),  n.  a  lining  or  tube 
of  hard  metal  inserted  in  an 
orifice,  to  reduce  wear  by  friction  : 
v.t.  to  furnish  with  a  bush. 

Bush-man  (boosh'man),  n.  [pi. 
bushmen  ('men)],  one  of  a  tribe 
of  aboriginals  near  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  :  a  Bosjesman. 

bush-rang-er  (boosh'ranj-er),  n. 
one  who  leads  a  predatory  life  in 
the  bush  country ;  originally  a 
criminal  who  escaped  and  lived  a 
lawless  life  in  the  bush. 


bush-whack-er  (boosh'hwak-er), 
n.  a  back-woodsman ;  an  im- 
plement for  cutting  brushwood. 

bush-el  (bposh'el),  n.  a  dry  meas- 
ure containing  eight  gallons  or 
four  pecks ;  a  vessel  of  such  a 
capacity ;  a  large  quantity. 

bush-i-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  quality 
of  being  bushy. 

bush-y  (boosh'i),  adj.  thick  and 
spreading  like  a  bush ;  overgrown 
with  shrubs. 

bus-i-ly  (biz'i-li),  adv.  in  a  busy 
manner. 

business  (biz'nes),  n.  employ- 
ment ;  trade ;  profession ;  some- 
thing to  be  transacted  or  re- 
quired to  be  done ;  right  of  action  ; 
affair;  matter:  adj.  pertaining  to 
business ;  practical. 

Syn.  vocation,  employment,  en- 
gagement, occupation,  art,  pro- 
fession, trade. 

busk  (busk),  n.  a  strip  of  flexible 
material  worn  in  the  front  of 
corsets. 

bus-kin  (bus'kin),  n.  kind  of 
half-boot  or  high  shoe  reaching  to 
the  middle  of  the  calf ;  a  high  shoe 
(cothurnus)  worn  by  ancient 
actors  in  tragedy  to  increase  their 
height. 

buss  (bus),  n.  a  small  two-masted 
vessel  used  in  herring  fishing. 

bust  (bust),  n.  the  chest  or 
thorax ;  the  head,  shoulders,  and 
breast  of  a  person  represented  in 
sculpture. 

bus-tard  (bus'terd),  n.  a  bird  of 
the  genus  Otis,  of  which  tlirr<- 
are  many  species,  as  the  great 
bustard  of  Europe  and  Africa. 

bus-tie    (bus'l),   v.i.   to   be   busy, 
with   a  certain  amount  of  noise; 
move    quickly :    n.    tumult ;    noisy 
activity  ;     a  pad  or  cushion  worn 
by  women  beneath  the  skirt. 
Syn.  stir,  tumult,  fuss. 
Ant.  (see  quiet). 

bus-y  (biz'i),  adj.  earnestly  or 
closely  employed;  bustling;  dili- 

fent ;    officious  ;    meddlesome :   v.t. 
p.t.  &  p.p.  busied,  p.pr.  busying], 
to   keep   constantly    engaged ;    oc- 
cupy one's  self  actively. 
bus-y-bod-y    (biz'i-bod-i),   n.    [pL 
busybodies     (-iz)],     a     meddling, 
officious  person. 
butch-er    (booch'er),  ».  one  who 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


out 


buz 


slaughters  animals  for  food  ;  one 
who  delights  in  slaughter :  v.t.  to 
slaughter  for  food ;  to  murder  in 
a  barbarous  manner. 

butch-er-bird  (-herd),  n.  a 
name  given  to  various  shrikes, 
from  their  habit  of  suspending 
their  slaughtered  prey  upon 
thorns. 

butch-er-y  (booch'er-i),  n.  the 
business  of  slaughtering  cattle ; 
barbarous  murder. 

but-ler  (but'ler),  n.  a  manserv- 
ant in  a  household  who  has  the 
care  of  the  plate,  wines  &c. ;  the 
chief  servant  in  a  large  household. 

butt  (but),  n.  a  push  or  thrust 
delivered  by  the  head  of  an  ani- 
mal ;  a  thrust  in  fencing :  v.t.  to 
strike  by  thrusting  the  head 
against. 

butt  (but),  n.  the  extremity  of  a 
thing ;  the  thicker  end  of  any- 
thing ;  a  target ;  a  rifle  or  gun- 
nery range ;  a  goal ;  a  limit ;  the 
thickest  part  of  tanned  ex-hides ; 
an  object  of  ridicule. 

butt  (but),  n.  a  large  cask  of 
117  gals,  of  Lisbon  wine,  or  108 
gals,  of  beer. 

butte  (but),  n.  an  abrupt  isolated 
hill  or  ridge. 

but-ter  (but'er),  n.  an  oily, 
unctuous  substance  obtained  from 
cream  or  milk  by  churning ;  any 
substance  of  butter-like  consist- 
ence ;  gross  flattery :  v.t.  to  spread 
or  smear  with  butter ;  to  flatter 
grossly. 

but-ter-bird  (-berd),  n.  the  rice- 
bunting. 

bnt-ter-cup  (-kup),  n.  a  plant 
bearing  yellow  cup-shaped  flowers. 

but-ter-fin-gers  ( -fing'gerz ) ,  n.pl. 
one  who  lets  a  ball  slip  through 
His  fi n 'r(*rs 

but-ter"-fly  (but'er-fli),  n.  [pi. 
butterflies  (-fliz)],  a  general 
name  for  any  species  of  durnal 
lepidopterous  insects ;  a  gay, 
showily-dressed,  trifling  person. 

but-ter-ine  (but'er-in),  n.  an  imi- 
tation butter. 

but-ter-milk  (but'er-milk),  n. 
whey  separated  from  the  cream  in 
butter-making. 

but-ter-nut  (but'er-nut),  n.  the 
fruit  of  a  North  American  tree 
allied  to  the  walnut. 


but-ter-y  (but'er-i),  n.  [pi.  but- 
teries (-iz)],  an  apartment  in 
which  provisions,  wines,  &c..  are 
kept ;  a  room  in  some  colleges 
where  liquors  and  provisions  are 
kept  for  sale. 

but-ting  (but'ing),  n.  an  abuttal; 
a  boundary. 

but-tock  (but'ok),  n.  the  rump  or 
protuberant  hinder  part  of  a  man 
or  animal  [used  usually  in  the 
pi.]  ;  the  convex  part  of  a  ship 
under  the  stern. 

but-ton  (but'n),  n.  any  small 
rounded  object  used  to  secure 
different  parts  of  a  garment,  or 
attached  for  ornament ;  something 
resembling  a  button  ;  the  knob  at 
the  end  of  a  foil ;  a  ball  of  gold, 
&c.,  worn  on  the  hats  of  Chinese 
officials  to  indicate  their  rank :  pi. 
young  mushrooms ;  a  page  boy : 
v.t.  to  fasten  or  furnish  with  but- 
tons. 

lint-ton  hole  (but'n-hol),  n.  a 
small  bouquet  worn  in  the  coat : 
v.t.  to  detain  in  conversation 
against  the  will ;  bore. 

but-ton- wood  (-wood),  n.  the 
plane-tree. 

but-tress  (but'res),  n.  masonry  or 
brickwork  built  on  to  an  outside 
wall  to  afford  support ;  a  support.: 
v.t.  to  support  by  a  buttress; 
prop. 

bu-ty-rate  (bu'ti-rat),  n.  a  salt 
of  butyric  acid. 

bu-tyr-ic  (bu-tir'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  derived  from  butter. 

bu-tyr-ic  ac-id  (as'id),  n.  a  color- 
less liquid  obtained  from  butter : 
it  is  present  also  in  cod-liver  oil 
and  in  sweat  glands. 

bux-om  (buk'sum),  adj.  cheerful; 
jolly ;  robust ;  plump  and  comely. 

buy  (bl),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  bought, 
p.pr.  buying],  to  acquire  by  pay- 
ing an  agreed  price ;  purchase ; 
bribe. 

buy-er*s  op-tion  (bi'erz,  op'shun), 
n.  a  purchaser's  privilege  of  tak- 
ing an  agreed  amount  of  stock 
within  a  certain  period. 

buzz  (buz),  n.  a  continuous  hum- 
ming noise,  as  of  bees ;  a  confused 
or  blended  murmur,  as  of  many 
voices ;  a  whispered  report  or 
rumor:  v.i.  to  make  a  low  hum- 
ming sound ;  speak  with  a  low 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


DUZ 


146 


By, 


humming  voice :  v.t.  spread  secret- 
ly. 

buzz-saw  (-saw),  n.  a  circular 
saw. 

buz-zard  (buz'erd),  n.  the  name 
of  several  species  of  hawks ;  a 
stupid,  dull  fellow. 

buz-zing-ly  (-li),  adv.  with  a 
humming  sound. 

bye  (hi),  n.  a  run  scored  at  cricket 
when  the  ball  passes  the  wicket- 
keeper  and  long-stop,  and  has  not 


been  struck  by  the  batsman ;  a 
goal  at  football. 

by-law  (-law),  n.  a  private  law 
or  statute  framed  by  a  corporate 
body. 

by-word  (bl'werd),  n.  a  proverb; 
nickname ;  an  object  of  derision. 

Byz-an-tine  (biz-an'tin),  adj.  of, 
or  pertaining  to,  Byzantium  (Con- 
stantinople), the  ancient  capital 
of  the  Eastern  Roman  Empire. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cab 


147 


cad 


cab  (kab),  n.  a  public  carriage 
with  four  or  two  wheels,  drawn 
by  one  horse ;  the  shelter  for  the 
driver  of  a  locomotive  :  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  cabbed,  p.pr.  cabbing],  to 
pass  over  in  a  cab :  as,  to  cab 
the  distance. 

ca-bal  (ka-bal'),  n.  a  secret  com- 
bination of  a  few  persons  for 
carrying  out  some  specific  design  ; 
an  intrigue :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
caballed,  p.pr.  caballing],  to  unite 
in  secret  with  others  to  effect 
some  design. 

cab-a-la  (kab'a-la),  n.  a  secret 
science  of  the  Jewish  rabbins  to 
interpret  the  hidden  meaning  of 
the  Pentateuch ;  esoteric  doctrine. 

cab -al -ism  (kab  al-izm),  n.  occult 
doctrine. 

cab-al-ist  (kab'al-ist),  n.  one 
versed  in  the  Jewish  cabala ;  an 
occultist. 

ca-bal-le-ro  (ka-ba-la'ro),  n.  a 
Spanish  knight  or  gentleman ;  a 
stately  Spanish  dance. 

cab-bage  (kab'aj),  n.  the  well- 
known  vegetable ;  the  terminal 
head  of  palm-trees ;  tailors'  clip- 
pings, taken  as  perquisites :  v.i. 
to  form  a  head  like  that  of  the 
cabbage :  v.t.  to  appropriate  to 
one's  own  use,  as  remnants. 

ca-be-ca  (ka-ba'sa),  n.  the  finest 
quality  of  Indian  silk. 

cab-in  (kab'in),  n.  a  small  hut, 
cottage,  or  room ;  a  room  in  a 
ship  for  officers  or  passengers  :  v.t. 
to  confine  in  a  cabin :  v.i.  to  live 
in  a  cabin. 

cab-i-net  (kab'i-net)  n.  a  small 
apartment ;  a  private  room ;  a 
piece  of  furniture  to  hold  objects 
of  vertu,  &c. ;  a  cabinet  photo- 
graph ;  a  deliberative  committee 
of  the  principal  members  of  the 
Ministry. 

cab-i-net  pic-ttire  (pik'tur),  n. 
a  valuable  picture  of  small  dimen- 
sions. 

ca-ble  (ka'bl),  n.  a  large  strong 
rope  or  chain  ;  a  submarine  tele- 
graph line ;  a  molding  resembling 
a  cable;  a  measure  of  distance  = 


100  to  140  fathoms :  v.t.  to  fasten, 
with  a  cable ;  transmit  by  tele- 
graph cable. 

ca-ble-gram  (ka'bl-gram) ,  n.  a 
message  sent  by  a  submarine 
cable. 

ca-bo-chon  (ka'boo-shon),  n.  a 
precious  stone  polished  but  not 
faceted. 

ca-boose  (ka-boos'),  n.  a  ship's 
galley  or  kitchen ;  the  trainmen's 
car  attached  to  a  freight-train. 

cab-ri-o-let  (kab-ri-o-l:V),  n.  a 
covered  carriage  with  two  or  four 
wheels  drawn  by  one  horse. 

ca-ca-ine  (ka-ka'in),  n.  the  es- 
sential principle  of  cacao. 

ca-ca-o  (ka-ka'6),  n.  a  small  ever- 
green tree  of  tropical  America 
and  West  Indies,  from  the  seeds 
of  which  cocoa  and  chocolate  are 
prepared. 

cache  (kash),  n.  a  place  of  con- 
cealment for  food  for  future  use : 
v.t.  to  hide  (provisions)  in  the 
ground. 

cach-e-lot  (kash'a-lot  &  -lo'),  n.. 
the  sperm  whale,  which  yields; 
spermaceti. 

ca-chet  ( ka-sha' ),  n.  a  seal. 

cach-in-na-tion  ( kak-i-na'shun ) , 
n.  loud  or  unrestrained  laughter. 

cach-0-long  (kash'p-long),  n.  a 
milk  or  greyish-white  variety  of 
opal ;  pearl  opal. 

ca-chou  (ka-shoo'),  n.  a  pill  for 
sweetening  the  breath. 

ca-cique  (kfi-sek'),  n.  the  name 
or  title  of  the  aboriginal  chiefs  of 
the  West  Indies  and  some  parts  of 
South  America. 

cack-le  (kak'l),  v.i.  to  cry  like  a 
hen  or  goose :  specifically  used  of 
the  cry  made  by  a  hen  which  has. 
laid  an  egg ;  giggle ;  prattle :  «. 
the  cry  of  a  hen  or  goose ;  silly- 
talk. 

ca  -c  oph-o  -n  ous  ( ka-kof 'o-nus ) ,, 
adj.  discordant. 

cac-tus  (kak'tus),  n.  [pi.  cacti- 
('ti)  &  cactuses  (-ez)],  a  spiny 
fleshy  plant  with  showy  flowers. 

cad  (kad),  n.  a  vulgar,  ill-bred  fel- 
low ;  an  omnibus  conductor. 


late,  mar,  m&sk,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  Jet;  line,  tin;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moonr 
cook ;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


cad 


148 


cal 


ca-da-ver  (ka-da'ver),  n.  a  dead 
body  ;  a  corpse. 

ca-dav-er-ous  (ka-dav'er-us),  adj. 
resembling  a  corpse ;  pale ; 
ghastly. 

cad-die  (kad'i),  n.  a  lad  who 
carries  golf  clubs. 

cad-dis  (kad'is),  n.  the  larva  of 
the  caddis-fly. 

cad-dy  (kad'i),  n.  [pi.  caddies 
('is)Ji  a  small  box  for  keeping 
tea. 

cade  (kad),  n.  a  barrel  or  cask  of 
500  herrings,  or  1,000  sprats. 

ca-dence  (ka'dens),  n.  the  full 
modulation  of  the  voice  in  reading 
or  speaking ;  rhythm ;  a  musical 
run  or  trill.  • 

ca-den-za  (ka-den'za),  n.  a  vocal 
or  instrumental  flourish. 

ca-det  (ka-det'),  n.  a  younger 
son  ;  student  in  a  naval  or  mili- 
tary academy. 

ca-di  (ka'tll),  n.  a  Mohammedan 
judge. 

Cad-me-an  (kad-me'an),  adj.  of 
or  belonging  to  Cadmus ;  Theban. 

cad-mi-uin  (kad'mi-um),  n.  a 
bluish-white  ductile  metal,  re- 
sembling tin. 

ca-du-ce-an.  (ka-du'se-an),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  caduceus,  the 
winged  staff  of  Mercury,  entwined 
with  serpents. 

cos  cum  (se'kum),  n.  [pi.  caeca 
('ka)J,  the  blind  gut;  a  pouch- 
like  appendage  of  the  large  intes- 
tine, having  one  end  closed. 

Cae  sa  ri-aii  (se-za're-an),  adj. 
pertaining  to  Caesar. 

Cae-sa-ri-an.  op-er-a-tion  (op-er- 
a'shun),  n.  a  delivery  of  a  foetus 
by  cutting  through  the  walls  of 
the  abdomen. 

Caesar-ism  (se'zar-izm),  n.  im- 
perialism ;  absolute  rule  or  gov- 
ernment. 

caes-i-um  (ses'i-um),  n.  a  rare 
metal  associated  with  rubidium. 

caf-e  (kaf-a'),  n.  a  restaurant. 

caf-fe-iiie  (kaf'e-in),  n.  a  bitter 
alkaloid  extracted  from  coffee ; 
theine. 

cage  (kaj),  n.  a  box  or  inclosure 
furnished  with  metal  bars  for 
confining  birds,  or  other  animals ; 
a  contrivance  for  raising  and 
lowering  men  in  a  mine  shaft : 
v.t.  to  confine  in  a  cage ;  shut  up. 


ca-ique  (ka-ek'),  n.  a  skiff  or 
light  rowing  boat  used  on  the 
Bosphorus. 

cairn  (karn),  n.  a  conical  heap 
of  stones  erected  as  a  monument. 

cairn-gorm  (karn'gOrm),  n.  a 
yellow  or  brown  variety  of  quartz 
or  rock-crystal. 

cais-son  (ka'sun),  n.  an  ammuni- 
tion-wagon or  chest ;  a  box  filled 
with  explosives  for  firing  a  mine ; 
a  water-tight  box  or  casing  used 
for  building  structures  in  water; 
a  sunken  panel  in  a  ceiling ;  a 
structure  for  raising  and  floating 
sunken  vessels. 

cai-tiff  (ka'tif),  n.  a  despicable 
or  cowardly  wretch :  adj.  despic- 
able ;  vile ;  cowardly. 

ca-jole  (ka-jol'),  v.t.  to  coax  or 
deceive  by  flattery ;  wheedle ; 
cheat. 

cake  (kak),  n.  a  small  mass  of 
dough,  sweetened  and  baked ;  a 
compressed  or  solidified  mass  of 
any  substance,  especially  if  thin 
or  flat ;  a  simpleton :  v.t.  to  form 
into  a  cake :  v.i.  to  consolidate 
into  a  hard  mass. 

cal-a-bash.  (kal'a-bash),  n.  the 
fruit  of  the  calabash  tree  of  trop- 
ical America,  used  when  dried  as 
a  vessel  for  liquids,  etc. 

cal-a-boose  (kal-a-boos'),  n.  s. 
jail ;  a  lockup. 

ca-lam-i-tous  (ka-lam'i-tus) ,  adj. 
producing,  or  resulting  from, 
calamity. 

ca-lam-i-ty  ( ka-lam'i-ti ) ,  n.  [pi. 
calamities  (-tiz)],  any  cause  that 
produces  evil,  disaster,  or  extreme 
misfortune  ;  distress  ;  affliction. 

8yn.   disaster,   misfortune,   mis- 
chance, mishap. 

Ant.   (see  good-fortune). 

cal  a-mus  (kal'a-mus),  n.  [pi. 
calami  (-mi)],  a  genus  of  palms 
producing  the  rattan  canes ;  the 
sweet  flag. 

ca-lasli  (ka-lash'),  n.  a  light  car- 
riage with  low  wheels  and  a  fold- 
ing removable  top ;  a  hood  for- 
merly worn  by  women. 

cal-car-e-ous  (kal-kfir'e-us),  adj. 
of  the  nature  of,  or  containing, 
lime. 

cal-ci-fy  (kal'si-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  calcified,  p.pr.  calcifying],  to 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cal 


149 


cal 


convert  into  lime :  v.i.  to  become 
strong  by  conversion  into  lime. 

cal-ci-mine  (kal'si-min),  n.  white 
or  tinted  wash  for  walls  or  ceil- 
ings. 

cal-ci-na-tion  (kal-si-na'shun),  n. 
the  act  or  process  of  reducing  to 
powder  by  heat. 

cal  cine  (kal-sm'),  v.t.  to  reduce 
a  substance  to  powder  by  heat ; 
oxidize :  v.i.  to  undergo  calcina- 
tion. 

cal-cite  (kal'sit),  n.  crystallized 
carbonate  of  lime. 

cal-ci-um  (kal'si-um),  n.  the  me- 
tallic base  of  lime. 

cal-ci-um  car-bide  (kiir'bid),  n. 
a  compound  of  quicklime  and  car- 
bon, from  which  acetylene  is  gen- 
erated by  subjecting  it  to  the 
action  of  water. 

cal-cog-ra-pliy  (kal-kog'ra-fi),  n. 
the  art  of  drawing  with  colored 
chalks  or  pastels. 

calc-spar  (kalk'spar).  n.  a  crys- 
talline carbonate  of  lime  or  cal- 
cite. 

cal-cu-lar-y  (kal'kfi-ler-i),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of, 
calculi. 

cal-cu-late  (kal'ku-lat),  v.t.  to 
compute ;  ascertain  or  determine 
by  any  process  of  reasoning ;  esti- 
mate :  v.i.  to  make  a  computation  ; 
suppose  or  think. 

cal-cu-la-tion  (kal-kii-Ia'shun),  n. 
the  art  of  reckoning  by  numbers : 
computation ;  something  deduced 
by  reasoning  or  inference ;  esti- 
mate ;  opinion. 

cal-cn-la-tive  (kal'ku-la-tiv),  adj. 
tending  to  calculate. 

cal-cu-la-tor  (kal'ku-la-ter),  n. 
one  who.  or  a  machine  that,  com- 
putes or  reckons. 

cal  -  cu  -  lous  (kal'ku-lus),  adj. 
stony  :  gritty. 

cal-cu-lus  (kal'ku-lus),  n.  \pl. 
calculi  (-IT)],  a  stony  concretion 
in  the  body ;  one  of  the  higher 
branches  of  mathematics ;  the  dif- 
ferential calculus. 

cal-de-ra  (kal-da'ra),  n.  a  deep 
caldron-like  cavity  on  the  sum- 
mits of  extinct  volcanoes. 

cal-dron.     See  cauldron. 

cal-en-dar  (kal'en-der),  n.  a  reg- 
ister of  the  days,  weeks,  and 
months  of  the  year,  &c. ;  a  regis- 


ter or  list ;  a  list  of  criminal 
causes  arranged  for  trial :  v.t.  to 
register  or  place  on  a  list. 

cal-en-dar  month  (month),  n.  a 
solar  month  reckoned  according  to 
the  calendar,  as  distinguished 
from  the  lunar  month. 

cal-en-der  (kal'en-der),  n.  a  ma- 
chine consisting  of  heated  rollers, 
used  for  smoothing  and  glazing 
paper  or  cloth  :  v.t.  to  press  in  a 
calender. 

cal-ends  (kal'endz),  n.pl.  in  the 
Roman  calendar,  the  first  day  of 
each  month.  Also  kalends. 

cal-en-ture  (kal'en-tur),  n.  a  vi- 
olent fever  affecting  sailors  in  hot 
latitudes. 

calf  (kiif),  n.  [pi.  calves  (kilvz)], 
a  young  bovine  quadruped,  es- 
pecially of  the  cow ;  the  young  of 
certain  marine  mammalia,  as  the 
whale ;  leather  made  from  the 
skin  of  a  calf ;  a  small  island,  or 
iceberg  near  a  larger  one :  a 
stupid  or  silly  person  ;  the  thick 
fleshy  part  of  the  leg  behind. 

cal-i-ber  (kal'i-ber),  n.  the  diam- 
eter of  a  cylindrical  body ;  mental 
capacity. 

cal-i-brate  (kal'i-brat),  v.t.  to  de- 
termine the  caliber  of ;  graduate. 

cal-i-bra-tion  (kal-i-bra'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  calibrating. 

cal-i-cle  (kal'i-kl),  n.  a  small  cup- 
shaped  cell. 

cal-i-co  (kal'i-ko),  n.  \p1.  calicoes 
&  os  (-koz)],  white  or  unprinted 
cotton  cloth. 

cal-i-graph  (kal'i-graf ),  n.  a  form 
of  typewriter. 

ca-lig-ra-phy  (ku-lig'r&-fi),  n. 
calligraphy. 

cal-i-pash  (kal'i-pash) ,  n.  the 
part  of  a  turtle  belonging  to  the 
upper  shell,  inclosing  a  dull  green- 
ish gelatinous  substance. 

cal-i-pee  (kal'i-pe),  n.  the  part  of 
a  turtle  belonging  to  the  lower 
shell,  inclosing  a  light  yellow  gel- 
atinous substance. 

cal-i-pers  (kal'5-perz),  n.pl.  com- 
passes for  measuring  the  diameters 
of  cylindrical  bodies. 

ca-liph  (kal'  or  ka'lif),  n.  a  title 
of  the  successors  of  Mohammed. 
Also  calif. 

caliphate  (kal'i-fat),  n.  the 
office,  dignity  or  government  of  a 
caliph. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cal 


150 


cal 


cal  -  is  -  then  -  ic  (kal-is-then'ik) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  calisthenics. 

cal  is-tlien-ics  (kal-is-then'iks) , 
n.pl.  the  art  of  promoting  health 
by  physical  exercise ;  simple  gym- 
nastics. 

calk  or  caulk  (kawk),  v.t.  to 
drive  oakum  into  the  seams  of 
(a  ship). 

calk  (kawk),  v.t.  to  copy  (a 
drawing)  by  covering  the  back 
with  chalk  or  lead,  and  trace  over 
the  lines  with  a  style  for  transfer. 

calk  (kawk),  n.  that  part  of  a 
horseshoe  which  projects  down- 
ward to  prevent  slipping;  a  semi- 
circular piece  of  iron  nailed  to  the 
heel  of  a  boot :  v.t.  to  furnish 
with  a  calk. 

call  (kawl),  v.t.  to  summon  from, 
or  invite  to,  any  place ;  convoke 
judicially  or  officially ;  designate 
for  an  office ;  name ;  characterize 
as  ;  exhort ;  utter  in  a  loud  voice  ; 
rouse  from  sleep :  n.  a  summons 
or  invitation ;  a  request  or  com- 
mand ;  a  short  visit ;  the  cry  or 
note  uttered  by  certain  animals ; 
a  demand  for  payment  due  on 
shares ;  the  option  of  claiming 
stock  at  a  certain  time  at  a  stipu- 
lated price. 

call-i-graph  (kal'i-graf),  n.  a 
specimen  of  elegant  penmanship. 

cal-lig-ra-pher  ( kal-lig'ra-fer ) , 
or  cal-lig-ra-phist  (-fist),  n. 
one  skilled  in  hand-writing. 

cal-lig-ra-phy  (kal-lig'rfi-fi),  n. 
elegant  or  beautiful  writing. 

call-ing  (kawl'ing),  n.  the  act  of 
summoning ;  a  summons  or  invita- 
tion ;  a  vocation,  trade,  or  profes- 
sion ;  the  state  of  being  divinely 
called  (II  Pet.  i.  10). 

cal-li-ty-ping  (kal'i-ti-ping),  n. 
the  process  of  producing  plates  for 
printing  purposes  by  means  of 
typewriting  and  photo-engraving. 

cal-lps-ity  (kal-os'i-ti),  n.  [pi.  cal- 
losities (-tiz)],  the  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  hardened  ;  a  callus. 

cal-lous  (kal'us),  adj.  hardened; 
insensible. 

cal  low  (kal'o),  adj.  unfledged. 

cal-lns  (kal'us),  n.  [pi.  calli 
(-!)],  the  hardening  of  the  skin 
from  pressure  ;  bony  matter  which 
unites  the  ends  of  fractured  bones. 

calm    (kam),  adj.  tranquil;  still; 


undisturbed :  n.  stillness ;  seren- 
ity :  v.t.  to  quiet ;  still ;  pacify  : 
v.i.  to  become  calm  (with  down). 
Syn.  collected,  composed,  placid, 
serene. 

Ant.  (see  stormy,  unsettled). 

calomel  (kal'6-mel),  n.  mercu- 
rous  chloride :  used  as  a  purgative 
medicine. 

ca-lor-ic  (ka-lor'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  heat. 

cal-o-ric-i-ty  (kal-o-ris'i-ti),  n. 
the  power  in  animals  of  develop- 
ing and  maintaining  heat. 

cal-o-rie  (kal'o- re),  n.  the  unit  of 
heat  (metric  system)  to  express 
the  amount  of  heat  required  to 
raise  one  kilogramme  of  water 
from  0°  to  1°  centigrade.  Also 
calory. 

ca-lor-i-f  a-ci-ent  ( ka-lor-i-f  a'shi- 
ent),  adj.  heat-producing:  said  of 
food-stuffs. 

cal-o-rif-ic  (kal-o-rif'ik),  adj. 
heating. 

ca-lor-i-fi-ca-tion  ( ka-lor-i-fi-ka'- 
shun),  n.  the  production  of  heat. 

cal-o-rif-ic  rays  (rfiz),  n.pl.  the 
invisible  heating  rays  emanating 
from  the  sun  and  heated  bodies. 

cal-o-rim-e-ter  (kal-o-rim'i-ter) , 
n.  an  apparatus  for  measuring 
heat  produced  or  given  off  by  a 
body. 

cal-o-rim-e-try  ( kal-o-rim'i-tri ) , 
n.  the  art  or  process  of  determin- 
ing the  amount  of  heat  contained 
in,  or  given  off  by,  bodies. 

cal-o-ri-mo-tor  ( kal-o-ri-mo'tor ) , 
n.  a  galvanic  apparatus  for  pro- 
ducing heat  in  a  short  external 
circuit. 

ca-lotte  (ka-lof),  n.  a  plain  skull- 
cap of  satin,  &c. ;  a  cap  or  hood 
on  the  heads  of  certain  birds. 

cal-o-type  (kal'o-tip).  n.  a  photo- 
graphic process  in  which  the 
image  is  received  on  paper  pre- 
pared with  iodide  of  silver.  Also 
called  talbotype,  from  the  name 
of  the  inventor. 

cal-trop  (kal'trop),  n.  an  iron 
Instrument  with  four  spikos. 
placed  in  ditches,  &c.,  to  hinder- 
the  advance  of  troops ;  a  name 
for  various  plants  with  prickly 
fruit. 

cal-u-met  (kal'tl-met),  ».  the 
tobacco-pipe  of  the  North  Ameri- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


151 


cam 


can  Indians,  smoked  as  a  symbol 
of  p^ace,  or  to  ratify  treaties. 

ca-lum-ni-ate  (ka-lum'ni-at),  v.t. 
to  accuse  falsely  and  maliciously  : 
v.i.  to  utter  calumnies. 

ca-lum  ni  a-tion  (ka-lum-ni-a'- 
shun ) ,  n.  the  act  of  calumnia- 
ting. 

c  a-1  u  m-n  i-o  us  ( ka-lum'ni-us ) , 
adj.  slanderous ;  defamatory. 

cal-um-ny  (kal'um-ni),  n.  [pi. 
calumnies  (-niz)],  a  false  accu- 
sation ;  a  slander. 

Cal-va-ry  (kal'va-ri),  n.  the  place 
where  Christ  was  crucified ;  in 
Roman  Catholic  countries  a  rep- 
resentation of  the  crucifixion 
erected  in  the  open  air. 

calve  (kav),  v.i.  to  bring  forth  a 
calf ;  become  detached  from :  said 
of  glaciers  when  icebergs  break 
off  from  them. 

Cal-vin-ism  (kal'vin-izm),  n.  the 
doctrines  of  John  Calvin  [1509- 
64],  the  French  theologian  and 
reformer,  especially  those  relat- 
ing to  predestination  and  election. 

Calvin  1st  (knl'vin-ist).  n.  one 
who  holds  the  doctrines  of  Calvin. 

C  a  1-v  i  n-i  s-t  i  c  ( kal-vin-is'tik ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  Calvin  or  his 
doctrines. 

calx  (kalks),  n.  [pi.  calxes 
(kalk'sez),  or  calces  (kal'sez)], 
lime  or  chalk  ;  the  residuum  of  a 
metal  left  after  calcination. 

ca-lyx  (ka'liks),  n.  [pi.  calyxes 
(k&lik-sez),  calices  (kal'i-sez)  ], 
the  whorl  of  a  ilower. 

cam  (kam),  n.  a  projecting  part 
of  a  wheel  or  other  moving  piece 
of  machinery  for  imparting  an 
eccentric  or  alternating  motion. 

cam-ber  (kam'ber),  n.  a  convex- 
ity on  an  upper  surface ;  a  piece 
of  timber  thus  bent ;  a  small  dock 
for  unloading  timber:  v.t.  to 
curve  or  bend  ;  arch. 

cam  ber-win-dow  (-win'do),  n. 
A  window  arched  at  the  top. 

cambist  (kam'bist),  n.  one  who 
deals  in  notes  or  bills  of  ex- 
change ;  a  money-changer. 

cam-bi-um  (kam'bi-um),  n.  the 
formative  layer  of  cellular  tissue 
which  lies  between  the  young 
wood  and  the  bark  of  exogenous 
trees. 


cam-bra-sine  (kam'bnVzen),  n. 
a  fine  kind  of  cambric ;  batiste. 

cam-brie  (kam'brik),  n.  a  very 
fine  thin  linen :  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  made  of,  cambric. 

cam-bric-mus-lin  (-muz'lin),  n. 
a  fine  cotton  imitation  of  cambric. 

came,  p.t.   of   come. 

cam-el  (kam'el),  n.  a  large  rumi- 
nant quadruped,  of  which  there 
are  two  species,  the  Arabian 
camel  or  dromedary,  with  a  single 
hump,  and  the  Bactrian  camel, 
with  two  humps ;  a  water-tight 
structure  placed  beneath  a  vessel 
to  raise  and  float  it  over  a  shoal 
or  bar. 

Ca-mel-li-a  (ka-mel'i-a),  n.  a 
genus  of  Asiatic  evergreen  shrubs, 
cultivated  for  their  beautiful 
rose-like  flowers  and  shining  foli- 
age. 

ca-mel-o-pard  (ka-mel'o-pard  & 
kam'el-6-pard)',  «.  the  giraffe. 

cam-el-ry  (kam'el-ri),  n.  [pi. 
camelries  (-riz)],  troops  mounted 
on  camels ;  a  camel  corps ;  a 
place  for  loading  or  unloading 
camels. 

cam-e-o  (kam'e-o),  n.  a  precious 
stone  or  shell  on  which  figures 
are  engraved  in  relief. 

cam-er-a  ( kam'er-a ) ,  n.  [pi.  cam- 
eras (-&»)],  a  camera  obscura, 
especially  that  employed  in  pho- 
tography. 

cam-er-a  lu-ci-da  (loo'si  da),  n. 
an  optical  instrument  for  reflect- 
ing distant  objects  on  paper  by 
means  of  a  solid  glass  prism. 

cam-er-a  ob-scu-ra  (ob-skfi'ra), 
n.  a  darkened  chamber  or  box  in 
which,  by  means  of  lenses,  ex- 
ternal objects  are  exhibited  on 
paper,  glass,  &c. 

cam-o-mile  (kam'o-mil),  n.  a 
plant  of  the  genus  Anthemis, 
whose  flowrers  have  a  bitter  aro- 
matic taste,  and  are  largely  used 
as  a  medicine. 

camp  (kamp),  n.  the  ground  oc- 
cupied by  an  army  at  rest,  with 
tents,  huts,  &c. ;  an  encampment : 
v.i.  to  live  in  a  camp ;  encamp. 

camp-meet-ing  (-met'ing),  n+ 
an  outdoor  religious  gathering. 

camp-stool  (-st551).  n.  a  folding 
stool  or  seat. 

campaign      (kam-pan'),     n.     an 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon,, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cam 


152 


Can 


open  tract  of  land ;  the  period 
during  which  an  army  carries  on 
active  operations  in  the  field :  v.i. 
to  serve  in  a  campaign. 

cain-pa-ni-le  (kam-pa-ne'le),  n. 
[pi.  campaniles  ('lez)],  a  bell- 
tower  detached  from  the  body  of 
a.  church. 

cam-pa-nol-o-gy  (kam-pa-nol'o- 
ji),  n.  the  principles  or  art  of 
bell-ringing,  bell-founding,  &c. 

c  a  m-p  a  n-u-1  ate  ( kam-pan'yu- 
lat),  adj.  bell-shaped. 

cam-peach-y  -wood  (kam-pech'i 
wood ) ,  n.  another  name  for  log- 
wood. 

cam-pliene  (kam-fen'),  n.  recti- 
fied oil  of  turpentine.  Also  cam- 
phine. 

cam-phor  (kam'fer),  «.  a  vola- 
tile aromatic  whitish  substance, 
obtained  from  various  trees  and 
plants  of  Eastern  Asia. 

cam-phor-tree  (-tre),  n.  a  spe- 
cies of  laurel  yielding  the  cam- 
phor of  commerce. 

camphor-ate  (kam'fer-at),  v.t. 
to  saturate  or  treat  with  camphor. 

cam-wood  (kam'wood),  n.  a  red 
dye-wood. 

can  (kan),  v.i.  [p.t.  could],  to  be 
able;  possess  power  physically, 
morally,  or  mentally  (used  as  an 
auxiliary  verb). 

can  (kan),  n.  a  metal  vessel  of 
small  size,  for  holding  liquids  or 
preserving  solids:  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
canned:  p.pr.  canning],  to  put 
up  in  cans  for  preservation. 

c  a-n  a-d  i-a  n  balsam  (bawl- 
sum),  n.  a  resin  obtained  from  a 
spoHps  of  fir. 

canaille  (ka-nar),  n.  the  lowest 
orders  of  the  populace. 

ca-nal  (ka-nal'),  n.  an  artificial 
navigable  waterway ;  a  duct  or 
tube  for  the  passage  of  fluids ;  a 
channel  or  groove. 

ca-nard  (ka-nard',  French  ka- 
nar'),  n.  an  absurd  story  or  re- 
port ;  a  hoax. 

ca-na-ry  (ka-nfi'ri),  n.  a  light 
wine ;  a  pale  or  bright  yellow 
color;  a  small  singing  bird  with 
yellow  plumage,  a  native  of  the 
Canary  Islands :  adj.  bright 
yellow. 

can-can  (kan'kan),  n.  a  vivacious 
and  indelicate  French  dance. 


can-eel  (kan'sel),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
canceled,  p.pr.  canceling],  to  de- 
face writing  by  drawing  lines 
across  it ;  annul ;  strike  out  com- 
mon factors :  n.  the  part  of  a 
book  deleted  and  reprinted  before 
publication. 

8yn.  abolish,  annul,  efface,  nul- 
lify, repeal,  revoke,  erase. 
Ant.    (see  confirm). 

can-cer  (kan'ser),  n.  a  genus  of 
crustaceans,  including  the  crabs ; 
one  of  the  twelve  zodiacal  signs, 
the  sign  of  the  summer  solstice ; 
a  malignant  tumor  or  growth. 

can-ccr-ate  (kan'ser-at),  v.i.  to 
grow  into  a  cancer. 

can-cer-ous  (kan'ser-us),  adj. 
like  a  cancer ;  affected  with  can- 
cer. 

can-crine  (kang'kiin),  adj.  hav- 
ing the  form  or  qualities  of  a 
crab. 

can-croid  (kang'kroid),  adj.  re- 
sembling a  cancer. 

c  a  n-d  e-1  a-b  rum  ( kan-de-la'- 
brum,  n.  [pi.  candelabra  ('bra)], 
a  lamp-stand ;  an  ornamented 
branched  candlestick. 

can-dent  (kan'dent),  adj.  glow- 
ing with  a  white  heat. 

can-des-cence  (kan-des'ens),  n. 
a  state  of  glowing. 

can-did  (kan'did),  adj.  honest; 
outspoken ;  sincere ;  free  from 
undue  bias  ;  open  ;  fair. 

Syn.    fair,    artless,   frank,    hon- 
est, open,  sincere,  truthful. 
Ant.    (see  crafty). 

can-di-date  (kan'di-dat),  n.  one 
who  offers  himself,  or  is  proposed 
by  others,  to  fill  some  office :  v.i. 
to  become  a  candidate. 

can-di-da-ture  ( kan'di-dat-tiir) , 
n.  the  state  of  being  a  candidate. 

can-died  (kan'did),  p.adj.  pre- 
served or  incrusted  with  sugar. 

can-die  (kan'dl),  n.  a  cylindrical 
body  of  tallow,  wax,  or  other 
fatty  material,  inclosing  a  wick 
of  cotton,  and  used  to  furnish 
light. 

can-dle-pow-er  (-pou'er),  n.  the 
illuminating  power  of  a  candle 
taken  as  a  unit  in  determining 
the  luminosity  of  any  flame. 

Can-dle-mas  (kan'dl-mas),  n. 
the  feast  of  the  Purification  of 
the  Virgin  Mary  (Feb.  2nd). 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


can 


153 


can 


can-dor     (kan'der),    n.    openness; 

frankness. 

can-dy  (kan'di),  n.  a  solid  con- 
fection of  sugar,  combined  with 
flavoring  or  coloring  substances : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  candied,  p.pr. 
candying],  to  conserve  with 
sugar ;  incrust  with  crystals :  v.i. 
to  become  candied. 
can-dy-tuft  (kan'di-tuft),  n.  a 
plant  bearing  tufted  flowers,  orig- 
inally from  Candia. 
cane  (kan),  n.  the  stem  of  cer- 
tain palms,  grasses,  and  other 
plants,  as  the  bamboo,  sugar- 
cane, rattan,  &c. ;  a  walking- 
stick  :  v.t.  to  beat  with  a  cane ; 
furnish  with  cane. 
cane-brake  ('brak),  n.  a  thicket 

of  canes. 

ca-nel-la  (ka-nel'la),  n.  an  aro- 
matic and  tonic  bark  of  a  West 
Indian  tree. 

ca-nine  (ka-nm'),  adj.  pertaining 
to  dogs ;  having  the  nature  or 
qualities  of  a  dog. 
ca-nine  teeth  (teth),  n.pl.  two 
sharp-pointed  teeth  on  each  side 
of  the  upper  and  lower  jaws  of 
most  mammals.  Also  canines. 
can-is-ter  (kan'is-ter),  n.  a  metal 
box  or  case  for  tea,  coffee,  &c. ;  a 
case  containing  shot  which  ex- 
plodes when  fired  from  a  gun. 
can-ker  (kang'ker),  n.  a  cancer- 
ous or  ulcerous  disease  ;  an  eating 
or  corroding  agency  which  causes 
decay  or  rot ;  anything  that  in- 
sidiously corrodes,  corrupts,  or 
destroys :  v.t.  to  corrode  or  cor- 
rupt ;  infect  with  poisonous  in- 
fluence :  v.i.  to  grow  corrupt ;  be 
infected  with,  or  become  malig- 
nant. 

can-ker- worm  (werm),  n.  a  cat- 
erpillar destructive  to  trees  or 
plants:  something,  as  sorrow,  evil, 
&c.,  that  insidiously  destroys  one's 
happiness. 
can-ker-ons  (kang'ker-us),  adj. 

corroding. 
can-na-bin   (kan'a-bin),  n.  a  nar- 
cotic resin  extracted  from  hemp. 
can-na-bis      (kan'a-bis),     n.     In- 
dian hemp. 
canned   (kand),  adj.  preserved  in 

tins. 

can-nel-coal  (kan'el-kol),  n.  a 
hard,  bituminous  coal  burning 


with  a  clear  bright  flame ;  candle- 
coal. 

can-ner-y  (kan'e-ri),  n.  [pi.  can- 
neries (-riz)],  an  establishment 
for  preserving  meat,  fish,  &c.,  in 
cans  hermetically  sealed. 

can-ni-bal  (kan'i-bal),  n.  a  hu- 
man being  who  eats  human  flesh  ; 
any  animal  that  eats  the  flesh  of 
its  own  kind :  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  characteristic  of,  cannibalism. 

can-ni-bal-ism  (kan'i-bal-izm),  n.. 
the  act  or  practice  of  eating  hu- 
man flesh  by  human  beings,  or  of 
animals  by  those  of  like  kind. 

can-ni-bal-is-tic  (kan-i-ba-lis'- 
tik),  adj.  characterized  by  canni- 
balism. 

can-non  (kan'un),  n.  [pi.  can- 
nons ('unz),  or  cannon  (collect- 
ively)], a  large  gun;  a  piece  of 
ordnance. 

can-non-ade  (kan-un-ad'),  n.  the 
act  of  discharging  cannon  against 
a  town,  fort,  &c. :  v.t.  to  attack 
with  cannon  or  ordnance :  v.i.  to 
discharge  cannon. 

can-non-eer  (kan-un-er'),  n.  an 
artilleryman. 

can-non-eer-ing  (kan-un-er'ing) , 
n.  the  act  or  art  of  using  the  can- 
non. 

can-not  (kan'ot),  (can  and  not), 
to  be  unable. 

can -mi -la  (kan'u-la),  n.  a  small 
tube  for  injecting  or  withdrawing 
fluids. 

can-nu-lar  (kan'u-lar) ,  adj.  tubu- 
lar. 

can-ny  or  can-nie  (kan'i),  adj. 
shrewd  ;  knowing  :  cautious  ;  wary  ; 
artful ;  reasonable  ;  quiet ;  easy  ; 
safe :  adv.  in  a  canny  manner. 

ca-noe  (ka-noo'),  n.  [pi.  canoes 
(-nooz')],  a  light  boat  of  bark, 
hide,  or  the  hollow  trunk  of  a 
tree;  any  light  boat  propelled  by 
paddles :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  canoed, 
p.pr.  canoeing],  to  sail  or  paddle 
a  canoe. 

ca-noe-ist  (ka-noo'ist),  n.  one 
who  paddles  a  canoe. 

can-on  (kan'un).  n.  a  law  or  rule 
in  general ;  a  law  or  rule  regard- 
ing doctrine  or  discipline -enacted 
by  a  council  and  confirmed ;  the 
books  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  re- 
ceived as  authoritative  by  the 
Christian  Church  (called  the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl*,  he.  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  *7ien. 


can 


154 


can 


Sacred  Canon)  ;  a  catalogue  of 
saints ;  one  of  the  largest  kinds 
of  type ;  the  part  by  which  a  bell 
is  hung ;  a  cathedral  dignitary ; 
a  bone  in  a  horse's  fore  leg. 

can-on  law  (law),  n.  rules  or 
laws  relating  to  faith,  morals,  and 
discipline  that  regulate  Church 
government,  as  laid  down  by 
popes  and  councils. 

can-on  (ka-nyon'),  or  canyon 
(kan'yun),  n.  a  narrow  deep 
gorge  haying  more  or  less  perpen- 
dicular sides. 

ca-non-ic  (ka-non'ik),  or  canon- 
ical (-al),  adj.  pertaining  to  a 
rule  or  canon  ;  according  to,  or  es- 
tablished by,  ecclesiastical  laws ; 
belonging  to  the  canon  of  Scrip- 
ture. 

ca-non-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  con- 
formity with  a  canon  or  rule. 

ca-non-ic-als  (ka-non'ik-Alz),  n.pl. 
the  dress  prescribed  by  the  canons 
to  be  worn  by  a  clergyman  when 
officiating. 

can-on-ic-i-ty  (fcan-on-is'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  canonical. 

can-on-iz-a-tion  (kan-on-iz-a'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  canonizing. 

can-on-ize  (kan'on-iz),  v.t.  to  en- 
rol in  the  catalogue  or  canon  of 
the  saints. 

can-on  1st  (kan'on-ist),  n.  one 
skilled  in  the  study  and  practice 
of  ecclesiastical  law. 

can-on-ry  (kan'on-ri),  n.  [pi. 
canonries  (-riz)],  the  benefice 
filled  by  a  canon. 

can-o-py  (kan'6-pi),  n.  [pi.  cano- 
pies (-piz)],  a  covering  fixed 
above  a  bed,  or  suspended  over  a 
throne  or  dais ;  any  similar  cov- 
ering; a  decorative  cover  above  an 
altar,  pulpit,  niche,  &c. ;  v.t.  [pt. 
&  p.p.  canopied,  p.pr.  canopying), 
to  cover  with  a  canopy. 

cant  (kant),  v.i.  to  speak  in  a 
whining  voice,  or  with  an  af- 
fected or  hypocritical  tone ;  make 
whining  pretensions  to  goodness ; 
to  use  the  conventional  phrase- 
ology of  a  particular  sect,  party. 
See. :  n.  a  whining  manner  of 
speech ;  the  speech  affected  by 
those  soliciting  alms ;  the  jargon 
or  slang  spoken  by  thieves, 
gipsies,  beggars,  &c. ;  the  words 
and  phrases  characteristic  of  a 


certain  party,  sect,  &c. ;  the  em- 
ployment of  certain  phrases  and 
forms  of  speech  without  sincerity, 
especially  the  assumption  of  a  re- 
ligious character  or  the  hypocrit- 
ical use  of  sacred  words :  adj.  of 
the  nature  of  cant. 

cant  (kant),  n.  an  external  angle; 
an  inclination  from  the  level  ;  a 
sudden  .jerk  producing  a  change 
in  direction  :  v.t.  to  incline  ;  tilt : 
give  a  fresh  direction  to ;  cut  off 
an  angle  of. 

can't  (kant),  a  colloquial  con- 
traction of  can  not. 

c  a  n-t  a-1  i  v-e  r  ( kan'ta-liv-er ) . 
Same  as  cantilever. 

can-ta-loupe  (kan'ta-loop),  n.  a 
variety  of  musk-melon  of  delicate 
flavor. 

can-tan-ker-ons  (kan-tang'ker- 
us),  adj.  ill-tempered;  cross- 
grained  ;  contentious. 

can-ta-ta  (kan-tii'ta),  n.  a  short 
choral  composition  in  the  manner 
of  an  oratorio ;  a  poem  or  story 
set  to  music. 

can-ta-trice  (kan'ta-tres.  Italian 
kan-t&-tre'cha),  «.  a  female  singer, 
especially  one  who  sings  in 
operas. 

can-teen  (kan-ten').  n.  a  kind  of 
shop  in  barracks  or  camp  where 
liquors  and  provisions  are  sold ;  a 
vessel  used  by  soldiers  for  carry- 
ing water  or  liquor  when  on  the 
march ;  a  box  containing  mess 
utensils,  &c.,  for  officers  when  on 
foreign  service. 

can-ter  (kan'ter),  n.  an  easy  gal- 
lop ;  a  Canterbury  gallop :  v.i.  to 
move  in  an  easy  gallop :  v.t.  to 
cause  to  canter. 

can-ter-lrar-y  (knn'ter-ber-i),  n. 
a  stand  with  divisions  for  holding 
music,  &c. 

can-thar-i-des  (kan-thar'i-dez), 
n.pl.  a  preparation  of  Spanish  flies 
used  for  blistering. 

can-thus  (kan'thus),  n.  [pi. 
canthi  ('thi)],  the  angle  made  by 
the  meeting  of  the  eyelids. 

can-ti-cle  (kan'ti-kal),  n.  a  song; 
one  of  the  non-metrical  hymns  of 
the  Bible  arranged  for  chanting 
in  church  service :  pi.  the  Song  of 
Songs,  or  Song  of  Solomon. 

can-iti-lev-er  (kan'ti-lev-er),  n.  & 
bracket  or  block  projecting  from 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  mo6n, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


can 


155 


cap 


the  wall  of  a  house,  to  support  a 
balcony,  cornice,  &c. :  one  of  two 
arms  projecting  from  opposite 
banks  and  joined  over  a  stream 
to  form  a  bridge :  adj.  constructed 
on  the  principle  of  a  cantilever. 

can-til-la-tion  ( kan-ti-la'shun ) , 
n.  intoning,  especially  in  Jewish 
synagogue  worship. 

can -ting  (kan'ting),  p.adj.  affect- 
edly pious ;  whining. 

can-to  (kan'to),  n.  [pi.  cantos 
('tdz)],  a  part  of  a  poem  of  some 
length  ;  the  highest  vocal  part  in 
concerted  music ;  soprano. 

ean-to-fer-mo  (-fer'mo),  n.  plain 
song. 

can-ton  (kan'ton),  n.  a  district  or  • 
division  of  a  territory ;  one  of  the  i 
Swiss  federal  states  ;  in  France,  a 
subdivision  of  an  arrondissement ; 
a  division  o_f  a  painting  or  flag : 
r.t.    to    divide    into    districts    or 
parts ;   to  allot  separate  quarters 
to  troops. 

can-ton-ment  (kan-ton'ment),  n. 
a  part  of  a  town  or  village  al- 
lotted to  a  body  of  troops :  in 
India,  a  permanent  military  sta- 
tion. 

can-toon  (kan-toon'),  n.  a  cotton 
stuff  having  one  side  satiny,  and 
the  other  corded. 

Canuck  (ka-nuk'),  n.  a  Cana- 
dian. Also  Kanuck. 

can-vas  (kan'vas),  n.  a  coarse 
heavy  cloth  of  hemp  or  flax,  used 
for  tents,  sails,  &c.,  and  also  for 
painting  on ;  sails  in  general ;  a 
painting :  adj.  made  of  canvas. 

can-vas-back  (-bak),  n.  a 
North  American  duck,  esteemed 
for  the  delicacy  of  its  flesh. 

can-vass  (kan'vas),  v.t.  to  ex- 
amine ;  sift ;  discuss  ;  solicit  votes 
or  opinions :  v.i.  to  traverse  a 
district  for  the  purpose  of  solicit- 
ing votes,  interest,  orders,  &c. :  n. 
a  close  inspection  or  scrutiny ; 
discussion ;  a  solicitation  of  votes, 
interest,  orders,  &c. 

ca-ny  (ka'ni),  adj.  consisting  of 
cane  ;  full  of  canes. 

can-yon  ( kan'yun ) .  Same  as 
canon. 

can-zo-na  (kan-tzo'na)  or  can- 
zone ('ne),  n.  a  song  or  air 
somewhat  resembling  the  madri- 


gal ;  an  instrumental  piece  in  the 
style  of  a  madrigal. 

can'-zo-net  (kan-tzo-net'),  n.  a 
short  song. 

c  a  o  u  t-c  h  i  n  or  caoutchine 
(koo'chin),  n.  an  inflammable 
volatile  oil  distilled  from  caout- 
chouc. 

caout-chouc  (koo'chook),  n.  an 
elastic  gummy  substance  obtained 
from  the  milky  juice  of  several 
tropical  trees,  and  much  used  in 
the  industrial  arts ;  india-rubber. 

cap  (kap),  n.  a  covering  for  the 
head,  usually  without  a  brim ; 
anything  resembling  a  cap ;  a  per- 
cussion cap ;  the  top  or  summit ; 
a  particular  size  of  writing- 
paper  :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  capped, 
p.pr.  capping] ,  to  put  a  cap  on  ; 
cover  with,  or  as  with,  a  cap ; 
cover  the  top  end  of ;  complete ; 
crown  ;  place  a  cap  on  the  head 
when  conferring  a  university  de- 
gree. 

ca-pa-bil-i-ty  (ka-pa-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  capable :  pi. 
intellectual  attainments. 

ca-pa-ble      (ka'pa-bl),      adj.      re- 
ceptive ;        susceptible ;        having 
power,    skill,    or    capacity ;    com- 
petent ;  legally  qualified. 
Syn.   able,   competent. 
Ant.    (see  incompetent). 

ca-pa-cions  (ka-pa'shus),  adj. 
roomy ;  spacious. 

ca-pac-i-tate  (ka-pas'i-tat),  v.t. 
to  make  capable ;  enable ;  qualify. 

ca-pac-i-ty  (ka-pas'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
capacities  (-tiz)],  the  power  of 
receiving  or  containing ;  the 
power  of  containing  a  certain 
quantity  exactly  ;  cubic  contents  ; 
intellectual  ability ;  legal  quali- 
fication ;  profession ;  function ; 
position. 

cap-a-pie  (kap-a-pe'),  adv.  from 
head  to  foot. 

ca-par-i-son  (ka-par'i-son),  n.  an 
ornamental  covering  for  a  horse ; 
gay  or  rich  clothing :  v.t.  to  cover 
with  rich  clothing,  as  a  horse ; 
adorn  with  rich  dress. 

cape  (kap),  n.  a  covering  for  the 
shoulders,  worn  separately  or  at- 
tached ;  a  headland. 

ca-per  (ka'per),  v.i.  to  skip; 
jump :  n.  a  frolicsome  leap  or 
spring  ;  a  skip  ;  a  prank. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cap 


156 


cap 


ca-per  (ka'per),  n.  a  plant,  the 
flower-buds  of  which  are  pickled 
and  used  as  a  condiment  under 
the  name  of  capers. 

cap-ful  (kap'fool),  n.  as  much  as 
fills  a  cap ;  a  small  quantity ;  a 
passing  gust. 

ca-pi-as  (ka'pi-as),  n.  a  writ 
authorizing  the  arrest  of  the  per- 
son named  in  it. 

cap-il-lar-i-ty  (kap-i-lar'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  of  being  capillary ;  capil- 
lary attraction. 

cap-il-la-ry  (kap'il-a-ri  &  ka-pil'- 
fi-ri),  adj.  resembling  a  hair; 
minute ;  slender ;  possessing  a 
very  small  bore ;  pertaining  to  the 
capillary  vessels  of  the  body  :  n.  a 
tube  with  a  small  bore :  pi.  one 
of  the  minute  blood-vessels  con- 
necting the  arteries  with  the 
veins. 

cap-il-la-ry  at-trac-tion  (a- 
trak'shun),  n.  the  power  pos- 
sessed by  porous  bodies  of  draw- 
ing up  a  fluid. 

ca  -  pil  -  li  -  form  ( ka-pil'i-f 6rm ) . 
adj.  having  the  form  of  a  hair. 

cap-i-tal  (kap'i-tal),  adj.  affect- 
ing the  head  or  life ;  punishable 
with  death ;  first  in  importance ; 
chief  ;  principal,  good,  excellent ; 
first-rate :  n.  the  chief  city  or 
town  in  a  kingdom  or  state ;  a 
capital  letter. 

cap-i-tal  (kap'i-tal),  n.  the  sum 
invested  in  any  particular  busi- 
ness ;  stock  in  trade ;  stock  or  re- 
sources of  any  kind,  moral  or 
physical ;  that  part  of  wealth 
which  is  saved  and  is  available 
for,  or  employed  in,  future  .pro- 
duction ;  the  head  or  top  of  a 
column,  pilaster,  or  pillar. 

cap-i-tal-ism  (kap'i-tal-izm),  n. 
the  possession  of  capital,  especi- 
ally its  concentration  in  the  hands 
of  a  few ;  the  power  of  combined 
capital. 

cap-i-tal-ist  (kap'i-tal-ist),  n. 
one  who  possesses  capital. 

cap-i-tal-i-za-tion  ( kap-i-tal-1-za'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  capitalizing. 

cap-i-tal-ize  (kap'i-tal-iz),  v.t.  to 
convert  into  capital ;  compute  or 
realize  the  present  value  of  in 
money,  as  a  periodical  payment ; 
print  with  a  capital. 

cap-i-tal-ly    (-li),  adv.  in  a  man- 


ner involving  the  forfeiture  of 
life;  in  an  excellent  manner. 

cap-i-tate  (kap'i-tat),  adj.  grow- 
ing in  a  head. 

cap-i-ta-tion  ( kap-i-ta'shun ) ,  n.  a 
tax,  fee,  or  grant  per  head. 

Cap-i-tol  (kap'i-tul),  n.  the  tem- 
ple of  Jupiter  at  Rome,  situated 
on  the  S.  W.  summit  of  the  Capi- 
toline  Hill ;  the  building  occupied 
by  the  United  States  Congress  at 
Washington ;  the  Senate-house  of 
a  State. 

ca-pit-u-lar  (ka-pit'u-lar)  or  ca- 
pit-u-lar-y  (-lar-i),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  chapter ;  growing  in  a 
head :  n.  a  statute  passed  in  a 
chapter,  as  of  knights  or  canons : 
pi.  the  body  of  statutes  of  a  chap- 
ter or  of  an  ecclesiastical  council ; 
a  member  of  a  chapter. 

ca-pit-u-late  (ka-pit'u-lat),  v.i.  to 
surrender  to  an  enemy  on  condi- 
tions agreed  upon. 

ca  -  pit  -  u  -  la  -  tion  (ka-pit-u-la'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  capitulating; 
the  instrument  containing  the 
terms  of  surrender. 

ca-pit-u-la-tor  ( ka-pit'u-la-ter) , 
n.  one  who  capitulates. 

cap-lin  (kap'lin),  n.  a  small  fish 
of  the  smelt  family,  largely  used 
as  bait  for  cod. 

ca-pon  (ka'pon),  n.  a  castrated 
cock ;  a  cock-chicken  castrated  for 
the  purpose  of  improving  the  flesh 
for  table. 

cap  -  o  -  niere  or  cap-on-niere 
(kap-o-ner'),  n.  a  covered  lodg- 
ment ;  a  passage  from  one  part  of 
a  defensive  work  to  another,  pro- 
tected by  a  parapet. 

ca-pote  (ka-pof),  n.  a  kind  of 
long  coarse  cloak ;  a  long  mantle 
for  women. 

ca-pouch  (ka-p5osh'),  n.  a  monk's 
hood  or  cowl ;  the  hood  of  a  cloak. 

cap-ric  (kap'rik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  goat. 

cap-ric  ac-id  (as'id),  n.  an  acid 
found  in  the  butter  of  cow's  and 
goat's  milk,  cocoanut-oil.  &c., 
united  with  glycerine,  and  having 
a  smell  like  that  of  a  goat. 

ca-price  (kA-pres'),  n.  a  sudden 
impulse  of  the  mind  ;  a  whim ;  a 
freak. 

ca-pri-cious  (ka-prish'us),  adj. 
characterized  by  caprice ;  un- 
steady ;  fickle. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cap 


157 


car 


cap-ri-form  (kap'ri-form),  adj. 
having  the  form  of  a  goat. 

cap-rim  (kap'rin),  n.  a  substance 
in  butter  giving  to  it  its  charac- 
teristic taste  and  smell. 

cap  riii e  (kap'rin),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  resembling,  a  goat. 

cap-ri-ole  (kap'ri-ol).  n.  a  leap  of 
a  horse  made  without  advancing : 
v.i.  to  execute  a  capriole. 

cap-si-cin  or  cap-si-cine  (kap'- 
si-sin),  n.  an  alkaloid  extracted 
from  several  pieces  of  Capsicum. 

Cap-si-cum  (kap'si-kum),  n.  a 
genus  of  South  American  plants, 
the  pods  of  several  species  of 
which  are  used  as  a  condiment 
(chillies),  and  when  dried  and 
ground  form  cayenne  pepper. 

cap-size  (kap'siz),  v.i.  to  be  over- 
turned ;  upset :  v.t.  tc  turn  over  or 
upset :  n.  an  upset  or  overturn. 

cap-stan  (kap'stan),  n.  an  up- 
right drum  or  cylinder  revolving 
upon  a  spindle,  and  worked  by 
bars  or  levers.  . 

cap-su-lar  (kap'su-lar),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of.  a 
capsule. 

cap-sn-la-ted  (kap'sii-lat-ed),  adj. 
furnished  with,  or  enclosed  in,  a 
capsule. 

cap-sale  (kap'sul),  n.  a  metallic 
seal  or  cover  for  a  bottle;  a  small 
envelope  of  gelatine  inclosing  a 
nauseous  drug :  a  seed-vessel  or 
pod  which  at  maturity  opens  by 
valves;  a  small  shallow  vessel; 
a  membranous  sac  inclosing  some 
part  or  orsan. 

cap-tain  (kap'tan,  or  'tin),  n.  one 
who  has  command  of,  or  authority 
over,  others ;  a  chief ;  a  com- 
mander ;  in  the  army,  the  com- 
mander of '  a  company ;  in  the 
navy,  an  officer  commanding  a 
ship  of  war;  the  master  of  a 
merchant  vessel  ;  the  head  of  a 
team  or  side ;  the  chief  boy  in  a 
school. 

cap-tain-cy  (kap'tan-si  or  'tin-si). 
n.  the  rank,  post,  or  commission 
of  a  captain. 

cap-tion  (kap'shun),  n.  a  certifi- 
cate of  arrest. 

cap-tions  (kap'shus),  adj.  ready 
to  catch  at  faults  or  take  offense ; 
quibbling ;  sophistical ;  fitted  to 
harass  or  perplex;  carping. 


Syn.  fretful,  cross,  peevish,  pet- 
ulant. 

Ant.  (see  good-natured). 

cap-ti-vate  (kap'ti-vat),  v.t.  to 
enslave  or  hold  captive  by  beauty 
or  excellence ;  charm  or  lure ; 
fascinate. 

cap-ti-va-tion  (kap-ti-va'shun), 
n.  the  act  of  charming ;  the  state 
of  being  charmed. 

cap-tive  (kap'tiv),  adj.  made  pris- 
oner ;  held  in  bondage ;  fasci- 
nated ;  of  or  pertaining  to  bond- 
age :  n.  one  who  is  taken  prisoner, 
especially  one  so  taken  in  war ; 
one  held  in  bondage  or  fascinated. 

cap-tiv-i-ty  (kap-tiv'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  of  being  held  in  bondage  or 
confinement ;  servitude  ; !  imprison- 
ment. 

cap-tor  (kap'ter).  n.  one  who  cap- 
tures or  takes  any  person  or 
thing  by  force  or  stratagem. 

cap-ture  (kap'tur),  n.  the  act  of 
seizing  or  taking,  as  a  prisoner  or 
a  prize ;  arrest ;  the  thing  taken : 
v.t.  to  take  or  seize  by  force,  sur- 
prise, or  stratagem  ;  make  a  pris- 
oner or  prize  of. 

cap-u-chin  (kap'u-shen  or  -55- 
shen'),  n.  a  Franciscan  monk  of 
the  mendicant  order:  so  named 
from  the  long  pointed  cowl  or 
capouch  worn  by  the  members ;  a 
woman's  cloak  and  hood. 

cap-nt  (kap'ut),  n.  [pi.  capita 
'i-ta)],  the  head. 

car  (kar),  n.  a  wheeled  vehicle, 
especially  one  having  only  two 
wheels ;  a  coach  running  upon 
rails ;  the  basket  suspended  be- 
neath a  balloon  to  contain  the 
aeronaut ;  a  chariot  of  war  or 
state. 

car-ack  or  car-rack  (kar'ak).  n. 
a  large  round-built  vessel  for- 
merly used  by  the  Portuguese  and 
Spaniards  in  the  East  Indian 
and  American  trade. 

car-a-cole  (kar'a-kol),  n.  a  half 
turn  which  a  horseman  makes, 
either  to  the  right  or  left ;  a  spiral 
staircase.  A'lso  caracol :  v.i.  to 
move  in  a  caracole ;  wheel. 

car-a-mel  (kar'a-mel).  n.  burnt 
sugar,  used  for  coloring  spirits, 
gravies,  soups,  &c. ;  a  kind  of 
sweetmeat. 

car-a-pace  (kar'a-pas),  n.  the 
upper  shell  of  the  tortoise,  turtle, 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


car 


158 


car 


&c. ;  the  upper  covering  of  the 
Crustacea. 

car-at  (kar'at),  n.  the  weight  of 
3.17  grains,  used  for  weighing 
precious  stones  and  pearls ;  a 
twenty-fourth  part,  a  term  used  to 
express  the  fineness  of  gold  used 
in  jewelry ;  thus,  gold  22  carats 
fine  contains  22  parts  of  pure 
gold  and  2  of  alloy  (copper  or 
silver).  Also  spelled  karat. 

car-a-van  (kar'u-van  or  kar-a- 
van'),  n.  a  company  of  travelers, 
merchants,  or  pilgrims,  associated 
together  for  mutual  security,  es- 
pecially when  traveling  through 
deserts  or  regions  infested  by  rob- 
bers ;  a  large  covered  wagon  or 
carriage  for  the  conveyance  of 
traveling  exhibitions  or  passen- 
gers ;  a  van. 

car-a-van-eer  (kar-a-van-er'),  n. 
one  who  leads  the  camels,  &c.,  of 
a  caravan. 

car-a-van-sa-ry  ( kar-a-van'sa-ri ) , 
n.  \pl.  caravansaries  (-riz)],  in 
the  East,  a  kind  of  inn  consisting 
of  a  large  unfurnished  building 
surrounding  a  spacious  court, 
where  caravans  rest  at  night. 
Also  caravanserai. 

car-a-vel  (kar'a-vel)  or  carvel 
(kar'vel),  n.  a  name  given  to  sev- 
eral kinds  of  ships,  as  a  small 
16th  century  vessel,  used  by  the 
Spaniards  and  Portuguese,  with 
broad  bows,  narrow  high  poop, 
four  masts,  and  lateen  sails. 

car-a-way  (kar'a-wa),  n.  a  bien- 
nial plant  with  aromatic  and  pun- 
gent seeds,  used  medicinally  and 
as  a  condiment. 

car-ba-zot-ic  (kar-ba-zot'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  or  composed  of  car- 
bon and  nitrogen. 

car-ba-zot-ic  ac-id  (as'id).  n.  an 
a<-id  obtained  by  the  action  of 
nitric  acid  on  indigo  and  other 
vegetable  and  animal  substances : 
used  in  dyeing. 

car-bide  (kiir'lnd).  n.  a  compound 
of  carbon  with  a  metal :  formerly 
called  a  carburet. 

car-bide  of  cal-ci-um,  n.  cal- 
cium carbide. 

car-bine  (kiir'bln),  n.  a  short  rifle 
adapted  to  the  use  of  cavalry. 
Also  carabine. 

car-bi-neer     (kar-bi-ner'),     n.     a 


soldier  armed  with  a  carbine. 
Also  carabineer. 

car-bo-ty-drate  (kar-bo-hl'drat) , 
n.  one  of  a  group  of  organic  com- 
pounds of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and 
oxygen. 

car-bo-ny-drous  (kar-bo-hi'drus) , 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature 
of,  a  carbohydrate. 

car-bo-la-ted  (kar'bo-la-ted),  adj. 
impregnated  or  treated  with  car- 
bolic acid. 

car-bol-ic  (kar-bol'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  derived  from,  carbon 
or  coal-tar. 

car-bol-ic  ac-id  (as'id),  n.  an  acid 
obtained  from  coal-tar  by  distil- 
lation ;  largely  used  as  an  anti- 
septic in  surgery,  and  as  a  disin- 
fectant. Also  called  phenic  acid. 

car-bol-ize  (kiir'bol-iz),  v.t.  to 
treat  or  impregnate  with  carbolic 
acid. 

car-bon  (kar'bon),  n.  an  element- 
ary substance  present  in  all  or- 
ganic compounds,  and  occurring  in 
nature  in  two  distinct  forms,  as 
the  diamond  and  graphite.  The 
action  of  heat  on  vegetable  and 
animal  tissues  produces  carbon  in 
the  form  of  charcoal,  lampblack, 
coke,  &c. :  v.t.  to  place  carbons  in 
(an  arc-lamp) . 

car-boa-di-ox-ide  (-di'oks-id).  n. 
carbonic  acid  gas. 

car-bon-light  (-lit),  n.  a  bril- 
liant light  produced  by  passing  an 
electric  current  through  carbon- 
points. 

carbon-point  (-point),  n.  the 
rod  of  an  arc-lamp,  moved  for- 
ward by  clockwork  to  maintain 
its  position  to  another  opposing 
rod  as  it  is  burned  away. 

car-bo-na-cepus  (kiir-bo-na'shus), 
adj.  pertaining  to,  consisting  of, 
or  containing  carbon. 

car-bon-ate  (knr'bon-at),  n.  a 
compound  of  carbonic  acid  with  a 
base, 

car-bon-a-ted  ( kar'bon-a-ted ) , 
adj.  combined,  or  impregnated, 
with  carbonic  acid. 

car-bon-ic  (kiir-bon'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  obtained  from,  car- 
bon. 

car-bpn-ic  ac-id  (-as'id),  n.  (car- 
bon-dioxide) a  gaseous  colorless 
compound  of  carbon  and  oxygen  in 
the  proportion  of  12  parts  of  car- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  lino,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


:ar 


159 


car 


bon  to  32  of  oxygen.  It  is  a 
heavy  irrespirable  gas,  and  acts 
as  a  narcotic  poison. 

car-bon-if -er-ous  ( kar-bon-if  er- 
us),  adj.  containing  or  yielding 
carbon  or  coal. 

car-bon-i-za-tion  ( kar-bon-i  -za'- 
shun),  n.  the  process  of  carboniz- 
ing organic  substances. 

car-bon-ize  (kar'bon-Iz),  v.t.  to 
convert  into  carbon  by  combus- 
tion, by  the  action  of  fire,  or  an 
acid. 

car-boy  (kar'boi),  n.  a  large 
globular  bottle  of  glass,  pro- 
tected by  a  basket-work,  used  to 
contain  or  convey  corrosive  acids. 

car-bun-cle  (kar'bung-kl),  n.  a 
beautiful  gem  of  a  deep  red  color ; 
an  inflammatory  tumor,  boil,  or 
ulcer. 

car-bun-cu-lar  (kar-bung'ku-ler) , 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  a 
carbuncle  ;  red  ;  inflamed. 

car-bu-ret,  an  old  form  of  car- 
bide. 

car-bn-ret-ted  ( kiir'bu-ret-ed ) . 
p.adj.  combined  with  carbon  in 
the  manner  of  a  carbide. 

car-bu-ret-er  (car'bu-ret-er).  n. 
an  apparatus  used  to  charge  air 
with  gas  from  gasoline  or  other 
hydrocarbons  for  illuminating  or 
power  purposes. 

car-bn-rize  (kar'bu-riz),  v.t.  to 
combine  with  carbon. 

car-case  or  car-cass  (kar'kfts). 
n.  [pi.  carcases  (-ez)],  the  dead 
body  of  an  animal ;  a  corpse  :  the 
decaying  remains  of  a  bulky  thins  : 
the  framework  or  skeleton  of  a 
building,  ship.  &c. ;  a  perforated 
shell  filled  with  combustibles,  used 
to  set  fire  to  buildings,  ships,  &c. 

car-cel-lamp  (kar'sol-lamp ) .  /<. 
a  lamp,  the  oil  in  which  is  raised 
mechanically :  used  in  lighthouses, 
and  as  a  table-lamp. 

card  (kard),  n.  a  printed  piece  of 
pasteboard  used  for  various  social 
or  business  purposes ;  such  a  piece 
printed  bearing  certain  devices  or 
figures,  used  for  playing  games :  a 
short  business  advertisement  in  a 
newspaper;  the  dial  of  a  mari- 
ner's compass:  an  instrument  for 
combing  the  fibres  of  wool.  flax, 
or  cotton,  preparatory  to  spin- 


ning :  v.t.  to  comb  or  open,  as 
wool,  flax,  &c.,  with  a  card. 

card-shar-per  (-shar'per),  n. 
one  who  cheats  at  cards,  and 
fleeces  those  he  traps  into  play- 
ing with  him. 

Car-da-mine  (kar'da-mln),  n.  a 
genus  of  herbs,  which  includes 
the  cuckoo-flower,  &c. 

car-da-mom  (kar'da-mum),  n. 
the  capsule  of  several  species  of 
plants  of  the  ginger  family  with 
its  aromatic  seeds,  used  medici- 
nally and  as  a  condiment. 

car-di-a  (kar'di-a),  n.  the  heart; 
the  upper  or  cardiac  end  of  the 
stomach  where  the  oesophagus  or 
gullet  enters  it. 

car-di-ac  (kar'di-ak),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  heart ;  stimulating 
the  heart's  action  :  n.  a  medicine 
which  excites  action  in  the  heart 
through  the  medium  of  the  stom- 
ach, and  stimulates  the  spirits ;  a 
cordial ;  stimulant. 

car-di-al-gi-a  (kar-di-al'ji-a),  n. 
heartburn. 

car-di-gan  (kar'di-gan),  n.  a 
knitted  woolen  jacket  or  waist- 
coat. 

c  a  r-d  i-n  a  1  ( kar'di-nal ) ,  adj. 
chief  :  pre-eminent :  fundamental. 

car-di-iial  (kar'di-nal),  n.  an 
ecclesiastical  prince  ranking  in 
dignity  next  to  the  Pope ;  a  wo- 
man's short  cloak  with  a  hood. 

car-di-nal  num-bers  (num'- 
berz),  n.pl.  the  numbers  one,  tico, 
three,  &c.,  in  distinction  from 
first,  second,  third,  &c.,  which  are 
called  ordinal  numbers. 

car-di-nal  points  (pointz),  n.pl. 
N.,  S.,  E..  W. 

car-di-nal  signs  (sinz),  n.pl. 
Aries,  Libra,  Cancer,  and  Capri- 
corn. 

car-di-nal  vir-tnes  ( ver'tuz ) . 
n.pl.  justice,  prudence,  temper- 
ance, and  fortitude. 

car-di-nal- winds  (windz),  n.pl. 
winds  which  blow  due  N.,  S.,  E., 
and  W. 

car-di-tis  (kar-dl-tis).  n.  inflam- 
mation of  the  muscular  tissue  of 
the  heart. 

car-dol  (kar'dol),  n.  an  oily  li- 
quid extracted  from  the  pericarp 
of  the  cashew-nut,  and  used  for 
blistering. 

care  (kar),  n.  concent;  solicitudes 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat.  awl ;  he.  he"r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin.  then. 


car 


160 


car 


anxiety ;  a  burdensome  responsi- 
bility ;  caution ;  charge  or  over- 
sight ;  attention,  watchfulness  ;  an 
object  of  watchful  attention  and 
regard :  v.i.  to  be  anxious  or  so- 
licitous ;  be  concerned,  troubled, 
or  interested. 

8yn.    anxiety,    concern,     solici- 
tude, heed,  attention. 

Ant.     (see    heedlessness,    negli- 
gence). 

ca-reeii  (ka-ren'),  v.t.  to  bring  (a 
ship)  on  one  side  for  the  purpose 
of  calking,  cleansing,  or  repair- 
ing :  v.i.  to  incline  on  one  side,  as 
a  ship  under  press  of  sail. 

<sa-reer  (ka-rer'),  n.  a  run  at  full 
speed ;  general  course  of  action  ; 
an  occupation  or  calling:  v.i.  to 
move  01  run  rapidly. 

care-ful  (kar'fool),  adj.  full  of 
care  ;  anxious  ;  attentive  ;  watch- 
ful ;  cautious ;  provident,  thought- 
ful. 

care-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  care- 
ful manner. 

ca-ress    (ka-res'),    n.    any   act  or 
expression    of    affection ;    an    em- 
brace :  v.t.  to  treat  with  tokens  of 
affection ;   bestow  caresses  upon. 
Syn.  kiss,  embrace. 
Ant.    (see  spurn,  buffet). 

car-et  (ka'ret  orkar'et),  n.  a 
mark  (A)  used  in  writing,  or  in 
correcting  proofs,  to  indicate  the 
place  where  something  is  omitted 
or  is  to  be  added. 

car-go  (kar'go),  n.  [pi.  cargoes 
Cgoz)  ],  the  lading  or  freight  of  a 
ship. 

Car-ib  (kar'ib)  or  Caribbee 
Ci-be),  n.  a  native  of  the  Carib- 
bee Islands,  or  one  of  a  tribe  in- 
habiting certain  regions  of  Cen- 
tral America  and  the  north  of 
South  America. 

car-i-hoTi  or  car-i-boo  (kar'i- 
bop),  n.  the  North  American 
reindeer. 

oar-i-ca-ture  (kar'i-ka-tur).  n.  a 
pictorial  or  descriptive  representa- 
tion of  a  person  or  thing,  in 
which  the  defects  or  peculiarities 
are  exaggerated  so  as  to  produce 
a  ludicrous  effect ;  parody :  v.t.  to 
represent  in  a  ridiculous  or  exag- 
gerated style  ;  parody  ;  burlesque. 
8yn.  mimicry,  imitation,  bur- 
lesque, exaggeration. 


car-i-ca-tur-ist  ( kar'i-ka-tur-ist ) , 
n.  one  who  represents  others  in 
caricature. 

ca-ri-es  (ka'ri-ez),  n.  decay  of 
bones,  teeth,  or  vegetable  tissue. 

car-il-lon  (kar'il-lon),  n.  a  chime 
of  bells  diatonically  tuned  and 
played  by  hand  or  machinery ;  a 
simple  air  adapted  for  playing  on 
a  set  of  bells. 

car-i-ole  (kar'i-ol),  n.  a  small 
open  carriage ;  a  light  covered 
cart. 

ca-ri-os-i-ty  (ka-ri-os'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  of  being  carious. 

ca-ri-ous  (ka'ri-us).  adj.  affected 
with  caries. 

cark  (kark),  v.i.  to  be  anxious 
or  concerned :  v.t.  to  vex ;  load 
with  care  or  grief. 

carl  or  carle  (karl),  n.  a  strong, 
sturdy  fellow  ;  a  rustic  ;  a  churl. 

car-line  (kar'lin)  n.  a  ship's  tim- 
ber running  fore  and  aft  from  one 
transverse  deck-beam  to  another, 
serving  as  a  foundation  for  the 
planks  of  the  deck. 

car-lock  (kar'lok),  n.  a  kind  of 
isinglass  made  of  the  sturgeon's 
bladder,  and  used  in  clarifying 
wine. 

car-min-a-tive  (kar-min'a-tiv),  n. 
a  medicine,  which  expels  wind 
and  relieves  colic  and  flatulence ; 
adj.  expelling  wind. 

car-mine  (kar'mln  or  'min).  n. 
the  essential  coloring  principle  of 
cochineal ;  a  rich  crimson  pig- 
ment. 

car-nage  (kar'naj),  n.  slaughter; 
great  destruction  of  life  by  vio- 
lence ;  massacre. 

Syn.  butchery,  massacre,  slaugh- 
ter. 

car-nal  (kar'nal),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  body,  its  passions  and  its 
appetites ;  animal ;  fleshly ;  sen- 
sual, impure ;  not  spiritual,  but 
essentially  human  ;  secular. 

car-nal -ism  (kar'nal-izm)  or  car- 
nal-i-ty  (kar-nal'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  of  being  carnal ;  sensuality. 

car-nal -ist  (kar'nAi-ist),  n.  a  sen- 
sualist. 

car-nal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an  animal 
or  fleshly  manner. 

car-na-tion  (kar-na'shun),  n.  a 
light  rose-pink ;  flesh  color ;  the 
parts  of  a  picture  in  which  flesh 
is  represented ;  a  pink. 


l&te,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  he*r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  v5te,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


car 


161 


car 


car  na-tioned  ( kar-na'shund ) , 
adj.  having  a  pink  color  like  that 
of  flesh. 

car-ney  (kar'ni),  n.  a  disease  of 
horses,  in  which  the  furred  con- 
dition of  the  mouth  prevents  eat- 
ing. 

car-ni-fi-ca-tion  ( kar-ni-fi-ka'- 
shun),  n.  tissue  so  altered  as  to 
resemble  flesh. 

car-ni-val  (kar'ni-val),  n.  the 
season  of  rejoicing  before  Lent ; 
observed  in  Roman  Catholic  coun- 
tries ;  .feasting  or  revelry. 

car-niv-o-rous  (kiir-niv'o-rus), 
adj.  eating  or  feeding  on  flesh. 

car-ob  (kar'pb),  n.  an  evergreen 
tree  which  yields  a  nutritious  pod 
known  as  St.  John's-bread. 

carol  (kar'ul),  n.  a  song  of  joy 
or  praise,  especially  one  in  honor 
of  the  Nativity:  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
-ed,  p.pr.  -ing],  to  sing  in  joy; 
warble :  v.t.  to  praise  or  cele- 
brate in  song. 

<sa-rot-id  ( k;\-rot'id).  n.  one  of 
the  two  principal  arteries,  one  on 
either  side  of  the  neck,  which 
convey  the  blood  from  the  aorta 
to  the  head  :  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
two  great  arteries  of  the  neck. 

ca-rouse  ( ka-rouz' ) ,  n.  a  feast  or 
festival :  a  noisy  drinking  bout 
or  revel.  Also  carousal :  r.i.  to 
drink  heartily  and  with  jollity ; 
revel. 

carp  (karp),  v.i.  to  cavil  or  find 
fault. 

carp  (karp),  n.  a  fresh-water 
fish. 

car-pal  (kar'pal),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  carpus  or  wrist. 

car-pel  (kiir'pel),  n.  a  simple 
pistil,  or  one  of  the  parts  of  a 
compound  pistil  or  ovary  of  a 
flower. 

•car-pen-ter  (kar'pen-ter),  n.  an 
artificer  who  works  in  timber  and 
prepares  the  woodwork  of  houses, 
ships,  &c. :  v.i.  to  perform  car- 
penter's work. 

«ar-pen-try  (klir'pen-tri),  n.  the 
art  of  cutting,  framing,  and  join- 
ing timber ;  work  done  by  a  car- 
penter. 

•car-pet  (kar'pet),  n.  a  thick 
woven  or  felted  fabric,  with  a 
pattern,  used  for  covering  floors 
or  stairs ;  a  soft  covering,  re- 


sembling carpet :  v.t.  to  cover 
with  a  carpet;  bring  under  con- 
sideration ;  reprimand. 

car-pet-bag  (-bag),  n.  traveling 
bag. 

car-pet-bag-ger  (-bag'er),  n.  a 
political  adventurer. 

car-pet-knight  (-nit),  n.  one 
upon  whom  the  honor  of  knight- 
hood or  other  distinction  has  been 
conferred  for  other  than  active 
service. 

car-pet-ing  (kar'pet-ing).  n.  cloth 
for  carpets ;  carpets  in  general. 

car-riage  (kar'ij),  n.  the  act  of 
carrying  or  transporting ;  cost  of 
conveyance ;  behavior ;  deport- 
ment ;  a  wheeled  vehicle ;  the 
wheeled  stand  or  support  of  a 
gun  ;  the  framework  of  a  wooden 
staircase. 

car-ri-er  (kar'i-er)  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  carries  or  conveys ; 
one  whose  business  is  to  carry 
goods  for  hire ;  a  portion  of  vari- 
ous machines ;  a  frame  for  holding 
photographic  plates  or  magic- 
lantern  slides. 

car-ri-er-pig-eon  (-pij'un),  n.  a 
variety  of  pigeon  trained  to  convey 
letters,  &c. 

car-ri-on  (kar'i-on),  n.  dead  or 
putrefying  flesh  ;  filth  ;  garbage  : 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  feeding  on, 
carrion. 

car-ri-on-crow  (-kro),  n..  the 
common  crow  of  Europe :  also  the 
American  crow. 

car-ron-ade  ( kar-on-ad' ) ,  n.  a 
short  cannon  of  large  bore  for 
close  range,  formerly  used  in  the 
navy. 

car-Ton-oil  (kar'on-oil),  n.  lin- 
seed-oil and  lime-water :  used  as 
a  liniment  for  burns. 

car-rot  (kar'ot),  n.  the  well- 
known  plant  with  an  edible  root ; 
the  root  itself. 

car-ry  (kar^i),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
carried,  p.pr.  carrying],  to  convey 
from  one  point  to  another ;  bear ; 
have  on  one's  person ;  convey  by 
force  ;  lead  ;  transfer ;  accomplish  ; 
gain  possession  of ;  extend  or  con- 
tinue in  time  or  space  [with  up  or 
back}  ;  exhibit ;  imply ;  have  in 
charge  or  conduct;  to  take  by 
assault :  v.i.  to  act  as  a  bearer ; 
propel  a  projectile  to  a  distance ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
•     cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


car 


162 


COB 


hold  the  head  in  a  particular  man- 
ner. 

Syn.     lift,     sustain,     transport, 
bear,  bring. 

cart  (kart),  n.  a  carriage  for  the 
conveyance  of  heavy  goods ;  a 
light  two-wheeled  vehicle  used  by 
tradesmen,  &c. :  v.t.  to  carry  or 
convey  in  a  cart. 

cart-age  (kart'aj),  n.  the  charge 
made  for  conveyance  by  a  cart ; 
the  act  of  carting. 

carte   (kart),  n.  a  bill  of  fare. 

carte  blanche  (kart  blangsh)  n. 
a  blank  paper ;  a  signed  sheet  of 
paper  given  to  another  to  be  filled 
up  as  he  pleases :  hence,  uncondi- 
tional terms  or  authority.  [Fr.] 

carte-de-vi-site  ( kart'de-vi-zet' ) , 
n.  [pi.  cartes-de-visite],  a  photo- 
graph of  a  person  mounted  on  a 
card  of  a  size  formerly  used  as  a 
visiting  card.  [French.] 

car-tel  (kar'tel),  n.  an  agreement 
between  hostile  states  regarding 
the  exchange  of  prisoners ;  a 
challenge  to  single  combat. 

car-ti-lage  (kar'ti-laj),  n.  elastic 
animal  tissue,  forming  bone ; 
gristle. 

car-ti-lag-i-nous  ( kar-ti-la  j'i- 

nus),    adj.    pertaining    to,    or    in 
the  form  of,  cartilage ;  gristly. 

car-tog-ra-pher,  car-to-graph- 
ic,  car-tog-ra-phy,  &c.  See 
chartographer,  &c. 

car-toon  (kar-toon'),  n.  a  study 
or  design  executed  on  strong 
paper,  and  of  the  size  to  be  re- 
produced in  fresco  or  tapestry ; 
a  pictorial  sketch  dealing  with  a 
political  or  social  subject. 

car-touch  (kar-toosh'),  n.  a  car- 
tridge ;  a  cartridge-box ;  an  orna- 
ment in  the  form  of  an  unrolled 
scroll ;  on  Egyptian  monuments, 
&c.,  an  oval  figure  containing  the 
nnme  or  title  of  a  sovereign  or 
deity. 

car  tridpje  (kar'trij),  ».  a  case  of 
cardboard,  metal, or  other  material, 
containing  the  charge  of  a  firearm. 

car-nn-cle  (kar'ung-kl),  n.  a  small 
fleshy  excrescence ;  the  comb  or 
wattle  of  a  fowl ;  an  appendage 
surrounding  the  hilum  of  a  seed. 

carve  (karv),  v.t.  to  form  a  de- 
sign ;  shape  by  cutting ;  cut  into 
slices:  v.i.  to  exercise  the  trade 


of   a  sculptor  or  carver ;   cut  up 
meat. 

car-y-at-id  (kar-i-at'id),  n.  a 
figure  of  a  woman  in  long  robes, 
serving  to  support  an  entablature. 

cas  ca-ril-la  (kas-ka-ril'a),  n.  the 
bark  of  a  West  Indian  shrub,  pos- 
sessing aromatic  and  bitter  prop- 
erties ;  the  shrub  itself,  from 
which  is  obtained  a  white  bitter 
crystalline  substance,  cascarillin. 

case  (kas),  «.  a  covering  or  re- 
ceptacle; a  sheath;  a  box  with 
its  contents ;  a  frame  or  casing ; 
a  divided  tray  for  types :  225 
sq.  ft.  of  crown  glass :  v.t.  to 
cover  with,  or  enclose  in.  a  case. 

case  (kas).  n.  that  which  happens 
or  befalls ;  the  matters  involved 
in  a  question  under  discussion  or 
investigation ;  a  certain  form  or 
instance  of  disease ;  a  suit  or 
action  at  law ;  one  of  the  forms 
or  inflections  in  the  declension  of 
a  noun,  pronoun,  or  adjective, 
which  indicates  its  relation  to 
other  words. 

case-har-den  (kas-har'dn),  v.t. 
to  harden  the  surface  of  (as  iron) 
by  conversion  into  steel. 

ca-se-ic  (ka'se-ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  derived  from,  cheese. 

ca-se-in  (ka'se-in),  n.  the  curd- 
matter  of  milk,  forming  the  main 
part  of  cheese. 

case-mate  (kas'mat),  n.  a  shell- 
proof  vault  or  battery,  having 
embrasures  for  cannon  ;  a  hollow 
molding. 

case-ment  (kas'ment),  n.  8 
hinged  window-frame  made  to 
open  outward  ;  a  compartment  be- 
tween the  mullions  of  a  window. 

ca-se-ous   (kfv'se-us),  adj.  cheesy. 

cash  (kasli).  n.  money;  readj 
money:  v.t.  to  turn  into,  or  ex 
change  for,  money. 

cash-book,  n.  a  book  in  which  s 
register  is  kept  of  money  re 
ceived  or  paid  out. 

ca-shew  (ka-shoo'),  n.  a  treft 
native  of  tropical  America  which 
produces  the  cashew-nut,  a  kidney- 
shaped  fruit  containing  an  edible- 
kernel  from  which  a  caustic  oil 
is  obtained 

cash-ier  (kash-e"r'),w.  one  who  has 
charge  of  the  money,  and  superin- 
tends the  payments  and  receipts 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


cas 


163 


Cas 


of  a  bank  or  trading  establish- 
ment :  v.t.  to  dismiss  from  service 
or  place  of  trust ;  discharge. 

cash-mere  (kash'mer),  n.  a  soft 
woolen  fabric  for  shawls,  &c., 
originally  made  in  Cashmere, 
from  the  downy  hair  of  the  wild 
goat  of  Thibet  and  the  Hima- 
layas ;  a  soft  woolen  dress  fabric 
made  in  imitation  of  real  cash- 
mere :  adj.  made  of  cashmere. 

cas-ing  (kas'ing),  n.  the  act  of 
covering  with  or  placing  in  a 
case ;  a  covering. 

ca-si-no  (ka-se'no),  n.  [pi.  Eng- 
lish casinos  ('noz),  Italian  casini 
('ne)J,  a  small  country  house; 
a  public  room  or  building  used 
for  social  meetings,  dancing,  gam- 
ing, &c. 

cask  (kask),  n.  a  vessel  composed 
of  wooden  staves,  bound  by  iron 
hoops,  for  holding  liquors ;  the 
quantity  contained  in  a  cask. 

cas-ket  (kas'ket),  n.  a  small  chest 
or  box  for  jewels,  &c.  ;  a  costly 
coffin :  v.t.  to  place  or  preserve 
in  a  casket. 

casque    (kask),  n.  a  helmet. 

cas-sa-tion  (kas-fi'shun) ,  n.  abro- 
gation. 

cas-sa-va  (kas'a-va).  n.  a  plant  of 
tropical  America  and  Africa,  culti- 
vated for  its  tuberous  roots,  which 
yield  a  nutritious  starch,  from 
which  cassava-bread  and  tapioca 
are  made. 

cas-sia  (kash'ia).  n.  a  genus  of 
leguminous  plants,  the  leaves  of 
several  species  of  which  constitute 
the  drug  senna. 

cas-sia-oil  (-oil),  n.  oil  extracted 
from  cassia-bark  and  cassia-buds. 
Called  also  oil  of  cinnamon. 

cas-si-mere  (kas'i-mer),  n.  a  thin 
twilled  woolen  cloth,  used  for 
men's  garments.  Also  casimire 
and  kerseymere. 

cas-si-nette  (kas-i-nef).  «•  a 
cloth  with  a  cotton  warp  and  a 
woof  of  very  fine  wool,  or  wool 
and  silk.  Also  kerseynette. 

cas-sit-e-rite  (ka-sit'er-it),  n. 
native  tin  dioxide ;  the  principal 
ore  of  tin. 

cas-sock  (kas'uk),  n.  a  long,  close- 
fitting  vestment  worn  by  clergy- 
men, choristers,  &c. 

cas-so-wa-ry       (kas'o-wa-ri),      n. 


[pi.  cassowaries  (-riz)],  a  large 
bird  resembling  the  ostrich,  in- 
habiting Australia  and  the  Pap- 
uan Islands. 

cast  (kust),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  cast, 
/;./>/•.  casting],  to  throw;  hurl; 
shed ;  direct  or  turn ;  thrown 
down  ;  calculate  ;  defeat  at  law  ; 
condemn ;  form  into  a  certain 
shape ;  assign  to  various  actors : 
v.i.  to  throw  the  line  in  angling ; 
ponder ;  to  warp  or  twist ;  receive 
form  or  shape  in  a  mold  :  n.  the 
act  of  casting ;  the  distance  to 
which  a  thing  may  be  thrown ; 
motion  or  turn  (of  the  eye)  ; 
direction,  glance ;  the  form  or 
shape ;  manner ;  appearance ;  a 
tinge ;  the  company  of  actors  to 
whom  the  parts  of  a  play  are  as- 
signed. 

cast-iron,  or  -steel  (-Irn,  or 
-stel),  n.  iron  or  steel  melted  and 
run  into  molds. 

cas-ta-nets  (kas't:Vnets),  n.pl. 
small  spoon-shaped  shells  of  hard 
wood  or  ivory,  fastened  loosely  at 
the  top,  a  pair  of  which  is  fast- 
ened to  each  thumb  and  shaken 
with  the  fingers  to  beat  time. 

cast  a-way  (kast'a-wa).  n.  one 
who  is  cast  away  or  lost ;  a  person 
or  vessel  wrecked  on  an  unfre- 
quented coast ;  an  outcast ;  rep- 
robate (I  Cor.  ix.  27)  :  adj. 
shipwrecked ;  rejected. 

caste  (kust),  n.  one  of  the  arti- 
ficial or  hereditary  divisions  into 
which  Hindus  are  restricted  by 
Brahmin  religious  law. 

cas  t el  la- 1 eel  (kas'te-la-ted),  adj. 
furnished  with  turrets  and  battle- 
ments, as  a  castle. 

cas-ter  (kus'ter).  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  casts ;  a  computor ;  a 
cruet  or  small  vessel  for  holding 
condiments  at  table ;  a  small 
swiveled  wheel.  Also  castor. 

cas-ti-gate  (kas'ti-gat),  v.t.  to 
correct ;  chastise  ;  punish  ;  subject 
to  severe  criticism. 

cas-ti-ga-tion  (kas-ti-ga'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  castigating. 

cas-ti-ga-tor  (kas'ti-ga-ter),  n. 
one  who  castigates. 

cas-ti-ga-to-ry  (kas'ti-ga-to-ri), 
adj.  punitive. 

Cas-tile-soap,  n.  a  superior  kind 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  he"r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  f /ten. 


Cas 


164 


cat 


of  refined  soap,  originally  made  at 
Castile,  Spain. 

Cas  til  iau  (kas-til'ian) ,  adj.  of, 
or  pertaining  to,  Castile. 

cast-ing  (kdst'ing),  n.  the  action 
of  the  verb  to  cast ;  the  act  or 
process  of  founding  or  molding ; 
the  process  of  taking  impressions 
of  statues,  medals,  &c. ;  a  worm- 
cast. 

east-ing- vote  (-vot),  n.  the  de- 
ciding vote  of  a  chairman  when 
.the  votes  are  equal. 

cas-tle  (kas'l  or  kas'l),  n.  a 
fortified  residence ;  a  fortress ;  a 
strong  and  imposing  mansion  of 
a  noble  or  wealthy  person ;  one 
of  the  pieces  at  chess,  called  also 
rook :  v.i.  to  move  the  king  two 
squares  to  the  right  or  left,  and 
bring  the  castle  to  the  square  the 
king  has  passed  over. 

cas-trate  (kas'trat),  v.t.  emascu- 
late; geld;  expurgate:  deprive  a 
flower  of  its  anthers  :  adj.  emascu- 
lated ;  gelded :  n.  one  who  has 
been  emasculated ;  a  eunuch. 

cas-tra-tion  (kas-tra'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  castrating. 

cas-u-al  (kazh'u-ul),  adj.  happen- 
ing by  chance  ;  accidental ;  occa- 
sional ;  fortuitous :  n.  one  who  re- 
ceives relief  for  a  night  in  a 
parish  to  which  he  does  not  be- 
long. 

cas-u-al-ty  (kazh'u-al-ti),  n.  [pi. 
casualties  (-tiz)],  an  accident, 
especially  if  resulting  in  bodily 
injury  or  death. 

cas-ii-ist  (kazh'u-ist),  n.  one 
skilled  in  casuistry ;  one  who 
studies  or  resolves  cases  of  con- 
science. 

cas-u-is-tic  (kazh-u-is'tik),  or 
cas-u-is-tic-al  (-fil),  adj.  of  or 
pertaining  to  casuistry. 

cas-u-ist-ry  ( kazh'u-ist- ri ),  n.  [pi. 
casuistries  (-riz)],  the  science  or 
doctrine  which  deals  witn  cases 
of  conscience  as  determined  by 
theological  dogmas  or  ethical 
rules ;  sophistical  or  equivocal 
reasoning. 

cat  (kat),  n.  a  carnivorous  animal 
of  the  family  Felida?,  especially 
the  domesticated  quadruped,  Fclis 
domcsticaj  a  cat-fish ;  a  cat-o'- 
nine-tails ;  the  game  of  tip-cat ; 
a  strong  tackle ;  to  raise  an 


anchor  to  the  cat-head  ;  a  stoutly- 
built  vessel  with  a  narrow  stern, 
projecting  quarters,  and  a  deeps 
waist ;  a  double  tripod  which 
always  lands  on  its  feet:  v.t.  \p.t. 
&  p.p.  catted,  p.pr.  catting],  to- 
draw  up  (an  anchor)  to  the  cat- 
head. 

cat-block  (-blok),  n.  a  two-  or 
three-fold  block  used  to  cat  the 
anchor. 

cat-boat  (-b5t),  n.  a  small  boat 
with  one  sail  on  a  mast  near  the 
bows. 

cat-har-pings  (-har'pings),  n.pl. 
short  ropes  or  iron  clamps  used 
for  tightening  the  shrouds. 

cat-o'-nine-tails,  n.  a  whip- 
with  nine  lashes  of  knotted  cord, 
formerly  used  as  a  punishment  in 
the  English  army  and  navy. 

cat's-eye  (-1),  n.  a  hard  semi- 
transparent  variety  of  quartz. 

cat's-paw  (-paw),  n.  a  dupe, 
from  the  fable  of  the  monkey,  who 
used  the  cat's  paw  to  get  the 
roasted  chestnuts  from  the  fire ;  a 
light  air  that  slightly  ripples  the 
surface  of  the  water. 

cat-ab-o-lism  (kat-ab'6-lizm),  n. 
a  downward  series  of  changes  by 
which  complex  bodies  are  broken 
down  into  simpler  forms.  AIso> 
katabolism. 

cat-a-clysm  (kat'fi-klizm),  n.  a 
deluge ;  flood  ;  a  violent  or  sudden 
physical  change  of  the  earth's 
surface. 

cat-a-comb  (kat'a-kom),  n.  a  sub- 
terraneous burial  place  with 
niches  hollowed  out  for  the  dead. 

cat-a-cous-tics  ( kat-a-kous'tiks ) , 
n.  that  part  of  the  science  of 
acoustics  which  treats  of  reflected 
sounds. 

cat-a-di-op-tric  ( kat-a-dl-op'trik ) , 
adj.  refracting  and  reflecting 
light. 

cat-a-falque  (kat'a-falk),  «.  a 
temporary  structure  erected, 
usually  in  a  church,  to  support  the 
coffin  of  a  distinguished  person 
on  the  occasion  of  a  ceremonious 
funeral. 

Catalan  (kat'a-lan),  adj.  of, 
or  pertaining  to,  Catalonia,  a 
former  province  of  Spain,  or  to 
its  inhabitants  or  language. 

cat-a-lep-sy     (kat'a-lep-si),    n.    a 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let:  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cat 


165 


cat 


sudden  suspense  of  voluntary  sen- 
sation. Also  catalepsis. 

cat-a-lep-tic  (kat-a-lep'tik) ,  adj. 
of,  or  pertaining  to,  catalepsy. 

«at-a-logrie  (kat'a-log),  n.  an  ar- 
ranged list :  v.t.  to  enter  in,  or 
make,  a  catalogue  of. 

•cat-al-y-sis  (kat-al'i-sis),  n.  [pi. 
catalyses  (-sez)],  a  decomposi- 
tion and  new  combination  sup- 
posed to  be  effected  by  one  sub- 
stance acting  upon  a  compound 
body,  itself  remaining  unchanged. 

cat-a-ma-ran  (kat-a-ma-ran'),  n. 
a  raft  or  float  propelled  by  pad- 
dles, consisting  usually  of  three 
or  more  logs  lashed  together,  the 
third  or  middle  one  being  longer 
than  the  rest ;  any  vessel  with 
twin  hulls ;  a  flat-bottomed  boat ; 
a  vixen. 

cat-a-mount  (kat'a-mount).  n. 
the  wild  cat ;  the  puma,  cougar, 
or  mountain  lion. 

cat-a-phon-ics  (kat-a-fon'iks).  n. 
that  branch  of  acoustics  which 
treats  of  the  theory  of  reflected 
sounds ;  catacoustics. 

cat-a-phor-ic  (kat-a-for'ik),  adj. 
possessing  the  power  of  produc- 
ing motion  through  a  diaphragm  : 
said  of  a  liquid,  or  electric  cur- 
rent. 

cat-a-plasm  (kat'a-plazm),  n.  a 
poultice. 

cat-a-plex-y  (kat'a-plek-si),  n.  a 
sudden  shock  to  the  nerves  caus- 
ing paralysis. 

cat-a-pult  (kat'a-pult),  n.  an 
ancient  military  engine  for  hurl- 
ing darts  and  stones ;  a  forked 
stick  with  an  elastic  band  by 
which  small  missiles  are  pro- 
pelled. 

cat-a-ract  (kat'a-rakt),  n.  a 
large  waterfall ;  a  furious  rush 
or  downpour  of  water ;  a  disease 
of  the  eye  in  which  the  crystalline 
lens  becomes  opaque,  and  the 
vision  becomes  impaired  or  is 
lost. 

•ca-tarrh  (ka-tar'),  n.  an  inflam- 
matory affection  of  any  mucous 
membrane  accompanied  by  in- 
crease of  the  mucus,  especially 
from  the  nose ;  a  violent  cold  in 
the  head. 

«a-tarrli  al    (ka-tar'al),  adj.  per- 


taining   to,    or   produced   by,    ca- 
tarrh. 

cat-as-tro-phe  ( kat-as'tro-fe )  ,n. 
a  great  calamity  or  disaster ;  an 
event  subversive  of  the  order  of 
things  ;  the  unfolding  and  winding 
up  of  a  plot ;  a  cataclysm. 

Syn.    calamity,     disaster,     mis- 
chance, mishap,  cataclysm. 
Ant.    (see  blessing). 

ca-taw-ba  (ka-taw'ba),  n.  a  light- 
red  variety  of  American  grape ; 
a  light  wine  made  from  this 
grape. 

cat-call  (kat'kawl),  n.  a  squeak- 
ing instrument  used  in  theaters 
to  express  disapproval :  v.t.  to  ex- 
press disapproval  of  by  a  catcall. 

catch  (kach),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
caught,  p.pr.  catching],  to  seize 
or  grasp ;  lay  hold  of  suddenly ; 
intercept ;  take  captive ;  appre- 
hend by  the  intellect  or  senses ; 
take,  by  contagion,  infection,  or 
sympathy ;  attack,  or  communi- 
cate to.  as  a  fire ;  come  upon  un- 
expectedly ;  come  up  to ;  reach  in 
time :  n.  the  act  of  seizing  or 
grasping ;  that  which  is  caught 
or  taken ;  gain  ;  something  desir- 
able to  be  caught ;  anything  that 
seizes  or  checks  motion ;  a  song, 
the  parts  of  which  are  caught  up 
by  different  voices. 

catch-pen-ny  (kach'pen-i),  ». 
[pi.  catchpennies  (-iz)],  an 
article  of  little  value  got  up  at- 
tractively to  effect  a  quick  sale. 

catch-up  (kach'up),  n.  a  sauce 
made  from  mushrooms,  tomatoes, 
walnuts,  &c.  Also  catsup,  ketch- 
up. 

cat-e-chet-ic-al  ( kat-e-ket'ik-al ) , 
adj.  consisting  of  questions  and 
answers. 

cat-e-chet-ic-al -ly  (-H),  adv.  by 
way  of  question  and  answer. 

cat-e-chet-ics  (kat-e-ket'iks),  n. 
the  art  or  practice  of  instructing 
by  means  of  question  and  answer. 

cat-e-chin  (kat'e-kin),  n.  a  tan- 
nic  acid  extracted  from  catechu. 

cat-e-chism  (kat'e-kizm),  n.  an 
elementary  manual  of  instruction 
in  the  form  of  question  and 
answer,  especially  in  the  principles 
of  the  Christian  religion. 

cat-e-chist     (kat'e-kist),     n.    one 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  lu>,  her.  let :  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cat 


100 


Cau 


who  instructs  by  question  and 
answer ;  a  catechizer. 

cat  e-chize  (kat'e-klz),  v.t.  to  in- 
struct by  means  of  questions  and 
answers,  and  offering  explana- 
tions, especially  to  instruct  on 
points  of  Christian  dogma ;  inter- 
rogate or  examine. 

cat-e-chu  (kat'e-ku),  «.  a  brown 
astringent  extract  used  in  the 
arts  and  as  a  medicine.  Called 
also  terra  japonica  and  cutch. 

cat-e-chu-men  (kat-e-kii'men),  n. 
one  who  is  under  religious  instruc- 
tion prior  to  receiving  baptism ; 
a  beginner  in  the  first  principles 
of  knowledge. 

cat-e-gor-ic-al  ( kat-e-gor'ik-al ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  a  category ;  ab- 
solute ;  unconditional. 

cat-e-gor-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
categorical  manner ;  absolutely. 

cat-e-go-ry  (kat'e-go-ri),  n.  [pi. 
categories  (-riz)],  one  of  the 
highest  classes  to  which  the  ob- 
jects of  knowledge  or  thought  can 
be  reduced,  and  by  which  they 
may  be  arranged  into  a  system. 

ca-ter  (ka'ter),  v.i.  to  supply 
food,  amusement,  &c.  [with  for 
and  to], 

cat-er-pil-lar  (kat'er-pil'er) ,  n. 
the  hairy  worm-like  larva  of  a 
butterfly  or  lepidopterous  insect. 

cat-er-waul  (kat'er-wawl),  v.i. 
to  cry,  as  cats  at  night ;  to  utter 
harsh  discordant  sounds. 

cat-fish  (kat'fish),  n.  a  fish  re- 
markable for  its  voracity ;  bull- 
head ;  pout. 

cat-gut  (kat'gut),  n.  a  kind  of 
cord  made  from  the  intestines  of 
animals,  usually  sheep,  and  used 
as  strings  for  musical  instruments 
and  some  other  purposes ;  a 
string  of  this  kind  ;  a  kind  of  open 
canvas. 

ca-thar-tic  (kn-thar'tik),  adj. 
purgative :  n.  a  purgative  medi- 
cine. 

cat-head  (kat'hed),  n.  a  beam 
projecting  from  a  ship's  bows  to 
which  the  anchor  is  secured. 

ca-the-dral  (ka-the'drftl),  n.  the 
chief  church  of  a  diocese  in  which 
is  the  throne  of  a  bishop  :  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  cathedral. 

cath-e-ter  (kath'e-te'r),  n.  a  tubu- 


lar instrument  to  withdraw  urine 
from  the  bladder. 

cath-i-pn(kath'i-on),  n.  the  elec- 
tro-positive ion  evolved  at  the 
cathode  in  electrolysis. 

cath-ode  (kath'od),  n.  the  nega- 
tive pole  of  a  current :  opposed 
to  anode.  Written  also  kathode. 

catli  o-lic  (kath'6-lik),  adj.  uni- 
versal ;  general ;  embracing  all ; 
liberal ;  large-hearted  ;  free  from 
prejudice ;  including  all  man- 
kind. 

Catholic  (kath'o-lik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Church  of  Rome : 
n.  a  member  of  the  Universal  or 
Catholic  Church,  or  of  the  Ro- 
man Church. 

ca-thol-i-cism  (ka-thoi'i-sizm),  n. 
the  belief  of,  or  adherence  to,  the 
Catholic  Church  or  faith,  espe- 
cially to  that  of  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church. 

cath-ol-ic-i-ty  (kath-ol-is'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  catholic. 

Ca-thol-i-cize  (ka-thol'i-siz),  v.t. 
to  convert  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church. 

cat-kin,  (kat'kin),  n.  the  pen- 
dulous inflorescence  of  the  willow, 
birch,  &c. 

cat-ling  (kat'ling),  n.  a  little 
cat ;  kitten ;  the  down  or  moss 
resembling  cat's  hair  which  grows 
on  certain  trees. 

cat-mint  (kat'mint),  cat-nip 
(kat'nip),  n.  a  strong-scented 
perennial  herb,  much  liked  by 
cats. 

cat-op-sis  (kat-op'sis),  n.  mor- 
bidly keen  vision. 

cat-op-tric  (kat-op'trik),  adj.  re- 
lating to  catoptrics. 

cat-op-tric  light  (lit),  n.  form 
of  light,  used  in  lighthous_es,  in 
which  reflectors  are  used  in  the 
place  of  prisms  and  lenses. 

cat-pp-tric-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  by  re- 
flection. 

cat-op-trics  (kat-op'triks),  n. 
that  branch  of  optics  which  treats 
of  the  principles  of  reflected  light. 

cat-tie  (kat'l),  n.  sing.  &  pi.  live 
stock,  especially  oxen,  bulls  and 
cows. 

cat-tle-plague  C-plag).  n.  a 
popular  name  for  the  rinderpest. 

Cati-ca-si-an  (kaw-ka'shi-Sn  or 
kaw-kash'i-an),  adj.  of  or  pertain- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6Tch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cau 


167 


cav 


ing  to  the  Caucasus,  a  mountain-  j 
ous  range  between  the  Black  and  ; 
the  Caspian  Seas  ;  of  or  pertaining  ; 
to  the  European  Aryans. 

cau-cus  (kaw'kus),  n.  a  prelimi- 
nary meeting  of  representatives  of 
a  political  party,  to  decide  upon 
a  line  of  policy  to  be  submitted 
to  a  convention  or  larger  meeting : 
a  party  combination  for  influenc- 
ing elections :  v.i.  to  hold,  or  meet 
in,  a  caucus. 

cau-dal  (kaw'dal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  tail. 

can-date  (kaw'diit),  adj.  having  a 
tail ;  having  a  tail-like  appendage. 

can-die  (kaw'cll),  n.  a  warm 
drink  made  of  wine  or  ale,  spiced 
or  sugared,  and  mixed  with  bread, 
eggs,  &c.,  for  sick  persons,  or  for 
women  in  childbed. 

caught,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  catch. 

caul  (kawl),  n.  a  net  or  covering 
for  the  head  :  a  small  net ;  a  mem- 
brane covering  the  lower  intes- 
tines ;  a  part  of  the  amnion  or 
membrane  of  the  fetus,  sometimes 
inclosing  a  child's  head  at  birth. 

caul-dron      (kawl'dron),      n.      a! 
large  kettle  or  boiler. 

can-li-flow-er  (kaw'li-flou-er),  n. 
a  garden  variety  of  cabbage  with 
an  edible  flowering  head. 

caulk.     See  calit. 

caus-al  (kawz'al)  ad;',  relating  to 
or  expressing  cause ;  creative :  n. 
a  word  that  expresses  a  cause,  or 
introduces  a  reason. 

caus-al-ly    (-H),  adv.  as  a  cause. 

cau-sal-i-ty  (kaw-zal'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
causalities  (-tiz)],  the  relation  of 
cause  to  effect ;  the  supposed 
faculty  of  tracing  effects  to 
causes. 

cau-sa-tion  (kaw-za'shun) ,  n.  the 
act  of  causing  or  producing ;  re- 
lation between  cause  and  effect. 

caus-a-tive  (kawz'a-tiv),  adj.  that 
causes;  effective  as  a  cause;  ex- 
pressing causation. 

cause  (kawz),  n.  that  which  pro- 
duces or  contributes  to  a  result ; 
a  reason  ;  motive  ;  principle  ;  sub- 
ject in  debate ;  a  side  or  party ; 
a  suit  or  action ;  a  case  for 
judicial  decision :  v.t.  to  act  as 
an  agent  in  producing  an  effect ; 
produce. 


Syn.  motive,  reason. 

Ant.    (see  effect,  consequence), 

cause  •way  (kawz'wa),  or  cans- 
ey  ('zi),  n.  a  pathway  raised  and 
paved  with  stone ;  a  highway. 

caus-tic  (kaws'tik).  adj.  burning; 
hot;  corrosive;  sarcastic;  cutting; 
pungent :  n.  a  substance  which 
burns. 

caus-tic-pot-ash  (pot'ash),  n. 
potassium  hydrate,  a  white  sub- 
stance acting  as  a  powerful  cau- 
tery, much  used  in  medicine,  the 
arts,  and  manufactures. 

caus-tic-so-da  (so'dft),  n.  sodium 
hydrate,  a  white  solid  substance, 
largely  used  in  soap-making. 

caus-tic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
caustic  manner. 

caus-tic-i-ty  (kaws-tis'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  caustic. 

cau-ter-ant  (kaw'ter-ant),  n.  a 
cauterizing  substance. 

cau-ter-i-za-tion  ( kaw-ter-i-za'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  cauterizing. 

cau-ter-ize  (kaw'ter-Iz),  v.t.  to 
burn  or  sear  with  a  hot  iron,  or 
with  cauterants. 

cau-ter-y  (kaw'ter-i),  n.  [pi. 
cauteries  (-iz)],  a  burning  or 
searing ;  an  instrument  or  drug 
used  for  such  a  purpose. 

caution  (kaw'shun),  n.  heedful- 
ness  ;  prudence  in  regard  to 
danger ;  watchfulness  ;  an  admoni- 
tion ;  something  to  occasion  amaze- 
ment or  fear :  v.t.  to  warn. 

can-tion-a-ry  ( kaw'shun-a-ri ) , 
adj.  containing  a  caution ;  given 
as  a  pledge  or  security. 

cautious  (kaw'shus),  adj.  exer- 
cising caution  ;  heedful ;  wary ; 
vigilant ;  circumspect. 

cav-al-cade  (kav-al-kad'),  n.  a 
train  or  procession  of  persons, 
chiefly  on  horsebackL 

cav-a-lier  (kav-a-ler'),  n.  an 
armed  horseman,  especially  a 
knight  or  gentleman  soldier;  a 
gallant ;  a  gay  military  man ;  a 
beau  or  attendant  upon  a  lady ;  a 
partisan  of  Charles  I.  in  his  strug- 
gle with  the  Parliament ;  an  ele- 
vation for  cannon  within  a  bas- 
tion :  adj.  gay  ;  sprightly  ;  frank  ; 
careless  ;  haughty  ;  supercilious. 

cav-a-lier-ly  (kav-a-ler'li),  adv. 
in  a  haughty  or  supercilious  man- 
ner. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cav 


168 


eel 


cav-al-lard  (kav-al-yard')»  a 
drove  of  horses  or  mules. 

cav-al-ry  (kav'al-ri),  n.  horse 
soldiers. 

cav-a-ti-na  (kav-u-te'na),  n.  a 
short  simple  melody. 

cave  (kav),  n.  a  hollow  place  in 
the  earth ;  a  large  natural  cavity  ; 
a  den :  cavern  :  v.t.  to  hollow  out. 

cave-bear  (-bar),  n.  a  fossil  bear 
belonging  to  the  Quaternary 
epoch. 

cave-man  (-man),  n.  a  man  be- 
longing to  the  prehistoric  race 
who  inhabited  caves. 

ca-ve-at  (ka've-at),  n.  a  notice 
filed  to  stop  procedure,  except 
after  warning  to  the  caveator ; 
notice  of  intention  to  apply  for  a 
patent. 

cav-ern  (kav'ern),  n.  a  large 
natural  hollow  under  the  earth ;  a 
den ;  cave. 

cav  er  nous  (kav'er-nus),  adj. 
hollow  like  a  cavern  ;  filled  with 
small  cavities. 

cav-i-are  (kav-i-ar'),  or  caviar 
(-i-ar'),  n.  the  roes  of  certain 
large  fish,  especially  the  sturgeon, 
salted  and  dried. 

cav-il  (kav'il),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
caviled,  p.pr.  caviling],  to  raise 
captious  or  frivolous  objections ; 
carp  [followed  by  at]  :  n.  a  cap- 
tious or  frivolous  objection. 

cav-i-ty  (kav'i-ti),  n.  [pi.  cavities 
(-tiz)],  a  hollow  place  or  part. 

ca  vo-ri  lie- vo  ( ka'vo-re-lia-vo ) . 
n.  a  relief  in  which  the  highest 
surface  only  is  level  with  the 
plane  of  the  original  stone.  Also 
cavo- relievo. 

ca-vort  (ka-vorf),  v.i.  to  prance 
about,  as  a  horse ;  to  bustle 
around  briskly  or  eagerly. 

caw  (kaw),  v.i.  to  cry  like  a  crow, 
rook,  or  raven  :  n.  the  cry  of  the 
crow,  &c. 

cay-enne  (ki-en'  or  ka-en'),  n.  a 
kind  of  pepper  made  from  the 
seeds  and  fruit  of  various  species 
of  the  genus  Capsicum. 

cease  (ses),  v.i.  to  come  to  an 
end;  stop;  desist  [followed  by 
from  before  a  noun]  :  v.t.  to  put 
a  stop  to  ;  end. 

8yn.  discontinue,  leave  off,  end. 
Ant.    (see  continue). 

ce-dar    (se'dar),   n.   the   name   of 


several  evergreen  trees,  having 
wood  of  great  durability  and 
fragrance :  adj.  pertaining  to,  or 
made  of,  cedar. 

cede  (sed),  v.t.  give  up  or  sur- 
render. 

ce-dil-la  (se-dil'a),  n.  a  mark 
placed  under  c  to  indicate  the 
sound  of  s,  as  in  French  leyon. 

ceil  (sel),  v.t.  to  overlay  or  cover 
the  inner  surface  of  a  roof ;  fur- 
nish with  a  ceiling. 

ceiling  (se'ling),  n.  the  inner 
roof  of  an  apartment. 

cel-an-dine  (sel'an-din),  n.  the 
name  of  two  perennial  plants  of 
the  poppy  family,  the  greater 
celandine  and  lesser  celandine. 

cel-e-brant .  (sel'e-brant),  n.  one 
who  celebrates,  especially  the 
principal  officiating  priest  in 
offering  mass  or  celebrating  the 
Eucharist. 

cel-e-brate  (sel'e-brat),  v.t.  to 
praise,  extol,  or  honor ;  commem- 
orate ;  distinguish  by  solemn  cere- 
monies. 

Syn.      observe,      commemorate, 
keep,  solemnize. 

Ant.   (see  disregard.) 

cel-e-bra-tion  (sel-e-bra'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  celebrating ;  an  ob- 
servance or  ceremony  to  celebrate 
anything. 

ce-leb-ri-ty  (se-leb'ri-ti),  n.  [pi. 
celebrities  (-tiz)],  fame;  re- 
nown ;  distinction ;  a  renowned 
person. 

ce-ler-i-ty  ( se-ler'i-ti ) ,  n.  rapidity  ; 
swiftness. 

cel-e-ry  (sel'e-ri),  n.  a  plant  culti- 
vated for  a  salad  and  vegetable. 

ce-leste    (se-lesf).   n.   sky-blue. 

ce-les-tial  (se-les'tial)  adj.  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  sky  or  heavens ; 
heavenly ;  supremely  excellent. 

Ce-les-tial  (se-les'tial),  n.  an  in- 
habitant of  heaven ;  a  native  of 
China. 

Ce-les-tial  Em-pire  (em'plr),  n. 
China. 

ce-les-tial-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  celes- 
tial or  heavenly  manner. 

cel-i-ba-cy  (sel'i-ba-si),  n.  the 
state  of  being  unmarried ;  single 
life,  especially  that  of  a  bachelor, 
or  one  bound  by  vows  to  an  un- 
married life. 

cel-i-bate   (sel'i-bat),  n.  one  who 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  thea. 


eel 


169 


cen 


is  unmarried  or  practices  celibacy  : 
adj.  unmarried. 

cell  (sel),  n.  a  small  room  in 
a  monastery,  convent,  or  prison  ; 
a  small  or  mean  place  of  resi- 
dence ;  a  small  cavity ;  a  minute 
mass  of  contractile  protoplasm 
forming  the  structural  unit  of 
every  organized  body :  a  single 
element  or  jar  of  a  galvanic  bat- 
tery ;  a  small  religious  house  at- 
tached to  a  monastery  or  convent ; 
the  interval  between  the  ribs  of  a 
vaulted  roof. 

cel-lar  (sel'ar),  n.  a  vault  for 
storing  provisions,  wine,  fuel,  &c. 

cel-lar-age  (sel'er-aj),  n.  cellars; 
the  space  occupied  by  cellars ;  cel- 
lars collectively ;  charge  for  stor- 
age in  cellars. 

cell-o  (chel'o),  n.  \pl.  cellos  ('oz), 
Italian  celli  ('e)],  a  violoncello. 

cell-u-lar  (sel'u-lar),  adj.  formed 
of  cells. 

cell-u-loid  (sel'u-loid),  n.  a  com- 
pound of  camphor  and  gun-cotton, 
resembling  ivory. 

cell-u-lose  (sel'u-los),  or  cell-a- 
line (-lin),  n.  the  substance  re- 
sembling and  allied  to  starch 
which  forms  cellular  plant  tissue: 
adj.  containing  or  composed  of 
cells. 

celt  (selt),  n.  an  instrument  or 
weapon  of  stone  or  metal,  re- 
sembling a  chisel  or  blade  of  an 
axe,  found  in  ancient  tumuli. 

Cel-tic  (sel'tik),  or  Keltic 
(kel'-),  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
Kelts. 

cel-ti-cism  (  sel'ti-sizm),  or  kel- 
ticism  (kel'-),  n.  a  Keltic  cus- 
tom or  idiom. 

Cel-tist  (sel'tist),  or  Keltist 
(kel'-),  a  student  of  Keltic  an- 
tiquities, languages,  &c. 

ce-ment  (se-menf  or  sem'ent),  n. 
any  adhesive  substance  which 
makes  two  bodies  cohere  ;  mortar ; 
a  bond  of  union  ;  the  bony  layer 
which  forms  the  outer  substance 
of  the  fang  of  a  tooth :  v.t.  to 
unite  with  cement;  unite  firmly 
or  closely:  v.i.  become  solid. 

cem-en-ta-tion  (sem-en-ta'shtin) . 
n.  the  act  of  cementing :  a  proc- 
ess for  converting  iron  into  steel, 
glass  into  porcelain.  &c. 

cem-e-ter-y    (sem'e-ter-i),   «.    fpZ. 


cemeteries   (-iz)],  a  public  burial 
ground. 

cen-o-bite  (sen'o-bit),  n.  one  of  a 
religious  order  living  in  a  con- 
vent or  in  community. 

cen-o-taph  (sen'o-taf),  n.  an 
empty  tomb,  or  a  monument 
erected  in  honor  of  a  person 
buried  elsewhere. 

cen-ser  (sen'ser),  n.  a  covered 
cup-shaped  vessel  pierced  with 
holes,  in  which  incense  is  burned ; 
a  thurible. 

cen-sor  (sen'ser),  n.  one  of  two 
magistrates  of  ancient  Rome  who 
imposed  taxes  and  regulated  the 
morals  and  manners  of  the  com- 
munity ;  an  official  appointed  to 
examine  books,  manuscripts,  plays, 
&c.,  prior  to  publication  or  per- 
formance to  ascertain  there  is 
nothing  immoral  or  offensive  in 
them  ;  one  who  censures  or  blames ; 
a  critic ;  at  Cambridge  Univer- 
sity, a  collegiate  official  similar 
to  a  dean. 

cen-so-ri-al  (sen-so'ri-al).  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  censor ;  censori- 
ous. 

cen-so-ri-ons  (sen-so'ri-us),  adj. 
addicted  to,  or  expressing,  cen- 
sure;  carping;  critical. 

cen-sur  a-ble  ( sen'shur-a-bl ) ,  adj. 
blauiable. 

ceii-sure  (sen'shur),  n.  blame;  re- 
proof ;  the  act  of  finding  fault ;  a 
sentence  or  penalty  of  an  ecclesias- 
tical court:  v.t.  to  find  fault  with 
or  condemn ;   criticise   adversely. 
Syn.   animadvert,   criticise. 
Ant.   (see  praise). 

cen-sus  (sen'sus),  n.  a  quinquen- 
nial registration  of  the  numbers 
and  property  of  Roman  citizens 
for  the  purpose  of  taxation ;  in 
modern  usage,  an  official  enumera- 
tion of  the  inhabitants  of  a  coun- 
try, with  details  of  sex,  age,  occu- 
pation, &c.,  taken  in  the  United 
States  decennially. 

cent  (sent),  n.  the  l-100th  part 
of  a  dollar. 

cen-tal  (sen'tal),  adj.  pertaining 
to  or  consisting  of  a  hundred :  n. 
a  weight  for  corn  =  100  Ib. 
avoirdupois. 

ceii-tare  (sang-tar7),  n.  in  the 
metric  system,  one  hundredth  part 
of  an  are :  one  square  meter. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
coDk  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cen 


170 


ccn 


cen-tanr  (sen'tawr),.  n.  a  fabu- 
lous being,  half  man  and  half 
horse. 

cen-te-na-ri-an  (sen-te-na'ri-an) , 
adj.  of,  or  pertaining  to,  a  cen- 
tenary or  of  a  person  a  hundred 
years  old :  n.  a  person  of  such  an 
age  or  older. 

<een-te-na-ry  (sen'te-na-ri),  n.  [pi. 
centenaries  (-riz)],  the  space  of  a 
hundred  years ;  the  commemora- 
tion of  the  hundredth  anniversary 
of  an  event :  adj.  relating  to,  or 
consisting  of,  a  hundred ;  recur- 
ring once  in  a  century. 

cen-ten-ni-al  (sen-ten'i-al),  adj. 
consisting  of,  or  enduring,  a  hun- 
dred years;  taking  place  once  in 
a  hundred  years :  n.  the  com- 
memoration of  a  100th  anniver- 
sary. 

cen-ten-ni-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  once 
in  a  100  years. 

8yn.  middle,  midst. 

Ant.    (see   circumference). 

cen-ter  (sen'ter),  n.  the  middle 
point  of  anything ;  the  nucleus 
around  which  things  are  collected  ; 
a  title  of  the  leaders  of  certain 
organizations ;  the  name  of  cer- 
tain members  of  a  legislative  as- 
sembly who  hold  moderate  views 
and  occupy  a  place  between  the 
Conservative  party  on  the  riflJit, 
and  the  Radicals  on  the  left;  the 
circle  or  square  next  to  the  bull's- 
eye  ;  a  shot  which  hits  such  a 
division  ;  a  conical  pin,  by  which 
the  work  is  secured  and  around 
which  it  revolves ;  troops  in  a  line 
between  the  wings ;  in  a  fleet,  the 
column  or  division  between  the 
van  and  the  rear,  or  between  the 
weather  division  and  the  lee :  v.t. 
to  place  on  a  center ;  collect  to  a 
point ;  to  form  a  recess  for  the 
reception  of  a  center:  v.i.  to  be 
placed  in  the  center ;  meet  in  one 
point  or  focus. 

Syn.  middle,  midst. 

Ant.    (see   circumference). 

cen-ter-bit  (-bit),  n.  a  carpen- 
ter's tool  turning  upon  a  center 
for  boring  holes. 

center-board  (bord),  n.  a  keel 
so  constructed  that  it  may  be 
raised  within  the  vessel  or  lowered 
at  pleasure :  it  is  extensively  used 
by  racing  craft 


cen-ter  of  grav-i-ty  (of  grav'i- 
ti),  n.  that  point  of  a  body 
through  which  the  resultant  of 
all  the  forces  acting  upon  it  in 
consequence  of  the  earth  s  attrac- 
tion will  pass. 

cen-ter-ing  (sen'ter-ing),  n.  the 
woodwork  or  timber  framing  by 
which  vaulted  work  is  supported 
during  construction. 

ceii  tes  i-mal  (sen-tes'i-mal),  adj. 
hundredth :  n.  a  hundredth  part. 

cen-ti-are  (sen'ti-ar,  French  sang- 
ti-ur'),  n.  a  centare. 

cen-ti-grade  (sen'ti-grad),  adj. 
graduated  or  divided  into  a  hun- 
dred degrees. 

cen-ti-gram    or    cen-ti-gramme 

(sen'ti-gram),  n.  a  measure  of 
weight  =  100th  of  a  gramme 
(.15432  of  a  grain  troy). 

cen-ti-li-ter  (sen'ti-le-tr,  French 
sang7),  n.  a  measure  of  capacity  = 
the  hundredth  part  of  a  liter 
(.0102  of  an  inch). 

cen-time  (sang-tem'),  n.  a  small 
French  coin  =  the  hundredth  part 
of  a  franc. 

cen-ti-me-ter  (sen'ti-me-tr,  French 
silng'-),  n.  a  measure  of  length  = 
100th  of  a  meter  (.3937  inch). 

cen-ti-ped  (sen'ti-ped),  or  centi- 
pede (-ped),  n.  the  term  applied 
to  an  articulated  animal  with 
numerous  feet  belonging  to  the 
class  Myriapoda,  popularly  sup- 
posed to  have  a  hundred  feet, 
whence  the  name. 

cen-to  (sen'to),  n.  {pi.  centos 
Ctoz)],  a  literary  or  musical  com- 
position formed  by  selections  from 
various  authors  or  composers,  and 
arranged  in  a  new  order. 

cen-tral  (sen'tral).  adj.  relating 
to,  or  situated  in,  the  center. 

cen-tral-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  central 
manner. 

cen-tral-ism  (sen'tral-izm),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  central ; 
centralization. 

cen-tral-i-ty  (sen-tral'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  central. 

cen-tral-i-za-tion  (sen-tral-i-za'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  bringing  all 
local  administrations  under  one 
central  government. 

cen-tral-ize  (sen'tral-iz),  v.t.  to 
draw  or  bring  to  a  center;  bring 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  inoon. 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  tf/ien. 


cen 


171 


cer 


all      administrations     under     one 
central  government. 

cen-tre  (sen'ter),  n.  same  as 
center. 

cen-tric  (sen'trik),  or  centrical 
(al),  adj.  placed  in  the  center; 
central. 

cen-tric-i-ty  (sen-tris'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  of  being  centric. 

cen-trif  -u-gal         ( sen-trif 'u-gal ) , 
adj.  tending  or  causing  to  fly  off  j 
from  the  center ;  radiating  from  a  i 
central  focus :   expanding  first  at 
the  summit  and  later  at  the  base. 

cen-trif -u-gal-ly  (-H),  adv. 
from  the  center. 

cen-trif -u-gence  ( sen-trif 'u- Jens) , 
».  a  tendency  to  fly  off  from  the 
center. 

cen-trip-e-tal  ( sen-trip'e-tal ) , 
adj.  tending  or  causing  to  ap- 
proach the  center  ;  opposed  to  cen- 
trifugal ;  expanding  first  at  the 
base  and  then  at  the  summit. 

cen-trip-e-tal  rail-way  ( ral'- 
wa),  n.  a  railway  constructed 
with  a  single  rail  to  support  the 
carriage,  and  two  side  rails  to 
steady  it. 

cen-trip-e-tal -ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a 
centripetal  manner. 

cen-tum-vir  ( sen-turn' ver),  n. 
[pi.  centumvirs  (-verz)  ;  Latin 
centumviri  ('vi-r!)],  one  of  a 
body  of  105  Roman  judges,  ap- 
pointed annually  to  try  civil 
causes. 

cen-tum-vi-rate  ( sen-tum'vi-rat ) , 
n.  the  office  of  a  centumvir,  or 
the  centumviri ;  a  body  composed 
of  a  hundred  men. 

cen-tu-ple  (sen'tu-pl).  adj. 
hundredfold :  v.t.  to  multiply  or 
increase  a  hundredfold. 

cen-tu-ri-on  (sen-tu'ri-un) .  n.  a 
military  officer  commanding  a 
hundred  men. 

cen-tu-ry  (sen'ra-ri),  n.  [pi. 
centuries  (-riz)],  a  hundred;  a 
hundred  years,  especially  of  the 
Christian  era;  a  division  of  the 
Roman  people ;  a  sub-division  of 
a  legion. 

cen-tu-ry-plant  (-plant),  n.  a 
name  of  the  American  aloe,  from 
the  supposition  that  it  flowered 
once  only  in  a  hundred  years. 

century-run,  n.  a  hundred  mile 
run  on  a  bicycle,  or  other  vehicle. 


cepli-a-lal-gi-a  (sef-a-lal'ji-a),  n. 
headache. 

cepn-a-lic  (sef'a-lik  or  se-fal'- 
ik),  at/;,  pertaining  to  the  head; 
forming  the  front  or  forepart  of 
a  body  or  organ. 

ceph-a-li-tis  (sef-a-H'tis),  n.  in- 
flammation of  the  brain  or  its 
membranes. 

ceph-a-lo-pod  (sef'a-lo-pod),  adj. 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  Cepha- 
lopoda :  n.  a  member  of  the 
Cephalopoda. 

Ceph-a-lop-o-da  (sef-a-lop'o-da) , 
n.pl.  the  highest  class  of  the 
Mollusca,  having  a  distinct  head 
with  tentacles  attached.  The 
nautilus  and  octopus  belong  to 
this  class. 

ce-ra-ceous  (se-ra'shus).  adj. 
having  the  texture  and  color  of 
new  wax. 

ce-ram-ic  (se-ram'ik),  or  ke-ram- 
ic  (ke-),  adj.  of  or  pertaining 
to  pottery  or  the  fictile  arts :  n.pl. 
work  executed  wholly  or  partly  in 
clay  and  baked  ;  the  fictile  arts. 

ce-rate  (se'rat).  n.  a  thick  oint- 
ment of  wax,  &c. 

cer-a-tin  (ser'a-tin),  n.  horny 
tissue. 

cer-a-toid  (ser'a-toid),  adj.  horny. 

cer-a-to-plas-ty  ( ser'a-to-plas-ti ) , 
n.  the  replacement  of  the  cornea 
by  one  taken  from  an  animal. 

cere  (ser),  n.  the  naked  skin  at 
the  base  of  the  bill  of  many  birds, 
as  the  parrot. 

cere  (ser),  v.t.  to  cover  or  close 
with  wax. 

ce-re-al  (se're-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  producing,  wheat  or  edible 
grain  :  n.  edible  grain. 

cer-e-bel-lnm  (ser-e-bel'um),  n. 
[pi.  cerebella  ('a)],  the  hinder 
and  lower  part  of  the  brain  in 
vertebrate  animals ;  the  little 
brain. 

cer-e-bral  (ser'e-bral),  adj.  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  brain. 

cer-e-bral  hem-is-phere  (hem'- 
is-fer),  n.  one  of  the  two  lateral 
halves  of  the  cerebrum. 

cer-e-bral-ism  (ser'e-bral-izm),  n. 
the  theory  that  mental  operations 
arise  from  activity  of  the  brain 
or  cerebrum. 

cer-e-brate     (ser'e-brat),    v.i.    to 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cer 


172 


ces 


have  the  brain  in  action.  Also 
cerebrize. 

cer-e-bra-tion  ( ser-e-bra'shun ) , 
n.  the  conscious  or  unconscious 
action  of  the  brain. 

cer-e-bric  (ser'e-brik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  derived  from,  the 
brain. 

cer-e-brin  (ser'e-brin),  n.  a  name 
for  several  nitrogenous  sub- 
stances obtained  from  brain-  and 
nerve-matter. 

cer-e-bri-tis  (ser-e-brl'tis),  n.  in- 
flammation of  cerebrum  or  brain. 

cer-e-bmm  (ser'e-brum),  n.  [pi. 
cerebra  (-bra)],  the  superior  and 
larger  part  of  the  brain  :  the  seat 
of  the  mind  and  will. 

cere-cloth,  (ser'kloth),  n.  a  cloth 
saturated  with  wax  or  some  gum- 
my substance,  used  for  wrapping 
embalmed  bodies  in. 

cere-incut  (ser'ment),  n.  a  grave- 
cloth  or  shroud :  pi.  grave-clothes. 

cer-e-mo-ni-al  (ser-e-mo'ni-al) , 
adj.  relating  to,  or  performed  with, 
external  rites  or  ceremonies :  n. 
the  prescribed  order  for  a  cere- 
mony or  function. 

cer-e-mo-ni-al -ism  (ser-e-mo'ni- 
ul-izm),  n.  adherence  to,  or  fond- 
ness for,  ceremonial  observance ; 
ritualism. 

cer-e-mo-ni-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  ac- 
cording to  rites  and  ceremonies. 

cer-e-mo-ni-ous  ( ser-e-mo'ni-us) , 
adj.  full  of  ceremony  ;  punctilious 
of  prescribed  formalities ;  accord- 
ing to  prescribed  form  or  usage ; 
fond  of  using  ceremony ;  precise. 

cer-e-mo-ny  (ser'e-mo-ni),  n.  [pi. 
ceremonies  (-niz)],  a  sacred  rite 
or  observance;  a  prescribed  rite 
or  formality ;  behavior  regulated 
by  the  laws  of  strict  etiquette. 

cer-iph.  (ser'if),  n.  one  of  the 
fine  lines  of  a  printing  type,  es- 
pecially a  stroke  at  the  bottom  or 
top  of  a  letter.  Also  serif. 

ce-ri-um  (se'ri-um),  n.  a  rare  me- 
tallic element. 

ce-rog-ra-phy  (se-rog'ra-fi),  n. 
the  art  of  writing  or  engraving  on 
wax ;  wax  painting ;  encaustic 
painting. 

cer-tain  (ser'tin),  adj.  sure;  be- 
yond a  doubt ;  fixed  or  stated  ;  in- 
definite. 


N///I.    secure,    sure. 
Ant.   (see  doubtful). 

cer-tain-ty  (ser'tin-ti  ),  n.  [pi. 
certainties  (-tiz)],  full  assurance. 

cer-tes  (ser'tez),  adv.  certainly; 
assuredly. 

cer-tif-i-cate  (ser-tif  i-kat),  n.  a 
written  testimony  to  the  truth  of 
any  fact ;  a  testimonial  as  to  char- 
acter or  ability ;  a  statement 
written  and  signed  and  legally 
authenticated :  v.t.  to  give  a  cer- 
tificate to ;  to  attest  or  vouch  for 
by  certificate. 

cer-ti-fi-ca-tion  ( ser-ti-fi-ka'- 

shun),  n.  the  act  of  certifying. 

cer-ti-fy  (ser'ti-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  certified,  p.pr.  certifying],  to 
testify  to  or  to  make  known  in 
writing ;  assure. 

cer-ti-o-ra-ri  (ser-shi-6-ra'ri),  n. 
a  writ  issuing  from  a  superior 
court  calling  for  the  records  of 
an  inferior  court,  or  to  remove  a 
case  from  a  court  below. 

cer-ti-tnde  (ser'ti-tfid),  adj.  cer- 
tainty ;  freedom  from  doubt ;  as- 
surance. 

cer-to-si-na-worl^  ( cher-to-se'- 
nfl-werk),  H.  a  kind  of  inlaid 
work  of  light  and  dark  woods,  or 
ivory  and  wood. 

ce-m-le-an  (se-roo'le-an),  adj. 
sky-colored. 

ce-m-lin  (se'roo-lin),  n.  an  olive- 
green  dye. 

ce-ru-men  (se'roo'men),  n.  ear- 
wax. 

ce-rnse  (se'roos),  n.  white-lead, 
used  as  a  pigment,  and  from 
which  a  cosmetic  is  prepared. 

cer-vi-cal  (ser'vi-kal),  adj.  of  or 
pertaining  to  the  neck. 

cer-vine  (ser'vin),  adj.  of,  or 
pertaining  to.  the  deer  family ;  of 
a  tawny  or  fawn  color. 

cess  (ses),  v.t.  to  impose  a  tax; 
assess :  n.  a  rate  or  tax,  especially 
the  land  tax. 

ces-sa-tion  (ses-sa'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  ceasing. 

Syn.  intermission,  rest,  stop. 
Ant.   (see  continuance). 

ces-sion  (sesh'un),  n.  a  yielding 
up,  as  of  territory,  property,  or 
rights ;  the  surrender  of  a  benefice 
by  an  incumbent  who  has  ac- 
cepted another  living. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ces 


173 


cba 


ces-sion-a-ry  (sesh'un-a-ri),  adj. 
a  giving  or  yielding  up. 

cess-pool  (ses'pool),  n.  a.  deep 
hole  in  the  ground,  or  the  well 
of  a  drain  for  the  reception  of 
filth ;  any  foul  receptacle. 

ces-tus  (ses'tus),  n.  [pi.  cestus 
(ses'tus)],  a  kind  of  glove  used 
by  ancient  boxers,  frequently 
loaded  with  lead  or  iron,  and  se- 
cured by  leathern  thongs  to  the 
hands  and  arms. 

ce-ta-cean  (se-ta'shun),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Cetacea,  formerly 
a  group  of  marine  mammalia 
which  includes  the  whales :  n. 
a  whale ;  an  animal  belonging  to 
the  order  Cete. 

Ce-te  (se'te),  n.pL  an  order  of 
the  mammalia,  containing  the  true 
whales,  dolphins,  &c. 

ce-tic  ac-id  (se'tik  as'id),  n. 
an  acid  obtained  from  spermaceti. 

ce-tin  (se'tin),  n.  a  white  waxy 
substance  forming  the  essential 
part  of  spermaceti. 

chafe  (chaf),  v.t.  to  make  warm 
by  friction ;  to  wear  away  or 
make  sore  by  rubbing ;  irritate ; 
annoy :  n.  mental  irritation  caused 
by  continued  annoyance ;  vexa- 
tion :  v.l.  to  be  worn  by  friction  ; 
be  irritated  or  annoyed  ;  fret. 

cha-fer  (cha'fer),  n.  the  cock- 
chafer. 

chaff  (ohaf),  n.  the  husk  of  grain, 
especially  when  separated  by 
threshing,  &c. ;  straw  or  hay  cut 
fine  for  cattle ;  anything  worth- 
less. 

chaff  (chaf),  v.t.  to  banter;  make 
game  of :  v.i.  to  use  bantering  lan- 
guage :  n.  banter. 

chaf-fer  (chafer),  n.  the  act  of 
bargaining :  v.i.  to  haggle  about  a 
purchase. 

chaf -finch  (chaf'inch),  n.  a  bird, 
so  named  from  its  feeding  on 
grain. 

chaff-weed  (chaf 'wed),  n.  a  plant 
allied  to  the  pimpernel, 

chaff -y  (chaf'i),  adj.  resembling, 
or  full  of,  chaff ;  anything  light  or 
worthless. 

cha-fing-dish  (-dish),  n.  a  small 
portable  grate  for  coals ;  a  vessel 
to  hold  live  coal  to  keep  meat,  &c., 
hot. 

cha-grin     (sha-grin'    or    -gren'). 


vexation  due  to  disappointment ; 
ill-humor ;  mortification :  v.t.  to 
excite  vexation  in  ;  mortify. 

$yn.   confusion,   dismay,  humil- 
iation, shame,  vexation. 
Ant.  (see  delight). 

chain  (chan),  n.  a  connected 
series  of  links  or  rings  fitted  into 
one  another ;  a  bond ;  a  measure 
of  100  links  =  66  ft.;  the  warp 
threads  of  a  web :  v.t.  to  fasten, 
secure,  or  connect  with  a  chain ; 
enslave  ;  to  unite  firmly  ;  fasten. 

chain-gang  (-gang),  n.  a  gang 
of  convicts  working  together  in 
chains. 

chain-mail  (-mal),  n.  flexible 
armor  formed  of  metal  links  in- 
terwoven. 

chain-stitch  (-stich),  n.  an 
ornamental  stitch  resembling  a 
chain ;  a  loop-stitch  made  by  a 
sewing  machine. 

chair  (char),  n.  a  movable  seat 
with  a  back  for  one  person ;  an 
official  seat :  a  professorship  :  the 
presiding  officer  of  an  assembly ; 
an  iron  socket  fastened  to  the 
sleeper  which  receives  and  secures 
railroad  metals :  v.t.  to  carry  pub- 
licly in  a  chair  in  triumph  ;  to  in- 
stall. 

chair-man  (char'man),  n.  [pi. 
chairmen  ('men)],  the  president 
of  an  assembly,  meeting,  public 
company,  &c. 

chaise  (shaz),  n.  a  light  two- 
wheeled  carriage ;  a  carriage  in 
general. 

chal-ce-do-ny  (kal'se-do-ni  or 
kal-sed'o-ni )  n.  a  cryptocrystal- 
line  variety  of  quartz,  resembling 
diluted  milk.  Also  calcedony. 

chal-dron  (chawl'dron).  n.  a 
measure  for  coke  =  36  bush. 
(25%  cwt.). 

cha-let  (sha-la'),  n.  a  Swiss  cot- 
tage or  herdsman's  dwelling ;  a 
small  country  house  built  in  such 
style. 

chalice  (chal'is),  n.  a  cup;  a 
Eucharist  cup. 

chalk  (chawk),  n.  a  soft  lime- 
stone rock  composed  of  carbonate 
of  lime ;  prepared  chalk  for  draw- 
ing :  v.t.  to  mark,  rub,  or  manure 
with  chalk. 

chalk-stone  (-stop),  n.  a  chalky 
concretion  in  the  joints. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cha 


174 


cha 


chalk-i-ness  (chawk'i-nes),  n. 
the  state  of  being  chalky. 

chalk-y  (chawk'i),  adj.  contain- 
ing, or  resembling,  chalk. 

chal-lenge  (chal'enj),  n.  an  invi- 
tation to  a  contest ;  a  summons 
to  fight ;  a  duel ;  an  objection 
taken  to  a  voter  or  juror ;  the  de- 
mand of  a  soldier  on  sentry :  v.t. 
to  summons  to  a  contest ;  invite 
to  a  duel ;  defy ;  take  exception 
to. 

chal-lenge-a-hle  (chal'enj-a-bl) , 
adj.  that  may  be  challenged. 

chal-lis  (shal'e),  n.  a  light  all- 
wool  fabric. 

cha-lyb-e-ate  (ka-lib'e-at),  adj. 
impregnated  with  iron. 

chal-y-bite  (kal'i-bit),  n.  native 
carbonate  of  iron ;  siderite. 

cham-ber  (chfim'ber),  n.  an 
apartment ;  especially  a  bedroom  ; 
a  private  room ;  a  political  or 
commercial  body ;  a  cavity  ;  that 
part  of  a  gun,  &c.,  which  contains 
the  charge  :  pi.  a  suite  of  rooms ;  a 
judge's  private  room :  v.t.  to  in- 
close ;  furnish  with  a  chamber. 

cham-ber-lain  (cham'ber'lan),  n. 
an  officer  who  has  charge  of  the 
private  apartments  of  a  sovereign 
or  nobleman  ;  a  male  servant  who 
has  charge  of  a  suite  of  rooms ; 
the  treasurer  of  a  city  or  corpora- 
tion. 

cha-me-le-on  (ka-me'le-un) ,  n. 
an  insectivorous  lizard-like  rep- 
tile, possessing  the  power  of 
changing  its  color. 

chain -fer  (cham'fer),  n.  a  small 
furrow  cut  in  wood  or  metal ;  a 
bevel :  v.t.  to  groove,  channel,  or 
flute. 

champ  (champ),  v.t.  to  bite  with 
the  teeth  repeatedly  and  impa- 
tiently :  n.  the  act  of  champing. 

cham-pagne  (sham-pan'),  n.  a 
light  sparkling  effervescent  wine. 

cham-paign  (sham-pan')-  n.  flat 
open  country :  adj.  level,  open. 

cham-per-ty  (cham'per-ti),  n. 
the  maintenance  of  a  party  in  a 
suit  on  condition  that,  if  suc- 
cessful, the  property  is  to  be 
shared. 

cham-pi-on  (cham'pi-un).  n.  one 
who  defends  the  cause  of  another, 
by  combat  or  other  means ;  a 
hero ;  valiant  warrior ;  a  success- 


ful competitor  against  all   rivals : 
v.t.  to  defend  or  support  a  cause. 

chance  (ch;\ns),  n.  an  unfore- 
seen event ;  an  accident ;  a  possi- 
bility ;  opportunity :  risk :  v.i.  to 
happen  ;  occur  without  design  or 
expectation:  v.t.  to  risk  (with 
it). 

Syn.  fate,  fortune. 
Ant.   (see  design). 

chan-cel  (chan'sel),  n.  that  part 
in  a  church  where  the  altar 
stands ;  the  sanctuary. 

chan-cel-lor  (chan'sel-er),  n.  a 
judge  of  a  court  of  equity  or 
chancery ;  the  president  or  high- 
est official  of  a  university ;  a 
vicar-general ;  the  president  of  the 
German  Federal  Council. 

chance-med-ley  (-med'li),  n. 
justifiable  homicide  in  self-de- 
fense. 

chan-cer-y  (ehan'ser-i),  n.  orig- 
inally in  England,  next  to  Parlia- 
ment, the  highest  Court  of  Jus- 
tire,  since  1873  a  division  of  the 
High  Court  of  Justice;  a  Court 
of  Equity. 

chan-de-lier  (shan-de-ler'),  n.  a 
hanging  frame  with  branches  for 
lights. 

chand-ler  (chand'ler),  n.  a 
maker  or  vendor  of  candles ;  a 
dealer  or  merchant. 

change  (chanj),  v.t.  to  alter; 
substitute ;  exchange  or  give  an 
equivalent  for ;  render  acid  or 
tainted  :  v.i.  undergo  change  ;  suf- 
fer alteration ;  pass  from  one 
place  to  another ;  deteriorate :  n. 
an  alteration  or  variation ;  a 
passing  from  one  state  or  form 
to  another ;  vicissitude ;  small 
coin ;  balance  returned  after  de- 
duction of  amount  paid. 

Syn.    barter,    exchange,    substi- 
tute,  alteration. 

Ant.    (see  continue). 

change-a-bil-i-ty  (chanj-a-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  liability  to  change. 

change-a-ble  (chanj'a-bl),  adj. 
fickle. 

Syn.  fickle,  inconstant,  mutable, 
variable. 

Ant.   (see  unchangeable). 

change-ling  (chanj'ling),  n.  a 
child  left  in  place  of  another ;  an 
idiot ;  a  waverer. 

chan-nel   (chan'el),  n.  the  bed  of 


late,  mftr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cha 


175 


cna 


a  stream ;  a  watercourse ;  the 
deepest  part  of  a  strait,  bay,  har- 
bor, &c. ;  a  wide  arm  of  the  sea 
extending  inland ;  a  groove ;  a 
medium  of  conveyance :  pi.  planks 
bolted  to  the  outside  of  a  ship  to 
extend  the  rigging :  v.t.  to  cut  into 
a  channel ;  groove. 

chant  (chant),  v.t.  to  sing;  in- 
tone :  v.i.  make  melody  with  the 
voice ;  go  in  full  cry,  as  hounds  : 
M.  a  song ;  a  solemn  or  monoton- 
ous song. 

chan-ter  (chan'ter),  n.  one  who 
chants ;  the  drone  of  a  bagpipe ; 
a  horse-coper. 

chan-ti-cleer  (chan'ti-kler),  n.  a 
cock. 

chaos  (ka'os),  n.  the  confused 
matter  out  of  which  the  universe 
was  formed ;  confusion. 

cha-ot-ic  (ka-ot'ik),  adj.  resem- 
bling chaos. 

cha-ot-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in  a 
chaotic  manner. 

chap  (chap),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
chapped:  p.pr.  chapping],  to 
cause  to  crack  or  open  longitudin- 
ally :  v.i.  to  have  the  skin  crack  : 
n.  a  longitudinal  crack  or  slit. 

chap    (chap),  n.  a  fellow. 

chap  (chap,  or  chop),  n.  one  of 
the  jaws  or  its  fleshy  covering 
(usually  pi. )  ;  the  mouth  of  a 
channel. 

chap-ar-ral  (chap-a-ral'),  n.  a 
dense  thicket. 

chap-book      (chap'book),     n.     a 
small  book,  usually  of  fairy  tales, 
romances,    &c.,    formerly    hawked ' 
about  by  chapmen. 

cha-pean     (sha'po),    n.    [pi.    cha- 1 
peaux  (-pflz)  ],  a  hat  or  head  cov- 
ering. 

chap-el  (chap'el),  n.  a  subordi- 
nate place  of  public  worship ;  a 
place  of  worship  in  a  palace,  in- 
stitution, &c. ;  a  nonconformist 
place  of  worship ;  an  association 
of  journeymen  in  a  printing 
house. 

chap-el-ry  (chap'el-ri).  n.  [pi. 
chapelries  (-riz)],  the  district 
legally  assigned  to  a  chapel  de- 
pendent upon  the  mother  church. 

chap-er-on  (shap'er-5n),  n.  a 
married  lady  who  accompanies 
young  ladies  in  public :  v.t.  to  act 
as  a  chaperon  to. 


chap-fallen  (chap'faw-len),  adi. 
dejected. 

chap-i-ter  (chap'i-ter),  n.  the 
upper  part  or  capital  of  a  pillar. 

chap-lain  (chap'lin),  n.  a  clergy- 
man who  performs  service  in  the 
army,  navy,  a  public  institution, 
a  royal  or  private  household. 

chap-lain-cy  (chap'lin-si),  n.  the 
office  or  status  of  a  chaplain. 

chap-let  (chap'let),  n.  a  wreath 
or  garland  encircling  the  head ;  a 
rosary ;  a  round  molding  carved 
into  beads,  olives,  &c. 

chap-man  (chap'man),  n.  [pi 
chapmen  ('men)],  formerly  a 
merchant  or  trader ;  a  hawker. 

chap-pie  (chap'i),  n.  familiar  for 
chap. 

chap-ter  (chap'ter),  n.  a  division 
of  a  book ;  the  clergy  of  a  cathe- 
dral or  collegiate  church  ;  a  meet- 
ing of  certain  organized  societies 
or  orders. 

char  (char),  n.  work  by  the  day; 
a  single  job ;  a  chore :  v.i.  to  work 
in  the  house  of  another  by  the 
day  :  do  odd  jobs ;  do  chores. 

char  (char),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
charred,  p.pr.  charring],  burn  or 
reduce  to  charcoal ;  burn  partially. 

char-ac-ter  (kar'ak-ter),  n.  a  let- 
ter, sign,  or  figure ;  distinctive 
qualities  or  traits ;  moral  excel- 
lence ;  a  certificate  as  to  conduct 
or  ability. 

Syn.  reputation,   repute,  stand- 
Ing. 

char-ac-ter-is-tic  (kar-ak-ter- 
is'tik),  adj.  pertaining  to  or  indi- 
cating the  character. 

char-ac-ter-is-tic-al-ly  ( -al-li ) , 
adv.  in  a  characteristic  manner. 

char-ac-ter-i-za-tion  (kar-ak- 
ter-i-za'shun),  n.  the  act  of  char- 
acterizing. 

char-ac-ter-ize  (kar'ak-ter-iz), 
r.t.  describe  by  peculiar  qualities; 
mark  or  distinguish. 

cha-rade  (sha-rad'),  ».  an  acted 
enigma. 

char-coal  (chaVkoI),  n.  wood 
partially  burnt;  impure  carbon. 

charge  (charj),  v.t.  to  rush  on  or 
attack ;  load ;  fill  up ;  impose ; 
command  or  enjoin:  instruct;  ac- 
cuse ;  place  on  the  debit  side :  v.t. 
to  make  an  attack ;  demand  a 
price :  n.  an  onset ;  quantity  with 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ctia 


176 


cna 


which  a  firearm  or  apparatus  is 
charged  ,  an  office  or  obligation  ; 
an  order  or  command ;  authorita- 
tive instruction  or  direction ;  an 
entry  on  the  debit  side. 

charge-a-bil-i-ty  ( char-ja-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  charge- 
able. 

charge-a-ble  (char'ja-bl),  adj. 
liable  to  be  charged ;  ratable ; 
burdensome. 

uhar-ge  d'-af-faires  (shar-zha'- 
da-far'),  n.  [pi.  charge's  (-shiir- 
zha-)],  a  government  official  who 
acts  for  an  ambassador  in  his 
absence,  or  at  a  court  to  which 
no  ambassador  is  accredited. 

charg-er  (charj'er),  n.  a  cavalry 
horse  ;  a  large  dish. 

char-i-ot  (char'i-ot),  n.  an 
ancient  two-wheeled  car  for  war. 
state  processions,  racing,  &c. ;  a 
four-wheeled  pleasure  carriage. 

char-i-o-tee  (char-i-o-te'),  n.  a 
light  four-wheeled  covered  pleas- 
ure carriage  with  two  seats. 

char-i-ta-ble  (char'i-ta-bl),  adj. 
benevolent  in  disposition ;  kind 
and  liberal. 

char-i-ty  (char'i-ti),  n.  [pi.  chari- 
ties (-tiz)],  the  disposition  to 
think  well  of  others ;  liberality ; 
alms ;  universal  love ;  an  institu- 
tion for  the  poor ;  a  gift  in  trust 
for  a  benevolent  object. 

char-i-va-ri     (shar-i-va'ri),    n.    a 
mock      serenade      of      discordant  | 
music. 

char-la-tan  (shar'la-tan),  n.  a 
quack. 

char-la-tan-ism  (-izm),  n.  quack- 
ery. 

char-lotte  russe  (shar'Iut  rus), 
n.  whipped  cream  enclosed  in 
sponge-cake. 

charm  (charm),  n.  a  spell  or  en- 
chantment ;  an  allurement ;  a 
trinket :  v.t.  influence  by  magic ; 
subdue  or  fascinate ;  give  ex- 
quisite delight  to :  v.i.  to  work  by 
magic  powers ;  act  as  a  spell. 

Syn.  captivate,  enchant,  enrap- 
ture, fascinate. 

char-nel  (char'nel),  adj.  contain- 
ing flesh  or  dead  bodies. 

chart  (chart),  n.  a  map  of  any 
part  of  the  sea,  river,  &c.,  for  the 
use  of  mariners ;  the  representa- 
tion of  a  ship's  course ;  a  mari- 


ner's compass  ;  a  sheet  giving  in- 
formation in  tabular  form :  v.t.  to 
lay  down,  or  delineate  on  a  chart ; 
map  out :  v.i.  to  make  a  chart  or 
map. 

char-ter  (char'ter),  n.  a  docu- 
ment bestowing  certain  rights  and 
privileges :  v.t.  to  charter-party. 

char-ter-par-ty  (-par'ti),  n.  a 
written  agreement  relating  to  the 
hire  of  a  vessel  and  its  cargo :  v.t. 
to  let  or  hire  by  charter-party. 

char  -  tog  -  ra  -  pher  ( kar-tog'ra- 
fer),  n.  one  who  prepares  charts 
and  maps. 

char-tog-ra-phy  ( kar-tog'ra-fi ) , 
n.  the  art  or  business  of  drawing 
charts  or  maps. 

Char-treuse  (shlir-trez'),  n.  a 
celebrated  liqueur  made  by  the 
monks  of  La  Grand  Chartreuse, 
France. 

char-y  (char'i),  adj.  cautious; 
sparing. 

chase  (chas),  v.t.  to  pursue;  cap- 
ture or  kill ;  hunt ;  drive  away  : 
v.i.  to  ride  or  hunt  rapidly :  n. 
eager  or  vehement  pursuit ;  hunt- 
ing ;  open  ground  for  preserving 
deer. 

chase  (chas),  n.  a  groove;  an  iron 
frame  for  securing  types ;  that 
part  of  a  cannon  in  front  of  the 
trunnions :  v.t.  to  work  or  emboss 
(precious  metals)  ;  cut,  as  the 
thread  of  a  screw. 

chasm  (kazm),  n.  a  deep  open- 
ing in  the  earth;  a  void  space. 

chasseur  (sha-ser'l.  i\.  a  do- 
mestic dressed  in  military  or 
hunting  costume ;  a  French  light- 
armed  foot  or  _cavalry  soldier. 

chas-sis  (sha-se").  n.  the  running 
gear  and  mechanical  parts  of  an 
automobile. 

chaste  (chast).  adj.  morally  pure; 
modest ;  pure  in  style  ;  refined. 

cha-sten  (cha'sn),  v.t.  to  punish 
for  the  purpose  of  reformation ; 
purify  ;  refine. 

chastise  (chas-tiz'),  v.t.  to  cor- 
rect by  punishment ;  reduce  to 
order  or  obedience. 

chas-tise-ment  (chas'tiz-ment), 
n.  punishment. 

chas-ti-ty  (chas'ti-ti),  n.  moral 
and  sexual  purity. 

Syn.  purity,  continence,  virtue. 
Ant.  (see  lewdness). 


'.ate,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cha 


177 


cue 


clias-n-ble  (chas'ii-bl1),  n.  a  rich 
vestment  worn  over  the  alb  by  a 
celebrating  priest. 

chat  (chat),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
chatted,  p.pr.  chatting],  to  talk  in 
an  easy  familiar  manner :  n.  fa- 
miliar or  informal  speech. 

cha-teau  (sha-to'),  n.  [pi.  cha- 
teaux, (-toz')],  a  castle:  a  manor 
house  or  country  seat ;  the  name 
of  various  French  wines. 

chat-e-laine  (shat'e-lan),  n.  a 
bunch  of  chains  to  which  are  at- 
tached trinkets,  &c.,  worn  at  the 
waist  by  ladies. 

chat-tel  (chat'el),  n.  personal 
property  except  freehold  (usually 
in  pi.). 

chat-ter  (chafer),  v.i.  to  utter 
sounds  rapidly,  as  a  monkey ;  rat- 
tle the  teeth,  as  in  shivering  or 
from  fright ;  talk  idly  or  care- 
lessly ;  jabber :  v.t.  to  utter  rap- 
idly, idly,  or  indistinctly :  n. 
sounds  like  those  of  the  magpie, 
&c. ;  idle,  rapid  talk. 

chat-ter-box  (chat'er-boks),  n. 
an  incessant  talker. 

chat-ti-ness  (chat'i-nes).  n.  the 
quality  of  being  chatty. 

chat-ty  (chat'i),  adj.  talkative, 
unconventional. 

chanf-fenr  (sho-fer').  n.  an  oper- 
ator of  an  automobile. 

Chau-tau-qua  (cha\v-taw'qua),-H. 
a  system  of  education  by  summer 
mission  schools  and  lectures  at 
<  'hautauqua,  X.  Y.,  home  reading 
circles  and  correspondence. 

chaii-vin-ism  (sho-vin-izm) ,  n. 
unreasoning  attachment  to  a  fallen 
cause  ;  exaggerated  fanaticism. 

cheap  (chep),  adj.  purchasable 
fur  a  low  price;  common;  of 
small  value. 

cheap-en  (chep'en),  v.t.  to  les«r-n 
the  price  of. 

cheat  (chet),  n.  a  fraud  or  de- 
ception ;  one  who  cheats :  r.t.  to 
deceive  or  defraud ;  impose  upon  : 
v.t.  to  act  as  a  cheat. 

check  (chek),  n.  a  restraint;  a 
reproof ;  a  pass,  ticket,  or  token  : 
a  term  in  chess ;  cloth  woven  in 
squares  of  alternate  patterns ;  an 
order  or  draft  on  a  bank  or 
banker  for  money :  v.t.  to  re- 
strain ;  stop  ;  reprove  ;  examine  by 
comparison ;  mark  as  having  been 


examined ;  to  place  an  opponent's 
king  in  danger  at  chess ;  mark  in 
small  squares. 

check-er  (chek'er),  n.  checker- 
board ;  one  of  the  squares  of  a 
checkered  pattern ;  piece  with 
which  to  play  checkers :  pi.  game 
played  on  a  checker-board : 
draughts :  v.t.  to  mark  or  decorate 
with  checkers ;  variegate. 

check-er-board,  n.  board  on 
which  the  game  of  checkers  is 
played. 

check-mate  (chek'mat),  n.  the 
winning  move  at  chess  when  the 
opponent's  king  cannot  move  out 
of  check ;  a  complete  defeat  from 
which  there  is  no  escape :  v.t.  to 
give  checkmate  to  ;  defeat  utterly  ; 
thwart. 

cheek  (chek),  n.  the  side  of  the 
face  beneath  either  eye ;  one  of 
two  corresponding  sides ;  cool  im- 
pudence :  v.t.  face  in  an  impu- 
dent manner. 

cheep  (chep),  n.  a  shrill  noise,  as 
that  of  a  young  chicken,  or  a 
mouse :  v.i.  to  make  such  a  noise. 

cheep-er  (chep'er),  n.  a  young 
game  bird. 

cheer  (cher),  n.  temper  or  state 
of  mind ;  a  state  of  gladness  or 
joy  ;  a  shout  of  applause  ;  tidings  ; 
luck  :  v.t.  to  gladden  ;  encourage ; 
applaud. 

cheer-ful  ( cheVf  ool ) ,  adj.  full  of 
good  spirits. 

Syn.  gay,  merry,  sprightly. 
Ant.  (see  mournful). 

cheer-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
cheerful  manner. 

cheer-i-ly  (cher'i-li),  adv.  heartily. 

cheer-i-ness  (cher'i-nes),  n.  the 
state  of  being  cheery. 

cheer-y  (cher'i),  adj.  cheerful; 
gay. 

cheese  (ches),  n.  the  curd  or 
c.is<>in  of  milk  coagulated,  pressed. 
and  allowed  to  dry  in  a  mold ; 
anything  resembling  cheese. 

cheese-cake  ('kak),  n.  a  confec- 
tion of  soft  curds,  butter,  and 
sugar. 

cheese-par-ing  (-pnr'ing),  adj. 
niggardly. 

chee-tah  (che'ta),  n.  the  hunting 
leopard  of  India.  Also  chetah. 

chee-tal  (che'tal),  n.  the  Indian 
spotted  deer. 


late,  mSr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  mooii. 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


che 


178 


chl 


chef  (shef).  n.  a  head  or  pro- 
fessional cook. 

chef-d'oeu-vre  (sha-de'vr) ,  n.  [pi. 
chefs-d'oeuvre  (sha-de'vr)],  a 
masterpiece. 

Cliei-ran-tlius  (kl-ran'thus),  n.  a 
genus  of  plants,  which  includes 
the  wallflower. 

chem-i-cal  (kem'i-kal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  chemistry :  n,  a  chemi- 
cal substance. 

chem-i-cal-ly  (-li),  adv.  accord- 
ing to  chemical  principles  or  oper- 
ations. 

chem-i-co-e-lec-tric  (kem-i-ko-e- 
lek'trik),  adj.  depending  upon 
electric  activity  produced  by  chem- 
ical means. 

che-mise  (she-mez'),  n.  a  woman's 
undergarment ;  a  wall  lining  an 
earthwork. 

chem-i-sette  (shem-i-zef),  n.  a 
short  chemise  worn  over  the 
breast. 

chem-ist  (kem'ist),  n.  one  skilled 
in  chemistry ;  a  dealer  in  drugs 
and  medicines  ;  an  analyst. 

chem-is-try  ( kem'is-tri ) ,  n.  the 
science  which  treats  of  the  prop- 
erties of  elementary  and  com- 
pound substances  and  the  laws 
which  govern  their  molecular  and 
atomic  relations. 

che-nille  (she-nel'),  n.  silk  or 
worsted  cord. 

cheque  (chek),  n.  an  order  or 
draft  on  a  banker  or  bank,  pay- 
able to  the  bearer;  check. 

cher-ish  (cher'ish),  v.t.  to  hold  or 
esteem  dear ;  treat  with  tender- 
ness ;  protect  and  aid ;  encourage ; 
harbor  in  the  mind. 

clie-root  (she-roof),  n.  a  kind  of 
cigar. 

cher-ry  (cher'i),  n.  [pi.  cherries 
('iz)],  the  fruit  of  a  tree  allied 
to  the  plum ;  a  cordial  made  from 
cherries :  adj.  of  a  cherry  color ; 
ruddy. 

cher-nb  (cher'ub),  n.  \pl.  cherubs 
('ubz),  cherubim  ('66-bim)],  an 
angel  next  to  a  seraphim  in  rank ; 
a  beautiful  child  [pi.  cherubs]. 

che  -  ru  -  bic  (che-roo'bik) ,  adj. 
angelic. 

chess  (ches),  n.  a  game  played  by 
two  persons  with  16  pieces  each 
on  a  checkered  board  divided  into 
64  squares. 


chest  (chest),  n.  a  large  box;  the 
quantity  such  a  box  contains ;  the 
breast  or  thorax  ;  a  certain  quan- 
tity of  goods. 

chest-ed  (chest'ed),  adj.  having  a 
chest. 

chest-nut  (ches'nut),  n.  the  nut 
or  seed  of  trees  of  the  genus 
Castanea ;  the  chestnut-tree  with 
its  edible  fruit ;  a  reddish-brown 
color ;  a  horse  of  such  color ;  an 
old  or  stale  joke :  adj.  reddish- 
brown. 

che-val-glass  (she-val'glas),  n.  s. 
large  swing  looking-glass. 

chev-a-lier  (shev-a-ler'),  n.  a 
knight ;  a  horseman  ;  a  member  or 
knight  of  an  honorable  order;  the 
lowest  title  of  rank  of  the  old 
French  nobility ;  a  gallant. 

chev-aux-de-frise  (shev-oo-de- 
frez'),  n.pl.  a  fence  constructed  of 
a  bar  armed  with  long  spikes. 

Chev-i-ot  (chev'i-ot),  n.  a  sheep 
bred  on  the  Cheviot  Hills ;  a 
rough  cloth  made  from  its  wool. 

chev-ron  (shev'ron),  n.  a  term  in 
heraldry ;  the  badge  on  the  coat 
sleeve  of  a  non-commissioned  offi- 
cer, indicative  of  his  rank ;  a  va- 
riety of  fret  ornament. 

chew  (cho5),  v.t.  to  crush"  and 
grind  with  the  teeth ;  masticate ; 
meditate  upon  :  v.i.  grind  tobacco 
between  the  teeth :  n.  that  which 
is  chewed  ;  a  quid  of  tobacco. 

chi-ar-os-cu-ro  ( ki-ar-os-koo'ro ) . 
n.  the  treatment  of  light  and 
shade  in  painting,  drawing,  or  en- 
graving :  adj.  pertaining  to  such 
treatment. 

chic  (shek),  adj.  stylish:  n.  Pa- 
risian elegance  in  dress ;  manual 
dexterity. 

chi-cane  (shi-kan'),  n.  mean  or 
unfair  artiaces  to  obscure  the 
truth  ;  sophistry.  Also  chicanery  : 
v.t.  to  cheat :  v.i.  use  artifices. 

chick  (chik),  n.  the  young  of  a 
bird,  especially  of  the  domestic 
hen  :  hence  a  child. 

chick-a-dee  (chik'a-de),  n.  the 
American  black-cap  titmouse. 

chick-en  (chik'en),  n.  the  young 
of  a  fowl,  especially  the  domestic 
fowl. 

chick-en  -  heart-ed  (-hart'ed) , 
adj.  timid. 

chick-en-pox    (-poks),  n.  a  mild 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


chi 


179 


chl 


eruptive  disease  of  children ;  var- 
icella. 

chick-pea  (chik'pe),  n.  a  plant 
the  roasted  seed  of  which  forms 
the  pulse  of  the  East. 

chick-weed  (chik'wed),  n.  a  com- 
mon wild  plant  with  white  blos- 
soms. 

chic-o-ry  (chik'6-ri),  n.  a  peren- 
nial plant  with  bright  blue  flowers 
and  a  tapering  root,  which,  when 
roasted  and  ground,  is  used  to  mix 
with  coffee. 

chide  (chid),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
chid,  chode,  p.p.  chidden,  chid, 
p.pr.  chiding],  to  find  fault  with; 
scold  :  v.i.  to  clamor. 

chid-ing-ly  (chld'ing-li),  adv.  in 
a  chiding  manner. 

chief   (chef),  n.  a  commander  or 
leader ;   a   head  or  principal   per- 
son ;    the    principal    or   most    im- 
portant part :  adj.  principal ;  most 
eminent ;  of  the  first  order,  rank, 
or  estimation  ;  leading  ;  main. 
Syn.  chieftain,  head,  leader. 
Ant.  (see  subordinate). 

chief -tain  (chef 'tan),  n.  a  cap- 
tain, leader,  or  commander ;  the 
head  of  a  class  or  tribe. 

chif-fon  (shif'un,  French  she- 
fong'),  n.  a  kind  of  thin  gauze 
fabric. 

chif-fo-nier  (shif-o-ner'),  n.  a 
piece  of  furniture  fitted  with 
drawers  and  shelves  used  as  a 
sideboard  ;  a  rag  gatherer. 

chi-gnoii  (she-nypng'),  n.  a  roll 
of  natural  or  artificial  hair  worn 
by  women  over  a  pad  at  the  back 
of  the  head. 

chig-oe  (chig'o),  n.  a  species  of 
West  Indian  and  South  American 
flea  which  burrows  beneath  the 
skin  of  the  feet,  and  breeding 
there  produces  ulcers.  Also  jig- 
ger. 

chi-ka-ra  (chi-ka'ra).  n.  the  four- 
horned  antelope  of  Bengal. 

chil-blain  (chil'blan),  n.  a  sore 
or  inflammation  caused  by  frost 
or  cold :  v.t.  to  afflict  with  chil- 
blains. 

child  (child),  n.  [pi.  children 
(chil'dren)  ],  a  son  or  daughter; 
a  very  young  person  ;  a  descend- 
ant ;  one  immature  in  judgment. 

child-birth  ('berth),  n.  the  actor 
time  of  bringing  forth  a  child. 


childe  (child),  n.  a  term  for- 
merly applied  to  the  scions  of 
knightly  houses  before  their  ad- 
mission into  knighthood. 

child-hood  (child'hood).  n.  the 
period  from  infancy  to  puberty. 

child  ish  ('ish),  adj.  like  a  child; 
puerile. 

chil-dren,  pi.  of  child. 

chil-i-ad  (kil'i-ad),  n.  1,000;  a 
thousand  years. 

chill  (chil),  n.  a  sudden  coldness; 
the  absence  of  heat  in  a  substance  ; 
the  hardened  part  of  a  casting : 
at/;',  haying  the  sensation  of  cold  ; 
depressing ;  discourteous  :  v.t.  to 
make  cold ;  blast  with  cold ;  de- 
ject ;  harden  cast  iron  by  sudden 
cooling.  - 

chil-li  (chil'i),  n.  [pi.  chillies 
(-iz)],  the  dried  pod  of  a  capsi- 
cum. Also  chile,  chili. 

chi-lo-plas-ty  (ki'lo-plas-ti),  n. 
the  transplantation  of  healthy 
skin  to  a  diseased  lip. 

chi-me-ra  (ki-me'ra),  n.  an  in- 
congruous conception  of  the 
fancy ;  a  cartilaginous  fish  of  re- 
markable appearance. 

chime  (chim),  n.  the  musical 
harmony  produced  by  striking  a 
set  of  bells  with  hammers ;  a  set 
of  bells  tuned  to  the  musical  scale 
and  struck  with  hammers :  v.i.  to 
sound  in  consonance  or  harmony  ; 
be  in  harmony  or  agree  with ;  join 
in :  v.t.  to  cause  to  sound  in 
harmony. 

chi-mer-ic-al  (ki-mer'ik-al),  adj. 
merely  imaginary  ;  fantastic  ;  un- 
real. 

chi-mer-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
chimerical  manner. 

chim-ney  (chim'ni),  n.  [pi.  chim- 
neys ('niz)],  the  flue,  vent,  or 
passage  through  which  smoke  or 
heated  air,  &c.,  escapes ;  a  glass 
tube  for  a  lamp  to  intensify  com- 
bustion. 

chim-pan-zee  (chim-pan'ze  or 
chim'pan-ze ) ,  n.  a  large  West  In- 
dian anthropoid  ape  allied  to  the 
gorilla. 

chin  (chin),  n.  the  part  of  the 
face  below  the  under  lip. 

chi-na  (clu'na),  n.  a  fine  kind  of 
porcelain :  adj.  of,  or  from, 
China;  of,  or  made  of,  china. 

chinch  (chinch),  n.  a  fetid  insect 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


chl 


180 


chl 


destructive  to  corn  crops ;  the 
bedbug. 

chin  chil-la  (chin-chil'a),  n.  a 
small  South  American  rodent  with 
a  soft  fine  fur. 

chine  (chin),  n.  the  backbone  or 
spine  of  an  animal ;  a  piece  of  the 
backbone  of  an  animal  with  ad- 
jacent parts  cut  for  cooking ;  a 
rocky  ravine  or  large  fissure  in  a 
cliff. 

Chi-nese  (chi-nez'),  adj.  of,  or 
pertaining  to,  China. 

chink  (chingk),  ra.  a  small  fissure 
opening  lengthwise ;  a  narrow 
aperture :  v.i.  to  crack ;  to  form 
into  or  close  up  cracks. 

chink  (chingk),  n.  a  sharp  metal- 
lic or  jingling  sound  ;  money  :  v.t. 
to  cause  to  make  a  sharp  metallic 
sound ;  jingle. 

chin-ka-pin  (ching'ka-pin),  n. 
the  dwarf  chestnut  of  the  United 
States,  or  its  nut. 

chinse  (chins),  v.t.  to  force 
oakum  or  tow  in  (the  chinks  or 
seams  between  the  planking  of  a 
ship)  ;  calk  temporarily. 

chintz  (chints),  .n.  cotton  cloth, 
usually  glazed,  printed  in  various 
colors. 

chip  (chip),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
chipped,  p.pr.  chipping],  to  cut 
into  small  pieces ;  bet  at  cards : 
v.i.  break  or  fly  off  into  small 
pieces :  n.  a  small  piece  of  stone, 
wood,  &c.,  cut  or  broken  off ;  a 
bonnet,  &c.,  made  of  thin  split 
wood  or  Cuban  palm  leaf. 

chip-munk  (chip'mungk) ,  n.  a 
small  squirrel  of  North  America, 
having  dark  and  light  stripes  on 
its  back. 

chip-per  (chip'er),  adj.  active; 
port. 

chi-rog-ra-phy  (ki-rog'ra-fi),  n. 
the  art  of  writing  or  engrossing ; 
judgment  of  character  by  the 
handwriting. 

chi-ro-man-cy  (kl'ro-man-si),  n. 
palmistry. 

chi-rop-o-dist  ( kl-rop'6-dist),  n. 
one  who  removes  corns,  bunions. 
&c.,  and  is  skilled  in  diseases  of 
the  feet  and  hands. 

chirp  (cherp),  n.  a  short  shrill 
cheerful  note :  v.i.  to  utter  such  a 
note. 

chis-el    (chiz'el),  n.  an  edged  in- 


strument of  iron  or  steel  for  cut- 
ting wood,  stone,  or  metal :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  chiseled,  p.pr.  chisel- 
ing], to  cut,  pare,  gouge,  or  en- 
grave with  a  chisel ;  to  take  an 
unfair  advantage  of  in  a  transac- 
tion. 

chit  (chit),  n.  a  child;  a  pert  for- 
ward girl. 

chit-chat  (-chat),  n.  familiar 
talk. 

chiv  -  al  -  resque  (shiv-Al-resk'), 
<i<]i.  of,  or  pertaining  to,  chivalry ; 
chivalrous. 

chiv-al-roiis  (shiv'al-rus),  adj. 
relating  to  chivalry ;  warlike ; 
high-spirited  ;  gallant. 

chiv-al-ry  (shiv'al-ri),  n.  the 
mediaeval  system  of  knighthood ; 
knights  collectively :  the  qualifi- 
cations of  a  knight,  as  bravery, 
nobleness,  courtesy,  respect  for 
womanly  dignity  and  chastity, 
&c. ;  tenure  of  land  by  knight's 
service. 

chlo-ral  (klo'ral^,  n.  a  strong 
narcotic. 

chlo-ral-ism  (klo'ral-izm),  n.  the 
habit  of  using  chloral ;  a  diseased 
condition  caused  by  the  use  of 
chloral. 

chlo-ral-ize  (klo'ral-Iz) ,  v.t.  to 
bring  under  the  influence  of 
chloral. 

chlo-ral-um  (klo'ral-um),  n.  an 
antiseptic. 

chlo-rate  (klo'rat),  n.  a  salt  of 
chloric  acid. 

chlo-ric  (klo'rik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  containing,  chlorine. 

chlo-ric  ac-id  (as'id),  n.  an  acid 
containing  hydrogen,  oxygen,  and 
chlorine. 

chlo-ride  (klo'iid),  n.  a  compound 
of  chlorine  with  another  element. 

chlo-ride  of  lime  (of  lim).  n. 
a  compound  of  chloride  with  lime, 
used  in  bleaching. 

chlo-rine  (klo'rin),  n.  a  greenish- 
yellow  gas  possessing  great 
bleaching  powers. 

chlo-ro-dyne  (klo'ro-din),  n.  a 
popular  anodyne. _ 

chlo-ro-form  (klo'ro-form),  n.  a 
volatile  liquid  used  for  producing 
insensibility  to  pain :  v.t.  to  ad- 
minister chloroform  to. 

chlo-ro-phyll  (klo'ro-fil),  n.  the 
green  coloring  matter  in  plants. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let:  line,  tin;  vote,  porch,  lot;  moon, 
^  cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cbl 


181 


chr 


chlo-ro-sis  (klo-ro'sis),  n.  a  dis- 
ease affecting  young  women,  char- 
acterized by  anemia. 

choc-o-late      (chok'6-lat),     n.     a 

Easte     made     from     the     roasted 
ernels  of  the  cacao-nut,  used  in 
making    the    beverage    so    called : 
adj.  having  the  color  of,  or  made 
of,  chocolate. 

choice  (chois),  n.  the  act  of 
choosing ;  option ;  the  thing  cho- 
sen ;  the  best  or  preferable  part : 
adj.  select ;  carefully  chosen. 

choir  (kwir),  n.  a  band  of  singers 
in  a  church  ;  the  place  where  they 
sing. 

choke  (chok),  v.t.  to  suffocate  by 
obstructing  the  windpipe ;  block 
up. 

choke-damp  ('damp),  n.  car- 
bonic acid  generated  in  mines. 

cho-ker  (cho'ker),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  chokes .  a  necktie. 

chol-er  (kol'er),  n.  bile;  irasci- 
bility. 

chol-e-ra  (kol'er-a),  n.  a  disease 
with  violent  vomiting  and  purging. 

choose  (chooz),  v.t.  [p.t.  chose. 
p.p.  chosen,  p.pr.  choosing],  to 
take  by  preference ;  select :  v.i.  to 
make  a  choice  ;  prefer. 

Syn.   elect,   prefer,    select,   cull, 
pick. 

Ant.  (see  refuse). 

chop  (chop),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
chopped,  p.pr.  chopping],  to  cut 
with  repeated  blows  ;  hew  ;  mince  ; 
to  exchange :  v.i.  to  do  anything 
with  a  quick  motion ;  turn  or 
vary  suddenly :  n.  the  act  of  chop- 

Sing ;  a  piece  chopped  off. 
op   (chop),  n.  a  mark  or  brand 
denoting  quality. 

chops  (chops),  n.pl.  the  sides  of 
the  mouth  of  a  river,  channel,  &c. 

chop-sticks  (chop'stiks),  n.pl. 
two  small  sticks  used  in  China 
for  eating. 

chp-ral  (ko'ral).  adj.  of.  or  per- 
taining to,  a  choir ;  chanted  or 
sung  by  a  choir. 

cho-rale  (ko'ral),  n.  a  simple 
snr-red  melody  or  hymn  sung  in 
unison. 

cho-ral-ly  (-H).  adr.  in  the  man- 
ner of  a  chorus. 

chord  (kord),  n.  the  string  of  a 
musical  instrument :  notes  in  har- 
mony ;  harmony  of  color ;  a 


straight  line  joining  the  ends  of 
the  arc  of  a  circle :  v.t.  to  string, 
as  a  musical  instrument. 

chores  (chorz),  n.pl.  the  daily 
light  wTork  of  a  farmyard  or 
household. 

chor-is-ter  (kor'is-ter),  n.  a  mem- 
ber of  a  choir. 

cho-ms  (ko'rus),  n.  a  number 
singing  in  concert ;  that  part  of  a 
musical  composition  in  which  the 
company  join  the  singer ;  a  con- 
certed piece  of  music ;  a  band  of 
singers  and  dancers  in  a  Greek 
tragedy. 

cho-sen  (cho'zen),  adj.  selected; 
choice. 

chough  (chuf),  n.  a  bird  like  a 
jackdaw. 

chouse  (chous),  v.t.  to  cheat; 
swindle. 

chow-chow  (chou'chpu),  adj.  an 
East  Indian  mixed  pickle. 

chow-der  (chou'der),  n.  a  dish  of 
fresh  fish ;  clams  stewed  together 
with  pork  and  biscuits,  &c. 

chrism  (krizm),  n.  consecrated 
oil. 

chris-ten  (kris'n),  v.t.  to  baptize 
in  the  name  of  the  Holy  Trinity ; 
give  a  Christian  name  to. 

Chris-ten-dom  (kris'n-dum),  «. 
countries  whose  inhabitants  pro- 
fess the  Christian  faith ;  Chris- 
tians collectively. 

Chris  tian  (kris'chan),  ».  a  pro- 
fessor of  the  religion  qf  Christ : 
adj.  professing  the  religion  of 
Christ. 

Chris-tian  e-ra  (e'ra),  n.  the 
present  era  reckoned  from  the 
birth  of  Christ. 

Chris-ti-an-i-ty  ( kris-chi-an'i-ti ) , 
n.  the  precepts  and  doctrines 
taught  by  Christ. 

Chris-tian-i-za-tion  (kris-chan- 
i-za'shun),  n.  the  act  or  process  of 
converting  to  Christianity. 

Chris-tian -ize  (kris'chAn-iz),  v.t. 
to  convert  to  Christianity. 

Christ-mas  (kris'mas).  n.  the 
festival  (Dec.  25)  celebrating  the 
birth  of  Christ. 

Christ-mas-tide  (-tid).  n.  Christ- 
mas Eve  (Dec.  24)  to  Epiphany 
(Jan.  6). 

chro-ma-scope  (kro'mA-sk5p).  n. 
an  instrument  to  show  the  optical 
effects  of  color. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moOn, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


chr 


182 


chn 


chro-mate  (kro'mat),  n.  a  salt  of 
cliromic  acid. 

cliro  mat-ic  (kro-mat'ik) ,  adj.  re- 
lating to  colors ;  including  notes 
not  belonging  to  the  diatonic 
scale :  n.  a  note  affected  by  an 
accidental :  pi.  that  branch  of 
optics  which  treats  of  colors. 

chro-mat-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
in  a  chromatic  manner. 

cliro-ma-tom-e-ter  ( kro-ma-tom'- 
e-ter),  n.  a  scale  for  measuring 
colors. 

chro-ma-trope  (kro'ma-trop),  «. 
a>  revolving  magic-lantern  slide. 

ch°ro-ma-type  (kro'm:\-tip),  n.  a 
process  for  obtaining  a  colored 
photographic  picture. 

chrome  (krom),  n.  chromium: 
v.t.  to  dye  in  a  bath  of  bichro- 
mate of  potash. 

chro-mi-um  (kro'mi-um),  n.  a 
steel-gray  metal,  one  of  the  ele- 
ments. 

chro-mo  (kro'mo),  n.  \pl.  chro- 
mos  ('moz)],  a  chromo-lithograph 
or  picture  produced  by  chromo- 
lithography. 

chro-mo-gen  (kro'mo-jen),  n.  the 
coloring  matter  of  plants. 

cliro -mo-graph  (kro'mo-graf),  n. 
an  apparatus  for  duplicating  cir- 
culars, oil-paintings,  &c. ;  a  hec- 
tograph. 

chro-mo-lith-ic  (kro-mo-lith'ik) , 
adj.  executed  in  chroino-lithog- 
raphy. 

chro-mo-litli-og-ra-phy  (kro-mo- 
lith-og'ra-fi),  n.  the  art  of  print- 
ing in  colors  from  stone. 

cliro -mo-sphere  (kro'mo-sfer) ,  n. 
the  rose-colored  outer  envelope  of 
the  sun. 

chron-ic  (kron'ik),  adj.  continu- 
ing a  long  time,  or  recurring :  said 
of  a  disease. 

chron-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in  a 
chronic  manner. 

chroii-o-gram  (kron'o-gram),  n. 
an  inscription  which  includes  in 
it  the  date  of  some  event. 

chron-o-graph  (kron'o-graf),  n. 
an  instrument  for  recording 
minute  intervals  of  time. 

chron-o-log-ic-al  ( kron-o-loj'ik- 
fll),  adj.  relating  to,  or  contain- 
ing an  account  of,  past  events  in 
the  order  of  time. 


chron-o-log-ic-al-ly  (-H),  adv.  in 
a  chronological  manner. 

chro-nol-o-gist  ( kro-nol'6-jist ) , 
n.  one  versed  in  chronology.  Also 
chronologer. 

chro-nol-o-gize  (kr5-nol'o-jlz) . 
v.t.  to  arrange  in  historical  se- 
quence. 

chro-nol-o-gy  ('o-ji),  n.  [pi. 
chronologies  (-jiz)],  the  science 
that  treats  of  events  and  arranges 
their  dates  in  proper  sequence. 

chro-nom-e-ter  (kro-nom'e-ter), 
n.  an  instrument  for  measuring 
time  with  extreme  accuracy. 

chron-o-pher  (kron'6-fer),  n.  an 
instrument  for  signaling  by  elec- 
tricity the  exact  time  to  distant 
stations. 

chron  o-scope  (kron'o-skop),  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring  by 
electricity  the  velocity  of  a  pro- 
jectile. 

chrys-a-lis  (kris'a-lis),  n.  the 
final  stage  through  which  a  lepi- 
dopterous  insect,  or  a  butterfly, 
passes  prior  to  its  winged  state. 

chrys-an-the-mum  (kris-an'the- 
mum),  n.  a  composite  plant  with 
large  heads  of  showy  flowers ;  a 
flower  of  this  plant.. 

chrys-o-lite  (kris'o-lit),  n.  a 
green-colored  and  sometimes  trans- 

Sirent  gem. 
rys-o-prase    (kris'o-praz),  n.  a 
variety    of    chalcedony    of    apple- 
green  color. 

chub  (chub),  n.  a  fresh-water  fish. 

chub  -  bi  -  ness  (chub'i-nes),  n. 
plumpness. 

chub-by  (chub'i),  adj.  plump; 
fat  and  round. 

chuck  (chuk),  v.t.  to  make  a 
noise  like  a  hen  calling  to  her 
chickens :  n.  a  hen's  call. 

chuch  (chuk).  v.t.  to  pat  in  a 
playful  manner ;  throw  smartly  to 
a  short  distance  ;  hold  in  a  chuck : 
n.  a  light  blow  under  the  chin ;  a 
short  toss ;  an  appendage  to  a 
lathe  to  secure  the  work  to  be 
turned. 

chuck-le  (chuk'l),  n.  a  quiet,  sup- 
pressed laugh :  v.i.  to  laugh  in 
such  a  manner. 

chum  (chum),  n.  one  who  lodges 
in  the  same  apartment ;  a  college 
student ;  an  old  or  intimate 
friend  :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  chummed  ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  v5te,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  f/ien. 


chu 


183 


cln 


p.pr.  chumming],  to  occupy  the 
same  room. 

chump  (chump),  n.  a  short,  thick, 
heavy  piece  of  wood. 

chunk  (chungk),  n.  a  short, 
thick  piece ;  a  thick-set  strong 
person  or  animal. 

chun-ky  (chung'ki),  adj.  short 
and  thick. 

church  (cherch),  n.  a  building 
set  apart  or  consecrated  for  divine 
worship. 

Church  (cherch),  n.  the  collective 
body  of  Christians;  a  particular 
body  of  Christians ;  the  clergy. 

Church-man  (man),  n.  an  ad- 
herent of  the  Established  Church  ; 
an  Episcopalian. 

church- war-den  ('wawr-dn),  n. 
in  the  Anglican  Church,  one  of 
two  officers  chosen  at  Easter  in 
every  parish  to  attend  to  the  secu- 
lar affairs  of  the  church,  and  to 
act  as  the  legal  representatives  of 
the  parish  :  a  long  clay  pipe. 

churl  (cherl),  ».  formerly  one  of 
the  lowest  orders  of  freemen ;  a 
peasant ;  a  surly  ill-bred  person  ; 
a  niggard. 

churl-ish  ('ish),  adj.  ill-bred;  nig- 
gardly. 

churn  (chern),  n.  a  vessel  in 
which  milk  or  cream  is  agitated 
to  form  butter :  v.t.  to  make 
(butter)  by  agitating  milk  or 
cream  ;  agitate  by  violent  motion. 

chute  (shoot),  n.  an  inclined 
trough  for  sending  articles  down  : 
an  aquatic  switch-back ;  a  river- 
fall  over  which  timber  is 
floated  ;  a  stampede ;  a  bayou. 

chyle  (kil),  n.  a  milk-like  fluid 
separated  from  digested  matter  in 
the  stomach,  absorbed  by  the 
lacteal  vessels,  and  assimilated 
into  blood. 

chyme  (klm),  n.  the  pulpy  mass 
of  digested  food  prior  to  the 
separation  of  the  chyle. 

ci-ca  da  (si-ka'da) ,  n.  [pi.  cicada? 
('dS)l,  a  genus  of  insects  hav- 
ing the  power  of  producing  a 
shrill  sound. 

cic-a-trix  (sik'a-triks).  n.  [pi. 
cicatrices  (-tri-sez)  ],  the  scar  re- 
maining after  a  wound  has  healed. 

cic-a-trize  (sik'a-triz).  v.t.  to 
heal  (a  wound)  by  inducing  the 
skin  to  form  a  cicatrix. 


cic-e-ro-ne  (sis-e-ro'ne ;  Italian 
che-cha-ro'ne),  n.  [pi.  cicerones 
(-nez),  ciceroni  ('ne)],  a  guide 
who  explains  the  antiquities  and 
chief  features  of  a  place. 

Cid  (sid),  n.  a  chief  or  com- 
mander, especially  in  Spanish  lit- 
erature ;  the  hero,  Kuy  Diaz,  the 
Christian  champion  against  the 
Moors ;  the  name  of  a  Spanish 
epic. 

ci-der  (si'der),  n.  the  juice  of 
apples  expressed  and  fermented. 

ci-de-vant  ( se-de-vang' ) ,  adj. 
former :  used  with  reference  to 
an  office  previously  held. 

cierge  (serg),  n.  a  wax  candle 
used  in  religious  processions. 

ci-gar  ( si-gar' ),  n.  a  small  roll  of 
tobacco-leaf  used  for  smoking. 

cig-a-rette  (sig-a-ref),  n.  a  small 
cigar  made  of  tobacco  rolled  in 
thin  paper. 

cil-i-a  (sil'i-a),  n.pl.  the  hair  of 
the  eyelids ;  long  minute  hair-like 
appendages  on  the  margins  of 
vegetable  bodies ;  the  very  minute 
vibratile  filaments  lining  or 
covering  certain  organs. 

cil-i-a-ted  ( sil'i-a  ted),  adj.  cov- 
ered with  cilia. 

Cim-me-ri-an  (kim-  or  sim-e'ri- 
an),  adj.  pertaining  to  the  Cim- 
merii,  a  fabulous  people  men- 
tioned by  Homer  as  living  in 
perpetual  darkness :  hence  in- 
tensely dark  ;  gloomy. 

cinch  (sinch),  n.  a  saddle  girth 
firmly  fastened  in  place  by  loop 
and  knots ;  a  sure  grip  or  hold. 

cin-cho-na  (sin-ko'na),  n.  a 
South  American  tree  which  yields 
quinine. 

cin-cho-nism  (sin'ko-nizm),  n.  a 
condition  of  the  system  charac- 
terized by  buzzing  in  the  ears, 
deafness,  &c.,  caused  by  the  ex- 
cessive use  of  quinine. 

cinc-ture  (singk'tur),  n.  a  belt 
or  girdle  worn  round  the  waist ; 
a  raised  or  carved  ring  at  the 
bottom  and  ton  of  a  pillar. 

cin-der  (sin'der),  n.  any  piece 
of  a  body  thoroughly  burnt  but 
not  reduced  to  ashes :  pi.  volcanic 
scoriae ;  slag. 

cin-e-mat-o-graph  (sin-e-mat'o- 
graf),  n.  a  French  device  similar 
to  the  biograph. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cm 


184 


cir 


cin-e-ra-ry  (sin'e-ra-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  containing,  ashes : 
applied  to  sepulchral  urns. 

ciii-iia  bar  (sin'a-bar),  n.  red 
sulphide  of  mercury. 

cin  na-moii  (sin'u-inun),  n.  the 
inner  aromatic  bark  of  an  East 
Indian  tree :  adj.  light-reddish 
brown. 

cingue  (singk),  n.  a  five. 

cinque-foil  (-foil),  n.  a  plant 
of  the  genus  Potentilla ;  five 
fingers:  an  architectural  orna- 
mentation resembling  five  leaves. 

ci-pher  (si'fer),  n.  the  symbol 
0 :  hence  a  person  or  anything 
without  value  or  power;  a  mono- 
gram ;  a  secret  manner  of  writing, 
or  the  key  to  it ;  a  code :  v.i.  to 
practice  arithmetic ;  to  sound  in- 
dependently of  the  player:  v.t.  to 
express  in  cipher. 

cir-cle  (ser'kl),  n.  a  round  body; 
a  plane  figure  bounded  by  a  single 
curved  line  called  its  circumfer- 
ence, every  part  of  which  is 
equallv  distant  from  a  point  with- 
in it,  called  the  center ;  an  orb ; 
an  enclosure ;  a  sphere  or  position 
in  society ;  a  number  of  persons 
or  things  united  by  a  common 
bond ;  a  coterie ;  an  administra- 
tive division  of  a  country ;  an 
inconclusive  form  of  argument : 
v.t.  to  encompass :  v.i.  move  in 
a  circle ;  to  revolve. 

circ-let  (serk'let),  n.  a  small 
circle. 

cir-cuit  (ser'ket),  n.  the  act  of 
going  round  anything ;  the  space 
enclosed  in  a  circle ;  the  journey 
of  a  judge  from  one  place  to 
another  to  hold  assizes ;  a  district 
assigned  to  an  itinerant  preacher ; 
the  arrangement  by  which  an 
electrical  current  is  kept  up 
between  the  two  poles  of  a 
battery  or  machine ;  the  path  of 
the  electric  current. 

cir-cr.-i-tous  (ser-ku'i-tus),  adj. 
roundabout. 

cir-cu-lar  (ser'ku-lar),  adj.  round 
like  a  circle ;  ending  in  itself ;  in- 
tended for  circulation :  n.  a 
printed  or  written  letter  or  notice. 

cir-cu-lar-ize  (ser'ku-lar-iz),  v.t. 
to  make  circular;  send  circulars 
to. 

cir  cu-late     (ser'kiV.ut),     v.t.     to 


cause  tc  pass  from  point  to  point 
or  from  one  person  to  another : 
v.i.  move  round  and  return  to  the 
same  point ;  pass  from  hand  to 
hand ;  be  diffused  or  distributed ; 
travel. 

cir-cu-la-tion  ( ser-ku-la'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  moving  round ;  pass- 
ing or  transmitting  from  place  to 
place  ;  the  extent  to  which  a  thing 
is  circulated ;  currency  of  money. 

cir-cu-la-tor  (ser'ku-la-ter),  n. 
a  circulating  decimal. 

cir-cu-la-to-ry  ( ser'ku-la-to-ri ) , 
adj.  circulating. 

cir-cum  (ser'kum),  n.  a  prefix  = 
around,  forming  compounds  the 
meaning  of  many  of  which  is  ob- 
vious, as  circitmpolar,  around  the 
pole,  AC. 

c  i  r-c  u  m-a  m-b  i-e  n  t  ( ser-kum- 
am'bi-ent),  adj.  inclosing,  or  be- 
ing surrounded,  on  all  sides. 

cir-cum-cise  (ser'kum-siz),  v.t. 
to  cut  off  the  foreskin  or  prepuce; 
purify  the  heart. 

cir-cum- ci-sion  (ser'kum-sizh- 
un),  n.  the  act  of  circumcising; 
spiritual  purification. 

cir-cum-f  er-ence  (ser-kum'fer- 
ens),  n.  the  line  that  bounds  a 
circle ;  a  periphery. 

cir-cum-f er-en-tial  ( ser-kum-f  er- 
en'shal),  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
circumference. 

cir-cum-f  er-en-tial-ly  (-il).  adv. 
in  a  circumferential  manner. 

cir-cum-flect  ( ser-kum-flekt' ) , 
v.t.  to  bend  around. 

cir-cum-flec-tion,  n.  Same  as 
circumflexion. 

cir-cum-flex  (ser'kum-fleks),  n.  a 
mark  (  ^,*-^s*.  )  over  a  vowel  or 
syllable  to  denote  accent  or  con- 
traction :  adj.  marked  with  such 
an  accent ;  curved  or  winding :  v.t. 
to  pronounce  or  mark  with  the 
circumflex. 

cir-cum  -flex-ion  (ser-kum-flok'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  marking  with 
a  circumflex. 

cir-cum-f  use  ( ser-kum-f  iiz'),  v.t. 
to  pour  or  spread  around. 

cir-cum -ja-cent  (ser-kum-ja'- 
sent),  adj.  lying  around;  border- 
ing on  every  side. 

cir-cum-lo-cu-tion  (ser-kum-lo- 
kii'shun),  n.  a  roundabout  way  of 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


clr 


186 


civ 


speaking ;    an    indirect    mode    of 
statement. 

Syn.        diffuseness,        verbiage, 
wordiness,    redundance. 
Ant.   (see  brevity). 

cir-cnm-lo-cu-tion-a-ry  (-a-ri), 
adj.  roundabout. 

cir-cnm-loc-u-to-ry  (ser-kum- 
lok'u-to-ri),  adj.  expressing  few 
words  in  many. 

cir-CTun-nav-i-ga-ble  (ser-kum- 
nav'i-ga-bl),  adj.  capable  of  being 
circumnavigated. 

cir-cum-nav-i-gate  (ser-kum- 
nav'i-gat),  v.t.  to  sail  round;  usu- 
ally round  the  globe. 

cir-cum-nav-i-ga-tor  (ser-kum- 
nav'i-ga-ter),  n.  one  who  circum- 
navigates. 

cir-cum-scribe  (ser-kum-skrib') . 
v.t.  to  inclose  within  certain  lines 
or  boundaries ;  restrict. 

cir-cum-scrip-tive  (-skrip'tiv), 
adj.  limiting. 

cir-cum-spect  (ser'kum-spekt), 
adj.  cautious  ;  prudent ;  watchful 
on  all  sides. 

cir-cum-spec-tion  ( ser-kum-spek'- 
shun),  n.  caution;  watchfulness 
on  every  side ;  prudence. 

cir-cum-stance  (ser'kum-stans), 
n.  something  relative  or  append- 
ent  to  a  fact ;  an  incident :  pi. 
state  of  affairs:  v.t.  to  place  in 
a  particular  situation  [only  in 
p.p.}. 

W?/H.  fact,  incident. 

cir-cum-stan  tial  (ser-kum-stan'- 
shal),  n.  something  incidental  and 
subordinate  to  the  main  subject : 
pi.  incidentals :  adj.  accidental ; 
detailed ;  proving  indirectly. 

cir-cnm-stan-ti-al-1-ty  (-shi-al'i- 
ti),  TC.  the  state  of  being  circum- 
stantial ;  fullness  of  detail. 

cir  eum-stan-tial  ly  (-li),  adv. 
incidentally ;  not  essentially ; 
minutely  ;  exactly. 

cir-cum  stan-ti  ate  (ser-kum- 
stan'shi-at),  v.t.  to  verify  in 
every  particular. 

cir-cum -val-la-tion  (ser-kum- 
val-a'shun),  n.  the  act  of  throw- 
ing up  walls  or  fortifications. 

cir-cum-vent  (ser-kum-vent'),  n. 
to  gain  an  advantage  over  by 
stratagem  or  deception. 

cir-cnm-ven-tion   (-ven'shun),  n. 


the  act  of  circumventing  ;  a  strata- 
gem. 

cir-cum- ven-tive  ('tiv),  adj. 
deceiving  by  artifice. 

cir-cum-vo-lu-tion  (ser-kum-vo- 
lu'shun),  n.  the  act  of  rolling 
round ;  the  state  of  being  rolled 
round. 

cir-cus  (ser'kus),  n.  [pi.  circuses 
(-ez)],  a  large  level  oblong  space 
for  feats  of  horsemanship,  &c., 
with  seats  for  the  spectators  ar- 
ranged in  tiers ;  a  semi-circular 
space. 

cisalpine  (sis-al'pln),  adj.  this 
side  of  the  Alps  with  regard  to 
Rome ;  south  of  the  Alps. 

cis-at-lan-tic  (sis-at-lan'tik),  adj. 
on  tliis  side  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

cis-tem  (sis' tern),  n.  a  natural 
or  artificial  receptacle  for  storing 
water ;  a  reservoir. 

cit-a-del  (sit'a-del),  n.  a  fortress; 
a  being  cited. 

cit-a-del  (sit'a-del),  n.  a  fortress, 
a  castle. 

ci-ta-tion  (sl-ta'shun),  n.  an 
official  summons  to  appear  before 
a  court,  especially  an  ecclesiastic- 
al court ;  a  quotation. 

ci-ta-to-ry  ( si'ta-to-ri ) ,  adj.  hav- 
ing the  form  or  nature  of  a 
citation  ;  citing. 

cite  (sit),  v.t.  to  summon  official- 
ly to  appear  in  court ;  quote. 

cith-a-ra  (sith'a-ra),  n.  an  ancient 
lyre. 

cit-i-zen  (sit'i-zen),  n.  a  native 
or  inhabitant  of  a  town  or  city ;  a 
freeman ;  a  member  of  a  state  or 
nation  who  enjoys  political  rights 
and  privileges ;  a  tradesman. 

cit-rate  (sit' rat),  n.  a  salt  of 
citric  acid. 

cit-rlc  ac-id  (sit'rik  as'id),  n.  an 
acid  found  in  the  lemon  and 
orange. 

cit-ron  (sit'run),  n.  a  tree  with  a 
fruit  like  the  lemon. 

cit-y  (sit'i),  n.  [pi.  cities  ('iz)J, 
a  large  and  important  town ;  a 
corporate  town. 

civ-et  (siv'et),  n.  a  musky  secre- 
tion of  the  anal  glands  of  the  civet 
cat. 

civ-ic  (siv'ik),  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  city. 

civ-il  (siv'il),  adj.  relating  to  the 
affairs  of  a  city  or  government ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


civ 


186 


cla 


intestine  ;  non-international ;  not 
military  or  criminal ;  complaisant ; 
wellbred. 

civ-il  ser-vice  (ser'vis),  n.  the 
paid  service  of  the  State  not  ex- 
clusively naval  or  military. 

civ-il  war  (wawr),  n.  war  be- 
tween two  factions  of  the  same 
country. 

ci-vil-ian  (si-vil'yan\  n.  one 
engaged  in  the  pursuits  of  civil 
life:  adj.  occupied  in  civil  pur- 
suits. 

ci-vil-i-ty  (si-vil'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
civilities  (-tiz)],  good  breeding; 
courtesy. 

civ-i-li-za-tion  (siv-i-li-za'shun), 
n.  the  act  or  state  of  being  civi- 
lized ;  culture :  refinement. 

civ-i-lize  (siv'i-llz),  v.t.  to  re- 
claim from  a  savage  state ;  in- 
struct in  the  arts  and  refinements 
of  civilized  life. 

ciy-il-ly  (siv'il-li),  adv.  in  a 
civil  manner. 

clack  (klak),  v.i.  to  make  a  sud- 
den, sharp  sound ;  chatter  rapidly 
and  continuously :  n.  a  sudden, 
sharp  sound ;  continual  prattle ; 
a  variety  of  ball-valve ;  a  me- 
chanical contrivance  in  a  corn- 
mill. 

clad,  p.t.  of  clothe. 

claim  (klam),  v.t.  to  demand  as 
a  right,  or  by  authority :  v.i.  to 
be  entitled  to  anything ;  assert  or 
put  forward  a  claim :  n.  a  de- 
mand ;  a  right  or  title  to  any- 
thing; the  thing  claimed;  a  piece 
of  land  which  a  miner  marks  out 
in  accordance  with  mining  law. 

clai-mant  (kla'mant),  n.  one 
who  demands  anything  as  his 
right. 

clair-au-di-ence  (klar-aw'di-ens) , 
n.  the  supposed  power  of  hear- 
ing in  a  trance  sounds  otherwise 
inaudible. 

clair-voy-ance  (klar-voi'ans),  n. 
the  power  attributed  to  persons  in 
a  mesmeric  state  of  seeing  ob- 
jects not  usually  perceptible. 

clair-voy-ant  ('ant),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characterized  by, 
clairvoyance :  n.  one  who  pro- 
fesses to  have  the  power  of  clair- 
voyance :  fern,  clairvoyante. 

clam  (klam),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
clammed,  p.pr.  clamming],  to 


clog  with  any  glutinous  matter: 
v.i.  to  be  moist  and  cold. 

clam  (klam),  n.  an  edible  bi- 
valve mollusk. 

clam-bake  (-bak),  n.  clams 
baked  with  sea-weed ;  a  picnic 
at  which  baked  clains  form  the 
chief  dish. 

clam-ber  (klam'ber),  v.t.  to  as- 
cend or  climb  with  difficulty. 

clam-mi-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a 
clammy  manner. 

clam-mi-ness  (klam'i-nes),  n.  the 
state  of  being  clammy. 

clam -my  (klam'i),  adj.  soft  and 
sticky. 

clam-or  (klam'er),  n.  a  loud  and 
continued  noise  ;  popular  outcry  : 
v.t.  shout  with  a  loud  voice :  v.i. 
make  importunate  demands. 

clam-or-ous  (klam'er-us),  adj. 
vociferous. 

clamp  (klamp),  n.  anything  that 
fastens  or  binds ;  a  piece  of  wood, 
metai,  &c.,  used  to  bring  two 
things  together :  v.t.  to  fasten  or 
bind  with  clamps. 

clan  (klan),  n.  a  tribe  or  associa- 
tion of  families  united  under  one 
chieftain,  having  one  common  an- 
cestor, and  the  same  surname. 

clan-des-tine  (-des'tin),  adj. 
secret ;  private. 

clan-des-tine-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
secret  manner. 

clang  (klang).  n.  a  loud,  sharp, 
ringing  metallic  sound :  v.t.  to 
cause  to  resound  with  a  clang : 
v.i.  give  out  a  clang. 

clan-gor  ('ger),  n.  a  sharp  clang. 

clank  (klangk),  n.  a  sharp,  hard 
metallic  sound  :  v.t.  &  v.i.  to  rat- 
tle and  sound,  as  chains. 

clan-nish  (klan'ish),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  clan ;  closely  ad- 
herent. 

clap  (klap),  v.t.  &  v.i.  \p.t.  &  p.p. 
clapped,  p.pr.  clapping],  to  strike 
one  thing  against  another  with  a 
quick,  sharp  noise ;  indicate  ap- 
proval by  striking  the  hands  to- 
gether ;  put  on  quickly :  n.  a 
loud  noise  made  by  a  sudden  col- 
lision ;  applause  expressed  by 
clapping ;  a  sudden  act  or  move- 
ment. 

clap-board  (klab'ord),  n.  a  thin, 
narrow  board,  used  for  the  cover- 
ing of  the  sides  of  frame  houses. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cla 


187 


cle 


clap-per  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  claps ;  the  tongue  of 
a  bell ;  the  clack  of  a  mill-hopper. 

claque  (klak),  n.  an  organized 
body  of  men  who  applaud  or  ex- 
press disapproval  at  theatres : 
hence  interested  admirers. 

cla-quer  (kla-ker'),  n.  a  member 
of  a  claque. 

clar-et  (klar'et),  n.  a  light  bodied 
wine  of  a  darik-red  color ;  blood : 
adj.  claret-colored. 

clar-i-fi-ca-tion  (klar-i-fi-ka'- 

shun),  n.  the  act  of  clarifying. 

clar-i-fy  (klar'i-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
pp.  clarified,  p.pr.  clarifying], 
to  make  clear  from  impurities : 
r.t'.  to  become  bright. 

clar-i-net  (klar'i-net),  n.  a  keyed 
reed  instrument  of  the  oboe  class. 
Also  clarionet. 

clar-i-on  (klar'ri-un).  n.  a  kind 
of  trumpet. 

clash  (klash),  v.i.  to  make  a  loud 
harsh  noise  by  mutual  collision : 
v.t.  to  strike  violently  together : 
n.  the  noise  so  produced. 

clasp  (klasp),  v.t.  to  shut  or 
fasten  together  with,  or  as  with, 
a  clasp :  n.  a  hook  to  hold  any- 
thing close ;  a  close  embrace. 

clasp-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or  that 
which,  clasps ;  a  tendril. 

class  (clas),  n.  a  rank  or  order 
of  persons  or  things ;  a  number 
of  students  of  the  same  status ; 
a  group  of  animals  or  plants  next 
in  rank  above  an  order:  v.t.  to 
classify. 

•S//n.  degree,  order,   rank. 

class  meet-ing  (met'ing),  n.  a 
class,  under  a  class-leader,  for  re- 
ligious instruction. 

clas-sic  (klas'ik),  adj.  of.  or  re- 
lating to,  the  highest  class  or 
rank  in  literature  or  art;  per- 
taining to,  or  having  the  charac- 
teristics of,  the  Greek  or  Roman 
authors ;  relating  to  localities  as- 
sociated with  great  authors  or 
events;  pure;  refined;  clear-cut. 
Also  classical  :  n.  an  author  of  the 
first  rank  whose  works  serve  as  a 
standard ;  one  versed  in  Greek 
and  Latin  literature :  pi.  ancient 
Greek  and  Latin  literature. 

classically  (-al-li).  adv.  in  the 
style  or  manner  of  a  classic. 


clas- si-fi-ca-t  ion  (klas-i-fi-ka'- 
shun),  n.  the  art  of  forming  or 
dividing  into  classes. 

clas-si-fi-ca-to-ry  (klas'i-fi-ka-to- 
ri),  adj.  relating  to,  or  forming 
the  basis  of,  classification. 

clas-si-fi-er  (klas'i-fi-er),  n.  one 
who  classifies. 

clas-si-fy  (klas'i-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  classified ;  p.pr.  classifying], 
to  arrange  in  classes ;  systematize. 

class-man  (klas'man),  n.  [pi. 
classmen  ('men)],  a  student  who 
has  gained  honors  at  an  examina- 
tion ;  opposed  to  passman. 

clat-ter  (klat'er),  r.i.  to  make  a 
noise  by  knocking  two  sonorous 
bodies  frequently  together ;  talk 
idly  and  noisily :  v.t.  to  strike 
anything  to  make  a  clatter :  «.  a 
continuous  or  confused  noise ;  idle 
gossip. 

clause  (klawz),  n.  a  separate 
part  of  a  written  composition,  or 
a  sentence ;  a  special  proviso  in  a 
document. 

clans-tral  (klaws'tral),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  cloister. 

cla-vate  (kla'vat),  adj.  club- 
shaped. 

clav-i-chord  (klav'i-k<5rd),  n.  a 
mediaeval  stringed  instrument. 
Also  clarichord. 

clav-i-cle  (klav'i-kal),  n.  the  col- 
lar-bone. 

cla-vier  (khVver),  n.  the  key- 
board of  an  organ,  pianoforte,  or 
harmonium. 

claw  (klaw),  n.  a  sharp  hooked 
nail  in  the  foot  of  an  animal,  as 
the  cat ;  the  whole  foot  of  a  bird ; 
anything  resembling  a  claw ;  the 
narrow  part  at  the  base  of  a  leaf 
or  foot-stalk  of  a  petal :  r.t.  to 
tear  or  scratch  with,  or  as  if  with, 
claws. 

clay  (kla),  n.  anything  easily 
molded ;  soft  plastic  earth ;  the 
bodily  or  earthly  nature  of  man  : 
adj.  made  of  or  like  clay :  v.t.  to 
purify,  cover,  or  manure  with 
clay. 

clay-more  (kla'mor),  n.  a  High- 
land broad-sword. 

clean  (klen),  adj.  free  from  dirt 
or  extraneous  matter ;  morally  or 
ceremonially  pure :  adv.  in  a 
clean  manner;  entirely;  cleverly: 
v.t.  to  render  clean. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he.  her,  lot ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cle 


188 


ell 


clean-cut  (-kut),  adj.  clear-cut; 
well-shaped. 

clean-li-ly  (klen'li-li),  adv.  in  a 
cleanly  manner ;  adroitly. 

clean-li-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  clean. 

clean-ly  (klen'li),  adj.  neat; 
pure :  adv.  wholly  clean. 

clean-ness  (klen'nes),  n.  moral 
or  physical  purity ;  neatness. 

cleanse  (klenz),  v.t.  to  make 
clean ;  purify  from  moral  im- 
purity or  guilt. 

clear  (kler),  adj.  bright;  pure; 
undimmed  ;  translucent ;  manifest 
to  the  understanding ;  unob- 
structed ;  audible  ;  unadulterated  : 
v.t.  to  make  bright ;  render  evi- 
dent ;  free  from  obstructions ; 
render  more  acute  or  quick  ;  prove 
or  declare  innocent ;  free  from 
legal  detention :  as  imported 
goods :  v.i.  leave  a  port ;  exchange 
cheques,  bills,  &c.,  at  a  bank. 
Syn.  bright,  lucid,  vivid. 
Ant.  (see  opaque). 

clear-cut  (-kut),  adj.  having  a 
sharp,  clearly-defined  outline,  as 
if  chiseled. 

clear-ance  (kler'ans)  n.  the  act 
of  clearing. 

clear-ing  (kler'ing),  n.  the  act  of 
making  clear ;  land  cleared  of  tim- 
ber. 

clear-starch  (kler'starch),  v.t.  to 
stiffen  or  dress  with  starch. 

cleat  (klet),  n.  a  thin  piece  of 
iron  worn  'on  boots  to  make  them 
more  durable ;  a  piece  of  wood  or 
iron  on  the  yard-arm  of  a  ship 
to  keep  the  ropes  from  slipping ; 
a  strip  of  wood  nailed  across  a 
board :  v.t.  to  secure  or  strengthen 
with  a  cleat. 

clea-va-ble  (kle'va-bl),  adj.  di- 
visible. 

clea-vage  (kle'vaj),  n.  the  act  of 
splitting;  the  property  of  some 
minerals  and  rocks  of  being  bro- 
ken in  one  or  more  directions. 

cleave  (klev),  v.i.  [p.t.  clave, 
cleaved,  p.p.  cleaved,  p.pr.  cleav- 
ing] ,  to  adhere  to ;  be  attached 
strongly  to. 

cleave  (klev),  v.t.  [p.t.  cleft, 
clove,  p.p.  cleft,  cloven,  cleaved. 
p.pr.  cleaving],  to  divide  with 
violence ;  part  naturally. 


clea-ver  (kle'ver),  n.  a  butcher's 
heavy  hatchet  for  dividing  car- 
casses. 

clea-vers  (kle'verz),  n.  goose- 
grass. 

clef  (kief),  n.  a  figure  at  the 
beginning  of  each  staff  in  music 
to  indicate  the  pitch  of  all  the 
notes  on  one  particular  line  or 
space. 

cleft,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  cleave,  to  split. 

cleft    (kleft),  n.  a  crack;  crevice. 

clem-a-tis  (klem'a-tis),  n.  a 
perennial  plant  of  the  crowfoot 
family. 

clem-en-cy  (klem'en-si),  n.  [pi. 
clemencies  (-siz)],  compassion; 
remission. 

clem-ent  (klem'ent),  adj.  com- 
passionate ;  forgiving  ;  gentle  ;  for- 
bearing. 

cler-gy  (kler'ji),  n.  a  body  of 
men  set  apart  by  ordination  for 
the  service  of  the  Church. 

cler-gy-man  (-man),  n.  [pi. 
clergymen  (-men)],  a  minister. 

cler-i-cal  (kler'i-kal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  clergy  ;  pertaining 
to  a  clerk,  writer,  or  copyist. 

cler-i-cal-er-ror  (-er'er),  n.  an 
error  in  copying. 

clerk  (klerk),  n.  a  parish  clerk; 
a  scholar ;  one  engaged  in  an 
office  to  conduct  correspondence, 
keep  books,  or  transact  business 
generally ;  an  assistant  salesman 
in  a  store  or  shop :  v.i.  to  act  as 
clerk  or  salesman. 

cleve-ite  (klev'lte),  n.  a  mineral 
which  yields  the  element  helium. 

cley-er  (kley'er),  adj.  possessing 
skill  or  ability;  dexterous;  ex- 
pert ;  good  natured  and  obliging. 

Syn.    adroit,   dexterous,   expert, 
skillful. 

Ant.  .  (see  stupid). 

clew  (kloo),  n.  a  ball  of  thread; 
one  of  the  corners  of  a  sail :  v.t. 
to  truss  up  (sails)  to  the  yard 
of  a  ship. 

click  (klik),  v.i.  to  make  a  short 
sharp  successive  noise :  v.t.  to 
move  with  a  clicking  sound :  «. 
a  slight  sharp  sound ;  a  catch  for 
retaining  a  bolt. 

cli-ent  (kli'ent),  n.  one  who  em- 
ploys a  lawyer ;  one  dependent 
upon  another's  patronage. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ell 


189 


clo 


cli  en-tage  (kll'en-tij),  n.  the 
condition  of  being  a  client ;  clients 
collectively. 

cliff  (klif),  n.  high  steep  rock 
or  bank. 

cli-mac-ter-ic  (kll-mak'ter-ik),  n. 
one  of  the  critical  periods  in  hu- 
man life  when  some  great  change 
is  supposed  to  take  place  in  the 
constitution. 

cli-mate  (kli'mat),  n.  the  tem- 
perature and  meteorological  con- 
ditions of  a  country,  &c. 

cli-mat-ic  (kli-mat'ik),  adj.  relat- 
ing to,  or  connected  with,  climate. 

cli-ma-tize  (kll'ma-tiz),  v.t.  to 
accustom  to  a  new  climate. 

cli-ma-tog-ra-pliy  ( kli-ma-tog'ra- 
fi),  n.  a  description  of  climates. 

cli-ma-tol-o-gy  (-tol'6-ji),  n.  me- 
teorology. 

cli-ma-tom-e-ter  (kli-ma-tom'e- 
ter).  n.  an  instrument  for  record- 
ing variations  of  temperature  in 
any  given  region. 

climax  (kli'maks),  n.  the  sum- 
mit ;  acme. 

climb  (kllm),  r.i.  to  mount  or 
ascend,  as  by  the  hands  and  feet : 
v.t.  ascend  laboriously :  n.  an  as- 
cent by  climbing. 

clime  (kllm),  n.  a  country,  region, 
or  tract. 

clinch  (klinch),  v.t.  to  rivet;  fix 
firmlv  by  holding  over;  double  up 
tightly,  as  the  fingers ;  to  hold 
fnst :  n.  anything  that  holds 
both  ways ;  a  mode  of  fastening 
larsre  ropes. 

cling  (kling),  v.i.  fp.t.  &  p.p. 
clung,  p.pr.  clinging],  to  adhere 
closely ;  hold  fast  by  embracing 
or  entwining. 

clin-ic  (klin'ik),  n.  a  medical  lect- 
ure at  the  bedside  or  in  the  pres- 
ence of  patients. 

clin-ic-al  (klin'ik-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  clinic. 

clin-ic-al -ly  (-H) ,  adv.  in  a  clin- 
ical manner. 

clink  (klingk).  v.t.  to  strike  so 
as  to  make  a'slight  sharp  sound: 
v.i.  to  make  a  clinking  noise :  n. 
a  slight  sharp  successive  vibrat- 
ing noise. 

clink-er  ('er),  n.  a  mass  of 
partly  vitrified  brick;  slag. 

clip  (klip),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
clipped)  clipt,  p.pr.  clipping],  to 


cut  with  shears  or  scissors :  cut 
off ;  formerly  to  debase  coin  by 
cutting  off  the  edges :  v.i.  move 
quickly :  n.  the  wool  of  a  sea- 
son's shearing ;  a  spring  holder 
for  holding  papers ;  a  slight  blow 
with  the  hand. 

clip-per  ('er),  n.  one  who.  or  that 
which,  clips ;  an  instrument  for 
cutting  the  hair  of  horses;  a  sail- 
ing vessel  with  very  sharp  lines 
and  great  spread  of  canvas :  a 
person  or  animal  that  runs  swift- 
ly ;  a  first-rate  person  or  thing. 

cliqtie  (klek),  n.  a  group  of  per- 
sons united  for  some  common  pur- 
pose (usuallj  sinister)  ;  a  coterie  ; 
a  ring. 

cloak  (klok),  n.  a  sleeveless, 
loose  outer  garment  worn  by  both 
sexes  :  hence,  a  pretext ;  disguise  : 
v.t.  to  cover  with,  or  as  with,  a 
cloak ;  cover  up  or  conceal. 

clock  (klok),  n.  a  machine  for 
measuring  and  indicating  the  di- 
visions of  time  by  means  of  hands 
moving  over  a  dial-plate. 

clock  (klok),  n.  a  woven  or  em- 
broidered ornament  upon  a  stock- 
ing. 

clock- wise  ('wiz),  adv.  in  the 
direction  of  the  rotation  of  the 
hands  of  a  clock. 

clod  (klod),  n.  a  lump  of  earth, 
turf,  or  clay ;  a  bait  used  in  eel- 
fishing  ;  the  shoulder  part  of  the 
neck-piece  in  beef. 

clog  (klog),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  clog- 
ged: p.pr.  clogging],  to  load  with 
anything  that  may  impede  motion  ; 
embarrass :  v.i.  to  stick  or  cluster 
together :  n.  a  load  or  weight ;  a 
hindrance ;  a  kind  of  wooden  shoe. 

clog-gi-ness  (M-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  clogged. 

clog-gy  (klog'i),  adj.  clogging; 
adhesive. 

clois-ter  (klois'ter).  n.  a  place 
of  religious  retirement ;  a  monas- 
tery or  nunnery :  pi.  an  arched 
way  or  covered  walk  running 
round  an  ecclesiastical  building  or 
college :  v.t.  to  confine  in,  or  as  in, 
a  cloister  or  convent ;  seclude 
from  the  world. 

clois-tral  (klois'tral),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  confined  in,  a  clois- 
ter ;  secluded. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  h§r,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


clo 


190 


clu 


close  (kloz),  v.t.  to  shut;  sur- 
round closely ;  unite  together ; 
consolidate ;  end :  v.i.  to  come 
together ;  shut  in  ;  coalesce  ;  en- 
gage jn  hand-to-hand  conflict ; 
grapple:  n.  an  inclosed  space;  the 
precincts  of  a  cathedral  or  abbey  ; 
an  alley:  adj.  (kids)  having  no 
outlet;  confined;  without  ven- 
tilation ;  oppressive  ;  minute  ;  con- 
cise ;  reticent ;  niggardly :  adv. 
near. 

close  cor-po-ra-tion  (klos  kor- 
po-rfi'shun),  n.  a  corporation  in 
which  vacancies  are  filled  by  its 
members. 

close-hauled  (-hawld),  adj.  kept 
as  near  to  the  wind  as  possible. 

close  port  (port),  n.  a  river  port. 

close-reef  (-ref),  n.  the  last 
reef  in  a  sail. 

close  sea-son  (se'zun),  n.  certain 
months  in  the  year  in  which  it  is 
illegal  to  kill  game,  protected  wild 
birds,  fish,  &c. 

clos-et  (kloz'et),  n.  a  small  room 
for  privacy  or  retirement ;  a  place 
for  storing  valuable  things  or 
household  requisites  :  adj.  private  ; 
secluded :  v.t.  to  receive  in  a 
private  room  for  confidential  con- 
sultation. 

do-sure  (klo'zhur),  n.  the  act  of 
shutting  up ;  that  which  closes ; 
the  end  ;  the  closing  of  a  debate 
by  the  vote  of  the  majority  (the 
clSture)  :  v.t.  to  end  (a  debate) 
by  closure. 

clot  (klot),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  clotted, 
p.pr.  clotting],  to  coagulate:  v.t. 
to  make,  form  into,  or  cover  with, 
clots :  n.  a  concrete  or  coagulate 
mass  of  soft  or  fluid  matter. 

cloth      (kloth),     n.      [pi.     cloths 

(kldf&z)],  a  woven  fabric  of 
some  fibrous  material,  especially 
wool ;  a  table  covering ;  the  dis- 
tinctive dress  of  any  profession, 
especially  the  clerical. 

clothe  (\i\6th),  v.t.  to  put  raiment 
on  ;  cover  with,  or  as  with,  a  gar- 
ment. 

clothes  (kloMz),  n.pl.  covering 
for  the  body ;  dress :  bedclothes. 

cloth-ier  (kl5£fe'yer),  n.  one  who 
manufactures  or  sells  clothes. 

cloth-ing  (kldtft'ing),  n.  garments 
in  general. 

clo-ture.     See  closure. 


cloud  (kloud),  n.  a  mass  of  visible 
vapor  floating  in  the  atmosphere ; 
a  volume  of  smoke  or  dust ;  the 
dark  markings  in  marble  or 
precious  stones ;  a  diffused  body 
of  anything ;  a  multitude ;  a  light 
woolen  shawl  :  v.t.  to  overspread 
with,  or  as  with,  a  cloud ;  render 
gloomy  ;  blacken  or  sully :  v.i.  to 
grow  cloudy. 

cloud-burst  ('berst),  n.  a  violent 
downpour  of  rain  over  a  very  lim- 
ited area. 

clough  (kluf),  n.  a  ravine  in  a 
rock  or  hillside ;  a  gorge ;  a  kind 
of  sluice. 

clout  (klont),  n.  a  piece  of  cloth 
or  leather  for  patching ;  a  cloth 
for  any  mean  use ;  the  center 
mark  of  an  archery  target ;  an 
arrow  that  has  hit  the  center; 
a  blow  on  the  head  with  the  hand  : 
v.t .  to  patch  or  mend  coarsely ; 
strike  with  the  hand. 

clove,  p.t.  of  cleave. 

clove  (klov),  n.  a  pungent  aromat- 
ic spice. 

clo-ven  (klo'ven),  p.adj.  divided 
into  two  parts. 

clo-ver  (klo'ver),  n.  a  species  of 
grass. 

clown  (kloun),  n.  a  rustic;  an 
illbred  fellow  ;  a  professional  jes- 
ter or  buffoon. 

clownish  ('ish),  adj.  like  a 
clown. 

cloy  (kloi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  cloyed], 
p.pr.  cloying],  to  fill  to  repletion; 
surfeit. 

club  (klub),  n.  a  heavy  stick;  one 
of  the  suits  of  cards  marked  with 
trefoils ;  a  number  of  persons  as- 
sociated for  a  common  purpose  or 
mutual  benefit ;  a  joint  expense : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  clubbed.  }>.pr. 
clubbing],  to  beat  with  a  club; 
unite  in  a  solid  mass:  v.i.  con- 
tribute to  a  common  expense. 

club-ba-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  having 
the  qualities  which  fit  a  man  to 
associate  in  a  club. 

club-foot  ('foot},  n.  a  deformed 
foot. 

club-haul  ('bawl),  v.t.  to  tack 
(a  ship),  by  dropping  the  lee 
anchor  as  soon  as  the  wind  is  out 
of  the  sails,  bringing  the  ship's 
head  to  the  wind. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p8rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  miite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


clu 


191 


coa 


club-moss  ('mos),n.  the  lycopodi- 
um. 

cluck  (kluk),  v.i.  to  cry  or  call 
like  a  hen  to  her  chickens :  n.  a 
hen's  call ;  the  peculiar  click  ut- 
tered by  some  South  African 
tribes. 

clue    (kloo),  n.  a  hint;  a  clew. 

clum-ber  (klum'ber),  n.  a  field 
spaniel. 

clump  (klump),  n.  a  cluster  of 
trees,  &c. ;  a  thick  sole :  pi.  a 
social  game :  v.t.  arrange  in  a 
clump :  v.i.  tread  clumsily. 

clum-si-ly  (klum'zi-li),  adv.  awk- 
wardly ;  heavily. 

clum-sy  (klum'zi),  adj.  awk- 
ward ;  heavy. 

clung,  p.t.   of  cling. 

clus-ter  (klus'ter),  n.  a  number 
of  things  of  the  same  kind  grow- 
ing or  collected  together ;  a  bunch  : 
v.i.  to  grow  or  gather  into 
bunches ;  congregate. 

clutch  (kluch),  v.t.  to  grasp,  seize, 
or  grip  strongly  :  v.i.  to  snatch  or 
seize  [with  at ]  :  n.  a  grasp ; 
seizure  :  pi.  hands  ;  claws. 

clys-ter  (klis'ter),  n.  a  liquid  in- 
jected into  the  lower  intestines 
by  a  syringe ;  an  enema. 

co-  (ko),  a  prefix  meaning  with, 
together,  entering  into  the  com- 
position of  many  words,  the  sense 
of  which  is  generally  self-evident, 
as  co-trustee,  a  joint  trustee. 

coach  (koch),  n.  a  large  covered 
fourwheeled  public  or  private 
carriage ;  a  tutor  who  especially 
prepares  another  for  an  examina- 
tion or  an  athletic  contest :  v.t. 
to  instruct  or  train  for  an  ex- 
amination, &c. 

co-ag-u-lant  (ko-ag'u-lant) ,  n.  a 
substance  that  produces  coagula- 
tion. 

co-ag-u-late  (ko-ag'u-lat),  v.t.  to 
clot  or  curdle. 

co-ag-u-la-tion  (-u-la'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  coagulating ;  the  state 
of  being  coagulated. 

co-ag-u-la-tive  (-tiv),  adj.  caus- 
ing coagulation. 

co-ag-u-la-tor  (-ter),  n.  that 
which  causes  coagulation. 

co-ag-u-lum  ('u-lum),  n.  [pi.  co- 
agula  (-1ft )],  a  clot  of  blood;  a 
curdled  _mass. 

coal    (kol),    n.    mineralized    vege- 


table matter,  used  in  its  hardened 
form  as  fuel :  v.t.  to  furnish  with 
coals :  v.i.  take  in  coal. 

coal-oil   ('oil),  n.  petroleum. 

coal-tar  ('tar),  n.  a  thick  opaque 
liquid  distilled  from  bituminous 
coal,  and  from  which  many  rich 
dye  colors  are  obtained. 

co-a-lesce  (ko-a-les').  v.t.  to  grow 
together ;  combine  ;  unite. 

co-a-les-cence  ('ens),  n.  the  act 
of  coalescing. 

co-a-les-cent  ('ent),  adj.  growing 
together. 

co-a-li-tion  (ko-a-lish'un),  n. 
union  in  a  body  or  mass ;  a  com- 
bination of  persons. 

coam-ings  (kom'ings),  n.pl.  the 
raised  wood  or  iron  borders  of  the 
hatches  of  a  vessel. 

co-ap-ta-tion  (ko-ap-ta'shun),  n. 
the  adjustment  or  adaptation  of 
parts  to  one  another. 

coarse  (kors),  adj.  large  in  text- 
ure or  size  ;  not  refined  ;  rough  ; 
rude ;  indelicate. 

Syn.   rude,   rough,   unpolished. 
Ant.    (see   fine). 

coarse-grained  ('grand),  adj. 
having  a  coarse  grain ;  ill-tem- 
pered. 

coarse-ly  (kors'li),  adv.  in  a 
coarse  manner. 

coarse-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  quality 
of  being  coarse. 

coast  (kost),  n.  the  margin  of 
the  land  next  the  sea ;  a  frontier ; 
a  slide  in  a  sledge  down  an  in- 
cline :  v.i.  to  sail  near  or  along 
the  coast ;  descend  an  incline  in 
a  sledge,  or  on  a  bicycle  without 
working  the  pedals :  v.t.  to  sail 
close  or  near  to. 

coast-er  ('er),  n.  a  home-trading 
vessel ;  one  who  coasts  on  a  sled. 

coast-guard  ('gard),  n.  a  mem- 
ber of  the  service  for  watching 
the  sea,  originally  to  check  smug- 
gling. 

coast-ing-trade  ('ing-trad),  n. 
the  trade  carried  on  from  port  to 
port  of  the  same  country. 

coast-wise  ('wiz),  adv.  by,  or 
along,  the  coast. 

coat  (k5t),  n.  an  outer  garment 
covering  the  upper  part  of  the 
body ;  an  external  covering,  as 
fur,  &c. ;  a  thin  layer ;  an  integu- 


5ate ,  mar,  mftsk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  mo6n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


coa 


192 


coc 


ment :     v.t.    to    cover    or    spread 
over. 

coat-card  (-kard),  n.  a  court- 
card. 

coatee  (ko-te'),  n.  a  close-fitting 
coat  with  short  tails. 

coat  of  arms  (of  armz),  n.  the 
emblazonment  of  armorial  bear- 
ings on  an  escutcheon. 

coat  of  mail  (mal),  n.  chain- 
mail. 

coax  (koks),  v.t.  to  wheedle; 
cajole. 

Syn.  cajole,   fawn,  wheedle. 

cp-ax-i-al  (ko-ak'si-al),  adj.  hav- 
ing a  common  axis. 

cob  (kob),  n.  a  roundish  piece 
of  anything ;  the  spike  of  Indian 
corn ;  a  strong  thickset  pony ;  a 
young  herring ;  a  spider ;  a  pellet 
for  feeding  fowls ;  the  bull-head 
or  miller's  thumb ;  a  sea-gull ;  a 
kind  of  wicker  basket ;  a  kind 
of  breakwater:  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
cobbed,  p.pr.  cobbing],  to  pun- 
ish with  a_  strap  ;  break  (ore). 

co-bait  (ko'bawlt),  n.  a  steel-grey 
metal. 

cob-ble  (kob'l),  n.  a  pebble;  a 
round  medium-sized  stone  ;  clumsy 
work :  v.t.  to  mend  or  patch  up 
coarsely :  v.i.  work  clumsily. 

cob-bier  ('ler),  n.  one  who  mends 
boots  and  shoes ;  a  clumsy  work- 
man ;  a  cooling  summer  drink  of 
ice,  wine,  &c. 

co  bra-de-ca-pel-lo  (ko'bra-de- 
ka-pel'o),  n.  a  large  and  most 
venomous  hooded  snake. 

cob-web  (kob'web),  n.  a  spider's 
web :  hence,  a  net  or  snare ;  old 
musty  rubbish :  adj.  made  of,  or 
like,  a  cobweb  ;  flimsy. 

co-ca  (ko'ka),  n.  the  dried  leaf  of 
a  small  South  American  shrub : 
a  powerful  tonic. 

co-ca-ine  (-in),  n.  a  powerful 
alkaloid  extracted  from  coca 
leaves. 

co-ca  in-ism  (-izm),  n.  the  morbid 
habit  of  using  cocaine  to  ex- 
cess. 

co-ca-in-ize  (-lz),v.t.  to  subject 
to,  or  render  insensible  by  co- 
caine. 

coc  cu-lns  in-di-cns  (kok'u-lus 
in-di'kus),  n.  an  East  Indian 
climbing  shrub  possessing  acrid 
narcotic  properties. 


cochineal  ( koch/i-nel ) ,  n.  a 
scarlet  dye  obtained  from  the 
dried  body  of  an  insect. 

cocb-le-a  (kok'le-a),  n.  [pi.  coch- 
lea (-e)],  the  spiral-shaped 
cavity  of  the  inner  ear. 

coch-le-ate  (kok'le-at),a<i;.  screw- 
like. 

cock  (kok),  n.  the  male  of  birds, 
especially  the  domestic  fowl ;  the 
male  of  certain  animals  other 
than  birds  ;  a  vane  in  the  shape 
of  a  cock ;  a  leader  or  chief ;  a 
turn-valve  for  registering  the  flow 
of  a  liquid  or  gas ;  a  small  coni- 
cal heap  of  hay. 

cock  (kok),  v.t.  to  turn  up  or  set 
(the  hat  or  head)  jauntily  on 
one  side ;  erect :  n.  the  action  of 
the  verb  to  cock. 

cock-eyed  ('Id),  adj.  having 
squinting  eyes. 

cock-ade  (-ad'),  n.  a  badge  or 
ribbon  worn  on  the  hat. 

cock-a-too  (-a-too'),  n.  a  crested 
bird  of  the  parrot  family. 

cock-a-trice  ('a-tris,  or  -tris), 
n.  a  fabulous  serpent  said  to  have 
been  hatched  in  a  cock's  egg,  and 
possessing  the  power  of  killing 
by  a  glance  of  its  eye. 

cock-boat  ('bot),  n.  a  small  boat. 

cock-cba-fer  ('cha-fer),  n.  the 
Maybug. 

cock-crow  ('kro),  n.  early  morn- 
ing. 

cock-ee  (-e'),  n.  the  spot  where 
a  curling  player  stands  to  hurl. 

cock-er-el  ('er-el),  n.  a  young 
cock. 

cockle  ('!),  v.t.  to  contract  into 
wrinkles. 

cockle  ('!),  n.  an  edible  shell-fish 
with  two  heart-shaped  wrinkled 
shells ;  the  plant  corncockle  or 
darnel ;  a  kiln  for  drying  hops ;  a 
stove  for  drying  biscuit-ware. 

cock-ney  (kok'ni),  n.  a  Londoner: 
traditionally  one  born  within 
sound  of  the  bells  of  Bow 
Church,  Cheapside. 

cock-ney-dom  (-dum),  n.  Lon- 
don and  its  suburbs. 

cock-pit  (kok'pit),  n.  an  en- 
closed space  for  cockfighting. 

cock-roacb  ('roch),  n.  a  black 
beetle. 

co-coa  (ko'ko),  n.  a  palm  which 
produces  the  cocoanut.  Also  coco. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


coc 


193 


coh 


co-coa  (ko'ko).  n.  the  ground 
seeds  of  the  cacao  or  chocolate 
tree ;  the  beverage  made  from  it. 

co-eoa-nut  (-nut),  n.  the  fruit  of 
the  cocoa  palm. 

co-coon  (ko-koon'),  n.  the  silky 
oblong  case  covering  the  larvae 
of  many  spinning  insects  while 
in  the  chrysalis  state. 

co-coon-er-y  ('er-5),  n.  a  build- 
ing where  silk-worms  are  fed 
when  forming  cocoons. 

co-cotte  (ko-kof),  n.  a  Parisian 
courtezan. 

cod  (kod),  n.  the  husk  or  pod  of 
a  seed ;  the  scrotum  ;  the  narrow 
part  of  a  trawl-net. 

cod  (kod).  n.  a  large  edible  fish 
found  in  the  northern  seas,  and 
especially  on  the  banks  of  New- 
foundland. 

cod-die  (kod'l),  v.t.  to  make 
effeminate  by  pampering ;  treat 
tenderiy ;  to  stew  gently :  n.  an 
over-indulged  pampered  person. 

code  (kod),  n.  a  body  of  classi- 
fied laws  or  regulations ;  a  sys- 
tem of  signals. 

co-de-ine  (ko-de'in),  n.  an  active 
medicinal  principle  extracted 
from  the  poppy. 

co-dex  (ko'deks),  n.  [pi.  codices 
I'di-sez)],  a  volume  of  statutes; 
a  manuscript  volume,  especially 
of  the  sacred  Scriptures. 

codg-er  (koj'er),  n.  a  miser;  an 
old  man. 

cod-i-cil  (kod'i-sil),  n.  an  appen- 
dix to  a  will. 

cod-i-fy  (ko'di-  or  kod'i-fl).  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  codified,  p.pr.  codify- 
ing], to  reduce  to  a  code  or  digest. 

cod-ling  (kod'ling),  n.  a  young 
cod ;  a  kind  of  stewing  apple. 

co-ef-fi-cient  (ko-c-fish'ent),  adj. 
cooperating :  n.  that  which 
cooperates  with  another ;  a  num- 
ber or  known  quantity  prefixed  in 
algebra  as  a  multiplier  to  a  vari- 
able or  an  unknown  quantity. 

co-erce  (ko-ors').  v.t.  to  restrain 
or  constrain  by  force,  especially 
h'Kally  or  morally ;  compel. 

co-erc-i-ble  ('i-bl),  ,adj.  able  to 
be  coerced. 

co-erc-ion  ('shun),  n.  the  act  of 
coercing. 

co-er-cive  ('siv),  adj.  having 
power  to  coerce. 


co-e-val  (ko-e'val),  adj.  contem- 
poraneous. 

co-ex-ten-sive  (ko-eks-ten'sivK 
adj.  equally  extensive. 

cof-fee  (kof'e),  n.  the  seeds  of  a 
plant  which,  roasted  and  ground, 
form  the  well-known  beverage. 

cof-fer  (kpf'er),  n.  a  chest;  a 
kind  of  caisson  or  floating  dock ; 
a  sunken  panel :  pi.  a  treasury : 
•v.t.  to  inclose  in  a  coffer. 

cof-fin  ('in),  n.  a  case  for  the 
dead ;  the  hollow  part  of  a  horse's 
hoof :  v.t.  inclosed  in  a  coffin. 

cog  (kog),  n.  the  tooth  of  a  wheel ; 
a  trick :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  cogged, 
p.pr.  cogging],  to  furnish  with 
cogs;  weedle ;  to  load  (dice)  in 
order  to  cheat. 

cog-i-tate  (koj'i-tat),  v.i.  to  medi- 
tate :  v.t.  to  devise  or  plan. 

cog-i-ta-tion  (-ta'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  cogitating. 

cog-i-ta-tive  (-ta-tiv),  adj.  medi- 
tative. 

co-gnac  (ko'nyak),  n.  a  French 
brandy. 

cog-nate  (kog'nat),  adj.  allied  by 
blood  ;  of  the  same  stock,  nature, 
or  quality. 

cog-ni-tion  (kog-nish'un),  n. 
knowledge. 

cog-ni-tive  (kog'ni-tiv),  adj.  hav- 
ing power  of  mental  apprehension. 

cog  -  ni  -  za  -  ble  (kog'ni-za-bl  or 
kon'i-za-bl),  adj.  that  may  be 
known. 

cpg-ni-zance  (kog'ni-zans  or  kon'- 
i-zans),  n.  judicial  knowledge  or 
notice ;  perception. 

cog-ni-zant  (kog'ni-zant  or  kon'- 
i-zant),  adj.  having  knowledge  of 
anything. 

cog-no-men  (kog-no'men),  n.  a 
surname. 

co-hab-it  (ko-hab'it),  v.i.  to  dwell 
together  as  husband  and  wife. 

co  here  (ko-her'),  v.i.  to  stick  to- 
gether. 

co-her-ence  ('ens),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  cohering.  Also 
coherency. 

co-her-ent  Cent),  adj.  cohering 
together  ;  consistent ;  logical. 

co-her-er  (ko-her'er),  n.  a  device 
for  detecting  electro-magnetic 
waves,  used  in  wireless  telegraphy. 

co-he-sion  (ko-he'zhun).  n.  the 
force  that  unites  together  mole- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


coh 


194 


col 


cules  of  the  same  material ;  coher- 
ence. 

co-he-sive  ('siv),  n.  causing  to 
cohere. 

co-hort  (ko'hort),  n.  a  body  of 
ancient  Roman  soldiers,  the  tenth 
part  of  a  legion. 

coif-feur  (koi'fer),  n.  a  hair- 
dresser. 

coif-fure  (koif'fir,  French  kwo- 
fer'),  n.  a  head  dress;  manner 
of  arranging  the  hair. 

coil  (koil),  n.  a,  rope  gathered  into 
a  ring ;  anything  resembling  it : 
v.t.  to  gather  or  wind  into  a  cir- 
cular heap :  v.i.  to  wind. 

coin  (koin),  n.  money  stamped 
with  a  legal  impression ;  a  corner 
or  angle :  v.t.  to  convert  into 
money  ;  invent. 

coin-age  ('aj),  n.  the  process  of 
coining ;  the  thing  coined ;  in- 
vention. 

co-in-cide  (ko-in-sid),  v.i.  corre- 
spond exactly ;  occur  at  the  same 
time ;  fall  upon,  or  meet,  in  the 
same  point. 

co-in-ci-dence  (ko-in'si-dens),  n. 
the  act  of  coinciding. 

co-in-ci-dent  (ko-in'si-dent),  adj. 
coinciding. 

coin-er  (koin'er),  n.  one  who 
stamps  coins,  especially  one  who 
makes  counterfeit  money. 

coir  (koir),  n.  the  prepared  fiber 
of  the  husks  of  cocoanuts. 

co-i-tion  (ko-ish'un),  n.  copula- 
tion ;  conjunction :  said  of  the 
moon. 

coke  (kok),  n.  the  residue  of  roal 
after  the  gas,  &c.,  has  been  ex- 
pelled :  v.t.  to  convert  into  coke. 

col-an-der  (kul'an-der),  n.  a 
vessel  with  a  perforated  bottom. 

co-la-nnt  (ko'la-nut),  n.  the  large 
bitter  seed  of  an  African  tree. 

col-chi-cum  (kol'chi-kum),  n.  the 
meadow-saffron,  the  seeds  and 
bulbs  of  which  are  used  in  medi- 
cine. 

cold  (kold),  adj.  without  heat  or 
warmth  ;  frigid  ;  without  passion 
or  zeal ;  indifferent ;  insensible  ; 
blue  in  tone :  n.  the  opposite  of 
heat ;  the  sensation  produced  by 
the  loss  of  heat ;  a  catarrh. 

Syn.    cool,    frigid,    wintry,    un- 
feeling, stoical. 
Ant.   (see  warm). 


cold-blood-ed  (-blud'ed),  adj. 
having  the  blood  below  90°  Fahr. 
in  temperature. 

cold-isn  (kold'ish),  adj.  some- 
what cold. 

cole  (kol),  n.  cabbage  plants  in 
general. 

cole-slaw  ('slaw),  n.  cabbage 
salad. 

Col-e-op-ter-a  (kol-e-op-ter-a),  n. 
pi.  an  order  of  insects  having  the 
wings  covered  with  a  sheath  ;  the 
beetles. 

cole- wort  (kol'wert),  n.  young 
cabbage. 

col-ic  (kol'ik),  n.  acute  spasmodic 
pain  in  the  abdomen  or  bowels : 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  affecting, 
the  bowels. 

col-ick-y  (-i),  adj.  pertaining  to- 
colic. 

col-i-se-um.     See  colosseum. 

col-lab-o-rate  (kol-ab'6-rat),  v.i. 
to  work  jointly,  especially  in  liter- 
ary or  scientific  work. 

col-lab-o-ra-tion  (-o-ra'shun),  n. 
united  labor. 

col-lab-o-ra-tor  (-lab'o-ra-ter).  n. 
one  who  assists  another,  especial- 
ly in  literary  or  scientific  work  : 
[more  usually  collaborateur 
(-ter'),  the  French  form  of  the 
word]. 

col-lapse  (kol-aps'),  n.  a  falling 
in  or  together ;  sudden  and  com- 
plete failure ;  general  prostration 
of  the  -vital  powers :  v.i.  to  fall 
in  or  together ;  shrink  up ;  break 
down. 

col-lap-si-ble  (-ap'si-bl),  adj. 
collapsing. 

col-lar  (kol'er),  n.  anything  en- 
circling the  neck,  worn  for  use, 
restraint,  or  ornament ;  a  round 
ring  or  flange :  v.t.  to  seize  by 
the  collar;  put  a  collar  on;  roll 
up. 

col-lar-ette  (-et),  n,  a  fichu  of 
lace,  &c. 

col-late  (kol'ftt),  v.t.  compare 
critically  one  thing  with  another 
of  the  same  kind,  as  manuscripts 
or  text  of  books ;  place  in  an  ec- 
clesiastical benefice. 

col-lat-er-al  (kol-at'er-al),  adj. 
side  by  side ;  auxiliary ;  concur- 
rent ;  descended  from  the  same 
stock,  but  in  a  different  line. 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cor 


195 


col 


col-lat-er-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
collateral  manner  . 

col-la-tion  (kol-a'shun),  n.  com- 
parison ;  a  light  repast ;  the  pres- 
entation to  a  benefice  by  a 
bishop,  who  is  the  patron. 

col-la-tor  (,'ter),  n.  one  who  col- 
lates manuscripts  or  books ;  the 
bishop  who  collates. 

col-league  (kol'eg),  n.  an  associ- 
ate in  the  same  office,  employ- 
ment, or  commission. 

col-lect  (kol'ekt),  n.  a  short  com- 
prehensive prayer. 

col-lect  (kol-ekf),  v.t.  gather 
together ;  assemble  ;  demand  and 
obtain  payment  of :  v.i.  to  meet 
together ;  accumulate. 

col-lect-ed  (kol-ekt'ed) ,  adj.  self- 
possessed. 

col-lec-tion  ('shun),  n.  the  act 
of  gathering  together ;  a  mass ;  a 
crowd  ;  an  assemblage  of  works  of 
art,  natural  objects,  &c. ;  a  con- 
tribution to  a  special  object ;  a 
private  college  examination. 

col-lect-ive  (kol-ekt'iv),  adj.  ac- 
cumulative. 

col-lect-iv-ism  (-izm),  n.  the  so- 
cialistic theory  that  land  and 
capital  should  be  owned  by  society 
collectively. 

col-lect-iv-ist  (-ist),  n.  an  advo- 
cate of  collectivism  :  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  collectivism. 

col-lect-or  (kol-ek'ter),  n.  one 
who  collects. 

col-lege  (kol'ej),  n.  a  society  of 
men  possessing  certain  powers  and 
rights,  and  engaged  in  some  com- 
mon pursuit,  especially  literary 
studies ;  the  house  founded  for 
such  a  society. 

col-le-gi-an      (kol-e'ji-an),     n.     a 

member  of  a  college 
col-le-gi-ate    (-at),    adj.    pertain- 
ing to,  or  something,  a  college ;  in- 
stituted like  a  college. 
col-let    (kol'et).  n.   the  part  of  a 

ring  in  which  the  stone  is  set. 
col-lide   (kol-!d),  v.i.  to  come  into 

collision. 

col-lie  (kol'i),  n.  a  Scotch  sheep- 
dog. 

col-lier    (kol'yer),   n.  a  digger  of 

coal ;    a    coal-digger ;    a   vessel   in 

the  coal  trade. 

col-lier-y     (-i),    n.    [pi.    collieries 

(-iz)  ],  a  coal  mine. 


col-li-sion  (kol-izh'un),  n.  the  act 

of  striking  two  bodies  violently 
together ;  concussion. 

Syn.     contact,     conflict,     clash, 
impact,  encounter,  meeting. 
Ant.    (see  concord). 

col-lo-ca-tion  (kol-5-ka'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  placing ;  arrangement. 

col-lo-di-on     (kol-6'di-un),     n.     a 

preparation  of  soluble  gun-cotton 
with  ether. 

col-lo-qui-al  (kol-6'kwi-al),  adj. 
used  in  ordinary  conversation. 

col-lp-qui-al-ism  (-izm),  n.  a  col- 
loquial form  of  speech  ;  slang. 

col-lp-quy  ('5-kwi),  n.  [pi.  col- 
loquies (-kwiz)],  a  conversation; 
a  dialogue. 

col-lu-sion  (kol-u'zhun),  n.  a  se- 
cret agreement  for  a  fraudulent  or 
evil  purpose. 

col-lu-sive  ('siv),  adj.  fraudu- 
lently concerted. 

col-lu-so-ry  ('so-ri),  adj.  carrying 
on  fraud  by  secret  agreement. 

co-logne  wa-ter  (waw'ter),  n. 
eau-de-cologne. 

co-Ion  (ko'lon),  n.  a  mark  of 
punctuation  [  :]  ;  the  largest  of 
the  intestines. 

colo-nel  (ker'nel),  n.  the  chief 
officer  of  a  regiment. 

colo-nel-cy  (-si),  n.  the  rank  of 
a  colonel. 

co-lo-ni-al  (ko-lo'ni-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  colony. 

co  lo-ni-al-ism  (-izm),  n.  the 
characteristics  of  colonial  life;  a 
colonial  habit  or  phrase. 

co-lo-ni-al-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  render 
colonial  in  character. 

col-o-nist  (kol'6-nist),  n.  an  in- 
habitant of  a  colony. 

col-o-ni-za-tion  (kol'6-ni-za'- 

shun),  n.  the  act  of  colonizing,  or 
state  of  being  colonized ;  the  tem- 
porary settlement  of  men  in  a 
voting  district  to  qualify  them  as 
electors. 

col-o-nize  (kol'o-mz),  v.t.  to  set- 
tle or  establish  a  colony  in. 

col-on-nade  (kol-on-ad'),  n.  a 
series  of  columns. 

col-o-ny  (kol'6-ni),  n.  [pi.  colo- 
nies (-niz)],  a  body  of  people 
from  their  native  country  who 
settle  in  another  land,  but  are 
under  the  jurisdiction  of,  or  con- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch.  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


col 


196 


com 


nected  with,  the  parent  country ; 
the  country  thus  settled ;  a  num- 
ber of  animals  or  plants  living  or 
growing  together. 

col-or  (kul'er),  n.  the  hue  or  ap- 
pearance that  a  body  presents  to 
the  eye ;  a  pigment  or  paint ;  com- 
plexion ;  redness ;  an  apparent 
right  or  reason ;  pretense ;  false 
show :  pi.  a  military  or  naval 
flag :  v.t.  to  impart  a  color  to ; 
tint ;  dye  ;  give  a  specious  appear- 
ance to ;  make  plausible. 
Syn.  dye,  stain,  tinge. 

Col-o-ra-do-bee-tle  ( kol-o-ra'do- 
be'tl),  n.  a  yellowish  beetle,  hav- 
ing its  back  marked  with  ten 
longitudinal  black  stripes :  it  is 
very  destructive  to  potato  crops. 

col-or-ing  (kul'er-ing),  n.  the  act 
or  art  of  giving  a  color  to ;  the 
color  so  applied. 

col-or-ist  (-ist),  n.  an  artist 
whose  works  are  characterized 
by  beauty  of  color. 

co  los-sal  (ko-los'al),  adj.  like  a 
colossus ;  gigantic. 

col-os-se-um  (kol-o-se'um),  n. 
the  Flavian  amphitheater  at  an- 
cient Rome.  Also  coliseum. 

co-los-sus  (ko-los'us),  n.  [pi.  co- 
lossi (-1)],  a  statue  of  gigantic 
size. 

col-por-tage  (kol'por-taj),  n.  the 
system  of  distributing  Bibles, 
religious  books,  &c.,  by  colpor- 
teurs. 

col-por-teur  (-ter),  n.  one  en- 
gaged in  colportage. 

colt'  (kolt),  n.  a  young  male 
horse ;  a  young  foolish  fellow ; 
one  who  plays  cricket  for  the 
first  time  for  his  county ;  a 
knotted  rope's-end :  v.t.  punish 
with  a  rope's-end. 

colt-ish.  ('ish),  adj.  like  a  colt; 
frisky. 

colts-foot  (-s'foot),  n.  a  medic- 
inal herb. 

Co-lnni-bi-an  (ko-lum'bi-an),  n. 
a  size  of  printing  type.  ( See 
typo. ) 

col-tun-bine  (kol'um-bin),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  like,  a  dove  or 
pigeon  :  n.  a  plant  with  flowers  of 
fivi>  petals. 

col  uiuii  (kol'um),  n.  a  round  pil- 
lar to  support  or  adorn  a  build- 
ing ;  any  body  of  certain  dimen- 


sions pressing  vertically  on  its 
base ;  a  division  of  the  page  of  a 
book,  &c. ;  a  formation  of  troops 
in  deep  tiles. 

col-um-nar  (kol-um'nar),  adj. 
having  the  form  or  shape  of  a 
column. 

co-ma  (ko'ma),  n.  insensibility; 
stupor. 

co-ma  (ko'ma),  n.  [pi.  comae 
('me)],  the  nebulous  hair-like 
envelope  surrounding  the  nucleus 
of  a  comet ;  the  aggregate  of 
branches  forming  the  leafy  head 
of  a  tree. 

co-ma-tose  (ko'ma-tos),  adj.  tor- 
pid ;  lethargic. 

comb  (kom),  n.  a  toothed  instru- 
ment to  separate  and  adjust  the 
hair ;  the  crest  of  a  cock ;  the 
crest  of  a  wave  or  hill ;  a  honey- 
comb :  v.t.  to  dress  the  hair  W7ith 
a  comb ;  grain :  v.i.  to  roll  over, 
as  the  crest  of  a  wave. 

corn-bat  (kom'bat),  v.i.  to  fight; 
act  in  opposition :  v.t.  to  fight 
with  ;  oppose  by  force :  n.  a  con- 
test by  force ;  a  struggle. 

com -bat-ant  (-ant),  n.  one  who 
combats :  adj.  disposed  to  fight ; 
bearing  arms. 

com-bat-ive  (-iv),  adj.  pugna- 
cious. 

c  o  m-b  i-n  a-t  i  o  n  (kom-bi-na'- 
shun),  n.  the  union  of  bodies  or 
qualities ;  an  association  of  per- 
sons for  a  common  object :  pi. 
underclothing  woven  in  one  piece. 
Syn.  cabal,  conspiracy,  plot. 

corn-bine  (kom-bln'),  v.t.  to  unite 
or  join  ;  link  closely  together :  v.i. 
to  unite,  agree,  or  coalesce:  «.  a 
secret  combination,  generally  for 
fraudulent  purposes. 

com-bus-ti-bil-i-ty  ( kom-bns-ti- 
bil'i-ti),  n.  the  property  of  being 
combustible. 

com-bus-ti-ble  ( koin-bus'ti-bl ) , 
adj.  inflammable :  n.  an  inflamma- 
ble substance. 

com-bus-tion  (-bust'yun).  n.  the 
act  of  burning ;  the  state  of  being 
burnt :  the  union  of  an  inflamma- 
ble substance  with  oxygen,  &c., 
producing  light  and  heat. 

come  (kum),  v.i.  [p.t.  came.  p.p. 
come,  p.pr.  coming],  to  move 
towards  ;  draw  near ;  reach  ;  hap- 
pen ;  arrive  at  some  state  or  con- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


com 


197 


dition :    v.t.    to    act    or    play    the 
part  of. 

co-me-di-an  (ko-me'di-an),  n.  an 
actor  or  player  in  comedy :  fern. 
comedienne  ( ko-ma-di-en' ) . 

com-e-dy  (kom'e-di),  n.  [pi.  come- 
dies (-di/)],  dramatic  representa- 
tion of  the  humorous  or  ridicu- 
lous side  of  human  life. 

come  -  li  -  ness  (kum'li-nes),  n. 
grace :  beauty. 

come-ly  (kum'li).  adj.  graceful; 
handsome. 

com-et  (kom'et).  n.  a  luminous 
celestial  body,  with  an  eccentric 
orbit,  consisting,  when  perfect,  of 
a  nucleus,  coma,  and  a  tail. 

eom-e-ta-ry  ('e-ta-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  comet. 

corn-fit  (kum'fit).  n.  a  dry  sweet- 
meat. 

corn-fort  (kum'fert),  v.t.  to  con- 
sole ;  strengthen :  inspirit :  n.  a 
state  of  quiet  enjoyment ;  conso- 
lation ;  encouragement ;  a  quilted 
bed-cover. 

epm-for-ta-ble  Cfer-ta-bl),  adj. 
imparting  or  enjoying  comfort. 

XJ/H.    agreeable/  snug,    satisfied, 
at   ease,    commodious. 
Ant.  (see  cheerless). 

com-for-ter  (kum'fer-ter),  n.  one 
who  comforts ;  a  long  woolen 
scarf. 

com-frey  (kum'fri).  n.  a  rough 
hairy  plant. 

com-ic  (kom'ik)  or  comical 
(-.•ill.  adj.  exciting  mirth. 

com-i-cal-i-ty  I'i-ti),  n.  the  state 
of  being  comical. 

com-ic-al-ly  (-11),  adj.  in  a  comi- 
cal manner. 

coin-ing  (kum'ing).  n.  an  arrival : 
adj.  expected ;  future. 

co  mique  (ko-mek'),  n.  a  comic 
actor  or  singer. 

com-i-ty  (kom'i-ti),  n.  civility; 
politeness ;  acts  of  international 
courtesy. 

comma  (koni'a).  n.  a  punctua- 
tion point  [,]. 

com-mand  (kom-and',  or  -and'), 
v.t.  to  order  or  charge  with  nu- 
thority :  control ;  exercise  su- 
preme authority  over;  lend:  r.i. 
act  as  a  commander;  exen  i^ 
power  or  authority  :  n.  authority  ; 
an  order  or  mandate ;  a  dominat- 


ing situation ;  a  naval  or  military 
force  under  the  command  of  a 
particular  officer. 

Syn.  injunction,  order,  precept. 

com-man-dant  (-diint'j.  n.  an 
officer  in  command  of  a  fortified 
place  or  a  body  of  troops. 

coin  man-deer  (com-an-der'),  v.t. 
to  compel  to  military  service ;  to 
take  for  military  purposes. 

com-mand-er  ('er),  n.  one  who 
commands ;  a  naval  officer  next 
below  a  captain. 

com  -  iii and  -  ment  (kom-and'- 
ment),  n.  a  command;  a  precept; 
a  law,  especially  any  one  of  the 
Decalogue.  / 

com-man-do  ('do),  n.  a  mili- 
tary expedition  by  private  indi- 
viduals ;  the  quasi-military  expe- 
ditions of  the  English  farmers 
and  Boers  of  South  Africa  against 
the  natives. 

com-inem-o-rate  (kom-em'o-rat), 
v.t.  to  call  to  remembrance  by  a 
solemn  act ;  celebrate  with  honor. 

com-mem-o  -ra-tion  ( -ra'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  commemorating. 

com-mem-o-ra-tive  (-em'5-ra- 
tiv),  adj.  preserving  the  memory 
of. 

com-mem-o-ra-tor  ('6-ra-ter),  n 
one  who  commemorates. 

com-mence  (kom-ens'),  v.i.  to 
come  into  existence  ;  begin  :  v.t.  to 
enter  upon  ;  perform  the  first  act 
of. 

com-mence-ment  ('ment),  n.  be- 
ginning ;  origin  ;  the  annual  festi- 
val when  degrees,  &c.,  are  con- 
ferred at  colleges. 

corn-mend  (kom-end'),  v.t.  rec- 
ommend as  worthy  of  notice ; 
praise  ;  bring  to  mind. 

com-ni  e  n-da-tion  ( -en-da'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  commending ;  ap- 
proval. 

com-mend-a-tory  ( 'a-to-ri  ) ,  adj. 
serving  to  commend ;  containing 
praise. 

com-men-su-ra-bil-i-ty  (kom-en- 
su-ra-bil'i-ti),  n.  the  state  of  be- 
ing commensurable. 

com-men-su-ra-ble  (kom-en'su- 
rft-bl),  adj.  having,  or  reducible 
to,  a  common  measure. 

com-men-sn-rate  Csu-rat),  adj. 
reducible  to  a  common  measure ; 
equal. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her.  let ;  lino,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin.  Men. 


com 


198 


con 


com-ment  (kom'ent),  n.  a  spoken 
or  written  remark,  especially  a 
written  note  by  way  of  explana- 
tion, &c. ;  criticism  :  v.i.  (kom'-  or 
kom-ent'),  to  write  notes  or  ex- 
planations on  the  text  of  an  au- 
thor. 

coin-in  en-  ta-ry  ('en-ta-ri),  n.  [pi. 
commentaries  (-riz)],.a  series  of 
explanatory  notes  or  annotations. 

com  -  men  -  ta  -  tiye  (-tiv) ,  adj. 
making  commentaries. 

com-men-ta-tor  (-ter),  n.  one 
who  writes  notes  to  explain  an 
author. 

com-merce  (kom'eijs),  n.  inter- 
change of  merchandise  on  a  large 
scale  between  nations  or  individ- 
uals ;  intercourse. 

com-mer-cial  (-er'shal),  ad),  per- 
taining to  trade  or  commerce : 
mercantile. 

com  -  iiier  -  cial  -  ism  ( -izm ) ,  n. 
commercial  habits,  methods,  or 
principles. 

com-mer-cial-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
commercial  manner. 

com-min-gle  (ko-ming'gl),  v.t.  & 
v.i.  to  mix ;  blend. 

com-mi-nute  (kpm'i-nut),  v.t.  to 
make  small  or  fine  by  grinding : 
adj.  divided  into  small  parts. 

com-mis-er-ate  (kom-iz'er-at), 
v.t.  feel  pity  for;  sympathize  with 
in  distress. 

com-mis-er-a-tion  ( -er-a'shun ) , 
n.  pity. 

com-mis-er-a-tor  ('er-a-ter),  n. 
one  who  pities. 

corn-mis  sa-ri-at  ( kom-is-a'ri-at ) , 
n.  the  department  of  an  army 
concerned  with  the  supply  of 
transports,  provisions,  &c. 

com-mis-sa-ry  (Ms-a-ri),  n.  [pi. 
commissaries  (-riz)],  one  to 
whom  some  charge  is  committed 
by  a  superior ;  a  delegate ;  an  offi- 
cial in  the  commissariat  depart- 
ment. 

com-mis-sion  (kpm-ish'un),  n.  a 
delegation  of  business  to  anyone ; 
the  act  of  doing  or  committing : 
a  trust ;  a  charge :  the  warrant  by 
which  anything  is  done ;  one  or 
more  persons  appointed  to  per- 
form certain  specified  duties ; 
brokerage  or  allowance :  v.t.  em- 
power; send  with  authority. 


com-mis-sion-er  (-ish'un-er).  n. 
a  person  empowered  by  a  com- 
mission or  warrant :  an  officer  in 
charge  of  some  department  of  the 
public  service. 

com  mis-sure  ('ish-ur),  n.  a  joint 
or  seam ;  the  point  of  union  be- 
tween two  bodies. 

com-mit  (kom-if),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  committed,  p.pr.  committing, 
to  give  in  charge  or  trust ;  sur- 
render ;  consign  ;  perpetrate ;  learn 
by  heart ;  send  for  trial,  or  to 
prison. 

com-mit-ment  (-it'ment),  n.  the 
act  of  committing.  Also  com- 
mittal. 

com-mit-tee  (-it'e),  n.  persons 
appointed  to  consider  or  manage 
any  matter. 

corn-mode  (kom-od'),  n.  a  high 
head-dress  formerly  in  vogue ;  a 
chest  of  drawers  or  bureau ;  a 
night-stool. 

com-mo-di-ous  (-o'di-us),  adj. 
useful ;  convenient ;  roomy. 

com-mod-i-ty  (-od'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
commodities  (-tiz)],  that  which 
is  useful ;  an  article  of  commerce  : 
pi.  goods ;  merchandise. 

Syn.  goods,  merchandise,  ware. 

com-mo-dore  ('o-dor),  n.  a  cap- 
tain commanding  a  squadron  ;  the 
leading  ship  in  a  fleet  of  mer- 
chantmen. 

com-mon  (kom'un),  adj.  belong- 
ing equally  to  more  than  one : 
public  ;  usual ;  frequent ;  inferior  : 
of  low  birth  or  origin  ;  applied  to 
nouns  that  are  both  masculine 
and  feminine :  n.  a  tract  of  open 
public  land. 

Syn.  mean,  ordinary,  vulgar. 
Ant.    (see   uncommon,    extraor- 
dinary). 

com-mon  coun-cil  (koun'sil).  n. 
the  representative  body  of  a  city 
or  municipal  corporation. 

com-mon  law  (law),  n.  the  un- 
written law  of  England  based  on 
immemorial  usage. 

com-mon-age  (-aj),  n.  the  right 
of  pasturing  on  common  land. 

com-moii-al-ty  ( -al-ti ) ,  n.  the 
common  people. 

com-mon-er  (er),  n.  one  not  a 
peer ;  a  member  of  the  House  of 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  he"r,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


com 


199 


com 


Commons ;  one  who  has  a  joint 
right  in  common  land ;  at  Oxford, 
a  student  not  on  the  foundation. 

com-mon-ly  (-li),  adv.  usually; 
meanly. 

com-mon-place  (-plus),  n.  a 
memorandum  for  ready  reference ; 
an  obvious  remark  ;  anything  or- 
dinary :  adj.  uninteresting ;  trite  ; 
common ;  neither  new  nor  strik- 
ing. 

com-mon-sense  (-sens),  adj. 
characterized  by  sound  practical 
judgment. 

com -mon- weal  (-wel),  n.  the 
public  good. 

com-mon-wealth  (-welth),  n. 
the  whole  body  of  people  in  a 
state ;  a  republic. 

com-mo-tion  (-o'shun),  n.  vio- 
lent agitation. 

com-mu-nal  ('u-nal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  commune. 

com-ruu-nal-ism  (-izm),  n.  gov- 
ernment by  communes  or  corpora- 
tions of  towns  and  districts. 

commune  (-un'),  v.t.  to  converse 
together ;  impart ;  take  counsel ; 
partake  of  the  Eucharist,  or  Holy 
Communion. 

com-mu-ni-ca-bil-i-ty  ( -u-ni-ka- 
bil'i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being 
communicable. 

com-mu  -ni-ca-bl  e  ( -u'ni-ka-bl ) , 
adj.  impartible. 

coxa.  -  mu  -  ni  -  cant  (-u'ni-kant) , 
adj.  communicating :  n.  a  par- 
taker, especially  of  the  Eucharist. 

communicate  (-kat),  v.t.  to 
impart ;  reveal :  v.i.  to  share  ;  par- 
take of  the  Eucharist. 

com  mu-ni  ca-tioii  (-kS'shun), 
n.  the  act  of  communicating ; 
means  of  passing  from  one  place 
to  another  ;  news  ;  intercourse. 

com  mu  ni-ca  tive  (-ka-tiv),  adj. 
unreserved. 

com  mu-ni-ca-tor  (-ka-ter),  n. 
one  who,  or  anything  which,  com- 
municates. 

com-mn-ni-ca-to-ry  (-to-ri),  adj. 
imparting  knowledge. 

com-mun-ion  (-un'yun),  n.  inter- 
course ;  fellowship ;  common  pos- 
session ;  a  religious  body ;  the  par- 
taking of  the  Eucharist. 

com-mu  nism  (kom'u-nizm) ,  n. 
the  doctrine  of  having  property 
in  common  ;  socialism. 


communist  ('u-nist),  n.  a  sup- 
porter of  communism  ;  a  socialist ; 
a  member  of  the  Commune  of 
Paris  (1871). 

com-mu-nis-tic  (-nis'tik),  adj.  re- 
lating to  communism. 

com-mu-ni-ty  (-u'ni-ti),  n.  [pi. 
communities  (-tiz)],  a  body  of 
persons  having  common  rights, 
interests,  and  privileges ;  a  corpo- 
ration ;  society  generally ;  com- 
mon character. 

com-mu-ta-bil-i-ty  (-u-ta-bil'i-ti ) , 
n.  the  quality  of  being  commu- 
table. 

com-mu-ta-ble  (-u'ta-bl),  adj.  in- 
terchangeable. 

com-mu-ta-tion  (-u-ta'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  commuting ;  change  or 
exchange. 

com-mu-ta-tive  ('ta-tiv),  adj. 
pertaining  to  exchange. 

corn-mute  (kom-uf),  v.t.  to  ex- 
change ;  substitute ;  reduce  the 
severity  of;  regulate  the  direction 
of  an  electric  current :  v.i.  to  pay 
in  gross  amount. 

commuter  ('er),  n.  one  who 
commutes  or  changes ;  one  who 
uses  a  commutation  ticket  in 
traveling. 

com -pact  (kom'pakt),  n.  an 
agreement  or  covenant :  v.t. 
( kom-pakt' )  >  to  press  or  pack 
closely ;  consolidate. 

com-pan-ion  (kom-pan'yun),  n. 
a  comrade ;  an  associate  or  part- 
ner ;  the  hut  over  a  ship's  ladder : 
adj.  attendant. 

com-pan-ion-ship  (-ship),  n. 
fellowship. 

com-pa-ny  (kum'pa-ni),  n.  [pi. 
companies  (-niz)],  an  assem- 
blage of  people ;  a  body  of  per- 
sons associated  together ;  society  ; 
fellowship  ;  a  firm  ;  a  ship's  crew  ; 
a  subdivision  of  a  regiment :  v.i. 
associate  with. 

Syn.    assemblage,    crowd,    gath- 
ering, group,  host,  throng. 
Ant.   (see  loneliness). 

c  om-pa-ra-ble  ( kom'pa-ra-bl ) , 
adj.  capable  of  being  compared ; 
of  equal  regard. 

com-par-a-tive  (-par'a-tiv),  adj. 
estimated  by  comparison ;  not 
positive :  n.  the  comparative  de- 
gree of  grammar. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


com 


200 


com 


coin-pare     (-par'),    v.t.    to    make 
one  thing  the  measure  of  another ; 
inflect  so  as  to  form  the  degrees  j 
of    comparison :    v.i.    to    bear    a 
comparison.  , 

coni-par-i-son  (-par'i-sun),  n. 
the  act  of  comparing ;  an  illustra- 
tion or  simile. 

com-part-ment  (-part'ment),  n. 
a  division  by  a  partition,  as  of  a 
carriage,  &c. ;  a  panel. 

corn-pass  (kum'pas),  v.t.  to  en- 
circle ;  walk  around ;  besiege :  n. 
a  circular  course ;  a  circumfer- 
ence ;  extent ;  grasp ;  an  instru- 
ment indicating  the  magnetic 
meridian :  pi.  a  mathematical  in- 
strument for  dividing  and  draw- 
ing circles. 

coin-pas-sion  (kom-pash'un),  n. 
sorrow  for  the  sufferings  of 
others  ;  sympathy  ;  pity. 

Syn.  sympathy,  pity,  clemency. 
Ant.   (see  cruelty,  severity). 

com-pas-sion-ate  (-at),  v.t.  to 
have  compassion  for :  adj.  sympa- 
thetic ;  merciful. 

c  o  m-p  a  t-i-b  il-i-ty  (kom-pat-i- 
bil'i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being 
compatible ;  congruity. 

com-pat-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  con- 
gruous ;  suitable. 

com-pa-tri-ot  (-pa'tri-ot),  n.  a 
fellow  countryman. 

coin-peer  (kom-per'),  n.  an  equal. 

corn-pel  (kom-pel' ),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  compelled,  p.pr.  compelling], 
to  urge  irresistibly  ;  force. 

Syn.  force,  oblige,  necessitate. 
Ant.    (see  coax,  lead). 

com-pend  (kom'pend),  n.  an 
abridgment. 

com-pen-di-ous  (-pen'di-us),  adj. 
succinct. 

coin-pen  di-um  ('di-um),  n.  an 
abridgment. 

Syn.    compend,    abridgment. 
Ant.    (see  enlargement). 

com-pen-sate  (kom'pen-  or  kom- 
pen'sat),  v.t.  to  recompense; 
make  amends  for :  v.i.  to  make 
compensation. 

com  pen-sa-tion  (-sa'shun).  n. 
amends  ;  recompense  ;  a  set-off. 

Syn.    amends,    recompense,    re- 
muneration, requital,  reward. 

o  o  m-p  e  us  at  ion-  bal  -  ance 
(-bal'ans),  n.  a  watch  balance- 


wheel,    constructed    to    counteract 
variations  in  temperature. 

com-pen-sa-tive  ('sa-tiv),  adj. 
making  compensation.  Also  com- 
pensatory. 

com-pen-sa-tor  ('pen-sfi-ter),  n. 
one  who  compensates. 

compete  (kom-pef),  v.i.  enter 
into  competition  with  another ; 
rival. 

com-pe-tence  (kom'pe-tens),  n. 
the  state  of  being  competent ;  suf- 
ficiency. Also  competency. 

com-pe-tent  (-tent),  adj.  fit; 
able  ;  suitable  ;  qualified  ;  moder- 
ate. 

com-pe-ti-tion  (-tish'un),  n.  ri- 
valry. 

com-pet-i-tive  (kom-pet'i-tiv), 
adj.  pertaining  to  competition ; 
emulous. 

com-pet-i-tor   ('i-ter),  n.  a  rival. 

com-pi-la-tion  (-pi-la' shun) ,  n. 
the  act  of  compiling ;  the  thing 
compiled. 

com -pile  ( kom-pil' ) ,  v.t .  to  put 
together  in  fresh  form  existing 
materials. 

com-pla-cence  (kom-pla'sens),  n. 
inward  satisfaction.  Also  com- 
placency. 

com-pla-cent  ('sent),  adj.  affa- 
ble. 

corn-plain  (kom-plan'),  v.i.  to 
express  grief,  pain,  or  resent- 
ment ;  charge  formally. 

Syn.    lament,    murmur,    regret, 
repine. 

Ant.   (see  rejoice). 

com-plain-ant  ('ant),  n.  a  plain- 
tiff. 

com -plaint  (-plant'),  n.  an  accu- 
sation ;  an  expression  of  grief  or 
pain  ;  ailment. 

com-plai-sance  (-pla-sans'),  *»• 
courtesy. 

c  o  m-p  1  a  i-s  a  n  t  ( -sant' ) ,  ad). 
courteous. 

com-plec-ted  (-plek'ted),  adj.  in- 
terwoven ;  complexioned. 

com-ple-ment  ('ple-ment),  n. 
full  number  or  quantity ;  a  com- 
plete set :  v.t .  to  supply  a  defi- 
ciency. 

com-ple-ment-al  ('&!),  adj.  com- 
pleting.  Also  complementary. 

com-plete  ( kom-plet' ) ,  adj.  free 
from  deficiency  ;  entire  ;  absolute ; 
finished :  v.t.  to  supply  what  is 
lacking ;  finish. 


Ifite,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pflrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


com 


201 


com 


com-plete-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  com- 
plete manner. 

com-ple-tion  (-ple'shun),  n.  ac- 
complishment. 

coin-plex  (kom'pleks),  adj.  com- 
posed of  various  parts  of  things ; 
composite  :  intricate. 

com-plex-ion  (-plek'shun),  n. 
the  color  of  the  skin,  especially 
the  face ;  aspect. 

com-plex-ion-al  (-al).  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  complexion. 

com-plex-ioned  ('shund),  adj. 
having  a  complexion. 

com-plex-i-ty  ('iti),  n.  the  state 
of  being  complex.  Also  complex- 
ness. 

com-plex-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  com- 
plex manner. 

com-pli-a-ble  ( kom-pli'a-bl ) ,  adj. 
compliant. 

com-pli-ance  ('ans),  n.  acquies- 
cence. 

com-pli-ant    ('an'c),  adj.  yielding. 

com-pli-ca-cy  ( 'pli-ka-si ) ,  n.  the 
state  of  being  complicate. 

com-pli-cate  ('pli-kat),  v.t.  to 
make  intricate:  involve:  adj.  in- 
tricate ;  folded  together. 

com-pli-ca-tion.  (-ka'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  complicating ;  the  state 
of  being  complicated. 

com-plic-i-ty  (-plis'i-ti),  n.  part- 
nership in  crime. 

com-pli-er  (-pli'er),  n.  one  who 
complies. 

com-pli-ment  Cpli-ment),  n.  a 
formal  act  or  expression  of  cour- 
tesy: delicate  flattery:  v.t.  to 
flatter ;  congratulate  ;  praise. 

com-pli-men-ta-ry  Cta-ri),  adj. 
conveying  a  compliment.  Also 
complimental. 

corn-ply  (kom-pli'),  v.i.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  complied,  p.pr.  complying], 
to  yield  assent ;  agree  to. 

N?/n.    accede,    conform,    submit, 
yield. 

Ant.   (see  refuse). 

com-po  (kom'po),  n.  a  kind  of 
concrete ;  a  material  for  printing- 
rollers. 

com-po-nent  (kom-po'nent).  adj. 
constituent :  n.  an  elementary 
part  of  a  compound. 

corn-port  (-port'),  v.i.  to  agree; 
harmonize :  v.t.  to  behave. 

coin-pose  (-poz'),  v.t.  to  form  by 
combination  ;  write  as  an  author ; 


calm ;    adjust ;    arrange  in   proper 
order ;  put  together. 

coin-posed  (-pozd'),  adj.  tran- 
quil ;  quiet. 

com-pos-er  (-poz'er),  n.  one  who 
composes ;  one  who  calms ;  a 
musical  author. 

cpm-pos-ing  (-poz'ing),  adj.  tend- 
ing to  calm ;  pertaining  to,  or 
used  in,  composition. 

com-pos-ite  (-poz'it),  adj.  com- 
pound. 

com-po-si-tion  (-p5-zish'un),  n. 
the  act  of  composing ;  the  thing 
composed ;  a  mass  formed  by 
mingling  various  ingredients ;  mu- 
tual settlement  or  agreement ;  a 
musical  or  literary  work ;  the  art 
of  forming  sentences. 

com-pos-i-tor  (-poz'i-ter),  n.  one 
who  sets  types. 

coin-post  ('post),  n.  a  mixture  of 
various  substances  for  fertilizing 
the  ground ;  builders'  compost : 
v.t.  to  manure  with  compost  ; 
plaster  or  stucco. 

com-po-sure  (-po'zhur),  n.  tran- 
quillity. 

com-pote   ('pot),  n.  stewed  fruit. 

corn-pound   (-pound'),  v.t.  to  mix 
or    combine    together ;    settle    by 
mutual    agreement ;    discharge    a 
debt  by  paying  a  part :  adj.  (kom'- 
pound).  composed  of  two  or  more 
elements  or  ingredients  or  words : 
n.  a  mixture  of  two  or  more  ele- 
ments or  ingredients. 
Syn.  complex. 
Ant.  (see  simple). 

com-pound-er  ('er),  n.  one  who 
compounds  medicines,  &c. ;  one 
who  compounds  a  debt  or  felony ; 
one  who  pays  for  certain  charges 
by  a  fixed  sum. 

com-pre-hend  ( kom-pre-hend' ) . 
v.t.  to  include  or  comprise ;  grasp 
with  the  mind ;  conceive. 

8yn.  comprise,  include,  embrace, 
grasp,  understand,  perceive. 
Ant.   (see  exclude,  mistake). 

com-pre-nen-si-bil-i-ty  (-hen-si- 
bil'i-ti),  n.  the  quality  or  state  of 
being  comprehensible. 

cpm-pre-hen-si-ble  ('si-bl),  adj. 
intelligible. 

com-pre-hen-sion  (-hen'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  comprehending :  extent, 
understanding. 

cpm-pre-hen-sive  (-hen'siv).  adj. 
including  much  ;  full. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


202 


con 


coin-press  (kom-pres'),  v.t.  to 
press  together ;  condense :  n. 
(kom'pres),  a  soft  pad  used  in 
surgery  to  maintain  pressure. 

com-press-i-bil-i-ty  (-pres-i-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  of  yielding  to 
pressure. 

com-press-i-ble  (-pres'i-bl),  adj. 
condensable. 

com  -  pres  -  sion  (-presh'un) ,  n. 
condensation. 

com-press-ive  (-pres'iv),  adj.  that 
compresses. 

com-press-or  (-pres'er).  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  compresses. 

com-pri-sal  ( kom-pri'zal ) ,  n.  the 
act  of  comprising. 

co m-prize  (-priz'),  v.t.  to  compre- 
hend. 

Syn.   comprehend,   contain,   em- 
brace, include. 

com-pro-mise  (kom'pro-miz),  n. 
a  settlement  by  mutual  conces- 
sions :  v.t.  to  settle  by  compro- 
mise ;  expose  to  risk. 

comp-trol-ler  (kon-trol'er).  See 
controller. 

com-pul-sion  (kom-pul'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  compelling ;  force ;  con- 
straint. 

com  -  pul  -  sive  (-pul'siv),  adj. 
forcible. 

com-pul-so-ri-ly  (-pul'so-ri-li) , 
adv.  forcibly. 

com-pul-so-ry  (-pul'so-ri).  adj. 
exercising  compulsion  ;  obligatory. 

com-punc-tion  (-pungk'shun),  n. 
contrition. 

com-pur-ga-tion  (per-gn'shun) , 
n.  the  practice  of  justifying  one 
man's  veracity  by  the  testimony 
of  another. 

com  -  pu  -  ta  -  ble  (kom-pfi'ta-bl), 
adj.  that  may  be  computed. 

com-pu-ta-tion  (-pu-ta'shun),  n. 
the  act  or  process  of  computing ; 
estimate. 

com-pute  (-put'),  v.t.  to  number; 
reckon. 

com-rade  (kom'rad),  n.  a  com- 
panion. 

con  (kon),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
conned,  p.pr.  conning],  to  peruse 
carefully ;  fix  in  the  mind  by 
constant  repetition ;  to  direct  (a 
helmsman)  how  to  steer. 

co-na-tion  (ko-na'shun),  n.  the 
faculty  of  voluntary  agency,  in- 
cluding volition  and  desire. 


co-na-tive  (ko'na-  or  kon'a-tiv), 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  faculty  of 
conation ;  expressing  endeavor  or 
effort. 

con-cat-e-na-tion  ( kon-kat-e-na'- 
shun),  n.  a  series  of  things  united 
like  links. 

con-cave  (kon'kav),  adj.  hollow 
and  curved. 

con-cave  lens  (lenz),  n.  a  lens 
one  side  of  which  is  flat  and  the 
other  slightly  concave. 

con-cav-i-ty  (-kav'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
concavities  (-tiz)],  the  state  of 
being  concave ;  the  inner  surface 
of  a  rounded  hollow  body. 

con-ca-vo-con-cave  (kon-ka'vO- 
kon'kav),  adj.  hollow  on  both 
surfaces,  as  a  lens. 

eon-ca-vo-con-vex  (-kon'veks), 
adj.  concave  on  one  side,  convex 
on  the  other. 

con-ceal    (kon-sel'),   v.t.   to  hide; 
keep  secret ;  disguise. 
X.i/n.  hide,  secrete. 
Ant.   (see  uncover). 

con-ceal-ment  ('roent),  n.  the 
act  of  hiding  or  keeping  secret ;  a 
place  of  hiding ;  shelter. 

con-cede  (-sed'),  r.t.  to  yield;  ad- 
mit. 

con-celt  (-set')-  n.  an  idea;  an 
over-estimate  of  one's  own  abili- 
ties ;  a  quaint  fancy. 

con-ceiv-a-bil-i-ty  (-sev-a-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  con- 
ceivable. 

con-ceiv-a-ble  (-sev'a-bl),  adj. 
imaginable. 

con-ceive     (-sev'),    v.t.    imagine; 
understand  ;  develop  in  the  womb  : 
v.i.  to  think ;   become  pregnant. 
8yn.  comprehend,  understand. 

con-cen-trate  (kon-sen'trnt).  v.t. 
to  bring  to  one  point  or  common 
center;  intensify  the  action  of; 
condense :  adj.  reduced  to  a  pure 
or  dense  state. 

con-cen-tra-tion  (-son-trfi'shun) , 
n.  the  state  of  being  concentrated  ; 
condensation. 

con-cen-tra-tive-ness  ( 'trn-tiv- 
nes),  n.  the  power  of  fixing  the 

'  mind  on  a  particular  subject. 

con-cen-tra-tor  (-trfi-ter).  n.  a 
pneumatic  apparatus  for  separat- 
ing dry  ores  when  comminuted. 

cpn-cen-trlc  (-sen'trik),  adj.  hav- 
ing a  common  center. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  miite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


con 


203 


con 


con-cen-tric-i-ty  ( -sen-tris'i-ti ) , 
n.  the  state  of  being  concentric. 

con-cept  (kon'sept),  n.  an  ab- 
stract general  notion  or  concep- 
tion. 

con  -  cep  -  ta  -  cle  (-sep'ta-kl),  n. 
that  which  contains  anything ;  a 
follicle. 

cpn-cep-tion  (-sep'shun),  n.  the 
impregnation  of  the  ovum ;  the 
act  or  power  of  conceiving  in  the 
mind  ;  an  idea  or  notion. 

con-cep-tive  (-sep'tiv).  adj.  capa- 
ble of  conceiving  mentally  or  phys- 
ically. 

con-cep-tu-al-ist  ('tu-al-ist),  n. 
one  who  holds  the  theory-  ( con- 
ceptualism)  that  the  mind  can 
form  for  itself  general  concep- 
tions. 

con-cern  (kon-sern'),  v.t.  to  re- 
late or  belong  to ;  interest  or  en- 
gage ;  make  uneasy  :  n.  business ; 
affair;  interest;  anxiety;  a  firm. 

cpn-cern-ing  ('ing),  prep,  relat- 
ing to. 

con-cern-ment  ('ment),  n.  solic- 
itude ;  affair. 

con-cert  (kon-serf),  v.t.  to  con- 
trive or  devise  together ;  adjust  or 
arrange  mutually:  n.  (kon'sert) 
a  musical  entertainment ;  co-op- 
eration ;  harmony,  or  mutual  agree- 
ment. 

con-cert-ed  ('ed),  adj.  mutually 
planned  or  agreed  upon  ;  arranged 
in  parts. 

con-cer-ti-na  (-ser-te'na),  «.  a 
musical  instrument  of  the  ac- 
cordion class. 

con-cer-ti-no  (-te'no),  n.  a  small 
concerto. 

con-cer-to  (-ser'to,  Italian  -char'- 
to),  n.  [pi.  concertos  ('toz)],  a 
musical  composition  for  a  eolo 
instrument,  with  an  orchestral 
accompaniment. 

con-ces-sion  (kon-sesh'un),  n. 
the  act  of  conceding ;  the  thing 
conceded ;  land,  privileges,  &c., 
granted  by  a  government  to  a 
company,  &c.,  for  some  specific 
purpose. 

con  ces  sion-aire  (-un-fir'),  n.  a 
person  holding  a  concession. 

cpn-ces-sive  C-ses'iv),  adj.  imply- 
ing concession. 

con-ces-so-ry  (-ses'o-ri),  adj. 
conceding. 


conch  (kongk).  n.  a  marine  shell. 

con-cha  (kong'ka),  n.  [pi.  conchse 
(-ke)],  the  outer  ear;  auricle; 
the  dome  of  an  apse. 

con  cho-grass  ('ko-gras),  n.  a 
valuable  forage  grass  of  the 
southern  United  States. 

con-choid  ('koid),  n.  a  shell-like 
curve. 

con-chol-o-gy  ('kol-o-ji),  n.  the 
branch  of  zoology  which  treats  of 
mollusks  and  their  shells. 

con-cierge  (kong-si-arzh'),  n.  in 
France,  a  door-keeper  or  janitor. 

con-cil-i-ate  (kon-sil'i-at),  v.t.  to 
reconcile ;  win  or  gain  the  affec- 
tions of. 

con-cil-i-a-tor  (-a-ter),  n.  one 
who  conciliates. 

con-cil-i-a-to-ry  (-to-ri),  adj. 
tending  to  conciliate  or  reconcile. 
Also  conciliative. 

con-cise  (kon-sls'),  adj.  con- 
densed, terse. 

con-cise-ly  ('li),  adv.  tersely; 
briefly. 

con-cise-ness    ('nes),  n.  brevity. 

con-clave  (kon'klav),  n.  a  private 
meeting,  as  of  cardinals  for  the 
election  of  a  Pope. 

con-clnde  (kon-klud'),  v.t.  to  in- 
fer ;  determine  ;  settle  ;  end  :  v.i. 
draw  an  inference. 

con-cln-sion  (-klu'zhun).  n.  a 
final  determination ;  result ;  end. 
*yn.  inference,  deduction. 

con-clu-sive  (-klu'siv),  adj.  de- 
cisive ;  final. 

con-coct  (kon-kokt'),  v.t.  to  di- 
gest ;  cook  ;  assimilate  mentally  ; 
plot. 

con-coc-tion  (-kok'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  concocting ;  a  plan  or  plot ; 
a  compound  of  various  ingredi- 
ents. 

con-corn -i-tance  (-kom'i-tans), 
n.  the  state  of  being  concomitant. 
Also  concomitancy. 

con-com-i-tant  ('i-tant),  n.  ac- 
companying; conjoined  with:  ». 
an  attendant. 

con-cord  (kong/  or  kon'kSrd),  ». 
harmony  ;  union  ;  agreement. 

con-cord-ance  (kon-kord'Ans).  n. 
agreement ;  a  dictionary  of  words 
or  passages,  with  references  to 
the  places  where  they  occur,  es- 
pecially in  the  Bible. 

con-cord-ant  ('ant),  adj.  har- 
monious. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  m56n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


con 


204 


con 


con-cor-dat  ('dat),  n.  a  compact 
or  agreement,  especially  between 
Church  and  State. 

con-course  (kong'kors),  n.  ar- 
riving together ;  an  assembly  or 
crowd. 

cpn-crete  (kon'kret),  adj.  united 
in  growth ;  coalesced ;  not  ab- 
stract :  n.  a  mass  formed  by  con- 
cretion ;  a  compact  mass  of  lime, 
sand,  gravel,  mortar,  &c.,  used  for 
building :  v.i.  ( kon-kret' ) ,  to 
coalesce :  v.t.  to  form  by  the 
union  of  particles. 

con-cre-tion  (kon-kre'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  concreting ;  a  mass 
formed  by  the  union  of  separate 
particles. 

con-cre-tion-a-ry  (-a-ri),  adj. 
characterized  by  concretions. 

con-cre-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  produc- 
ing concretes. 

con-cu-bi-nage  (kong-ku'bi-naj) . 
n.  the  act  of  living  as  man  and 
wife  without  being  legally  mar- 
ried. 

con-cu-bine  (kong'ku-bln),  n.  a 
woman  who  lives  with  a  man 
without  being  legally  married. 

con  -  cu  -  pis  -  cence  (kon-ku'pis- 
ens),  n.  illicit  sexual  desire;  un- 
lawful desire. 

con-cn-pis-cent  (-ent),  adj.  lust- 
ful. 

con-cur  (kon-ker'),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
concurred,  p.pr.  concurring],  to 
agree  or  unite  in  action  or  opin- 
ion ;  coincide. 

con-cur-rence  (-kur'ens),  n.  the 
act  of  concurring ;  agreement ; 
consent. 

con-cur-rent  (-kur'ent),  adj. 
acting  in  union  or  conjunction ; 
joint  and  equal  in  authority ; 
meeting  at  one  point :  n.  that 
which  concurs ;  a  contributory 
cause. 

con-cus-sion  (-kush'un),  n.  the 
shock  caused  by  two  bodies  com- 
ing violently  together ;  injury  by 
a  fall. 

condemn  (kon-dem'),  v.t.  to 
pronounce  or  judge  guilty  ;  blame ; 
censure;  declare  to  be  forfeited. 

Syn.     censure,     blame,     disap- 
prove. 

Ant.   (see  justify,  exonerate). 

con-dem-na-tion  (-deni-na'shun), 
n.  the  act  of  condemning. 


con-dem-na-to-ry  (-dem'na-to- 
ri),  adj.  implying  condemnation. 

con-dens-a-bil-i-ty  ( kon-dens-a- 
bil'i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being 
condensable. 

con-dens-a-ble  (-dens'a-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  condensation. 

con-den-sa-tion  (-den-sa'shun), 
n.  compression. 

con-dense  (-dens'),  v.t.  to  com- 
press ;  make  close  or  thick :  v.i. 
grow  dense. 

con-dens-er  ('er).  n.  an  appar- 
atus for  reducing  gases  or  vapors 
to  a  liquid  or  solid  form ;  a  de- 
vice for  storing  electricity ;  a 
lens  for  concentrating  light. 

con-de-scend  (kon-de-send'),  v.i. 
to  stoop  ;  descend  ;  yield  ;  deign. 

con-de-scen-sion  (-de-sen'shun), 
n.  the  act  of  condescending ;  vol- 
untary humiliation. 

con-dign  (-dm'),  adj.  well-de- 
served ;  suitable. 

con-di-ment  (kon'di-ment),  n.  a 
seasoning. 

c  o  n-d  i-t  i  o  n  (kon-d>sh'un) .  n. 
state;  quality;  external  circum- 
stances ;  stipulation  or  terms  of 
a  contract :  v.t.  to  contract  or 
stipulate ;  bring  into  and  keep  in 
bodily  health  ;  examine. 

con-di-tion-al-ly  (-Al-li),  adv. 
with  certain  limitations. 

con-do-la-to-ry  (-do'la-to-ri),  adj. 
expressing  condolence. 

con-dole  (kon-dol').  v.t.  to  la- 
ment :  v.i.  to  express  sympathy 
for  another  [with  with']. 

cou-do-lence   ('eiis)^  n.  sympathy. 

con-do-na-tion  (-do-na'shun) .  -;i. 
the  act  of  pardoning  a  wrong  act. 

con-done  (kon-don'),  v.t.  to  par- 
don, especially  a  violation  of  mar- 
ital duty. 

con-dor  (kon'der),  n.  a  very 
large  South  American  vulture. 

con-duce  (-dus'),  v.i.  to  tend  to; 
contribute. 

con-du-ci-ble  (-du'si-bl),  adj. 
tending ;  .contributing ;  promoting. 

con-du-cive  (-siv),  adj.  having 
the  quality  or  power  of  conduc- 
ing [with  to], 

con-duct  (kon-dukt'),  v.t.  to 
guide  :  direct ;  manage  ;  behave  :  n. 
(kon'dukt)  personal  behavior  or 
practice ;  management. 

Syn.  direct,  guide,  lead,  govern, 
regulate,  manage. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


con 


ZU5 


con 


con-duc-tance  (kon-duk'tans) .  n. 
power  or  capacity  for  conducting 
electricity. 

con-due -ti-bil-i-ty  (kon-duk-ti- 
bil'i-ti),  n.  the  capability  of  being 
conducted. 

con-duc-ti-ble  (-duk'ti-bl),  ad). 
capable  of  being  conducted. 

con  -  dnc  -  tion  (-duk'shun ) .  n. 
transmission  by  a  conductor. 

con-dnc-tive  (-duk'tiv),  adj.  hav- 
ing the  quality  or  power  of  con- 
ducting. 

con-duc-tiv-i-ty  (-duk-tiv'i-ti).  n. 
the  quality  of  being  conductive^ 

con-duc-tor  (duk'ter),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  conducts ;  a 
leader  or  guide ;  one  who  has 
charge  of  a  car  or  train  ;  a  sub- 
stance which  conducts  or  trans- 
mits certain  forces. 

con-duit  (kon'  or  kun'dit),  n.  a 
canal  or  pipe  for  the  conveyance 
of  water,  &c. 

cone  (kon),  n.  a  geometrical  fig- 
ure, broad,  round,  and  broad  at 
the  bottom, 'and  lessening  the  cir- 
cumference towards  the  top ;  the 
fruit  of  the  fir,  pine,  &c. ;  a  storm- 
cone  :  v.t.  to  shape  like  the  seg- 
ment of  a  cone. 

co-ney  (ko'ni),  another  form  of 
cony. 

con-fab  (kon'fab),  v.i.  \p.t.  &  p.p. 
confabbed,  p.pr.  confabbing],  to 
chat. 

e  o  n-f  a  b-n-1  a  tion  (-fab-ii-la'- 
shun) ,  n.  a  chat. 

con-fec-tion  (-fek'shun).  n.  any- 
thing conserved  or  compounded 
with  sugar:  a  sweetmeat. 

con-fec-tion-er  (-er),  n.  one  who 
prepares  and  sells  sweetmeats.  &c. 

con-fec-tion-er-y  (-i1),  n.  [pi. 
confectioneries)  (-iz)],  sweet- 
meats, cakes,  preserves.  &c. 

con-fed-er-a-cy  (-fed'er-a-si),  n. 
\pl.  confederacies  (-siz)].  per- 
sons, states,  or  nations  united  in 
a  league :  unlawful  combination. 
con-fed-er-ate  Cer-fit),  v.i.  to 
unite  in  a  ledsrue :  adj.  united  by 
a  league :  n.  a  member  of  a  con- 
federation :  an  ally ;  an  accom- 
plice. 

con-fed-er-a-tion        (-er-a'shun) , 

n.    the    act   of    confederating :    an 

alliance:     an    alliance    of    states 

previously  independent. 

con-fed-er-a-tive      (-fed'er-a-tiv) . 


adj.  of,  or  belonging  to,  a  confed- 
eration. 

con-fer  (kon-fer'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
conferred,  p.pr.  conferring],  to 
give  or  bestow :  v.i.  to  consult  to- 
gether ;  converse. 

con-fer-ence  ('fer-ens),  n.  the 
act  of  consulting  together  form- 
ally ;  an  appointed  meeting  for 
discussing  some  topic  or  business ; 
an  ecclesiastical  assembly. 

con-fess  (kon-fes'),  v.t.  to  admit 
or  acknowledge  ;  avow :  grant ; 
prove;  hear  (as  a  priest)  a  con- 
fession :  v.i.  disclose  the  state  of 
one's  conscience  to  a  priest  and 
receive  absolution. 

Syn.    admit,    avow,    grant,    ac- 
knowledge,  certify. 
Ant.   (see  deny) . 

con-fes-sion  (-fesh'un),  n.  act  of 
confessing ;  anything  disclosed  or 
acknowledged. 

con-fes-sipn-al  (-51),  n.  an  in- 
closed cabinet,  in  which  a  priest 
sits  to  hear  confessions;  the 
practice  of  auricular,  confession. 

con-fes-sor  (kon-fes'er  or  kon'fes- 
er),  n.  one  who  makes  a  profes- 
sion of  his  faith  and  suffers  perse- 
cution ;  a  priest  who  hears  con- 
fessions and  grants  absolution. 

con-fet-to  (-fet'to),  n.  [pi.  con- 
fetti ('ti)l,  a  sweetmeat;  a  plas- 
ter pellet  used  for  pelting  at  car- 
nivals. 

con-fi-dant  f'fi-dant),  n.  a  con- 
fidential or  bosom  friend :  fern. 
confidante. 

con-fide  (kon-fld'),  v.t.  have  con- 
fidence in :  v.t.  to  trust  fully  [with 
to]. 

con-fi-dence  (kon'fi-dens),  n. 
trust ;  reliance. 

con-fi-dent  (-dent'),  adj.  full  of 
confidence ;  positive ;  bold  ;  dog- 
matical. 

con-ft-den-tial  (-den'shal),  adj. 
spoken  or  written  in  confidence ; 
trustworthy. 

con-fi-den-tial-ly  (-15).  adv.  in 
a  confidential  manner. 

c  o  n-f  i  g-u-r  a-t  i  o  n  (-fig-u-ra'- 
shun),  n.  external  form;  relative 
position  of  the  planets. 

con-fine  (kon'fln).  n.  a  boundary, 
border,  or  limit ;  a  frontier  [usu- 
ally pi.]  :  v.t.  (kon-fin'),  to  re- 
strict within  limits;  imprison. 


late,  mar,  mfisk,  cat,  awl  :  lie.  hgr,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


con 


206 


con 


con-fime-ment  (kon-fln'ment),  n. 
the  act  of  confining ;  childbirth. 

con-firm  (kon-ferm'),  v.t.  to 
strengthen ;  ratify ;  administer 
the  rite  of  confirmation. 

Syn.    corroborate,    approve,    at- 
test. 

Ant.  (see  contradict). 

con-fir-ma-tion  (-fer-ma'shun), 
n.  the  act  of  confirming ;  verifica- 
tion ;  evidence ;  admission  to  full 
communion  after  baptism. 

con-firm-a-to-ry  ('a-to-ri),  adj. 
serving  to  confirm. 

con-fis-cate  (kon-fis'-  OT  kon'fs- 
kat),  v.t.  to  adjudge  to  be  for- 
feited to  the  public  treasury ; 
seize,  as  thus  forfeited. 

con-fis-ea-tion  (-ka'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  confiscating. 

con-fis-ca-tor  ('fis-ka-ter),  n.  one 
who  confiscates. 

c  o  n-f  i  s-c  a-t  o-r  y  (-fis'ka-tO- 
ri),  adj.  characterized  by,  or  at- 
tended with,  confiscation. 

con-fla-gra-tion  ( -fla-gra'shun ) , 
n.  a  great  fire. 

con-flict  fkon-flikt'),  v.i.  to  strike 
or  dash  together ;  contend ;  fight : 
n.  (kon'flikt),  a  fight  or  struggle 
for  the  mastery  ;  a  battle ;  antag- 
onism ;  a  violent  collision. 

Syn.    combat,    contest,    conten- 
tion, struggle. 

Ant.  (see  peace,  quiet). 

conflicting  ('ting),  adj.  op- 
posing. 

con-flu-ence  (kon'floo-ens).  n.  the 
junction  of  two  or  more  streams ; 
an  assembly. 

con-flu-ent  (-ent),  ad},  flowing 
or  running  together:  n.  a  tribu- 
tary river  or  stream. 

con-flux  ('fluks),  n.  the  meeting 
together  of  two  or  more  streams ; 
a  crowd. 

con-form  (kon-f6rm').  *'•*•  to 
make  like ;  bring  into  harmony 
[usually  with  to]  :  v.i.  to  be  in 
harmony  with  ;  comply  with. 

cpn-fonn-a-bil-i-ty  (-f6rm-a-bil'- 
i-ti),  n.  the  quality  or  state  of 
being  conformable. 

con-fonn-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  like; 
corresponding ;  compliant ;  in  par- 
allel order. 

con-for-ma-tion  (-f6r-ma'shun), 
n.  structure  ;  arrangement ;  shape. 

con-form -ist   (Mst),  n.  a  member 


of  the  Established  Church  of  Eng- 
land. 

con-form -i-ty  Ci-ti).  n.  compli- 
ance with  established  forms ;  re- 
semblance. 

con-found  (kon-found'),  v.t.  to 
mingle  ;  perplex  ;  astonish  ;  con- 
fuse ;  overthrow. 

con-fra-ter-ni-ty  (-fra-ter'ni-ti) , 
n.  [pi.  confraternities  (-tiz)L  a 
brotherhood  or  society  of  men  as- 
sociated for  a  common  purpose. 

con-frere  (kon-frar'),  n.  an  asso- 
ciate. 

con-front  (kon-frunf),  v.t.  to 
stand  face  to  face  [with  with]  ; 
oppose ;  compare. 

o  o  n-f  use  (kon-fuz/) ,  v.t.  to 
mingle  ;  jumble  up ;  render  indis- 
tinct ;  disconcert ;  perplex. 

con-fn-sion  (-fu'zhun),  n.  the  act 
of  confusing ;  perplexity ;  loss  of 
self-possession  ;  disorder ;  tumult. 

con-fu-ta-tion  (-fu-ta'shun),  n. 
disproof. 

con-fute  (kon-fuf).  v.t.  to  prove 
to  be  false  or  invalid ;  convict  of 
error. 

Syn.    disprove,    refute,    oppugn. 
Ant.    (see  approve). 

con-geal  (kon-jeT),  v.t.  to  convert 
from  a  liquid  to  a  solid  state  by 
cold  :  v.i.  to  concrete  by  cold. 

con-ge-la-tion.  (-je-la'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  congealing. 

con-ge-ni-al  (-je'nial),  adj.  kin- 
dred; pleasant  and  sympathetic; 
cognate. 

con-ge-ni-al-i-ty  (-ni-al'i-tl),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  con- 
genial. 

con-gen-i-tal  (-jen'i-tal).  adj.  ex- 
isting, or  produced,  at  birth ;  con- 
stitutional. 

con-ger  (kong'ger),  n.  a  large 
sea-eel. 

con-ge-ri-es  (kon-je'ri-ez),  n. 
sing.  &  pi.  a  collection  of  par- 
ticles into  one  mass. 

con-gest  (kon-jesf),  v.t.  to  ac- 
cumulate. 

con-gest-ed  ('ed),  p. adj.  unduly 
crowded;  containing  an  unnatural 
accumulation  of  blood. 

con-ges-tion  (-jest'yun),  n.  an 
overcrowded  condition,  especially 
of  the  blood-vessels. 

con-gest-ive  ('iv),  adj.  implying 
congestion. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


con 


207 


con 


con-glom-er-ate  (-glom'er-at), 
v.t.  to  gather  into  a  ball  or  round 
mass :  adj.  collected  or  clustered 
together :  n.  a  rock  composed  of 
rounded  or  water-worn  fragments 
of  pre-existent  rocks. 

con-glom-er-a-tion  ( -er-a  'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  conglomerating ;  a 
miscellaneous  collection. 

con-gln-ti-nate  ('ti-nat),  v.t.  to 
glue  together :  adj.  glued  together ; 
united  by  an  adhesive  substance. 

con  glu-ti-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  gluing  or  joining  to- 
gether ;  coalescence. 

con-gln-ti-na-tive  ('ti-na-tiv), 
adj.  having  power  to  unite  or  heal 
wounds. 

con-grat-u-late  ( kon-grat'u-lat ) , 
v.t.  to  felicitate  on  account  of 
some  happy  event  [with  on  or 
«pon]. 

Syn.   felicitate. 
Ant.   (see  console). 

con-grat-u-la-tion  ( -grat-u-la'- 
shun),  ».  the  act  of  congratula- 
ting. 

con-grat-n-la-tor  ('u-la-ter),  n. 
one  who  congratulates. 

con-grat-n-la-to-ry  (-to-ri),  adj. 
expressing  congratulations. 

con-gre-gate  (kong'gre-gat),  v.t. 
to  assemble ;  gather  together :  v.i. 
to  come  together. 

con-gre-ga-tion  (-ga'shun),  n. 
an  assembly,  especially  of  persons 
for  religious  worship. 

con-gre-ga-tion-al  (-ai),  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  congregation. 

Oon-gre-sa-tion-al-ism  ('shun- 
51-izm),  n.  a  democratic  form  of 
church  government,  each  congre- 
gation being  self-governed. 

Con-gre-ga-tion-al-ist  (-al-ist), 
n.  an  adherent  to  Congregational- 
ism :  adj.  pertaining  to  Congrega- 
tionalism. 

con-gress  (kong'gres).  n.  a  con- 
ference ;  an  assembly  of  ambassa- 
dors, &c.,  for  the  settlement  of 
international  affairs. 

Con-gress  (kong'gres),  n.  the  na- 
tional legislature  of  the  United 
States. 

Con-gres-sion-al  (kon-gresh'un- 
al),  adj.  pertaining  to  Congress. 

Congress-man  (-man),  n.  a 
member  of  Congress,  especially  of 
the  House  of  Representatives. 

con-gm-ence        ('groo-ens),        ft. 


suitability ;  agreement ;  consist- 
ency. Also  congruency. 

con-gru-ent  Cent),  adj.  suitable; 
agreeing. 

con-gru-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  agree- 
ment ;  fitness. 

con-gru-ous  ('groo-us),  adj.  ac- 
cordant ;  fit. 

con-ic  (kon'ik),  adj.  pertaining  tos 
or  shaped  like,  a  cone.  Also  con- 
ical :  n.pl.  the  branch  of  geometry 
which  treats  of  the  parabola, 
ellipse,  and  hyperbola ;  conic  sec- 
tions. 

co-nif-er-ons  (ko-nif'er-us),  adj. 
bearing  cones. 

co-ni-form  (ko-ni-f6rm),  adj. 
cone-shaped. 

co-nine  (ko'nin),  n.  a  very  pois- 
onous alkaloid  existing  in  the 
hemlock. 

con-jec-tnr-al  ( kon-jek'tur-al ) , 
adj.  doubtful. 

c  o  n- j  e  c-t  u  r-a  1-1  y  ( -li ) ,  adv. 
doubtfully. 

con-jec-tnre  ('tur),  n.  a  probable 
inference  ;  a  guess :  v.t.  to  imag- 
ine ;  surmise :  v.i.  to  form  con- 
jectures. 

con-join  (kon-join'),  v.t.  to  join 
together ;  connect  or  associate : 
v.i.  to  unite. 

con-joint  (-joint'),  adj.  united; 
cooperating. 

con-jn-gal  ('jod-gal),  adj.  of,  or 
pertaining  to,  marriage ;  connu- 
bial. 

con-jn-gal-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the 
married  state. 

con-ju-gal-ly  (-li),  adv.  connu- 
bially. 

con-jn-gate  (kon'ju-gat),  v.t.  to 
inflect  (verbs)  :  v.i.  to  unite  in 
conjugation :  adj.  combined  in 
pairs ;  kindred  in  meaning  and 
origin :  n.  a  word  agreeing  in  deri- 
vation with  another  word. 

con-jn-ga-tion  (-ga'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  conjugating ;  the  inflection 
of  a  verb ;  a  kind  of  sexual  union. 

con-junct  (kon-jungkf),  adj. 
conjoined. 

conjunction  (-jungk'shun),  n. 
union  ;  association  ;  connection  ; 
the  apparent  meeting  of  two  or 
more  stars  or  planets ;  a  word 
used  to  connect  sentences  or 
words. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


con 


208 


con-junc-tive  (-jungk'tiv),  a(ijf 
serving  to  unite ;  closely  con- 
nected :  n.  ^the  conjunctive  mood. 

con-junc-tive  mood  (mood),  n. 
the  mood  which  expresses  contin- 
gency or  condition. 

con-junc-tive-ly  (-M),  adv.  in 
union. 

con-junc-ture  ('tur),  n.  a  com- 
bination of  many  circumstances 
or  causes ;  a  critical  time. 

con-ju-ra-tion  (kon-ju-ra'shun) . 
n.  the  act  of  conjuring  or  invok- 
ing ;  an  incantation ;  an  enchant- 
ment ;  solemn  entreaty. 

con-jure  (kon-jur'),  v.t.  to  sum- 
mon in  a  sacred  name ;  enjoin 
with  the  highest  solemnity:  (kun'- 
jer),  influence  by,  or  as  if  by, 
magic :  v.i.  to  practice  the  arts  of 
a  conjurer. 

con-jur-er  (kon'jer-er),  n.  one 
who  performs  tricks  by  sleight  of 
hand;  an  enchanter:  ( kon-jur' - 
er),  n.  one  who  solemnly  enjoins. 

con-jur-or  (kon-jur'er),  n.  one 
bound  by  an  oath  with  others. 

con-nate  (kon'niit),  adj.  united 
at  the  base. 

con-naught  (kon'awt).  n.  a  kind 
of  cotton  cloth  used  for  embroid- 
ery. 

con-nect  (kon-nekt'),  v.t.  to  bind 
or  fasten  together ;  unite ;  asso- 
ciate with :  -v.i.  to  be  joined  ;  co- 
here. 

con-nect-ed  ('ed),  adj.  linked 
together. 

con-nec-tion  or  con-nex-ion 
(-nek'shun),  n.  the  state  of  being 
connected ;  relation  by  marriage 
or  blood ;  sexual  intercourse ;  sur- 
roundings ;  acquaintance ;  a  re- 
ligious body ;  one's  customers,  &c. 

con-nect-ive  (-nekt'iv),  adj.  able 
to  connect :  n.  that  which  con- 
nects. 

con-nect-ive-ly  (-li),  adv.  by 
connection. 

con-nec-tor  ('ter),  n.  one  who  or 
that  which  connects. 

con-ning  (kon'ing) ,  n.  the  act  of 
directing  the  helmsman  of  a  ves- 
sel. 

con-ning-tow-er  (-tou'e"r),  n. 
the  low  shot-proof  pilot-house  of 
an  armored  vessel. 

con-ni-vance  (-ni'vans),  n.  the 
act  of  conniving :  passive  coopera- 


tion  in   a   crime   or  fault ;   collu- 
sion. 
con-nive    (kon-nlv'),  v.i    to  close 

the  eyes  upon  a  fault ;  be  in  secret 

complicity   [with  at]. 
con-nois-seur     (kon-i-ser(),    n.    a 

critical  judge. 

con-no-ta-tion    (-ta'shun),  n.  in- 
ference. 
con-no-ta-tive         ( kon-no'ta-tiv) , 

adj.   attributive. 

con-note    (kon-not'),  v.t.  to  desig- 
nate by  implication ;  imply  as  an 

attribute. 
con-nu-bi-al     ( kon-u'bi-al ) ,     adj. 

of,  or  pertaining  to,  the  marriage 

state ;  nuptial. 

con-oid    (kon'oid),   adj.  cone-like. 
co-noi-dal     (ko-noi'dal),    adj.    al- 
most conical. 
con-quer   (kong'ker).  v.t.  gain  by 

conquest ;   overcome  ;  subdue  :  v.i. 

to  get  the  victory. 

»S(/».     overcome,     subdue,     sur- 
mount, vanquish. 

Ant.   (see  defeat). 
con-quer-or   (-er),  n.  a  victor. 
con-quest    ('kwest),  n.  the  act  of 

conquering  ;  subjugation  ;  victory. 
con-san-guin-e-ous         (kon-sang- 

gwin'e-us),   adj.  related  by  blood 

or  birth. 
con  -  san  -  guin  -  i  -  ty     ('i-ti),  n. 

blood   relationship. 
con-science     (kon'shens),    n.    the 

moral     sense     which     determines 

right  and  wrong. 
con-sci-en-tious        (-shi-en'shus) . 

adj.    influenced    or    regulated    by 

conscience ;  scrupulous. 
con-scious     ('shus),     adj.     aware 

of    one's    thoughts    and    actions ; 

sensible. 

Syn.    advised,    aware,    sensible, 

assured. 

Ant.   (see  ignorant). 
con-scious-ness     (-nes),    n.     the 

knowledge   of   that   which    passes 

in  one's  own  mind. 
con-script     (kon-skripf),    v.t.    to 
•  enroll   for  compulsory  military  or 

naval    service:     (kon'skript)    adj. 

registered ;   enrolled :   n.  one  thus 

compulsorily  enrolled. 
con-scrtp-tion     (-skrip'shun),    n. 

compulsory      military      or     naval 

service  ;  the  persons  enrolled. 
con-se-crate   (kon'se-krnt),  v.t.  to 

set  apart  as  sacred ;   dedicate   to 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


con 


209 


con 


the  service  of  God  ;  set  apart  to 
a  sacred  office ;  devote :  adj.  con- 
secrated ;  made  sacred. 

con-se-cra-tion  (-krfi'shun) ,  n. 
the  act  of  consecrating ;  a  set- 
ting apart  or  devoting  to  a  sacred 
use  or  office. 

con-se-cra-tor  (-ter),  n.  one  who 
consecrates. 

con-sec-n-tive  (-sek'u-tiv),  adj. 
successive. 

ctm-sec-u-tive-ly  (-li),  adj.  suc- 
cessively. 

con.-sen.-sus  (-sen'sus),  n.  general 
agreement. 

con-sent  (kon-senf).  n.  a  yield- 
ing of  the  mind  or  will ;  acqui- 
escence ;  sympathy :  v.i.  to  com- 
ply :  yield  :  accede  ;  concur. 

con-sen-ta-ne-ous  (-ta'ne-us), 
adj.  accordant. 

con-sen-tient  (-sen'sbent),  adj. 
agreeing. 

con-se-quence  (kon'se-kwens) , 
n.  that  which  naturally  follows  an 
effect ;  inference  ;  result ;  import- 
ance ;  significance. 

Syn.  effect,  event,  issue,  result. 
Ant.   (see  cause). 

con-se-qnent  (-kwent),  adj.  fol- 
lowing as  a  result  or  natural  ef- 
fect [with  to]  :  n.  a  result  or  ef- 
fect. 

con-se  quen-tial  (-kwen'shal) . 
adj.  following  as  the  effect ;  self- 
important. 

con-serv-a-ble  ( -serv'a-bl ) ,  adj. 
that  may  be  preserved  from  decay 
or  injury. 

con-serv-an-cy  ('an-si),  n.  pres- 
ervation. 

con-serv-ant  ('ant),  adj.  preserv- 
ing. 

eon-ser-va-tion  (-va'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  preserving  from  decay, 
loss,  or  injury. 

con-ser-va-tion-al  (-al),  adj. 
tending  to  conservation. 

con-ser-va-tive  ('va-tiv),  adj. 
having  the  tendency  or  power  to 
preserve  :  n.  that  which  preserves  ; 
one  opposed  to  hasty  changes  in 
the  political,  religious,  or  civil  in- 
stitutions of  the  country. 

con-ser-va-toire  (-vA-twar').  n. 
a  public  institution  for  instruc- 
tion, especially  singing,  music.  &c. 

con-ser-va-tor  (kon'sgr-va-ter),  n. 
one  who  preserves. 


con-ser-va-to-ry  (ser'va-to-ri), 
adj.  tending  to  preserve :  n.  a 
greenhouse. 

con-serve  (kon-serv'),  v.t.  to  pre- 
serve from  injury  or  destruction  ; 
preserve  with  sugar:  (kon'serv) 
n.  preserved  or  candied  fruit. 

con-sid-er  (kon-sid'er),  v.t.  to  fix 
the  mind  upon  :  contemplate :  v.i. 
to  deliberate ;  reflect. 

>•'//».  reflect,  ponder,  weigh. 

con  -  sid  -  er  -  a  -  ble  ( -u-bl ) ,  adj. 
worthy  of  notice ;  important ; 
valuable ;  more  than  a  little. 

con-sid-er-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  a 
considerable  manner. 

con-sid-er-ate  (-at),  adj.  having 
regard  for  others ;  prudent ; 
thoughtful ;  careful. 

con-sid-er-a-tion  (-a'shun).  n. 
the  act  of  considering ;  claim  to 
notice ;  mature  thought ;  an 
equivalent :  regard  for  others. 

con-sid-er-ing  Cer-ing),  prep. 
taking  into  consideration  ;  allow- 
ing for :  n.  doubt ;  consideration. 

con-sign  (kon-sln').  v.t.  to  de- 
liver in  a  formal  manner  to 
another ;  yield  in  trust ;  to  send 
goods. 

con-sign-ee  (-sin-e').  n.  the  per- 
son to  whom  goods  are  sent ;  an 
agent  or  factor. 

con-sign-ment  Cment).  n.  the 
act  of  consigning ;  the  thing  con- 
signed 

con-sign-or  Cer),  n.  the  person 
who  consigns  goods  to  another. 
Also  consigner. 

con-sist  (kon-sisf).  v.i.  to  be 
composed  of ;  co-exist ;  subsist 
[with  in]. 

con-sist-ence  (-sist'ens),  n.  de- 
gree of  density  or  firmness  ;  har- 
mony. Also  consistency. 

con-sist-ent  Cent),  adj.  solid; 
not  contradictory. 

X?/M.  constant,  compatible. 
Ant.   (see  inconsistent). 

con  so-la-ble  (kon-so'la-bl),  n. 
admitting  of  consolation  or  com- 
fort. 

con-so-la-tion  (-so-la'shun).  n. 
alleviation  of  mental  or  physical 
distress ;  solace. 

con-sol-a-to-ry  (-sol'a-tor-i).  adj. 
tending  to  console :  comforting ; 
soothing. 

con-sole    (kon-sol').    v.t.    to    give 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot :  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


con 


210 


con 


comfort     to ;     cheer    in     sorrow ; 
solace. 

Syn.  comfort,  solace. 
Ant.  (see  harrow). 

con-sole  (kon'sol),  n.  an  orna- 
mental bracket  supporting  a 
cornice. 

con-sol-i-date  (-sol'i-dat) ,  v.t.  to 
make  solid ;  harden  ;  condense : 
v.i.  to  become  solid. 

con-sol-i-da-tion     (-da'shun),    n. 
I    the    act   of   consolidating ;    solidi- 
fication. 

con-sols  (kon'solz  or  kon-solz'), 
n.  the  principal  British  funded 
security :  abbreviation  for  con- 
solidated fund. 

con-som-me  (kon-so-ma'),  n.  a 
strong  clear  soup  or  bouillon. 

con-so-nance  (kon'so-nans),  n. 
agreement  of  sounds  ;  harmony  ; 
concord. 

con-so-nant  (-nant),  adj.  har- 
monious ;  accordant :  n.  a  letter 
other  than  a  vowel. 

con-sort  (kon'sort),  n.  a  com- 
panion ;  a  partner ;  a  husband  or 
wife ;  a  ship  accompanying 
another:  v.t.  &  v.i.  (kon-sort') 
to  associate  ;  keep  company  [with 
with}. 

con-spec  tus  (-spek'tus),  n.  a 
general  sketch  or  digest  of  some 
subject ;  a  synopsis. 

con-spic-u-ous  (-spik'u-us),  adj. 
mentally  or  physically  visible ; 
manifest ;  distinguished. 

con-spir-a-cy  (-spir'a-si),  n.  \pl. 
conspiracies  (-siz)],  a  plot;  two 
or  more  persons  engaged  together 
for  an  unlawful  or  evil  purpose. 

con-spir-a-tor  ('a-tSr),  n.  one 
who  conspires. 

con-spire  (kon-spir'),  v.i.  to  con- 
cert a  crime ;  combine  for  an  un- 
lawful purpose. 

constable  (kun'sta-bl),  n.  a 
high  officer  of  state  in  mediaeval 
courts ;  a  policeman. 

con-stab-n-lar-y  (-stab'u-ler-i ) . 
adj.  pertaining  to  constables :  n. 
constables  collectively. 

con  -  stan  -  cy  ( kon'stan-si ) ,  n. 
firmness  :  stability  ;  fidelity. 

Xj/n.   firmness,  stability,  steadi- 
ness. 

Ant.  (see  fickleness). 

con-stant  ('stant),  adj.  stead- 
fast :  firm ;  continuous :  n.  in 


physics,  that  which  is  not  subject 
to  change,  as  gravity. 

con-stel-la-tion  (-stel-a'shun),  n. 
a  group  or  cluster  of  fixed  stars 
designated  by  some  name  ;  an  as- 
semblage of  splendors,  &c. 

con-ster-na-tion  (-str>r-nfi'shun) , 
n.  excessive  terror,  wonder,  or 
surprise ;  perturbation. 

con-sti-pate  ('sti-pat),  v.t.  to 
make  costive. 

con-sti-pa-tion  (-pa'shun),  n. 
costiveness. 

con-stit-u-en-cy  (-stit'u-en-si),  n. 
\pl.  constituencies  (-siz)],  the 
body  of  electors  voting  for  a 
Member  of  Congress,  &c. 

con-stit-u-ent  Cu-ent),  adj.  nec- 
essary or  essential :  n.  an  essen- 
tial or  component  part ;  an  elec- 
tor. 

con-sti-tute  ('sti-tut),  v.t.  to 
compose'  or  make  up ;  appoint ; 
elect ;  enact ;  establish. 

con  -  sti  -  tu  -  ted  an-thor-i-ties 
(aw-thor'i-tiz),  n.pl.  government 
officers  collectively. 

con-sti-tn-tion  (-tu'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  constituting;  the  thing  con- 
stituted ;  bodily  strength ;  mental 
or  physical  temperament ;  the  sys- 
tem of  fundamental  laws  of  a  na- 
tion, state  or  society. 

con-sti-tu-tion-al  (-fil),  adj.  in- 
herent in  the  constitution ;  funda- 
mental :  n.  a  walk  taken  for  the 
benefit  of  the  health. 

con-sti-tn-tion-al-ist  (-ist),  n. 
an  adherent  to  constitutional 
government. 

con-sti-tu-tive  ('sti-tu-tiv),  adj. 
elemental ;  essential ;  productive. 

con-strain  (kon-stran').  v.t.  to 
hold  down  or  keep  back  by  force ; 
restrain. 

con-straint  (-stranf),  n.  com- 
pulsion. 

con-strict  (-strikf),  v.t.  to  bind; 
cramp. 

con-stric-tion  ('shun),  n.  com- 
pression ;  contraction. 

con-stric-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  that 
constricts. 

con-stric-tor  (-strik'ter),  n.  that 
which  contracts  or  compresses ;  a 
muscle  which  contracts,  closes,  or 
compresses ;  a  large  serpent,  the 
boa-constrictor. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch.  Jot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin, 


con 


211 


COD 


constringent  (-strin'jent),  adj. 
contracting  or  binding. 

eon-strnct  (kon-strukf),  v.t.  to 
build  :  form ;  put  together ;  com- 
pose. 

con-struc-tion  (-struk'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  building ;  that  which  is 
constructed  ;  an  edifice  ;  interpre- 
tation ;  the  syntactical  arrange- 
ment of  words  in  a  sentence. 

con-stmct-ive  (,'iv),  adj.  hav- 
ing the  character  of  construction  ; 
inferred. 

con-strnct-ive-ly  (-li),  adv.  by 
construction. 

con-strnct-ive-ness  (-nes),  n. 
the  faculty  to  construct. 

con-struct-or  ('er),  n.  one  who 
constructs. 

con-strue  (kon'stroo),  v.t.  to  put 
into  proper  order  by  syntactical 
rules  ;  translate  ;  interpret. 

con  -  sub  -  stan  -  tial  ( -sub-sftin'- 
sh£l),  adj.  having  the  same  sub- 
stance, essence,  or  nature. 

cpn-snb-stan-ti-al-i-ty  (-shi-al'- 
i-ti),  n.  participation  in  the 
same  nature  or  essence :  said  of 
the  Holy  Trinity. 

con  sub-stan-ti-a-tion  (-shi-a'- 
shun),  n.  the  doctrine  that  the 
body  and  blood  of  Christ  are  in  a 
mysterious  manner  substantially 
present  in  the  Eucharistic  ele- 
ments after  consecration. 

con-sul  (kon'sul).  n.  the  chief 
magistrate  of  the  Roman  Repub- 
lic, and  of  the  French  Republic 
(1799-1804)  ;  an  officer  commis- 
sioned by  a  government  to  reside 
in  a  foreign  country  to  promote 
the  interests  of  its  trade,  and  pro- 
tect its  subjects. 

con-sul-gen-er-al  (-jen'er-al),  n. 
a  chief  consul. 

con-su-lar  (-lar),  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  consul, 

con-su-late  Csu-lat),  n.  the  of- 
fice and  residence  of  a  consul. 

con-snlt  (kon-sulf),  v.t.  to  ask 
advice  of ;  regard :  v.i.  to  take 
counsel  together. 

con-sul -ta-tion  (-sul-ta'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  consulting ;  a  confer- 
ence or  deliberation  on  some 
special  matter. 

cpn-sul-ta-tive  ('ta-tiv),  adj.  de- 
liberative. 

con-sume    (kon-sum'),  v.t.  to  de- 


stroy ;    waste ;    spend :    v.i.    waste 
away  ;  be  exhausted. 

con-sum-mate  (kon'sum-at),  v.t. 
to  complete;  finish:  adj.  (kon- 
sum'at),  perfect. 

con-snm-mate-ly  (-sutn'at-li), 
adv.  perfectly. 

con-sum-ma-tion  (-a'shun),  n. 
completion. 

con-sump-tion  (-sump'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  consuming ;  a  gradual 
wasting  away ;  pulmonary  dis- 
ease ;  phthisis. 

con-sump-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  per- 
taining to  consumption ;  affected 
with  phthisis. 

con-tact  (kon'takt),  n.  touch; 
close  union. 

con-ta-gipn  (kon-ta'jun),  n. 
transmission  of  disease  by  direct 
or  indirect  contact. 

contagious  ('jus),  adj.  trans- 
mitted by  contact. 

con-tain  (kon-tan'),  v.t.  to  hold, 
as  a  vessel ;  keep  within  bounds ; 
inclose :  v.i.  to  live  in  continence. 

con-tam-i-nate  (-tam'i-nat),  v.t. 
to  pollute. 

Syn.     corrupt,     defile,     pollute, 
taint. 

con-tarn -i-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n. 
pollution. 

c  o  n-t  a  m-i-na-tive  ('i-na-tiv), 
adj.  tending  to  contaminate. 

con-temn  (kon-tem'),  v.t.  to  de- 
spise. 

Syn.  despise,  disdain,  scorn. 
Ant.    (see  esteem). 

con-tem-plate      ('plat),     v.t.     to 
consider     with     continued     atten- 
tion ;  meditate  on ;  study. 
Syn.  meditate,  muse. 

con-tem-pla-tion  (-pla'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  contemplating ;  pious 
meditation ;  intention. 

con  tem-pla-tive  ('pla-tiv),  adj. 
thoughtful. 

con-tem-pla-tive-ly  (-li),  adv. 
thoughtfully. 

con-tem-pla-tor  (kon'tem-pla- 
ter),  n.  one  who  contemplates. 

con-tem-po-ra-ne-ous  (-po-ra'ne- 
us),  adj.  contemporary. 

con-tem-po-ra-ry  ( 'po-ra-ri ) ,  adj. 
existing  or  occurring  at  the  same 
time :  n.  one  living  at  the  same 
time  as  another. 

con-tempt     (kon-tempf).    »•    dis- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


COD 


212 


con 


dain ;   scorn ;   disobedience   to   the 
orders,  &c.,  of  a  court. 

cpn-tempt-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  mer- 
iting scorn. 

Syn.  despicable,  paltry,   pitiful, 
vile,  mean. 

Ant.    (see  noble). 

con-tempt-i-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  a 
contemptible  manner. 

con-temp-tu-ous  ('tu-us),  adj. 
disdainful. 

con-tend  (kon-tend'),  v.l.  to 
strive  in  opposition ;  vie  [with 
with  or  against]  ;  dispute  or  de- 
bate ;  assert. 

Syn.     contest,     dispute,     strive, 
struggle,  combat. 

con-tent  (kon-tenf),  adj.  satis- 
fied ;  willing :  v.t.  to  satisfy ; 
gratify;  appease:  n.  (kon'tent), 
generally  plural,  that  which  is 
comprised  in  anything. 

con-tent-ed  ('ed),  p.adj.  grati- 
fied ;  satisfied. 

con-ten-tion  (-ten'shun),  n.  con- 
test :  debate. 

con-ten-tions  (-ten'shus),  adj. 
causing  contention  ;  quarrelsome  ; 
litigious. 

con-tent-ment  (-tent'ment),  n. 
satisfaction. 

con-ter-mi-nons  ( -ter'mi-nus ) , 
adj.  contiguous. 

con-test  (kon-test'),  v.t.  to  dis- 
pute ;  oppose ;  litigate :  v.t.  to 
strive;  contend;  vie:  n.  (kon'- 
test)  a  struggle  for  superiority; 
dispute. 

con-tes-tant  (-tes'tant»,  n.  one 
who  contests,  especially  an  elec- 
tion, or  a  will. 

con-text  (kon'tekst),  n.  the  parts 
in  a  book  or  discourse  immedi- 
ately adjoining  the  sentence 
quoted. 

«on-tex-ture  (-teks'tur),  n. 
structure. 

«on-ti-gu-i-ty  (-ti-gu'i-ti),  n.  con- 
tact. 

cpn-tig-n-ons  (-tig'u-us),  adj.  ad- 
jacent. 

con-ti-nence  (kon'ti-nens),  n. 
chastity ;  self-restraint ;  modera- 
tion. Also  continency. 

•con-ti-nent  ('ti-nent),  adj. 
chaste  ;  exercising  self-restraint : 
n.  a  large  extent  of  land  forming 
a  geographical  division. 

«on-ti-nen-tal  ('tal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  continent. 


con-tin-gence  (kon-tin'jens).  n. 
[pi.  contingencies  ('jen-siz)J,  a 
chance  or  possible  occurrence. 
Also  contingency. 

con-tin-gent  ('jent).  adj.  acci- 
dental ;  conditional :  n.  a  possi- 
bility ;  quota  of  troops. 

con-tin-u-al  ( 'u-al ) ,  adj.  pro- 
ceeding without  interruption  ;  in- 
cessant ;  constant. 

Syn.  constant,  continuous,  per- 
petual, incessant. 

Ant.    (see  intermittent). 

con-tin-u-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  with- 
out intermission. 

con-tin-u-ance  ('u-ans),  n.  per- 
manence ;  uninterrupted  succes- 
sion ;  duration. 

Syn.    continuation,    duration. 
Ant.    (see  cessation). 

con-tin-u-a-tion  (-u-a'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  continuing. 

con-tin-ue  (kon-tin'fi),  v.t.  to 
carry  on  without  interruption ; 
persist  in  :  v.i.  to  remain  ;  abide  ; 
endure ;  persevere. 

Syn.  persist,  persevere,  pursue, 
prosecute. 

Ant.  (see  cease). 

con-ti-nu-i-ty  (-ti-nu'i-ti),  n.  \pL 
continuities  (-tiz)],  uninterrupted 
succession  or  connection ;  cohe- 
sion. 

con  tin-u-ous  (-tin'u-us),  adj. 
uninterrupted. 

con-tort   (kon-t6rf).  v.t.  to  twist. 

con-tor-tion  (-tor'shun),  n.  a 
twist ;  flexure. 

con-tor-tion-ist  (-Sst),  n.  an  ac- 
robat who  contorts  his  body  in 
performing  gymnastics. 

con-tour  (kon-toor'),  n.  an  out- 
line; profile:  v.t.  to  make  an  out- 
line of. 

con-tra-band  (kon'tnl-band).  <idj. 
prohibited  from  importation ;  ille- 
gal. 

con-tra-band  of  war  (wawr),  n. 
certain  commodities  used  in  war- 
fare, and  the  traffic  in  them  with 
belligerent  states. 

con  tra-baiid-ist  (-ist),  n.  a 
smuggler. 

con-tra  bas-so  (-tnVbas'so),  adj. 
sounding  an  octave  lower  than 
another  instrument  of  the  same 
class :  n.  the  largest  instrument 
of  the  violin  class,  the  double- 
bass. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  mo5n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


eon 


213 


con 


con-tract  (kon-trakf),  v.t.  draw 
closer  together ;  shorten ;  con- 
dense :  v.i.  to  shrink  up  ;  bargain  ; 
agree  upon:  n.  (kon'trakt)  a 
compact ;  a  written  agreement. 

con-trac-ti-bil-i-ty  ( trak-ti-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  or  capability  of 
being  contracted. 

cpn-trac-tile  (-trak'til),  adj.  hav- 
ing the  powTer  of  shortening  it- 
self. Also  contractible. 

con-trac-til-i-ty  (-trak-til'i-ti) ,  n. 
the  power  of  contracting. 

con-trac-tion  (-trak'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  contracting :  the  state 
of  being  contracted ;  the  reduction 
of  two  vowels  or  syllables  into 
one ;  abbreviation. 

con-trac-tor  (-trak'ter),  n.  one 
of  the  parties  to  a  contract ;  one 
who  contracts  to  supply  or  con- 
struct for  a  stipulated  sum. 

con  tra-dance  (kon'tra-dans),  n. 
a  dance  in  which  the  partners  are 
arranged  in  opposite  lines ;  a 
country-dance.  Also  contre-dance. 

con-tra-dict  (kon-tra-dikf),  v.t. 
to  assert  the  contrary  or  opposite 
of  ;  gainsay  ;  deny. 

Syn.  deny,  gainsay,  oppose. 
Ant.   (see  confirm) . 

con-tra-dic-tion  (-dik'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  contradicting ;  denial ; 
incongruity. 

con-tra-dic-to-ri-ly  ( dik'to-ri-li ) , 
adj.  contentiously. 

con-tra-dic-to-ry  (-dik'to-ri),  adj. 
contrary 

eon-tra-dis-tinc-tion  ( -dis-tingk'- 
shun),  n.  a  distinction  by  op- 
posite qualities. 

con-tra-dis-tinc-tive  ('tiv),  adj. 
characterized  by  contradistinction. 

con-tra-dis-tin-g-uish  (-ting'- 
gwish),  r.t.  to  distinguish  by  op- 
posite qualities. 

con-tral-to  (kon-tral't5),  n.  the 
part  sung  by  the  highest  male 
(counter-tenor)  or  the  lowest  fe- 
male voice  (alto). 

con-tra-ri-e-ty  (-trfi-rT'i-ti),  n. 
[pi.  contrarieties  (-tiz)],  opposi- 
tion ;  inconsistency. 

con-tra-ri-ly  ('tra-ri-li),  adv.  in 
a  contrary  manner. 

con-tra-ri-ness  ('tra-ri-nes),  n. 
contrariety. 

con-tra-ri-wise  ('tra-ri-wlz),  adv. 
conversely. 


con-tra-ry  ('tra-ri),  adj.  op- 
posite ;  in  an  opposite  direction ; 
perverse  ;  wayward  :  n.  a  thing  of 
opposite  qualities. 

con-trast  (kon-trasf),  v.t.  to 
place  in  contrast ;  compare :  n. 
(kon'trast)  opposition  or  differ- 
ence of  qualities  made  manifest 
by  comparison  ;  dissimilitude. 

Syn.  compare,  oppose,  discrimi- 
nate. 

con-tra-val-la-tion  (-val-a'- 

shun),  n.  a  fortification  thrown 
up  round  a  city  by  a  besieging 
force  for  security  against  the 
enemy's  sallies. 

con-tra-vene  (kon-tra-ven'),  v.t. 
to  obstruct ;  violate. 

con-tra-ven-tion  (-ven'shun),  n. 
opposition  ;  violation. 

contre-dance,  same  as  contra- 
dance. 

con-tre-temps  (kong-tr-tang'),  n. 
an  unexpected  event  causing  con- 
fusion ;  a  hitch. 

con-trib-nte  (kon-trib'ut),  v.t.  to 
give  to  some  common  stock ;  fur- 
nish as  a  share :  v.i.  to  use  one's 
influence. 

con-tri-bu-tion  C-tri-bu'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  contributing ;  a  sub- 
scription ;  tax  ;  a  writing  furnish- 
ed to  a  periodical. 

con-trib-u-tive  (-trib-u'tiv),  adj. 
contributing. 

con-trib-n-tor  ('u-ter),  n.  one 
who  contributes. 

con-trib-u-to-ry  ('u-to-ri),  adj. 
promoting  the  same  end. 

con-trite    (kon'trit),ad;.  penitent. 

con-trite-ly  (-li),  adv.  penitently. 

con-trite-ness  (-nes),  n.  peni- 
tence ;  sorrow. 

con-tri-tipn  (-trish'un),  n.  sor- 
row for  sin. 

con-tri-vance     (-tri'vans),    n.    a 

•device;  apparatus;  scheme;  plan. 

con-trive  (kon-triv'),  v.t.  to  de- 
vise ;  invent :  plan  ;  scheme. 

con-trpl  (kon-trol'),  n  a  check; 
restraint ;  superintendence ;  au- 
thority: v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  con- 
trolled: p.pr.  controlling],  to  re- 
strain ;  govern  ;  regulate. 

cpn-trol-la-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  sub- 
ject to  control. 

con-trol-ler  ('er),  n.  one  who 
controls ;  a  public  officer  who 
oversees  and  verifies  the  accounts 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  theu. 


con 


214 


con 


of  subordinate  officials.  Less  cor- 
rectly comptroller. 

con-tro-ver-sial  ( -tro-ver'shal ) , 
adj.  polemical. 

con-tro-ver-sial-ist  (-ist),  n.  a 
disputant. 

cpn-tro-ver-sial-ly  (-H),  adv. 
in  a  controversial  manner. 

con-tro-ver-sy  ( 'tro-ver-si ) ,  n. 
[pi.  controversies  (,-siz)],  agita- 
tion of  contrary  opinions  ;  debate  ; 
disputation. 

con-tro-vert  (-tro-verf),  v.t.  to 
contend  against :  refute  ;  disprove. 

con-tro-vert-i-ble  ( -vert'i-bl ) , 
adj.  capable  of  being  disputed. 

con-tro-vert-i-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in 
a  controvertible  manner. 

con-tro-vert-ist  (-vert'ist),  n.  a 
disputant. 

con-tu-ma-cious  ( -tu-ma'shus ) , 
adj.  perverse ;  obstinate. 

con-tu-ma-cy  ('tu-ma-si),  n.  [pi. 
contumacies  (-siz)],  obstinate  or 
perverse  opposition  to  lawful  au- 
thority. 

con-tu-me-li-ons  (-tu-me'li-us) . 
adj.  haughtily  contemptuous  or 
offensive ;  supercilious. 

con-tu-me-ly  ('tu-me-li),  n.  [pi. 
contumelies  (-liz)],  haughty  and 
contemptuous  rudeness ;  scornful 
and  insolent  abuse. 

con-tuse  (kon-tuz'),  v.t.  to  wound 
or  bruise  without  breaking  the 
skin. 

con-tu-sion  (-tu'zhun),  n.  the  act 
of  contusing ;  the  state  of  being 
contused. 

co-nun,  drum  (ko-nun'drum),  n. 
a  riddle. 

con-va-lesce  (kon-va-les'),  v.i.  to 
recover  strength  and  health  after 
illness. 

con-va-les-cence  ('ens),  n. 
gradual  recovery  after  illness. 
Also  convalescency. 

con-va-les-cent  ('ent),  adj.  re- 
covering health. 

con-vene  (kon-ven'),  v.i.  to  meet 
together :  v.t.  cause  to  assemble ; 
summon  judicially. 

con-ve-nience  (-ve'niens),  n.  fit- 
ness :  freedom  from  discomfort ; 
accommodation. 

con-ve-nient    ('nient),  adj.  suita- 
ble ;     appropriate ;     affording    ac- 
commodation ;  handy. 
con-vent    (kon'vent),    n.    a    com- 


munity of  religious  recluses ;  a 
nunnery ;  monastery. 

con-ven-ti-cle  (-ven'ti-kl),  n.  an 
assembly  for  worship  [usually  im- 
plying schism]. 

convention  (-ven'slum),  n.  a 
political  or  ecclesiastical  assem- 
bly ;  a  diplomatic  agreement. 

con-ven-tion-al  (-al).  adj.  sanc- 
tioned by,  or  growing  out  of, 
custom  or  tacit  agreement ;  based 
on  accepted  models  or  artistic 
rules. 

con-ven-tion-al -ism  (-al-izm),  n. 
that  which  is  received  as  estab- 
lished by  usage,  &c. 

con-ven-tion-al-i-ty  (-al'i-ti),  n. 
[pi.  conventionalities  (-tiz)j,  ad- 
herence to  conventional  rules  or 
precedents ;  artificiality. 

con-ven-tion-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
a  conventional  manner. 

con-verge  (kon-verj'),  v.i.  tend 
to  one  point. 

con-ver-gence  ('Jens),  n.  [pi. 
convergences  ('en-siz)],  tendency 
to  one  point. 

cpn-ver-gent  ('jent),  adj.  tend- 
ing to  one  point. 

con-vers-a-ble  ( kon-vers'a-bl ) , 
social ;  inclined  to  converse.  Also 
conversible. 

con-ver-sant  (kon'ver-sant),  adj. 
acquainted  or  familiar  with  ;  profi- 
cient. 

con-ver-sa-tion  (-sa'shun),  n.  in- 
formal or  familiar  talk. 

Syn.  chat,   converse,   talk,  par- 
ley. 

con-yer-sa-tion-al  (-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  conversation. 

con-ver-sa-tion-ist  (-ist),  n.  one 
who  excels  in  conversation.  Also 
conversationalist. 

con-ver-saz-i-o-ne  ( -ver-sat-ze-o'- 
ne),  n.  [pi.  conversazioni  ('ne)], 
a  meeting  for  conversation,  es- 
pecially on  literary  or  scientific 
topics. 

con-verse  (kon-vers'),  v.i.  to  in- 
terchange thoughts  ;  talk  famili- 
arly :  adj.  &  n.  (kon-vers)  re- 
versed in  order  or  relation ;  op- 
posite ;  acquaintance ;  familiar 
talk. 

con-verse-ly  (-li),  adv.  recipro- 
cally. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


con 


215 


coo 


con-ver-sion  (-ver'shun),  n. 
change  from  one  state,  or  from 
one  religion,  to  another. 

con- vert  ( kon-vert' ) ,  v.t.  to  trans- 
mute ;  change  from  one  religion 
to  another ;  cause  to  undergo  a 
moral  change ;  apply  to  any  use : 
n.  (kon'vert)  one  who  changes 
from  one  religion  to  another ;  one 
who  has  undergone  a  moral 
change. 

»Si/n.   disciple,   proselyte. 

con-vert-er  ('er),  n.  one  who 
converts;  an  iron  retort  used  for 
converting  pig  iron  into  steel  in 
the  Bessemer  process ;  a  kind  of 
electrical  induction  coil. 

con- vert- i-bil-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  convertible. 

con-vert-i-ble  (kon-vert'i-bl),  adj. 
transmutable ;  interchangeable. 

con-vex  (kon'veks),  adj.  curved 
on  the  exterior  surface ;  opposed 
to  concave :  n.  a  convex  body. 

con-vex-i-ty    ('i-ti),  n.  roundness. 

con-vex-o-con-cave  ('o-kon'kav), 
adj.  convex  on  one  side,   concave  I 
on  the  other. 

Con-vey  (kon-va'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  '< 
conveyed,     p.pr.     conveying],     to 
carry  or  transport ;  transmit ;  im- 
part ;   communicate ;   transfer  the 
title    to    (property). 

Syn.    carry,    remove,    transfer, 
transport,   give. 
Ant.  (see  keep). 

con-vey-ance  ('ans),  n.  the  act 
or  means  of  conveying  ;  a  vehicle  ; 
the  transference  of  property  from 
one  owner  to  another. 

con-vey-anc-er  ( Tins-er) ,  n.  a 
lawyer  who  draws  up  deeds,  <fec., 
transferring  property. 

con-vey-anc-ing  (Tins-ing),  n. 
the  business  of  drawing  deeds, 
leases,  &c.,  and  investigating 
titles  to  property. 

con-vict  (kon-vikt'),  v.t.  to  prove 
or  pronounce  guilty  of  a  crime 
charged:  n.  (kon'vikt)  a  criminal 
sentenced  to  penal  servitude. 

con-vic-tion  (-vik'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  convicting ;  the  state  of 
being  convicted ;  strong  belief. 

con-vince  (kon-vins'),  r.t  to 
satisfy  by  evidence  or  argument ; 
persuade ;  cause  to  believe. 

con-viv-i-rJ  (kon-viv'i-al),  adj. 
festive ;  jovial. 


con-viv-i-al-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  good 
fellowship. 

con-viv-i-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  festive- 
ly. 

con-vo-ca-tion  ( kon-vo-ka'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  convoking  an  as- 
sembly, especially  of  bishops  and 
beneficed  clergy,  or  heads  of  a 
university ;  an  assembly  of  clergy. 

con-yo-ca-tion-al  (-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  convocation. 

con-voke  (kon-vok'),  v.t.  to  call 
or  summon  together ;  convene. 

con-vo-lute  (kon'vo-lut),  adj. 
rolled  upon  itself ;  twisted.  Also 
convoluted. 

con-vo-lu-tion  (-lu'shun),  n.  a 
rolling  together. 

con-volve  (-volv'),  v.t.  to  roll  to- 
gether. 

can-voy  (kon-voi'),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  convoyed,  p.pr.  convoying],  to 
accompany  on  the  way  for  pro- 
tection, by  sea  or  land:  n.  (kon'- 
voi)  a  protecting  force  accom- 
panying ships,  goods,  persons,  &c. : 
an  escort. 

con-vulse  (kon-vuls'),  v.t.  to 
agitate  violently ;  shake ;  affect 
with  convulsions. 

con-vul-sion  (-vul'shun),  «.  an 
agitation ;  tumult ;  a  violent  and 
unnatural  contraction  of  the 
muscles. 

con-vnls-ive  (-vuls'iv),  adj.  pro- 
ducing convulsions. 

co-ny  or  co-ney  (ko-ni),  M.  [pi. 
conies  ('niz)],  a  rabbit. 

coo  (koo),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  cooed, 
p.pr.  cooing],  to  cry  like  a  dove 
or  pigeon  ;  to  act  or  converse  in  a 
loving  manner :  n.  the  sound 
uttered  by  doves  and  pigeons. 

cook  (kook),  v.t.  to  prepare  for 
eating  by  boiling,  baking,  or  roast- 
ing :  v.i.  to  act  as  a  cook :  n.  one 
who  prepares  food  for  the  table. 

cook-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  [pi.  cookeries 
(-iz)],  the  art  or  practice  of 
cooking. 

cook-y  ('i).  n.  [pi.  cookies  ('iz)]. 
a  small  flat  sweet  cake.  Also 
cookie. 

cool    (kool),  adj.   [compar.  cooler, 
superl.  coolest],  slightly  or  moder- 
ately cold:  calm;   deliberate:  v.t. 
to  make  cool :  v.i.  to  become  cool. 
X;/n.   cold,   frigid. 
Ant.   (see  hot). 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


216 


cop 


cool-er  ('erj,  n.  that  which  cools; 
a  vessel  for  cooling  liquids,  &c. 

coo-lie  (koo'li),  n.  an  East  In- 
dian porter :  adj.  pertaining  to 
coolies. 

cool-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  cool  man- 
ner. 

cool-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  of 
being  cool. 

cooiu  (kuom),  n.  matter  which 
collects  at  the  naves  of  wheels, 
&c. ;  soo_t ;  coal-dust. 

coon  (koon),  n.  abbreviation  of 
raccoon ;  a  sly  knowing  person  ; 
slang  name  for  a  negro :  v.i.  to 
creep  along  the  branch  of  a  tree 
like  a  raccoon. 

coop  (koop),  n.  a  cage;  pen:  v.t. 
to  confine  in,  or  as  in,  a  coop ; 
Inclose. 

coop-er   ('er),  n.  a  maker  of  bar- 
rels, casks,  &c. ;   a  beverage,   half 
stout  and  half  porter ;  vessel  that 
sells  spirits,  tobacco,  &c.,  to  fisher-  j 
men,  especially  on  the  North  Sea. 

coop-er-age  ('er-aj),  n.  the  busi- 
ness or  workshop  of  a  cooper ; 
price  for  cooper'_s  work. 

co  bp-er-ant  (ko-op'er-ant),  adj. 
cooperating. 

co-bp-er-ate  ('er-at),  v.i.  to  act 
or  work  joirtly ;  concur  to  pro- 
duce the  same  effect. 

co-bp-er-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  working  jointly  together ; 
concurrence. 

co-bp-er-a-tive  ( 'er-a-tiv ) ,  adj. 
promoting  jointly  the  same  end. 

co-bp-er-a-tor  ('er-a-ter),  n.  one 
who  acts  or  labors  conjointly  with 
others. 

co-br-di-nate  (-or'di-nat),  v.t.  to 
place  in  the  same  order,  class,  &c. ; 
harmonize :  adj.  of  the  same  rank 
or  authority  as  another :  n.pl. 
lines  or  other  elements  by  which 
the  position  of  tiny  point  is  deter- 
mined by  a  fixed  figure  or  lines. 

co-br-di-nate-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  the 
same  rank,  &c. 

co-br-di-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n. 
state  of  being  coordinate. 

coot  (kodt),  n.  a  short-tailed 
water-fowl. 

cop  (kop),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  copped, 
p.pr.  copping],  to  seize  as  a 
prisoner ;  throw  underhand :  n.  a 
policeman. 

co-pai-ba  <ko-pa'bS),  n.  resinous 
balsam  from  various  South  Ameri- 


can and  West  Indian  trees :  used 
as  a  medicine.  Also  copaiva. 

co-pal  (ko'pal),  n.  a  gum-resin: 
used  in  varnishes. 

cope  (kop),  n.  a  large  semi-cir- 
cular ecclesiastical  vestment,  worn 
by  bishops  and  priests  over  the 
surplice. 

cope  (kop),  v.i.  to  strive  or  con- 
tend (followed  by  id  tit). 

co-peck  (ko'pek),  n.  a  Russian 
coin.  =  l-100th  rouble.  Also 
kopeck. 

Co-per-ni-can  ( ko-per'ni-kan ) . 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  astronomic- 
al system  of  Copernicus,  which 
conceived  the  sun  to  be  its  center. 

cop-i-er  (kop'i-er),  n.  a  tran- 
scriber; imitator. 

co-ping  (ko'ping),  n.  the  top  ma- 
sonry of  a  wall. 

co-pi-ous  ( 'pi-us ),  adj.  abundant; 
diffusive. 

cop-per  (kop'er),  n.  a  red,  duc- 
tile, malleable,  tenacious  metal ; 
a  boiler:  v.t.  to  cover  with  cop- 
per. Also  copperize. 

cop-per  (kop'er),  n.  a  policeman. 

cop-per-head  (-lied),  n.  a  ven- 
omous American  serpent. 

cop-per-plate  (-plat),  n.  a 
polished  copper  plate  on  which 
something  is  engraved  for  print- 
ing :  adj.  pertaining  to  the  art  of 
engraving  on  copperplate. 

cop-pice  (kop'is),  n.  same  as 
copse. 

copse  (kops),  n.  a  thicket  of 
brushwood :  v.t.  to  cut  and  trim 
as  brushwood :  v.i.  to  preserve  or 
plant  brushwood. 

cop-u-la  ('u-la),  n.  [pi.  copulas, 
or  as  (az,  -ei],  a  word  which 
joins  the  subject  and  predicate  in 
a  sentence  or  proposition. 

cop-u-late  ('u-liit),  v.i.  to  have 
sexual  intercourse. 

cop-u-la-tion  (-l:Vshun),n.  sexual 
intercourse. 

cop-n-la-tive  (-la'tiv),  adj.  unit- 
ing :  n.  a  copulative  conjunction. 

cop-y  (kop'i),n.  [pi.  copies  I'iz)], 
an  imitation ;  a  transcript :  a 
writing  exercise;  an  original 
work :  v.t.  to  transcribe ;  repro- 
duce :  v.i.  imitate. 

cop-y-ist  (-ist).  n.  one  who  copies. 

cop-y-right  (-rit) ,  n.  the  exclusive 
right  of  an  author  in  his  literary 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  be,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


coq 


217 


cor 


or  artistic  work  for  a  prescribed 
number  of  years. 

co-quet  (ko-kef),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
coquetted,  p.pr.  coquetting],  to 
flirt :  seek  to  attract  attention  or 
admiration ;  trifle. 

co-quet-ry  (ko'ket-ri),  n.  [pi.  co- 
quetries (-riz)].  the  act  of 
coquetting ;  flirtation. 

co-quette  (ko-kef),  n.  a  vain 
woman  who  seeks  to  gain  men's 
attention  and  admiration. 

cor-al  ( kor'al ) ,  n.  the  hard  cal- 
careous skeleton  of  certain  marine 
polyps  ;  the  unimpregnated  roe  of 
the  lobster :  adj.  pertaining  to 
coral. 

cor-al-line  ('al-in),  adj.  consist- 
ing of,  or  like,  coral ;  of  a  color 
like  coral :  n.  an  orange-red  dye 
stuff. 

cor-beil  (kor'bel),  n.  a  little  bas- 
ket filled  with  earth,  used  in 
sieges  to  shelter  troops. 

cor-bel  ('bel),  n.  a  projection 
of  stone,  wood,  or  iron  to  support 
some  mass,  often  ornamented  with 
grotesque  figures ;  a  sculptured 
basket  of  flowers,  fruit,  &c. 

cord  (k6rd).  n.  a  twisted  string; 
a  measure  of  wood  =  128  cub.  ft. 
(8  ft.  long  4  ft.  high,  4  ft. 
broad):  a  moral  influence:  v.t. 
to  fasten  or  connect  with  cord. 

cord-age  ('aj),  n.  a  quantity  of 
cords  or  ropes :  ropes  and  rig- 
ing  collectively. 

cor-date  (kSr'dat),  adj.  heart- 
shaped. 

cor-delle  ('clol),  n.  a  twisted  rope 
or  tassel ;  a  tow-rope. 

cor-dial  (kflr'jfil),  adj.  hearty; 
sincere ;  cheering :  n.  a  medicine 
that  increases  the  strength  and 
restores  the  spirits ;  an  aromatic 
and  sweetened  spirit. 

cor-dial-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  sincere 
sympathetic  geniality  ;  sincerity  ; 
heartiness. 

cor-di-form  ('di-form),  adj. 
heart-shaped. 

cor-dil-la  (-dil'a),  n.  coarse  Ger- 
man hemp. 

cor-dil-le-ra  (-dil-ya'ra),  n.  a 
continuous  ridge  or  chain  of 
mountains. 

cord-ing  (kf>rd'ing).  n.  the  rib- 
bed surface  of  a  twilled  fabric. 

cor-don  (kfir'don),  n.  a  ribbon 
worn  as  the  badge  of  an  order ; 


a  band ;  a  course  of  projecting 
stones  forming  the  coping  of  a 
scarf  wall ;  a  line  of  military 
posts. 

cor-don  bleu  (bloo),  n.  the  high- 
est distinction  in  any  profession  ; 
a  first-class  cook. 

cor-don-net  (-do-na'),  n.  the 
slightly-raised  border  of  a  point- 
lace  pattern  ;  edging  made  of  pip- 
ing. 

cpp-do-van  ('do-van),  n.  a  Span- 
ish leather  made  of  goatskin,  or 
split  horsehide  tanned  and 
dressed.  Also  cordwain. 

cor-du-roy  ('du-roi),  n.  a  stout 
ribbed  or  corded  cotton  :  pile  fus- 
tian :  v.t.  to  construct  (a  cor- 
duroy road). 

cor-du-roy  road  (rod),  n.  a  road- 
way formed  of  logs  laid  side  by 
side  across  swampy  ground.  <fec. 

cord-wai-ner  (kord'wa-ner),  n.  a 
worker  in  leather ;  a  shoemaker. 

core  (kor),  n.  the  heart  or  inner- 
most part  of  anything,  especially 
of  fruit :  v.t.  to  remove  the  core 
from  ;  to  mold  or  cast  on  a  core. 

co-re-spond-ent  ( ko-re-spond'- 
ent),  n.  a  joint  respondent  in  a 
divorce  suit. 

cp-ri-a-ceous  (ko-ri-a'shus),  adj. 
like  leather. 

cor-i-an-der  (kor-i-an'der),  n.  an 
umbelliferous  plant,  the  seeds  of 
which  are  used  as  a  carminative. 

Co-rin-thi-an  (ko-rin'thi-an),  adj. 
of,  or  pertaining  to,  Corinth,  a 
celebrated  city  of  Greece,  noted 
for  its  luxury  and  licentiousness ; 
luxurious ;  conducted  by  ama- 
teurs ;  noting  the  Corinthian  or- 
der of  architecture :  n.  a  man 
about  town ;  a  gentleman  yachts- 
man, or  sportsman. 

co-rin-thi-an  bronze  (bronz),  n. 
an  alloy  of  fine  quality  originally 
produced  at  Cornith. 

co-rin-thi-an  or-der  (Or'der),  n. 
the  lightest  and  most  ornate  of 
the  classic  orders  of  architecture, 
with  a  bell-shaped  capital,  and 
ornamented  with  acanthus  leaves. 

co-ri-um  (ko'ri-um).  n.  the  in- 
nermost layer  of  skin  of  the 
cuticle. 

cork  (k6rk),  n.  the  outer  layer  of 
the  bark  of  the  cork  tree,  a 
species  of  oak ;  a  stopper  for  a 
bottle :  adj.  made  of  cork. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  h?r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cor 


218 


cor 


cork-y  ('i),  adj.  made  of,  or  like, 
cork. 

cor-mo-rant  (k6r'mo-rant) .  n.  a 
diving  bird  that  preys  voraciously 
on  fish  ;  a  glutton. 

corn  (kOrn),  n.  grain,  as  wheat. 
barley.  &c. ;  maize,  or  Indian 
corn ;  plants  that  yield  grain ; 
breadstuff. 

corn  (korn),  n.  a  horny  excres- 
cence as  with  salt  in  grains. 

corn  (korn),  n.  a  horny  excres- 
cence on  the  toe,  or  foot. 

corn-cob  ('kob),  n.  the  spike  of 
an  ear  of  Indian  corn. 

cor-ne-a  (k6r'ne-a),  n.  the  horny 
circular  transparent  membrane 
which  forms  the  anterior  portion 
of  the  eyeball. 

cor-ne-lian  (-ne'lian),  n.  a  semi- 
transparent  variety  of  chalcedony. 
Also  carnelian. 

cor-ner  (kor'ner),  n.  an  angle; 
a  retired  place ;  a  mercantile 
ring  to  monopolize  some  product : 
v.t.  to  drive  or  force  into  some 
position  of  difficulty  from  which 
there  is  no  escape,  corner  the 
market,  to  buy  up  a  commodity 
so  as  to  monopolize  it. 

cor-ner-stone  (-ston),  n.  the 
principal  stone. 

cor-net  ('net),  a  kind  of  trumpet. 

corn-flow-er  ('flou-er),  n.  any 
wild  plant  growing  in  the  corn- 
fields, especially  the  bluebottle. 

cornice  ('nis),  n.  the  highest 
projection  or  border  on  a  wall 
or  column. 

corn-starch  ('starch),  n.  starch 
made  from  meal  of  Indian  corn  ; 
used  for  puddings,  &c. 

cor-nn-co-pi-a  (k6r-nu-ko'pi-a),  n. 
[pi.  rornucopiae  (-e),  or  -as 
(-az)].  the  horn  of  plenty  repre- 
sented in  sculpture,  as  overflow- 
ing with  fruit,  flowers,  &c. 

cor-nu-ted  (-nu'ted),  adj.  horned. 

co-rol-la  (ko-rol'a),  n.  the  inner 
envelope  of  a  flower  composed 
of  two  or  more  petals. 

cor-ol-la-ceous  ( kor-ol-la'shus ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  resembling, 
a  corolla. 

cor-ol-la-ry  (kor'ol-  or  ko-rol'a- 
ri),  n.  an  additional  deduction  or 
inference  drawn  from  a  demon- 
strated proposition. 

co-ro-na  (ko-ro'na),  n.  [pi.  co- 
('ne)l,  a  crown;  the  flat 


projecting  part  of  a  cornice ;  the 
upper  surface  of  a  molar  tooth ; 
a  halo  surrounding  heavenly  bod- 
ies ;  any  crown-like  appendage  at 
the  top  of  an  organ  of  a  plant. 

cor-o-nal  (kor'o-  or  ko-ro'nal), 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  corona :  n. 
a  crown,  or  garland. 

cor-o-na-tion  (kor-6-na'shun),  n, 
the  act  or  ceremony  of  crowning 
a  sovereign. 

cor-o-ner  (kor'o-ner),  n.  an 
officer  who  inquires  into  cases  of 
sudden  or  accidental  death. 

cor-o-net  ('o-net),  n.  an  inferior 
crown  ;  an  ornamental  head-dress  ; 
the  bone  immediately  beneath  a 
horse's  hoof. 

co-ro-ni-um  (ko-ro'ni-um),  n.  a 
substance  conjectured  to  form  the 
corona  of  the  sun. 

cor-po-ral  ( kor'po-ral ) ,  adj.  re- 
lating to  the  body ;  opposed  to  the 
mind :  n.  a  communion  cloth ;  a 
corporate ;  a  non-commissioned 
officer  of  the  lowest  grade. 

cor-po-ral-ly  (-li),  adv.  bodily; 
physically. 

cpr-po-rate  (-rat),  adj.  united 
in  a  body  or  community  by  legal 
enactment. 

cor-po-ra-tion  (-ra'shun),  n.  a 
body  politic  having  a  common 
seal,  and  legally  authorized  to  act 
as  one  individual ;  an  organiza- 
tion of  a  number  of  manufactur- 
ing or  mercantile  companies ;  a 
protuberant  stomach. 

cor-po-ra-tor  (-ra-ter),  n.  a  mem- 
ber of  a  corporation,  especially 
an  original  member. 

cpr-po-re-al  (-po're-al),  adj.  hav- 
ing a  material  body ;  physical. 

cor-po-re-al-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the 
state  of  being  corporal. 

corps  (k5r)  n.  [pi.  corps  (korz)], 
a  body  of  troops ;  a  body  of  per- 
sons associated  in  a  common 
work. 

corps  dip  lo  ina-tique  (dip-lo- 
m:i-tek'),  n.  the  ministers  ac- 
credited to  a  government. 

corpse  (k6rps),  n,  a  dead  body. 

cor-pu-lence  (kor'pii-lens),  n. 
excessive  fatness  of  body.  Also 
corpulency. 

cor-pu-lent  (-lent),  adj.  bulky; 
fat ;  haying  a  large,  fleshy  body. 

corpus     ('pus),    n.    [pi.    corpora 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Cor 


219 


cot 


Cpo-ra)],  a  body;  collection;  the 
chief  part  of  an  organ. 

Corpus  Chris-ti  (kris'ti), 
(Latin  the  body  of  Christ),  a 
Roman  Catholic  festival  (the 
first  Thursday  after  Trinity  Sun- 
day) in  honor  of  the  Eucharist. 

cor-pus-cle  ('pus-1),  n.  a  minute 
particle. 

cor  pus-cu-lar  (-pus'ku-lar),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  composed  of,  cor- 
puscles. 

cor-ral  (kor-ral'),  n.  a  pen  for 
live  stock  ;  an  inclosure  with  wag- 
ons ;  a  strong  stockade  for  cap- 
turing wild  elephants :  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  corralled,  p.pr.  corralling],  to 
drive  into,  or  secure  in,  a  corral ; 
to  take  possession  of,  or  capture ; 
corner. 

cor-rect  (ko-rekf),  v.t.  to  set 
straight ;  rectify  ;  punish  faults  ; 
amend :  adj.  exact ;  accurate ; 
free  from  error;  conforming  to 
a  fixed  rule  or  standard. 
N//re.  rectify,  reform. 

cor-rec-tion  ('shun),  n.  the  act 
of  correcting ;  chastisement. 

cpr-rec-tion-al  (-al),  adj.  tend- 
ing to  correct. 

cor-rect-ive  ('iv).  adj.  able  to 
correct :  n.  that  which  corrects ; 
an  antidote. 

cor-rect-or  ('er),  n.  one  who 
corrects. 

cor-re-late  (kor-e-laf),  v.i.  to  be 
reciprocally  related :  adj.  recipro- 
cally related. 

cor-re-la-tion  (-la'shun),  n.  re- 
ciprocal relation ;  similarity  or 
parallelism  of  relation  or  law  ;  the 
interdependence  of  functions,  or- 
gans, natural  forces,  or  phenom- 
ena. 

cor-rel-a-tive  (-rel'a-tiv),  adj. 
having  reciprocal  or  mutual  rela- 
tion :  n.  the  antecedent  of  a  pro- 
noun. 

cor-rel-a-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
correlative  relation. 

cor-re-spond  (kor-e-spond'),  v.i. 
to  be  adequate  to ;  agree ;  suit ; 
answer ;  communicate  by  letters. 

cor-re-spond-ence  ('ens),  n. 
communication  by  letters;  mutual 
adaptation  ;  congruity. 

cor-re-spond-ent  ('ent),  adj. 
agreeing  with:  similar:  n.  one 
with  whom  intercourse  is  main- 


tained by  letters ;  one  who  sends 
news  to  a  journal. 

cor-ri-dor  (kor'i-dor),  n.  a  gal- 
lery or  open  passage  in  a  build- 
ing. 

cor-ri-gi-ble  (kor'i-ji-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  amended,  cor- 
rected, or  reformed. 

cor-rob-o-rate  ( kor-rob'o-rat ) ,  v.t . 
confirm  ;  strengthen  ;  establish  ; 
verify. 

cor-rob-p-ra-tion  (-ra'shun),  n. 
verification. 

cor-rob-o-ra-tive  ('p-ra-tiv),  adj. 
verifying ;  confirmative. 

cor-rob-o-ra-to-ry  ( '6-ra-to-ri ) , 
adj.  tending  to  corroborate. 

cor-rode  (kor-od'),  v.t.  to  eat 
away  gradually ;  consume ;  dis- 
integrate. 

cor-ro-di-ble  (-6'di-bl),  adj.  cap- 
able of  being  corroded.  Also  cor- 
rosible. 

cor  ro-sion  (kor-6'zhun),  71.  the 
act  of  corroding ;  a  corroded  con- 
dition. 

cor-ru-gate  ('oo-gat).  v.t.  to 
draw,  or  shape,  into  wrinkles  or 
folds. 

cor-ru-ga-ted  iron  (Irn),  n. 
sheet-iron  pressed  into  alternate 
parallel  ridges  and  grooves  and 
galvanized. 

cor-ru-ga-tion  (-ga'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  corrugating ;  a  fold  or 
wrinkle. 

cor-rnpt  (kor-rupc'),  v.t.  to  turn 
from  a  sound  to  an  unsound  and 
putrescent  state  ;  make  impure ; 
vitiate  or  deprave  :  seduce  ;  bribe  : 
v.i.  to  become  putrid :  adj.  de- 
praved ;  putrid  ;  spoiled  ;  abound- 
ing in  errors ;  open  to  bribery. 

cor-mpt-i-bil-i-ty  (-nipt-i-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  state  or  possibility  of 
being  corrupted, 

cor-rupt-i-ble  (-rupt'i-bl).  adj. 
capable  of  being  corrupted  ;  sub- 
ject to  decay ;  susceptible  of 
being  bribed. 

cor-mp-tion  (-rup'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  corrupting;  the  state  of 
being  corrupted ;  physical  dissolu- 
tion. 

cor-sage  (kCr'sazh),  n.  a  bodice; 
waist. 

corsair    ('sar),   n.   a   pirate. 

corse  (kors),  n.  poetic  for  corpse. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrdi,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cor 


220 


cot 


cor-set  (kor'set),  n.  a  close-fitting 
bodice,  worn  to  support  or  give 
shape  to  the  figure :  v.t.  to  inclose 
in  corsets. 

corslet  (kors'let),  n.  light  body 
armor. 

cor-tege  (kor-tazh'),  n.  a  train  of 
attendants  ;  retinue  ;  procession. 

Cor-tes  (kor'tez),  n.pl.  the  nation- 
al and  legislative  assembly  of 
Spain  and  Portugal. 

cor-tex  ( kor'teks ) ,  n.  [pi.  cortices 
('ti-sez)],  outer  bark  or  covering. 

cpr-ti-cal  ('ti-kal).  adj.  consist- 
ing of,  or  like,  bark  ;  external. 

co-run-dnm  (ko-run'dum),  n.  a 
mineral  of  extreme  hardness. 

cor-us-cate  (ko-rus'  or  kor'us- 
kat),  v.i.  to  sparkle;  flash. 

cor-us-ca-tion  ( kor-us-ka'shun ) , 
n.  a  sudden  flash  or  play  of  light. 

cor-vette  (kor-vef),  n.  a  sloop 
of  war. 

cor-vine  ('vin),  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  crow. 

co-sey,  cosy  (ko'zi),  adj.  &  n. 
same  as  cozy. 

co-si-ly    (ko'zi-li),   adv.  snugly. 

cos-met-ic  (koz-met'ik),  adj.  im- 
parting or  improving  beauty :  n. 
a  wash  or  preparation  for  such 
a  purpose. 

cos-aiic  (koz'mik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  universe  and  the  laws 
which  govern  it ;  rising  or  setting 
with  the  sun.  Also  cosmical. 

cos-mism  ('mizm),  n.  Herbert 
Spencer's  evolutionary  philosophy. 

cos-mog-o-ny  (-mog'o-ni),  n.  a 
treatise  on  the  world's  origin. 

cos-mog-ra-phy  (-mog'nVfi),  n. 
the  science  which  treats  of  the 
constitution  of  the  whole  system 
of  worlds,  or  the  earth  as  part 
of  the  universe :  it  includes  geog- 
raphy, astronomy,  and  geology. 

cos-mol-o-gy  (-mol'o-ji),  n.  the 
science  which  investigates  the 
origin  of  the  world. 

cos-mo-pol-i-tan  ( -mo-pol'i-tan ) , 
n.  a  citizen  of  the  world.  Also 
cosmopolite :  adj.  at  home  in  any 
part  of  the  world. 

cos-mo  ra-ma  (-mo-ra'ma),  n.  an 
exhibition  of  views,  &c.,  of  various 
parts  of  the  world  realistically 
produced. 

cos-mos    (koz'mos),  n.   the  world 


or  universe  as  an  orderly  system  : 
opposed  to  chaos. 

Cos-sack  (kos'ak),  n.  one  of  a 
warlike  tribe  of  Southern  Russia, 
skilled  as  horsemen :  adj.  per- 
taining to  Cossacks. 

cost  (k6st),  v.t.  to  be  bought  for, 
or  had  at,  a  price ;  cause  to  bear 
or  suffer:  n.  charge;  expense; 
labor :  pi.  law  charges. 

N//M.  charge,  expense,  price. 

cos-ta  (kos'ta),  n.  [pi.  costse 
('te)],  a  rib. 

cos-tal  ('till),  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  rib. 

cos-tate   ('tat),  adj.  ribbed. 

cos-ter-mong-er  ( 'ter-mung-ger ) . 
n.  a  hawker  of  fruit,  vegetables, 
fish,  &c. 

cos-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  constipated. 

cos-tunic  (kos'tum),  n.  dress  in 
general ;  style  of  dress  ;  a  walking 
or  tailor-made  dress:  v.t.  (kos- 
tum'),  to  dress  in,  or  provide 
with,  appropriate  costumes. 

co-sy,  another  form  of  cozy. 

cot  (kot),  n.  a  cottage;  small  bed. 

co-tan-gent  (kd-tan'jent),  n.  the 
tangent  of  the  complement  of  an 
arc  or  angle. 

cote  (kot),  n.  a  hut;  a  sheepfold. 

co-tem-po-ra-ry,  cotemporaneous, 
&c.,  same  as  contemporary,  &c. 

co-te-rie  (ko-te-re'),  n.  an  as- 
sociation or  set  of  persons  united 
together  for  social  or  other  in- 
tercourse ;  a  clique. 

co-ter-mi-nous.  Same  as  con- 
terminous. 

cp-til-lion  (-til'yun).  n.  a  brisk, 
lively  dance  for  eight  or  more 
persons ;  music  for  such  a  dance ; 
a  black  and  white  woolen  skirt 
material.  Also  cotillon. 

cot-tage  (kot'aj'),  n.  a  small 
dwelling. 

cot-ter,  cottier,  cottar,  abbrevia- 
tions for  cottager:  n.  one  who 
dwells  in  a  cottage ;  one  who  lives 
rent  free  on  a  common  ;  a  wedge 
for  tightening  machinery. 

cot-ton  (kot'n),  n.  a  white,  soft, 
downy  substance  resembling  wool 
enveloping  the  seeds  of  the  cot- 
ton-plant ;  cotton  thread  or  cloth : 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  made  of, 
cotton  :  v.i.  to  fit  or  go  well  to- 
gether; be  very  intimate  (with). 


late,  mar,  m.'.sk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pCrch,  lot ;  m5on, 
cook  ;  miite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cot 


221 


cou 


cot-ton-gin  (-jin),  n.  a  machine 
for  separating  the  seeds  from  cot- 
ton fiber. 

couch  (kouch),  v.t.  to  place  on  a 
bed  or  other  resting-place  ;  hide ; 
deposit  in  a  bed  or  layer ;  express 
in  words ;  include :  v.i.  to  lie 
down ;  stoop ;  depress  or  remove 
a  cataract :  n.  a  bed ;  sofa :  a 
layer  or  stratum ;  a  preliminary 
coat  of  size,  paint.  &c. ;  a  layer 
of  barley  spread  out  for  malting. 

couch-ant  CantK  adj.  in  heraldry, 
crouching  or  lying  down. 

cou -gar    (koo'gar),   n.   the  puma. 

cough  (kof),  v.i.  to  expel  air 
from  the  lungs  by  a  violent  effort : 
v.t.  to  expel  from  the  lungs  (fol- 
lowed by  up)  :  n.  an  effort  of  the 
lungs,  attended  with  noise,  to  ex- 
pel irritating  or  foreign  matter. 

could   (kood),  p.t.  of  can. 

cou-lomb  (koo-lom/),  n.  the 
electrical  standard  unit  of  quan- 
tity =  a  current  of  one  ampere 
per  second. 

coul-ter  (kol'ter),  n.  a  plough- 
share. 

coun-cil  (coun'sil),  n.  an  assem- 
bly of  persons  met  in  consulta- 
tion, or  to  give  advice ;  a  convo- 
cation :  a  municipal  body. 

coun-cil-lor  (-<~r).  >i.  a  member 
of  a  common  council. 

coun-cil-man  (-man),  n.  \pl. 
councilmen  (-men)],  a  member  of 
a  municipal  council. 

conn-sel  ('sel),  n.  interchange  of 
opinion  ;  advice  ;  consultation  ;  de- 
liberate purpose  or  design  ;  a  bar- 
rister: v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  counseled, 
p.pr.  counseling],  to  give  advice 
to ;  advise. 

coun-sel-or  (-er),  n.  one  who 
gives  advice,  especially  legal  ad- 
vice ;  a  member  of  a  council. 

count  (kount),  n.  a  title  of  no- 
bility. 

count  (kount),  v.t.  to  reckon  or 
sum  up ;  enumerate ;  place  to  an 
account ;  esteem :  v.i.  to  tell  off ; 
mark  time :  n.  the  act  of  number- 
ing or  reckoning;  the  total  as- 
certained ;  a  separate  and  distinct 
charge  in  an  indictment;  rhythm. 

coun-te-nance  (koun'te-nSns),  n. 
the  whole  form  of  the  face ;  ap- 
pearance ;  support :  v.t.  to  sup- 
port ;  encourage ;  favor. 


coun-ter  ('ter),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  counts ;  a  shop  table ; 
imitation  money ;  a  counter- 
tenor ;  a  horse's  breast  between 
the  shoulders  and  under  the  neck  ; 
a  ship's  stern  between  the  water- 
line  and  the  knuckle  of  the 
stern ;  a  blow  given  in  parry- 
ing :  v.i.  to  give  a  blow  while  re- 
ceiving or  parrying  one. 

coun-ter  ('ter).  adv.  contrary; 
adverse  ;  in  an  opposite  direction  ; 
the  wrong  way :  used  in  com- 
position, as  coim/er-evidence, 
evidence  opposing  other  evidence ; 
coimfrr-balance,  to  weigh  or  act 
against  with  equal  force. 

coun-ter-act  (-akt),  v.t.  to  act  in 
opposition  to  so  as  to  defeat  or 
hinder ;  neutralize. 

coun-ter-feit  (koun'ter-fit),  v.t. 
to  make  a  cop.v  of  without  au- 
thority for  fraudulent  purposes ; 
forge ;  imitate :  v.i.  to  carry  on 
deception :  adj.  feigned ;  spuri- 
ous ;  forged :  n.  an  imitation ;  a 
forgery. 

coun-ter-feit-ing  (-ing),  n.  the 
crime  of  making  or  uttering  false 
coins  or  bank-notes. 

coun-ter-foil  (-foil),  n.  that  part 
of  a  document,  as  a  cheque,  &c., 
retained  by  the  drawer. 

coun-ter-fort  (-fort),  n.  a  but- 
tress built  at  right  angles  to  a 
wall  or  terrace  ;  a  spur  of  a  moun- 
tain. 

coun-ter-light  (-lit),  n.  a  light 
opposite  any  object,  causing  it 
to  appear  to  disadvantage. 

coun-ter-mand  (-mand),  v.t.  to 
revoke  or  annul,  as  an  order  or 
command ;  contradict  the  orders 
of :  n.  a  revocation  of  a  former 
order  or  command. 

conn-ter-mark  (-mark),  n.  an 
additional  mark  placed  on  goods 
for  greater  security ;  the  mark  of 
the  Goldsmiths'  Company  to  in- 
dicate the  standard  quality  of 
gold  or  silver :  v.t.  to  place  a 
countermark  upon. 

coun-ter-pane  (-pan),  n.  a  bed 
coverlet. 

coun  ter-pa-role  (-pa-rol'),  n.  a 
word  given  in  addition  to  the 
password. 

conn-ter-part  (-part),  n.  a  du- 
plicate. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  mooD, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cou 


222 


cou 


counter-point  (-point),  n.  the 
science  of  harmony. 

counter  scarp  (-skarp),  n.  the 
exterior  slope  of  a  ditch  opposite 
the  scarp. 

couii  ter-sea  (-se),  n.  a  sea  run- 
ning in  an  opposite  direction  to 
the  wind. 

coun-ter-seal  (-sel),  v.t.  to  seal 
with  others:  n.  the  reverse -side 
of  a  pendent  seal  attached  to  a 
document. 

coun-ter-sign  (-sin'),  v.t.  to  au- 
thenticate by  an  additional  signa- 
ture:  n.  (koun'ter-sln)  an  ad- 
ditional signature  to  a  document 
to  attest  it ;  a  military  watch- 
word. 

counter-sink  (-singk),  v.t.  to 
drill  (a  conical  depression)  in 
timber  or  metal  to  receive  a  screw 
or  bolt  so  that  the  head  is  flush 
with  the  surface. 

coun-ter-vail  (-val).  v.t.  to  com- 
pensate ;  counteract ;  counter- 
balance. 

count-ess  (kount'es),  n.  the  wife 
of  an  earl  or  count. 

count-ing  (kount'ing),  n.  reckon- 
ing. 

counting-house  (-hous),  n.  the 
room  where  accounts  or  mercan- 
tile transactions  are  carried  on. 

coun-try  (kun-tri),  n.  [pi.  coun- 
tries (-triz)],  a  tract  of  land; 
region;  rural  parts;  one's  native 
land :  adj.  rural ;  rustic ;  un- 
polished. 

coun-ty  (koun-ti),  n.  \pl.  coun- 
ties ('tiz)],  a  definite  district  of 
a  country  separated  from  the  rest 
for  political  or  judicial  adminis- 
trative purposes :  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  county. 

coup  (koo),  n.  a  sudden  telling 
blow,  a  master-stroke. 

cou-pe  (ko5-pa),  n.  the  front 
compartment  of  a  French  stage- 
coach ;  the  end  of  a  first-class 
carriage. 

conp-le  (kup'l),  n.  two  of  the 
same  kind  connected  together:  a 
pair;  man  and  wife;  a  pair  of 
equal  and  parallel  forces ;  two 
dissimilar  metal  plates  in  contact 
forming  a  voltaic  battery :  v.t.  to 
link  or  join  together;  unite  in 
marriage :  v.i.  to  copulate ;  unite. 

coup-let  (kup'let).  n.  two  succes- 


sive lines  of  verse  which  rhyme 
together. 

cou-pon  (koo'pon),  n.  a  certifi- 
cate attached  to  transferable 
bonds,  which  is  intended  to  be 
cut  off  and  presented  for  the  pay- 
ment of  dividends  when  due ;  a 
section  of  a  ticket  entitling  the 
holder  to  some  specified  accommo- 
dation, &c.,  over  a  line  or  route  to 
be  traveled,  or  to  a  seat  in  a 
theater,  &c. 

cour-age  (kur'aj),  n.  fortitude; 
valor. 

cour-a-geous  (-a'jus),  adj.  brave; 
bold^ 

cou-ri-er  (ko5'ri-er),  n.  an  ex- 
press messenger ;  a  traveling  at- 
tendant who  makes  preliminary 
arrangements. 

course  (kors),  n.  a  race;  a  path 
or  track ;  career ;  direction  or 
line  of  motion;  regular  sequence; 
the  portion  of  a  meal  served  at 
one  time  ;  conduct ;  behavior ;  the 
direction  a  ship  is  steered ;  a 
continuous  level  range  of  brick 
or  masonry  of  the  same  height ; 
the  chase  of  a  hare  by  greyhounds : 
pi.  catamenia ;  the  sails  set  on  the 
lower  yards  of  a  ship :  v.t.  to 
hunt :  v.i.  move  swiftly ;  engage 
in  coursing. 

cours-er  ('er),  n.  a  swift  and 
spirited  horse ;  a  war-horse ;  one 
who  courses ;  a  running  bird  of 
the  ostrich  family. 

cours-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  sport  of 
pursuing  hares  with  greyhounds. 

court  (kort) ,  n.  an  enclosed  space  : 
a  small  paved  space  surrounded 
by  houses ;  a  royal  palace ;  th<> 
retinue  of  a  sovereign ;  a  hall  of 
justice ;  the  judges.  &c..  engaged 
there  ;  address  ;  civility  ;  flattery  : 
v.t.  to  pay  court  to  ;  woo  ;  flatter  ; 
solicit. 

cour-te-ous  (ker'te-us),  adj. 
polite ;  obliging. 

cour-te-san  ('te-zan),  n.  a  prosti- 
tute. 

cour-te-sy  Cte-si),  n.  [pi.  court- 
esies (-siz)].  politeness  combined 
with  kindness ;  civility. 

courte-sy  (kert'si),  n.  [pi 
courtesies  (-siz)],  a  salutation 
made  by  bending  the  knees:  v.i. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  courtesied,  p.pr. 
courtesying] ,  to  make  a  courtesy. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cou 


223 


cow 


court-ier  (kort'yer),  n.  one  who 
frequents  or  attends  court ;  one 
who  solicits  the  favor  of  another ; 
one  having  courtly  manners. 

court-li-ness  ''li-nes),  n.  elegance 
of  manners. 

conrt-ly  ('li),  adj.  refined  ;  elegant. 

court-mar -tial      (mar'shal),      n. 
[pi.    courts-martial],    a    court    of: 
justice     composed     of     naval     or  | 
military   officers   for  the   trial   of  : 
disciplinary  offenses. 

court-plas-ter  ('plfis-ter),  n.  a 
superior  kind  of  sticking-plaster, 
originally  used  by  ladies  at  court 
for  ornamental  patches  on  the 
face. 

court-ship  ('ship),  n.  the  act  of 
wooing. 

court-yard  ('yard),  n.  an  in- 
closed space  adjoining  a  house. 

cous-in  (kuz'in).  n.  the  son  or 
daughter  of  an  uncle  or  aunt ;  a 
kinsman  ;  a  title  of  address  used 
by  a  sovereign  to  noblemen. 

cons-in-ger-man  (-jer'man),  n. 
a  first  cousin. 

cove  (kov),  n.  a  small  sheltered 
inlet  or  creek  ;  a  retired  nook  ;  a 
hollow  molding ;  a  fellow  :  v.i.  to 
arch  over. 

cov-e-nant  (kuv'e-nant),  n.  a 
written  agreement ;  deed ;  bar- 
gain ;  a  free  promise  of  God's 
blessing ;  a  solemn  agreement  of 
fellowship  and  faith  between 
members  of  a  church  :  v.i.  to  en- 
ter into  a  formal  agreement ;  bind 
one's  self  by  contract. 

cov-e-nant-er  (-er),  n.  one  who 
enters  into  a  covenant. 

cov-er  (kuv'er),  v.t.  to  over- 
spread, as  the  top  of  anything, 
with  something  else :  hide ;  save 
from  punishment ;  shelter ;  clothe  : 
r.i.  put  on  a  head  covering:  n. 
that  which  is  laid  on  something 
flse :  a  shelter ;  a  covert ;  table 
furniture  for  one  person :  pi. 
thickets,  underwood,  &c.,  con- 
cealing game. 

cov-er-ing  (-ing),  n.  that  which 
covers  or  protects ;  dress. 

cov-er-let    (-let),  n.  a  bed  quilt. 

cov-ert  (kuv'ert),  adj.  concealed; 
covered  ;  disguised  ;  insidious  ;  un- 
der authority  or  protection  ;  said 
of  a  married  woman  :  n.  a  place 
that  protects  or  shelters;  a 
thicket ;  shelter  for  game. 


cov-er-ture  ('er-tur),  n.  a  cover; 
shelter ;  the  status  of  a  married 
woman. 

cov-et  (kuv'et),  v.t.  to  desire 
earnestly ;  Lust  after :  v.i.  to  in- 
dulge in  inordinate  desire. 

cov-et-ive-ness  ('et-iv-nes),  n. 
acquisitiveness. 

cov-et-ous  (-us),  adj.  inordi- 
nately desirous,  especially  of 
money  ;  avaricious. 

cov-ey  (kuv'i),  n.  a  hatch  or 
brood  of  birds,  especially  part- 
ridges. 

cov-ing  (kov'ing),  n.  the  projec- 
tion of  the  upper  stories  of  a 
house  over  the  lower. 

cow  (kou),  n.  [pi.  cows  (kouz)], 
the  mature  female  of  the  genus 
bos,  or  ox ;  the  female  of  various 
other  animals,  as  the  whale,  ele- 
phant, &c. :  n.  a  wedge  placed  be- 
hind a  crab  or  windlass  to  check 
its  motion :  v.t.  to  depress  with 
fear. 

cow-ard  ('ard),  n.  one  without 
courage  ;  a  dastard  ;  poltroon. 

cow-ard-ice  (-is),  n.  dishonorable 
fear. 

Syn.     fear,     timidity,     pusilla- 
nimity. 

Ant.  (see  courage). 

cow-bird  ('herd),  n.  an  Ameri- 
can blackbird,  so  called  from  its 
accompanying  cattle. 

cow-boy  ('boi),  n.  a  boy  who 
looks  after  cows  ;  a  mounted  em- 
ployee of  a  stockman  or  ranch- 
man who  looks  after  the  cattle 
while  grazing. 

cow-catch-er  ('kach-er),  n.  a 
wedged-shaped  iron  frame  in  the 
front  of  a  locomotive  to  remove 
obstructions  on  the  rails. 

cow-er  (kou'er),  v.i.  to  crouch  or 
sink  down  through  fear ;  tremble. 

cow-herd  ('herd),  n.  a  tender  of 
cattle. 

cow-hide  ('hid),  n.  the  tanned 
and  dressed  skins  of  cows ;  a 
stout  flexible  whip  made  of  raw 
hide :  adj.  made  of  cowhide 
leather:  v.t.  to  chastise  with  a 
cowhide. 

cowl  (koul),  n.  a  monk's  hood;  a 
revolving  cover  for  a  chimney  pot. 

cow-lick  ('lik),  n.  a  tuft  of  hair 
turned  up  or  awry  on  the  fore- 
head. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  mf,r,n. 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cow 


224 


era 


cow-pox  ('poks),  n.  a  disease 
which  affects  the  teats  of  cows, 
producing  vesicles  :  from  these 
the  vaccine  matter  is  obtained 
for  inoculation  against  smallpox. 

cow-rie  ('ri),  n.  [pi.  cowries 
(-riz)j,  a  small  glossy  shell,  used 
as  money  by  some  African  tribes, 
and  in  Siam.  Also  cowry. 

cow-slip  ('slip),  n.  a  species  of 
primrose. 

cox-comb  ('kom),  n.  something 
resembling  a  cock's  comb  for- 
merly worn  by  licensed  jesters  ; 
a  vain,  pretentious,  conceited  fel- 
low ;  a  fop. 

cox-swaiii  (kok'sun),  n.  the 
steersman  of  a  boat,  especially  in 
a  race. 

coy  (koi),  adj.  modest;  bashful; 
demure. 

coy-ish   Cjsh),  adj.  somewhat  coy. 

coy-ly  ('h),  adr.  in  a  coy  manner. 

coy-ness  ('nes),  n.  reserve;  de- 
mureness. 

coy-ote  (koi-of,  or  ko-yo'ta),  n. 
the  prairie-wolf:  v.i.  (koi-of),  to 
search  for  gold  single-handed,  and 
as  by  chance. 

coz-en   (kuz'n),  v.t.  to  cheat. 

co-zy  (ko'zi),  adj.  warm  and 
comfortable  ;  snug  :  n.  a  woolen 
cover  to  keep  a  teapot  warm. 

crab  (krab),  n.  a  short-tailed, 
stalk-eyed,  ten-footed  crustacean  ; 
a  crabapple  ;  a  sign  (Cancer)  in 
the  Zodiac  ;  a  name  of  various 
mechanical  devices  or  machines  : 


l.  the  lowest  cast  at  hazard  :  v.i. 

.p. 
bing],  to  fish  for  crabs;   to  back 


f.  t 
p.t. 


.. 
&   p.p.    crabbed,    p.pr.   crab- 


out. 
crab-bed      ('ed),      adj.     morose; 

hard  to  decipher. 
crab-by    ('i),  adj.  crabbed. 
crack    (krak),  n.  a  chink  or  fis- 

sure ;  a  narrow  fracture  ;  a  sharp 

sound  ;    a    sharp    resonant    blow  ; 

an   altered   tone  of   voice  :    v.t.   & 

v.i.    to    burst,    break,    or    sever  ; 

utter  a  sharp,  abrupt  cry  ;  extol  ; 

injure  ;  damage  mentally  ;  open  a 

bottle  :  adj.  of  superior  excellence. 
cracked   (krakt),  adj.  split;  blem- 

ished; broken;  insane;  legally  im- 

perfect. 
crack-er  (krak'er),  n.  a  hard  bis- 

cuit;  a  firework;  a  kind  of  bon- 

bon ;  a  lie  :  pi.  an  instrument  for 

cracking  nuts. 


crack-le  (krak'l),  v.i.  to  make  a 
slight,  sharp  explosive  noise :  v.t. 
cover  with  a  delicate  network  of 
minute  cracks :  n.  a  noise  of  fre- 
quent and  slight  cracks  and  re- 
ports ;  a  surface  glaze  on  glass  or 
porcelain  ;  the  noise  made  by  dis- 
eased lungs  in  breathing. 

crack-ling  (krak'ling),  n.  small 
abrupt  cracks  or  reports  made  fre- 
quently ;  the  browned  crisp  rind 
of  roast  pig. 

crack-nel  ('nel),  n.  a  hard  fancy 
biscuit. 

cracks-man  ('s-nu\n),  n.  [pi. 
cracksmen  ('men)],  a  burglar. 

era-die  (kra'dl),  n.  a  baby's  crib 
or  little  bed  ;  infancy ;  birthplace 
or  origin ;  a  case  for  a  broken 
limb ;  a  device  for  rescuing  ship- 
wrecked persons ;  a  frame  of  tim- 
bers placed  under  a  ship  for 
launching  it ;  a  steel  tool  used  in 
engraving;  a  gold-washing  ma- 
chine ;  a  frame  of  wood,  with 
long  teeth,  fastened  to  a  scythe : 
v.t.  to  rock  or  place  in  a  cradle ; 
nurse  or  train  in  infancy ;  wash 
in  a  miner's  cradle :  v.i.  to  lie  in 
a  cradle.  , 

cra-dling  ('dling),  n.  the  open 
timbers  or  ribs  of  a  vaulted  ceil- 
ing. 

craft  (kraft),  n.  manual  skill;  a 
trade  ;  cunning ;  fraud  ;  a  small 
trading  vessel. 

craft -i-ly    ('i-li),    adv.   cunningly. 

craft-i-ness    ('i-nes),   n.   cunning. 

crafts-man  (krafts'man),  n.  [pi. 
craftsmen  ('men)],  a  skilled  arti- 
san ;  a  member  of  a  particular 
trade. 

craf-ty  (craf'ti),  adj.  cunning; 
artful. 

crag  (krag),  n.  a  steep,  rugged 
rock ;  shelly  deposits  in  Pliocene 
strata. 

cram  (kram),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
crammed,  p.pr.  cramming],  to 
stuff;  fill  beyond  satiety;  tell  lies 
to :  v.i.  qualify  speedily  for  an  ex- 
amination ;  to  eat  greedily :  n.  the 
act  of  cramming  physically  or 
mentally ;  hastily  acquired  knowl- 
edge ;  a  lie. 

cramp  (kramp),  n.  a  rectangu- 
lar piece  of  iron  with  a  tighten- 
ing screw  at  one  end ;  a  spas- 
modic muscular  contraction  of  the 
limbs  ;  a  piece  of  iron  bent  at  both 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


era 


226 


ere 


ends  for  holding :  v.t.  to  affect 
with  muscular  spasms ;  confine  ; 
secure  with  a  cramp. 

cram-pit  (kram'pit),  n.  the  metal 
tip  of  a  scabbard,  or  staff. 

cram-poems  ('poonz),  n.pL  an 
apparatus  like  double  calipers  for 
raising  heavy  weights. 

cran-ber-ry  ('ber-ri),  n.  [pi. 
cranberries  (-riz)],  the  marsh 
whortleberry,  with  red  acid  ber- 
ries. 

crane  (kran),  n.  a  large  wading 
bird  with  very  long  leg?  and  neck, 
and  a  long  straight  bill ;  a  ma- 
chine for  raising  heavy  weights : 
v.t.  to  stretch  or  bend  (the  neck) 
like  a  crane :  v.i.  hesitate  at  a 
dangerous  jump. 

cra-ni-al  (kra'ni-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  skull. 

cra-ni-ol-o-gy  (-ni-ol'6-ji).  n.  the 
scientific  study  of  skulls  and  their 
characteristics. 

cra-ni-um  ('ni-um),  n.  [pi.  cra- 
nia], the  skull. 

crank  (krangk),  n.  a  device  for 
causing  the  rotation  of  an  axis, 
or  for  converting  rotary  into  re- 
ciprocal motion,  or  the  contrary ; 
an  instrument  of  prison  discipline 
like  a  paddle-wheel ;  an  iron 
brace ;  a  twist  or  turn  ;  a  fantastic 
form  of  speech  ;  whim  ;  fancy ;  a 
crotchety  or  impracticable  per- 
son, especially  one  who  has  a 
monomania :  adj.  liable  to  lurch 
or  capsize;  opposed  to  stiff:  hence 
shaky. 

crank-i-ness  ('i-nes).  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  cranky. 

crank-y  Ci }.ndj.  full  of  crotchets 
or  cranks;  liable  to  be  upset ;  in 
a  shaky  or  loose  condition. 

cran-nied  (kran'id),  -adj.  full  of 
chinks. 

cran-ny  Cni),  n.  [pi.  crannies 
('niz)],  a  chink. 

crape  (krfip),  n.  a  thin  black 
gauze  made  of  raw  silk  and 
gummed :  r.t.  to  cover  or  drape 
with  crane. 

crash  (krash),  v.t.  to  clash  to- 
gether with  violence :  v.i.  to  make 
a  loud  clattering  noise :  «.  a  loud, 
sudden,  confused  noise ;  a  coarse, 
heavy  linen  fabric. 

crass  (kras),  adj.  gross;  dense; 
obtuse. 

crate  (krat).  n.  a  wicker  hamper. 


cra-ter  (krft'ter),  n.  the  cup- 
shaped  cavity  of  a  volcano ;  an 
ancient  goblet. 

craunch.     See  crunch. 

era-vat  (kra-vaf),  n.  a  neckcloth. 

crave  (krav),  v.t.  to  ask  for  with 
humility ;  beg  earnestly ;  long  for 
eagerly. 

cra-ven  (kra'vn),  adj.  cowardly; 
base  :  n.  a  coward  ;  recreant. 

cra-ving  ('ving),  n.  a  strong  de- 
sire. 

craw   (kraw),  n.  a  bird's  crop. 

craw-fish.  ( kraw'fish )  or  crayfish 
(krfi'-),  n.  the  common  name  of  a 
fresh-water  lobster-like  crusta- 
cean ;  the  spiny  lobster. 

crawl  (krawl),  v.i.  move  slowly 
and  with  difficulty ;  creep :  n.  the 
act  of  crawling;  a  pen  on  the  sea- 
coast  for  fish,  turtles,  &c. 

cray-on  (knVun),  n.  a  kind  of 
chalk  pencil ;  a  drawing  done  with 
crayons ;  one  of  the  carbon  points 
of  an  arc-light :  adj.  drawn  with 
crayons :  v.t.  to  sketch  out,  as 
with  a  crayon. 

cray-on-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  who 
draws  or  sketches  with  crayons. 

craze  ( kraz ) ,  v.i.  to  become  de- 
mented ;  open  in  slight  cracks :  v.t. 
to  produce  cracks  ;  render  insane  : 
n.  a  passing  fashion  or  infatua- 
tion ;  a  crack  in  pottery  glaze. 

cra-zi-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  crazy 
manner. 

cra-zi-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state  of 
being  crazy. 

cra-ry  (krfi'zi),  adj.  insane;  dilap- 
idated ;  foolishly  eager. 

cra-zy-work  (-werk).  n.  patch- 
work of  irregular  sized  pieces  of 
silk,  &c. 

creak  (krek),  v.i.  to  make  a 
sharp,  harsh,  grating  sound :  n. 
such  a  sound. 

creak-y   ('i),  adj.  apt  to  creak. 

cream  (krem),  n.  the  rich,  oily 
part  of  milk :  hence  the  choicest 
part  of  anything ;  a  soft  unctuous 
cosmetic :  v.t.  to  skim  cream 
from  ;  remove  the  best  part  of. 

cream  of  tar-tar  (of  tar'tar),  n. 
purified  tartar  or  argol. 

cream-er-y  Cer-i),  n.  [pi.  cream- 
eries (-iz)],  a  place  where  butter 
and  cheese  are  made,  or  where 
cream,  &c.,  are  sold. 

cream-laid,  ndi.  noting  a  paper 
of  a  creamy-white  color,  showing 


late,  mar,  mask   cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  'iut ;  thin,  t Tien. 


ere 


ere 


the  lines  of  the  mold  impressed  on 
it :  opposed  to  cream-wove,  which 
has  no  such  lines. 

crease  (kres),  n.  a  mark  mode  by 
folding  or  doubling  anything ;  a 
line  drawn  to  define  the  limits  of 
bowler  and  batsman  :  v.t.  make  a 
crease  in. 

cre-a-sote.  Another  form  of  creo- 
sote. 

c.Te-at-a-ble  (kre-at'a-bl),  adj. 
that  may  be  created. 

cre-ate  (kre-af),  v.t.  to  cause  to 
come  into  existence ;  form  out  of 
nothing ;  invest  with  a  new  rank, 
office,  or  function :  v.i.  to  origi- 
nate. 

cre-a-tine  ('a-tin),  n.  a  white 
crystalline  substance  in  muscular 
tissue.  Also  kreatine. 

cre-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  creating ;  the  thing  created ; 
the  universe. 

cre-a-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  construct- 
ive. 

cre-a-tor  ('ter),  n.  one  who  cre- 
ates. 

Cre-a-tor,  n.  the  Supreme  Being. 

crea-ture  (kre'tur),  n.  anything 
created,  especially  a  living  being : 
one  dependent  on  the  influence  of 
another :  adj.  of,  or  belonging  to, 
the  body. 

creche  (krash),  n.  a  public  nurs- 
ery. 

ore-deuce  (kre'dens),  n.  belief; 
trust. 

cre-den-da  (-den'da),  n.pl.  arti- 
cles of  faith. 

cre-den-tial  (-den'shal),  adj.  giv- 
ing a  claim  or  title  to  credit :  n.pl. 
letters  or  certificates  given  to  a 
person  to  show  he  has  a  right  to 
confidence  or  the  exercise  of 
authority. 

cred-i-bil-i-ty  (kred-i-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  credible. 

cred-i-ble  ('5-bl),  adj.  worthy  of 
credit ;  probable. 

cred-i-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  a  credi- 
ble manner. 

cred-it  (kred'it).  v.t.  to  believe; 
trust ;  have  confidence  in ;  enter 
on  the  credit  side  of  an  account : 
n.  belief;  honor;  trust  reposed; 
sale  on  trust ;  time  allowed  for 
payment  of  goods  sold. 

cred-it-or  (-er),  n.  one  to  whom 
another  is  indebted  for  money  or 
goods. 


cre-du-li-ty  (-du'15-ti),  n.  ready 
belief. 

cred  -  u  -  Ions  (kred'u-lus) ,  adj. 
easily  imposed  upon. 

creed  (kred),  n.  a  brief  state- 
ment of  belief. 

creek  (krek),  n.  a  small  bay; 
cove. 

creel  (krel),  n.  a  wicker  fishing 
basket ;  a  wickerwork  cage :  v.t. 
to  put  in  a  creel ;  catch. 

creep  (krep),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
crept,  p.pr.  creeping],  to  move 
slowly  along  the  ground,  as  a 
worm  or  reptile ;  grow  along  the 
ground,  as  a  plant ;  move  se- 
cretly or  insidiously ;  fawn. 

creep-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  creeps ;  a  plant 
which  clings  by  rootlets  or  ten- 
drils to  some  support ;  the  name 
of  certain  birds ;  a  wingless  in- 
sect ;  a  kind  of  grapnel. 

creep -y  ('i),  adj.  shivering; 
chilled. 

cre-mate  (kre'mat),  v.t.  to  re- 
duce to  ashes  by  heat,  especially 
(load  bodies. 

cre-ma-tion  (-ma'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  cremating. 

cre-ma-tor  (-ma'ter),  n.  a  fur- 
nace for  consuming  dead  bodies, 
refuse,  &c. 

cre-ma-to-ry  ('mft-to-ri),  apper- 
taining to  cremation  :  it.   [pi,  cre- 
matories     (-riz)],     a     place     for 
burning  tin  dead. 
cre-nate   ('nat),  adj.  notched. 
cren  -  el  -  la  -  ted    (kren'el-a-ted) , 
adj.      decorated      with      indented 

moldings   ( crenelles ) . 
cre-ole    (kre'51),    n.    a    native   of 
Spanish  America  or  the  West  In- 
dies,    descended    from     European 
(originally     Spanish)     ancestors: 

adj.  pertaining  to  a  Creole. 
cre-o-sol      ('o-sol^,     n.     an     oily 

liquid  resembling  phenoj. 
cre-o-sote     ('o-sot),    n.    a    heavy 

oily    liquid    with    a    smoky    smell, 

prepared  from  wood-tnr :   used  as 

an  antiseptic :  v.t.  to  impregnate 

with  creosote. 
crep-i-tate     (krep'i-tat).    v.i.    to 

make    a    slight,    sharp,    crackling 

noise. 
crep-i-ta-tion    (-i-ta'shun),    n.    a 

low  crackling  noise. 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  m56n. 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


<:re 


227 


crl 


cre-pon  (kre'pon),  n.  a  thin 
crape-like  material  of  wool,  silk, 
or  cotton. 

crept,  p.t.  &  p.p.   Oi:  creep. 

cres-cent  (kres'ent),  adj.  grow- 
ing :  n,  an  increasing  or  new 
moon ;  a  figure  like  a  new  moon  ; 
the  Moslem  power :  v.t.  to  form 
into  a  crescent. 

cre-sol  (kre'sol),  n.  a  phenol  ob- 
tained from  coal-  and  wood-tar. 

cress  (kres),  n.  a  name  for  vari- 
ous cruciferous  plants,  as  the 
watercress. 

cres-set  ('et),  n.  a  light  set  on  a 
beacon ;  an  open  frame  of  iron 
containing  fire,  used  as  a  torch  ; 
a  cooper's  implement. 

crest  (krest),  n.  a  plume  of 
feathers  on  the  head  of  a  bird, 
helmet,  &c. ;  the  ridge  of  a  wave ; 
summit  of  a  hill ;  courage ;  pride  ; 
spirit :  v.t.  to  furnish  or  adorn 
with  a  crest ;  mark  with  lines  or 
streaks :  v.i.  to  take  the  form  of 
a  crest  or  ridge. 

crest -fal-len  ('fawl-n),  adj.  de- 
jected. 

cre-ta-ceous  (kre-ta'shus) ,  adj. 
composed  of,  or  like,  chalk ; 
chalky. 

cre-tonne  (kre-ton'),  n.  an  un- 
glazed  cotton  fabric  printed  on 
one  side. 

crev-asse  (krev-as'),  n.  a  deep 
fissure  in  a  glacier  ice ;  a  breach 
in  a  levee  or  embankment  of  a 
river. 

crev-ice  (krev'is),  n.  a  crack; 
fissure. 

crew,  p.t.  of  crow. 

crew  (kroo),  n.  a  ship  or  boat's 
company ;  a  crowd  or  company  of 
people. 

crew-el  ('el),  n.  fine  twisted 
worsted,  &c.,  used  in  fancy  work. 

crib  (krib),  n.  a  rack  or  manger; 
a  stall  for  horses  or  cattle ;  a 
child's  bed ;  a  small  lodging ;  a 
situation ;  a  petty  theft ;  a  pla- 
giarism ;  a  literal  translation :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  cribbed,  p.pr.  crib- 
bing] ,  to  confine ;  steal ;  plagia- 
rize :  v.i.  make  notes  for  dishonest 
use  in  an  examination. 

crib-bage   ('aj),  n.  a  card  game. 

•crick  (krik),  n.  a  painful  stiffness 
of  the  muscles  of  the  neck,  or 
local  spasm. 


crick-et  ('et),  n.  the  well-known 
game  played  with  wickets,  bats, 
and  a  ball,  by  eleven  players  on 
each  side  ;  a  .chirping  insect. 

crick-et -ings  (-ingz),  n.pl.  a  kind 
of  fine  twjlled  flannel. 

cri-er  (kri'er),  n.  one  who  makes 
a  public  proclamation. 

crime  (krim),  n.  a  violation  of 
the  law  ;  an  offense  against  mor- 
ality or  the  public  welfare; 
wrong-doing. 

Syn.  sin,  vice,  misdemeanor. 
Ant.  (see  virtue). 

crim-i-nal  ('i-nal),  adj.  pertain- 
in"  to  crime :  n.  one  guilty  of  a 
crime. 

Syn.     convict,     culprit,     felon, 
malefactor. 

crim -i-nal -i-ty   ('i-ti),  n.  guilt. 

crim-i-nate  ('i-nat),  v.t.  to  ac- 
cuse, or  declare  guilty,  of  crime ; 
involve  in  a  crime. 

crim-i  iia-tion  (-i-na'shun),  n. 
accusation. 

crim-i-nol-p-gy  (-i-nol'6-ji),  n. 
the  scientific  investigation  of 
crimes  and  criminals. 

crimp  (krimp),  v.t.  to  bend  or 
twist  in  regular  undulations ;  to 
cause  to  contract,  as  the  flesh  of 
live  fish ;  decoy  for  enlistment :  n. 
formerly  one  who  entrapped  men 
for  the  English  navy  or  army,  or 
the  merchant  service ;  one  who 
keeps  a  low  lodging-house  for  sea- 
men. 

crim-son  (krim'zn),  n.  a  deep  red 
color  inclining  to  purple :  adj. 
crimson-colored :  v.t.  to  dye  with 
crimson :  v.i.  to  blush. 

cringe  (krinj),  v.i.  to  bend  or 
crouch  from  fear  or  with  servil- 
ity :  n.  a  servile  bow. 

crin-kle  (kring'kl),  v.t.  to  wrin- 
kle ;  corrugate :  v.i.  to  be  corru- 
gated or  crimped :  n.  a  wrinkle ; 
bend. 

crin-o-line  (krin'o-lin),  n.  a 
hoppskirt ;  a  stiff  fabric  for  stiff- 
ening a  garment. 

crip-pie  (krip'l),  v.t.  to  deprive 
of  the  use  of  a  limb ;  disable :  n. 
one  who  is  lame. 

crippling  ('ling),  n.  spars  or 
timbers  used  to  support  the  sides 
of  a  building. 

cri-sis  (kri'sis),  n.  [pi.  crises 
(-sez)],  a  turning  point;  a  critic- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  t /ten. 


crl 


228 


al  turn  in  a  disease ;  emergency ; 
conjuncture. 

crisp  (krisp),  adj.  wavy;  curled; 
brittle;  cheerful;  terse;  spark- 
ling :  v.t.  to  curl ;  ripple :  y.i.  to 
form  little  curls ;  become  friable. 

cris-pate   ('at),  adj.  curled. 

cris-pin  ( 'in  ) ,  n.  a  shoemaker  : 
in  allusion  to  St.  Crispin,  the  pa- 
tron saint  of  shoemakers. 

criss-cross  ('kros),  n.  an  inter- 
section ;  a  child's  game  played 
with  O's  and  X's :  adj.  going 
backwards  and  forwards. 

cri-te-ri^on  (kri-te'ri-on).  n.  [pi. 
criteria  (-a)],  a  standard,  law,  or 
rule  by  which  a  correct  judgment 
can  be  formed. 

critli  (krith),  n.  a  unit  of  mass, 
used  for  gases  =  1  liter  of  hy- 
drogen. 

crit-ic  (krit'ik),  n.  one  skilled  in 
criticism ;  one  who  judges  cap- 
tiously. 

crit-ic-al  (-al),  adj.  nicely  ex- 
act ;  skilled  in  criticism ;  censori- 
ous ;  pertaining  to  the  turning 
point  of  a  disease. 

crit-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  critic- 
al manner. 

crit-i-cise  ('i-slz),  v.t.  to  exam- 
ine or  judge  as  a  critic  ;  censure  : 
v.i.  to  review. 

crit-i-cism  ('i-sizm),  n.  the  art  of 
judging  and  defining  the  merits 
of  a  literary  or  artistic  work ; 
censure. 

cri-tique  (kri-tek'),  n.  a  careful 
analysis  of  a  literary  or  artistic 
production. 

croak  (krok),  v.i.  to  make  a 
sound  like  a  ravea,  &c. ;  grumble : 
n.  the  low,  hoarse  sound  of  the 
raven  or  frog. 

cro-chet  (kro-sh:Y),  «.  a  kind  of 
knitting  with  a  hooked  needle,  in 
cotton,  wool,  &c. :  v.t.  to  work  in 
crochet. 

crock  (krok),  n.  soot  on  a  kettle, 
&c. ;  an  earthenware  pot  or  ves- 
sel :  v.t.  to  blacken  with  soot ; 
smudge. 

crock-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  earthen- 
ware. 

crock-et  ('et),  n.  an  ornament 
employed  to  decorate  the  angles  of 
spires,  canopies,  &c. ;  one  of  the 
ends  of  a  stag's  horn. 

croc-o-dile    ('5-dil,   or  -dll),   n.   a 


large  lizard-like  amphibian  reptile, 
with  hard  square  scales  on  its. 
buck  and  tail. 

cro-cus  (kro'kus),  n.  a  genus  of 
iridaceous  plants,  from  one  spe- 
cies of  which  saffron  is  obtained. 

croft  (kroft),  n.  a  small  farm,  or 
inclosed  field. 

croft-er  ('er),  «.  a  small  farmer 
of  Western  Scotland,  who  rents 
and  tills  a  small  farm. 

crom-lech  (krom'lek)  n.  an  an- 
cient monument  of  rough  stones 
with  one  huge  flat  stone  resting 
horizontally  upon  others. 

crone    (kron),   n.   an   old  woman. 

cro-ny  ('ni),  n.  [pi.  cronies 
Cniz)],  a  familiar  friend. 

crook  (krook),  n.  a  bend;  a  shep- 
herd's hooked  staff ;  a  bishop's 
staff;  a  swindler:  v.t.  to  bend: 
v.i.  to  be  bent. 

croon  (kroon),  v.i.  to  utter  a  hol- 
low continued  moan ;  sing  in  a 
soft,  plaintive  tone. 

crop  (krop),  n.  the  produce  of  the 
ground,  as  corn,  &c. ;  a  bird's 
craw  ;  a  stout  hunting  whip  ;  hair 
cut  close  or  short :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
cropped,  cropt,  p.pr.  cropping],  to 
cut  off  the  tops  or  ends  of  any- 
thing ;  reap ;  mow ;  cause  to  bear 
a  crop  :  v.i.  appear  unexpectedly  ; 
to  sprout. 

crop -ping- out  (-out),  n.  the  ap- 
pearance at  the  surface  of  a  lode 
of  metal,  or  seam  of  coal. 

cro-quet  (kro-kn/),  n.  a  lawn 
game  played  with  mallets,  balls, 
and  hoops :  v.t.  to  drive  away,  as 
an  opponent's  ball  after  placing 
one's  own  in  contact  with  it. 

cro-quette  (-kef)*,  n.  ball  of 
mincemeat,  fish,  or  fowl,  seasoned 
and  fried  brown. 

cro-sier  (kro'zher),  n.  a  bishop's 
staff. 

cross  (kros),  n.  a  gibbet  of  wood 
formed  of  an  upright  and  a  cross 
piece,  used  in  the  punishment  of 
crucifixion :  now  the  emblem  of 
the  Christian  faith ;  a  device  re- 
sembling a  cross ;  a  mark  made  on 
a  document  by  those  who  cannot 
write;  a  trial  of  patience;  an  ani- 
mal of  a  cross-breed :  v.t.  to  put, 
or  draw,  across ;  cancel ;  pass ; 
thwart ;  obstruct ;  make  the  sign 
of  a  cross  upon  ;  to  cause  to  in- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cro 


229 


cru 


terbreed :  v.i.  to  be  athwart ;  be 
inconsistent ;  interbreed :  adj. 
falling  athwart ;  not  parallel ; 
fretful ;  perverse  ;  untractable. 

cross-bill  ('bil),  n.  a  bill  brought 
by  a  defendant  against  a  plain- 
tiff praying  for  relief;  a  bird  with 
a  cross-shaped  bill. 

cross-bow  ('bo),  n.  a  shooting 
\veapon,  having  a  bow  across  the 
stock. 

cross-breed  ('bred),  n.  an  ani- 
mal produced  by  a  male  and  fe- 
male of  different  varieties. 

cross-ex-am-i-na-tion  (-eg-zam- 
i-na'shun),  n.  the  questioning  of 
a  witness  by  his  own,  or  the  op- 
posing, counsel. 

cross-grained  ('grand),  adj. 
with  an  irregular  grain  or  fiber ; 
contrary  or  awkward  in  temper. 

cross-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  action  of 
the  verb  to  cross :  a  path  across ; 
intersection  ;  opposition. 

cross-jack  (kro'jak),  n.  the 
lower  yard  on  the  mizzen-mast. 

cross-ly  ('li),  adj.  athwart;  peev- 
ishly. 

cross-pur-pose  ('per-pus),  n.  a 
contrary  purpose:  pi.  a  game  of 
questions  and  answers. 

cross  -  qnes-tion  (-kwes'chun) , 
v.t.  to  cross-examine. 

cross-sea  ('se),  n.  a  chopping 
sea,  in  which  the  water  runs  in 
different  directions. 

cross-stitch  Cetich),  n.  a  stitch 
formed  of  two  stitches  of  the 
same  length,  the  one  crossing  the 
other. 

cross-tie  ('ti),  n.  a  railroad 
sleeper. 

cross-trees  Ctrez),  n.pl.  short 
pieces  of  timber  at  the  upper 
ends  of  the  lower  and  top  masts, 
to  support  the  rigging. 

cross-wind  ('wind),  n.  a  side,  or 
unfavorable,  wind. 

cross- wise  ('wiz),  adv.  across; 
cross-shaped. 

crotch  (kroch),  n.  a  hook  or  fork. 

crotch-et  ('et),  n.  a  musical  note 
—  l-4th  a  semibreve ;  a  bracket ; 
a  whim  or  fancy. 

crotch-et-y  ('et-i),  adj.  whims- 
ical ;  odd. 

cro-ton-bng  (kro'tun-bug),  n.  a 
small  active  winged  cockroach. 

oro-ton-oil     (-oil),     n.    a    viscid 


vegetable  oil  expressed  from  the 
seeds  of  a  tropical  plant. 

crouch  (krouch),  v.i.  to  stoop 
low  ;  cringe. 

croup  (kroop),  n.  the  rump  or 
buttocks  of  certain  animals  ;  the 
place  behind  the  saddle;  inflam- 
mation of  the  trachea  and  larynx, 
with  a  hoarse  cough  and  difficult 
breathing. 

crou-pi-er  ('pi-er),  n.  one  who 
presides  at  gaming  table  and 
collects  or  pays  out  the  money 
won  or  lost  ;  a  vice-chairman. 

croup-y  ('i),  adj.  affected  with 
croup. 

crow  (kro),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
crowed,  crew,  p.pr.  crowing],  to 
make  a  shill  sound  like  a  cock  ; 
boast  in  triumph  ;  utter  a  cry  of 
pleasure  :  n.  the  cry  of  a  cock  ;  a 
general  name  for  birds  of  the 
genus  Corvus,  usually  black,  and 
writh  a  strong  conical  bill. 

crow-bar  ('bar),  n.  an  iron  lever. 

crowd  (kroud),  n.  a  number  of 
persons  or  things  collected  closely 
together  ;  the  populace  :  v.t.  to 
press  closely  together;  fill  to  ex- 
cess ;  importune,  as  for  a  debt  : 
v.i.  to  press  in  numbers. 

crown,  (kroun),  n.  a  royal  head- 
dress worn  as  the  insignia  of  sov- 
ereignty ;  regal  power  ;  a  wreath  ; 
the  top  ;  an  English  silver  coin 
(5s)  ;  the  corona  of  a  flower;  the 
upper  part  of  a  tooth  ;  a  size  of 
printing  paper  (15  x  20  in.)  :  v.t. 
to  invest  with  a  crown  ;  adorn  or 
dignify  ;  complete  ;  reward. 

crown-glass  ('glas),  n.  finest 
window-glass. 

crow's-foot  (kroz'foot),  n.  the 
ranunculus;  a  caltrop;  an  ar- 
rangement of  cords  to  suspend  an 
awning:  pi.  Tvrinkles  under  the 


crow's-nest    Cz-nest),  n.  a  look- 

out, or  watch-tower,  on  the  main- 

topmast   crosstrees   of   a   whaling 

vessel. 
croy  (kroi),  n.  marsh  land;  an  in- 

closnre  for  taking  fish. 
cru-cial     (kroo'shial),     adj.     cru- 

ciform ;       intersecting  ;       severe  ; 

searching. 
cru-ci-ble    ('si-bl),   n.  a   melting- 

pot. 
cru-ci-fi-er  ('si-fi-?r),  n.  one  who 

crucifies. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  h§r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


cru 


230 


cry 


cru-ci-fix  ('si-fiks),  n.  [pi.  cruci- 
fixes (-ez)],  a  cross  with  the 
sculptured  figure  of  Christ. 

cru-ci-fix-ion  (-si-fik'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  crucifying,  especially 
the  crucifixion  of  Christ  upon  the 
cross ;  great  mental  trial,  or  suf- 
fering. 

cru-ci-form  ('si-form),  n.  cross- 
shaped. 

cm-ci-fy  ('si-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
crucified,  p.pr.  crucifying],  to  put 
to  death  by  nailing  the  hands  and 
feet  to  &  cross :  torture  :  destroy 
the  power  of  (Gal.  v.  24). 

crude  (kropd),  adj.  in  a  natural 
state  ;  unripe ;  raw  ;  immature  ; 
uncultured ;  harsh  in  color. 

crude-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  crude 
manner. 

crude-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  quality 
of  being  crude. 

cmd-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  [pi.  crudities 
(-tiz)],  the  state  or  condition  of 
being  crude. 

cru-el  (kr5o'el),  adj.  disposed  to 
give  pain  to  others ;  merciless ; 
hard-hearted  ;  fierce  ;  painful ;  un- 
relenting :  adv.  very. 

Syn.    barbarous,    brutal,    inhu- 
man, savage. 

Ant.    (see  kind). 

cru-el-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  cruel 
manner. 

cm-el-ty  ('el-ti),  n.  [pi.  cruelties 
(-tiz)],  inhumanity;  savageness. 

cm-et  ('et),  n.  a  small  glass  vial. 

cruise.     Same  as  cruse. 

cruise  (krooz),  v.i.  to  sail  to  and 
fro ;  wander  about :  n.  a  voyage 
from  place  to  place  for  warlike 
purposes,  or  for  pleasure. 

cruis-er  ('er),  «.  a  person,  or 
ship,  that  cruises ;  fast  warship. 

crumb  (krum),  n.  the  soft  inner 
part  of  bread;  a  fragment  of 
bread ;  a  little  piece :  v.t.  to  dress 
with  crumbs. 

cmin-ble  ('bl),  v.t.  to  break  into 
crumbs ;  cause  to  fall  into  pieces : 
v.i.  to  disappear  gradually. 

c  r  u  m  -  m  y  ( 'i ) ,  adj.  having 
crumbs ;  soft. 

cnun-pet  ('pet),  n.  a  soft  tea- 
cake. 

crum-ple  ('pi),  v.t.  to  press  into 
wrinkles ;  rumple :  v.i.  to  become 
rumpled. 

crunch,  (krunch),  v.t.  to  crush 
with  the  teeth ;  grind  violently : 


v.i.  to  chew  audibly :  n.  the  act 
of  crunching. 

crup-per  (krup'er),  n.  the  but- 
tocks of  a  horse ;  the  looped 
leather  band  passing  round  a 
horse's  tail :  v.t.  to  put  a  crupper 
on. 

cru-ral  (kroo'ral),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  leg_or  thigh  ;  leg-shaped. 

cru-sade  (kroo-sfuV) .  n.  a  media.'- 
val  military  expedition  under  the 
banner  of  the  cross  by  any  one 
of  the  Christian  powers  to  recover 
the  Holy  Land  ;  vigorous  concerted 
action  for  the  defense  of  some 
cause,  or  the  advancement  of 
some  idea :  v.i.  to  engage  in  a  cru- 
sade. 

cruse  (kroos),  n.  an  earthen  pot 
or  dish  ;  a  small  vessel  for  holding 
liquids. 

cru-set  (kroo'set),  n.  a  goldsmith's 
crucible. 

crush  (krush),  v.t.  to  press  be- 
tween two  opposite  bodies : 
squeeze ;  break  by  pressure ; 
bruise ;  ruin ;  quell :  v.i.  to  be 
pressed  out  of  shape  or  into 
smaller  compass  :  n.  a  violent  com- 
pression or  collision. 

crush-hat  ('hat),  n.  a  collapsible 
hat. 

crust  (krust).  n.  a  hard  external 
coating  or  rind  ;  the  exterior  solid 
part  of  the  earth's  surface ;  a 
shell  or  hard  covering :  v.t.  to- 
cover  over  with  crust :  v.i.  to  con- 
tract into  a  hard  covering. 

Crus-ta-ce-a  (krus'ta'shi-u),  n.pL 
a  prime  division  of  the  Orthro- 
poda,  comprising  crabs  and  lob- 
sters. 

crus-ta-ce-an  ('shi-an),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Crustacea  :  n.  one- 
of  the  Crustacea. 

crus-ta-ce-ous  (-ta'shi-us),  adj. 
shelly. 

crus-ty  (krus'ti),  adj.  like  a 
crust ;  rough  in  manner ;  surly  ; 
snappish. 

crutch  (kruch),  n.  a  support  for 
cripples ;  any  mechanical  device 
like  a  crutch:  the  forked  rest  on 
a  woman's  saddle. 

cry  (krl),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  cried. 
p.pr.  crying],  to  call  aloud;  pro- 
claim ;  exclaim  vehemently ;  im- 
plore ;  require  redress  ;  shed  tears  : 
v.t.  to  utter  loudly  and  publicly 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p8rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cry 


231 


cue 


in  giving  notice :  n.  loud  or  pas- 
sionate   utterance,    especially    of  j 
weeping   or   lamentation ;    an    ex-  j 
claination  of  wonder  or  triumph  ; 
outcry  ;       clamor ;       acclamation  ; 
proclamation  ;    common   report ;   a 
pack  of  hounds ;   a  battle  cry ;   a 
party   catchword  or  phrase. 

cry-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  specially  de- 
manding notice  ;  notorious ;  ur- 
gent. 

cry-o-lite  ('o-lit),  n.  a  fluoride  of 
sodium  and  aluminum  :  the  source 
of  aluminum. 

crypt  (kript),  n.  a  subterranean 
cell  or  vault,  usually  under  a 
church ;  sometimes  used  as  a 
chapel  or  shrine. 

crypt-ic  ('ik),  adj.  hidden;  secret. 

Cryp-to-ga-mi-a  (krip-to-ga'mi- 
a),  n.pl.  in  the  Linnean  system, 
a  class  of  flowerless  plants,  as 
mosses,  ferns,  &c. 

cryp-to-gram  ('to-gram),  n.  a 
writing,  or  a  system  of  writing, 
in  cipher. 

cryp-tog-ra-pliy  (-tog'ra-fi),  n. 
the  art  of  writing  in  cipher  or 
secret  characters. 

cryp-ton  (krip'ton),  n.  an  ele- 
ment of  the  atmosphere,  recently 
discovered. 

cryp-to-nym  ('to-nim),  n.  a  se- 
cret name. 

crys-tal  (kris'tal),  n.  an  inor- 
ganic body  having  a  definite  geo- 
metrical form  ;  a  glass  of  superior 
clearness ;  anything  transparent 
and  clear :  adj.  consisting  of  crys- 
tal ;  clear ;  transparent. 

crys-tal-line  ('ta-lin),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  having  the  form  of, 
a  crystal ;  clear  ;  transparent. 

crys-tal-li-za-tion  (-li-za'shun) , 
n.  the  act  of  crystallizing. 

crys-tal-lize  ('tal-iz),  v.t.  to 
cause  to  form  crystals  or  a  crys- 
talline structure':  v.i.  to  be  con- 
verted into  crystals ;  assume  a 
definite  shape. 

crys-tal-log-ra-phy  (-log'ra-fi), 
n.  the  science  of  the  forms  and 
structure  of  crystals. 

cub  (kub),  n.  the  young  of  cer- 
tain animals,  as  the  fox. 

cu-bage  (kii'baj),  n.  the  act  of  de- 
termining the  contents  of  a  solid  ; 
the  contents  so  measured. 


cub-by-h.ole  (kub'i-hol),  n.  a 
snug  place. 

cube  (kub),  n.  a  regular  solid 
body  with  six  equal  square  sides 
or  faces ;  the  product  obtained  by 
multiplying  the  square  of  a  quan- 
tity by  the  quantity  itself,  as 
5X5X5  =  125,  cube  of  5 :  v.t. 
to  raise  to  the  third  power,  or 
cube. 

cube  root  ('root),  n.  the  first 
power  of  a  cube,  as  5  of  125. 

cu-beb  (ku'beb),  n.  the  small 
spicy  berry  of  a  species  of  pepper; 
Java  pepper. 

cu-bic  ('bik),  adj.  having  the  form 
or  properties  of  a  cube.  Also 
cubical. 

cu-bic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in  a 
cubic  manner. 

cu-bit  ('bit),  n.  an  ancient  meas- 
ure of  about  18  inches ;  the  fore- 
arm from  the  elbow  to  the  wrist. 

cu-bo-cube  ('bo-kub),  n.  the 
square  of  the  cube,  or  the  sixth 
power  of  a  number,  as  729  =  3". 

cuck-ing-stool  (kuk'ing-stool), 
n.  a  kind  of  chair  in  which  dis- 
orderly females,  scolds,  &c.,  were 
placed  and  ducked. 

cuck-old  (kuk'old),  n.  the  hus- 
band of  an  adulteress ;  the  bur- 
dock. 

cuck-oo  (kook'oo),  n.  a  passerine 
bird  with  a  dark  plumage  and 
curved  bill :  so  named  from  its 
characteristic  note. 

cu-cum-ber  (ku'kum-ber),  n.  a 
creeping  plant,  the  elongated  fruit 
of  which  is  used  as  a  salad,  and 
as  a  pickle. 

cud  (kud),  n.  food  brought  from 
the  first  stomach  of  a  ruminating 
animal  back  into  the  mouth  and 
chewed  again. 

cud-die  (kud'l),  v.t.  to  embrace 
closely :  v.i.  to  lie  close  or  snug : 
n.  a  close  embrace. 

cudg-el  (kuj'el),  n.  a  short  thick 
stick :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  cudgeled, 
p.pr.  cudgeling],  to  beat  with  a 
cudgel. 

cue  (kit),  n.  the  tail  or  end  of  a 
thing ;  a  queue ;  a  hint ;  the  last 
word  of  an  actor's  speech ;  the 
part  one  has  to  play ;  a  number 
of  persons  waiting  ranged  in  a 
line ;  the  tapering  rod  used  in 
billiards. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then 


cuf 


232 


cup 


cuff  (kuf),  n.  a  blow;  the  orna- 
mental fold  of  the  sleeve  of  a  gar- 
ment at  the  wrist :  v.t.  to  strike 
with  the  hand. 

cui-rass  (kwe-ras'),  n.  a  breast- 
plate. 

cui-ras-sier  ('-er'),  n.  a  cavalry 
soldier  armed  with  a  cuirass. 

cui-sine  (  kwe-zen' ) .  n.  the 
kitchen  of  a  hotel,  &c. ;  style  or 
quality  of  cooking. 

cul-de-sac  (koo'de-sak),  n.  [pi. 
culs-de-sac],  a  passage  open  only 
at  one  end ;  a  position  in  which 
an  army  finds  itself  when  hem- 
med in  and  no  exit  but  in  front. 

cu-li-na-ry  (ku'li-na-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  kitchen,  or  the  art 
or  process  of  cooking. 

cull  (kul),  v.t.  to  pick  out;  se- 
lect ;  gather. 

cul  mi-iiate  ('mi-nat),  v.i.  to 
reach  the  highest  point  of  alti- 
tude, rank,  power,  &c. ;  come  to 
the  meridian. 

cul  mi  na-tioii  (-na'shun),  n.  the 
attainment  of  the  highest  point ; 
the  transit  of  a  planet  through 
the  meridian. 

cul-pa-bil-i-ty  (-pa-bil'i-ti),  n. 
liability  to  blame. 

cul-pa-ble  ('pa-bl),  adj.  deserv- 
ing censure ;  criminal  ;  blame- 
worthy. 

cwl-pa-to-ry  ('pa-to-ri),  adj.  cen- 
suring. 

cul-prit  ('prit),  n.  one  arraigned 
before  a  judge ;  one  accused  of  a 
crime  or  fault. 

cult  (kuit),  n.  a  particular  ritual 
or  system  of  worship ;  a  subject 
of  special  study ;  devoted  or  ex- 
travagant homage  or  adoration. 

cultcii  (kulch),  n.  materials  form- 
ing a  spawning  bed  for  oysters  ; 
oyster-spawn. 

cul-ti-vate  (kul'ti-vat),  v.t.  to 
till ;  improve  by  care,  labor,  or 
study ;  seek  the  society  of. 

cul-ti-va-tion  (-va'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  cultivating ;  tillage ;  cult- 
ure. 

8yn.  culture,  refinement. 

cul-ti-va-tor  ('ti-va-ter),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  cultivates ;  a 
farmer ;  an  agricultural  imple- 
ment. 

cnl-tur-al  ('tur-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  culture. 


cul-ture  ('tur),  n.  tillage;  the 
training  or  refining  of  the  moral 
or  intellectual  faculties ;  care 
given  to  the  growth  and  develop- 
ment of  animals  and  plants;  the 
propagation  of  bacteria  for  scien- 
tific study. 

cul-ver-in  ('ver-in),  n.  a  long 
cannon  of  the  KJth  century  with 
serpent-shaped  handles. 

cul-vert  ('vert),  n.  a  drain  or 
waterway  of  masonry  or  brick- 
work under  a  road,  &c. 

cum  -  ber  (kum'ber),  v.t.  to 
hinder  ;  embarrass  ;  oppress  ;  per- 
plex. 

cum-ber-some  (-sum),  adj.  bur- 
densome ;  unwieldy. 

cum-brous  Cbrus),  adj.  trouble- 
some ;  vexatious  ;  heavy  ;  obstruct- 
ing. 

cum-in  (kum'in),  n.  a  plant,  with 
warm  aromatic  bitterish  seeds. 
Also  cummin. 

cu  -  mu  -  la  -  tive  (ku'mu-IJl-tiv), 
adj.  augmenting  or  giving  force ; 
increasing  by  successive  additions. 

cu-mu-la-tive  vote  (yot).  n.  a 
system  of  voting  by  which  a  voter 
votes  for  each  candidate,  or  gives 
all  his  votes  to  one. 

cu-mu-lus  (ku'mii-lus),  n.  [pi. 
cumuli  (-11)],  a  cloud  in  round 
woolly  masses. 

cu-ne-ate  (ku'ne-at),  adj.  wedge- 
shaped. 

cu-ne-i-form  (-i-form),  adj.  hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  wedge :  said  of 
the  wedge-shaped  characters  of  the 
Assyrian  and  ancient  Persian  in- 
scriptions. Also  arrowhead. 

cun-ning  (kun'ing).  adj.  crafty; 
sly  ;  designing  ;  subtle  :  n.  deceit : 
craftiness ;  the  natural  instinct  of 
an  animal. 

cup  (kup),  n.  a  small  drinking 
vessel ;  something  shaped  like  a 
cup ;  a  chalice ;  a  piece  of  plate 
offered  as  a  prize ;  a  vessel  for 
drawing  blood :  pi.  repeated  pota- 
tions: v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  cupped. 
p.pr.  cupping],  to  bleed  by  means 
of  a  cupping-glass :  v.i.  to  strike 
or  indent  the  ground  with  a  golf- 
club  when  striking  the  ball. 

cup-board  (kub'erd),  n.  a  closet 
fitted  with  shelves  for  holding 
cups,  plates,  &c. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cep 


233 


cur 


cu-pel  (ku'pel),  n.  a  shallow 
porous  vessel  in  which  gold  and 
silver  are  refined :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
cupeled,  p.pr.  cupeling],  to  refine 
(precious  metals)  from  lead  in  a 
cupel. 

cu-pel-la-tion  (-pel-a'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  refining  in  a  cupel. 

cup-ful  (kup'fool).  n.  [pi.  cup- 
fuls  Cfoolz)],  as  much  as  a  cup 
will  contain. 

cu-pid-i-ty  (ku-pid'i-ti),  n.  covet- 
ousness. 

cu-po-la  ('po-la),  n.  [pi.  cupolas 
(-laz)],  a  spherical  cup-shaped 
roof ;  a  revolving  shot-proof  tur- 
ret. 

cu-pre-ous  ('pre-us),  adj.  cop- 
pery. 

cu-pric  ('prik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  copper. 

cn-prif-er-ous  (-prif'er-us),  adj. 
yielding  copper. 

cn-prite  ('prlt),  n.  red  oxide  of 
copper. 

cu-pule  Cpul),  n.  a  little  cup,  as 
of  the  acorn ;  a  small  cup-shaped 
organ. 

cur  (ker),  n.  a  mongrel  dog; 
a  surly,  ill-bred  person. 

cur-a-ble  (kur'a-bl),  adj.  remedia- 
ble. 

cu-ra-cy  (ku'ra-si).  n.  the  office 
or  district  of  a  curate. 

cu-ra-ri  (-ra'ri),  n.  a  black  resin- 
ous substance  prepared  from  the 
bark  of  a  South  American  tree, 
used  by  the  natives  for  poisoning 
their  arrows:  it  is  a  powerful 
anaesthetic. 

cu-ra-rine  Crin),  n.  an  alkaloid 
extract  of  curari  of  a  more  deadly 
nature. 

cu-ra-rize  ('riz),  v.t.  to  poison 
by  curari. 

cu-ras-sow  f-ras'o).  n.  a  large 
gallinaceous  South  American  bird. 

cu-rate  (ku'rat),  n.  a  clergyman 
who  assists  a  vicar  or  incumbent. 

cu-ra-tive  ('ra-tiv),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  cure  of  diseases ;  pro- 
moting cure:  n.  that  which  cures 
or  serves  to  cure. 

cu-ra-tor  (-ra'ter),  n.  the  super- 
intendent of  a  museum,  art  gal- 
lery, &c. 

curb  (kerb),  v.t.  restrain;  keep 
in  subjection ;  furnish  with,  or  as 


with,  a  curb :  n.  that  which 
checks,  restrains,  or  subdues ;  a 
part  of  a  horse's  bridle ;  a  curb- 
stone. 

curb-ing  (kerb'ing),  n.  curb- 
stones collectively ;  material  for 
curbstones. 

curb-stone  ('ston),  n.  the  stone- 
edge  of  a  path. 

curd  (kerd),  n.  the  coagulated 
part  of  milk,  containing  casein : 
r.t.  to  cause  to  curdle. 

curd-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  curdy. 

cur-die  (ker'dl),  v.t.  to  thicken 
into  curd  :  v.i.  to  coagulate. 

cur-dy  ('di),  adj.  like,  or  full  of, 
curd. 

cure  (kfir),  n.  restoration  to 
health ;  the  act,  or  art,  of  heal- 
ing ;  spiritual  charge ;  the  office 
of  a  parish  -priest  or  curate :  v.t. 
to  heal ;  restore  to  health ;  set 
free  from  ;  preserve  by  salting. 

cu-re  (ku-ra'),  n.  in  France,  a 
Roman  Catholic  parish  priest. 

cur-few  (ker'fu),  n.  a  bell  origi- 
nally rung  at  8  p.  m.  as  an  inti- 
mation that  fires  and  lights  were 
to  be  extinguished. 

cu-ri-o  ('ri-o).  n.  [pi.  curios 
(-6z)],  bric-a-brac;  a  curiosity. 

cu-ri-os-i-ty  (-os'i-ti),  n.  \pl. 
curiosities  (-tiz)j,  the  quality  of 
being  curious ;  inquisitiveness ; 
something  strange  or  rare. 

cu-ri-o-so  (-6'so),  n.  [pi.  curiosi 
('si)  ],  a  virtuoso. 

cu-ri-ous  ('ri-us),  adj.  desirous  to 
see  or  know  something  new  or 
strange;  inquisitive;  scrutiniz- 
ing ;  exact ;  extraordinary. 

curl  (kerl).  n.  a  ringlet  of  hair; 
an  undulation  or  bend ;  a  disease 
in  fruit  trees  and  potatoes :  v.t.  to 
twist  into  ringlets ;  crisp ;  coil ; 
raise  in  undulations ;  curve :  v.i. 
to  contract  or  bend  into  ringlets ; 
move  in  spirals  or  undulations ; 
become  curled ;  play  at  the  game 
of  curling. 

curl-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  curls; 
one  who  plays  at  the  game  of  curl- 
ing. 

cur-lew  ('In),  n.  migratory  short- 
tailed  wading  bird  with  a  long 
curved  bill. 

cur-ling  ('ling),  n.  a  popular 
Scottish  game  played  on  the  ice 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he",  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pflrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cur 


234 


cus 


with  smooth,  flat,  cheese-shaped 
stones,  fitted  with  handles. 

cur-ly  ('li),  adj.  having  curls; 
wavy. 

cur-mud-geon  (-mud'jun),  n.  a 
grasping,  churlish  fellow ;  a  nig- 
gard. 

cur-rant  ('lint),  n.  a  small  va- 
riety of  dried  grape ;  the  well- 
known  shrub  and  its  berry. 

cur-ren-cy  ('en-si),  n.  a  contin- 
ual passing  from  hand  to  hand ; 
uninterrupted  course;  the  circu- 
lating monetary  medium  of  a  na- 
tion used  by  authority. 

cur-rent  Cent),  adj.  widely  cir- 
culated ;  passing  from  hand  to 
hand ;  now  passing,  as  time ;  gen- 
erally accepted  or  credited  ;  prev- 
alent ;  common :  n.  a  flow  or 
passing :  said  of  fluids ;  body  of 
air  or  water  flowing  in  a  certain 
direction ;  general  tendency. 

cur-ri-cle  ('i-kl),  n.  a  two- 
wheeled  chaise  drawn  by  two 
horses  abreast. 

cur-ric-u-lum  (-ik'u-lum),  n. 
[pi.  curricula  (-1ft.)],  a  course;  a 
proscribed  course  of  study  in  a 
university,  school,  &c. 

cur-ri-er  ('i-er),  n.  a  leather 
dresser. 

cur-risk  ('ish),  adj.  snappish; 
quarrelsome. 

cur-ry  (kur'i),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
curried,  p.pr.  currying],  to  dress 
(leather)  after  tanning;  beat; 
flatter;  dress  or  clean  (a  horse). 

cur-ry  (kur'i).  n.  [pi.  curries 
Ciz)],  a  highly-spiced  East  In- 
dian sauce ;  a  stew  of  rice,  fowl, 
&c.,  flavored  with  curry :  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  curried,  p.pr.  currying],  to 
cook  or  flavor  with  curry. 

cur  ry-coiub  (-kom),  n.  a  metal- 
lic comb,  used  in  grooming 
horses. 

curse  (kers),  n.  an  imprecation 
of  evil ;  that  which  brings  or 
causes  evil  or  trouble ;  a  profane 
oath :  v.t.  to  imprecate  evil  upon  ; 
cause  evil  to ;  anathematize :  v.i. 
to  swear. 

curs-ed  (ker'sed).  p.ndj.  under  a 
curse  ;  hateful ;  unsanctified. 

cur  -  so  -  ri  -  al  (-so'ri-al ) .  adj. 
adapted  for  running  or  walking. 

cur-so-rl-ly  ('so-ri-li),  adv.  hasti- 
ly. 


cur-so-ry  ( 'so-ri ) ,  adj.  hasty  ;  su- 
perficial. 

8yn.  desultory,  hasty. 
Ant.   (see  thorough). 

curst,  p.p.  of  curse. 

curt  (kert),  adj.  abrupt;  short. 

cur-tail  (ker-tal'),  v.t.  to  cut 
short ;  reduce. 

cur-tail-ment  ('ment),  n.  the  act 
of  curtailing. 

cur-tain  ('tin),  n.  a  textile  hang- 
ing screen  which  can  be  drawn 
up  or  set  aside  at  pleasure ;  the 
part  of  the  rampart  and  parapet 
between  two  bastions  or  gates : 
v.t.  to  inclose  in,  or  as  with,  cur- 
tains. 

curt-sy  (kert'si),  n.  [pi.  curtsies 
('siz)],  a  salutation  made  by 
bending  the  knees.  Also  curtsey : 
v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  curtsied,  p.pr. 
curtsying],  to  make  a  curtsy. 

cur-vate  ( ker'vat ) ,  adj.  bent ; 
curved. 

cur-va-tion  (-va'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  bending. 

cur-va-ture  ('va-tur),  TO.  a  bend- 
ing. 

curve  (kerv),  adj.  bent  without 
angles :  n.  a  bending  without 
angles ;  a  draughtsman's  instru- 
ment for  forming  curves :.  v.t.  to 
bend. 

cur-vet  (ker7  or  ker-vet'),  n.  a 
particular  leap  of  a  horse ;  a  frisk 
or  bound  :  v.i.  to  leap  as  a  -horse ; 
frisk  or  bound. 

cur-vi-lin-e-al  (-vi-lin'e-al),  or 
curvilinear  (-ar),  adj.  consist- 
ing of,  or  bounded  by,  curved 
lines. 

cur-ving  ('ving),  TO.  a  curve; 
bend. 

cush-ion  (koosh'un).  n.  a  pillow 
or  soft  pad  for  sitting  or  reclin- 
ing upon  ;  a  pillow  used  in  lace- 
making;  the  elastic  rim  of  a  bil- 
liard table :  v.t.  to  seat  upon  a 
cushion  ;  furnish  with  a  cushion : 
v.i.  make  the  cue-ball  strike 
against  the  cushion. 

cusp  (kusp),  n.  the  horn  of  a 
crescent ;  a  sharp  rigid  point ;  a 
spear-shaped  architectural  orna- 
ment. 

cns-pi-dal  (kus'pi-dal),  adj.  end- 
ing in  a  point. 

cus-pi-date  ('pi-dftt),  adj.  furn- 
ished with  a  sharp,  spear-like 
point. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot :  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cus 


235 


cya 


cus-pi-dor  ('pi-dor),  n.  a  spittoon. 

cus-tard  ('terd),  n.  a  composition 
of  eggs  and  milk,  &c.,  baked  or 
boiled. 

cus-to-di-an  (-to'di-an),  n.  one 
who  has  the  care  of  anything. 

cus-to-dy  ('to-di),  n.  guardian- 
ship ;  imprisonment ;  security. 

cus-tom  ('turn),  n.  frequent  or 
habitual  repetition  of  the  same 
act ;  established  usage ;  business 
support ;  unwritten  law  ;  duties  on 
imported  or  exported  goods :  v.i. 
to  be  accustomed. 

Syn.  fashion,  manner,  practice. 

cus-tom  house  (hous),  n.  a  build- 
ing where  duties  are  paid  on  ex- 
ported or  imported  goods,  and  ves- 
sels are  entered  and  cleared. 

cus-tom-a-ry  (-a-ri),  adj.  habit- 
ual ;  conventional ;  common. 

cus-tom-er    (-er),  n.  a  purchaser. 

cut  (kut),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  cut, 
p.pr.  cutting],  to  cleave  or  sepa- 
rate with  a  sharp  instrument 
make  an  incision  in  ;  divide  ;  trim 
castrate ;  excavate ;  intersect 
abridge ;  diminish ;  pass  deliber- 
ately without  recognition  ;  wound 
deeply;  divide  (a  pack  of  cards) 
at  random;  strike  (a  ball)  so  as 
to  send  it  at  right  angles  to  the 
batsman  :  v.i.  to  make  an  incision  ; 
perform  the  work  of  an  edged 
instrument ;  grow  through  the 
gums :  n.  an  incision  or  wound 
made  by  a  sharp  instrument ; 
gash  ;  a  sharp  stroke ;  a  sarcastic 
remark ;  a  trench,  channel,  &c., 
made  by  digging ;  a  slice ;  a  near 
passage ;  a  block  on  which  an  en- 
graving is  cut ;  the  fashion  of  a 
garment;  shape;  deliberate  ignor- 
ing of  an  acquaintance ;  the  divi- 
sion of  a  pack  of  cards ;  a  par- 
ticular stroke  in  cricket,  and  lawn 
tennis ;  a  diminution  in  price  be- 
low another  merchant :  adj.  di- 
vided or  separated ;  gashed  ;  hav- 
ing the  surface  ornamented  or 
fashioned ;  not  wrought  or  hand- 
made. 

cut-glass  (kut'glas),  n.  flint 
glass  cut  into  facets  or  figures. 

cut-off  ('of),  n.  a  short  or 
straight  road  ;  a  new  shorter  chan- 
nel cut  by  a  river  across  a  bend  ; 
a  device  for  stopping  steam  from 
entering  a  cylinder. 

cut-out    ('out),    n.    a   switch-like 


contrivance  to  cut  off  an  electric 
light  from  the  circuit. 

cut- throat  ('thrOt),  n.  a  mur- 
derer ;  ruffian. 

cu-ta-ne-ous  ( ku-ta'ne-us),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  skin. 

cut-a-way  (kut'u-wfi),  adj.  cut 
back  from  the  waist :  n.  a  coat, 
the  skirts  of  which  slope  from  the 
waist. 

cutch  (kuch),  n.  oyster-spawn; 
couch-  or  quick-grass  ;  cultch. 

cute   (kut),  adj.  sharp;  clever. 

cu-ti-cle  (ku'ti-kl),  n.  the  scarf- 
skin  ;  the  thin  exterior  bark  of  a 
plant. 

cu-ti-fy  ('i-fi),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
cutified,  p.pr.  ratifying],  to  form, 
or  become  covered  with,  skin. 

cut -lass  ('las),  n.  a  broad  cutting 
sword. 

cut-ler  ('ler),  n.  one  who  makes 
or  sells  knives  or  other  cutting  in- 
struments. 

cut-le-ry  (-ri),  n.  edged  or  cutting 
instruments. 

cut-let  ('let),  n.  a  slice  of  meat. 

cut-ter  ('er),  n.  one  who  cuts  or 
hews ;  one  who  cuts  out  and 
shapes  garments ;  a  light  sledge 
for  two  persons ;  a  small  fast- 
sailing  vessel,  with  one  mast 
sloop-rigged  ;  a  man-of-war's  boat. 

cut-ting  ('ing),  p.adj.  dividing  by 
an  edged  instrument ;  deeply 
wounding  the  feelings  ;  sarcastic  ; 
chilling ;  sharp :  n.  a  piece  cut  off 
or  from ;  a  slip ;  an  incision. 

cut-tie  (kut'l),  n.  the  cuttle-fish,  a 
cephalopod  with  an  internal  shell, 
the  arms  furnished  with  suckers, 
two  large  eyes,  and  an  ink-bag 
containing  a  dark  fluid. 

cut -water  Cwaw-ter),  n.  the  fore 
part  of  a  ship's  prow ;  the  angu- 
lar edge  of  the  pier  of  a  bridge. 

cut-iweed  ('wed),  n.  a  coarse  ma- 
rine alga. 

cut-worm  ('werm),  n.  a  destruc- 
tive larval  moth. 

cy-a-uate  (si'a-nat),  n.  a  com- 
pound of  cyanic  acid  with  a  base. 

cy-a-ne-ous  (-a'ne-us),  adj.  azure 
blue. 

cy-au-ic  (-an'ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  cyanogen. 

cy-au-ic  acid(as'id),  n.  a  strong 
acid  composed  of  cyanogen  and 
oxygen. 


late,  milr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  iot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cya 


236 


cys 


cy-a-nide  ( 'S-nid ) ,  n.  a  compound  | 
of  cyanic  acid  with  a  metal. 

cy-an-o-gen  (-an'6-jen),  n.  a  col- 
orless poisonous  gas  burning  with 
a  purple  flame,  with  the  odor  of 
peach  blossoms. 

cy-a-no-sis    (-a-no'sis),   n.  a  con-1 
dition   of   the   body   in   which   its , 
surtace  becomes  blue,  due  to  the 
insufficient  aeration  of  the  blood. 

cy-an-o-type  (-an'6-tip),  n.  a 
photographic  process  in  which 
the  picture  is  taken  in  Prussian 
blue. 

cy-cle  (si'kl),  n.  a  revolution  of  a 
certain  period  of  time,  which  re- 
curs again  in  the  same  order ;  an 
imaginary  circle  in  the  heavens  ; 
the  aggregate  of  traditional  or 
legendary  matter  connected  with 
a  mythological  personage  or  event ; 
a  bicycle  or  tricycle :  v.i.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  cycled,  p.pr.  cycling],  to  oc- 
cur, or  recur,  in  cycles ;  ride  a 
bicycle  or  tricycle. 

cy-clic  (sfklic  or  sik'lic),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  moving  in,  a  cycle : 
belonging  to  the  literary  cycle  of 
Greek  poets  who  wrote  on  the 
Trojan  war  and  its  heroes.  Also 
cyclical. 

cy-cling  ('kling),  p.adj.  bicvcling  ; 
riding  on  a  bicycle. 

cy-clist  (si'klist),  n.  a  bicyclist. 

cy-cloid  (sl'kloid).  n.  a  geomet- 
rical curve  traced  out  by  any 
point  of  a  circle  rolling  along  a 
straight  line  until  it  has  com- 
pleted a  revolution. 

cy-clom-e-ter  (si-klom'e-ter),  «. 
an  instrument  for  registering  the 
revolutions  of  a  wheel. 

cy-clo-nal  ('klo-nal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  a 
cyclone.  Also  cyclonic. 

cy-clone  ('klon),  n.  a  violent 
storm  ;  an  atmospheric  movement 
in  which  the  wind  blows  spirally 
round  towards  a  center. 

cy-clo-no-scope  (-klo'no-skop).  n. 
an  apparatus  for  recording  the 
motions  of  atmospheric  currents 
which  produce  cyclones. 

cy-clo-pae-di-a  or  cyclopedia 
(s!-klo-pe'di-a),  abbreviation  of 
encyclopaedia. 

Cy-clo-pe-an  (-klo-pe'an),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  Cyclops :  hence 


huge  and  rough  ;  terrific  ;  vast ; 
massive. 

cy-clo-ra-ma  (-klo-ra'mu),  n.  a 
series  of  moving  pictures  extended 
circularly  so  as  to  appear  in  nat- 
ural perspective  to  the  spectator 
standing  in  the  center. 

cy-clo-style  ('klo-stil),  n.  an  ap- 
paratus for  producing  manifold 
copies  by  means  of  a  small  toothed 
wheel. 

cyg-net  (sig'net),  n.  a  young 
swan. 

cyl-in-der  (sil'in-der),  n.  a  long 
circular  body,  solid  or  hollow,  of 
uniform  diameter;  a  chamber  in 
which  force  is  exerted  on  the  pis- 
ton of  a  steam  engine ;  the  barrel 
of  a  pump ;  a  hollow  roller  for 
printing ;  a  roller-shaped  stone 
with  cuneiform  inscriptions. 

cy-lin-dric  Cdrik),  adj.  having 
the  form,  or  properties,  of  a  cyl- 
inder. Also  cylindrical. 

cyl-in-dric-i-ty  (-dris'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  character  of  being  cylin- 
drical. 

cyl-in-droid  ('in-droid),  n.  a  solid 
body  resembling  a  cylinder,  but 
with  the  ends  elliptical :  adj.  hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  cylindroid. 

cym-bal  (shn'bal),  n.  one  of  a 
pair  of  circular  dish-shaped  brass 
plates,  which  when  struck  pro- 
duce a  clashing  sound, 

cyme  (sim),  n.  a  convex  or  flat- 
tened flower  cluster. 

cyn-ic  (sin'ik),  n.  a  morose,  surly, 
or  sarcastic  person  ;  one  of  a  sect 
of  ancient  Greek  philosophers. 

cyn-ic-al  ('ik-al),  adj.  like  a 
cynic. 

cyn-i-cism  Ci-sizm),  n.  the  tem- 
per and  practice  of  a  cynic. 

cy-no-sure  (sT'no-  or  sin'o-shur), 
n.  an  object  of  general  attraction. 

cy-press  (si'pres),  n.  a  coniferous 
tree,  the  emblem  of  mourning : 
adj.  belonging  to,  or  made  of,  cy- 
press. 

Cyp-ri-an  (sip'ri-an),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Venus  :  hence  wanton  ; 
lascivious. 

cyst  (sist),  n.  a  bladder;  pouch, 
usually  membranous,  containing 
morbid  matter. 

cys-tic  (sis'tik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  contained  in,  a  cyst ;  ves- 
icular. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


cys 


237 


Cze 


cys-to-cele  ('to-sel),  «.  hernia  oc- 
casioned by  protrusion  of  the 
bladder. 

cys-to-scop-y  (-to-skop'i),  n.  the 
examination  of  the  human  blad- 
der by  an  incandescent  electric 
lamp. 

cys-tose   ('tos),  adj.  full  of  cysts. 

cys-tot-o-my  (-tot'o-mi),  n.  the 
opening  of  the  human  bladder  for 
the  extraction  of  stone. 

cy-to-blas-te-ma  ( si-to-blas-te'- 
ma),  n.  the  protoplasm  in  which 
animal  and  vegetable  cells  are 
produced. 

cy-to-coc-cus  (-kok'us),  n.  the 
nucleus  of  a  parent  cell. 

cy-tode   (si'tod),  n.  a  cell. 


cy-to-gen-e-sis  (-to-jen'e-sis),  n. 
cell  formation. 

Czar  (zar),  or  Tzar  (tsar),  n. 
the  title  of  the  Russian  Emperor. 

Czar  -  e  -  vitch  ( ziir'e-vich ) ,  or 
Tsarevitch  (tzar'-),  n.  the  eld- 
est son  of  the  Czar.  Also  Czare- 
witch,  Csesarewitch. 

Cza-rev-na  (za-rev'na),  or  Tza- 
revna  (tza-).  n.  a  Russian  prin- 
cess (imperial)  :  applied  to  the 
wife  of  the  Czarevitch. 

Cza-ri-na  (za-re'na),  or  Tsarina 
(ts'd.-).  n.  an  empress  of  Russia; 
the  wife  of  the  Czar. 

Czech  (chek).  n.  a  member  of  the 
most  westerly  branches  of  the 
Slavonic  family,  including  Bohe- 
mians, Moravians,  and  Slovaks. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  iiut ;  thin,  Men. 


dab 


238 


dam 


D 


dab  (dab),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  dabbed, 
p.pr.  dabbing],  to  strike  or  touch 
lightly :  n.  a  small  soft  lump ;  a 
gentle  blow  ;  a  salt-water  flounder  ; 
an  expert :  pi.  refuse  foots :  adj. 
clever ;  handy. 

dab-ber  (dab'er),  n.  an  inking- 
ball  used  by  printers  and  engrav- 
ers. 

dab-bing  ('ing),  n.  the  process 
of  indenting  the  surface  of  a  stone 
by  a  piok-shaped  tool. 

dab-ble  (dab'l),  v.t.  to  dip 
slightly  and  often  ;  moisten  ;  spat- 
ter :  v.i.  to  play  in  water ;  do  any- 
thing in  a  superficial  manner. 

dab-chick  ('chik),  n.  an  un- 
fledged bird ;  a  small  grebe. 

dab-ster  ('ster),  n.  an  expert. 

dace  (das),  n.  &  small  fresh- 
water fish  resembling  the  roach. 

dach.s-h.nnd  (daks'hoont),  «.  the 
German  badger-dog. 

dac-tyl  (dak'til).  n.  a  poetical 
foot  of  three  syllables,  one  long 
and  two  short  ('•  ^  v ) . 

dac-tyl-ic  (-til'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  dactyl. 

dac-ty  1-i-og-ra-phy  ( -i-og'ra-fi ) , 
the  art  of  engraving  on  gems. 

dac-tyl-ol-o-gy  (-ol'o-ji),  n.  the 
art  of  communicating  ideas  with 
the  fingers. 

dad  (dad),  n.  a  child  name  for 
father.  Also  daddy. 

dad-die  (dad'l),  v.t.  to  walk  un- 
steadily like  a  child ;  waddle ; 
trifle. 

dad-dy-long-legs  (M-long-Iegs) , 
n.  a  name  for  various  kinds  of 
crane-fly. 

da-do  (da'do),  n.  the  solid  block 
forming  the  body  of  a  pedestal ; 
an  ornamental  border  around  the 
lower  part  of  the  wall  of  a  room, 
&c. :  v.t.  to  ornament  with  a  dado. 

daf-fo-dil  (daf'6-dil),  n.  the  nar- 
cissus. 

daft  (daft),  adj.  simple;  silly. 

dag-ger  (dag'6r),  n.  a  short  edged 
and  pointed  weapon,  used  for 
stabbing ;  a  reference  mark  in 
printing  (f). 


da-go  (da'go),  n.  [pi.  dagos 
('gdz)],  a  nickname  for  a  dark- 
complexioned  person,  especially  of 
Spanish,  Portuguese,  or  Italian 
descent ;  a  sailor's  name  for  a 
person  speaking  Portuguese  or 
Spanish. 

da-guerre-o-type  ( da-ger'o-tip ) , 
n.  a  picture  produced  on  a  silvered 
plate. 

dah-lia  (djU'ya),  n.  [pi.  dahlias 
('yaz)],  a  composite  plant,  with 
large  bright-colored  flowers. 

dai-ly  (da'li),  n.  [pi.  dailies 
('Hz)],  a  newspaper  or  periodical 
published  each  week-day :  adj.  oc- 
curring or  recurring  each  succes- 
sive day ;  diurnal :  adv.  day  by 
day. 

Syn.  diurnal. 

Ant.    (see  nightly). 

dain-ti-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  qual- 
ity of  being  dainty. 

dain-ty  (dan'ti),  n.  [pi.  dainties 
('tiz)],  something  choice  or  de- 
licious :  adj.  refined  as  regards 
taste  ;  fastidious  ;  delicious  ;  ele- 
gant ;  sensitive ;  choice. 

dai-ry  (da'ri),  n.  [pi.  dairies 
('riz)],  a  place  where  milk  is 
kept  and  converted  into  butter 
and  cheese,  &c. ;  the  shop  where 
dairy  produce  is  sold. 

dai-ry-pro-duce  ('pro'dus),  n. 
milk,  cream,  butter,  cheese,  eggs. 

dai-ry-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  business 
or  occupation  of  a  dairy  farmer. 

dais    (da'is).  n.  a  raised  platform. 

daisied  (da'zid),  adj.  full  of.  or 
adorned  whh.  daisies. 

dai-sy  (da'zi),  n.  [pi.  daisies 
('ziz)],  a  low  composite  herb  with 
a  yellow  disk,  and  white  or  rose- 
colored  rays. 

dale  (dal),  n.  a  vale;  glen. 

dal-li-ance  (dal'i-ans),  n.  the  act 
of  dallying. 

dally  (dal'i),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
dallied,  p.pr.  dallying],  to  trifle 
away  time  ;  loiter ;  procrastinate  ; 
exchange  caresses. 

dal-ton-ism  (dawl'tun-izm),  ». 
color-blindness. 

dam  (dam),  n.  a  barrier  across 
a  watercourse ;  any  artificial  con- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dam 


239 


dap 


trivance  to  stop  the  flow  of  water 
or  a  gas ;  a  female  parent :  said  of 
beasts :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  clammed, 
p.pr.  damming],  to  confine,  or 
raise  the  level  of,  by  a  dam  ;  re- 
strain (usual  with  in  or  up). 

dam-age  (Tij),  n.  injury  or  harm  ; 
harm  willfully  done  to  a  person's 
character,  person,  or  estate :  pi. 
money  recovered  for  loss  suffered : 
v.t.  to  injure :  v.i.  to  receive  in- 
jury. 

dam-ask  ('ask),  n.  a  rich  silk  fab- 
ric woven  with  elaborate  pat- 
terns ;  a  fine  twilled  table-linen ; 
a  fabric  of  silk  and  wool,  silk  and 
cotton,  &c.,  with  a  flowered  or 
variegated  design ;  Damascus 
steel  or  work ;  deep  pink :  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  made  of,  damask  : 
v.t.  to  work  flowers  upon ;  orna- 
ment (metals)  with  wavy,  silvery 
devices. 

dam-as-keen  (-as-ken'),  v.t.  to 
apply  decorative  metallic  designs 
to  (a  surface  of  steel,  &c.). 

d  a-m  a  s-s  e  (da-ma-sfi'),  adj. 
•woven  with  a  rich  pattern  to  imi- 
tate damask :  decorated  with 
white  on  a  white  ground  :  said  of 
porcelain. 

dame  (dam),  n.  a  title  formerly 
used  instead  of  mistress,  written 
Mrs. ;  the  mistress  of  an  elemen- 
tary school ;  an  elderly  woman. 

damn,  (dam),  v.t.  to  sentence  to 
punishment  judicially ;  consign  to 
a  certain  fate  ;  condemn  as  bad  or 
as  a  failure ;  to  invoke  a  maledic- 
tion upon  :  v.i.  curse  inwardly :  n. 
a  curse. 

dam-nation  (-na'shun),  n.  the 
state  of  being  damned ;  ruina- 
tion by  adverse  criticism  ;  punish- 
ment in  a  future  state. 

dam-na-to-ry  ('na-to-ri),  adj.  as- 
signing to,  or  containing  a  threat 
of,  damnation. 

damned  (damd),  p.adj.  con- 
demned to  perdition ;  execrably 
bad ;  used  sometimes  adverbially 
as  an  intensive  [printed  d — d]. 

dam-ni-fy  (dam'ni-fl),  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  damnified,  p.pr.  damnify- 
ing], to  cause  loss  or  damage  to. 

dam  mini  ('num),  n.  loss  or  dam- 
age capable  of  assessment  by  a 
jury. 


dam-o-sel  ('6-zel),  n.  formerly  a 
damsel,  or  the  wife  of  a  squire. 

damp  (damp),  n.  moisture;  fog; 
humid  exhalation :  adj.  moist ; 
foggy ;  humid ;  dejected :  v.t.  to 
moisten  ;  discourage  ;  depress  ; 
diminish  the  vibrations  of. 

damp-er  ('e"r),  n.  something 
which  depresses  or  discourages ;  a 
contrivance  for  deadening  the  vi- 
brations of  a  musical  instrument. 

damp-ness  ('nes),  n.  humidity; 
moisture. 

dam-sel  ('zel),  n.  a  maiden. 

dam-son  (dam'zn),  n.  a  small 
purple  oval-shaped  plum. 

dance  (dans),  v.i.  to  move  with 
measured  steps  or  to  a  musical 
accompaniment ;  perform  the  fig- 
ures of  a  tlance ;  move  nimbly,  or 
merrily ;  exult :  v.t.  to  give  a 
dancing  motion  to ;  perform  as  a 
dancer :  n.  a  regulated  movement 
of  the  feet  to  a  rhythmical  mu- 
sical accompaniment ;  a  dancing 
party,  less  formal  than  a  ball. 

dan-de-li-on  (dan'de-li-un),  n.  a 
biennial  composite  plant  with 
large  yellow  flowers  and  deeply 
notched  leaves. 

dan-der  ('der),  n.  dandruff; 
anger. 

dan-die  (dan'dl),  v.t.  to  move  up 
and  down  on  the  knee  or  in  the 
arms  in  affectionate  play ;  fondle. 

dan-dniff  ('druf),  n.  scurf  on 
the  scalp. 

dan-dy  ('di),  n.  [pi.  dandies 
('diz)],  a  fop;  coxcomb;  some- 
thing very  neat  and  trim. 

dan-dy -ism   (-izm),  n.  foppishness. 

dan-ger  ('jer),  n.  hazard;  peril. 
Xi/u.  hazard,  peril. 
Ant.    (see  safety). 

dan-ger-ons  (-us),  adj.  involving, 
or  beset  with,  danger ;  ready  to  do 
harm  or  injury  ;  perilous  ;  hazard- 
ous. 

dan-gle  (dang'gl).  v.i.  to  hang  or 
swing  loosely ;  follow :  v.t.  to 
cause  to  dangle. 

dank  (dangk),  adj.  humid;  damp. 

dan-sense  (diing-sez'),  n.  a  fe- 
male professional  dancer ;  a  bal- 
let-dancer. 

dap-per  (dap'er),  adj.  small  and 
active ;  trim  and  neat  in  appear- 
ance. 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  1116611, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dap 


240 


dau 


dap-pie  (dap'l),  adj.  spotted;  va- 
riegated :  v.t.  to  variegate  with 
spots. 

dare  (dar),  v.i.  [p.t.  dared,  durst, 
p.p.  dared,  p.pr.  daring J,  to  have 
courage  ;  attempt ;  venture :  v.t. 
to  defy ;  challenge. 

dare-dev-il  ('dcv-1),  adj.  charac- 
teristic of  a  reckless  man :  n.  a 
reckless  fellow. 

dar-ing  (dar'ing),  n.  intrepidity: 
adj.  fearless  ;  bold  ;  intrepid. 

dark  (dark),  adj.  destitute  of 
light ;  not  reflecting  light ;  wholly 
black  or  grey ;  producing  gloom  ; 
unenlightened,  mentally  or  physic- 
ally ;  obscure ;  untried  ;  of  a  bru- 
nette complexion  :  n.  darkness. 

Syn.    dismal,    opaque,    obscure, 
dim. 

Ant.  (see  light). 

dark  a-ges  (a'jez),  n.pl.  the 
mediaeval  period. 

dark-en  ('en),  v.t.  to  make  dark; 
obscure  ;  render  unintelligible  :  v.i. 
to  become  dark. 

dark-en -ing  (-ing),  n.  twilight; 
gloaming. 

darkish  ('ish)  adj.  somewhat 
dark. 

dark-ling  ('ling),  adj.  dimly 
seen. 

dark-ly  ('li),  adv.  with  imper- 
fect light ;  not  clearly  ;  mysteri- 
ously. 

dark-ness  ('nes),  n.  absence  of 
light,  partial  or  total ;  physical  or 
moral  blindness ;  obscurity ; 
gloom ;  wickedness. 

dark-some   ('sum),  adj.  gloomy. 

dark-y  ('i),  n.  [pi.  darkies 
('iz)J,  a  negro. 

dar-ling  (diir'ling),  «.  a  favor- 
ite ;  pet :  adj.  tenderly  beloved ; 
very  dear. 

darn  (diirn),  v.t.  to  mend  (a 
rent)  by  filling  in  the  hole  with 
yarn  or  thread  by  means  of  a 
needle :  n.  a  patch  made  by  darn- 
ing. 

dar-uel  ('nel),  n.  the  popular  name 
of  a  grass,  Lolium  tremulentum, 
formerly  supposed  to  be  poisonous. 

dart  (dart),  n.  a  small  lance  or 
spear ;  a  kind  of  eel-spear ;  the 
arrow  of  a  blow-gun  ;  a  swift,  sud- 
den movement ;  the  dace :  v.t. 
throw  ;  give  out  or  send  forth  :  r.i. 


move  swiftly ;  start  suddenly  and 
run  quickly. 

Dar-win-i-an  (dar-win'i-an),  adj. 
pertaining  to  Chas.  Darwin,  the 
naturalist  (1809-1882),  or  Dar- 
winism :  n.  an  evolutionist. 

Dar- wiii-ism  (dar'win-izm),  n. 
the  theory  of  natural  selection  ad- 
vocated by  Darwin. 

dash,  (dash),  v.t.  to  throw  vio- 
lently or  hastily ;  break  by  colli- 
sion ;  hurl ;  shatter  ;  suffuse  ;  de- 
press ;  confuse ;  mingle ;  sketch 
rapidly :  v.i.  to  rush  with 
violence ;  fly  off  the  surface  with 
a  violent  noisy  motion :  n.  a  col- 
lision ;  a  slight  addition  ;  ostenta- 
tious parade ;  a  mark  ( — )  in 
writing  or  printing. 

dash-board  (-bord),  n.  a  splash- 
board ;  a  paddle-wheel  float. 

das-tard  (das'tard),  n.  a  coward: 
adj.  meanly  shrinking  from  dan- 
ger ;  cowardly. 

das-tar  d-li -ness  (-li-nes),  n. 
mean  timidity. 

das-tard-ly    (-li),   adv.  cowardly. 

data,   pi.   of  datum    (q.v.). 

date  (dfit),  n.  the  time  of  an 
epoch  or  transaction ;  the  in- 
scription which  specifies  when  a 
writing  or  inscription  was  exe- 
cuted ;  duration ;  the  edible  oval 
fruit  of  the  date-palm :  v.t.  to 
mark  with  a  date :  r.i.  to  have 
a  date  ;  reckon. 

date-tree  (-tre),  n.  a  species  of 
palm. 

da-tive  (da'tiv),  adj.  denoting 
the  case  of  a  noun,  pronoun,  or 
adjective  which  expresses  the  re- 
nioter  object :  usually  indicated 
in  English  by  to  or  for  with  the 
objective  case :  n.  the  dative  case. 

da-tuni  ('turn),  n.  \]>L  data 
('ta)  ], something  assumed,  known, 
or  conceded  for  the  basis  of  an 
argument  or  inference  [usually 
ln.pl.]. 

daub  (dawb),  v.t.  to  cover  or 
smear  with  adhesive  matter ;  paint 
coarsely  or  unskilfully  ;  plaster ; 
flatter  grossly :  n.  a  coarse  or 
rudely-executed  painting ;  a 
smear;  a  cheap  kind  of  mortar. 

daub-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  coarse  paint- 
ing ;  the  application  of  rough  mor- 
tar to  a  wall  to  imitate  stone. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


aau 


241 


dea 


daub-y  ( 'i ) ,  adj.  viscous,  sticky  ; 
like  a  daub. 

dangh-ter  (daw'ter),  n.  the  fe- 
male offspring  of  a  man  or 
woman ;  a  female  in  a  childlike 
relation ;  something  conceived  as 
feminine. 

dangh-ter-in-law  (-in-law),  n. 
a  son's  wife. 

daunt  (dant),  v.t.  to  intimidate; 
dishearten. 

dauntless    ('les).  adj.  fearless. 

dau-phin  (daw'fin),  n.  the  title 
of  the  eldest  son  of  the  King  of 
France  from  1349  to  1830. 

dav-en-port  (dav'en-port),  n.  a 
kind  of  small  writing-desk  ov 
-table. 

dav-it  (dav'it),  n.  one  of  a  pair 
of  f-shaped  uprights  projecting 
over  the  side  of  a  vessel  for  sus- 
pending or  lowering  a  boat. 

da-vy  (da'vi),  n.  [pi.  davies 
('viz)],  a  miner's  safety-lamp 
surrounded  by  fine  gauze  wire, 
invented  by  Sir  H.  Davy,  as  a 
protection  against  fire-damp. 

Da-vy  Jones  (jonz),  n.  a  hu- 
morous name  for  the  spirit  of 
the  sea ;  a  sea-devil. 

daw  (daw),  M.  a  bird  of  the  crow 
family ;  a  jackdaw. 

daw-die  (daw'dl),  v.i.  to  waste 
time  in  a  trifling  manner;  loiter: 
n.  a  dawdler. 

dawn  (dawn),  r.i.  to  begin  to 
grow  light ;  glimmer ;  break  as 
the  day :  n.  the  first  appearance 
of  light  in  the  morning ;  begin- 
ning. 

dawn-ing  ('ing),  n.  daybreak; 
beginning. 

day  (dfi).  M.  the  period  of  light 
between  sunrise  and  sunset ;  day- 
light ;  sunshine :  the  space  of 
twenty-four  hours,  reckoning  from 
midnight  to  midnight  (the  civil 
day),  or  from  noon  to  noon  (the 
astronomical  day)  ;  in  the  East, 
a  distance  that  can  be  traveled  in 
24  hours ;  a  specified  time  or 
period. 

day-book  ('book),  n.  a  book 
in  which  the  transactions  of  the 
day  are  entered  in  the  order  of 
their  occurrence. 

day-break    ('brak),  n.   the  dawn. 

day-dream  ('drem),  n.  a  vision- 
ary fancy. 


days  of  grace  (gnls),  n.pl.  the 
customary  period  (.three  days)  al- 
lowed for  the  payment  of  a  bill 
of  exchange  after  it  becomes  due. 

days-man  (diiz'mun) ,  n.  [pi. 
daysmen  ('men)],  an  umpire;  a 
mediator. 

day-spring  (spring),  n.  the 
dawn  ( Luke  i.  78  i . 

daze  (daz),  v.t.  to  dazzle:  n. 
the  state  of  being  dazed. 

daz-zle  (claz'l),  v.t.  to  overpower 
by  a  glare  of  light ;  dim  by  ex- 
cess of  light ;  overpower  by 
splendor :  v.i.  to  be  overpowered 
by  light :  n.  excess  of  light. 

dea-con  (de'kn)  n.  the  lowest 
order  of  the  clergy  in  the  An- 
glican Church ;  in  non-episcopal 
churches,  a  layman  appointed  to 
assist  the  minister  and  manage 
the  temporal  affairs  of  a  church. 

dead  (ded),  adj.  destitute  of  life; 
inanimate  ;  resembling  death  :  in- 
active ;  unprofitable  ;  monotonous  ; 
tasteless:  unerring;  without  relig- 
ious vitality  ;  flat ;  not  transmit- 
ting a  current ;  deprived  of  civil 
rights ;  out  of  the  game  or  play : 
n.  dead  persons  individually  or 
collectively ;  the  point  or  degree 
of  greatest  lifelessness :  adv.  ab- 
solutely ;  exactly. 

dead-beat  ('bet),  adj.  making 
successive  movements  with  inter- 
vals of  rest  and  no  recoil ; 
thoroughly  exhausted :  n.  a  dead- 
beat  escapement. 

dead-cen-ter  (-sen'ter),  n.  that 
position  of  a  crank  in  which  the 
crank-axle,  crank-pin,  and  the 
connecting  rod  are  all  in  a 
straight  line. 

dead-col-or-ing  (-kul'e"r-ing).  n. 
the  first  broad  outlines  of  a  pict- 
ure. 

dead-en  (ded'n),  v.t.  to  diminish 
the  acuteness,  intensity,  or  vigor 
of ;  retard ;  blunt ;  render  non- 
conductive  ;  make  insipid  or  stale ; 
deprive  of  gloss  or  brilliancy :  kill 
(trees)  by  girdling. 

dead-eye  (ded'I).  n.  a  round, 
flat  block  of  wood  encircled  with 
an  iron  band  and  nierced  with 
three  holes  to  receive  lanyards : 
used  for  setting  up  rigging. 

dead-head  ('bed),  n.  a  person 
who  has  a  free  pass  on  railways 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dea 


dea 


or  to  places  of  amusement,  &c. ;  a 
wooden  buoy  :  v.t.  to  furnish  free 
admission    to:     r.i.     t<>    travel    or 
gain   admission    without  payment. 
dead    let-ter    (let'er),   n.    an   un- 
claimed    letter,     the     owner     for 
which     cannot     be     found ;     that 
which  has  lost  its  authority. 
dead-lift      ('lift),     n.     a     heavy 

weight ;    the   last   extremity. 

dead-lights    ('llts),    n.pl.    strong 

wooden   shutters   placed   over   the 

cabin  windows  in  stormy  weather. 

dead  li-ness  ('li-nes),  n.  the  state 

of  being  deadly. 
dead-load    ('lod),   n.   a   constant 

motionless   load. 

dead-lock  ('lok),  n.  a  lock  worked 
on  one  side  by  a  handle,  and  on 
the  other  side  by  a  key ;  a  situa- 
tion in  which  progress  is  im- 
possible. 

dead-ly  ('li>,  adj.  causing  death; 
destructive  ;  fatal ;  implacable  : 
adv.  implacably. 

»S//H.   fatal,   destructive,  mortal. 
dead-neap    ('nep),  n.  the  lowest 

stage  of  the  tide. 
dead-ness     ('nes),    n.    absence   of 

life ;   inactivity. 

dead-reck  on-ing  (-rek'un-ing) , 
n.  the  calculation  of  a  ship's 
place  at  sea  by  the  log  and  the 
conipass  courses,  allowing  for 
drift,  leeway,  &c. 

dead-set  ('set),  n.  the  fixed 
position  of  a  dog  in  pointing 
game :  a  determined  effort  or 
attack :  adj.  determined  to  do 
something. 

dead-water  (-waw'ter),  n.  the 
water  that  closes  in  under  the 
stern  of  a  ship ;  eddy-water. 
dead-weight  ('wat),  n.  the 
weight  of  the  vehicle  in  addition 
to  the  load  to  be  carried ;  freight 
charged  for  by  weight  instead  of 
by  bulk :  the  heaviest  part  of  a 
ship's  cargo. 

dead-wind  ('wind),  n.  a  wind 
blowing  directly  opposite  to  a 
ship's  course. 

dead-work  ('werk),  n.  work  at 
first  unprofitable,  but  which  lends 
the  way  to  profitable  production, 
as  in  opening  a  mine. 
deaf  (def),  adj.  deprived  of  hear- 
ing; unwilling  to  hear  or  pay  re- 
gard to. 


deaf -en     (def'n),     v.t.     to     make 

deaf ;  render  impervious  to  sound. 

deaf -en-ing   (-ing),  p.adj.  making 

impervious  to  sound :   n.  material 

employed    to    deaden    a    floor    or 

wall. 

deaf -ness    ('nes),  n.  the  state  of 

being  deaf. 

deal  (del),  n.  an  indefinite  quan- 
tity, degree,  or  extent ;  a  division 
of  cards  to  the  players ;  a  mer- 
cantile combination  ;  the  wood  of 
the  fir  or  pine  tree  cut  into  boards 
or  planks:  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  dealt; 
l>.l>r.  dealing],  to  distribute,  ap- 
portion, or  divide  ;  throw  about ; 
scatter :  v.i.  to  have  business ; 
make  a  private  arrangement. 
deal-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  deals; 

a  trader. 

deal-ing    ('ing),   n.   conduct   tow- 
ards others ;  business  intercourse ; 
traffic    [frequently  pi.]. 
dealt,  p.t.  of  deal. 
dean    (den),   n.   the  presiding   ec- 
clesiastical dignitary  in  cathedral 
and  collegiate  churches ;  the  presi- 
dent  of    a    faculty    in    a   college ; 
the   oldest  member,   by   reason   of 
service,    in   a  constituted    body  of 
which  he  acts  as  president. 
dean    and    chap-ter    (chap'ter), 
the  governing  body  of  a  cathedral, 
comprising   the    dean,    canons,    or 
prebendaries. 

dean-er-y  (den'er-i),  n.  [pi.  dean- 
eries (-iz)],  the  office,  jurisdic- 
tion, or  residence  of  a  dean. 
dear  (der),  adj.  expensive;  costly; 
marked  by  scarcity  or  dearth  ;  be- 
loved ;  highly  esteemed;  precious: 
n.  a  darling;  favorite:  orfc.  at 
a  high  price  or  rate :  intcrj.  ex' 
pressing  surprise,  pity,  or  emotion. 
Syn.  beloved,  precious,  costly, 
expensive. 

Ant.    (see  despised,  cheap). 
dear-ly    ('li),  adv.  with  great  af- 
fection ;   at  a  high  price  or  rate. 
dear-ness     ('nes),     n.     affection; 

high   price ;   dearth. 
dearth    (derth),    n.    want;    scar- 
city ;    famine. 
dear-y  (der'i),  n.  a  darling.     Also 

dearie. 

death  (deth),  n.  extinction  of 
life  or  feeling ;  the  state  of  the 
dead;  a  general  mortality;  decay; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dea 


243 


dec 


destruction ;    spiritual    ruin    after 
physical   death    (Kom.  viii.  6). 
»Si//t.  departure,  decease,  demise. 
Ant.    (see   life). 

death-bell  ('bel),  n.  a  passing 
bell. 

death  -  point  ( 'point ) ,  n.  the 
degree  of  heat  or  cold  which  de- 
stroys an  animal  organism. 

death-rate  ('rat),  n.  the  percent- 
age of  deaths,  usually  reckoued 
at  per  thousand,  among  the  popu- 
lation of  a  country,  city,  &c.,  for 
a  given  period. 

death's-head  (s'hed),  n.  a  skull, 
or  representation  of  a  skull,  em- 
blematic of  death. 

death-watch  ('woch),  n.  a  vigil 
beside  the  dying  person  ;  a  guard 
set  over  a  criminal  prior  to  his 
execution ;  a  small  beetle  which 
makes  a  ticking  sound,  super- 
stitiously  supposed  to  forebode 
death. 

death-less    Cles),    adj.    immortal. 

death-ly   ('li),  adj.  mortal;  fatal. 

de-bac-le  (de-bak'l),  n.  the  break- 
ing up  of  ice  on  a  river;  a  stam- 
pede ;  a  violent  flood  carrying 
with  it  debris  in  great  masses. 

de-bar  (de-bar'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
debarred,  p.pr.  debarring],  to  shut 
out ;  exclude ;  hinder  from  ap- 
proach, enjoyment,  or  action  ;  pre- 
clude [with  from]. 

de-bark  (de-b£rk'),  v.i.  to  dis- 
embark. 

de-bar-ka-tion  (-biir-ka'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  disembarking. 

de-base  (de-bas'),  v.t.  to  reduce 
from  a  higher  to  a  lower  state  ; 
lower  in  character,  virtue,  purity, 
or  quality. 

de-base-ment  ('ment),  n.  act  of 
debasing. 

deba-ta-ble  (de-ba'ta-bl),  adj. 
admitting  of  question  or  debate. 

de-bate  (de-bfif),  v.t.  to  contend 
for  in  words  or  arguments  ;  medi- 
tate upon  ;  deliberate  together :  v.i. 
to  argue  or  discuss  a  point ;  re- 
flect :  n.  contention  in  words  or 
argument ;  controversy ;  discus- 
sion. 

de-banch  (de-bawch'),  v.t.  to  cor- 
rupt in  morals  or  principles ;  se- 
duce ;  pollute ;  vitiate :  v.i.  to  en- 
gage in  debauchery  or  riot :  n.  ex- 
cess in  eating  and  drinking ;  lewd- 
ness. 


deb-au-chee  (deb'6-she),  n.  a 
drunkard. 

de-bauch-er-y  (de-baw'cher-i),  n. 
[pi.  debaucheries  (-iz)],  exces- 
sive intemperance ;  seduction  from 
purity  or  virtue ;  corruption  of 
fidelity. 

de-ben-ture  (de-ben'tur),  n.  a 
written  acknowledgment  of  a 
debt. 

de-bil-i-tant  (de-bil'i-tant),  adj. 
weakening. 

de-bil-i-tate  ('i-tat),  v.t.  to  en- 
feeble ;  enervate. 

de-bil-i-ta-tion  (-i-ta'shun),  n. 
enervation. 

de-bil-i-ty  (-bil'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
debilities  (-tiz)],  abnormal  func- 
tional weakness ;  languor. 

deb-it  (deb'it),  n.  that  which  is 
owing,  entered  on  the  debtor  side 
of  a  ledger ;  opposed  to  credit :  adj. 
relating  to  debts :  v.t.  to  charge 
with  debt ;  enter  on  the  debtor's 
side  of  an  account. 

deb-o-nair  (deb-6-nar'),  adj.  of 
gentle  manners  or  breeding ;  ele- 
gant. [French.] 

de-bench  (de-boosh'),  v.i.  to 
march  out  of  a  confined  space 
into  open  ground. 

de-bon-che  (da-boo-sha')»  »•  an 
opening ;  a  market  for  goods ;  an 
opening  in  military  works  for 
troops.  [French.] 

de-bris  (da-bre'),  n.  fragments; 
broken  rubbish ;  loose  pieces  of 
rock,  &c.,  at  the  base  of  a  moun- 
tain. 

debt  (det),  n.  that  which  is  due 
from  one  person  to  another ;  obli- 
gation ;  trespass. 

debt-or  ('er),  n.  one  who  owes 
something  to  another ;  one  who  is 
in  debt. 

de-bnt  (da-boo'),  n.  a  first  ap- 
pearance in  society,  or  before  the 
public. 

de-bn-tant  (-boo-tang'),  n.  one 
who  makes  a  debut:  fern.  delm- 
tante. 

dec-ade  (dek'ad),  n.  a  group  of 
ten;  ten  consecutive  years.  Also 
decad. 

de-ca-dence  (de-ka'dens),  n.  a 
state  of  decay.  Also  decadency. 

de-ca-dent  ('dent),  adj.  deteri- 
orating. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dec 


244 


dec 


dec  a-gon  (dek'a-gon),  n.  plain 
figure  having  ten  sides  and  ten 
angles. 

dec-ag-o-nal  (-ag'6-nal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  decagon. 

dec  a-gramme  ('a-gram),  n.  a 
weight  of  ten  grammes.  Also  dec- 
agram. [French.] 

dec-a-he-dron  (-he'dron),  n.  [pi. 
decahedra  ('dra)  ],  a  solid  bounded 
by  ten  plane  faces. 

dec-a-li-ter  ('a-le-tr),  n.  a  measure 
of  capacity  containing  10  liters  = 
2  1-5  imperial  gallons.  [Fr.J 

dec-a-logue  ('a-log),  n.  the  ten 
commandments  (Ex.  xx.)  ;  the 
moral  law. 

dec-a-me-ter  ('a-me-tr),  n.  a 
measure  of  length  of  10  meters 
=32.8  feet.  [French.] 

de-camp  (de-kamp'),  v.i.  to  de- 
part speedily ;  go  away  secretly 
or  unceremoniously. 

de-cant  (de-kanf),  v.t.  to  pour  off 
gently. 

de-can-ter  ('ter),  n.  an  ornamen- 
tal glass  bottle  for  holding  wines, 
&c. 

de-cap-i-tate  (de-kap'i-tat),  v.t. 
to  behead. 

de-cap-i-ta-tion  (-i-ta'shun),  n. 
beheading. 

dec-a-pod  (dek'a-pod),  adj.  hav- 
ing ten  feet  or  ten  arms :  n.  a 
ten-footed  crustacean,  or  ten- 
armed  cephalopod. 

De-cap-o-da  (de-kap'6-da),  n.pl. 
the  order  of  Crustacea  which  in- 
cludes those  having  ten  feet,  as 
lobsters,  crabs,  shrimps,  &c.,  and 
cephalopods  with  ten  arms. 

de-car-bon-ate  (de-kiir'bon-aO, 
v.t.  to  deprive  of  carbon.  Also 
decarbonize  (-iz). 

de-care  (da-kar7),  n.  a  superficial 
measure  of  1,000  sq.  meters  = 
!/4  acre  (nearly).  [French.] 

de-ca-stere  (da-ca-ster') ,  n.  a  solid 
measure,  ten  times  a  cubic  meter 
=  13  cubic  yards  (nearly).  [Fr.] 

de-cay  (de-ka'),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
decayed,  p.pr.  decaying],  to  be- 
come impaired ;  rot ;  decline  or 
fall :  ».  deterioration ;'  decline ; 
rottenness ;  corruption. 

Syn.  decline,   consumption. 
Ant.   (see  growth). 

de-cease  (de-ses'),  v.i.  to  die:  n. 
death. 


de-ceit  (de-set'),  n.  deception; 
falsehood. 

Syn.  cheat,  imposition,  trick, 
delusion,  guile,  beguilement, 
treachery,  sham. 

Ant.  (see  truthfulness). 

de-ceit-ful  ('fool),  adj.  full  of 
deceit. 

de-ceit-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  de- 
ceitful manner. 

de-ceit-ful-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  deceit- 
ful. 

de-ceiv-a-ble  (-sev'a-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being,  or  liable  to  be, 
deceived. 

de-ceive  (-sev'),  v.t.  to  mislead 
or  cause  to  err ;  delude ;  impose 
upon  ;  disappoint. 

Syn.  delude,  impose  upon,  over- 
reach, gull,  dupe,  cheat. 

De-cem-ber  (de-sem'ber),  n.  the 
twelfth  month  of  the  year. 

de-cem-vir  ('ver),  n.  [pi.  de- 
cemviri ('vi-ri)],  one  of  ten  Ko- 
man  magistrates,  especially  one  of 
those  who  possessed  absolute  au- 
thority in  ancient  Rome  (451-449 
B.  c. ),  and  edited  the  laws  known 
as  the  Twelve  Tables. 

de-cem-vi-ral  ('vi-ral),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  decemviri. 

de-cem-vi-rate(-rat),  n.  a  body 
of  ten  men  in  authority ;  their 
office,  or  term  of  dffice. 

de-cen-cy  (de-sen-si),  n.  [pi.  de- 
cencies (-siz)],  the  state  of  be- 
ing decent,  or  modest. 

de-cen-ni-al  ('i-al),  adj.  lasting 
for  or  occurring  every  ten  years. 

de-cent  ('sent),  adj.  decorous;  be- 
coming ;  respectable ;  modest ; 
passable. 

de-cep-tion  (-sep'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  deceiving ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing deceived ;  fraud. 

de-cep-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  tending  to 
deceive. 

dec-i-are  (des-i-ar'),  n.  a  unit  of 
superficial  measurement,  the  tenth 
part  of  an  are  =  107.6  square 
feet.  [French.] 

de-cid-a-ble  (de-sid'S-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  decided. 

decide  (de-sld"l,  v.t.  to  bring 
to  an  issue  or  conclusion ;  fix  the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  h?r,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dec 


245 


dec 


end    of ;    resolve :    v.i.    to    give    a 
judgment  or  decision  ;  arbitrate. 

Syn.    determine,    settle,   adjudi- 
cate,  terminate,   resolve. 

de-cid-ed  ('ed),  adj.  free  from 
ambiguity ;  determined  ;  unques- 
tionable ;  resolute. 

de-cid-u-ons  (-sid'u-us),  adj.  fall- 
ing off  at  maturity,  or  in  season  ; 
shed  periodically. 

dec-i-gramme  (des'i-gram),  n.  a 
metric  weight,  l-10th  of  a  gramme 
=1.54  grains  troy  (nearly).  Also 
decigram. 

dec-i-li-ter  ('5-le-tr),  n.  a  meas- 
ure of  capacity,  l-10th  of  a  liter 
=  3.52  fluid  ounces. 

de-cil-lion  (de-sil'yun),  ».  in 
France  and  the  United  States  a 
unit  followed  by  33  ciphers :  in 
England  a  unit  followed  by  60 
ciphers. 

dec-i-lux  (des'i-luks),  n.  l-10th 
of  a  lux. 

dec-i-mal  ('i-mal),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  based  upon,  the  number  10 : 
n.  a  decimal  fraction. 

dec-i-mal  place  (plus),  n.  the 
place  of  a  figure  after  the  decimal 
point. 

dec-i-mal  point  (point),  n.  a  dot 
separating  a  decimal  fraction 
from  a  whole  number,  also  indi- 
cating when  standing  alone  its 
fractional  character. 

dec-i-mal  sys-tem  (sis'tem),  n.  a 
system  of  reckoning  or  measuring 
by  10,  or  powers  of  10. 

dec-i-mal-ly    (-15),  adv.  by  tens. 

dec-i-mate  (deal-mat),  v.t.  to 
select  by  lot  and  put  to  death,  or 
punish,  every  tenth  man ;  destroy 
a  large  proportion  of. 

dec-i-ma  tion  (-mii'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  decimating ;  destruction  on 
a  large  scale. 

dec-i-me-ter  ('5-me-tr),  n.  a  meas- 
ure of  length,  l-10th  of  a  meter 
=  3.937  inches. 

de-ci-pher  (de-si'fer),  v.t.  to  read 
(secret  writing)  ;  discover  or 
make  out  the  meaning  of ;  solve ; 
unravel. 

Syn.  read,  spell,  interpret,  solve. 

de-ci-sion  (-sizh'un),  n.  the  act 
of  deciding  ;  determination  ;  judg- 
ment ;  settlement. 


Syn.  determination,  conclusion, 

resolution,  firmness. 

Ant.    (see  vacillation). 

de-ci-siye  (-sl'siv),  adj.  final; 
conclusive. 

de-ci-stere  (da-si-ster') ,  n.  a 
cubic  measure,  l-10th  of  a  stere 
—  3.532  cubic  feet.  [French.] 

deck  (dek),  v.t.  to  array  in  finery 
or  ornaments  ;  adorn  ;  to  furnish 
with  a  deck:  n.  the  plank  floor- 
ing of  a  ship. 

deck-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or  that 
which,  decks ;  a  ship  having  decks. 

deck-le-edged  (dek'1-ejd),  adj. 
having  the  edges  rough  and  un- 
cut :  said  of  books. 

de-claim  (de-klam'),  v.t.  to  speak 
in  a  rhetorical  style ;  speak  as  an 
exercise  in  elocution  ;  harangue. 

dec-la-ma-tion  ( dek-li-ma'shun ) , 
n.  the  art  of  declaiming  accord- 
ing to  rhetorical  rules ;  impas- 
sioned oratory ;  distinct  and  cor- 
rect enunciation  of  words  in 
vocal  music. 

Syn.     oratory,     elocution,     ha- 
rangue,  effusion,  debate. 

de-clam-a-to-ry  ( de-klam'u-to-ri ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  character- 
ized by,  declamation  ;  noisy  in 
style ;  appealing  to  the  passions. 

dec-la- ra-tion  ( dek-ln-ra'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  declaring  or  pro- 
claiming ;  that  which  is  declared ; 
an  assertion ;  publication ;  a 
statement  reduced  to  writing. 

Syn.      avowal,      manifestation, 
statement,  profession. 

de-clar-a-tive  (de-klar'a-tiv),  adj. 
explanatory. 

de-clar-a-to-ry  ('u-to-ri),  adj. 
affirmative. 

de-clare  (de-klar'),  v.t.  to  make 
known ;  tell  openly  or  publicly ; 
proclaim  formally  ;  publish  ;  make 
a  solemn  affirmation  before  wit- 
nesses ;  make  a  full  statement  as 
to  goods,  &c. :  v.i.  to  make  a  dec- 
laration ;  avow  [with  for  or 
against]. 

de-clen-sion  (-klen'shun),  n>  de- 
cline ;  a  falling  off,  or  away ; 
deterioration ;  the  inflection  of 
nouns,  pronouns,  and  adjectives. 

de-clin-a-ble  (-klm'u-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  declined. 

de-clin-al  ('al),  adj.  sloping 
downwards. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  he"r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dec 


246 


dec 


dec-li- nate         (dek'li-nfit) ,        adj. 

curved  downwards. 

dec-li -na-tion  (dek-li-nfi'shun),  n. 
the  act  or  state  of  bending,  or 
moving,  downwards ;  oblique  vari- 
ation from  some  definite  direction  ; 
deterioration  ;  decay  ;  the  angular 
distance  of  a  heavenly  body  N.  or 
S.  of  the  equator ;  non-acceptance. 

dec-li-na-tor  ('li-na-ter),  n.  an 
instrument  for  determinating  the 
declination  and  inclination  of  a 
plane. 

de-cline  (de-klin'),  v.i.  to  incline 
from  a  right  line ;  bend  or  lean 
downwards ;  droop ;  draw  to  a 
close  ;  become  weak  ;  deviate  from 
rectitude:  v.t.  to  refuse;  bend 
downwards;  depress;  inflect:  n. 
diminution  ;  decay  ;  deterioration  ; 
consumption. 

de-clin-o-grapli  Co-graf).  n. 
an  automatic  registering  instru- 
ment for  recording  astronomical 
declinations. 

dec-li-nom-e-ter  (dek-li-nom'e- 
ter),  n.  an  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  declination  of  the  mag- 
netic needle. 

de-cliv-i-tous  (de-kliv'i-tus),  ad). 
moderately  steep. 

de-cliy-i-ty  (-kliv'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
declivities  (-tiz)],  a  gradual  de- 
scent ;  deviation  from  a  horizontal 
line ;  opposed  to  acclivity. 

de-cpct  (de-kokt'),  v.t.  the  act  of 
boiling  anything  to  extract  its 
essence. 

de-coc-tion  (-kok'shun).  n.  an  ex- 
tract obtained  by  boiling  or  di- 
gesting in  hot  water. 

de-col-late  (-kol'at),  v.t.  to  be- 
head. 

de-col-la-tion  '-Ifi'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  beheading. 

de-col-le-te  (da-kol-e-ta'),  adj. 
cut  low  in  the  neck  so  as  to  ex- 
pose the  neck  and  shoulders :  said 
of  a  dress.  Decollete'e,  fern,  wear- 
ing a  low-necked  dress.  [Fr.] 

de-com-po-sa-ble  (de-com-po'za- 
bl),  adj.  capable  of  being  decom- 
posed. 

de-corn -pose  (de-kom-poz'),  v.t. 
to  resolve  into  constituent  ele- 
ments ;  cause  to  decay  or  rot :  v.i. 
to  become  decomposed  ;  putrefy. 

de-com-pos-ite  (-poz'it),  adj. 
compounded  a  second  time. 


de-com-po-si-tion  C'po-zish'un), 
M.  the  act  of  resolving  into  con- 
stituent elements;  analysis;  dis- 
integration. 

de-com-pound  (-pound'),  v.t.  to 
compound  things  already  com- 
pounded :  adj.  compounded  more 
than  once. 

dec-o-rate  (dek'o-rat),  v.t.  to  or- 
nament, embellish,  adorn,  or 
beautify ;  confer  a  bSdge  of 
honor  upon  ;  grace. 

dec-o-ra-tion  (-ra'shun),  n.  the 
art  of  decorating ;  an  ornament  or 
embellishment ;  a  badge  of  honor. 

Dec-o-ra-tion  Day  (da),  n.  the 
day  (May  30)  on  which  the 
graves  of  those  who  fell  in  the 
Civil  War  (1861-65)  are  deco- 
rated. Also  Memorial  Day. 

dec-o-ra-tive  ('o-ra-tiv),  adj. 
tending  to  decoration. 

dec-o-ra-tor  (-ter),  n.  one  who 
decorates ;  an  artist  or  artisan 
who  decorates  rooms,  &c. 

de-co-rous  (de-ko'  or  dek'er-us), 
adj.  marked  by  propriety ;  de- 
cent ;  fit ;  proper. 

de-cor-ti-cate  (de-k6r'ti-kat),  v.t. 
to  remove  the  bark,  busk,  or  peel 
from. 

de-co-rnm  (de-ko'rum),  n.  pro- 
priety and  decency  of  words, 
dress,  and  conduct. 

de-cos-tate  (-kos'tat),  adj.  with- 
out ribs. 

de-coy  (de-koi'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
decoyed,  p.pr.  decoying],  to  lead 
or  allure  into  danger  by  artifice : 
r.i.  to  be  allured  by  means  of  a 
decoy  :  n.  a  deceptive  stratagem  ; 
a  lure ;  a  piece  of  enclosed  water 
into  which  wild  fowl  are  decoyed. 

de-coy-duck  (-duk),  «.  a  tame,  or 
imitation,  duck  used  to  allure 
wild  fowl :  hence  a  person  who 
entraps  others. 

de-crease  (de-kres'),  v.i.  to  be- 
come less  ;  diminish  ;  abate  ; 
wane ;  fail :  v.t.  to  cause  to  grow 
less ;  reduce  gradually  in  size  or 
extent ;  dwindle :  n.  gradual  dimi- 
nution, or  decay ;  the  amount 
or  degree  of  lessening ;  the  wane 
of  the  moon. 

Syn.  diminish,  lessen,  wane,  de- 
cline,  retrench,   curtail,   reduce. 
Ant.   (see  growth). 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  theu. 


dec 


247 


dee 


de-cree  (de-kre'),  n.  an  ordinance, 
law,  or  edict ;  a  judical  decision  ; 
the  award  of  an  umpire  or  ar- 
bitrator ;  the  predetermined  pur- 
pose of  God :  v.t.  to  determine  by 
a  decree ;  ordain ;  constitute  by 
edict ;  assign  :  v.i.  to  make  a  de- 
cree ;  determine. 

dec-re-ment  (dek're-ment),  n. 
diminution. 

de-crep-it  (de-krep'it),  adj.  en- 
feebled by  age,  or  infirmity ; 
wasted ;  worn  out. 

de-crep-i-tate  ('i-tat),  v.t.  to  cal- 
cine (as  salt)  in  a  strong  heat, 
causing  a  crackling_  sound. 

de-crep-i-tude  ('i-tud),  n.  physi- 
cal infirmity  caused  by  old  age. 

de-cres-cent  (-kres'ent),  adj. 
growing  less. 

de-cre-tal  (-kre'tal),  n.  a  papal 
decree ;  a  book  of  edicts. 

de-cre-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  having 
the  authority  of  a  decree. 

dec-re-tory  (dek're-to-ri),  adj. 
judicial ;  settled. 

de-cri-al  (de-kri'al),  n.  clamorous 
censure. 

de-cri-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  cen- 
sures. 

de-cry  (de-kri'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
decried,  p.pr.  decrying],  to  blame 
clamorously  ;  cry  down  ;  censure  ; 
disparage. 

de-cum-bent  (-kum'bent),  adj. 
lying  down  ;  prostrate ;  reclining. 

dec-u-ple  (dek'u-pl),  adj.  ten- 
fold :  n.  a  number  repeated  .10 
times :  v.t.  increase  tenfold. 

de-cur-reiit  (-kur'ent),  adj.  run- 
ing,  or  extending,  downward  :  said 
of  a  plant. 

de-cur-sive  ('siv),  adj.  running 
down. 

de-cus-sate  (-kus'at),  v.i.  to  in- 
tersect or  cross  at  an  acute  anglt : 
adj.  intersected. 

ded-i-cate  (ded'i-kat),  v.t.  to  set 
apart  by  a  solemn  act  or  religious 
ceremony  ;  devote  or  set  apart  to 
some  work  or  duty ;  inscribe,  as 
a  literary  work. 

tiyn.    devote,    consecrate,    offer, 
set,    apportion. 

ded-i-ca-tion  (-i-ka'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  dedicating ;  an  inscription 
or  address. 

ded-i-ca-tor  ('i-ka-ter),  n.  one 
who  dedicates. 


ded-i-ca-to-ry  (-tO-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to  composing,  or  constitut- 
ing, a  dedication. 

de-duce  (de-dus'),  v.t.  to  gather 
by  reasoning;  infer;  derive  [with 
from  or  out  of}. 

de-duct  (de-dukt'),  v.t.  to  take 
away. 

de-due-tion  (-duk'shun),  n.  the 
act  or  process  of  deducting ;  sub- 
traction. 

de-duc-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  deduction. 

de-duc-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  by  de- 
duction. 

deed  (ded).  n.  that  which  is  done 
by  a  responsible  agent ;  an  act ; 
an  illustrious  achievement ;  a 
written  instrument  for  the  trans- 
fer of  real  estate :  v.t.  convey  by 
deed. 

8yn.  act,  action,  commission, 
achievement,  instrument,  docu- 
ment. 

deem  (dem),  v.t.  to  think;  deter- 
mine: v.i.  to  have,  or  be  of,  an 
opinion ;  judge. 

Syn.  judge,  estimate,  consider, 
think,  suppose,  conceive. 

decm-ster  (dem'ster),  n.  a  judge 
or  umpire ;  the  title  of  either  of 
the  two  chief  judges  of  the  Isle  of 
Man.  Also  dempster. 

deep  (cfEp),  adj.  extending  far  be- 
low the  surface  ;  low  in  situation  ; 
penetrating ;  sagacious  ;  profound  ; 
difficult  to  understand  ;  absorbed  ; 
grave  in  tone,  or  low  in  pitch ; 
strongly  colored :  n.  that  which 
is  of  great  depth  ;  a  great  body  of 
water. 

Syn.  profound,  subterranean, 
submerged,  designing,  abstruse, 
learned. 

Ant.    (see  shallow). 

deep-en  ('en),  v.t.  to  make  deep 
or  deeper ;  make  darker ;  make 
sad ;  cloud :  v.i.  to  become  deep  or 
deeper. 

deep-laid  ('lad),  adj.  well-con- 
certed. 

deep-ness  ('nes),  n.  depth;  pro- 
fundity. 

deep-sea  ('se),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  open  sea,  or  deeper  parts  of 
the  ocean. 

deer  (der),  n.  sing.  &  pi.  a  general 
name  for  solid-horned  ruminants 
of  the  genus  Cervus. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


aee 


248 


det 


deer-hound  ('hound),  n.  a  stag- 
hound. 

deer-lick  ('lik),  a  spot  of  salt 
ground,  resorted  to  by  deer  to 
lick  the  earth. 

deer-stalk-ing  ('stawk-ing),  n. 
the  hunting  of  deer  by  stealing 
upon  them  unawares. 

de-face  (de-fas'),  v.t.  to  mar  or 
destroy  the  surface  of ;  disfigure ; 
impair  the  legibility  of ;  injure ; 
spoil. 

•   Syn.    mar,    spoil,    injure,    dis- 
figure. 

Ant.  (see  beautify). 

de-face  ineiit  Cment),  n.  the  act 
of  defacing ;  the  condition  of  being 
defaced  ;  injury. 

de-f al-ca-tion  ( -f al-ka'shun ) ,  n. 
a  deficit  of  funds  through  a  breach 
of  trust ;  embezzlement ;  diminu- 
tion. 

def-al-ca-tor  (def'al-ka-ter),  n. 
an  embezzler. 

def  -a-ina-tion  ( def-a-ma'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  injuring  one's  good 
name  or  reputation  without 
justification,  either  orally,  or  by 
a  written  communication. 

de-f  am-a-to-ry  ( de-f  am'a-to-ri ) , 
adj.  containing  that  which  is  in- 
jurious to  the  character  or  repu- 
tation. 

de-fame  (de-fam'l  v.t.  to  injure 
or  destroy  the  good  reputation  of ; 
accuse  falsely  ;  asperse  ;  vilify. 

de-fault  (de-fawlf),  n.  failure  or 
omission  to  do  any  act ;  failure  to 
satisfy  the  acts  required  in  a  law- 
suit :  v.t.  to  make  a  default  in ; 
neglect :  v.i.  to  make  a  default. 

Syn.  lapse,  forfeit,  omission,  ab- 
sence, want,  failure. 

de-fault-er  ('er),  n.  one  who 
makes  a  default ;  one  who  fails  to 
make  a  proper  account  of  money 
or  property  intrusted  to  his 
charge. 

de-fea-sance  (de-fe'zans),  n.  the 
annulment  of  a  contract  or  deed. 

de-feat  (de-fef),  v.t.  to  overcome 
or  vanquish  ;  frustrate ;  baffle  :  n. 
the  act  of  defeating ;  frustration  ; 
overthrow. 

def-e-cate  (def'e-kat),  v.t.  to 
clarify :  v.i.  to  become  clear ;  dis- 
charge excrementitious  matter 
from  the  bowels. 

def-e-ca-tion  (-ka'shun),  n.  clari- 


fication ;      evacuation     from     the 
bowels. 

def-e-ca-tor  (def'e-ka-ter),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  purifies  or 
cleanses ;  an  apparatus  for  remov- 
ing feculent  matter  from  juices, 
&c. 

de-feet  (de-fekt'),  n.  an  imperfec- 
tion, moral  or  physical ;  insuffi- 
ciency ;  fault ;  error. 

Syn.    imperfection,    flaw,    fault, 
blemish. 

Ant.      (see     beauty,      improve- 
ment). 

de-fec-tion  (-fek'shun),  n.  a  fall- 
ing away  from  duty  or  allegiance ; 
desertion. 

de-fec-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  having  a 
defect  or  flaw  of  any  kind ;  in- 
complete ;  faulty ;  wanting  some 
of  the  usual  grammatical  forms. 

de-fend  (de-fend'),  v.t.  to  guard 
or  protect ;  maintain ;  vindicate 
one's  legal  rights  by  force  of  ar- 
gument or  evidence :  v.i.  to  for- 
mally enter  a  defense  to  an  ac- 
tion. 

Syn.  guard,  protect,  justify. 

de-f  end-ant  ('ant),  n.  a  person 
who  is  sued  or  accused  in  a  civil 
or  criminal  court. 

de-fense  (de-fens'),  n.  the  act  or 
state  of  defending  or  being  de- 
fended ;  protection ;  vindication 
by  force  or  argument;  a  defend- 
ant's plea  or  answer. 

Syn.   excuse,   plea,   vindication, 
bulwark,    rampart. 

de-f en-si-bil-i-ty  (-fen-si-bil'i-ti ) , 
adj,  the  quality  of  being  defen- 
sible. 

de-fen-si-ble  ('si-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  defended. 

de-fen-sive  (-fen'siv),  adj.  serv- 
ing to  defend  or  protect ;  car- 
ried on  in  defense. 

de-fer  (de-fer'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
deferred,  p.pr.  deferring],  to  put 
off  to  a  future  time;  delay:  r.i. 
to  procrastinate. 

Syn.    delay,    postpone,   put   off, 
prorogue,  adjourn. 

Ant.    (see  force,   expedite). 

def-er-ence  (def'er-ens),  n.  a 
yielding  to  the  opinions  or  wishes 
of  another ;  regard. 

def-er-ent  ('er-ent),  adj.  convey- 
ing: n.  that  which  conveys  or 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


def 


249 


def 


carries ;  a  duct  or  vessel  in  the 
body  which  conveys  fluids. 

def-er-en-tial  (-er-en'shal).  adj. 
characterized  by,  or  expressing, 
deference. 

def-er-en-tial-ly  (-H),  adv.  re- 
spectfully. 

de-fer-ment  (de-fer'ment),  n.  de- 
lay. 

de  fi-ance  (-fi'ans),  n.  contemptu- 
ous disregard ;  a  challenge. 

de-fi-ant  ('ant),  adj.  character- 
ized by  defiance. 

de-fi-cien-cy  (-fish'en-si),  n.  [pi. 
deficiencies  (-siz)],  the  state  of 
being  deficient :  incompleteness ; 
insufficiency ;  scarcity. 

de-fi-cient  Cent),  adj.  wanting; 
incomplete. 

Nf/H.  short,  wanting,  inadequate, 
scanty,  incomplete. 
Ant.   (see  complete). 

def-i-cit  (def'i-sit),  n.  a  falling 
off,  or  deficiency,  in  amount  or 
quantity,  especially  of  receipts. 

de-fi-er  (de-fi'er),  n.  one  who  de- 
fips 

def-i-lade  (def-i-lad'),  v.t.  to 
raise,  as  a  rampart,  so  as  to  pro- 
tect the  lines  of  the  defending 
parts  from  guns  placed  in  a  high 
position. 

de-file    (de-fil'),  v.t.  to  make  foul 
or  impure ;   tarnish ;   corrupt   the 
chastity  of :   v.i.  to  march  off  in 
a   file :    n.   a   long   narrow   moun- 
tainous pass ;  a  marching  in  file. 
NI/H.    pollute,    corrupt,    sully. 
Ant.  (see  beautify). 

de-file-ment  ('nient),  n.  moral  or 
physical  pollution. 

de-fi-na-ble  (-fin'a-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  defined. 

de-fine  (de-fin'),  v.t.  to  determine 
the  limits  of ;  describe  the  na- 
ture or  properties  of. 

8yn.  fix,  settle,  determine,  limit. 

def  i-nite  (def'i-nit),  adj.  having 
fixed  or  distinct  limits ;  certain ; 
pointing  out. 

def-i-nite-ly  (-15),  adv.  certainly; 
distinctly. 

def-i-ni-tion  (-nish'un).  n.  a  brief 
description  or  explanation  of  the 
precise  meaning  of  a  term,  phrase. 
&c. ;  a  concise  statement. 

definitive  (de-fin'i-tiv),  adj. 
determining;  conclusive:  n.  a 


word  used  in  grammar  to  define 
the  signification  of  a  noun. 

def -la-grate  (def'la-grat),  v.t.  to 
set  fire  to :  v.i.  to  burn  with  sud- 
den and  sparkling  combustion. 

def-la-gra-tor  ('la-gra-ter) ,  n.  an 
instrument  for  producing  combus- 
tion of  metallic  substances  by 
electricity. 

de-fleet  (de-fiekf),  v.t.  to  bend 
from  a  straight  line :  v.i.  to 
swerve  ;  bend  or  turn  aside. 

de-flec-tion  (-flek'shun),  n.  a 
bending. 

de-flec-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  causing 
deflection. 

de-flec-tor  ('ter),  n.  a  plate  or 
cone  in  a  furnace  or  lamp  to  bring 
flames  or  gases  into  close  con- 
tact, and  thus  increase  combus- 
tion. 

de-flex-ure  (-flek'shur),  n.  a  bend- 
ing down. 

de-flower  (de-flour'),  v.t.  to  de- 
prive of  flowers  or  bloom  ;  despoil 
of  pristine  grace  or  beauty  ;  de- 
prive of  virginity. 

def-lu-ent  (def'lu-ent),  adj.  run- 
ning downward :  n.  a  river  rising 
in  a  lake. 

de-for-est  ( de-for'est ) ,  v.t.  to 
clear  of  forest ;  cut  down,  clear 
away,  or  destroy  the  trees  of. 

de-form  (-form'),  v.t.  to  render 
ugly  or  unshapely ;  disfigure ; 
mar. 

de-form -i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  [pi.  de- 
formities (-tiz)],  physical  mal- 
formation ;  disfigurement ;  want 
of  beauty  or  harmony. 

de-fraud  (-frawd'),  v.t.  to  deprive 
of  some  right  or  interest  by  de- 
ception ;  cheat ;  withhold  wrong- 
fully. 

de-fray  (de-fra'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
defrayed,  p.pr.  defraying],  to  dis- 
charge (the  expenses  of  any- 
thing) ;  pay ;  settle. 

Syn.   meet,   liquidate,   pay,   dis- 
charge. 

de-fray-al  ('al),  n.  the  act  of 
defraying. 

deft  (deft),  adj.  dexterous; 
handy ;  clever. 

de-funet  (de-fungkt'),  adj.  dead; 
extinct :  n.  a  dead  person ;  the 
dead  (collectively). 

de-fy  (-fT),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  defied, 
p.pr.  defying],  to  challenge  or  pro- 


late, mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


deg 


250 


del 


voke   to   strife ;   set   at   defiance ; 
resist  openly. 

de-gen-er-a-cy  (de-jen'er-a-si),  n. 
the  state  of  being  degenerate. 

de-gen-er-ate  ('er-at),  v.i.  to 
become  inferior  in  goodness  or 
quality ;  become  of  a  lower  type ; 
pass  to  an  inferior  or  worse  state ; 
deteriorate  :  adj.  deteriorated  ;  de- 
graded :  n.  a  degenerate  person  or 
organism. 

de-gen-er-ate-ly  (-15),  adv.  in  a 
degenerate  manner. 

de-gen-er-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n. 
the  act,  state,  or  process  of  grow- 
ing worse  ;  degeneracy  ;  decline  ; 
the  morbid  impairment  of  any 
structural  tissue  or  organ. 

deg-lu-ti-tipn  ( deg-166-tish'un ) , 
n.  swallowing. 

de-gote  ( de-got'),  n.  oil  distilled 
from  the  white  birch :  used  for 
Russian  leather. 

deg-ra-da-tion  (deg-ra-da'shun), 
n.  the  act  of  degrading. 

de-grade  (de-grad'),  v.t.  to  re- 
duce in  grade  or  rank ;  deprive  of 
honors,  office,  or  dignity ;  lower 
physically  or  morally  ;  tone  down  ; 
diminish ;  wear  away. 

de-gree  (de-gre'),  n.  a  step  or 
grade ;  rank  or  station ;  relation- 
ship between  a  person  and  the 
next  in  line  of  descent ;  rank  con- 
ferred by  a  diploma  after  ex- 
amination ;  one  of  three  degrees  in 
the  comparison  of  an  adjective  or 
adverb  ;  a  certain  amount  or  inter- 
val;  the  3GOth  part  of  the  cir- 
cumference of  a  circle ;  60  geo- 
graphical miles. 

Syn.  grade,  extent,  measure. 

de-hisce  (de-his'),  v.i.  to  gape 
open. 

de-his-cence  ('ens),  n.  the  open- 
ing of  a  capsule  for  the  discharge 
of  seeds,  or  of  anthers  for  the 
discharge  of  pollen. 

de  his  cent   Cent),  adj.  opening. 

de-horn  (-hflrn'),  v.t.  to  deprive 
of  horns. 

de-hyp-no-tize  (-hip'no-tiz),  v.t. 
to  awaken  from  hypnotism. 

de-i-fi-ca-tion  (de-i-fi-ka'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  deifying;  apotheosis. 

de-l-fy  ('i-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
deified,  p.pr.  deifying],  to  make, 
or  exalt  to  the  rank  of,  a  deity ; 
idolize. 


deign  (dan),  v.i.  to  condescend; 
vouchsafe :  v.t.  to  permit. 

de-ism  (de'izm),  n.  the  creed  of  a 
deist. 

de-ist  ('ist),  n.  one  who  believes 
in  the  existence  of  a  personal  God, 
but  not  in  revealed  religion. 

de-ist-ic  ('ik),  adj.  pertaining  to 
deism,  or  deists. 

de-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  [pi.  deities 
(-tiz)],  a  god,  goddess,  or  person 
worshipped  as  a  divine  being. 

De-i-ty,  n.  God ;  Jehovah ;  the 
character,  nature,  or  attributes  of 
God ;  the  Godhead. 

de-ject  (de-jekf).  v.t.  to  depress 
the  spirits  of  ;  dishearten  ;  sadden. 

de-jec-tion  (-jek'shun),  n.  low- 
ness  of  spirits  ;  melancholy  ;  de- 
pression ;  evacuation. 

de-jeu-ner  (da-shu-na'),  n.  the 
first  formal  meal  of  the  day. 

de-laine  (de-Ian'),  n.  a  light 
textile  fabric  of  wool  and  cotton. 

de-lay  (de-la'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  de- 
layed, p.pr.  delaying],  to  post- 
pone ;  hinder  for  a  time :  v.i.  to 
act  or  proceed  slowly :  n.  post- 
ponement ;  procrastination. 

de-le  (de'le),  v.t.  to  take  out  (a 
letter,  &c.),  in  proof  reading:  n. 
a  mark  (  #  )  that  a  letter,  &c.,  is 
to  be  deleted. 

de-le  c-ta-bil-i-ty  (de-lek-ta-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  delec- 
table. 

de-lec-ta-ble  ('ta-bl),  adj.  pleas- 
ing ;  delightful. 

de-lec-ta-bly  (-H),  adv.  delight- 
fully. 

de-lec-ta-tion  (-ta'shun),  ».  de- 
light ;  pleasure. 

del-e-gate  (del'e-gat),  v.t.  to 
send  as  a  representative  with 
authority  to  act ;  entrust ;  com- 
mit :  n.  one  sent  to  represent 
and  act  for  others. 

Syn.  legate,  deputy,  representa- 
tive, substitute. 

del-e-ga-tion  (-ga'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  delegating :  a  person  or 
body  of  persons  chosen  to  act  for 
others. 

de-lete  (de-let'),  v.i.  to  blot  out; 
erase. 

del-e-te-ri-ows  (-te'ri-us),  adj. 
harmful,  morally  or  physically ; 
poisonous. 


•late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


del 


251 


del 


de-le-tion  (-le'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  deleting 

delf  (delf),  n.  glazed  earthen- 
ware. 

de-lib-er-ate  (de-lib'er-at),  v.t. 
to  think  upon  or  consider ;  weigh 
in  the  mind ;  ponder :  c.i.  to  take 
counsel  with  one's  self  or  others : 
adj.  circumspect ;  slow  in  deter- 
mining or  in  action ;  well-con- 
sidered. 

Syn.    consider,    meditate,    con- 
sult, ponder,  debate. 

de-lib-er-ate-ly  (-H-),  adv.  with 
careful  consideration. 

de-lib-er-ate-ness  (-nes),  n.  cir- 
cumspection. 

de-lib-er-a-tion  (-er-a'shun),  n. 
calm  and  careful  consideration ; 
slowness  in  action. 

de-lib-er-a-tive  (-tiy),  adj.  char- 
acterized by,  or  acting  with,  de- 
liberation. 

del-i-ca-cy  (del'i-ka-si) ,  n.  [pi. 
delicacies  (-siz)],  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  delicate :  a.sree- 
ableness  to  the  taste  or  other 
senses  ;  grace  ;  sensitiveness  ;  re- 
finement ;  sensibility ;  considera- 
tion for  the  feelings  of  others ; 
susceptibility  to  disease. 

Syn.  nicety,  dainty,  refinement, 
tact,   softness,  modesty. 

Ant.     (see    boorishness,    indeli- 
cacy ) . 

del-i-ca-tes-sen  (-ka-tes'en),  p.pl. 
table  delicacies. 

delicious         (de-lish'us),        adj. 
highly    pleasing     to     the     senses, 
taste,  or  mind ;  exquisite. 
Syn.  sweet,   palatable. 
Ant.    (see  nauseous). 

de-light  ( de-lit'),  v.t.  to  gratify 
or  please  greatly  :  charm  :  v.i.  be 
highly  gratified  or  pleased  (with 
in)  :  n.  an  extreme  degree  of 
pleasure  ;  high  satisfaction  ;  joy. 
N.I/H.  enjoyment,  pleasure,  hap- 
piness, transport,  ecstasy,  glad- 
ness, rapture,  bliss. 

Ant.    (see   annoyance). 

delightful  ('fool),  adj.  afford- 
ing delight. 

de-lim-it  (-lim'it),  v.t.  to  mark 
out  or  fix  the  limits  of,  as  ter- 
ritory ;  bound. 

de-lin-e-ate  (-lin'e-at),  v.t.  to 
mark  out  with  lines ;  sketch ;  por- 


tray ;   describe   minutely    and   ac- 
curately in  words. 

de-lin-e-a-tion  (-e-a'shun),  n.  the 
act  or  art  of  delineating;  a 
sketch,  description,  &c. 

de-lin-e-a-tor  ('e-a-ter),  n.  one 
who  delineates. 

de-lin-e-a-to-ry  (-te-ri),  adj.  de- 
lineating. 

de-lin-quen-cy  (-ling'kwen-si),  n. 
[pi.  delinquencies  (-siz)],  neglect 
of,  or  failure  in,  duty  ;  a  misdeed  ; 
fault. 

de-lin-quent  ('kwent),  adj.  fall- 
ing short  of  duty :  n.  one  who 
neglects,  or  fails  to  perform,  a 
duty  ;  an  offender. 

del-i-quesce  (del-i-kwes'),  v.i.  to 
melt  and  become  liquid  by  absorb- 
ing moisture  from  the-  atmos- 
phere. 

del-i-ques-cence  ('ens),  n.  the 
act,  property,  or  state  of  deli- 
quescing. 

del-i-ques-cent  ('ent),  adj.  lique- 
fying or  melting  on  exposure  to 
the  atmosphere. 

de-lir-i-ous  (de-lir'i-us),  adj. 
lightheaded  ;  insane  ;  frantic  with 
delight. 

de-lir-i-mn  ('i-um),  n.  excitement 
and  aberration  of  the  mind,  caus- 
ed by  fever,  &c. 

de-lir-i-um  tre-mens  (tre'mens). 
n.  a  disease  of  the  brain  caused 
by  the  excessive  and  prolonged  use 
of  intoxicating  liquors. 

de-liv-er  (de-liv'er),  v.t.  to  set 
free ;  save ;  yield  possession  or 
control  of  ;  send  forth  vigorously  ; 
discharge  ;  communicate  ;  speak  ; 
disburden  of  a  child. 

Syn.  liberate,  free,  rescue,  pro- 
nounce, give,  hand  over. 
Ant.   (see  retain). 

de-liv-er-ance  Cer-ans),  n.  the 
act  of  delivering ;  rescue ;  an  au- 
thoritative utterance  by  an  official 
or  judge  on  some  technical  point. 

de-liv-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  [pi.  deliver- 
ies (-riz)],  the  act  of  delivering; 
a  setting  free  ;  a  surrender ;  trans- 
fer ;  manner  of  utterance ;  a  dis- 
tribution of  letters,  &c. ;  the  act 
or  manner  of  delivering  a  ball ; 
parturition. 

dell  (del),  n.  a  small  secluded 
valley. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Del 


252 


dem 


Del-phic  (del'fik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Delphi,  or  to  the  famous 
sanctuary  of  Apollo  with  its 
priestess,  or  the  games  celebrated 
there  in  honor  of  Apollo.  Also 
Delphian. 

del-ta  (del'ta),  n.  [pi.  deltas 
('taz)  ],  an  alluvial  deposit,  shaped 
like  the  Greek  letter  J  formed 
at  the  mouth  of  a -river;  any  tri- 
angular surface. 

del-ta-ic  (-ta'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  delta. 

del-toid  ('toid),  adj.  shaped  like 
a  delta  (  A )  ;  pertaining  to  the 
deltoid  muscle  of  the  shoulder. 

de-lude  (de-liid'),  v.t.  to  impose 
upon  the  mind  or  judgment  of ; 
beguile ;  deceive. 

del-uge  (del'uj),  n.  an  inunda- 
tion ;  a  great  overflowing  of  the 
land  by  water,  especially  that  of 
the  time  of  Noah  (Genesis  vii.)  ; 
a  sudden  and  resfstless  calamity  : 
v.t.  to  overwhelm. 

de-lul  (de-lool'),  n.  a  female 
dromedary. 

delusion  (-lu'zhun),  n.  the  act 
of  deluding ;  deceit ;  imposition  ; 
illusion. 

tiyn.     error,     illusion,     fallacy, 
hallucination. 

Ant.    (see  fact,  reality). 

de-lu-sive  (-lu'siv),  adj.  tending 
to  delude  or  deceive ;  deceptive. 
Also  delusory. 

delve  (delv),  v.t.  to  open  with  a 
spade  ;  fathom  ;  penetrate. 

de-mag-net-ize  ( de-mag'net-Iz ) , 
v.t.  to  deprive  of  magnetic  prop- 
erties. 

dem-a-gog-ic  (dem-fi-gog'ik).  adj. 
characteristic  of  a  demagogue. 
Also  demagogical. 

dem-a-gog  ism  ('a-gog-izm),  n. 
the  principles  or  practice  of  a 
demagogue. 

dem-a-gogue  ('a-gog).  n.  a  popu- 
lar and  factious  orator,  especial- 
ly one  who  inveighs  against  con- 
stituted authority. 

de-man cl  (de-mand'),  v.t.  to  claim 
as  by  right  or  authority ;  ask  in 
a  peremptory  manner ;  summon : 
n.  an  authoritative  claim :  a 
peremptory  request ;  the  state  of 
being  much  sought  after. 

de-mand-ant  ('ant),  n.  a  plain- 
tiff. 


de-man  toid  (-man'toid),  n.  an 
emerald  green  garnet :  used  as  a 
gem. 

de-mar-ca-titm  (-mar-ka'sliun), 
n.  the  act  of  defining,  or  mark- 
ing, the  bounds  of. 

de-march  (de'miirk)  n.  the  ruler 
of  a  deme  or  district  in  Greece. 

de-mean  (de-men'),  v.t.  to  behave 
(with  self). 

de-mean-or  ('er),  n.  behavior;  de- 
portment. 

de-ment  (-menf),  v.t.  to  make  in- 
sane. 

de-men-tia  (-men'shi-a),  n.  in- 
sanity. 

de-mesne  (de-men'),  n.  landed 
estate  attached  to  a  manor:  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  demesne. 

dem-i  (dem'i),  a  prefix  signify- 
ing half,  used  in  composition,  as 
tfewii-quaver,  a  note  equal  in  dura- 
tion to  half  a  quaver. 

dem-i.     Same  as  demy. 

dem-i-god  (dem'i-god),  n.  an  in- 
ferior deity ;  one  whose  nature  is 
partly  divine ;  the  offspring  of  a 
god  and  a  human  being ;  a  deified 
hero. 

dem-i-john  (-jon),  n.  a  large 
glass  bottle  with  a  small  neck  and 
large  body,  usually  incased  in 
wickerwork. 

de-mis-a-ble  (-miz'a-bl).  adj. 
capable  of  being  demised. 

de-mise  (-miz'),  n.  the  transfer  of 
a  right  to,  or  of  a  title  in,  an  es- 
tate through  death  or  forfeiture : 
death,  especially  of  a  royal  per- 
sonage ;  the  conveyance  or  trans- 
fer of  an  estate  by  will  or  lease 
for  a  term  of  years  or  in  fee  sim- 
ple :  v.t.  to  give  or  grant  by  will : 
v.i.  to  pass  by  bequest  or  inherit- 
ance. 

de-mo-bil-ize  (-mo'bil-iz),  v.t.  to 
disband  or  dismiss  (troops  that 
have  been  mobilized)  ;  change 
from  a  war  to  a  peace  footing. 

de-moc-ra-cy  (-mok'ra-si),  n.  [pi. 
democracies  (-siz)],  government 
by  the  people  collectively  by 
elected  representatives ;  political 
or  social  equality. 

De-moc-ra-cy,  n.  the  Democratic 
party  or  its  principles. 

dem-o-crat  (dem'o-krat),  n.  one 
who  advocates  and  upholds  the 
principles  of  democracy. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Dem 


253 


den 


Dem-o-crat,  n.  a  member  of  the 
Democratic  party. 

dem-o-crat-ic  (-krat'ik),  or  dem- 
o-crat-ic-al  (-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  democracy. 

dem-o-crat-ic-al-ly  (-H).  adv.  in 
a  democratic  manner. 

dem-oi-selle  (dem-wa-zel'),  n.  a 
young  lady,  or  unmarried  woman  ; 
the  Numidian  crane ;  a  hand- 
some small  dragon-fly. 

de-mol-ish  (de-mol'ish),  v.t.  to 
throw  down ;  reduce  to  ruins ;  de- 
stroy ;  annihilate. 

8yn.   destroy,   raze,   ruin,   over- 
throw. 

Ant.   (see  build,  repair). 

dem-o-li-tion  (dem-6-lish'un),  n. 
the  act  or  process  of  demolishing ; 
destruction. 

de-mon  (de'mon),  n.  an  evil 
spirit;  devil;  a  guardian  spirit 
or  genius. 

de-mon-e-tize  (-mon'e-tiz),  v.t. 
to  deprive  of  standard  value,  as 
currency ;  withdraw  from  use  as 
money. 

de-mo-ni-ac  (-mo'ni-ak),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  influenced  by,  de- 
mons ;  characteristic  of  a  demon 
or  evil  spirit.  Also  demoniacal : 
n.  a  lunatic. 

de-mon-ism  ('mon-izm),  n.  belief 
in  demons ;  the  nature  of  a  de- 
mon. 

de-mon-ol-a-try  (-ol'a-tri),  n. 
devil  worship. 

de-mpn-ol-o-gy  (-ol'6-ji),  n.  a 
treatise  on  demons  or  evil  spirits, 
as  connected  with  the  science  of 
religion,  or  popular  superstitions. 

de-inon-stra-ble  ( de-mon'stra-bl ) , 
adj.  capable  of  being  demonstrated. 

de-moii  strate  (de-mon'  or  dem'- 
on-strat),  v.t.  to  prove  beyond 
the  possibility  of  a  doubt ;  teach 
by  examples :  v.i.  to  organize,  or 
take  part  in,  a  party  demonstra- 
tion. 

Syn.  prove,  show,  exhibit,  illus- 
trate. 

deni-on-stra  tion  (dem-on-stra'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  demonstrat- 
ing ;  a  proof  beyond  the  possi- 
bility of  a  doubt ;  manifestation  ; 
a  public  exhibition  of  sympathy 
with  some  political  or  social  move- 
ment ;  the  exhibition  and  descrip- 
tion of  examples  in  art  and 


science      teaching,      especially 
anatomy. 

Syn.  certainty,  evidence,  proof, 
deduction. 

de-mon-stra-tive  ('stra-tiv),  adj. 
having  the  power  of  demonstra- 
tion ;  conclusive ;  manifesting  the 
feelings  openly  and  strongly :  n. 
a  demonstrative  pronoun. 

dem-on-strat-or  (-on-str;\t-er),  n. 
one  who  demonstrates ;  a  teacher 
of  practical  anatomy,  or  physical 
science. 

de-mor-al-ize  ('nl-Iz),  v.t.  to  cor- 
rupt, or  undermine,  the  morals  of  ; 
deprive  of  spirit  or  energy;  throw 
into  confusion. 

de-mul-cent  (-mul'sent),  adj. 
softening  ;  lenitive  :  n.  a  medicine 
which  allays  irritation. 

de-mur  (de-mur'),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
demurred,  p.pr.  demurring],  to 
hesitate  ;  raise  objections  ;  to  in- 
terpose a  demurrer:  n.  an  ob- 
jection or  exception. 

de-mure  (-mur'),  adj.  grave;  so- 
ber ;  decorous  in  bearing ;  affected- 
ly modest  or  grave. 

de-mure-ly  (-li),  a-dv.  in  a  de- 
mure manner. 

de-mure-ness  ('nes),  n.  quality 
of  being  demure. 

de-mur-rage  (-mur'aj),  n.  the 
compensation  paid  by  the  freighter 
for  the  detention  of  a  vessel  in 
port  beyond  the  stipulated  time. 

de-mur-rer  Cer),  n.  an  issue  on 
a  point  of  law. 

de-my  (de-mi),  n.  [pi.  demies 
(miz')],  a  particular  size  of  writ- 
ing and  printing  paper,  15  x  20 
inches,  and  17%  x  22  inches  re- 
spectively. 

den  (den),  «.  the  hollow  cave  of  a 
wild  beast ;  lair ;  subterraneous 
retreat ;  a  squalid  place  of  resi- 
dence ;  a  small  or  secluded  apart- 
ment, used  as  a  retreat  for  work 
and  leisure. 

de-na-tion-al-ize  (de-nash'un-al- 
iz),  v.t.  to  deprive  of  national 
rights  or  character ;  render  local. 

de-nat-u-ral  ize  (-nat'u-ral-iz) . 
v.t.  to  make  unnatural ;  divest  of 
the  acquired  rights  of  citizenship 
in  a  foreign  country. 

de-na-tured  (de-na'turd),  adj. 
changed  in  nature  or  character ; 
made  unfit  for  its  ordinary  use 


Jate,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  he>,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  v6te,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


den 


254 


den 


by  addition  of  other  materials, 
as  denatured  alcohol. 

den-drite  (deii'drit),  n.  a  stone 
or  mineral  with  tree-like  mark- 
ings. 

dendroid  ('droid),  adj.  resem- 
bling a  tree  in  appearance ;  ar- 
borescent. 

den-drol-o-gy  (-drol'o-ji),  n.  the 
natural  history  of  trees ;  a 
m-atise  on  trees. 

den-drom-e-ter  (-drom'e-ter),  n. 
an  apparatus  for  taking  the 
heights  and  diameters  of  trees  to 
ascertain  their  contents. 

dea-gue  (den'ga),  n.  the  West 
Indian  name  for  the  dandy  fever, 
an  acute  febrile  epidemic  disease 
with  pain  in  the  bones,  and  skin 
eruption. 

de-ni-al  (de-ni'al),  n.  the  act  of 
denying  ;  refusal ;  contradiction  : 
non-compliance. 

den-i-zen  (den'i-zen),  n.  an  in- 
habitant ;  citizen ;  an  alien  who 
has  received  letters  patent  admit- 
ting him  to  the  rights  of  citizen- 
ship. 

de-nom-i-iiate  (de-nom'i-nat),  v.t. 
to  designate ;  characterized  by  an 
epithet ;  name :  adj.  made  up  of 
units  of  a  specified  kind. 

de-nom  i  na  tion  (-5-na'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  designating ;  a  sect, 
class,  or  division. 

de  noiu  i-na  tiou  al  (-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to.  or  carried  on  by,  a 
sect. 

de-nom-i-na-tion-al-ism  (-al- 
izm),  n.  a  denominational  or  class 
spirit,  or  policy ;  the  opinion  that 
education  should  be  carried  out 
through  religious  bodies. 

de-nom  i-na-tion-al-ly  (-li),  adv. 
by  sects. 

de-nom-i-na-tive  Ci-na-tiv),  adj. 
giving  a  name ;  formed  from  a 
substantive  or  adjectival  stem ; 
connotative :  n.  a  verb  formed 
from  a  substantive  or  adjectival 
stem. 

de-nom-i-na-tor  ('i-na-ter),  n. 
one  who,  or  that  which,  denomi- 
nates ;  the  expression  of  a  fraction 
which,  when  placed  below  the 
line,  gives  the  name  or  value  to 
the  unit. 

de-no-ta-ble  (de-not'a-bl),  adj. 
that  may  be  denoted. 


de-no-ta-tive  (-no'ta-tiv),  adj. 
haying  the  power  to  denote  or 
point  out;  significant. 

de-note  (de-nof).  v.t.  to  signify 
or  identify  by  a  visible  sign ;  in- 
dicate ;  betoken. 

de-noue-ment  (da-noo-mang'),  n. 
the  act  of  unraveling  or  solving 
a  plot ;  outcome. 

de-nounce  (de-nouns'),  v.t.  to 
threaten  or  accuse  publicly ;  cen- 
sure; stigmatize;  lay  claim  to  (a 
new,  or  an  abandoned  mine). 

dense  (dens),  adj.  thick;  com- 
pact ;  intense. 

den-si-ty  (den'si-ti),  n.  compact- 
ness ;  mass  of  matter  per  unit  of 
volume :  depth  of  shade. 

dent  (dent),  n.  a  slight  depres- 
sion caused  by  a  blow  or  pres- 
sure ;  the  tooth  of  a  wheel ;  a  cog. 
card,  comb,  or  metallic  brush : 
v.t.  to  make  a  dent  in. 

den-tal  (den'tal),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  teeth ;  pronounced  by  the 
aid  of  the  teeth  :  n.  a  letter  pro- 
nounced by  the  aid  of  the  teeth. 

den-ta-ry  ('ta-ri),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  teeth. 

den-tate  ('tat),  adj.  toothed. 
Also  dentated. 

den-tic-u-late  (-tik'fi-lat),  adj. 
furnished  with  small  teeth.  Also 
denticulated. 

d  e  n-t  i-f  o  r  m  ('ti-form),  adj. 
tooth-shaped. 

den-ti-frice  ('ti-fris),  n.  tooth- 
powder. 

den-til  ('til),  n.  one  of  the  small 
square  blocks  or  projections  in 
cornices.  Also  dentel. 

dentilabial  (-ti-la'bi-al),  adj. 
articulated  between  the  teeth  and 
the  lips. 

den-ti-lin-gual  (-lin'gwal),  adj. 
formed  between  the  teeth  and  the 
tongue.  Dentolingual. 

den-tine  (don'tin),  n.  the  hard, 
dense,  calcined  tissue  which  forms 
the  body  of  a  tooth. 

den-ti-phone  ('ti-fon),  n.  an  au- 
di  phone. 

den-tist  ('tist).  ».  a  dental  sur- 
geon. 

den-tis-try  ('tis-tri),  n.  dental 
surgery. 

den-ti-tion  (-tish'un),  n.  the 
process,  or  period,  of  cutting  the 
teeth ;  arrangement  of  the  teeth. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin  :  vote,  pSrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin,  then. 


den 


255 


dep 


den-told  ('toid),  adj.  tooth- 
shaped. 

den-u-da-tion  (de-nu-  or  den-u- 
da'shun),  n.  the  act  of  stripping 
or  making  hare. 

de-nude  (de-nud'),  v.t.  to  make 
bare  or  naked;  lay  bare  (rocks) 
by  erosive  action. 

d  e-nun-c  i-a-t  i  o  n  (-nun-si-a'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  denouncing; 
a  threat ;  menace. 

de-ntm-ci-a-tor  (-nun'si-a-ter) ,  n. 
a  denouncer. 

de-nun-ci-a-to-ry  (-to-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  containing,  a 
denunciation.  Denunciative. 

de-ny  (de-nf).  v.t.  to  refuse  to  be- 
lieve or  admit ;  contradict ;  re- 
fuse to  grant ;  abjure. 

de-o-dand  (de'o-dand).  n.  any 
personal  chattel  which  has  caused 
death,  and  for  that  reason  has 
been  given  to  God  (forfeited  to 
the  Crown)  for  pious  nses. 

de-o-dpr-ant  (-6'der-ant),  n.  a 
deodorizer. 

de-o-dor-ize  ('der-iz),  v.t.  to  dis- 
infect. 

de-part  (de-part'),  v.i.  to  go  or 
move  away  ;  leave  ;  die  ;  desist. 

Syn.  leave,  quit,  decamp,  retire, 
withdraw,  vanish. 
Ant.    (see   remain). 

de-part-ment  ('ment),  n.  a  sep- 
arate room  or  office  for  business ; 
a  branch  of  business,  study,  or 
science ;  a  territorial  administra- 
tive division. 

de-part-ment-al  ('al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  department ;  governed 
by  departments. 

de-par-ture  (par'chur),  n.  the 
act  of  departing ;  a  going  away ; 
deviation ;  death. 

de-pend  (de-pend'),  v.i.  to  rely 
for  support ;  trust ;  hang  down. 

de-pend-ence  ('ens),  n.  the. state 
of  being  dependent ;  connection ; 
reliance ;  trust.  Also  depend- 
ency (-si),  [pi.  dependencies 
(-siz)],  a  colony. 

de-pend-ent  Cent),  adj.  hanging 
down  ;  contingent ;  conditional ; 
subordinate :  n.  one  dependent 
upon  another ;  a  retainer ;  conse- 
quence. 

de-pict  (de-plkf ),  v.t.  to  paint  or 
portray ;  describe  or  represent 
vividly. 


de-pil-a-to-ry  (de-pil'a-to-ri).  adj. 
haying  the  power  of  removing 
hair :  n.  an  application  for  remov- 
ing superfluous  hairs. 

de-ple-tion  (-ple'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  emptying  or  exhausting ;  blood- 
letting. 

de-plor-a-"ble  (-plor'a-bl).  adj. 
worthy  to  be  deplored ;  sad ;  cal- 
amitous ;  grievous. 

de-plore  (-plor'),  v.t.  to  lament; 
grieve  for. 

de-ploy  (-ploi'),  v.t.  &  v.i.  [p.t.> 
&  p.p.  deployed,  p.pr.  deploying], 
to  open  out ;  extend  in  line  so  as 
to  present  a  wider  front :  n.  the 
act  of  deploying.  Also  deploy- 
ment. 

de-po-lar-ize  (-po'lar-iz),  v.t.  to 
deprive  of  polarity. 

de-pon-ent  (-pon'ent),  adj.  de- 
noting a  Latin  verb  with  a  pas- 
sive form  and  an  active  meaning : 
n.  a  witness  who  makes  an  affi- 
davit to  a  statement  of  fact. 

de-pop-u-late  (-pop'u-lat),  v.t.  to 
deprive  of  inhabitants  ;  devastate  •, 
lay  waste. 

de-port  (-port'),  v.t.  to  carry 
from  one  country  to  another ; 
banish;  behave  (one's  self). 

de-port-ment  ('ment),  n.  con- 
duct ;  behavior. 

de-pose  (-poz'),  v.t.  to  remove 
from  a  throne,  or  other  high  sta- 
tion ;  deprive  of  office  v.i.  testify 
on  oath. 

de-pos-it  (-poz'it),  v.t.  to  put  or 
set  down ;  place ;  intrust-  to 
another  for  security :  n.  anything 
deposited ;  something  committed 
to  the  care  of  another ;  a  pledge ; 
rocks  produced  by  denudation  or 
by  the  laying  down  of  other  for- 
mations. 

de-pos-i-ta-ry  ('i-tii-ri),  n.  one 
with  whom  something  is  in- 
trusted ;  a  guardian. 

dep-o-si-tion  (dep-o-zish'un),  «. 
the  act  of  depositing  or  deposing ; 
that  which  is  deposited  or  de- 
posed ;  an  affidavit. 

de-pos-i-tor  (de-poz'i-ter),  n.  one 
who  deposits. 

de-pos-i-to-ry  ('i-to-ri),  n.  [pi. 
depositories  (-riz)],  the  place 
where  anything  is  deposited  for 
security ;  a  depot  for  the  sale  of 
publications. 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


oep 


256 


der 


de-pot  (de'po,  or  dep'6),  n.  a 
warehouse ;  a  magazine  for  mili- 
tary stores,  &c. ;  the  headquarters 
of  a  regiment;  a  railway  station. 

dep-ra-va-tion  ( dep-ra-va'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  depraving ;  deterior- 
ation. 

de-prave  (de-prav'),  v.t.  to  make 
bad. 

de-praved  (-pravd').  p.adj.  mor- 
ally debased  ;  corrupt ;  made  bad 
or  worse. 

de-prav -i-ty  (-prav'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  of  being  depraved  or  cor- 
rupt ;  wickedness. 

dep-re-ca-ble  ( dep're-ka-bl ) ,  adj. 
that  which  is,  or  should  be,  dep- 
recated. 

dep-re-cate  ('re-kat),  v.t.  to  pray 
against ;  disapprove  strongly  ;  ex- 
press regret  for. 

dep-re-ca-tion  (-ka'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  deprecating ;  in  litanies,  a 
petition  to  be  delivered  from  some 
spiritual  or  temporal  evil. 

dep-re-ca-to-ry  ( dep're-ka-to-ri ) , 
adj.  apologetic. 

de-pre-ci-ate  (de-pre'shi-at),  v.t. 
to  lower  the  value,  o_r  rate,  of ; 
disparage  :  v.i.  to  fall  in  value. 

de-pre-ci-a-tion  (-fi'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  lessening  the  value  or 
worth  of ;  fall  in  value. 

dep-re-date  (dep're-dat),  v.t.  to 
pillage ;  rob ;  lay  waste ;  prey 
upon. 

dep-re-da-tion  (-da/shun),  n.  the 
act  of  depredating. 

dep-re-da-tor  (dep're-da-ter),  n. 
a  plunderer. 

dep-re-da-to-ry  ( -to-ri ) ,  adj. 
plundering. 

de-press  (de-pres'),  v.t.  to  press 
or  thrust  down  ;  humble  ;  dispirit ; 
lower  or  cheapen. 

de-pressed  (-presf),  p.adj.  cast 
down  in  spirits ;  lowered  in  posi- 
tion ;  flattened  from  above,  or 
vertically. 

de-pres -sion  (-presh'un),  n.  the 
act  of  depressing ;  the  sinking  or 
falling  in  of  a  surface ;  abase- 
ment ;  dejection  of  spirits ;  de- 
bility ;  diminution  or  dullness  of 
trade. 

de-pres-sor  (-pres'er),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  depresses ;  a 
muscle  that  draws  down  an 
organ  or  part. 


dep-ri-va-tion  (dep-ri-vFi'shun) , 
n.  the  act  of  taking  away ;  desti- 
tution ;  loss ;  the  deposition  of  a 
cleric  from  his  office  or  functions. 

de-prive  (de-priv'),  v.t.  to  take 
from  ;  dispossess  ;  debar ;  depose 
from  office. 

Syn.  strip,  bereave,  despoil,  rob, 
divest. 

depth  (depth),  n.  the  state  or 
degree  of  being  deep ;  profound- 
ness ;  extent  of  penetration ; 
richness  of  tone  or  color. 

dep-u-ta-tion  (dep-u-ta'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  deputing ;  the  persons 
deputed. 

de-pute  (de-put' 1.  v.t.  to  appoint 
as  an  agent  or  deputy ;  send  with 
authority  to  act  on  behalf  of 
the  principal. 

Syn.  appoint.  commission, 
charge,  intrust,  delegate,  author- 
ize, accredit. 

dep-u-tize  'dep'u-tiz),  v.t.  to  ap- 
point as  a  deputy. 

dep-n-ty  ('u-ti),  n.  [pi.  deputies 
(-tiz)],  one  appointed  to  act  for 
another;  a  delegate. 

de-rail  (de-ral'),  v.i.  to  run  off 
the  rails :  v.t.  to  cause  to  leave 
the  rails. 

de-range  (-ranj'),  v.t.  to  throw 
into  confusion ;  disturb  the  nor- 
mal functions  of ;  displace. 

de-range-ment  ('ment),  n.  the 
act  of  deranging ;  insanity. 

Der-by  (der'bi),  n.  [pi.  derbies 
('biz)],  a  race,  founded,  1780, 
for  three-year-old  horses,  run 
annually  at  Epsom,  England. 

der-by  (der'bi),  n.  a  kind  of  stiff 
felt  hat,  with  convex  crown  and 
curved  brim. 

der-e-lict  (der'e-likt),  adj.  aban- 
doned ;  adrift :  n.  anything  left, 
forsaken,  or  cast  away  inten- 
tionally, as  at  sea :  pi.  abandoned 
goods  found  at  sea. 

der-e-lic-tion  (-lik'shun),  n.  omis- 
sion, as  of  obligation  or  duty ; 
the  gaining  of  land  by  the  per- 
manent retirement  of  the  sea. 

de-ride  (-rid'),  v.t.  to  mock; 
laugh  at :  v.i.  to  indulge  in  mock- 
ery, scorn,  or  ridicule. 

de-rid-ing-ly  ('ing-li),  adv.  with 
derision. 

de-ris-i-ble  (-riz'i-bl),  adj.  open 
to  derision. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


der 


257 


des 


de-ri-sion  (-rizh'un),  n.  the  act 
of  deriding  ;  ridicule  ;  scorn  ;  con- 
tempt. 

Syn.      scorn,      contempt,      con- 
tumely, disrespect. 

de-ri-siye  (-ri'siv),  adj.  express- 
ing derision. 

de-riv-a-ble  (-riv'a-bl).  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  derived  ;  deducible. 

der-i-va-tion  (der-i-va'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  deriving,  or  the  con- 
dition of  being  derived ;  the  proc- 
ess of  tracing  a  word  from  its 
original  source  ;  evolution  ;  deduc- 
tion. 

Syn.    origin,    source,    beginning, 
cause,   etymology,   root. 

de-riv-a-tive  (de-riv'fi-tiv),  adj. 
derived  or  taken  from  another ; 
obtained  from  some  other  by  a 
deducible ;  secondary :  n.  a  word 
prefix,  or  other  modification. 

de-rive  (-riv'),  v.t.  to  draw  from 
an  original  source ;  obtain  by 
transmission  or  descent;  trace  (a 
word)  to  its  original  root  or 
stem  ;  deduce  ;  infer. 

der-ma  (der'ma),  n.  the  true 
skin. 

der-mal  ('mal),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the,  or  consisting  of,  skin. 
Also  dermic. 

der-ma-toid  ('ma-toid),  adj.  like 
skin. 

der-ma-tol-o-gy  (-tol'6-ji),  n.  the 
science  which  treats  of  the  skin 
and  its  diseases. 

der-mic,  another  form  of  dermal. 

der-ni-er  res-sort  (der'ni-er  re- 
zor' ) ,  n.  the  last  resort  or  ex- 
pedient. 

der-o-gate  Co-gat),  v.t.  to  take 
away :  annul  partially :  v.i.  de- 
tract (with  from). 

der-o-ga-tion  (-ga'shun).  n.  the 
act  of  derogating  ;  detraction  ;  de- 
preciation. 

de-rog-a-tp-ry  (de-rog'a-to-ri), 
adj.  tending  to  derogate  from 
honor,  character,  or  value  (with 
to.  from). 

der-rick  (Mk),  n.  an  apparatus 
for  hoisting  heavy  weights. 

der-rin-ger  ('in-jer),  n.  a  pocket 
pistol  with  a  short  barrel  of  very 
large  caliber. 

der-visli  ('vish).  n.  a  Mohammed- 
an monk  who  professes  extreme 
poverty,  chastity,  and  humility. 


and  leads  a  very  austere  life  t  a 
Soudanese  adherent  of  the  Madhi. 

des-caiit  (des'kant),  n.  a  varied 
song  or  melody :  a  disquisition  or 
comment:  (des-kant'),  v.i.  to  com- 
ment freely  ;  discourse  at  lenirth. 

de-scend  (de-send'),  v.i.  to  pass 
from  a  higher  to  a  lower  position  ; 
fall  upon  or  invade ;  be  derived 
from  ;  fall  in  order  of  inheritance, 
or  from  one  generation  to 
another ;  move  toward  the  south : 
said  of  a  star :  v.t.  to  move  or 
pass  along  downwards. 

de-scend-ant  ('ant),  n.  one  who 
is  lineally  descended  from  an 
ancestor ;  offspring. 

de-scend-ent  ('ent),  adj.  descend- 
ing ;  sinking. 

de-scend-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  that 
may  be  descended ;  transmissible. 

de-scen-sion  ('shun),  n.  the  act 
of  descending ;  a  falling ;  declen- 
sion ;  sinking  downwards. 

de-scent  (-sent'),  n.  change  from 
a  higher  to  a  lower  place ;  a 
sudden  hostile  invasion  or  attack ; 
moral  or  social  declension ;  trans- 
mission of  an  estate ;  derivation 
from  a  common  ancestor ;  birth ; 
a  passage  from  a  higher  to  a 
lower  pitch. 

de-scrib-a-ble  (de-skrib'a-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  description. 

de-scribe  (-skrib'),  v.t.  to  deline- 
ate or  trace  out ;  narrate ;  set 
forth. 

Klin,     delineate      portray,     ex- 
plain, illustrate,  define,  picture. 

de-scrip-tion  (-skrip'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  describing ;  delineation 
by  marks  or  signs ;  an  account  of 
anything  in  words  or  writing. 

de-scrip-tiye  ('tiv),  adj.  tending 
to,  or  serving  to,  describe ;  con- 
taining description. 

des-e-crate  (des'e-krat),  v.t.  to 
divert  from  a  sacred  to  a  secular 
use ;  profane. 

Syn.    profane,    secularize,    mis- 
use,  abuse,   pollute. 
Ant.    (see  keep  holy). 

des-e-cra-tion  (-kra'shun),  ». 
profanation. 

de-sert  (de-zerf),  v.t.  to  forsake; 
abandon :  v.i.  abscond  from  duty : 
n.  a  reward  or  punishment  de- 
served ;  merit. 

des-ert  (dez'ert),  n.  a  barren  tract 
incapable  of  supporting  life  or 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin.  then. 


des 


258 


des 


vegetation ;    a   solitude :   adj,   per- 
taining to  a  desert. 

de-serve  (-zerv'),  v.t.  to  earn  by 
service ;  be  justly  entitled  to,  or 
worthy  of;  merit:  v.i.  to  be 
worthy  or  deserving  (usual  with 
well  or  ill). 

Syn.  merit,  earn,  justify,  win. 

de-serv-ed-ly   ('ed-li),  adv.  justly. 

des-ha-bille,    same    as    dishabille. 

des-ic-cate  (des'i-kat),  v.t.  to  dry 
thoroughly ;  dry  up ;  preserve  by 
exhausting  the  moisture  from : 
v.i.  to  become  dry. 

des-ic-ca-tion  (-kfi'shun),  «.  the 
act  of  drying. 

des-ic-ca-tive  (des'i-ka-tiv),  adj. 
tending  to  dry. 

des-ic-ca-tor  (-ter),  n.  an  ap- 
paratus for  drying  foods  and 
other  substances. 

de-sid-er-ate  (de-sid'er-at),  v.t. 
to  be  in  want  or  need  of ;  desire 
to  have. 

de-sid-er-a-tive  (-tiv),  adj.  hav- 
ing desire. 

de-sid-er-a-tum  (-a'tum),  «.  [pi. 
desiderata  ('ta)],  anything  de- 
sired ;  a  want  or  desire  generally 
felt  and  recognized. 

de-sign  (-zin').  v.t.  to  draw, 
mark,  or  plan  out ;  project ;  set 
apart  mentally :  v.i.  to  formulate 
designs  or  execute  original  work : 
n.  an  outline,  plan,  or  drawing ; 
project ;  intention. 

Syn.  n.,  delineation,  sketch, 
drawing,  cunning,  artfulness, 
contrivance. 

des-ig-nate  ((les'ig-nat),  v.t.  to 
indicate  by  marks.  linos,  or  a  de- 
scription the  limits  of ;  point  out ; 
distinguish ;  name :  adj.  desig- 
nated ;  selected. 

des-ig-na-tion  (-na'shun).  n.  the 
act  of  designating ;  nomination  ; 
appointment. 

de-sign-ed-ly  (de-zln'ed-li) .  <idv. 
intentionally. 

de-sign-ing  (-zin'ing),  adj. 
scheming;  artful;  cunning;  in- 
sidious :  wily. 

de-sir-a-bil-i-ty  f-zir-a-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  de- 
sirable. 

de-sir-a-ble  ('ft -hi),  adj.  pleasing: 
agreeable. 

Syn.  expedient,  advisable,  valu- 


able, acceptable,  proper,  judicious, 
beneficial,  profitable,  good. 

de-sire  (-zlr'),  v.t.  to  wish  earnest- 
ly for;  crave:  v.i.  be  in  the  state 
of  desire :  n.  a  longing  for  the 
possession  of  some  object ;  a 
petition  or  prayer;  natural  or 
sensual  tendency ;  the  object 
longed  for. 

Syn.  longing,  affection,  crav- 
ing. 

de-sir-ous  ('us),  adj.  full  of  de- 
sire. 

de-sist    ('sist),  v.i.  to  cease  from. 
Syn.    cease,    stop,    discontinue, 
drop,  abstain,  forbear. 

Ant.    (see  continue,  persevere). 

desk  (desk),  n.  a  sloping  frame 
or  table  for  reading  or  writing 
upon ;  a  clerk's  position. 

des-o-late  (des'6-lat),  v.t.  to  lay 
waste;  deprive  of  inhabitants: 
overwhelm  with  sorrow :  adj.  de- 
prived of  inhabitants ;  solitary ; 
laid  waste ;  abandoned ;  miser- 
able. 

Syn.  bereaved,  forlorn,  for- 
saken, deserted,  wild,  waste,  bare, 
bleak,  lonely. 

Ant.    (see   pleasant,   happy). 

des-o-late-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
desolate  manner. 

des-o-la-tion  (-In 'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  desolating ;  the  state  of 
being  desolated  :  a  solitude  :  ruin  ; 
destruction  ;  affliction  ;  misery. 

des-pair  (-par'),  v.i.  to  abandon 
all  hope,  or  expectation :  become 
hopeless :  v.t.  to  lose  hope  or  con- 
fidence in :  n.  loss  of  hope  or  con- 
fidence ;  hopelessness ;  desper- 
ation. 

des-patch  (des-pach'),  or  dis- 
patch (dis-),  v.t.  to  send  off; 
expedite ;  put  to  death ;  finish 
quickly  :  n.  speedy  performance  : 
celerity :  an  express ;  an  official 
document  sent  to  a  minister 
abroad. 

des-per-a-do  (-per-a'do),  n.  a 
man  reckless  of  danger:  a  wild 
ruffian. 

des-per-ate  Cper-at),  adj.  regard- 
less of  danger  or  consequences ; 
reckless ;  hopeless. 

Syn.  wild,  daring,  audacious, 
determined,  reckless. 

des-per-ate-ly  (-li),  adv.  reck- 
lessly :  hopelessly. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


des 


259 


det 


des-pi-ca-ble  ('pi-ka-bl),  adj. 
contemptible. 

de-spise  (-spiz'),  v.t.  to  look 
down  upon  with  scorn  or  con- 
tempt ;  disdain. 

de-spite  (-spit'),  n.  extreme  con- 
tempt ;  malicious  anger ;  scorn ; 


hatred :  prep,  notwithstanding. 

il-l 
maliciously. 


de-spite-ful-ly      (-fool-li),      adv. 


de-spoil  (-spoil'),  v.t.  to  rob;  de- 
prive. 

despond  (-spond'),  v.i.  to  be 
cast  down  in  spirits ;  give  way  to 
despondency. 

des-pond-en-cy  ('en-si),  n.  ab- 
sence of  hope  or  courage ;  deep 
mental  depression. 

des-pot  (des'pot),  n.  an  absolute 
irresponsible  ruler  ;  an  autocrat ; 
tyrant. 

des-pot-ic  (-pot'ik),  adj.  absolute 
in  power ;  autocratic  ;  irresponsi- 
ble ;  arbitrary ;  tyrannical.  Also 
despotical. 

des-pot-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in 
a  despotic  manner. 

des-pot-ism  ('pot-izm),  n.  abso- 
lute power  or  government ; 
tyranny. 

des-sert  (dez-zert'),  n.  a  course  of 
fruits,  sweets,  &c.,  usually  served 
last  at  dinner. 

des-ti-na-tion  ( des-ti-na'shun ) , 
n.  purpose  or  end  for  which  any- 
thing is  appointed ;  ultimate  de- 
sign ;  goal ;  termination. 

des-tine  (des'tin),  v.t.  to  appoint 
to  any  use  or  purpose ;  fix  un- 
alterably ;  doom. 

des-ti-ny  ('ti-ni),  n.  [pi.  destinies 
(-niz)],  premeditated  lot;  fate; 
inevitable  necessity. 

N//H.  fate,  decree,  doom,  end. 

des-ti-tute  Cti-tut),  adj.  without 
means  of  existence ;  forsaken ; 
poor ;  penniless. 

des-ti-tu-tion  (-tu'shun),  n. 
poverty  ;  want. 

de-stroy  (de-stroi'),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
/>.!>.  destroyed,  p.pr.  destroying], 
to  pull  down ;  overturn :  lay 
waste;  render  desolate;  kill;  put 
an  end  to ;  disprove. 

de  struc-ti-bil-i-ty  (-struk-ti-bil'- 
i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  de- 
structible. 

de-struc-ti-ble  f'ti-bl),  adj.  that 
may  be  destroyed. 


de-struc-tion  (-struk'shun),  n. 
the  act  or  process  of  destroying ; 
subversion  ;  overthrow  ;  ruin  ; 
death. 

de-struc-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  tending 
to,  or  causing,  destruction ;  ruin- 
ous ;  hurtful. 

Syn.  detrimental,   hurtful,  nox- 
ious,   injurious,    deleterious,    bale- 
ful, baneful,  subversive. 
Ant.    (see   creative). 

de-struc-tive-ly  (-li),  adj.  in  a 
destructive  manner. 

de-struc-tive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  destructive ;  a 
propensity  to  destroy. 

des-u-da-ticm  (des-u-da'shun),  n. 
profuse  sweating. 

des-ue-tude  (des'we-tud),  n.  dis- 
use. 

Syn.  disuse,  discontinuance. 
Ant.    (see  maintenance). 

des-ul-to-ry  (des'ul-to-ri),  adj. 
passing  from  one  thing  to  another 
without  order  or  method  ;  cursory  ; 
erratic. 

tiyn.  rambling,  discursive,  loose, 
unmethodical,    superficial,    unset- 
tled, erratic,  fitful. 
Ant.  (see  thorough). 

des-ul-to-ri-ly  (-ri-li),  adv.  in  a 
desultory  manner. 

des-ul-to-ri-ness  .(-ri-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  desultory ;  dis- 
cursiveness. 

de-tach  (de-tach'),  v.t.  to  discon- 
nect ;  detail  for  a  specific  pur- 
pose ;  send  away  from. 

de-tach-ment  ('ment),  n.  the  act 
of  detaching ;  the  thing  detached  ; 
a  body  of  troops,  or  certain  ships, 
detached  from  the  main  body  and 
sent  on  special  service. 

de-tail  (de-tal'),  v.t.  to  relate 
minutely;  enumerate;  tell  off  for 
a  given  duty :  v.i.  to  give  details 
of :  n.  an  item ;  a  particular  or 
minute  account ;  a  small  detach- 
ment for  special  service :  pi. 
minute  parts  of  a  picture, 
statue,  &c. 

de-tain  (de-tan'),  v.t.  to  hold 
back ;  restrain  from  departure ; 
retain  in  custody. 

de-tain-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  de- 
tains ;  a  writ  for  holding  a  per- 
son in  custody. 

de-tain-xnent  ('ment),  n.  deten- 
tion. 


Ifitf.  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  lino,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin, 


det 


260 


det 


de-tect  (de-tekf),  v.t.  to  discover; 
bring  to  light ;  expose ;  find  out ; 
ascertain  the  character  of. 

de-tec-ta-ble  (-tek'ta-bl),  adj. 
that  may  be  detected.  Also  de- 
tectible. 

de-tec-tion  ('shun),  n.  the  act  of 
detecting 'or  its  result;  discovery. 

de-tec-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  employed 
in  detecting :  pertaining  to  de- 
tectives, or  detection :  n.  one 
whose  business  it  is  to  trace 
wrong-doers. 

de-tec-tor  ('ter),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  detects ;  an  appara- 
tus or  device  for  indicating  the 
presence  of  anything. 

de-tent  (de-tent'),  n.  a  pin,  lever, 
or  stud  forming  a  stop  in  a 
clock,  lock,  &c. 

de-ten-tion  (-ten'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  detaining  or  withholding ; 
restraint ;  delay. 

de-ten-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  employed 
in  detaining. 

de-ter  (de-ter'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
deterred,  p.pr.  deterring],  to  dis- 
courage, or  hinder,  by  fear ;  re- 
strain ;  dishearten. 

Syn.  warn,  stop,  dissuade,   ter- 
rify,  scare. 

Ant.    (see  encourage). 

de-terge  (-terj'),  v.t.  to  cleanse, 
as  a  wound. 

de-te-ri-o-rate  (-te'ri-o-rat),  v.t. 
to  reduce  to  an  inferior  quality  or 
value ;  impair :  v.i.  to  grow  worse. 

de-te-ri-o-ra-tion  (-ra'shun),  n. 
degeneracy. 

de-ter-mi-na-ble  ( -ter'mi-na-bl ) , 
adj.  capable  of  being  definitely 
ascertained ;  defined  with  clear- 
ness ;  terminable. 

de-ter-mi-nant  ('mi-nant),  adj. 
causing  determination :  n.  that 
which  determines,  decides,  or  es- 
tablishes something. 

de-ter-mi-nate  Cmi-nat),  adj. 
having  definite  or  fixed  limits; 
clearly  defined  ;  specific. 

de-ter-mi-na-tion  (-nii'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  determining  ;  purpose  ; 
resolution. 

de-ter-min-a-tive       ('min-S-tiv), 
ad),   determining,   limiting,  or  de-  ! 
fining ;  tending  to  define  the  genus 
or  species :   n.   that  which  serves 
to  determine  the  quality  or  char-  j 


acter  of  something  else ;  a  demon- 
strative pronoun  ;  an  ideograph. 

de-ter-mine  (de-ter'min),  v.i.  to 
decide ;  end :  v.t.  to  fix  or  settle 
the  bounds  of ;  put  an  end  to ; 
restrict. 

de-ter-inined  ('mind) ,  p. adj.  reso- 
lute ;  inflexible ;  fixed ;  circum- 
scribed ;  limited. 

de-ter-min-ed-ly  (-li),  adv.  reso- 
lutely. 

de-ter-rent  (-cer'ent),  adj.  serv- 
ing, or  tending,  to  deter:  n.  that 
which  deters. 

de-test  (-test'),  v.t.  to  hate  in- 
tensely. 

de-tes-ta-tion  (de-tes-  or  det-es- 
ta'shun),  n.  extreme  dislike  or 
abhorrence ;  loathing. 

de-throne  (-thron'),  v.t.  to  re- 
move from  a  throne ;  deprive  of 
authority. 

det-i-nue  (det'i-m~i),  n.  a  writ  for 
the  recovery  of  chattels  unlaw- 
fully detained. 

det-o-nate  (det'o-nfit),  v.t.  to 
cause  to  explode  with  a  loud  and 
sudden  report :  v.i.  to  explode 
loudly  and  suddenly. 

det-o-na-tion  (-6-na'shun),  n.  a 
sudden  explosion  with  a  loud  re- 
port. 

det-o-na-tor  ('o-na'ter),  n.  a  sub- 
stance that  detonates  a  percus- 
sion cap. 

de-tour  (de-toor'),  n.  a  circuitous 
way. 

de-tract  (-trakf),  v.t.  to  draw 
or  take  away  (with  from)  :  v.i. 
take  away  the  reputation. 

de-trac-tion  (-trak'shun),  n.  de- 
preciation ;  defamation ;  slander. 

de-trac-tor  ('ter),  n.  one  who  de- 
tracts ;  a  muscle  that  draws  away 
some  part. 

de-train  (de-trim'),  v.t.  to  re- 
move from  a  train,  as  troops :  v.i. 
alight  from  a  train. 

det-ri-ment  (det'ri-ment),  n. 
that  which  injures,  reduces  in 
value,  or  causes  damage. 

N.//H.   loss,  harm,  injury,  deteri- 
oration. 

Ant.    (see  benefit). 

det-ri-ment-al  ('al),  adj.  in- 
jurious. 

det-ri-ment-al-ly  ('al-li),  adv. 
injuriously. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


det 


261 


dev 


de-tri-tal  (de-tri'tal),  adj.  per- 
taining to.  or  consisting  of,  de- 
tritus. 

de-tri-tus  Ctus),  n.  accumula- 
tions arising  from  fragments  of 
rocks  broken  off  or  worn  away  ; 
debris ;  waste. 

de  trop  (de  trd'),  too  much;  out 
of  place :  not  wanted ;  said  of  a 
person  whose  presence  is  not  de- 
sired. 

deuce  Cdiis).  n.  the  dovil  I ;  a  card 
or  dice  with  two  spots ;  a  term 
used  in  scoring  at  lawn  tennis. 

deuce-ace  ('as),  n.  the  one  and 
two  thrown  at  dice. 

den-to-plasm  (du'to-pla/m),  n. 
the  secondary  or  nutritive  plasm 
or  albuminous  part  of  the  yolk, 
which  provides  food  for  the  em- 
bryo. 

Deut-zi-a  (diU'zi-a).  n.  a  small 
genus  of  handsome  Chinese  and 
Japanese  shrubs. 

dev  (dav),  n.  one  of  the  high 
powers  or  gods  in  nature.  Also 
deva. 

de-va-chan  (dfi'vn-kan),  n.  in 
occultism,  a  state  into  which  the 
higher  spiritual  life  of  man 
passes  after  death. 

de-va-chan-ee  (-e').  n.  one  who 
is  in  the  enjoyment  of  the  de- 
vachan. 

de-vap-o-ra-tion  (de-vap-6-ra'- 
shun),  n.  the  change  of  vapor 
into  water. 

dev-as-tate  (dev'as-tat),  v.t.  to 
lay  waste ;  desolate ;  ravage ; 
plunder. 

dev  as-ta-tion  (-ta'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  devastating ;  desolation ; 
waste :  dcst ruction. 

dev-as-ta-tor  Cas-ta-ter),  n.  one 
who  devastates. 

de-vel-op  (de-vel'op).  v.t.  to  un- 
fold gradually:  make  known  in 
detail:  complete;  to  cause  to  go 
from  a  lower  to  a  higher  state ; 
brintr  to  view  by  inducing  changes 
on  a  sensitized  plate:  r.i.  to  ad- 
vance from  oil"  staure  to  anot'<": 
become  gradually  annarcnt. 

N///I.    unfold,    amplify,    expand, 
enlarge. 

de-vel-o-p-ment  (-ment),  n.  the 
act  of  developing. 


de-vel-op-ment-al  ('Al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  development. 

de-vest  (de-vest'),  v.t.  to  alien- 
ate or  annul,  as  right  or  title : 
v.i.  to  be  lost  or  alienated. 

de-vi-ate  (de'vi-at),  v.i.  to  turn 
aside  from  a  certain  course ;  di- 
verge ;  err :  v.t.  to  change  the  di- 
rection or  position  of. 

de-vi-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  deviating  ;  digression  ;  wander- 
ing ;  variation  from  established 
rule ;  error. 

de-vi-a-tor  (-ter),  ».  one  who 
deviates. 

de-vice  (de-vis'),  n.  a  contriv- 
ance ;  invention ;  a  stratagem ;  a 
fanciful  design  or  pattern ;  a 
heraldic  emblem. 

Syn.    artifice,    expedient      con- 
trivance. 

dev-il  (dev'l).  n.  the  Evil  Spirit 
Satan ;  a  fallen  angel ;  a  false 
god  or  demon  ;  a  very  wicked 
person ;  a  bold  dashing  fellow ; 
a  malicious  spirit  in  a  person : 
a  printer's  apprentice ;  a  machine 
for  dividing  rags  or  cotton  in 
paper-making :  v.t.  to  season 
highly  with  cayenne  pepper  cold 
cooked  meat  and  then  to  fry  it; 
prepare  work  for  another;  tear 
up  in  a  machine. 

dev-il-fish  (-fish),  n.  a  large 
species  of  octopus. 

devilish  (-ish),  adj.  diabolical; 
extremely  wicked ;  infernal ;  ex- 
cessive. 

dev-il-ish-ly  (-li),  adv.  diabolic- 
ally ;  excessively. 

devil-kin  (-kiri),  n.  a  little  devil. 

dev-il-ment  (-ment),  n.  roughish- 
ness. 

dev-il-ry  (-ri),  malicious  mis- 
chief ;  diabolical  wickedness. 

de-vi-ous  (de'vi-us),  adj.  ram- 
bling ;  circuitous. 

de-vis-a-ble  (-vls'a-bl).  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  imagined  or  be- 
queathed. 

de-vise  (-viz'),  rt.  to  imagine; 
scheme ;  contrive ;  concoct :  be- 
queath by  will :  n.  a  gift  of  real 
property  by  will ;  a  will. 

dev-i-see  (dev-i-ze').  n.  the  person 
to  whom  a  bequest  has  been  made. 

de-vi-ser  (de-vi'zer),  n.  one  who 
devises  or  invents. 


late,  mar,  mAsk,  cat,  awl :  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  :  vote.  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  miite.  nut :  thin,  f/ien. 


dev 


262 


d!a 


de-vi-sor  ('zer),  n.  one  who  be- 
queaths by  will. 

de-void   (-void'),  adj.  destitute  of. 
Syn.    void,    wanting,    destitute, 
unendowed,  unprovided. 
Ant.  (see  full,  complete). 

de-voir  (dev-war'),  n.  a  service 
or  duty  owed  ;  an  act  of  courtesy 
or  respect  (usual  pi. ). 

de-volve  (de-volv').  v.t.  to  trans- 
fer from  one  to  another ;  trans- 
mit :  v.i.  to  be  transferred  or 
transmitted. 

de-vote  (de-vof),  v.t,  to  dedicate 
or  consecrate ;  consign  to  evil ; 
give  up  wholly  to;  apply  (one's 
self,  &c.)  to  some  object. 

dev-o-tee  ( dev-G-te' ) ,  n.  a  votary  ; 
enthusiast. 

de-vo-tion  (de-vo'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  devoting  or  consecrating ; 
the  state  of  being  devoted ;  strong 
affection ;  ardent  love ;  religious 
worship;  prayer  (usually  pi.). 

de-vo  tion-al    (-al),    adj.    devout. 

de-vonr  (de-vour').  v.t.  to  swal- 
low greedily  or  ravenously ;  con- 
sume or  destroy  rapidly ;  annihi- 
late ;  enjoy  with  avidity. 

de-vout  (-vouf).  adj.  devoted  to 
religious  thoughts  and  exercises ; 
heartfelt. 

dew  (dii),  n.  aqueous  vapor  con- 
densed from  the  atmosphere  and 
deposited  in  small  drops  at  even- 
ing; that  which  falls  lightly  and 
in  a  refreshing  manner. 

dew-claw  ('claw),  n.  the  little 
claw  behind  a  dog's  foot ;  the 
false  hoof  of  a  deer. 

dew-i-ness  (du'i-nes),  n.  state  of 
being  dewy. 

dew-lap  ('lap),  n.  the  loose  skin 
that  hangs  from  the  neck  of  an 
ox  or  cow. 

dew-y  (du'i),  adj.  moist  with  dew. 

dex-ter  (deks'ter),  adj.  right:  op- 
posed to  left. 
dex-ter-i-ty      (M-ti),     «.     manual 
skill ;   mental   or  physical   adroit- 
ness ;  cleverness. 

Syn.  aptitude,  expertness,  readi- 
ness, skill. 
dex-ter-ous   (-us),  adj.  possessing 
manual   skill ;   quick,   mentally   or 
physically ;    adroit ;    clever.     Also 
dextrous. 
dex-trine  ('trin),  n.  a  white  gum- 


my substance  found  in  plant  sap, 

&c. :  used  as  guin. 

dex-trose     ('tros),     n.     a     white 

crystalline  variety  of  sugar  found 
in  sweet  fruits :  as  the  grape, 

cherry,  &c.,  and  in  diabetic  urine. 

dey  (da),  n.  the  former  title  of 
the  governor  of  Algiers,  and  of 
the  chief  of  the  Janissaries. 

di-a-base  (dTft-bfis),  n.  a  dark 
colored  igneous  rock ;  composed  of 
augite,  feldspar,  and  iron ;  green- 
stone. 

di-a-be-tes  (-A-be'tez),  n.  a  dis- 
ease characterized  by  a  morbid 
and  excessive  discharge  of  urine. 

di-a-bet-ic  (-bet'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  diabetes. 

di-a-bol-ic  (dl-a-bol'ik),  or  di-a- 
bol-ic-al  (-al),  adj.  devilish; 
outrageously  wicked  ;  impious. 

di-a-bpl-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
diabolical  manner. 

di-a-caus-tic  (-a-kaws'tik).  ndj. 
denoting  a  caustic  curve  formed 
by  refracted  rays :  n.  a  diacaustic 
curve. 

di-ac-o-nal  (-ak'o-nal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  deacon. 

di-ac-o-nate  (-ak'G-nat),  n.  the 
office  or  dignity  of  a  deacon  ;  dea- 
cons collectively. 

di-a-cous-tics  (di-a-kous'  or 
-koos'tiks),  n.pl.  the  science  of 
refracted  sounds ;  diaphouirs. 

di-a-crit-ic-al  (-krit'ik-ul),  adj. 
serving  to  separate  or  distinguish  ; 
sufficient  to  magnetize  an  iron 
core  to  one-half  its  saturation. 
Also  diacritic. 

di-a-crit-ic-al  mark  (miirk).  n. 
a  mark  employed  to  distinguish 
letters  or  sounds  which  resemble 
each  other,  and  to  indicate  their 
true  pronunciation,  as  a,  f>. 

di-a-dem  ('A-dem),  n.  a  crown; 
tiara. 

di-ser-e-sis,  same  as  dieresis. 

di-a-glyph-ic  (-glif'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  like,  an  intaglio : 
sunk  into  the  general  surface. 

di-ag-nose  (-ag-nos'),  v.t.  to  as- 
certain, as  a  disease,  by  its  gener- 
al symptoms. 

di-ag-no-sis  (-n5'sis),  n.  [pi.  di- 
agnoses ('sez)],  scientific  dis- 
crimination ;  the  recognition  of  a 
disease  by  its  symptoms. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  Jot :  rof>on. 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dia 


263 


dia 


di-ag-nos-tic  (-nos'tik),  adj.  char- 
acteristic :  n.  a  symptom  distin- 
guishing a  disease. 

di-a-gom-e-ter  (-gom'e-ter),  n.  a 
kind  of  electroscope  for  measur- 
ing and  determining  relative  con- 
ductivity. 

di-ag-o-nal  ( -ag'6-nal ) ,  adj.  ex- 
tending from  one  angle  to 
another :  n.  a  straight  oblique 
line  dividing  a  rectangular  figure 
into  equal  parts. 

di-ag-o-nal-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a 
diagonal  manner. 

di-a-gram  ('a-gram),  n.  a  geo- 
metrical figure ;  a  mechanical 
plan ;  an  outline,  drawing,  or 
figure. 

di-a-gram- xuat-ic  (-at'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  illustrated  by,  a 
diagram. 

di-a-gram-mat-ic-al-ly  ( -al-li ) , 
a  dr.  by  a  diagram. 

di-a-graph  ('u-graf),  n.  an  in- 
strument for  drawing  figures  or 
objects  mechanically. 

di-al  (di'al),  n.  an  instrument  for 
showing  the  time  by  the  sun's 
shadow  :  the  face  of  a  timepiece ; 
any  plate  on  which  an  index  fin- 
ger marks  revolutions,  pressure, 
&c. ;  an  insulated  fixed  wheel  used 
in  telegraphy :  v.t.  to  measure  or 
indicate  by  a  dial ;  survey  with  a 
miner's  compass. 

di-a-lect  ('a-lekt).  n.  the  peculiar 
manner  in  which  a  language  is 
spoken  in  a  province  or  district  of 
a  country ;  idiom  ;  a  sub-division 
of  a  language. 

di-a-lect-ic  ('ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  dialect,  or  to  logic.  Also 
dialectical. 

di-a-lect-ics  ('iks),  n.pl.  the  art 
of  reasoning. 

di-a-lec-ti-cian  (-tish'an),  n.  a 
logician. 

di-a-lec-tol-o-gy  (-tol'o-ji),  n. 
that  branch  of  philology  which 
treats  of  dialects. 

di-al-ing  ('al-ing),  n.  the  art  of 
constructing  dials. 

di-a-logue  ('a-log),  n.  a  conver- 
sation between  two  or  more  per- 
sons ;  a  literary  composition  in 
which  persons  are  represented  as 
reasoning  on,  or  discussing,  a 
subject. 

di-al-y-sis   (-al'i-sis).  n.  the  break- 


ing up,  or  division,  of  one  syllable 
into  two ;  in  Latin  grammar,  the 
change  of  j  and  v  into  i  and  u; 
the  separation  of  different  sub- 
stances in  solution  by  diffusion 
through  a  moist  membrane  or 
septum. 

di-a-mag-net-ism  (-mag'net- 
izm),  n.  the  property  possessed 
by  certain  bodies  when  under  the 
influence  of  magnetism,  and  free- 
ly suspended,  of  taking  a  position 
at  right  angles  to  the  magnetic 
meridian. 

di-am-e-ter  (di-am'e-ter),  n.  the 
length  of  a  line  passing  through 
the  center  of  any  object  from  one 
side  to  the  other ;  the  distance 
through  the  lower  part  of  the 
shaft  of  a  column. 

di-a-met-ri-cal  ( -a-met'ri-kal ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  a  diameter ; 
directly  adverse  or  opposite. 

di-a-met-ri-cal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
a  diametrical  manner. 

di-a-mond  (di'a-mund),  n.  a  gem 
of  extreme  hardness  and  refrac- 
tive power ;  a  rhomboidal  figure  ; 
a  playing  card  with  one  or  more 
lozenge-shaped  figures ;  a  glass 
cutter's  tool ;  the  smallest  kind  of 
type  generally  used  (see  type)  : 
adj.  resembling  a  diamond. 

di-a-moiid-drill  (-dril),  n.  a  rod 
or  tube  furnished  at  the  end  with 
diamonds  for  boring  very  hard 
rock. 

di-a-pa-son  (-a-pa'zon),  n.  the 
entire  compass  of  a  voice  or  in- 
strument ;  a  recognized  musical 
standard  of  pitch ;  the  founda- 
tion stops  of  an  organ. 

di-a-per  ('a-per),  n.  linen  cloth 
woven  in  geometric  patterns ;  a 
napkin ;  surface  decoration  of  one 
or  more  simple  figures  repeated : 
v.t.  to  variegate  or  embroider; 
work  in  diaper. 

di-aph-a-ne  (-af'a-ne),  n.  the  art 
of  imitating  stained  glass  by 
transparencies  on  plain  glass. 

di-aph-a  nou«  (-af'a-nus),  adj. 
transparent. 

di-a-phan-to-graph  (-fan'to- 

graf).  n.  an  instrument  for  draw- 
ing objects  from  their  reflection 
on  a  sheet  of  glass. 

di-a-phon-ic,   same  as  diacoustic. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he.  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pCrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dla 


264 


did 


di-a-plio-ret-ic  (-fo-ret'ik),  adj. 
producing  perspiration :  n.  a  su- 
dorific medicine. 

di-a-phragm  ('A-fram),  n.  the 
midriff,  which  divides  the  chest 
from  the  abdomen  ;  any  substance 
that  intercepts  or  divides. 

di-a-phy -lac-tic  (-fi-lak'tik),  n.  a 
preventive  against  disease. 

di-a-rist  ('A-rist),  n.  one  who 
keeps  a  diary. 

di-ar-rhce-a  (dl-A-re'a),  n.  a  mor- 
bidly persistent  purging  or  loose- 
ness of  the  bowels. 

di-a-ry  ('A-ri),  n.  [pi.  diaries 
(-riz)],  a  register  of  daily  oc- 
currences or  duties ;  a  book  for 
daily  memoranda. 

di-a-stase  ('A-stfis),  n.  a  soluble 
nitrogenous  ferment  formed  in  ger- 
minating grain  and  animal  fluids. 
and  having  the  property  of  con- 
verting starch  and  dextrine  into 
sugar. 

di-as-to-le  (-as'to-le),  n.  the 
rhythmical  expansion  and  dilata- 
tion of  the  heart  and  arteries 
in  beating ;  the  lengthening  of  a. 
syllable  naturally  short. 

di-a-style  ('A-stll),  n.  an  arrange- 
ment of  columns  in  which  the  in- 
terspace between  each  measures 
3  or  4  diameters  of  the  shaft. 

di-a-ton-ic  (-a-ton'ik).  adj.  desig- 
nating the  regular  tones  of  a  key 
or  scale. 

di-a-tribe  ('A-trib).  «.  a  contin- 
ued discourse  or  disputation ;  a 
strain  of  violent  abuse ;  bitter 
criticism. 

dib-ber  (dib'er),  n.  an  instru- 
ment with  a  sharp  steel  point ; 
used  by  gardeners,  miners,  &c. 

dib-ble  (dib'l),  n.  a  gardening 
tool  for  making  holes  in  the 
earth :  v.t.  plant  with  a  dibble : 
v.i.  dip  bait  gently  into  the  water. 

dice  (dls),  «./),'.  small  cubes 
marked  on  the  sides  with  one  to 
six  spots :  used  in  games  of 
chance :  v.i.  to  play  with  dice :  v.t. 
to  decorate  with  woven  patterns 
to  resemble  cubes ;  cut  into  cubes. 

di-chro-ism  Ckro-iam),  n.  the 
property  by  which  a  crystallized 
body  exhibits  different  colors  ac- 
cording to  the  direction  of  light 
transmitted  through  it. 


di-chro-mism  (-mizm),  n.  color 
blindness  characterized  by  in- 
ability to  see  more  than  one  of 
the  three  primary  colors. 

di-cing  (dl'sing),  n.  gaming  with 
dice ;  stamped  leather  ornamented 
with  squares. 

dick-er  ('er),  v.i.  to  barter  or 
trade  on  a  small  scale. 

dick-y  (dik'i),  n.  [pi.  dickies 
('iz)],  a  small  separate  shirt 
front ;  a  seat  at  the  back  of  a 
coach ;  a  child's  bib  or  pinafore ; 
a  donkey. 

di-crot-ic  (dl-krot'ik),  adj.  hav- 
ing a  double  or  secondary  pulse- 
beat. 

dic-tate  (dik'tat),  v.t.  declare 
with  authority  ;  express  orally  so 
that  another  may  take  words 
down  in  writing :  v.i.  to  speak 
with  final  authority  ;  prescribe  :  n. 
an  injunction  ;  command ;  a  con- 
trolling principle. 

Syn.  prompt,  suggest,  enjoin, 
order,  command. 

dic-ta-tion  (-ta'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  dictating ;  the  thing  dictated ; 
authoritative  utterance. 

dic-ta-tor  ('ter),  n.  one  who  dic- 
tates ;  one  invested  with  absolute 
powers  of  government ;  an  an- 
cient Roman  magistrate  with 
supreme  authority,  appointed  in 
times  of  emergency. 

dic-ta-tp-ri-al  (-to'ri-al).  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  dictator :  abso- 
lute ;  imperious. 

Syn.  imperative,  imperious,  dom- 
ineering, arbitrary,  tyrannical, 
overbearing. 

Ant.  (see  submissive). 

dic-ta-to-ri-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
dictatorial  manner. 

dic-tion  (dik'shun),  n.  manner 
of  speaking  or  expression  ;  choice 
of  words ;  style. 

dic-tion-a-ry  (-a-ri),  n.  [pi.  dic- 
tionaries (-riz)],  a  book  con- 
taining all,  or  the  principal,  words 
in  a  language,  arranged  alpha- 
betically, with  their  meanings, 
derivations,  &c. ;  a  lexicon ;  vo- 
cabulary ;  wordbook. 

die-turn  ('turn),  n.  [pi.  dicta 
(-ta)],  a  dogmatic  or  authorita- 
tive assertion  ;  aphorism. 

did,  p.t.  of  do. 


late,  mar,  mAsk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


did 


265 


dif 


di-dac-tic  (di-dak'tik),  adj.  teach- 
in?;  instructing;  explanatory. 
Also  didactical. 

di-dac-tic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in 
a  didactic  manner. 

di-dac-tics  ('tiks),  n.pl.  the  art 
of  teaching. 

di-dac-tyl  (-dak'til),  adj.  having 
two  digits,  as  fingers  or  toes :  n. 
an  animal  with  only  two  toes  on 
each  foot. 

did-dle  (did'l),  v.t.  to  overreach 
or  cheat :  v.i.  to  totter  like  a 
child ;  trifle. 

di-dec-a-lie-dral  (di-dek-a-he'- 
dral),  adj.  having  the  form  of  a 
ten-sided  prism  with  a  five-sided 
base. 

di-do   (di'do),  n.  a  caper. 

di-do-dec-a-he-dral  (-do-dek-a- 
he'dral),  adj.  having  the  form  of 
a  prism  with  12  sides  and  a  6- 
sided  base. 

did-y-mous  (did'i-mus),  adj. 
growing  in  pairs :  paired  or 
double. 

die  (di),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  died, 
p.pr.  dying],  to  cease  to  live; 
expire ;  perish  ;  wither ;  become 
extinct  gradually ;  faint ;  sink, 
languish  with  pleasure. 

die  (di),  n.  [pi.  dies  (dlz)],  a 
small  cube  (pi.  dice,  see  dice)  ;  a 
piece  of  engraved  metal  with  a 
device  used  for  coining  money, 
medals,  &c. ;  a  tool  used  in  cut- 
ting the  threads  of  screws  or  bolts, 
&c. ;  a  kind  of  knife  used  by  en- 
velope makers,  and  in  shoe  fac- 
tories: v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  died,  p.pr. 
dying!,  to  mold,  stamp,  cut  with 
a  die. 

•V.v".  expire,  depart,  perish,  de- 
cline, languish,  wane,  sink,  fade, 
decay. 

di-e-lec-tric  (di-e-lek'trik),  adj. 
non-conducting:  n.  any  medium, 
as  glass,  &c.,  that  transmits  elec- 
tric force  by  induction. 

di-er-e-sis  (-er'e-sis),  n.  a  sign 
( . . )  placed  over  the  second  of 
two  separate  vowels  to  show  that 
each  has  a  separate  sound  in 
pronunciation,  as  aerated;  a  di- 
vision in  a  line  or  verse;  cell-di- 
vision. Also  dispresis. 

di-e-sis  (di'e-sis),  n.  the  double 
dagger  ($)  used  in  printing;  the 


difference  between   a   greater  and 
less  semitone. 

di-et  (di'et),  n.  solid  or  liquid 
food ;  manner  of  living,  with  spe- 
cial reference  to  food ;  a  delibera- 
tive convention  ;  a  national  or  leg- 
islative assembly. 

8yn.  food,  victuals,  nourish- 
ment, nutriment,  sustenance,  fare. 

di-e-ta-ry  (di'e-ta-ri) ,  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  rules  of  diet :  n.pl. 
dietaries  (-riz),  a  certain  fixed 
allowance  of  food ;  system  of  diet. 

di-e-tet-ic  (di-e-tet'ik),  adj.  regu- 
lating food  or  diet.  Also  dietetic- 
al :  n.pl.  that  branch  of  hygiene 
which  relates  to  rules  of  diet. 

di-et-ing  (di'et-ing),  n.  the  act 
of  eating  according  to  regimen. 

dif-fer  (dif'er),  v.i.  to  be  dis- 
similar ;  be  distinguished  from,  or 
have  different  properties  or  quali- 
ties ;  disagree ;  contend. 

dif-fer-en.ee  ('er-ens).  n.  the  act 
or  state  of  being  unlike ;  dis- 
parity :  distinction  ;  controversy  ; 
quarrel ;  on  the  Stock  Exchange, 
the  margin  payable  on  settle- 
ment :  v.t.  to  distinguish  between  ; 
discriminate ;  take  the  difference 
of. 

Syn.  separation,  disagreement, 
discord,  dissent,  estrangement, 
variety. 

dif-fer-ent  ('er-ent),  adj.  unlike; 
distinct. 

$?/».  various,  manifold,  diverse, 
unlike,  separate,  distinct. 
Ant.  (see  similar) . 

dif-fer-en-ti-a  (-en'shi-a),  n.  [pi. 
differentiae  (-e)],  that  which  dis- 
tinguishes one  species  from  an- 
other of  the  same  genus. 

dif-fer-en-tial  ('shal),  adj.  in- 
dicating a  difference ;  having  dif- 
erent  velocities. 

dif-fer-en-tial  cal-cu-lus  (kal'- 
ku-lus),  n.  the  method  of  finding 
an  infinitely  small  quantity  which 
shall  equal  a  given  quantity  when 
taken  infinite  times. 

dif-fer-en-tial  clu-ties  (du'tiz). 
n.pl.  duties  levied  unequally  on 
similar  produce  from  foreign  coun- 
tries. 

dif-fer-en-tial-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a 
differential  manner. 

dif-fer-en-ti-ate   (-en'shi-at),  r.t. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat.  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
"xx>k  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dif 


266 


dig 


to  constitute  a  difference  between  ; 
specialize  in  structure  or  func- 
tions :  v.i.  to  acquire  a  distinc- 
tive and  separate  character. 

dif-fer-en-ti-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  differentiating ;  speciali- 
zation. 

dif-fi-cult  ('i-kult),  adj.  not  easy; 
arduous ;  perplexing ;  not  easily 
managed. 

*Sfj/n.  hard,  intricate,  involved, 
perplexing,  obscure,  unmanage- 
able. 

Ant.  (see  easy). 

dif-fi-cul-ty  (-kul-ti).  n.  [pi.  diffi- 
culties (-tiz)],  something  that 
requires  labor  or  skill  to  over- 
come ;  scruple ;  objection ;  con- 
troversy :  pi.  complication  of  af- 
fairs; embarrassment;  perplexity. 

dif-fl-dence  ('i-dens),  n.  lack  of 
self-reliance ;  modest  reserve. 

dif-fi-dent  ('i-dent),  adj.  lacking 
self-reliance  ;  shy  ;  modest. 

dif-frac-tion  (dif-rak'  or  di-frak'-  ; 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  turning  aside 
a  ray  of  light  when   passing  the 
edge  of  an  opaque  body. 

dif-frac-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  diffraction. 

dif -fuse  (dif-ffiz'),  v.t.  to  pour 
out  and  spread  all  around ;  scat- 
ter; circulate:  adj.  (dif-fus'), 
widely  spread ;  verbose ;  redun- 
dant. 

ftyn.  discursive,  prolix,  diluted, 
copious. 

dif-fu-si-bil-i-ty  (-i-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  capability  of  being  diffused. 

dif-fu-si-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  diffused. 

dif-fu-sion  (dif-fu'zhun),  n.  the 
act  of  diffusing ;  a  spreading 
abroad ;  the  passing  by  osmosis 
through  animal  membranes. 

dif-fu-sive  (-fus'iv),  adj.  capable 
of  diffusing ;  spreading  every  way ; 
widely  reaching. 

dig  (dig),  v.i.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  dug.  or 
dieged ;  p.pr.  digging],  to  work 
with  a  spade ;  cast  up  earth ; 
study  hard :  v.t.  to  excavate ; 
break  up  (ground):  search; 
thrust  or  force  in  (with  into)  :  n. 
a  poke  or  thrust ;  a  plodding 
student. 

di-gest  (di'jest),  n.  any  compila- 
tion, abridgment,  or  summary  of 
laws  arranged  methodically  under 


proper  heads,  or  titles ;  the  Pan- 
dects of  the  Emperor  Justinian ; 
a  synopsis:  v.t.  (di-jesf)  to  ar- 
range methodically  under  proper 
heads  or  titles ;  classify  ;  dissolve 
in  the  stomach  by  the  action  of 
digestive  juices ;  think  over  and 
arrange  in  the  mind  ;  soften  and 
prepare  by  heat :  v.i.  to  be  di- 
gested, or  prepared  by  heat. 

di-gest-er  ('er),  n.  an  apparatus 
for  extracting  the  essence  of  a 
substance  by  heat. 

di-ges-ti-bil-i-ty  ( -  jes-ti-bi  l'i-ti ) , 
n.  the  quality  of  being  digestible. 

di-ges-ti-ble  Cti-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  digested. 

di-ges-tion  (-jes'chun),  n.  the 
act  of  digesting ;  the  conversion 
of  food  by  the  action  of  the  gas- 
tric juices  into  soluble  products ; 
mental  or  physical  assimilation. 

di-ges-tiye  ('tiv),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  digestion. 

dig-ger  (dig'er),  n.  one  who  digs. 

Dig-ger,  n.  a  name  of  a  class  of 
Californian  Indians  who  subsist 
chiefly  on  roots. 

digging  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
excavating:  pi.  a  locality  where 
mining  operations,  especially  for 
gold,  are  carried  on  :  residence. 

dig-it  (dij'it).  n.  a  finger  or  top; 
a  measure  (%  inch)  ;  l-12th  of 
the  diameter  of  the  sun  or  moon ; 
any  one  of  the  Arabic  numerals. 

dig-i-tal  ('i-tal),  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  digit. 

dig-i-tal-in  ('i-tal-in),  n.  a  pois- 
onous crystalline  alkaloid  obtained 
from  the  leaves  of  the  foxglove. 

Dig-i-tal-is  (-i-tfi'lis).  n.  a  genus 
of  tall  plants,  the  figworts,  in- 
cluding the  foxglove. 

dig-i-tate  ('i-tat),  adj.  finger- 
shaped. 

dig-i-ti-grade  ('i-ti-grad).  adj. 
walking  on  the  toes,  as  cats, 
dogs,  &c. 

dig-ni-fied  (dig'ni-fid).  <idj.  in- 
vested, or  marked,  with  dignity ; 
noble ;  stately. 

dig-ni-fy  ('ni-fl).  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
dignified,  p.pr.  dignifying],  to  in- 
vest with,  or  exalt  in,  dignity  or 
rank ;  confer  honor  upon ;  ele- 
vate ;  ennoble. 

Syn.  aggrandize,  elevate,  invest, 
exalt,    advance,    promote,    honor. 
Ant.    (see  degrade). 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
co«k  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dig 


207 


dim 


dig-ni-ta-ry  (-ta-ri),  n.  [pi.  dig- 
nitaries (-riz)],  one  who  holds  a 
position  of  dignity  or  honor ;  an 
ecclesiastic  who  holds  rank  above 
a  priest  or  canon. 

dig-ni-ty  ('ni-ti),  n.  [pi.  dignities 
(-tiz)j,  elevation  of  rank;  degree 
of  excellence ;  moral  worth ; 
qualities  suited  to  inspire  or  com- 
mand respect  and  reverence. 

di-grapli  (di'graf),  n.  combina- 
tion of  two  sounds  or  characters 
to  represent  one  simple  sound,  as 
read.  Also  digram. 

digress  (di-  or  di-gres'),  v.i.  to 
turn  aside ;  deviate  from  the 
main  subject  or  line  of  argument ; 
wander. 

di  gres-sion  (-gresh'un),  n.  the 
act  of  digressing ;  the  angular  dis- 
tance of  the  planets  Mercury  and 
Venus  from  the  sun. 

di-gres-sive  (-gres'iv),  adj.  char- 
acterized by  digression. 

di-gres-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
digressive  manner. 

di-he-dral  (-he'dral).  adj.  having 
two  plane  faces  or  sides. 

dike  (dik),  n.  an  embankment  or 
cutting  of  earth,  especially  one 
thrown  up  as  a  protection  against 
the  sea,  floods,  &c. ;  a  mass  of 
igneous  instrusive  rock.  Also 
dyke :  v.t.  to  surround,  protect,  or 
inclose  with  a  dike ;  drain  by 
ditching. 

di  lap-i-date  (di-lap'i-dfit ).  r.t. 
to  bring  into  partial  ruin  by 
neglect  or  misuse :  v.t.  to  become 
dilapidated. 

di-lap-i-da-tion  ('i-da'shun),  n. 
a  state  of  partial  ruin,  especially 
through  neglect  or  misuse. 

di-la-ta  bil-i-ty  (di-  or  di-la-ta- 
bil'i-ti),  n,  the  quality  of  being 
dilatable. 

dilatable  (-Iat'a-bl),  adj.  ex- 
pansive. 

dil-a-ta-tion  (dil-a-ta'shun),  n. 
expansion. 

di-late  (-laf),  v.t.  to  enlarge  or 
expand  in  all  directions;  distend: 
v.i.  to  be  extended  or  enlarged ; 
speak  fully  and  copiously. 

N/"'.  stretch  widen,  expand, 
swell,  distend,  enlarge,  descant, 
expatiate. 

di-la-tor  ('ter),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  dilates ;  a  surgical  in- 
strument for  opening  or  expand- 


ing an  orifice,  &c. ;  a  muscle  that 
dilates  the  parts  on  which  it 
acts. 

dil-a-to-ry  (dil'a-to-ri),  adj.  caus- 
ing, or  tending  to  cause,  delay ; 
slow  ;  inactive. 

Syn.  tardy,  procrastinating,  be- 
hindhand, lagging,  dawdling. 
Ant.   (see  prompt). 

di-lem-ma  (di-  or  dl-lem'u),  n. 
an  awkward  or  vexatious  situ- 
ation ;  an  argument  which  pre- 
sents an  antagonist  with  alter- 
natives, each  of  which  is  fatal  to 
his  cause. 

dil-et-tan-te  (-et-tan'te),  n.  [pi. 
dilettanti  (-ti)],  one  who  pursues 
the  fine  arts,  literature,  or  science, 
only  for  amusement ;  an  amateur  : 
opposed  to  connoisseur :  adj.  per- 
taining to  dilettanti,  or  dilet- 
tantism. 

dil-et-tant-ism  ( 'tizm ) .  n.  the 
characteristics  of  dilettanti ; 
amateurish  pursuit  of  art,  litera- 
ture, &c.  (used  in  a  disparaging 
sense) . 

dil-i-gence     Ci-jens),    n.    careful 

attention  ;   assiduity  ;   industry  ;  a 

French  stage-coach  (de-lfi-zbans')- 

Xyn.   care,   assiduity,   attention, 

heed,   industry. 

Ant.    (see  negligence). 

dill  (dil),  n.  an  herb  belonging  to 
the  parsley  family,  with  an  aro- 
matic fruit. 

dill-y-dal-ly  (dil'i-dal'i),  v.i.  [pt. 
&  p.p.  -dallied,  p.pr.  -dallying], 
to  loiter;  trifle. 

di  lute  (di-  or  di-lut'),  v.t.  to 
thin  or  weaken  by  the  admixture 
of  another  fluid,  especially  water; 
weaken  :  v.i.  to  become  thinner. 

di-lu-tion  (-lu'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  diluting ;  a  weak  liquid. 

di-ln-vi-al  (-lu'vi-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  produced  by,  or  re- 
sulting from,  a  deluge  or  flood. 

dim  (dim),  adj.  [comp.  dimmer, 
siiperl.  dimmest],  somewhat  dark  ; 
hazy  ;  obscure  ;  faint ;  tarnished  ; 
ill-defined:  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  dim- 
med, p.pr.  dimming],  to  render  ob- 
scure or  less  distinct ;  cloud ; 
tarnish  ;  dull :  v.i.  to  become  dim  ; 
fade. 

dime  (dim),  n.  a  silver  coin  = 
l-10th  of  a  dollar,  or  ten  cents : 
adj.  of  the  value  of  a  dime. 


late,  mar,  mask   "at,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin, 


dim 


268 


dip 


dime  nov-el  (nov'el),  n.  a  term 
applied  to  cheap  sensational  lit- 
erature. 

di-men-sion  (di-men'shun),  n. 
the  size  or  measured  extent  of  a 
body ;  cubic  capacity ;  the  literal 
factor  of  an  algebraic  product  or 
term :  pi.  magnitude  or  impor- 
tance. 

di-men-sion-al  (-A1),  pertaining 
to  dimension. 

di-min-isli  (di-min'ish),  v.t.  to 
make  less ;  reduce  in  bulk  or 
amount;  weaken;  impair;  de- 
tract from  ;  reduce  by  a  semitone  : 
v.i.  to  lessen ;  dwindle. 

Syn.    lessen,    reduce,    contract, 
curtail. 

Ant.    (see  increase). 

dim-i-iiu-tion  (dim-i-nu'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  making  less ;  reduction  ; 
lessening. 

di-min-u-tive  (di-min'ii-tiv),  adj. 
below  the  average  size ;  little ; 
contracted ;  narrow :  n.  a  word 
formed  from  another  to  express 
the  sense  of  littleness. 

dim-is-so-ry  (dim'is-o-ri),  adj. 
sending  to  the  jurisdiction  of  an- 
other ;  giving  leave  to  depart. 

dim-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  [pi.  dimities 
(-tiz)],  a  cotton  cloth  of  thick 
texture  with  a  ridged  surface. 

di-mor-phism  (dl-mor'fizm),  n. 
the  quality  of  assuming,  crystal- 
lizing, or  existing  in,  two  forms. 

di  nior-phous  ('fus),  adj.  exist- 
ing in  two  forms.  Also  dimorphic. 

dim-pie  (dim'pl),  n.  a  small  de- 
pression or  hollow  in  the  cheek 
or  chin ;  an  indentation :  v.i.  to 
form  dimples ;  sink  in  slight  de- 
pressions :  v.t.  to  mark  with  dim- 
ples. 

dim-ply  ('pli),  adj.  full  of,  or 
marked  with,  dimples.  Also  dim- 
pled. 

din  (din),  n.  a  continued  and  vio- 
lent noise :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  dinned. 
p.pr.  dinning],  to  stun  with  noise; 
press  with  clamor  or  persistent 
repetition  :  v.i.  make  a  clamor. 

dine  (dm),  v.i.  to  take  dinner: 
v.t.  to  give  or  provide  a  dinner 
for ;  feed. 

ding  (ding),  v.i.  to  sound,  as  a 
bell,  with  a  continuous  monoton- 
ous tone :  v.t.  to  impress  by  noisy 
repetition. 


ding-dong  ('dong),  n.  the  sound 
of  a  metallic  body  produced  by 
blows,  as  a  bell. 

din-ghy  (ding'ji),  n.  the  smallest 
boat  of  a  man-of-war ;  an  East 
Indian  ferry-boat ;  a  small  boat 
without  outriggers.  Dinghey, 
dingy. 

din-gi-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  dingy 
manner. 

din-gle  (ding'gl),  n.  a  narrow 
hollow  between  hills ;  the  enclosed 
weather-porch  of  a  house. 

din-gle-dan-gle  (-dang'gl),  adv. 
swinging  backwards  and  for- 
wards ;  loosely  pendent. 

din-go  (ding'go),  n.  the  Austral- 
ian wild  dog. 

din-gy  (din'ji),  adj.  dark-colored; 
dirty. 

din-ner  ('er),  n.  the  chief  meal  of 
the  day ;  a  dinner  party. 

dint  (dint),  n.  a  mark  left  by  a 
blow  or  pressure ;  force  or  power 
(with  of)  :  v.t.  to  make  a  mark 
on  or  in. 

di  oc-e  san  (dl-os'e-san,  or  dl'6- 
se-san),  adj.  of.  or  pertaining  to, 
a  diocese :  n.  a  bishop. 

di-o-cese  ('o-ses),  n.  [pi.  dioceses 
(-se-sez)],  a  bishop's  see;  a  bish- 
opric. 

di-op-tase  (-op'tas),  n.  a  vitreous 
emerald  green  ore  of  copper. 

di-op-tric  ('trik),  adj.  assisting 
vision  by  means  or  the  refraction 
of  light  in  viewing  distant  objects. 
Also  dioptrical. 

di-o-ra-ma  (-rfl'ma),  n.  an  ex- 
hibition of  pictures  on  movable 
screens,  viewed  through  a  large 
opening  in  a  darkened  room. 

di-o-rite  (-rit),  n.  a  granite-like 
rock  consisting  of  triclinic  feld- 
spar and  hornblende. 

di-os-mose  (-os'mos),  n.  the  ming- 
ling of  fluids  through  a  permeable 
membrane.  Also  diosmosis. 

di  ox-ide  (-oks'id),  n.  an  oxide 
consisting  of  2  atoms  of  oxygen 
and  1  atom  of  a  metal. 

dip  (dip),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  dipped* 
dipt,  p.pr.  dipping],  to  plunge  for 
a  short  time  into  a  fluid ;  baptize 
by  immersion ;  lower  and  raise 
quickly :  vi.  to  immerse  one's  self ; 
enter  slightly  into  anything;  in- 
cline_  downwards ;  sink  :  n.  the  act 
of  dipping ;  the  inclination  of  the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat.  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  ilne.  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dip 


269 


dis 


magnetic  needle,  or  the  angle 
made  by  it ;  the  angle  of  inclina- 
tion of  strata  to  the  horizon. 

diph-the-ri-a  (dif-  or  dip-the'ri- 
a).  «.  a  contagious  throat-disease 
characterized  by  the  formation  of 
a  false  membrane  in  the  air-pas- 
sages. Also  diphtheritis. 

diph-thong  ('thong),  n.  the  union 
of  two  vowel  sounds  pronounced 
in  one  syllable. 

di-plo-ma  (di-plo'ma).  n.  a  writ- 
ing on  parchment  or  paper  under 
sign  and  seal,  conferring  some 
honor,  authority,  &c. 

di-plo-ma-cy  ('ma-si,  or -plom'a- 
si),  n.  [pi.  diplomacies  (-siz)], 
the  art  of  conducting  negotiations 
between  two  states  or  nations,  or 
of  transacting  international  busi- 
ness ;  skill  in  conducting  nego- 
tiations. 

dip-lo-mat  (dip'16-mat),  n.  a  dip- 
lomatist. 

dip-lo-mat-ic  C-mat'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  diplomacy ;  character- 
ized by  special  tact  in  the  manage- 
ment of  affairs. 

dip-lo-mat-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
with  diplomatic  skill ;  with  tact. 

di-plo-ma-tist  (di-plo'ma-tist),  n. 
one  who  is  skilled  in  diplomacy. 

dip-per  (dip'er),  n.  one  who.  or 
that  which,  dips ;  a  water-fowl. 

dip  so  ma-ni-a  (-so-ma'ni-ft).  n. 
a  morbid  and  uncontrollable  crav- 
ing for  alcoholic  drinks. 

dip  so  ma-ni  ac  Cni-ak),  n.  one 
who  suffers  from  dipsomania :  adj. 
pertaining  to  dipsomania. 

dip-te-ral  Cte-ral).  adj.  furnished 
with  a  double  row  of  columns,  as 
in  temples ;  dipterous. 

dipterous  Cte-rus),  adj.  two- 
wingerl. 

dire  fdlr),  adj.  dreadful;  mourn- 
ful, 

di-rect  CrlT-rekt'),  adj.  straight; 
not  circuitous;  open;  plain: 
straightforward;  not  of  collateral 
descent ;  not  retrograde :  v.t.  to 
aim  or  drive  in  a  straight  line; 
guide  or  show :  point  out  or 
determine  with  authority:  v.i.  to 
act  as  a  guide. 

di-rec-tion  (-rek'shun),  n. 
relative  position ;  a  command ; 


order ;  guidance ;  the  address  of  a 
person  on  a  package,  &c. 

8yn.  aim,  course,  tendency,  way. 

di-rect-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  direct 
or  straight  line ;  immediately ; 
openly. 

di-rect-aess  ('nes)  n.  the  quality 
of  being  direct ;  freedom  from 
ambiguity. 

di-rect-or  ('er),  n.  one  who  di- 
rects or  superintends ;  one  ap- 
pointed to  transact  the  affairs  of 
a  company,  &c. ;  a  spiritual  guide 
or  adviser ;  a  surgical  instrument. 

di-rect-or-ate  ('6r-at),  n.  the 
office  of  a  director;  a  body  or 
board  of  directors. 

di-rect-o-ry  ('o-ri),  n.  [pi.  di- 
rectories (-riz)],  a  book  contain- 
ing the  names,  addresses,  and 
occupations  of  the  residents  of  a 
place ;  a  body  of  directors ;  a 
book  of  ecclesiastical  rules  or  di- 
rections for  divine  worship :  adj. 
guiding ;  commanding; 

dire-ful  (dir'fool),  adj.  dreadful; 
dismal. 

dire-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  dire 
manner. 

dirge    (derj),  n.  a  funeral  hymn. 

dir-i-gi-ble  (dir'i-ji-ble),  adj. 
that  may  be  guided  or  steered : 
as,  a  dirioible  balloon. 

dirk    (derk),  n.  a  dagger. 

dirt  fdert),  n.  any  fonl  or  filthy 
substance ;  garden  earth. 

dirt-My  ('i-li),  adv.  filthily; 
meanly. 

dirt-i-ness  (-nes).  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  dirty. 

dirt-y  (M).  adj.  impure;  soiled; 
morally  unclean ;  disgusting ; 
muddy ;  sleety ;  rainy :  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  n.p.  dirtied,  p.pr.  dirtying],  to 
soil ;  sully  ;  tarnish. 

dis-,  prefix,  signifies  separation, 
privation  or  negation. 

dis-a-bil-i-ty  (dJs-ft-biTi-ti).  n. 
[pi.  disabilities  f-tiz)],  lack  of 
physical,  intellectual,  or  social  fit- 
ness ;  legal  incapacity. 

Kyn.    unfitness.    incapacity. 

dis-a-ble  (-a'bl).  v.t.  to  deprive 
of  power ;  disqualify  ;  impoverish ; 
incapacitate. 

dis-a-buse  (-buz'),  v.t.  to  clear 
from  mistakes  or  false  concep- 
tions ;  set  right. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat.  awl ;  he.  hSr,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moor 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dis 


270 


dla 


dis-af-fect  (-af-fekf),  v.t.  to  fill 
with  discontent ;  alienate  the  af- 
fections from ;  disturb  the  func- 
tions of. 

dis-af-fec-tion  (-fek'shun),  n. 
alienation  of  affection  :  disloyalty  ; 
ill-will. 

dis-a-gree-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  ex- 
citing repugnance  or  displeasure : 
n.  that  which  is  displeasing  or 
unsatisfactory. 

dis-a-gree-a-ble-ness  ( -bl-nes ) , 
n.  unpleasantness. 

dis-a-gree-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  a 
disagreeable  manner. 

dis-ap-pear  (-a-per'),  v.i.  to  pas's 
away  ;  vanish. 

dis-ap-pear-ance  ('ans),  n.  re- 
moval from  sight. 

dis-ap-poiiit  (-point'),  v.t.  to 
thwart  or  frustrate  the  hopes  of ; 
fail  to  keep  an  appointment  with. 

dis-ap-point-ment  ('ment),  n. 
defeat  or  failure  of  expectation  ; 
state  of  depression  caused  by  fail- 
ure, &c. 

dis-arm  (-arm),  v.t.  to  deprive 
of  arms ;  reduce  to  a  peace  foot- 
ing;  render  harmless:  subdue. 

dis  arm-a-meiit  (-arm'a-ment),  n. 
the  act  of  disarming ;  reduction 
to  a  peace  footing. 

dis-ar-ray  (-ra'),  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p. 
disarrayed  p.pr.  disarraying! 
throw  into  disorder ;  rout :  n.  neg- 
ligent or  insufficient  dress ;  con- 
fusion. 

dis-as-ter  (-fls'ter).  n.  a  sudden 
or  unexpected  misfortune ;  a  seri- 
ous accident. 

dis-as-trons  ('trus).  adj.  occa- 
sioning loss  or  misfortune  ;  unfor- 
tunate ;  calamitous. 

dis-band  (-band'),  v.*.  to  dismiss 
from  military  service ;  break  up : 
v.i.  to  be  dismissed. 

disbar  (-bar'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
disbarred,  p.pr.  disbarring],  to 
deprive  a  lawyer  of  his  right  to 
practice. 

dis-bur-den  (-ber'dn),  v.t.  to  re- 
move a  burden  from ;  relieve  of 
anything  annoying  or  oppressive : 
v.i.  to  ease  one's  mind. 

dis  burse    (-bers').  v.t.  to  expend. 

dis-burse-ment  ('ment),  n. 
money  expended. 

disc,  another  form  of  disk. 

dis-card  (-kard'),  v.t.  to  cast  off 
as  useless  ;  dismiss  from  service  ; 


reject  as  useless :  v.i.  in  card- 
playing,  to  throw  out  cards  not  re- 
quired. 

discern  (di-zern'),  v.t.  to  dis- 
tinguish mentally,  or  with  the 
eye  ;  judge  or  decide  between  :  v.i. 
to  make  distinction. 

Syn.  descry,  observe,  recognize, 
see,  discriminate,  separate,  per- 
ceive. 

dis-cern-i-ble  ('i-bl)  adj.  per- 
ceptible. 

dis-cern-ment  ('ment),  n.  acute 
ness  in  judgment ;  penetration ; 
discrimination. 

discharge  (-charj'),  v.t.  unload; 
disembark ;  free  from  any  burden, 
impediment,  or  obligation ;  exon- 
erate or  acquit ;  free  from  re- 
straint or  custody  ;  let  fly  ;  ex- 
plode ;  perform  (a  trust  or  duty)  : 
v.i.  to  send  out  liquid  matter :  n. 
the  act  of  discharging ;  that  which 
is  discharged ;  an  explosion ;  a 
flowing  or  issuing  out ;  dismis- 
sion from  office  or  employment ; 
liberation. 

dis-ci-ple  (cli-si'pl),  n.  one  who 
receives  the  teaching  of  another ; 
a  scholar;  a  follower. 

dis-ci-plin-a-ble  (dis'i-plin-5-bl) , 
adj.  capable  of  instruction,  or 
liable  to  disciplinary  punishment. 

dis-ci-plin-a-ri-an  (-plin-a'ri-an), 
adj.  pertaining  to  discipline :  n. 
one  who  advocates,  or  enforces, 
strict  discipline. 

dis-ci-plin-a-ry  ('i-plin-a-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to  discipline. 

dis-ci-pline  ('i-plin),  n.  mental 
or  moral  training;  education; 
subjection  to  control ;  military 
regulation  ;  chastisement ;  an  in- 
strument of  punishment :  v.t.  to 
train  to  obedience  or  efficiency ; 
regulate ;  chastise. 

Ryn.  order,  strictness,  train- 
ing, coercion  punishment,  organi- 
zation. 

Ant.  (see  confusion,  demorali- 
zation). 

dis-claim  (-klam'),  v.t.  to  dis- 
own ;  repudiate. 

dis-claim-er  ('er),  n.  disavowal; 
denial. 

dis-close  (-kl5z'),  v.t.  to  uncover; 
reveal. 

dis  clos  lire    ('fir),   n.   the  act  of 


late,  mar.  mAsk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot :  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dls 


271 


dls 


revealing     anything     secret ;     dis- 
covery ;    uncovering. 

dis-coid   ('koid).  adj.  disk-shaped. 

dis-col-or  (-kul'er),  v.t.  to  change 
from  the  natural  color ;  give  a 
inconsistency  ;  difference.  Also  dis- 
false  complexion  to ;  stain. 

dis-com-fit  (-kum'fit),  v.t.  to  de- 
feat ;  rout ;  frustrate  ;_  thwart. 

dis-com-fi-ture  ('fi-tur),  n.  de- 
feat ;  disappointment.  _ 

dis-com-xnode  (-kom-od'),  v.t.  to 
inconvenience. 

dis  corn-pose  (-kom-poz'),  v.t.  dis- 
arrange ;  vex ;  ruffle. 

dis-com-pos-ure  ('ur),  n.  agita- 
tion ;  unrest. 

dis-con-cert  (-kon-serf),  v.t.  to 
disturb  the  composure  or  self- 
possession  of ;  frustrate. 

dis  con-so-late  ('so-hit),  adj. 
hopeless ;  sad. 

dis-con-so-late-ly  (-li),  adv.  hope- 
lessly ;  sadly. 

dis-cord  ('kord)  n.  disagreement ; 
a  confused  noise ;  a  combination 
of  discordant  sounds ;  disagree- 
ment in  coloring  or  parts. 

dis-cord-ant  (Tint),  udi.  at  vari- 
ance ;  inharmonious  ;  jarring  ;  in- 
congruous. 

dis-count  (dis'kount),  n.  a  sum 
deducted  or  allowed  for  prompt 
payment  of  an  account ;  a  deduc- 
tion made  according  to  the  cur- 
rent rate  of  interest:  v.t.  (dis- 
kount')  to  allow  a  discount  on; 
advance  money,  deducting  a  cer- 
tain rate  per  cent. ;  make  a  de- 
duction from  ;  anticipate. 

dis-cour-age  (-kur'aj),  v.t.  to  de- 
prive or  lessen  the  courage  of ; 
dishearten;  deter. 

dis-cour-age-ment  ('ment),  n. 
the  act  of  depriving  of  confidence ; 
that  which  destroys  courage. 

dis  course  (-kors').  n.  speech  or 
language :  conversation ;  a  trea- 
tise or  dissertation  ;  sermon  :  v.t. 
&  v.i.  to  talk  or  converse ;  utter ; 
communicate  ideas  orally. 

dis-cov-er  (dis-kuv'er),  v.t.  to 
bring  to  light;  reveal ;  find  (some- 
thing previously  unknown  ">. 

Syn.  make  known,  find,  invent, 
contrive,  expose,  reveal. 

dis-cov-er-y  (-i),  n.  [pi.  discov- 
eries (-iz)],  a  bringing  to  light 
or  making  known,  especially  for 
the  first  time ;  disclosure. 


dis-creet  (-kref),  adj.  prudent; 
circumspect. 

Syn.    cautious,    prudent,    wary, 
judicious. 

Ant.    (see  indiscreet). 

dis-crep-an-cy  (-krep'an-si),  n. 
crepance. 

tiyn.     disagreement,     difference, 
variance. 

Ant.    (see  agreement). 

dis-crep-ant  Cant),  adj.  disagree- 
ing ;  different. 

dis-crete  (-kref),  adj.  separate 
from  others ;  distinct ;  not  con- 
tinuous. 

dis-cre-tion  (-kresh'un),  n.  pru- 
dence ;  judgment :  sagacity  ;  skill. 

dis-crim-i-nate  (-krim'i-naO ,  v.t. 
to  observe  or  mark  the  differences 
between ;  select :  v.i.  to  make  a 
difference  or  distinction. 

dis-crim-i-na-tion  (-i-na'shun) , 
n.  power  of  penetration ;  faculty 
of  nice  discernment. 

Syn.      acuteness,      discernment, 
judgment,    caution. 

dis-crim-i-na-tive  ('i-na-tiv), 

adj.   characteristic. 

dis  eriiu-i  iia-tor  ('i-na-ter),  n. 
one  who  discriminates. 

dis-cur-sive  (-ker'siv),  adj. 
desultory. 

dis-cur-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
discursive  manner. 

dis-cnr-sive-ness  (-nes),  n.  di- 
gression. 

dis-cuss  (dis-kus'),  v.t.  to  debate; 
agitate ;  reason  upon ;  test 
(viands). 

dis-ciis-sion  (-kush'un),  n.  argu- 
ment ;  debate ;  ventilation  of  a 
question. 

disdain  (-dan'),  v.t.  to  think 
unworthy  ;  deem  unsuitable  ;  look 
upon  with  contempt  or  scorn :  n. 
contempt ;  haughty,  or  indignant 
scorn. 

dis-dain-ful  ('fool),  adj.  con- 
temptuous. 

dis-dain-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
disdainful  manner. 

dis-ease  (dis-ez'),  n.  any  mental, 
moral,  or  physical  disorder ;  mal- 
ady ;  illness :  v.t.  to  cause  disease 
in  ;  derange. 

Syn.     complaint,     malady,     dis- 
order, ailment,  sickness. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dls 


272 


dis 


dis-eni-bogue  (dis-em-bog'),  v.t. 
to  pour  out  or  discharge  at  the 
mouth :  said  of  a  river :  v.i.  to  find 
a  vent,  pass  across,  or  out,  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river. 

dis-em-bow-el  (-bou'el),  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  disemboweled,  p.pr.  disem- 
boweling], to  deprive  of  bowels; 
wound  in  the  abdomen,  so  that 
the  bowels  protrude. 

dis-fig-u-ra-tion  (-fig-u-ra'shun ) , 
n.  deformity. 

dis-fig-Tire  (-fig'ur),  v.t.  to  injure 
the  shape,  form,  or  beauty  of ;  de- 
form. 

dis-fraii-cliise  (-fran'chiz),  v.t. 
to  deprive  of  electoral  or  munici- 
pal privileges,  especially  to  with- 
draw the  power  of  voting  in  elec- 
tions. 

dis-gorge  (-g6rj'),  v.t.  to  force 
out  of  the  mouth  or  stomach  with 
violence ;  surrender  what  has  been 
unlawfully  obtained ;  make  resti- 
tution of. 

dis-grace  (-gras'),  n.  the  state 
of  being  out  of  favor ;  ignominy ; 
shame;  dishonor:  v.t.  to  bring 
shame,  reproval,  or  dishonor  up- 
on ;  dismiss  with  dishonor. 

Syn.    disrepute,    reproach,    dis- 
honor, shame,  odium. 
Ant.  (see  honor). 

dis-grace-ful  ('fool),  adj.  char- 
acterized by,  or  occasioning,  dis- 
grace. 

dls-grace-ful-ly  (-11),  adv.  in  a 
disgraceful  manner. 

dis-gnise  (-giz'),  v.t.  to  change 
the  appearance  of,  as  by  an  un- 
usual dress  ;  counterfeit ;  conceal : 
n.  a  dress  designed  to  conceal  the 
identity  of  the  wearer ;  counterfeit 
appearance ;  false  pretense. 

dis-gnst  (-gust'),  v.t.  to  cause 
aversion  in,  or  repugnance  to ; 
offend  the  moral  sense  of:  n. 
strong  aversion  or  repugnance. 

Syn.   dislike,   distaste,   loathing, 
abomination,    abhorrence. 
Ant.   (see  admiration). 

dish  (dish),  n.  a  broad  hollow 
vessel  with  a  rimmed  edge ;  food 
served  in  a  dish :  v.t.  to  put  into  a 
dish  for  serving  at  table  (often 
with  up)  ;  frustrate. 

dis  ha-bille     (dis-a-bil'),    n.    un- 


dress or  negligent  attire.  Also 
deshabille. 

dis-heart-en  (-har'tn),  v.t.  to 
discourage. 

di-shev-cl  (-shev'el),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  disheveled,  p.pr.  disheveling], 
to  disorder  (the  hair)  or  cause 
it  to  hang  negligently. 

dis  hon-or  (-on'Cr),  v.t.  to  de- 
prive of  honor ;  bring  shame  upon 
the  character  of ;  lessen  the  repu- 
tation of  ;  violate  the  chastity  of  ; 
refuse,  or  fail,  to  pay  (a 'bill  or 
note  when  due  and  presented)  :  n. 
disgrace ;  ignominy  ;  shame. 

dis-hon-or-a-ble  (-a-bl),  adj.  dis- 
creditable ;  shameful ;  ignominious. 

dis-lion-or-a-bly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
dishonorable  manner. 

dis-in-fect  (dis-in-fekf),  v.t.  to 
cleanse  from  infection ;  to  purify. 

dis-in-fect-ant  ('ant),  n.  an 
agent  used  to  disinfect. 

disintegrate  (-in'te-grat) ,  v.t. 
to  break  up  into  component  parts 
by  mechanical  agency  :  v.i.  separate. 

dis-in-te-gra-tion  (-grfi'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  disintegrating :  wearing 
down  of  rocks  by  atmospheric  in- 
fluences ;  separation. 

dis-junc-tive  (-jungk'tiy),  adj. 
serving,  or  tending,  to  disjoin  or 
separate :  n.  a  disjunctive  con- 
junction which  connects  grammat- 
icnlly  two  words  or  clauses  dis- 
joined in  meaning. 

disk  (disk),  n.  an  ancient  quoit; 
a  flat  circular  plate,  or  anything 
resembling  it.  Also  disc. 

dis-like  (dis-Hk'),  n.  a  strong 
feeling  of  repugnance  or  aversion  ; 
disrelish ;  antipathy :  v.t.  to  re- 
gard with  aversion ;  be  displeased 
with. 

dis-lo-cate  ('16-kat),  v.t.  to  put 
out  of  joint ;  interrupt  the  con- 
tinuity of. 

dis-lo-ca-tion  (-ka'shun).  n.  the 
act  of  dislocating;  a  joint  put 
out  of  its  socket ;  a  displacement 
of  stratified  rocks. 

dis-lodge  (-loj'),  v.t.  to  remove 
or  drive  out  from  a  place  of 
lodgment ;  drive  from  a  hiding 
place  or  chosen  station. 

dis-mal  (diz'mal),  adj.  gloomy; 
depressing ;  dark ;  horrid ;  sor- 
rowful. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin,  then. 


dls 


273 


dls 


dis-mal-ly  (-11),  adv.  in  a  dismal 
manner. 

dis-man-tle  (dis-mant'l),  v.t.  to 
strip  or  divest  of  furniture,  equip- 
ment, or  means  of  defense  ;  raze ; 
demolish. 

dis-may  (-ma'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
dismayed,  p.pr.  dismaying],  to  ter- 
rify ;  dispirit ;  discourage ;  in- 
timidate :  n.  loss  of  courage 
through  fear ;  a  condition  of  ter- 
ror. 

8yn.     terrify,     frighten,     scare, 
daunt,  appal,  dishearten. 
Ant.    (see   encourage). 

dis-mem  her  (-mem'ber),  v.t.  to 
cut  or  tear  limb  from  limb ;  sever 
into  parts  and  distribute ;  dislo- 
cate ;  sever ;  divide. 

dismiss  (-mis'),  v.t.  to  send 
away  ;  permit  to  depart ;  discharge 
from  office  or  employment ;  efface 
from  memory. 

N//H.    send    off,    discharge,    dis- 
card, banish. 

Ant.    (see   retain). 

dismissal  ('al),  n.  the  act  of 
dismissing  ;  removal  from  office,  &c. 

dis-or-der  (-6r'der),  n.  want  of 
order  or  arrangement :  lack  of 
system ;  irregularity ;  breach  of 
public  order ;  riot ;  mental  or 
physical  disease :  r.t.  to  throw 
into  confusion  ;  disturb  the  regu- 
lar mental  or  physical  func- 
tions ;  derange ;  ruffle. 

dis-or-dered  Cderd).  p.arlj.  dis- 
orderly ;  irregular  ;  loose  ;  unruly  ; 
disreputable. 

dis-or-der-ly  (-H),  arti.  confused; 
unmethodical ;  turbulent ;  unruly. 

dis-par-age  (-par'aj),  v.t.  treat 
with  contempt :  criticise  unjustly  ; 
depreciate,  belittle. 

dis-par-age-ment  (-ment),  n. 
the  act  of  disparaging ;  deprecia- 
tion ;  reproach;  disgrace  (often 
with  to}. 

dis-par-i-ty  (-par'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
disparities  (-tiz)].  inequality  of 
rank,  station,  degree,  or  excel- 
lence ;  disproportion. 

dis-part  C-piirt'),  n.  the  difference 
between  the  thickness  of  the  muz- 
zle of  a  piece  of  ordnance  and  its 
breech. 

dis-pas-sion-ate  (-pash'un-at) , 
adj.  free  from  passion ;  calm ;  un- 
prejudiced ;  impartial. 


dis-pas-sion-ate-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
a  dispassionate  manner. 

dis-patch,  same  as  despatch. 

dis-pel  (dis-pel'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
dispelled,  p.pr.  dispelling],  to 
drive  away  by,  or  as  by,  scatter- 
ing ;  disperse ;  dissipate. 

8yn.    scatter,    drive   away,   dis- 
perse, dissipate. 
Ant.  (see  collect). 

dis-pen-sa-ble  (-pen'sfi-bl),  adj. 
that  for  which  a  dispensation  may 
be  granted. 

dis-pen-sa-ry  ('sa-ri),  n.  [pi.  dis- 
pensaries (-riz)],  a  place  where 
medicines  are  kept  and  made  up ; 
a  charitable  institution  for  pro- 
viding the  poor  with  medical  ad- 
vice and  medicines. 

dis-pen-sa-tion  (-sa'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  dispensing ;  distribution ; 
that  which  is  appointed  or  be- 
stowed by  a  higher  power;  the 
particular  way  by  which,  at  dif- 
ferent periods.  God  has  made 
known  His  dealings  with  man- 
kind ;  the  suspending  of  a  rule  or 
law  in  some  particular  case ;  a 
license  granted  from  the  pope,  or 
by  a  bishop. 

dis-pense  (dis-pens'),  v.t.  to  deal 
out  in  portions ;  distribute ;  give 
forth  etfusively ;  excuse :  v.i.  to 
give  dispensation  ;  distribute  medi- 
cines. 

di-sper-mous  (di-sper'mus),  ad), 
two  seeded. 

dis-perse  (dis-pers'),  v.t.  to  scat- 
ter in  different  directions  or 
parts ;  diffuse ;  spread ;  cause  to 
vanish :  v.i.  to  separate ;  go  to 
different  parts ;  vanish  out  of 
sight. 

dis-per-sion  (-per'shun),  n.  the 
act  < of  dispersing;  the  separation 
of  light  into  different  colored  rays 
in  passing  through  a  prism. 

dis-per-sive  ('siv),  adj.  tending 
to  disperse. 

dis-pir-it  (-pir'it),  v.t.  to  depress 
the  spirits  of ;  dishearten  ;  render 
cheerless. 

dis-place  (-plas'),  v.t.  to  put  out 
of  place ;  disorder ;  depose  from 
office  or  dignity. 

8yn.   derange,   remove,   disturb, 
confuse. 

Ant.    (see   adjust). 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dis 


274 


dis 


dis-place-ment  ('ment).  n.  the 
act  of  displacing ;  substitution ; 
apparent  change  of  position ;  the 
weight  of  water  displaced  by  a 
solid  body  immersed  in  it. 

dis-play  (-plfi'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
displayed,  'p.pr.  displaying],  to 
spread  out ;  unfold  ;  exhibit ;  force 
into  notice ;  manifest  mentally  or 
physically  :  v.i.  to  make  a  display. 
Syn.  show,  spread  out,  exhibit, 
expose. 

Ant.   (see  hide) . 

dis-pleas-ure  (dis-plezh'iir),  n. 
annoyance  ;  vexation  ;  distaste  ; 
pique. 

dis-port  (-port'),  v.t.  to  amuse  or 
divert  (with  self)  ;  to  display 
gaily :  v.i.  to  play. 

dis-pos-a-ble  (-poz'a-bl),  adj.  free 
to  be  employed ;  subject  to  dis- 
posal. 

dis-po-sal  C'a.1).  n.  arrangement: 
order ;  control ;  right  of  bestow- 
ing. 

dis-pose  (-poz'),  v.t.  to  place;  ar- 
range ;  order ;  distribute  ;  adapt ; 
incline. 

Byn.  arrange,  place,  order,  give, 
bestow. 

dls-po-si-tion  (-izh'un),  n.  the 
act  of  disposing ;  order ;  method  ; 
arrangement ;  tendency ;  natural 
temperament. 

dis-pu-ta-ble  ('pu-ta-bl).  adj. 
liable  to  be  disputed ;  called  in 
question. 

dis-pu-tant  (-tant),  adj.  engaged 
in  controversy :  n.  a  controversial- 
ist. 

dis-pu-ta-tion  (-ta'shun),  n.  a 
verbal  controversy  ;  an  altercation. 

dis-pu-ta-tions  ('shus),  adj.  con- 
tentious. 

dis-pnte  (dis-ptif),  v.i.  to  debate; 
argue :  v.t.  contend  for  by  words 
or  actions  ;  express  doubt  of ;  con- 
trovert:  n.  a  controversy;  alter- 
cation ;  quarrel ;  contest. 

8yn.    argue,    contest,    contend, 
question,  impugn. 
Ant.    (see  assent). 

dis  qui-si  tion  (-kwi-zish'un) ,  n. 
a  systematic  investigation  or  dis- 
cussion of  some  subject ;  an 
elaborate  essay. 

dis-rate  (-rat'),  v.t.  to  degrade 
or  lower  in  rank,  as  a  petty  officer. 


dis  rup-tioii  (-rup'shun),  n.  forci- 
ble separation ;  breach. 

dis-rup-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  causing 
disruption. 

diss  (dis),  n.  a  reedy  Algerian 
grass. 

dissect  (-sekf),  v.t.  to  out  in 
pieces ;  anatomize ;  divide  and  ex- 
amine minutely. 

dis-sec-tion  (-sek'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  dissecting  or  cutting  in 
pieces  for  critical  examination ; 
anatomy  ;  nice  examination. 

dis-sec-tor -('ter),  n.  an  anatom- 
ist. 

dis-seize  (-sez'),  v.t.  to  deprive  of 
seizin  or  possession ;  dispossess 
unlawfully. 

dis  seiz  in  ('in),  n.  the  act  of  un- 
lawfully dispossessing  a  person  of 
an  estate. 

dis-sem-ble  (-sem'bl).  v.t.  to  hide 
under  a  false  appearance ;  give 
the  semblance  of  something  else 
to :  v.i.  to  act  the  hypocrite. 

dis-sem-bling  (sem'bling),  n. 
dissimulation. 

dis-sem-i-iiate  (-sem'i-nat) ,  v.t. 
to  scatter  abroad,  like  seed ;  prop- 
agate ;  diffuse. 

dis-sem-i-na-tor  ('ter),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  disseminates. 

dis-seii  sion  (dis-sen'shun),  n. 
strife ;  disagreement ;  breach  of 
union ;  variance. 

dis-sent    (-sent'),   v.i.  to  disagree 
in    opinion    (with    from)  ;    refuse 
adherence      to      an      Established 
Church:  n.  difference  of  opinion; 
refusal  to  acknowledge  or  conform 
to  an  Established  Church. 
Syn.  disagree,  differ,  vary. 
Ant.    (see  assent). 

dis-sent-er  ('er),  n.  a  noncon- 
formist. 

dis-sen-tient  ('shent),  adj.  dis- 
senting :  n.  one  who  disagrees. 

dissent-ing  (-sent'ing),  p.adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  characterized  by, 
dissent ;  separating  from  an  Es- 
tablished  Church;  pertaining  to 
dissenters. 

dis-ser-ta-tion  (-er-ta'shun),  n. 
a  formal  argumentative  discourse ; 
treatise. 

dis-»ev-er  (-sev'er),  v.t.  to  cut  in 
two  ;  disjoin  ;  divide ;  separate. 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dls 


275 


dis 


dis-si-dence  ('i-dens),  n.  disagree- 
ment. 

dis  si-dent  ('i-dent),  adj.  not 
agreeing,  or  conforming :  n.  one 
\vho  disagrees,  or  dissents. 

dis  sil-i-ent  (-sil'i-t-nt),  adj. 
springing  asunder,  or  bursting 
open  with  force. 

dis  sim-ii  late  (-sim'u-lat).  v.i.  & 
v.t.  to  dissemble ;  feign  ;  disguise. 

dis-sim-u-la-tion  (-la'shun),  n. 
hypocrisy  ;  false  pretense ;  falla- 
cious appearance. 

dis  si  pate  ('i-pfit),  v.t.  to  scatter 
completely ;  drive  in  different  di- 
rections;  squander:  v.i.  to  engage 
in  dissipation. 

dis-si-pa-ted  (-ed),  p.adj.  scat- 
tered ;  dispersed ;  characterized  by 
dissipation. 

dis  si  pa-tion  (-pn'shun) ,  n.  the 
act  or  state  of  being  dissipated  ; 
mental  distraction ;  excessive  in- 
dulgence in  luxury,  especially 
drink  or  vicious  pleasures. 

dis-so-ci-ate  (-so'shi-Fit),  v.t.  to 
separate. 

dis-sol-n-bil-i-ty  (-sol-u-bil'i-ti) , 
M.  the  capacity  of  being  dissolved. 

dis-sol-n-ble  (-Bol'u-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  dissolved  or  converted 
into  a  fluid. 

dis-so-lute  ('so-lut),  adj.  given  to 
vice  or  dissipation :  loose  in 
morals  or  conduct. 

dissolution  (-lu'shun).  n.  tho 
act  of  dissolving  or  liquefying ; 
separation  of  component  parts : 
separation  of  the  soul  from  the 
body  ;  death :  a  breaking  up  of  a 
union  of  persons,  as  a  society,  &c. 

dis-so-lu-tion-ism  (-izm),  n.  the 
social  theory  of  anarchism  or 
nihilism. 

dis-solv-a-ble  (diz-olv'a-bl),  adj. 
that  may  be  dissolved.  Also  dis- 
solvible. 

dis-solve  (-olv'),  v.t.  to  liquefy: 
melt ;  terminate  ;  annul :  v.i.  to 
become  liquefied  ;  waste  away  ; 
separate. 

dis  so  nance   Co-nans),  n.  discord. 

dis  so-nant  (-nant),  adj.  discord- 
ant. 

dis  suatle  (-swad'),  v.t.  to  advise 
or  counsel  against ;  divert  by  argu- 
ment or  persuasion. 


dis  sua-sion  (-swa'zhun).  n.  the 
act  of  dissuading;  advice  or  per- 
suasion against  a  purpose  or  action. 

dis-sua-sive  ('siv),  adj.  tending 
to  dissuade  :  n.  an  argument  em- 
ployed to  dissuade. 

dis-syl-la-ble  (-sil'a-bl),  n.  a 
word  of  two  syllables. 

dis-taff  (dis'taf),  n.  [pi.  distaffs 
('tafs)],  the  staff  from  which 
flax  is  drawn  in  spinning. 

dis-tance  ('tans),  n.  the  space  or 
interval  between  two  objects  or 
points ;  remoteness  of  time,  rank, 
relationship  or  place ;  interval  be- 
tween two  notes ;  reserve  of  man- 
ner ;  alienation  :  v.t .  to  place  re- 
motely ;  leave  behind  in  a  race. 

dis-tant  ('tant),  adj.  remote;  re- 
served. 

dis-taste  C-tfist'),  n.  aversion  of 
the  palate  ;  dislike  ;  disinclination. 

dis-taste-fnl  ('fool),  adj.  un- 
pleasant to  the  taste ;  expressive 
of  dislike. 

dis-taste-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
distasteful  manner. 

dis-tem-per  (-tem'per),  v.t.  to 
disorder  or  disease ;  derange  the 
functions  of;  compound  (colors) 
for  use  in  distemper  painting :  n. 
a  disease ;  a  catarrhal  disease  af- 
fecting young  dogs ;  a  method  of 
painting  in  specially  prepared 
opaque  colors  mixed  with  a  bind- 
ing medium  soluble  in  water:  used 
for  mural  decoration,  &c. 

dis-tend  (-tend'),  v.t.  to  stretch 
out  in  all  directions ;  expand :  v.i. 
to  swell. 

dis-ten-tion  (-ten'shun),  n.  a 
swelling  out. 

dis-tich    ('tik),  n.  a  couplet. 

dis-til  (-til'),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  dis- 
tilled, p.pr.  distilling],  to  fall  in 
drops  ;  flow  gently  ;  trickle  forth  ; 
practice  the  art  of  distillation : 
v.t.  to  let  fall  in  drops;  obtain 
by  distillation ;  rectify. 

dis-til  late  ('at),  n.  the  product 
of  distillation  found  in  the  re- 
ceiver of  a  distilling  apparatus. 

dis-til  la  tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the 
process  cf  distilling;  the  sub- 
stance drawn  by  the  still. 

dis-tinct     (-tiugkf),     adj.     sepa- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dls 


276 


dit 


rate  ;  different ;  clear ;  plain  ;  un- 
confused. 

Syn.  clear,  plain,  obvious,  dif- 
ferent, separate. 

Ant.   (see  obscure,  indistinct). 

dis-tinc-tion  (-tingk'shun),  n. 
mark  of  difference  or  superiority ; 
eminence  of  rank  or  conduct ; 
fame :  discrimination. 

dis-tinc-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  marking 
a  difference  or  distinction ;  char- 
acteristic ;  discriminating ;  plain. 

dis-tiii  RUC  (dis-tlin-ga'),  adj.  dis- 
tinguished. [French.] 

dis-tin-guish.  (-ting'gwish),  v.t. 
to  separate  from  others  by  some 
mark  of  honor  or  preference ; 
designate  by  special  .character- 
istics ;  discriminate  ;  make  known  : 
v.i.  to  make  a  distinction  (with 
between). 

Syn.  perceive,  discern,  mark 
out,  divide,  discriminate. 

dis-tiii-Riiished  ('gwisht).  p.adj. 
eminent ;  celebrated  ;  conspicuous  ; 
noted. 

Syn.  famous,  glorious,  far- 
famed,  noted,  illustrious,  eminent, 
celebrated. 

Ant.  (see  obscure,  unknown). 

dis-tort  (-tort'),  v.t.  to  twist  or 
turn  from  the  natural  shape  or 
figure ;  twist ;  pervert  from  the 
true  meaning ;  misrepresent. 

dis-tor-tion  (-tor'shun),  «.  the 
act  of  distorting ;  perversion ;  a 
deformity. 

dis-tract  (-trakf),  v.t.  to  per- 
plex ;  harass ;  confuse  the  mind ; 
bewilder;  derange. 

Syn.  perplex,  bewilder. 

Ant.    (see  calm,  concentrate). 

dis-tract-ile  ('il),  adj.  widely 
separated. 

dis-trac-tion  (-trak'shun),  «.  per- 
plexity; embarrassment;  pertur- 
bation or  mental  distress ;  in- 
sanity. 

dis-tract-ive  ('iv),  adj.  causing 
distraction. 

dis-train  (-trim'),  v.t.  to  seize 
and  hold  (goods  or  chattels)  as 
security  for  payment  of  a  debt : 
r.i.  to  levy  a  distress. 

dis-traint  (-tranf),  n.  the  act  of 
distraining  for  debt. 

dis-trait  (dis-tra'),  adj.  absent- 
minded. 


distraught  (dis-trawf) ,  adj.  be- 
wildered or  harassed. 

dis-tress  (dis-tres'),  v.t.  to  inflict 
pain  or  suffering  upon ;  grieve ; 
harass;  perplex;  in  law,  to  seize 
for  debt :  n.  physical  or  mental 
anguish ;  the  act  of  distraining ; 
goods  taken  in  distraint. 

dis-trib-ute  (-trib'ut),  v.t.  to  deal 
out  or  divide  ;  allot ;  apportion  ; 
arrange  according  to  classifi- 
cation ;  dispose  of  separately ; 
separate  and  return  (as  types) 
to  their  respective  cases. 

Syn.  allot,  share,  dispense,  ap- 
portion, deal. 

Ant.    (see  collect). 

dis-tri-bu-tion  (-tri-bu'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  distributing ;  apportion- 
ment ;  arrangement ;  classification. 

dis-trib-u-tive  (  trib'u-tiv),  adj. 
pertaining  to  distribution :  n.  a 
distributive  word. 

dis-trict  ('trikt),  n.  a  territorial 
division ;  circuit ;  region  or  tract 
of  country. 

dis-trust  (-trust'),  n.  want  of 
confidence,  faith,  or  reliance; 
suspicion  ;  discredit :  v.t.  to  have 
no  confidence  or  trust  in ;  doubt ; 
suspect. 

dis-trust-ful  ('fool),  adj.  suspici- 
ous. 

di  s- trust- ful-ly  (-li),  adv. 
suspiciously. 

disturb  (-terb'),  v.t.  to  trouble; 
vex ;  throw  into  confusion ;  agi- 
tate ;  displace. 

Syn.    derange,   discompose,   agi- 
tate,    rouse,     interrupt,     confuse, 
trouble,  annoy,  vex,  worry. 
Ant.    (see  pacify,  quiet). 

dis-turb-ance  (';\ns),  n.  the  in- 
terruption of  a  settled  state ;  up- 
roar ;  mental  agitation. 

dis-tyle  ('til),  n.  a  two-columned 
portico. 

di-sul-phate  (di-sul'fat),  n.  a 
sulphate  containing  one  atom  of 
hydrogen,  replaceable  by  a  basic 
element. 

di-sul  pliiile  ('fid),  n.  a  sulphide 
in  which  two  atoms  of  sulphur  are 
contained. 

ditch,  (dich),  n.  a  trench  cut  in 
the  earth ;  a  moat :  v.i.  make  a 
ditch:  v.t.  surround  with  a  ditch; 
run  into  a  ditch. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let :  lino,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin, 


dlt 


277 


div 


dit-to  Ct5),  n.  that  which  has 
been  said ;  a  duplicate :  adv.  as 
before ;  likewise. 

ditty  ('!),  n.  [pi.  ditties  ('iz)L  a 
little  song. 

di-u-ret-ic  (di-u-ret'ik),  adj.  pro- 
moting the  secretion  and  flow  of 
urine. 

di-ur-nal  (-er'nal),  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  day ;  daily :  performed  in  24 
hours ;  active  during  the  day- 
time :  n.  a  day-book ;  journal. 

di-ur-nal-ly    (-H),  adv.  daily. 

di-va   (de'vfi),  n.  a  prima  donna. 

divan  (di-van'),  n.  a  court  of 
justice :  a  council  of  state  in 
Turkey ;  a  council-hall ;  a  smok- 
ing-room ;  cafe" ;  couch. 

dive  (div),  v.i.  to  plunge  head 
foremost  into  water ;  enter  deeply 
into  any  subject  or  question :  v.t. 
to  explore  by  diving :  n.  a  sudden 
plunge  head  foremost  into  water. 

di-verge  (di-verj').  v.i.  to  spread 
out  from  one  point ;  recede  from. 

di-ver-gence  (-ver'jens),  «.  a  re- 
ceding from  each  other ;  a  tending 
apart. 

di-ver-gent  ('jent),  adj.  tending 
to  diverge. 

di-vers  (di'verz),  adj.  various; 
sundry. 

di- verse  ('vers,  or  di-vers'),  adj. 
essentially  different ;  dissimilar ; 
separate. 

di-vers-i-fi-ca-tion  (-i-fi-ka'shun) , 
n.  variation. 

di-ver-si-fy  (di-ver'si-fl),  r.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  diversified,  p.pr.  diversify- 
ing], to  make  different  from  an- 
other ;  give  variety  to ;  discrimin- 
ate ;  variegate. 

di-ver-sion  ('shun),  n.  variation; 
alteration ;  pastime ;  the  act  of 
diverting  the  attention  of  an 
enemy  from  the  real  point  of  at- 
tack. 

di-vert  (di-  or  di-vert'),  v.t.  to 
turn  aside  from  any  direction  or 
course ;  draw  away  from ;  enter- 
tain ;  amuse. 

di-vert-i-men-to  (di-vert-i-men'- 
t<V),  n.  a  light  pleasant  vocal  or 
instrumental  composition. 

di-ver-tisse-ment   Ctiz-mang).  n. 
amusement ;   recreation  ;  an  entr'- 
acte,  as  a  ballot,  &c. 
di-vest    (di-vesf),  v.t.  to  strip  or 


deprive  of  anything ;  despoil ; 
make  bare. 

di-vest-i-ture  ('i-tur),  n.  surren- 
der of  property. 

di-vide  (di-vid'),  v.t.  to  cut  into 
two  or  more  parts ;  separate ; 
keep  apart ;  disunite  by  discord ; 
distribute :  v.i.  to  be  separated ; 
cleave ;  diverge ;  have  a  share ; 
vote  by  division :  n.  a  watershed. 
Si/n.  apart,  separate,  distribute, 
deal  out,  sever,  sunder. 

di-yi-ded  skirt  ('ed  skert),  n.  a 
skirt  made  so  as  to  combine  both 
skirt  and  knickerbockers. 

div-i-dend  (div'i-dend),  n.  a  share 
of  the  profits  of  a  public  company 
or  business ;  a  sum  paid  pro  rat  a 
out  of  a  bankrupt's  estate ;  in- 
terest payable  on  money  invested 
in  the  public  funds ;  a  number  or 
quantity  to  be  divided. 

•div-i-div-i  (div'i-div'i),  n.  astrin- 
gent husks  of  a  South  American 
tropical  plant,  used  for  dyeing  and 
tanning. 

div-i-na-tion  (-i-na'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  divining ;  the  pretended  art 
of  foreseeing  future  events  by 
supernatural  or  magical  agency. 

di-vine  (di-vln'),  adj.  partaking 
of  the  nature  of  God ;  excellent  in 
the  highest  degree ;  godlike ;  sa- 
cred ;  holy ;  pertaining  to  theol- 
ogy :  M.  a  theologian ;  clergyman ; 
v.t.  to  foretell  by,  or  as  by,  div- 
ination ;  presage :  v.i.  to  conject- 
ure ;  guess. 

Syn.  godlike,  holy,  heavenly, 
sacred,  a  parson,  clergyman,  min- 
ister. 

div-ing  (div'ingl,  n.  the  act  of 
plunging  into  water ;  connected 
with,  or  used  in,  diving. 

div-ing-bell  (-bel),  n.  a  hollow 
apparatus  supplied  with  air.  used 
for  various  purposes  below  the 
surface  of  the  water. 

di-vi-ning-rod  (-rod),  n.  a  fork- 
ed rod  or  branch,  as  of  witch- 
hazel,  which,  when  held  loosely  in 
the  hand,  is  said  to  be  drawn 
down  to  the  ground  where  water 
or  minerals  are  situated. 

di-vin-i-ty  (di-vin'i-ti),  n.  \pl.  di- 
vinities (-tiz)].  the  stato  or  quali- 
ty of  being  divine :  Godhead ;  a 
pagan  or  heathen  deity ;  theology. 


Ifito.  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let ;  lino,  tin  :  v5te,  p6rch,  lot ;  moOn, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  Men. 


dlv 


278 


dod 


di-vis-i-bil-i-ty  (-viz-i-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  divisible. 

di-vis-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  divided ;  capable  of  di- 
vision without  a  remainder. 

di-vi-sion  (-vish'un),  ?/.  the  act 
or  state  of  being  divided ;  separa- 
tion ;  a  partition ;  section ;  dis- 
cord ;  difference ;  the  separating 
of  the  members  of  a  legislative 
or  municipal  assembly  in  order 
to  take  a  vote ;  two  or  more 
brigades  under  the  command  of  a 
general  officer ;  a  section  of  a 
fleet  under  one  commander ;  the 
process  of  finding  how  many  times 
one  number  or  quantity  is  con- 
tained in  another. 

di-vis-ion-al  (-al),  ad},  pertain- 
ing to  division. 

di-vi-sor  (di-vi'zor).  n.  the  num- 
ber by  which  another  (the  div- 
idend) is  divided. 

di-vorce  (-vors'),  n.  a  dissolution 
of  the  marriage  contract  by  legal 
authority ;  disunion :  v.t.  to  dis- 
solve the  marriage  contract  be- 
tween by  legal  authority ;  release 
from  close  union. 

di-vorce-ment  ('ment),  n.  the  act 
or  process  of  divorcing  (Deut. 
xxiv.  1). 

di-vort  (di-vorf),  n.  a  water- 
shed. 

di-vulge  (di-vulj'),  v.t.  to  make 
known,  as  something  previously 
kept  secret ;  disclose. 

di-zen  (dl'zn,  diz'n),  v.t.  to  deck 
out ;  dress. 

diz-zi-ness   ('i-nes),  n.  giddiness. 

diz-zy  (diz'i),  adj.  giddy. 

do  (dod),  v.t.  [p.t.  did,  p.p.  done, 
p.pr.  doing],  to  perform;  achieve; 
cause  to  bring  about ;  make  ready 
for  some  object  or  purpose ;  cheat 
or  swindle :  v.i.  to  act  or  be- 
have ;  succeed  ;  suffice ;  fare  as  to 
health :  n.  a  trick  or  hoax. 
„  Syn.  effect,  make,  perform,  ac- 
complish, finish,  transact. 

do-cile  (do'sil,  or  dos'il),  adj. 
easy  to  teach ;  tractable ;  easily 
managed. 

Syn.  tractable,   teachable,   com- 
pliant,  tame. 

Ant.    (see  stubborn). 

do-cil-i-ty  (do-sil'i-ti),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  docile. 


dock  (dok),  n.  a  place  for  con- 
structing and  laying  up  ships; 
the  place  where  a  prisoner  stands 
in  a  court  to  be  tried ;  a  coarse 
weed  with  broad  leaves ;  the  tail 
of  a  horse  after  it  has  been  dock- 
ed :  v.t.  to  cut  off  or  curtail ;  de- 
duct from  ;  diminish. 

dock-age  Caj),  «.  reduction; 
provision  or  accommodation  for  the 
docking  of  vessels :  money  paid 
for  the  use  of  a  dock. 

dock-et  ('et),  v.t.  to  mark  the 
contents  or  titles  of  papers  on  the 
back  of  them ;  indorse :  n.  a  di- 
rected label  or  ticket  tied  on 
goods ;  a  summary  of  a  larger 
writing ;  a  digest. 

dock-yard  ('yard),  n.  a  place 
where  ships  are  built  and  naval 
stores  are  kept. 

doc-tor  ('ter).  n.  one  skilled  in 
any  particular  branch  of  knowl- 
edge ;  an  academical  degree  denot- 
ing the  highest  proficiency  in  a 
faculty  of  a  university ;  a  learned 
man ;  a  medical  practitioner :  v.t. 
to  treat  medically ;  tamper  with 
or  give  a  false  appearance  to :  v.i. 
to  practice  medicine ;  undergo 
medical  treatment. 

doc-tor-ate  (-at),  n.  the  degree 
of  doctor. 

doc-tri-naire  (-tri-nar').  n.  one 
who  theorizes  on  political  or 
other  matters,  disregarding  prac- 
tical considerations :  adj.  vision- 
ary. 

doc-tri-nal  ('tri-nal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  containing,  doctrine. 

doc-tri-nal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
doctrinal  manner. 

doc-trine  ('trin),  n.  that  which 
is  taught ;  the  principles,  belief,  or 
dogma  of  any  church,  sect,  or 
party. 

Syn.    tenet,    article    of    belief, 
creed,  dogma,  teaching. 

doc-u-ment  ('u-ment),  n.  a  print- 
ed or  written  paper  relied  upon  to 
establish  some  fact  or  assertion, 
or  conveying  information. 

doc-u-men-ta-ry  (-men'tA-ri), 
nilj.  pertaining  to,  derived  from, 
or  consisting  of,  documents. 

dod-der  (dod'er),  n.  a  parasitical 
plant. 

do  dec-a-gon   (do-dek'a-gon),  n.  a 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  lot ;  lino,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dod 


279 


dot 


figure  with  twelve  sides  and  twelve 
angles. 
do  dec-a-he-dron     (-he'dron),    n. 

a  solid  having  twelve  faces. 
dodge  (doj),  v.i.  to  start  aside 
and  shift  about ;  evade  by  craft ; 
avoid  ;  practice  tricky  devices  :  v.t. 
to  escape  by  starting  aside :  n.  the 
act  of  dodging ;  a  trick. 

do-do  (do'do),  n.  [pi.  dodos 
('doz)],  a  large  extinct  bird  with 
a  short  neck,  a  large  hooked  bill, 
short  wings  and  legs. 

doe  (do),  n.  the  female  of  a  buck 
or  fallow  deer,  or  of  an  antelope, 
rabbit,  or  hare. 

doe-skin  ('skin),  n.  the  skin  of 
a  doe ;  a  fine  woolen  cloth  with  a 
smooth  finish. 

doff  (dof),  v.t.  to  take  or  put  off, 
as  clothes :  v.i.  remove  the  hat  in 
saluting. 

dog  (dog),  n.  a  domesticated  car- 
nivorous animal  belonging  to  the 
genus  Canis ;  name  of  various 
mechanical  contrivances :  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  dogged,  p.pr.  dogging],  to 
hunt  as  a  dog  ;  follow  pertinacious- 
ly. 

dog-cart  ('kiirt).  n.  a  light  cart 
with  two  transverse  seats  back 
to  back. 

dog-days  ('daz).  n.pl.  a  period  in 
July  and  August  when  the  dog 
star  or  Sirius  rises  and  sets  wnth 
the  sun  :  usually  the  hottest  part 
of  the  summer. 

doge  (doj),  n.  the  title  of  the 
chief  magistrates  of  the  ancient 
republics  of  Venice  and  Genoa. 

dog-fish  (dog'fisb).  n.  a  species  of 
small  littoral  shark  very  destruc- 
tive to  fish. 

dog-ged  ('ed),  adj.  stubborn; 
pertinacious. 

dog-ger  ('er),  n.  a  two-masted 
vessel  with  a  broad  beam  ;  used  in 
the  cod  and  herring  fisheries  by 
the  Dutch  in  the  North  Sea. 

dog-ger-el  (-el),  n.  a  kind  of 
verso  devoid  of  sense  or  rhythm : 
nilj.  weak  and  absurd  in  construc- 
tion:  said  of  verse  or  poetry. 

dog-ma  ('ma),  n.  \[>l.  dogmas 
Cm:"iz)  or  dogmata  ('ma-ta)], 
an  established  principle,  tenet,  or 
(loftrine;  a  doctrine  stated  in  a 
formal  manner  and  received  by 
the  Church  as  authoritative. 


dog-mat-ic     (-mat'ik),     adj.    per- 

;    taining   to,   or   of   the   nature   of, 

dogma;     positive;     authoritative; 

dogmatical :   n.pl.   doctrinal   theol- 

;    ogy. 

kyn.     positive,     arrogant,     im- 
;    perious,   dictatorial. 
dog-mat-ic-al-ly    (-al-li),  adv.  in 

a  dogmatic  manner. 
dog-ina-tisni      (-tizm),     n.     dog- 
matic   or    positive    assertion     of 
opinion. 

dog-ma-tize  ('ma-tlz).  v.i.  to 
make  dogmatic  assertions ;  utter 
positive  assertions  without  ad- 
ducing proof :  v.t.  to  treat  dog- 
matically. 

dog- trot   ('trot),  n.  a  gentle  trot. 

aog- watch     ('woch),    n.    one    of 

two  watches  on  board  ship  of  two 

hours  each,  between  4  and  8  p.m. 

dog-wood    (/wood),    n.    the    wild 

cornel. 

doi-ly      (doi'li),     n.     [pi.     doilies 
('liz)],   a   small   mat   or  napkin: 
used  on  dessert  plates,  &c. 
do-ings     (doo'ingz),    n.pl.    things 
done  ;  movements  ;  conduct ;  stir. 
doldrums       ('drumz),      n.pl.      a 
sailor's  term  for  the  tropical  zones 
of  calms  and  variable  winds ;  de- 
pression of  spirits;   the  dumps. 
dole   (dol),  n.  that  which  is  dealt 
out   sparingly :    a    charitable   gift 
of  money  or  food ;   alms :   v.t.  to 
deal  out  sparingly. 
dole-ful    ('fool),    adj.   sorrowful; 
dismal. 

Syn.   dolorous,  woebegone,   rue- 
ful, dismal,  piteous. 

Ant.  (see  joyous). 
dole-ful -ly      (-H),     adv.     sorrow- 
fully ;   dismally. 

dol-er-ite  (dol'er-it),  n.  a  dark- 
colored  basic  igneous  rock ;  ba- 
saltic greenstone. 

dole-some  (dol'sum),  adj.  melan- 
choly. 

doll  (dol),  n.  a  girl's  puppet  or 
toy  baby ;  a  childish-featured  girl 
or  woman. 

dol-lar  (7ir),  n.  a  silver  coin  cur- 
rent in  the  United  States  and 
Canada  =  100  cents ;  a  coin  of 
various  other  countries. 
dol-ly  ('i),  n.  [pi.  dollies  ('iz)]t 
a  little  doll ;  a  block  used  in  pile 
driving;  an  apparatus  for  wash- 
ing clothes ;  a  contrivance  for 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Dot 


280 


uon 


washing  ore  in  mining ;  in  In- 
dia a  brass  tray  on  which  fruit, 
flowers,  &c.,  are  presented  as  a 
complimentary  offering. 

Dol-ly  Var-den.  (viir'dn),  n.  a 
woman's  dress  of  light  bright- 
figured  muslin,  worn  over  a  bright 
colored  petticoat. 

dol-man  ('man),  n.  a.  long  outer 
garment  worn  by  the  Turks;  a 
hussar's  uniform  jacket ;  a  wom- 
an's sleeveless  mantle. 

dol-men  ('men),  n.  a  sepulchral 
monument,  consisting  of  a  large 
unhewn  stone  resting  on  two  or 
more  unhewn  stones. 

dol-o mite  ('o-mit),  n.  a  crystal- 
line variety  of  magnesian  lime- 
stone. 

dol-o-rif-ic  (-rif'ik),  adj.  causing 
grief. 

dol-o-rous  (dol'o-rus),  adj.  sor- 
rowful. 

do-lour   (do'ler),  n.  sorrow;  pain. 

dol-phin  (dol'fin),  n.  the  name  of 
a  cetaceous  mammal  of  the  genus 
Delphinus  and  allied  genera. 

dolt  (dolt),  «.  a  heavy  stupid  fel- 
low. 

do  in  (dom),  n.  a  title  of  respect 
applied  to  gentlemen  in  Portugal 
and  Brazil ;  in  Portugal  a  title  of 
the  king  and  royal  family. 

do-main  (do-man'),  n.  lordship; 
authority;  empire;  lauded  prop- 
erty ;  demesne. 

dome  (dom),  n.  a  hemispherical 
roof. 

do -in  es- tic  (do-mes'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  house  or  household 
affairs  ;  private  ;  home-made  :  n. 
a  household  servant :  pi.  articles 
of  home  manufacture,  especially 
cotton-cloths. 

do-ni es-tic  e-con-o-my  (e-kon'6- 
mi),  n.  the  art  of  managing 
household  affairs  in  the  best  and 
thriftiest  manner. 

do  mes-tic-al-ly  (-al-Ii)  adv.  pri- 
vately. 

do-mes-ti-cate  ('ti-kat),  v.t.  to 
make  domestic;  familiarize  with 
domestic  life;  tame:  v.t.  to  be- 
come domestic. 

do-mes-tic-i-ty  (-tis'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
domesticities  (-tiz)],  the  state  of 
being  domestic ;  domestic  char- 
acter. 


dom-i-cile  (dom'i-sil),  n.  a  per- 
manent residence  or  place  of 
abode ;  home :  v.t.  to  establish  in 
a  fixed  residence. 

dom-i-cil-i-a-ry  ('i-a-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  residence  of  a  ner- 
son  or  family. 

dom-i-nant  ('i-nant),  adj.  exer- 
cising chief  authority ;  ruling ; 
predominant ;  ascending :  n.  the 
recitative  note  in  Gregorian  scales  ; 
the  fifth  tone  of  a  musical  scale 
in  any  ascending  key. 

dom-i-nate  ('i-jat),  v.t.  to  gov- 
ern ;  rule ;  predominate  over :  v.i. 
to  be  dominant. 

dom-i-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  dominating ;  absolute 
authority ;  power. 

dom-i-neer  (-i-ner'),  v.i.  to  exer- 
cise authority  arrogantly  or  tyran- 
nically ;  bluster. 

do-min-ic-al  (do-min'ik-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  Christ  as  Lord,  or 
to  Sunday :  n.  a  dominical  letter. 

do-min-i-cal  let-ter  (let'er),  n. 
one  of  the  letters  (ABODE 
F  G)  used  in  the  calendar  of  the 
Prayer  Book  to  denote  Sunday 
throughout  the  year,  and  to  deter- 
mine the  date  of  Easter  Day. 

dom-i-nie  (com'i-ne),  n.  a  school- 
master ;  a  clergyman  of  the  Dutch 
Reformed  Church. 

do  miii-ioii  ( do-min'yun)  n.  su- 
preme authority  ;  sovereignty  ;  in- 
dependent right  or  possession ;  a 
territory  or  country  subject  to  the 
control  of  one  government. 

dom-i-no  (dom'i-no),  n.  [pi.  domi- 
nos  (-noz)],  a  large  loose  silk 
cape  or  cloak  with  large  sleeves 
and  a  hood  used  as  a  masquerkde 
garment ;  an  ecclesiastical  hood  : 
pi.  a  game  played  with  28  oblong 
dotted  pieces  of  bone  or  wood 
(dominoes). 

dom-pe-dro  (-pe'dro),  n.  the 
name  of  the  game  of  sancho-pedio 
when  played  with  the  joker. 

don  (don),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  donned. 
p.pr.  donning],  to  put  on;  invest 
with;  assume:  n.  a  Spanish  title 
r/'Vw.  Dona]  ;  a  fellow  or  col- 
logiate  dignitary. 

do-nate  (do'nat),  v.t.  to  contrib- 
ute, especially  to  some  religious 
or  philanthropic  object. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  Hue,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


don 


281 


dou 


do-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n.  a  char- 
itable gift ;  benefaction  ;  present. 

do-na-tive  (clo-nfi'tiy),  adj.  vested 
or  vesting  by  donation  :•  n.  a  gift. 

do-na-tor    (do-n:Vter),  «.  a  giver. 

done  (dun),  p.adj.  completed  ;  pub- 
lished officially  ;  cooked  sufficient- 
ly ;  thoroughly  fatigued  ;  cheated  : 
inter j.  agreed ! 

do-nee  (do-ne'),  n.  a  person  to 
whom  a  gift  or  donation  is  made. 

don-go-la  (don'go-la),  n.  a  goat- 
skin, or  sheepskin  tanned  to  re- 
semble kid. 

do-ni  (do'ni),  n.  a  single-masted 
Ceylonese  coasting  vessel  with  a 
long  sail. 

don- j  on  (don'  or  dun'jun),  n.  the 
principal  tower  or  keep  of  a 
mediaeval  castle,  containing  the 
prison. 

don-key  (dong'ki),  n.  [pi.  don- 
keys ('kiz)],  an  ass;  a  stupid  or 
obstinate  fellow. 

don-na  (don'na),  n.  a  lady 
(Italian). 

don-nish  (don'ish),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  characteristic  of,  a  don. 

don-nism  ('izm),  n.  academic 
self-importance. 

do-nor    (do'ner),  n.  a  giver. 

doom  (doom),  n.  a  judicial  sen- 
tence of  condemnation ;  the  in- 
fliction of  a  sentence ;  irrevocable 
destiny ;  fate ;  ruin  :  the  Day  of 
Judgment :  v.t.  to  pronounce  con- 
demnation upon ;  sentence  to 
punishment ;  ordain  as  a  penalty. 
Syn.  sentence,  verdict,  judg- 
ment, fate,  lot,  destiny. 

dooms-day  (doomz'dft),  n.  the 
clay  of  final  and  universal  judg- 
ment. 

door  (dor),  n.  the  gate  or  entrance 
of  a  house ;  portal ;  means  of 
access. 

dor  (dor),  n.  a  large  black  dung 
beetle  with  a  characteristic  dron- 
ing sound  in  flight. 

Do-ri-an  (do'ri-An).  ndj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  characteristic  of.  Doris, 
a  small  district  of  ancient  Greece  : 
n.  a  member  of  the  Doric  or 
Dorian  race,  one  of  the  four  great 
division  of  the  ancient  Greeks. 

Dor-ic  (dor'ik),  adj.  Dorian:  n. 
the  broad  hard  dialect  of  .the 
Dorians. 


Dor-ic  order  (or'der),  the  oldest 
and  simplest  of  the  three  orders 
of  Greek  architecture. 

Dor-i-cism  ('i-sizin).  n.  a  Doric 
idiom,  phrase,  or  peculiarity. 

dor-king  (dor 'king),  n.  one  of  a 
breed  of  domestic  fowls. 

dor-man-cy  ('man-si),  n. 
quiescence. 

dormant  ('mant),  adj.  sleeping; 
quiet ;  in  abeyance. 

dor-mer  ('mer),  n.  a  bedroom;  a 
window  pierced  vertically  in  the 
side  of  a  roof. 

dor-mi-to-ry  ('mi-to-ri),  n.  [pi 
dormitories  (-riz)],  a  large  apart- 
ment capable  of  holding  several 
beds. 

dor-mouse  Cmous),  n.  [pi.  dor- 
mice ('mis)],  a  small  European 
squirrel-like  rodent. 

dor-sal  ('sal),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  situated  near,  the  back. 

do-ry  (do'ri),  n.  [pi.  dories 
('riz)],  a  popular  name  for  a 
golden-colored  fish  much  esteemed 
for  the  table ;  the  wall-eyed  pike- 
perch  ;  John  Dory ;  a  small  flat- 
bottomed  skiff  with  a  sharp  prow. 

do-sage  ('saj),  n.  the  operation 
of  putting  '  into  sparkling  wines 
something  to  give  them  a  distinc- 
tive taste. 

dose  (dos),  n.  the  quantity  of 
medicine  to  be  taken  at  one  time ; 
anything  nauseous  ;  quantity  :  v.t. 
to  give  doses  to ;  administer  any- 
thing objectionable  or  nauseous. 

dost,  2  p.  sing.  pres.  indie,  of  do. 

dot  (dot),  n.  a  small  point  or 
speck ;  a  diminutive  child :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  dotted,  p.pr.  dotting], 
to  mark  with  dots  or  specks. 

do-tage  (do'taj),  n.  imbecilitv  of 
mind ;  foolish  or  excessive  affec- 
tion. 

do-tard  ('tard),  n.  one  whose  in- 
tellect is  impaired  by  age ;  one 
who  is  foolishly  affectionate :  adj. 
imbecile. 

dote  (d5t),  v.i.  to  exhibit  the 
\vc;ikness  of  age;  bestow  excessive 
love. 

doth,  3  p.  sing,  indie,  of  do. 
dot-ter-el     ('er-el),    n.    a    small 

plover. 

donb-le  (dub'l),  adj.  twofold;  two 
of  a  sort;  being  in  pairs;  twice 
as  much  ;  deceitful ;  insincere  :  n. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  mOon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dOU 


282 


dow 


twice  the  quantity;  a  duplicate; 
trick ;  a  turning  back  to  escape 
pursuit ;  an  apparition ;  a  fold  or 
plait :  pi.  changes  rung  on  five 
bells ;  games  played  by  two  on  a 
side :  v.t.  to  make  double ;  dupli- 
cate ;  repeat ;  fold  ;  sail  round  or 
by :  v.i.  to  increase  to  twice  the 
quantity ;  return  on  one's  track  ; 
march  at  double  quick  time :  adv. 
twice  over. 

doub-le-bass  (-has),  n.  the  larg- 
est violin. 

doub-le-dag-ger  (-dag'er),  n.  a 
reference  mark  ($). 

doub-le  en-ten-dre  (dSobl  ang- 
tiing'dr),  n.  a  word  or  phrase  with 
a  double  meaning,  one  of  which 
is  usually  indelicate. 

doub-le-ness  (dub'1-nes),  n.  the 
state  of  being  double ;  duplicity. 

doub-let  (dub'let),  n.  a  dupli- 
cate ;  pair ;  a  kind  of  close-fitting 
man's  garment. 

donb-loon  ('loon),  n.  a  Spanish 
gold  coin. 

doub-ly  ('li),  adv.  twice  the  quan- 
tity or  degree ;  in  a  double  or  two- 
fold manner. 

doubt  (dout),  v.i.  to  waver  in 
opinion  ;  hesitate  ;  be  in  suspense  : 
v.t.  to  suspect ;  distrust ;  ques- 
tion :  n.  uncertainty  of  mind  ;  sus- 
pense ;  scruple  ;  perplexity  ;  appre- 
hension ;  fear ;  disbelief. 

Syn.  uncertainty,  suspense,  hes- 
itation,   scruple,   ambiguity. 
Ant.    (see  certainty). 

doubt  ful  ('fool),  adj.  of  uncer- 
tain issue ;  questionable  ;  hazar- 
dous :  insecure. 

doubt-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
doubtful  manner. 

doubting  ('ing),  adj.  inspiring, 
or  subject  to,  doubt ;  questionable. 

doubt-less  ('les),  adv.  assuredly; 
certainly. 

douche  (doosh),  n.  a  jet  or  cur- 
rent of  water  directed  upon  some 
part  of  the  body. 

dough  (do),  n.  a  soft  mass  of 
moistened  flour  yet  unbaked. 

dough-ty  (dou'ti),  adj.  valiant; 
strong. 

dough-ti-ly    (-li),   adv.  valiantly. 

dongh-ti-ness  (-nes),  «.  valor; 
bravery. 

dough-y  (do'i),  adj.  soft  like 
dough. 

douse    (dous),  v.t.  to  plunge  sud- 


denly into  a  liquid ;  drench ;  ex- 
tinguish ;  strike  ;  slacken  or  lower 
suddenly,  as  sails :  v.i.  to  fall  sud- 
denly into  water ;  search  for 
water  or  ores  by  a  divining  rod. 

dove  (duv),  «.  a  pigeon  of  the 
genus  Columba ;  a  term  of  en- 
dearment. 

dove-cote  ('kot),  n.  a  small  house 
or  box  with  compartments  for 
doves.  Dovecot. 

dove-tail  ('tal),  v.t.  to  join  by  a 
joint  resembling  a  dove's  tail 
spread  out ;  fit  closely  and  ex- 
actly. 

dow-a-ger  (dou'a-jer),  n.  the 
widow  of  a  king,  prince,  or  per- 
son of  rank ;  a  widow  with  a 
jointure. 

dow-di-ly  ('di-li),  adv.  in  a  dowdy 
manner. 

dow-di-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  dowdy. 

dow-dy  ('di),  n.  [pi.  dowdies 
('diz)],  a  slatternly  woman  who 
affects  finery  :  adj.  slovenly  or  ill- 
dressed  ;  shabby. 

dow-el  (dou'el),  n.  a  pin  to  con- 
nect two  pieces  of  wood  by  being 
sunk  in  the  edges  of  each ;  a  piece 
of  wood  driven  into  a  wall  to  se- 
cure something  else :  v.t.  to 
fasten  by  dowels. 

dow-er  ('er),  n.  that  part  of  a 
husband's  property  which  his 
widow  enjoys  during  her  life ; 
jointure ;  personal  endowment. 

clow-las  ('las),  n.  a  kind  of 
coarse  linen  cloth. 

down  (doun),  n.  soft  feathers, 
hair,  or  wool;  the  soft  fibers  of 
plants :  pi.  a  tract  of  bare,  hilly 
land  used  for  pasturing  sheep ; 
banks  or  rounded  hillocks  of  sand : 
adv.  from  a  higher  to  a  lower 
degree  or  position ;  at  the  lowest 
point ;  on  the  ground ;  below  the 
horizon ;  from  earlier  to  later 
times  ;  in  hand,  or  on  the  counter ; 
on  paper,  or  in  a  book :  adj.  de- 
jected ;  downcast :  prep,  along 
a  descent ;  from  a  higher  place 
to  a  lower ;  along  the  course  or 
current  of. 

down-cast  ('kast),  adj.  directed 
downwards ;  sad :  n.  the  ventila- 
ting shaft  of  a  mine. 

downfall  ('fawl),  n.  a  falling 
downwards ;  sudden  fall  from 
rank  or  reputation ;  ruin. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
COOK  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dow 


283 


dra 


down-grade  ('grad),  n.  a  down- 
ward movement ;  reverse  of  for- 
tune ;  departure  from  the  ortho- 
dox standard  of  belief. 

down-right  ('rit),  adj.  straight 
to  the  point ;  blunt ;  unceremoni- 
ous :  adv.  perpendicularly ;  com- 
pletely ;  thoroughly. 

down- ward  ('ward),  adj.  pend- 
ing to  the  ground  ;  moving  from  a 
higher  to  a  lower  place,  grade,  or 
direction  ;  descending :  adv.  from 
a  higher  to  a  lower  condition, 
state,  or  place ;  from  the  source. 
Also  downwards. 

down-y  ('i),  adj.  covered  with,  or 
made  of,  down  ;  soft ;  restful ;  cun- 
ning ;  artful. 

dow-ry  (dou'ri),  n.  [pi.  dowries 
('riz)],  the  property  a  woman 
brings  to  her  husband  at  mar- 
riage ;  gift  or  possession. 

dox-ol-o-gy  (doks-ol'6-ji),  n.  [pi. 
doxologies  (-jiz)],  an  ascription 
or  short  hymn  of  praise  to  God. 

doze  (doz),  v.i.  to  sleep  lightly  or 
fitfully  :  n.  a  light  sleep,  or  nap. 

doz-y  ('i),  adj.  sleepy,  drowsy. 

drab  (drab),  n.  a  kind  of  thick 
dull  brown  or  yellowish-grey 
woolen  cloth ;  a  tint  of  such  a 
color :  adj.  of  a  drab  color. 

drab-ble  ('!),  v.t.  to  make  wet  or 
dirty  by  dragging  through  mud 
or  water :  v.i.  to  fish  with  a  long 
line  and  rod. 

drac  (drak),  n.  an  evil  spirit; 
liliaceous  palm-like  plants,  to 
which  the  dragon-tree  belongs. 

drach-ma  (drak'ma),n.  [pi.  drach- 
mae ('me),  drachmas  ('muz)],  a 
Greek  silver  coin.  Also  drachm. 

draff  (draf),  n.  refuse  from  malt 
breweries  ;  hog's-wash  ;  dregs. 

draft  (draft),  n.  a  sketch  or  out- 
line ;  bill  of  exchange ;  an  order 
for  money ;  detachment  of  sol- 
diers ;  the  act  of  drawing  a  load  ; 
the  state  of  being  drawn ;  the  act 
of  drinking  or  tlie  amount  drunk 
at  once ;  an  outline  or  sketch ; 
the  act  of  sweeping  with  a  net ; 
the  quantity  of  fish  caught  at  one 
draw  of  the  net ;  the  depth  of 
water  a  vessel  draws  or  to  which 
she  sinks ;  a  current  of  air :  v.t. 
to  delineate  or  sketch  out ;  call 
forth ;  select  by  a  draft  for  mili- 
tary service. 


drag  (drag),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
dragged,  p.pr.  dragging],  to  pull  or 
draw  along  by  force  ;  draw  along 
slowly  or  heavily  ;  haul :  tug :  v.i. 
to  trail  along  the  ground  :  n.  the 
act  of  dragging ;  a  net  or  appara- 
tus for  drawing  along  the  bot- 
tom of  the  water ;  a  coach  drawn 
by  four  horses ;  a  kind  of  sledge 
for  heavy  loads ;  the  difference 
between  the  draft  of  water  for- 
ward or  aft  of  a  ship. 

drag-gle  (drag'l),  v.t.  to  wet  or 
soil  by  dragging  in  the  mud  or 
along  the  ground :  v.i.  to  become 
dirty  or  wet  by  dragging. 

drag-o-man  (drag'o-man),  n.  [pi. 
dragomans  (-munz)],  in  the  East, 
an  interpreter,  guide,  or  agent 
for  travelers,  especially  an  in- 
terpreter attached  to  an  embassy, 
&c. 

drag-on  ('un),  n.  a  fabulous  ani- 
mal represented  as  a  winged  ser- 
pent or  lizard ;  a  fierce  person  ;  a 
winged  heraldic  beast:  adj.  fierce; 
destructive. 

drag-on-fly  (-fli),  n.  an  insect 
with  a  long  slender  abdomen,  large 
eyes  and  wings. 

drag-on's-blood  (-z-blud),  n.  the 
red  juice  and  gum  of  several 
South  American  and  East  Indian 
trees. 

dra-goon  (dra-goon'),  n.  original- 
ly a  kind  of  mounted  infantry, 
now  cavalry,  either  light  or  heavy, 
wearing  helmets :  v.t.  to  harass  or 
reduce  to  submission  by  military 
force. 

drain  (dran),  v.t.  to  draw  off 
gradually  ;  exhaust :  v.i.  to  become 
dry :  n.  a  channel  or  pipe  for 
superfluous  water ;  a  sewer ;  the 
act  of  exhausting. 

drain-age  Caj),  n.  the  act  or 
means  of  draining ;  that  which 
is  drained  off. 

drake  (drak),  n.  a  male  duck. 

dram  (dram),  n.  1-Sth  of  an 
ounce  troy,  and  l-16th  of  an 
ounce  avoirdupois ;  a  small  quan- 
tity of  spirituous  liquor. 

drama  (dra'ma),  n.  a  prose  or 
poetical  composition  depicting  a 
story  of  human  life  in  character, 
&c.,  on  the  stage ;  theatrical  enter- 
tainment ;  dramatic  literature  or 
art. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dra 


284 


dre 


dra-mat-ic  (dra-mat'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  appropriate  to, 
the  drama.  Dramatical. 

dra-mat-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in 
a  dramatic  manner. 

dram-a-tis  per-so-nse  (dram'A- 
tit;  per-so'ne),  n.  the  characters  in 
a  play  or  drama. 

dram-a-tize  (dram'a-tiz),  v.t.  to 
compose  in  the  form  of  a  drama ; 
adapt  for  stage  representation. 

dram-a-tur-gy  (Ti-ter-ji),  n.  the 
art  of  dramatic  composition ;  rep- 
resentation and  stage  effect. 

drank,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  drink. 

drape  (drap),  v.t.  to  cover  with 
cloth ;  arrange  in  folds  or  hang- 
ings. 

dra-per  (dra'per),  n.  a  dealer  in 
woolen  or  cotton  cloth,  &c. 

dra-per-ied  (-id),  adj.  furnished 
or  covered  with  drapery. 

dra-per-y  (-i),  n.  [pi.  draperies 
(-iz)],  textile  cloths  or  fabrics 
used  for  garments  or  hangings ; 
costumes  represented  in  sculpture 
or  painting. 

dras-tic  (dras'tik),  adj.  powerful; 
vigorous. 

draught  (draft),  n.  Same  as 
draft. 

draughts  (drafts),  n.  the  game  of 
checkers. 

draw  (draw),  v.t.  [p.t.  drew,  p.p. 
drawn,  p.pr.  drawing],  to  pull 
along  or  haul ;  raise ;  suck  in ; 
pull  out ;  force  out ;  elongate  ;  dis- 
embowel ;  win,  as  in  a  lottery ; 
drive  or  beat  out;  sketch;  dr;:ft  : 
require  a  certain  depth  to  float 
in ;  entice  or  allure ;  induce ;  re- 
ceive ;  write  out ;  leave  undecided  : 
y.i.  to  produce  motion ;  act  as  an 
inducement ;  shrink ;  come  to- 
gether or  near  ;  practice  drawing ; 
settle  in  the  water  to  a  certain 
depth :  n.  the  act  of  drawing ; 
a  lot  or  chance  drawn ;  a  game 
left  undecided ;  a  feeler ;  the  act 
of  drawing  a  covert. 

Syn.    pull,   haul,    drag,    attract, 
inhale,  sketch,  describe. 

draw-hack  ('bak),  n.  loss  of  ad- 
vantage ;  a  discouragement ;  mon- 
ey paid  back,  especially  to  an  im- 
porter of  goods  on  which  customs 
duty  has  been  paid  on  their  being 
exported. 


draw-bridge  ('brij),  n.  a  bridge 
which  may  be  wholly  or  partially 
lifted  up. 

draw-ee  (-e'),  n.  one  on  whom  an 
order,  bill  of  exchange,  or  a  draft 
is  drawn. 

draw-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  draws; 
a  draftsman  ;  a  sliding  box-like  ar- 
rangement for  holding  clothes,  pa- 
pers, &c. ;  one  who  draws  a  bill 
of  exchange,  or  an  order  for  the 
payment  of  money :  pi.  an  under- 
garment worn  by  both  sexes,  cov- 
ering the  lower  part  of  the  body 
and  legs. 

draw-ing  ('ing),  n.  delineation; 
attraction  or  motion  ;  a  distribu- 
tion in  a  lottery :  pi.  the  takings 
or  receipts  of  a  business. 

draw-ing-room  (-room),  n.  a 
room  for  the  reception  of  com- 
pany ;  a  formal  reception  by  the 
sovereign,  or  a  distinguished  of- 
ficial ;  the  company  assembled  in 
a  drawing-room. 

drawl  (drawl),  v.t.  to  utter  in  a 
slow,  lazy  tone :  n.  a  slow,  lazy 
manner  of  speaking. 

drawn  (drawn),  p. adj.  left  unde- 
cided ;  disemboweled ;  contracted. 

dray  (dra),  n.  a  low,  stoutly- 
built  cart  used  for  heavy  loads. 

dread  (dred),  v.t.  to  fear  greatly; 
anticipated  with  shrinking  or  ter- 
ror ;  venerate :  v.i.  to  be  in  great 
fear :  n.  apprehensive  terror  ; 
reverential  awe :  adj.  awful ;  sol- 
emn. 

Syn.  fear,  horror,  terror,  alarm, 
dismay,  awe. 

Ant.    (see  boldness,  assurance). 

dread-ful  ('fool),  adj.  inspiring 
dread. 

Syn.  fearful  frightful,  shock- 
ing, awful,  horrible  horrid,  ter- 
rific. 

dread-ful-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a 
dreadful  manner. 

dread-naught  ('nawt),  n.  a  fear- 
less person ;  a  thick  woolen  felted 
cloth. 

dream  (drem),  n.  a  train  of 
thoughts  or  images  passing 
through  the  mind  during  sleep ; 
an  idle  fancy :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
dreamt,  p.pr.  dreaming],  to  see 
or  imagine  in  sleep ;  think  about 
vainly :  v.i.  to  have  a  train  of 
ideas  in  sleep. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


are 


285 


dr'eam-y  ('i>,  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  full  of,  dreams ;  indistinct ; 
visionary. 

drear  (drer),  ad},  dismal;  sorrow- 
ful. 

drear-i-ly    ('i-li),   adv.  gloomily. 

d  r  e  a  r  -  y  ('i),  adj.  cheerless ; 
gloomy. 

dredge  (drej),  n.  a  drag  or  in- 
strument for  sweeping  the  bot- 
toms of  rivers  to  bring  up  some- 
thing :  v.t.  to  clean  out  and  deepen 
by  a  dredge ;  gather  •with  a 
dredge  ;  sprinkle  flour  upon. 

dregs  (dregz),  n.pl.  the  sediment 
of  liquor ;  lees ;  worthless  matter. 

drei-bnnd  (dri'bund),  n.  a  triple 
alliance,  especially  that  (1883) 
between  Germany,  Austria-Hung- 
ary, and  Italy  for  mutual  defense. 

drench  (drench),  v.t.  to  wet 
thoroughly ;  steep  in  moisture ; 
forcibly  administer  a  draft  to :  n. 
a  large  draft ;  a  dose  of  medicine 
for  a  horse  or  cattle. 

Dres-den  (dres'den),  n.  a  fine 
porcelain. 

dress  (dres),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p./). 
dressed  or  drest,  p.pr.  dressing! , 
to  invest  with,  or  as  with,  cloth- 
ing ;  adorn  ;  deck  out ;  embellish  ; 
prepare  or  make  ready ;  cook ; 
curry  or  rub  down ;  adjust  to  a 
straight  line ;  prune  or  trim  :  v.i. 
to  put  on  clothes :  n.  a  covering 
for  the  body  ;  elegant  or  fashion- 
able attire ;  external  finish  or 
ornament ;  plumage  ;  adjustment. 

Syn.    clothing,    attire,    apparel, 
garments,  costume,  garb,  livery. 

dress-er  Cer),  n.  one  who  regu- 
lates or  adjusts  dress ;  a  surgeon's 
assistant :  a  set  of  shelves  or 
open  cupboard  for  plates,  &c. ;  a 
combination  of  mirror  and  bureau. 

dress-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
putting  on  clothes :  material  used 
in  sizing  or  stiffening  fabrics :  the 
smoothing  of  the  surface  of  stone ; 
sauce  or  stuffing  used  for  pre- 
paring a  dish  ;  a  beating ;  rep- 
rimand;  an  external  application 
to  a  wound ;  the  preparation  of 
mineral  ores  for  the  furnace. 

dress-ing-gown  (-goun),  n.  a 
light,  easy,  loose  gown  worn  while 
dressing  or  in  dishabille. 


dress- y  (dres'i),  adj.  fond  of  dress, 
especially  showy  or  elaborate  at- 
tire ;  stylish. 

drest,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  dress. 

drew,  p.t.  of  draw. 

drib-ble  (drib'l),  v.i.  to  fall  in 
small  drops ;  drip :  v.t.  to  let  fall 
in  drops ;  give  out  or  deal  in 
small  portions ;  in  football  to  give 
a  slight  kick  or  shove  to:  n.  a 
drizzling  shower ;  a  trickling  out 
in  small  drops. 

drib-let  (drib'let),  n.  a  small 
piece,  part,  or  sum. 

dried,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  dry. 

dri-er  (dri'er).  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  dries ;  a  substance 
added  to  paint,  &c.,  causing  it  to 
dry  quickly ;  an  apparatus  for 
drying  off  moisture. 

drift  (drift),  n.  the  direction  in 
which  anything  is  driven  ;  an  im- 
pellent force ;  overbearing  in- 
fluence ;  an  accumulation  heaped 
up  by  sea  or  wind ;  tendency ; 
scope ;  the  horizontal  passage  of 
a  mine ;  a  collection  of  loose  earth, 
rocks,  &c.,  transported  from  a 
distance  by  the  agency  of  ice ;  lee- 
way made  in  a  gale ;  the  direction 
of  a  current :  v.t.  to  drive  along, 
or  in  heaps ;  cover  with  driftage : 
v.i.  to  be  carried  along  by  a  cur- 
rent, or  by  circumstances ;  ac- 
cumulate in  heaps. 

Syn.    purpose,    meaning,    scope, 
aim,  tendency,  direction. 

drift-age  ('aj),  n.  that  which  is 
drifted ;  leeway  caused  by  wind  or 
sea  currents. 

drill  (dril),  v.t.  to  pierce  with  a 
drill ;  bore ;  perforate ;  instruct 
thoroughly  in  the  rudiments  of 
any  business,  &c. ;  train  ;  sow  in 
lines  or  rows :  v.i.  to  engage  in 
military  exercises :  n.  a  tool  for 
boring  or  making  holes  in  a  hard 
substance ;  a  machine  for  sow- 
ing seeds  in  rows ;  military  exer- 
cise. 

drill-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
using  a  drill ;  a  heavy,  firm  twilled 
cloth. 

drink  (dringk),  v.i.  \p.t.  drank, 
p.p.  drunk,  p.pr.  drinking],  to 
swallow  a  liquid  ;  imbibe  alcoholic 
liquors  habitually :  n.  any  bever- 
age swallowed  to  quench  thirst ;  as 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


drl 


286 


dru 


much  liquor  as  can  be  taken  at 
once ;  strong  or  intoxicating 
liquor. 

drip  (drip),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  drip- 
ped, p.pr.  dripping],  to  fall  in 
drops :  v.t.  to  let  fall  in  drops :  n. 
that  which  falls  in  drops ;  a  pro- 
jecting cornice  to  throw  off  rain. 

drive  (drlv),  v.t.  [p.t.  drove,  p.p. 
driven,  p.pr.  driving],  to  impel  or 
urge  forward  by  force ;  propel ; 
communicate  motion  to ;  convey 
in  a  vehicle :  v.i.  to  press,  or  be 
impelled  forward  with  violence ; 
travel  in  a  carriage  ;  aim  a  blow 
(with  let)  :  n.  the  act  of  driv- 
ing or  impelling ;  a  strong  blow ; 
a  road  prepared  for  driving ;  an 
excursion  in  a  carriage ;  an  an- 
nual gathering  of  cattle  for  brand- 
ing ;  a  forward  blow  given  to  a 
ball  at  cricket. 

Syn.    compel,    impel,    ride,    re- 
pulse, push. 

driv-el  (driv'el).  v.i.  to  slaver; 
be  weak  or  foolish ;  talk  or  act 
like  a  fool  or  dotard. 

driv-en,  p.p.  of  drive. 

driz-zle  (driz'l),  v.i.  to  rain 
slightly  or  in  misty  drops :  n. 
fine  misty  rain. 

driz-zly  ('li),  adj.  shedding  fine 
rain. 

droit  (droit,  or  drwa),  n.  equity; 
right  of  ownership,  especially  in 
land  ;  custom  ;  duty. 

drole  (droT),  ».  a  funny  fellow; 
buffoon. 

droll  (drol'),  adj.  ridiculous; 
queer. 

Syn.    funny,    laughable,    comic, 
whimsical,  queer,  amusing. 
Ant.   (see  solemn). 

droll-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  [pi.  droll- 
eries (-riz)],  the  quality  of  be- 
ing droll ;  buffoonery. 

droll-ing   ('ing),  n.  burlesque. 

droll-y    ( 'i ) ,    adv.    comically. 

drom-e-da-ry  (drum'6-da-ri),  n. 
[pi.  dromedaries  (-riz)].  one  of 
a  domesticated  breed  of  camels 
distinguished  for  its  speed  and 
by  having  one  hump. 

drone  (dron),  v.i.  to  utter  in  a 
monotonous  tone  or  sound ;  live 
in  idleness :  v.t.  to  read  in  a 
monotonous  tone :  n.  a  dull, 
monotonous  tone ;  one  of  the  pipes 
of  a  bagpipe ;  the  male  of  the 


honeybee  which  produces  no 
honey ;  a  lazy  fellow. 

dro-ny  (dro'ni),  adj.  like  a  drone. 

droop  (droop),  v.i.  to  sink  or 
hang  down  ;  languish  ;  bend  down 
gradually :  v.t.  cause  to  hang 
down :  n.  the  act  of  drooping. 

drop  (drop),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
dropped,  dropt,  p.pr.  dropping], 
to  fall  in  drops ;  distil ;  sink  to  a 
lower  position  ;  fall  in  death  ;  visit 
informally  (with  in)  :  v.t.  to  let 
fall ;  discontinue  ;  utter  casually  ; 
send  off  (a  hasty  note)  :  n.  a 
globule  of  moisture ;  something 
that  hangs  like  a  drop ;  a  small 
quantity  of  a  liquid ;  a  falling 
trap-door;  the  painted  curtain  of 
a  theatre  (drop-scene)  :  pi.  medi- 
cine regulated  by  drops ;  lauda- 
num. 

drop-shut-ter  (-shut'er),  n.  a 
device,  operated  by  a  spring,  for 
taking  instantaneous  photographs. 

drpp-si-cal  ('si-kal),  adj.  affected 
with  dropsy. 

drop-sy  ('si),  n.  an  unnatural  ac- 
cumulation of  serous  fluid  in  any 
cavity  of  the  body  or  its  tissues ;  a 
disease  affecting  the  food-sac  of 
young  trout ;  blue  swelling. 

dropt,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  drop. 

dross  (dros),  n.  the  scum  or  slag 
of  melted  metal ;  sediment ;  ref- 
use. 

drought  (drout),  n.  continued  ab- 
sence of  rain  or  moisture ;  dry- 
ness. 

drove,  p.t.  of  drive :  n.  a  collection 
of  cattle  or  sheep  driven  in  a 
body ;  a  crowd ;  sprats  caught 
early  in  the  season. 

drown  (droun),  v.i.  to  perish  by 
suffocation  in  water :  v.t.  to  suf- 
focate by  immersion  in  water; 
overwhelm  ;  inundate  ;  deluge. 

Syn.     inundate,     swamp,     sub- 
merge,   overwhelm,    engulf. 

drowse  (drouz),  v.t.  to  be  heavy 
with  sleepiness ;  be  half-asleep :  n. 
a  light  sleep. 

drow-si-ness  ('zi-nes),  n.  sleepi- 
ness. 

drow-sy  ('zi),  adj.  sleepy;  slug- 
gish. 

drub  (drub),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
drubbed,  p.pr.  drubbing],  to  beat 
vigorously :  n.  a  thump. 


late,  mar,  mask,  rat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dru 


287 


due 


drudge  (druj),  v.i.  to  labor  hard 
at  mean  or  uncongenial  tasks ; 
slave :  v.t.  to  spend  or  pass  la- 
boriously :  n.  one  employed  in 
menial  work  who  works  hard  for 
insufficient  remuneration. 

drudg-er-y  ('er-i).  n.  the  work  of 
a  drudge ;  mean  servile  labor. 

drug  (drug),  n.  an  ingredient 
used  in  medicine ;  a  narcotic ;  an 
unsalable  article :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
drugged,  p.pr.  drugging],  to  mix 
drugs  with ;  render  stupid  by  a 
narcotic  drug :  v.i.  to  take  drugs 
habitually. 

drug-get  ('et),  n.  a  coarse  woolen 
fabric. 

drug-gist  ('ist),  n.  a  dealer  in 
drugs. 

dru-id  (droo'id),  n.  a  priest  of  the 
ancient  Kelts  of  Britain,  Gaul, 
and  Germany. 

drum  (drum),  n.  an  instrument 
of  percussion,  consisting  of  a  hol- 
low cylinder  with  vellum  at  the 
ends,  and  beaten  with  sticks 
(drum-sticks)  ;  the  tympanum  of 
the  ear ;  a  drum-shaped  box  for 
figs ;  a  cylinder  or  revolving 
shaft :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  drummed, 
p.pr.  drumming],  to  beat  a  drum; 
beat  up  recruits ;  tout  for  cus- 
tomers ;  beat  rapidly  with  the 
fingers:  v.t.  to  play  (a  tune)  on 
a  drum  ;  din  ;  expel  ignominiously 
(with  out). 

drum-head  died),  n.  the  head  or 
top  of  a  drum ;  the  top  of  a  cap- 
stan. 

drum-ill er  ('er),  n.  one  who  plays 
a  drum  ;  a  commercial  traveler. 

drum-stick  ('stik),  n.  the  stick 
with  which  a  drum  is  beaten;  the 
outer  joint  of  a  fowl's  leg  from 
the  knee  to  the  heel. 

Drum-mond-light  ('und-llO.  n. 
another  name  for  the  limelight. 

drunk  (drungk).  p.p.  of  drink: 
n.  a  fit  of  drunkenness;  a  drunken 
person  :  adj.  intoxicated. 

drunk-ard  Card),  n.  one  habit- 
ually drunk. 

drunk-en  ('en),  p.adj.  habitually 
intemperate. 

drunk-en-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  of  being  drunk  ;  habitual  in- 
temperance ;  frenzy. 

dry    (dri),    adj.    [comp.   drier,   su- 


perl.  driest],  free  from  moisture 
or  wetness ;  not  yielding  juices ; 
devoid  of  interest ;  unintentionally 
humorous  or  quaint ;  without 
sweetness  or  fruity  flavor :  v.t. 
free  from  moisture  or  juice ;  stop 
the  flow  of ;  parch  :  v.i.  to  lose  or 
be  deprived  of  moisture. 

*Sj//i.  arid.  parched,  life- 
less, dull,  tedious,  uninteresting, 
meagre. 

Ant.  (see  moist,  interesting, 
succulent). 

dry-ad  (dri'ad),  n.  a  wood 
nymph. 

dry-ly  ('li),  adv.  without  moist- 
ure ;  in  a  dry  manner ;  coldly ; 
sarcastically.  Also  drily. 

dry-nurse  ('ners),  v.t.  to  rear 
without  the  breast. 

dry-salt  ('sawlt),  v.t.  to  cure  by 
salting  and  drying,  as  meat. 

du-al  (du'al).  adj.  expressing,  or 
composed  of,  the  number  2  :  n.  the 
form  of  the  noun  or  verb  connot- 
ing two  persons  or  things. 

du-al  ism  (-izm),  n.  a  twofold 
division ;  the  doctrine  of  two  in- 
dependent and  separate  principles 
in  man,  the  spiritual  and  the 
corporeal ;  the  Gnostic  theory  that 
there  are  two  independent  eternal 
principles,  one  evil  and  the  other 
good. 

du-al-ist  CAl-ist),  n.  one  who 
holds  any  of  the  theories  of 
dualism. 

du-al-ist-ic  (-Sl-ist'ik),  adj.  two- 
fold ;  characterized  by,  or  pertain- 
ing to.  dualism. 

du-al-i-ty  (-al'i-ti),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  twofold :  divi- 
sion into  two. 

dub  (dub),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  dub- 
bed, p.pr.  dubbing],  to  invest  with 
knighthood  by  striking  the  shoul- 
der with  a  sword ;  confer  any 
rank,  dignity,  character,  or  name 
upon ;  rub,  dress,  or  smooth :  v.i. 
make  a  brisk  noise :  n.  a  tap  or 
blow. 

du-lji-ous  (dfi'bi-us),  adj.  doubt- 
ful. 

du-cal  ('kal),  adj.  pertaining  to  a 
duke. 

dnc-at  (duk'at).  n.  a  gold  or  sil- 
ver coin  formerly  in  use  in  Eu- 
rope :  pi.  money. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


due 


288 


dutn 


duch-ess  (duch'es),  n.  the  consort 
or  widow  of  a  duke. 

duch-y  ('i),  n.  [pi.  duchies  ('iz)]_ 
the  territory,  dominions,  or  juris- 
diction of  a  duke. 

duck  (duk),  «.  any  bird  of  the 
family  Anatidse,  especially  the  do- 
mestic duck ;  the  female  of  this 
bird,  as  distinguished  from  the 
drake ;  an  expression  of  endear- 
ment ;  a  strong  linen  untwilled 
fabric :  pi.  sailors'  trousers  or 
light  clothes  worn  in  hot  climates  : 
v.i.  to  plunge  the  head  under 
water  and  then  withdraw  it  quick- 
ly;  bob  the  he;;;!. 

duck-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
putting  under  water;  the  sport  of 
shooting  wild  ducks. 

duck-ing-stool  C-st5ol),  n.  a 
rtool  in  which  female  scolds  were 
ducked  in  the  water. 

duck-ling  ('ling),  n.  a  young 
duck. 

duck- weed  ('wed),  n.  a  common 
fresh-water  plant  eaten  by  ducks. 

duct  (dukt),  n.  a  passage,  tube, 
or  canal  by  which  a  fluid  or  se- 
cretion is  conveyed. 

due- tile  ('til),  adj.  capable  of  be- 
ing drawn  out  into  threads  or 
wire ;  tractable. 

duc-til-i-ty    ('i-ti),  n.  flexibility. 

dude  (dud),  n.  a  kind  of  dandy, 
characterized  by  over-affectedness 
in  manners,  dress,  &c. 

du-deen  (du-den'),  n.  a  short  clay 
pipe. 

dudg-eon  (duj'un),  n.  sullen  an- 
ger ;  resentment ;  ill-will. 

dud-ism  (diid'izm),  n.  the  affecta- 
tion or  social  peculiarities  of 
dudes.  Also  dudeism. 

duds  (dudz),  n.pl.  clothes. 

due  (du),  adj.  owed  or  owing; 
payable ;  fulfilling  obligation ; 
suitable  to  a  case ;  ascribable ; 
proper:  adv.  exactly;  directly:  n. 
that  which  is  owed  or  required  by 
an  obligation  ;  a  custom,  toll,  trib- 
ute, or  fee. 

Syn.  owing  to,  attributable  to, 
just,  fair,  proper,  debt,  right. 

du-el  ('el),  n.  a  combat  between 
two  persons  with  deadly  weapons  : 
v.i.  to  fight  in  a  duel. 

du  el-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  fighting  a 
duel. 

du-e-na  (doo-a'nya),  n.  an  elderly 


Spanish  or  Portuguese  lady  who 
acts  as  a  guardian  to  a  younger 
one  ;  a  governess.  Also  duenna. 

du-et  (du-ef),  n.  a  vocal  or  in- 
strumental composition  for  two 
performers.  Also  duetto. 

du-e-ti-no  (dOO-a-te'no),  n,  a 
short  duet. 

duff  (duf),  n.  pudding  of  flour, 
&c.,  boiled  in  a  bag ;  a  vegetable 
growth  accumulated  in  forest 
ground. 

duf-fer  ('er),  n.  a  peddler  or 
hawker  of  feminine  articles  of  at- 
tire, flash  jewelry,  &c. ;  a  dull, 
stupid,  inefficient  person  ;  a  fogy  ; 
a  spurious  coin. 

duf-fing  ('ing),  adj.  worthless; 
counterfeit. 

dug,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  dig :  n.  a  teat. 

du-gong  (du'gong),  n.  an  aquatic 
herbivorous  mammal  resembling 
the  seal  and  walrus ;  the  sea-cow. 

dug-out  (dug'out),  n.  a  canoe 
hollowed  out  from  a  log ;  a  rough 
kind  of  shelter  excavated  in  the 
side  of  a  hill  or  bank. 

duke  (duk),  the  highest  order  of 
English  nobility  and  ranking  ne~_ 
below  an  archbishop  and  the 
princes  of  the  blood ;  a  continental 
prince  or  noble. 

duke  dom    ('clum),  n.  a  duchy. 

dul-cet  (dul'set),  adj.  sweet  or 
pleasant  to  the  ear ;  harmonious. 

dul-ci-an-a  (si-an'a),  n.  a  soft- 
toned  stop. 

dul-ci-mer  (isi-mer),  n.  an  in- 
strument with  wire  strings  which 
are  struck  with  a  rod. 

dull  (dul),  adj.  slow  of  apprehen- 
sion or  action  ;  stupid  ;  sluggish  ; 
without  sensibility ;  not  bright  or 
clear  to  the  eye ;  blunt  ;  without 
wind  :  v.t.  to  deprive  of  sharpness  : 
make  stupid  or  heavy ;  tarnish : 
v.i.  to  become  calm :  become  dull 
or  blunt. 

Syn.    stupid,    gloomy,   sad,    dis- 
mal, commonplace. 
Ant.   (see  bright). 

dull  ard  ('ard),  n.  a  stupid  per- 
son ;  blockhead. 

dul-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  dull. 

du-ly  (du'li),  adv.  in  a  fit  and  be- 
coming manner ;  fitly  ;  regularly. 

dumb  (dum),  adj.  incapable  of 
speech. 


Jate,  mar,  musk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  f/ten. 


dam 


289 


dur 


dumb-bell  l'bel),  n.  one  of  a 
pair  of  heavy  weights  used  for 
musculai  exerciso. 

dumb-show  ('sho),  «.  gesture 
without  speech. 

dum-my  (dum'i),  n.  [pi.  dummies 
(Mz) ],  one  who  is  mute  or  silent ; 
that  which  imitates  a  reality  :  an 
exposed  hand  at  whist  when  three 
persons  are  playing:  adj.  fictitious. 

dump  (dump),  n.  a  thud  or  heavy 
sound  ;  anything  short,  thick,  and 
heavy ;  a  place  to  discharge  rub- 
bish in :  pi.  low  spirits :  v.t.  to 
throw  down  and  empty,  especially 
abruptly  :  unload  from  a  cart :  r.i. 
to  unload  by  tilting. 

dump-ling  (dump'Tine).  n.  a  pud- 
or  douirh.  often  en- 
velopinsr  fruit  or  meat. 

dunrp-y  ('i).  adj.  short  and 
thick  ;  discontented  ;  sulky. 

dun  (dun),  adj.  of  a  dull  brown 
color :  n.  a  creditor  who  presses 
persistently  for  payment  of  a 
debt ;  a  fortified  eminence ;  earth- 
work ;  mound :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
dunned,  p.pr.  dunning],  to  urge 
importunately,  especially  for  a 
debt ;  cure,  as  codfish,  after  salt- 
ing, to  impart  a  dark  color. 

dunce  (duns),  n.  a  dull,  ignorant 
person. 

Syn.     simpleton,     fool,     ninny, 
idiot. 

Ant.    (see   sage). 

dun-der-head  Cder-hed),  n.  a 
dolt ;  a  numskull. 

dune  (dim),  n.  a  heap  of  drifted 
sand  piled  up  on  the  sea-shore  by 
the  action  of  the  wind. 

dun-fish  ('fish),  n.  codfish  cured 
by  dunning. 

dung  (dung),  n.  the  excrement 
of  animals  ;  anything  filthy  or  rot- 
ten :  v.t.  to  manure  with  dung. 

dnn-geon  ('jun),  n.  the  principal 
keep  of  a  mediaeval  castle :  a  dark 
underground  cell ;  a  prison. 

Dan-kers  ('kerz),  n.pl.  &  sect  of 
German-American  Baptists,  prop- 
erly termed  Brethren. 

dnn-nage  ('aj),  n.  loose  wood, 
fagots,  AC.,  stowed  in  the  hold 
of  a  vessel  to  protect  the  cargo 
from  injury. 

dnn-nish  ('ish),  adj.  inclined  to 
dun  color. 

dun-nite     (dun'nit),    n.    a    pow- 


erful  explosive,   of   American   in- 
vention. 

du-p-dec-i-mal  ( du-o-des'i-mal ) , 
adj.  consisting  of,  or  computing 
by  twelves  or  any  power  of  12 :  n. 
a  twelfth  power  of  anything:  pL 
a  system  of  computing  by  twelves 
the  number  of  square  feet  and 
inches  in  a  rectangular  area. 

du-o-dec-i-mo  ('i-mo),  n.  a  sheet 
folded  into  12  leaves  (12mo)  : 
said  of  a  book. 

du-o-de-num  (-de'num),  n.  [pi. 
duodena  ('na)],  the  first  por- 
tion of  the  small  intestine. 

dup-a-ble  (dup'a-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  duped. 

dupe  (dup),  n.  one  who  is,  or  can 
be,  easily  tricked ;  a  credulous 
person :  v.t.  to  deceive  by  trick- 
ery :  cheat. 

du-plex  (du'pleks),  adj.  double; 
compound :  applied  to  the  trans- 
mission of  two  telegraphic  mes- 
sages over  a  single  wire  at  the 
same  time:  v.i.  to  transmit 
telegraphic  messages  by  the  du- 
plex system. 

du-pli-cate  ('pli-kat),  v.t.  to  make 
or  render  double ;  make  a  copy 
or  copies  of :  v.i.  to  celebrate  Mass 
or  receive  the  Eucharist  twice  in 
one  day :  adj.  corresponding  ex- 
actly with  another ;  twofold ; 
double ;  growing  in  pairs :  n.  fac- 
simile ;  counterpart ;  an  exact 
copy. 

Ryn.  copy,  likeness,  counterpart, 
imitation. 

Ant.    (see  model). 

du-pli-ca-tion  (-ka'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  duplicating ;  a  fold ;  multi- 
plication by  2. 

du-plic-i-ty  (-plis'i-ti),  n.  deceit; 
hypocrisy. 

du-ra-bll-i-ty  (du-ra-bU'i-ti),  n. 
endurance. 

du-ra-ble  ('ra-bH,  adj.  not  per- 
ishing ;  permanent ;  stable ;  last- 
ing. 

Syn.    lasting,   permanent,   abid- 
ing, continuing. 

Ant.    (see    ephemeral,    perisha- 
ble). 

du-ra-bly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  durable 
manner. 

du-ra  ma-ter  ('rft  ma'ter),  n. 
the  tough  covering  which  en- 
velops the  brain  and  spinal  cord. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dur 


290 


dyn 


dn-ra-men  (-ra'men),  n.  the  in- 
ner or  heart  wood  of  an  exogen- 
ous tree. 

dn-rance  ('rans),  n.  imprison- 
ment. 

du  ra-tion  (-rfi'shun),  n.  continu- 
ance in  time ;  permanency. 

du-ress  (du-res'  or  du'res),  n.  re- 
straint of  personal  liberty  by  fear 
or  physical  force,  compelling  a 
person  to  do  some  act ;  imprison- 
ment. 

dur-ing  (dur'ing),  prep,  in  the 
time  of ;  at  some  period  of. 

du-rom-e-ter  (dii-rom'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  testing  the 
hardness  of  steel  rails. 

durst,    p.t.    of   dare. 

dusk  (dusk),  adj.  tending  to 
darkness  ;  shadowy  ;  swarthy  :  n. 
incipient  darkness. 

dusk-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  with  a  ten- 
dency to  darkness  or  blackness. 

dust  (dust),  n.  fine  dry  particles 
of  matter ;  a  stirring  of  such  fine 
particles  ;  state  of  dissolution  ;  un- 
organized matter ;  pollen  ;  obscur- 
ity ;  confusion :  v.t.  to  brush 
away  dust  from ;  cover  with  a 
powdered  substance. 

dust-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  dustier. 
superl.  dustiest],  covered  with 
dust. 

Dutch  (duch),  adj.  pertaining  to. 
or  characteristic  of,  the  Dutch  or 
Low  Germans  of  Holland,  or  their 
language. 

du-te-ous  ('ti-us),  ad},  fulfilling 
duty ;  obedient. 

du-ti-a-ble  (du'ti-a-bl),  adj.  sub- 
ject to  duty. 

du-ti-f  ul  ( -fool ) ,  adj.  respectful ; 
obedient  to  parents. 

du-ti-f ul-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  duti- 
ful manner. 

dn-ty  Cti),  n.  [pi.  duties  ('tiz)L 
obligatory  service ;  tax,  impost,  or 
toll  levied  by  Government  on  cer- 
tain articles. 

du  um-vir  (-um'ver),  n.  [pi.  du- 
umviri ('vi-ri),  duumvirs 
('vorz)l.  two  ancient  Roman  offi- 
cers of  high  rank  acting  together 
in  one  capacity  or  public  function. 

du-um-vir-ate     ('ver-at),    n.    the 

joint   office   of   the   duumviri. 
dwarf     fdwawrf).    n.    &    human 
being,  animal,  or  plant  much  be- 


low the  average  height :  adj.  of 
smaller  size  or  height  than  the 
average :  v.t.  hinder  from  growing 
to  the  natural  size :  v.i.  become 
stunted  ;  grow  smaller. 

dwell  (dwel),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
dwelt,  p.pr.  dwelling],  to  reside 
for  a  length  of  time ;  have  a  fixed 
abode ;  continue ;  linger :  v.t.  to 
inhabit. 

8yn.  stay,  stop,  abide,  sojourn, 
linger,   tarry. 

dwell-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  house  or 
place  of  abode. 

d  win-die  (dwin'dl),  v.i.  to  be- 
come gradually  less  ;  diminish  ;  de- 
crease. 

»S//n.  pine,  waste,  diminish,  de- 
crease,  fall   off. 
Ant.  (see  grow). 

Dy-ak  (dl'ak),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  natives  of  the  Malay  race 
inhabiting  Borneo. 

dye  (di),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  dyed, 
p.pr.  dyeing],  to  stain  or  color: 
v.i.  to  follow  the  trade  of  a  dyer : 
n.  a  coloring  liquid  or  stain. 

dy-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  the  passing 
away  from  life ;  decaying  physic- 
ally ;  drawing  to  a  close ;  the  act 
of  expiring. 

d  y-n  a  c-t  i-n  o  m-e-t  er  (-nak-ti- 
norn'e-ter).  n.  an  instrument  for 
measuring  the  intensity  of  the 
photogenic  rays  of  light  and  com- 
paring the  quickness  of  action  of 
lenses  in  photography. 

dy-nam  Cnam),  n.  a  unit  of  work 
=  1   foot  pound. 

dy-nam-ic  ('ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  mechanical  forces  not  in 
equilibrium ;  effective.  Also  dy- 
namical :  n.  pi.  that  branch  of 
mechanics  which  treats  of  the 
effects  of  force  in  producing 
motion.  Also  kinetics. 

dy-na-mi-tard  ('nA-mT-tard),  n. 
one  who  advocates  the  use  of 
dynamite  as  a  revolutionary  agent. 
Also  dynamiter. 

dy-na-mite  ('na-mit),  n.  a  highly 
explosive  compound  of  nitro- 
glycerine  mixed  with  sawdust  or 
infusorial  silica :  v.t.  to  destroy  by 
dynamite. 

dy-na-mo  Cna-mo).  n.  an  electric 
machine  for  converting  mechanic- 
al into  electric  energy. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


dyn 


291 


dys 


dy-nam-o-graph.  (-nam'o-graf ), 
n.  an  instrument  for  registering 
muscular  power  by  compressing  a 
spring  held  in  the  hand. 

dy-na-mom-e-ter  (-na-mom'e- 

ter),  n.  an  apparatus  for  measur- 
ing the  force  or  power  in  moving 
a  load,  &c. 

dy-nas-tic  (-nas'tik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  dynasty. 

dy-nas-ty  ('nas-ti).  n.  [pi.  dynas- 
ties (-tiz)],  a  line  or  succession 
of  sovereigns  of  a  particular 


family :  the  length  of  time  during 
which  a  certain  family  reigns. 

dyne  (dm),  n.  the  force  which, 
acting  upon  a  gramme  per  second, 
generates  a  velocity  of  1  cen- 
timeter. 

dys-en-ter-y  (dis'en-ter-i),  n.  a 
tropical  disease  akin  to  diarrhoea, 
attended  with  fever. 

dys-pep-si-a  (-pep'si-a),  n.  in- 
digestion. 

dys-pep-tic  ('tik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  causing,  or  afflicted  with, 
dyspepsia. 


lite,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


eac 


292 


eas 


each,  (ech),  adj.  &  pron.  every 
one ;  either. 

ea-ger  (e'ger),  adj.  impetuous; 
vehement ;  earnest ;  keen  ;  enthu- 
siastic. 

X)/».    hot,    ardent,    impassioned, 
forward,  impatient. 
Ant.    (see  diffident). 

ea-gle  ('gl),  n.  a  bird  of  prey, 
genus  Aquila,  noted  for  its 
strength,  size,  and  keenness  of 
vision ;  a  gold  coin  of  the  United 
States  =  10  dollars;  the  military 
standard  of  ancient  Rome. 

ea-gle-wood  (-wood),  n.  a  highly 
fragrant  resinous  wood.  Also 
agallochum. 

ea-glet  ('glet),  n.  a  young  eagle. 

ear  (er),  n.  the  organ  of  hearing; 
delicate  perception  of  sounds ;  at- 
tention ;  a  spike  of  corn  ;  anything 
that  resembles  an  ear. 

eared   (erd),  adj.  having  ears. 

ear-ing  (er'ing),  n.  a  small  rope 
for  fastening  the  upper  corner  of 
a  sail  to  a  yard  or  stanchion  ;  a 
plowing  of  land ;  the  formation 
of  ears,  as  in  wheat. 

earl  (erl),  n.  nobleman  next  in 
rank  below  a  marquis. 

earl-dom  ('dum),  n.  the  posses- 
sions or  dignity  of  an  earl. 

ear-ly  (er'li),  adj.  [comp.  earlier, 
superl.  earliest],  before  the  usual 
time ;  seasonable  :  adv.  soon  ;  sea- 
sonably. 

ear-mark  (er'mark),  n.  a  mark 
for  identification :  v.t.  to  set  a 
distinctive  mark  upon. 

earn  (era),  v.t.  to  gain  as  a  just 
recompense  for  one's  labor,  serv- 
ice, &c. ;  merit. 

8yn.  acquire,  obtain,  win,  gain, 
achieve. 

earn-est  ('est),  adj.  in  serious 
reality ;  serious  in  speech  or 
action  ;  ardent ;  zealous  ;  eager :  n. 
a  portion  of  something  given  or 
done  in  advance  as  a  pledge. 

Syn.  ardent,  serious,  grave,  sol- 
emn, warm. 

Ant.   (see  trifling). 

earn-ings  ('ingz),  n.pl.  wages;  re- 
ward. 


ear-ring  (er'ring),  n.  an  ear  orna- 
ment. 

earth  (erth),  n.  the  inhabited 
terraqueous  globe ;  the  solid  mate- 
rials which  compose  the  globe ; 
ground  ;  soil ;  a  region  or  land ; 
worldly  things  or  interests ;  the 
inhabitants  of  the  globe ;  that  part 
of  the  ground  forming  part  of  an 
electric  circuit :  v.t.  to  hide  or 
bury  in  the  earth  ;  place  in  con- 
nection with  the  earth :  v.i.  to 
burrow. 

earth-en  ('en),  adj.  made  of 
earth. 

earth-en-ware  (-war),  n.  vessels 
or  other  objects  made  of  clay  or 
a  similar  earthy  substance. 

earth-ly  ('li),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  earth ;  sensual ;  worldly ; 
possible ;  conceivable. 

earth-nut  ('nut),  n.  the  ground 
nut. 

earth-quake  ('kwak),  n.  a  shak- 
ing or  trembling  of  the  earth  pro- 
duced by  subterranean  volcanic 
forces. 

earth-work  ('werk),  n.  a  cutting 
or  embankment ;  an  offensive  or 
defensive  fortification  constructed 
chiefly  of  earth. 

earth-worm  ('wertn),  n.  a  com- 
mon name  for  worms  that  live  in 
the  ground. 

earth-y  ('i),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
composed  of,  or  resembling,  the 
earth  ;  dull ;  coarse. 

ear-wax  (er'waks),  n.  cerumen. 

ear-wig  (er'wig),  n.  a  well-known 
insect  with  a  pair  of  curved  for- 
ceps at  its  tail :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
earwigged,  p.pr.  earwigging],  to 
gain  the  ear  of  and  influence  by 
whispered  or  covert  statements. 

ease  (ez),  n.  freedom  from  pain, 
disturbance,  labor,  or  affectation  ; 
quiet ;  repose ;  facility :  v.t.  to 
free  from  pain,  anxiety,  or 
trouble ;  give  rest  or  relief. 

Syn.  calm,  alleviate,  allay,  miti- 
gate, appease,  assuage,  pacify,  dis- 
burden, rid. 

Ant.  (see  annoy,  worry). 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  he"r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ,  thin,  then. 


293 


ecc 


ea-sel  (e'zl),  n.  a  wooden  frame 
or  tripod  for  supporting  a  canvas, 
blackboard,  &c. 

ease-ment  (ez'ment),  M.  that 
which  gives  ease  or  relief ;  a  right 
of  accommodation  in  another's 
land,  or  a  right  of  passage. 

east  (est).  n.  that  part  of  the 
heavens  where  the  sun  is  seen  to 
rise ;  one  of  the  four  cardinal 
points ;  the  eastern  part  of  the 
earth  :  adj.  coming  from  the  east ; 
near  the  altar  of  a  church,  as 
seen  from  the  nave :  adv.  in  an 
easterly  direction. 

Cast  (est),  n.  the  Orient;  eastern 
part  of  the  United  States. 

East-er  (est'er).  n.  a  festival  of 
the  Christian  Church  to  commem- 
orate the  resurrection  of  Jesus 
Christ :  adj.  pertaining  to  Easter. 

east-er-ly  (-li),  adv.  situated,  or 
moving  towards,  the  east :  adj.  in 
the  direction  of  the  east. 

east-era  (est'ern),  adj.  situated 
towards,  or  lying  in,  the  east. 

East-era   ('era),  adj.  Oriental. 

East-era  Church  (cherch),  n. 
the  Orthodox  Oriental  or  Greek 
Church. 

East-era  Empire  (em-pir),  n. 
that  part  of  the  later  Roman 
Empire  which  had  its  capital  at 
Byzantium  (Constantinople). 

East-era-er  (-er),  n.  a  person 
who  resides  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  United  States. 

East-era  ques-tion  (kwes'chun). 
n.  the  term  applied  to  the  com- 
plicated internal  problems  arising 
out  of  the  possession  by  the 
Turks  of  the  southeast  part  of 
Europe,  and  their  relations  to 
Russia  and  adjoining  states. 

east-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  distance 
traversed  by  a  vessel  eastward 
from  a  given  meridian. 

east-ward  ('ward),  adv.  toward, 
or  in  the  direction  of,  the  east. 
Also  eastwards. 

eas-y  (-ez'i),  adj.  [comp.  easier, 
snperl.  easiest],  free  from  pain, 
disturbance,  &c. ;  not  burden- 
some ;  moderate  ;  well-to-do  :  cre- 
dulous ;  natural ;  not  formal : 
yielding:  gentle;  self-indulgent: 
inlr.  easily :  n.  diminution  in  speed 
while  rowing. 

eat  (et),  v.t.  [p.t.  ate,  p.p.  eaten, 
p.pr.  eating],  to  chew  and  swal- 


low, as  food  ;  devour ;  consume  ; 
corrode ;  waste  or  wear  away : 
r.i.  to  take  food ;  penetrate ;  taste. 

can  (6),  n.  [pi.  eaux  (oz). 
(French)],  water,  especially  as 
apnlied  to  perfumes,  cordials,  spir- 
ituous waters,  &c.,  as  eau  de 
cologne. 

eaves  (evz),  n.pl.  the  edges  of  the 
roof  which  overhang  a  building. 

eaves-drop  ('drop),  v.i.  [p.t.  & 
l>.p.  eavesdropped,  p.pr.  eaves- 
dropping], to  listen  to  the  private 
conversation  of  others. 

e-bau-choir  (a-bo-shwar').  n. 
[Fr.]  a  large  broad  hewing 
chisel  used  by  the  statuaries. 

ebb  (eb),  n.  the  flowing  back  of 
the  tide  ;  ebb-tide  ;  decline  :  v.i.  to 
flow  back  or  return,  as  the  tide 
to  the  sea  :  decline ;  recede. 

eb-lis  (eb'lis),  n.  the  Mohamme- 
dan Devil :  in  Mohammedan  my- 
thology, the  chief  evil  spirit. 

eb-on-ite  ('un-it),  n.  a  hard  dark 
variety  of  vulcanite. 

eb-on-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  make  "black 
by  staining  like  ebony. 

eb-o-ny  Cun-i),  n.  a  hard,  heavy, 
durable  black-colored  wood  [pi. 
ebonies  (-iz)],  negroes:  adj. 
made  of,  or  like,  ebony. 

e-boule-ment  (a-bSol'mang) ,  n. 
[Fr.]  the  crumbling  of  a  wall  or 
fortification ;  a  landslip ;  ava- 
lanche. 

eb-ul-li-tion.  (eb-u-lish'un).  n. 
the  act  of  boiling ;  effervescence ; 
a  sudden  outburst  of  feeling. 

eb-n-rine  (eb'u-rin),  n.  an  artifi- 
cial ivory. 

e-car-te  (a-kar-ta').  n.  a  game  of 
cards  played  by  two  persons  with 
32  cards,  from  which  those  from 
two  to  six  have  been  cast  out. 

e-can-date  (e-kaw'dat).  adj.  tail- 
less. 

ec-bat-ic  (ek-bat'5k),  adj.  denot- 
ing the  relation  of  cause  and  ef- 
fect. 

ec-cen-trlc  ('sen-trik),  adj.  not 
situated  in.  or  deviating  from  the 
center ;  peculiar  in  manner  or 
character;  erratic;  not  having  the 
same  center :  opposed  to  concen- 
tric :  n.  a  circle  or  sphere  not 
having  the  same  center  as  another 
circle ;  a  mechanical  device  for 
converting  continuous  circular  mo- 


late,  mSr,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ecc 


294 


ecr 


tion  into  reciprocating  rectilinear 
motion. 

N.v/i.  irregular,  anomalous,  sing- 
ular, odd,  abnormal,  wayward, 
particular,  strange. 

Ant.   (see  regular,  ordinary). 

ec-cen-tric-i-ty  (-tris'i-ti).  n.  [pi. 
eccentricities  (-tiz)],  deviation 
from  a  center ;  peculiarity  of  man- 
ner or  character ;  idiosyncrasy. 

ec-chy-mo-sis  (-i-mo'sis),  n.  a 
livid  spot  on  the  skin,  caused  by 
extravasated  blood. 

ec-cle-si-as-tic  (e-kle-zi-as'tik).  n. 
a  person  in  holy  orders ;  a  clergy- 
man. 

ec-cle-si-as-tic-al  (-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Church  and  its 
organization  or  government. 

ec-cle-si-as-tic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
an  ecclesiastical  manner. 

ec-cle-si-as-ti-cism  (-as'ti  sizm), 
n.  strong  attachment  to  the  forms, 
usages,  organization,  and  privi- 
leges of  the  Church. 

ec-cle-si-ol-o-gy  (-zi-ol'6-ji),  n. 
the  science  which  treats  of  the 
Church  as  an  organized  society, 
and  of  its  development ;  science 
of  church  architecture  and  decora- 
tion. 

ecli-e  Ion  (esh'e-lon),  n.  an  ar- 
rangement of  a  body  of  troops  in 
the  form  of  steps ;  an  arrange- 
ment of  the  vessels  of  a  fleet  in 
V  form :  v.t.  to  form  in  echelon. 

e-chi-no-derm  (e-ki'no-derm).  n. 
an  individual  of  the  Echinoder- 
mata,  a  class  of  animals  in  Cu- 
vier's  system  which  includes  the 
star-fishes,  sea-urchins.  &c. 

e-chi  nus  ('nus).  n.  \pl.  echini 
('m)],  a  sea-urchin;  a  rounded 
egg-shaped  molding. 

ech-o  (ek'5),  TO.  [pi.  echoes  ('oz)], 
the  repetition  of  a  sound  caused 
by  reflection  :  the  repetition  of  the 
words  or  opinions  of  others :  r.i. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  echoed :  p.pr.  echo- 
ing], to  emit  an  echo:  give,  or 
reflect  back,  a  sound  :  v.t.  to  re- 
peat the  sound  of :  repeat  closely 
(the  words.  &c.,  of  others). 

e-chom-e-try  (e-kom'e-tri).  n.  the 
art  of  measuring  the  duration  of 
sounds. 

e-clalr  (a-klar'),  ro.  a  small  ob- 
long cake  containing  flavored 


cream,    &c.,    covered    on    the    top 
with  sugar  or  chocolate. 

e-clair-cisse-ment  (ses'mang),  n. 
[Fr.]  an  explanation  or  clearing 
up  of  something  previously  ob- 
scure or  misunderstood. 

e-clat  (a-kla'),  n.  a  bursting  forth, 
as  of  applause  or  admiration  :  re- 
nown ;  striking  effect :  splendor. 

ec-lec-tic  (ek-lek'tik).  adj.  select- 
ing or  choosing  from  different  sys- 
tems, doctrines,  or  sources;  liber- 
al and  broad  in  taste  or  belief : 
n.  one  of  a  class  of  ancient  phil- 
osop.iers. 

ec-lec-ti-cism  Cti-sizm),  n.  the 
eclectic  system  of  philosophy. 

e-clipse  (e-klips'),  n.  the  total  or 
partial  obscuration  of  the  light 
of  a  heavenly  body  caused  by  its 
entering  the  shadow  of  another 
body  ;  hence  diminution  :  obscura- 
tion ;  temporary  failure:  adj.  per- 
taining to  an  eclipse :  v.t.  to  cover 
or  obscure  by  an  eclipse ;  darken 
or  conceal ;  overshadow. 

e-clip-tic  (-klip'tik).  n.  the  appar- 
ent path  of  the  sun.  or  real  path 
of  the  earth,  in  the  heavens  dur- 
ing a  year. 

ec-logue  (ek'log).  n.  a  pastoral 
poem. 

ec-o-nom-ic  (ek-o,  ore-ko-nom'ik) . 
<i<lj.  frugal;  saving;  pertaining  to 
domestic  economy.  Also  econom- 
ical :  n.pl.  political  economy. 

ec-p-nom-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
with  economy. 

e-con-o-mist  (-kon'o-mist).  n.  one 
prudent  in  expenditure  ;  a  student 
of  political  economy. 

e-con-o-mize  i/o-miz),  v.t.  to  man- 
age with  care  or  frugality  :  r.i.  to 
be  careful  in  outlay. 

e-con-o-my  Co-mi),  n.  [pi.  econo- 
mies (-miz)].  the  regulation  of 
household  affairs:  frugality  in  ex- 
penditure ;  any  system  of  relig- 
ious laws,  rites,  or  ceremonies. 

e-cor-che  (a-kor-shaj,  re.  [Fr.]  an 
anatomical  model,  represented  ns 
deprived  of  the  skin ;  to  exhibit 
for  study  the  muscular  system. 

e-cre-visse  (a-kre-ves').  ».  [Fr.] 
a  piece  of  armor  formed  of  over- 
lapping splints  resembling  the  tail 
of  the  crawfish. 

e-cm  (S-kroo'),  adj.  unbleached: 
said  of  the  color  of  textile  fabrics. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat.  awl :  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  troon. 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ecs 


295 


edu 


ec-sta-sy  (ek'sta-si),  n.  [pi. 
ecstasies  (-siz)],  the  state  of  be- 
ing beside  one's  self ;  excessive 
joy ;  a  kind  of  cataleptic  trance. 

ec-stat-ic  (-stat'ik),  adj.  over- 
powering :  rapturous ;  entrancing. 
Also  ecstatical. 

ec-stat-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
rapturously. 

ec-ta-sis  (ek'ta-sis),  n.  the  pro- 
nunciation of  a  vowel  as  long,  or 
its  lengthening  if  short. 

ec-to-blast  ('to-blast),  M.  an  outer- 
cell  wall. 

ec-to-cyst  ('sist),  n.  the  outer 
covering  of  a  polyzoon. 

ec-to-derm  (-derm),  n.  the  ex- 
ternal skin,  or  outer  layer,  of  an 
animal  or  plant. 

ec-to-plasm  (-plazm).  n.  the  ex- 
terior protoplasm  or  sarcode  of  a 
cell. 

ec-to-zo-a  (-zo'a),  n.pl.  external 
parasites. 

ec-type  (ek'tip),  n.  a  reproduction 
or  imitation  of  an  original  design. 

ec-ty-pog-ra-phy  (-ti-pog'ra-fi), 
n.  a  method_  of  etching  in  relief. 

e-cu  (fi-koo'),  n.  a  mediaeval 
shield  ;  the  name  of  various  gold 
and  silver  coins  formerly  curr'.'nt 
in  France. 

ec-u-men  ic  (ek-u-men'ik),  adj. 
general :  universal ;  pertaining  to 
the  Christian  Church  throughout 
the  world :  said  of  certain  coun- 
cils of  the  Church.  Also  ecu- 
menical. 

ec-ze-ma  ('ze-ma).  n.  an  inflam- 
matory disease  of  the  skin. 

ed-dy  (ed'i),  n.  [pi.  eddies  ('iz)l, 
a  contrary  current  of  air  or  water 
causing  a  circular  motion ;  a 
small  whirlpool :  v.i.  to  move  with 
a  circular  motion  ;  whirl. 

ed-el-weiss  (a'cll-vls),  n.  a  small 
perennial  white,  woolly,  composite 
Alpine  plant. 

E-den  (e'dn),  n.  paradise;  any 
particularly  delightful  region  or 
residence. 

edge  (ej),  n.  the  thin,  sharp,  or 
cutting  part  of  an  instrument ;  ex- 
treme border ;  brink  ;  margin  ; 
keenness;  mental  acuteness :  r.i. 
to  furnish  with  an  edge  or  a 
border:  exasperate;  incite:  move 
forward  little  by  little:  v.i.  to  sail 
close  to  the  wind. 


Syn.   border,   brink,    rim,   brim, 
margin,  verge. 

edged  ('ejd),  p. adj.  furnished 
with  an  edge,  border,  or  fringe. 

edge-tool  (tool),  n.  any  sharp 
tool. 

edg-ing  ('ing),  n.  that  which 
forms  an  edge  or  border ;  narrow 
lace  or  embroidery  for  a  garment ; 
the  operation  of  shaping  or  orna- 
menting anything. 

ed-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  fit  to  be  eaten 
as  food :  n.  something  fit  to  be 
eaten  (usually  in  pi.). 

e-dict  (e'dikt),  n.  a  public  procla- 
mation or  decree  issued  by  a 
sovereign  and  having  the  force  of 
a  law. 

ed-i-fi-ca-tion  (ed-i-n-ka'shun) ,  n. 
a  building  up  in  a  moral  or  re- 
ligious sense  ;  instruction. 

ed-i-fy  ('i-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
edified,  p.pr.  edifying],  to  build  up 
or  strengthen,  especially  in  faith 
or  morals ;  impart  instruction  to. 

ed-it  ('it),  v.t.  to  revise  and  pre- 
pare for  publication  ;  direct,  select, 
and  adapt  literary  matter  for  the 
press ;  make  a  revision  of. 

e-di-tion  (e-dish'un),  n.  the  pub- 
lished form  of  a  literary  work; 
the  number  of  copies  of  a  book, 
magazine,  or  newspaper  published 
at  one  time ;  reproduction. 

ed-i-tor  (ed'i-ter),  n.  one  who 
superintends,  revises,  or  prepares 
a  literary  work  for  publication ; 
one  who  conducts  a  newspaper, 
magazine,  &c. 

ed-i-tor-i-al  (-tor'i-al).  adj.  per- 
taining to  an  editor,  or  his  duties : 
n.  a  leading  article. 

ed-i-tress  ('i-tres),  n.  a  female 
editor. 

ed-n-cate  Cu-kat),  v.t.  to  impart 
knowledge  to ;  cultivate  the  moral 
or  intellectual  faculties  of;  in- 
struct ;  train. 

cd-u-ca-tioii  (-ka'shun),  n.  the 
act,  process,  or  result  of  edu- 
cating ;  the  systematic  training  of 
the  moral  and  intellectual 
faculties ;  the  rearing  of  animals. 

X.»/n.  culture,  information,  learn- 
ing, study,  instruction. 
Ant.    (see   ignorance). 

ed-n-ca-tion-ist  Cshun-ist).  n. 
one  versed  in  the  art,  theory,  and 
methods  of  education ;  one  who 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  Men. 


edu 


296 


ett 


advocates   the   promotion   and  ex- 
tension of  education. 

ed-u-ca-tor  (-ka-ter),  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  educates ;  a  tutor ; 
an  educationist. 

e-duce  (e-diis'),  v.t.  to  draw  out; 
evolve ;  bring  to  light. 

e-cluc-tion  (e-duk'shun) ,  n.  the 
act  of  exhausting,  as  steam. 

e-duc-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  drawing 
out. 

eel  (-el),  n.  an  elongated  fish, 
destitute  of  ventral  fins,  having 
a  slippery  mucous  skin. 

eel-buck  ('buk),  n.  a  funnel- 
shaped  wicker  basket  for  catching 
ells. 

eel-fare  ('far),  n.  the  passage  of 
young  eels  up  a  stream ;  a  brood 
of  eels. 

eel-pout  ('pout),  n.  the  burbot. 

e'en  (en),  contraction  of  even 
and  evening. 

e'er  (ar)_,  contraction  of  ever. 

ee-rie  (e'ri),  adj.  lonely;  weird; 
gloomy ;  mysterious.  Also  eery. 

ef-face  (ef-fas'),  v.t.  to  obliter- 
ate ;  render  indistinguishable ; 
destroy. 

Syn.  blot  out,  expunge,  obliter- 
ate, wipe  out,  cancel,  erase. 

ef-face-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  effaced. 

ef-face-ment  ('ment),  n.  oblitera- 
tion. 

ef-fect  (ef-fekf),  v.t.  to  pro- 
duce as  a  cause,  consequence,  or 
result ;  accomplish  ;  fulfil :  n.  re- 
sult ;  purpose ;  realization ;  effi- 
ciency ;  purport :  pi.  goods ;  per- 
sonal estate. 

Syn.  consequence,  result,  issue, 
event,   execution,  operation. 

ef-fect-ive  ('iv),  adj.  having  the 
power  to  effect ;  operative ;  effi- 
cient ;  powerful :  n.  a  soldier  fit 
for  duty. 

Syn.  efficient,  operative,  service- 
able. 

Ant.   (see  vain,  ineffectual). 

ef-fect-u-al  ('u-al),  adj.  produc- 
ing, or  having,  effect ;  completely 
operative ;  efficient. 

ef-fect-u-al-ly  (-11),  adv.  in  an 
effectual  manner. 

ef-fem-i-na-cy  (-fem'i-na-si),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  effeminate ; 
womanish  softness  or  delicacy ; 
unmanliness. 


ef-fem-i-nate  ('i-nat),  v.t.  to 
make  womanish  or  delicate ;  un- 
man :  v.i.  become  womanish  :  adj. 
having  the  qualities  or  character- 
istics of  a  woman ;  delicate  or  un- 
manly. 

ef-fer-ent  Cfer-ent).  adj.  con- 
veying or  discharging  outwards. 

ef-fer-vesce  (-ves').  v.i.  to  be  in 
a  state  of  natural  ebullition ;  bub- 
ble or  hiss. 

ef-fer-ves-cence  ('ens),  n.  the 
state  or  condition  of  effervescing ; 
irrepressible  excitement ;  a  dis- 
play of  feeling. 

ef-fer-ves-cent  ('ent),  adj.  gently 
bubbling  and  hissing  from  the 
giving  off  of  gas. 

ef-fer-ves-ci-ble  ('i-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  effervescing. 

ef-fete  (-fef),  adj.  worn  out;  bar- 
ren ;  exhausted. 

ef-fi-ca-cious  (-i-ka'shus),  adj. 
producing,  or  capable  of  produc- 
ing, a  desired  effect. 

ef-ft-ca-cy    (-ka-si),    n.    power   to 
produce  results  or  effects;  ability. 
Syn.   efficiency,   energy,   agency, 
instrumentality. 

ef-fl-cien-cy  (-fisJi'en-si),  n.  ef- 
fectual agency  or  power ;  the 
state  of  being  efficient. 

ef-fl-cient  ('ent),  adj.  producing 
or  causing  effects  or  results : 
powerful ;  ready :  n.  an  agent  or 
cause ;  a  Qualified  person. 

Syn.    effectual,    effective,    com- 
petent, capable,  able,   fitted. 

ef-fi-gy  ('i-ji),  n.  [pi.  effigies 
(-jiz)],  an  image;  a  likeness  or 
figure  in  sculpture,  painting,  or 
on  coins,  &c. 

ef-flo-resce  (-flo-res'),  v.i.  to  blos- 
som ;  become  covered  with  a  whit- 
ish crust  or  fine  white  crystals. 

ef-flo-res-cence  ('ens),  n.  the 
time  or  state  of  flowering ;  the 
production  of  flowers ;  redness  of 
the  skin ;  the  formation  of  fine 
white  crystals  on  the  surface  of 
efflorescing  substances. 

ef-flo-res-cent  Cent),  adj.  blos- 
soming. 

ef-ilu-ence  ('flu-ens),  n.  an  issu- 
ing out. 

ef-flu-ent  (-ent),  adj.  flowing  or 
issuing  forth  :  n.  a  stream  which 
flows  out  of  another  or  forms  the 
outlet  of  a  lake. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


eff 


29? 


eja 


ef-flu-vi-al  ('vi-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  effluvia. 

ef-flu-vi-nm  ('vi-um),  n.  [pi.  ef- 
fluvia (-a)],  an  invisible  subtle 
emanation ;  disagreeable  exhala- 
tions arising  from  decaying  mat- 
ter. 

ef  flux  ('fluks),  n.  the  act  of  flow- 
ing put ;  effluence  ;  emanation  ;  a 
passing  away. 

ef-fo-li-a-tion  (-fol-i-a'shun),  n. 
the  depriving  of  leaves :  said  of 
a  plant. 

ef-fort  ('f5rt),  n.  strenuous  ex- 
ertion, physical  or  mental ;  strug- 
gle ;  attempt. 

ef-front-er-y  (-frunt'er-i),  n.  im- 
pudence. 

ef-ful-gence  (-ful'jens),  n.  a 
great  luster,  brightness,  or  splen- 
dor. 

ef-fn-sion.  (-fu'zhun).  n.  the  act 
of  pouring  out,  or  shedding  forth ; 
an  outpouring  of  thought  or 
sentiment ;  the  escape  of  a  fluid 
from  the  vessel  inclosing  it. 

ef-fu-sive  ('siv),  adj.  pouring 
forth  freely  or  widely. 

eft    (eft),  n.  a  newt. 

e-gad  (e-gad'),  inter j.  an  exclama- 
tion of  wonder,  pleasure,  or  ad- 
miration. 

egg  (eg),  n.  the  oval  or  roundish 
body  laid  by  birds  and  certain 
other  animals,  from  which  their 
young  are  produced ;  something 
shaped  like  an  egg;  the  germ  or 
first  principle  of  anything:  v.t.  to 
urge  on  or  incite ;  pelt  with  eggs. 

egg-ing   ('ing),  n.  incitement. 

e-gis,  same  as  segis. 

eg-lan-tine  (Man-tin),  n.  the  dog- 
rose. 

eg-o  (eg'o),  n.  self;  personality. 

eg-o-ism  (-izm),  n.  the  habit  of 
regarding  self  as  the  center  of 
everything ;  the  doctrine  that 
everything  is  uncertain  but  the 
fact  of  one's  existence. 

eg-o-ist  (-ist),  n.  an  adherent  of 
egoism. 

eg-o-tism  (eg'o-tizm),  n.  self-ex- 
altation in  thought,  speech,  or 
writing;  vanity. 

Syn.   conceit,   vanity,   self-confi- 
dence. 

Anf.   (see  modesty). 

eg-o-tist  (-tist),  n.  one  character- 
ized by  egotism. 

eg-o-tis-tic    Ctik),  adj.  pertaining 


to,  or  characterized  by,  egotism. 
Also  egotistical. 

e-gre-gious  ( e-gre'jus ) ,  adj.  ex- 
traordinary. 

e-gress  ('gres),  n.  departure. 

e-gret  ('gret),  n.  a  species  of 
heron ;  a  heron's  plume ;  the 
feathery  down  of  seeds. 

e-gypt-ol-o-gy  ('o-ji),  n.  the 
science  or  scientific  investigation 
of  Egyptian  antiquities  and  hiero- 
glyphics. 

ei-der  (I'der),  n.  a  large  marine 
duck,  the  down  of  which  is  an 
article  of  commercial  value. 

ei-do-graph  ('do-graf),  n.  an 
apparatus  for  copying-  drawings, 
&c. 

ei-do-scope  (-skop),  n.  an  instru- 
ment for  producing  an  infinite 
variety  of  geometrical  figures. 

eight  (at),  adj.  one  more  than  7: 
a  cardinal  numeral :  n.  the  sum 
of  7  and  1;  a  svmbol  (8,  VIII., 
viii.),  denoting  this  number. 

eight-ecu,  (at'en),  adj.  one  more 
than  17 :  a  cardinal  numeral :  n. 
the  sum  of  17  and  1 ;  a  symbol 
(18,  XVIII.,  xviii.),  denoting  this 
number. 

eight-een-mo  (-mo),  n.  a  book 
whose  sheets  are  folded  into  18 
leaves.  Octodecimo. 

eight-eenth  ('enth),  adj.  next 
in  order  after  17th :  an  ordinal 
numeral, 

eighth  (at'th),  adj.  next  after 
seventh :  an  ordinal  numeral :  n. 
an  interval  of  an  octave. 

eight-i-eth  (at'i-eth),  adj.  next  to 
seventy-ninth. 

eight-score  Cskor),  adj.  contain- 
ing eight  times  twenty :  n.  one 
hundred  and  sixty. 

eight-y   ('i),  adj.  eight  times  ten. 

ei-kon  (I'kon),  n.  [pi.  eikones 
('ko-nez)],  a  holy  image;  a 
sacred  picture  used  in  the  Greek 
Church. 

eis-wool  (Is'wool).  n.  a  fine  kind 
of  worsted. 

ei-ther  (e'  or  I'/fter),  adj.  one  or 
the  other  of  two ;  both :  pron. 
one  of  two :  con},  the  correlative 
to  or. 

e-jac-u-late  (e-jak'u-lfit).  v.t.  to 
utter  suddenly  :  v.i.  to  utter  ejacu- 
lations. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  theu. 


ejn 


298 


ele 


e-jac-u-la-tion  (-lii'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  uttering  suddenly ;  an  ex- 
clamation. 

e-jac-u-la-to-ry  ('u-lfi-to-ri),  adj. 
uttered  suddenly  or  sharply. 

e-ject  (e-jekt'),  v.t.  to  cast  forth; 
dismiss  from  office ;  evict. 

e-jec-ta  ('a),  n.pl.  refuse. 

e-jec-tion  (-jek'shun),  n.  expul- 
sion. 

e-ject-ive  ('iv),  adj.  pertaining 
to  ejection. 

e-ject-ment  ('ment),  n.  the  act 
of  ejecting ;  an  action  for  the 
recovery  of  lands,  &c. 

e-ject-or  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  ejects. 

e-joo-fiber  (Fi-joo-fi'ber) ,  n.  a 
strong  black  fiber,  used  in  com- 
merce. 

eke  (ek).  v.t.  to  extend  or  length- 
en (with  out)  :  adv.  also;  like- 
wise [poet.]. 

e-lab-o-rate  (e-lab'6-rat),  v.t.  to 
produce  with  labor ;  improve  or 
refine  with  study  or  labor :  adj. 
highly-finished  ;  complicated. 

e-lab-o-rate-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
elaborate  manner. 

e-lab-o-ra-tor  (-ra-ter),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  elaborates. 

el-a-in,  same  as  olein. 

e-lan    (a-lang'),   n.   dash. 

el-and   (el'and),  n.  the  Cape  elk. 

e-lapse  (-laps'),  v.i.  to  slip  or 
glide  away ;  run  out  without  no- 
tice. 

e-las-tic  (-las'tik),  adj.  spring- 
ing back ;  having  the  power  of  re- 
turning to  its  original  form ;  re- 
bounding ;  springy ;  capable  of  ex- 
tension :  n.  an  elastic  woven  fabric 
made  in  part  of  india-rubber. 

e-las-tic-i-ty  (-tis'i-ti).  n.  the 
quality  of  being  elastic ;  power 
to  recover  from  depression. 

e-las  tic-tis  sue  (-tish'ii),  n. 
elastic  light  yellow  tissue  in  the 
ligaments  of  the  vertebra. 

e-late  Mat'),  v.t.  to  raise  the 
spirits  of ;  cause  to  feel  exultant ; 
excite ;  puff  up. 

e-la-tion  (-la'shun),  n.  the  state 
of  being  elated ;  joyful  elevation 
of  mind. 

el-bow  (el'bo).  n.  the  joint  or 
bend  of  the  arm ;  anything  bent 


or  curved  like  an  elbow :  v.t.  to 
thrust  on  one  side :  v.i.  to  jut 
into  an  angle ;  push  rudely. 

el-der  Cder),  adj.  older;  exceed- 
ing another  in  age  :  prior  in  time, 
origin,  or  appointment :  n.  one 
older  in  age,  rank,  or  station ; 
a  lay  member  of  the  Jewish  San- 
hedrim ;  one  of  a  body  of  laymen, 
in  certain  churches,  authorized  to 
superintend  its  spiritual  interests, 
and  to  assist  the  minister ;  a 
shrub  or  tree  with  a  spongy  pith 
and  purple  berries. 

el-der-ly   ('li),  adj.  somewhat  old. 

el-dest  ('dest),  adj.  oldest;  first- 
born. 

El  Do-ra-do  (do-ra'do),  n.  an  im- 
aginary country  in  South  Ameri- 
ca, fabled  to  be  very  rich  in  gold 
and  precious  stones  :  hence  an  in- 
exhaustible treasure. 

e-lect  (e-lekf),  v.t.  to  choose  for 
any  office  or  use  ;  choose  by  ballot ; 
select  from  a  number :  adj.  taken 
in  preference ;  chosen  to  an  office 
but  not  yet  invested  witli  the  dig- 
nity :  n.pl.  those  chosen  to  eternal 
life  by  Divine  Sovereignty. 

e-lec-tion  (-lek'shnn).  n.  the  act 
of  electing  ;  voluntary  preference  ; 
the  act  of  choosing  a  person  for 
some  office  or  function  by  show  of 
hands,  or  ballot ;  the  selection  by 
Divine  Sovereignty  of  certain  in- 
dividuals to  eternal  life;  one  of 
the  five  points  of  Calvinism. 

e-lec-tion-eer  (-shun-eV).  v.i.  to 
employ  means  for  influencin<T  the 
result  of  an  election. 

e-lec-tion-eer-insj  ('ing),  n.  the 
act  of  canvassing  for.  or  the 
means  employed  to  secure,  votes 
at  an  election. 

e-lect-ive  (-lekt'iv),  adj.  regu- 
lated by  choice ;  exerting  the  pow- 
er of  choice ;  opposed  to  hered- 
itary ;  having  the  tendency  to 
attract,  or  combine  with. 

e-lect-or  Cer).  n.  one  legally 
qualified  to  vote ;  a  member  of  a 
United  States  electoral  college; 
one  of  the  German  princes  who 
formerly  possessed  the  power  of 
electing  the  Emperor. 

e-lect-or-al  (-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to  elections  or  electors ;  having 
the  rights  of  an  elector. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p5rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin.  then. 


ele 


299 


ele 


e-lect-or-al  col-lege  (kol'ej),  n. 
body  or  representatives  elected  by 
the  voters  of  the  several  states 
to  choose  a  president  of  the 
United  States. 

e-lect-or-ate  ('6r-at),  n.  the 
whole  body  of  persons  entitled 
to  vote ;  the  dignity  or  territory 
of  an  elector  of  the  old  German 
empire. 

e-lec-tric  ('trik),  adj.  pertaining 
to.  containing,  generated  by.  or 
produced  by,  electricity ;  mag- 
netic. Also  electrical. 

e-lec-tric^al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  by 
electricity. 

e-lec-tri-cian  (-trish'un),  n.  one 
who  is  skilled  in  the  science  of 
electricity ;  the  maker  or  vendor 
of  electrical  appliances. 

e-lec-tric-i-ty  (-tris'i-ti),  n.  an 
imponderable  and  invisible  agent 
producing  light,  heat,  chemical  de- 
composition, and  other  physical 
phenomena  :  the  science  of  the 
laws  and  phenomena  which  char- 
acterize electricity. 

e-lec-tri-cute  (-kut),  v.t.  same  as 
electrocute. 

e-lec-tri-fi-a-ble  ('tri-fi-a-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  receiving,  being  charged 
with,  or  transmitting,  electricity. 

e-lec-tri-fi-ca-tion  ( -fi-ka'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  electrifying ;  the 
state  of  being  electrified. 

e-lec-tri-fy  ('tri-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  electrified,  p.pr.  electrifying], 
to  charge  with,  or  act  upon,  by 
electricity ;  pass  an  electric  cur- 
rent through.  Also  electrize. 

e-lec-tro,  a  prefix  denoting  elec- 
tricity as  the  motive  power,  or 
operating  agent,  used  in  many 
words,  the  meaning  of  which  is 
self-evident,  as  electro-engrave, 
electro-gild.  &c. 

e-lec-tr  o-bi-ol-o-gy  ( -bl-ol'6-ji ) , 
n.  mesmerism. 

e-lec-tro-cau-ter-y  (-kaw'ter-i ) , 
n.  cauterizing  by  a  platinum  wire 
heated  by  electricity. 

e-lec-tro-cute  ('tro-kut),  v.t.  to 
put  to  death  (a  criminal)  by  an 
electric  current. 

e-lec-tro-cu-tion.  (-ku'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  electrocuting. 

e-lec-trode  (e-Iek'trod),  n.  either 
of  the  terminals  of  an  electric 
source ;  anode  or  cathode. 


e-lec-tro-dy-nam-ics  (-dl-nam'- 
iks),  n.  that  branch  of  physics 
which  treats  of  electric  currents. 

e-lec-tro-dy-na-mom-e-ter  (-na- 
mom'e-ter),  n.  an  instrument  for 
measuring  the  strength  of  an  elec- 
tric current. 

e-lec-tro-graph.  (-graf),  n.  an 
apparatus  used  in  preparing  cop- 
per cylinders  for  printing  fabrics 
aud  wall-papers. 

e-lec-trog-ra-phy  (-trog'ra-fi) .  n. 
a  process  of  copying  fine  engrav- 
ings on  copper  or  steel  by  means 
of  an  electro-copper  deposit. 

e-lec-tro-ki-net-ics  ( -ki-net'iks ) . 
n.  that  branch  of  electrical 
science  which  treats  of  electric 
currents,  or  electricity  in  motion, 
as  distinguished  from  electro- 
statics. 

e-lec-tro-lier  (-tro-ler'),  n.  an 
ornamental  metal  bracket  for 
supporting  electric  lamps. 

e-lec-trol-y-sis  (-trol'i-sis),  n.  the 
decomposition  of  a  chemical  com- 
pound by  electricity  into  its  com- 
ponent parts. 

e-lec-tro-lyze  ('tro-llz),  v.t.  to 
decompose  by  the  direct  action  |of 
electricity  or  galvanism. 

e-lec-tro-mag-net  (-mag'net),  «. 
a  coil  of  soft  iron  rendered  mag- 
netic by  the  passage  of  an  electric 
current  through  it. 

e-lec-tro-mag-net-ics  ( -mag-net'- 
iks),  n.  the  science  of  electro- 
magnetism. 

e-lec-tro-mas-sage  ('mas-aj'),  n. 
massage  with  the  application  of 
an  electric  current. 

e-lec-tro-met-al-lur-gy  (-met'al- 
er-ji),  n.  the  art  of  precipitating 
certain  metals  from  their  solu- 
tions, or  of  separating  metals 
from  their  ores,  &c.,  by  a  slow 
electric  current. 

e-lec-trom-e-ter  (-trom'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
amount  of  electrical  force. 

e-lec-tro-mo-tor  (-mo'ter),  n.  any 
arrangement,  or  apparatus,  which 
produces  or  excites  an  electric 
current ;  a  dynamo. 

e-lec-tron  (e-lek'tron),  n.  one  of 
the  corpuscles  of  which  atoms 
are  composed  ;  an  electrical  unit. 


late,  mar.  ninsk,  cat.  awl :  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ele 


300 


ele 


e-lec-tro-neg-a-tive  ( -neg'a-ti  v ) , 
adj.  having  a  tendency  to  pass 
to  the  positive  pole  in  electrolysis. 

e-lec-trop-a-thy  (-trop'a-thi),  n. 
the  treatment  of  diseases  by  elec- 
tricity. 

e-lcc  tro-phoiie  (-fon),  n.  an  in- 
strument for  producing  resonant 
sounds  by  electric  currents ;  a 
form  of  telephonic  transmitter. 

e-lec-troph-o-rus  (-trof'o-rus),  n. 
an  instrument  for  generating  stat- 
ical electricity  by  induction. 

e-lec-tro-pho-tom-e-ter  (-fo- 
tom'e-ter),  n.  an  instrument  for 
comparing  the  brightness  of  vari- 
ous lights  with  that  produced  by 
an  electric  spark. 

e-lec-tro-pho-to-mi-crog-ra-phy 
(-fo-to-mi-krog'ra-fi),  n.  photo- 
graphing by  electric  light  objects 
magnified  by  the  microscope. 

e-lec-tro-phys-i-ol-o-gy  ( -fiz-i-o]  '- 
o-ji),  re.  that  branch  of  electricity 
which  investigates  the  electric 
phenomena  of  living  organisms. 

e-lec-tro-plate    ('tro-plfit),  v.t.  to 
cover  or  give  a  coating  of  metal 
to  by  means  of  a  current  of  elec- 
tricity :  n.  an  article  thus  coated : 
Smerally  applied  to  silver  plate. 
ec-tro-pos-i-tive       (-poz'i-tiv ). 
adj.  tending  to  pass  to  the  nega- 
tive pole  in  electrolysis. 

e-lec-tro-scope  (-skop),  n.  an 
electromotor. 

e-lec-tro-ther-a-peu-ti.es,  see 
electropathy. 

e-lec-tro-tech.-nics  (-tek'niks),  n. 
the  science  of  the  processes  or 
methods  in  which  electricity  is 
applied  to  the  industrial  arts. 

e-lec-tro-tint-ing  (-tint'ing),  n. 
a  method  of  producing  a  design, 
&c.,  in  relief  on  a  metal  plate, 
the  lines  of  which  when  exposed 
in  an  electro  bath  are  protected 
by  an  agent. 

e-lec-tro-type  ('tro-tip),  n.  a  fac- 
simile in  metal  of  any  object  made 
by  covering  a  mold,  plate.  &c.. 
with  a  coating  of  copper  by  the 
action  of  a  galvanic  electric  cur- 
rent :  v.t.  to  take  a  copy  of  by 
electrical  deposition. 

e-lec-trum  ('trurn),  n.  amber: 
German  silver  plate. 

e-lec-tu-a-ry  (-lek'-tu-a-ri),  n.  a 
purgative  composed  of  powders 
and  fruit  preserves. 


el-e-e-mos-y-na-ry  (el-e-mos'i-na- 
ri),  adj.  pertaining  to  alms;  de- 
voted to  charitable  purposes  ;  de- 
pendent upon  charity :  n.  one 
who  lives  on  alms. 

el-e-gance  ('e-gans),  n.  [pi.  ele- 
gances (-gan-siz)],  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  elegant ;  polish  ; 
refinement ;  symmetry. 

el-e-gant  (-gant),  adj.  character- 
ized by  refinement  and  good  taste  ; 
refined ;  polished ;  beautiful  in 
form,  color,  or  design. 

el-e-gi-ac  (el-e-ji'ak,  or  e-le'ji-ak), 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  na- 
ture of,  an  elegy ;  plaintive ; 
mournful :  n.  a  song  expressing 
sorrow ;  a  funeral  song. 

e-le-git  (e-le'jit),  n.  a  writ  of 
execution  under  which  a  creditor 
can  hold  a  debtor's  goods  until 
his  claim  is  satisfied. 

el-e-gy  (el'e-ji),  n.  [pi.  elegies 
(-jiz)],  a  funeral  song  or  odo : 
dirge ;  requiem. 

el-e-ment  (el'e-ment).  n.  a  first 
or  constituent  principle ;  a  com- 
ponent or  essential  part;  a  sub- 
stance which  cannot  be  decom- 
posed by  any  known  method  ; 
natural  environment ;  ingredient : 
pi.  the  letters  or  sounds  of  the 
alphabet;  the  Eucharistic  bread 
and  wine. 

el-e-men-tal  ('tal).  ml),  pertain- 
ing to,  or  characteristic  of,  an  ele- 
ment ;  fundamental.  Also  elemen- 
tary. 

el-e-phant  ('e-f&nt),  n.  a  large 
five-toed  proboscidian  mammal 
with  a  flexible  trunk  and  large 
tusks. 

el-e-plian-ti-a  sis  (-ti'a-sis),  n.  a 
cutaneous  disease  resembling  lep- 
rosy. 

el-e-phan-tine  ('tin),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  resembling,  an  ele- 
phant ;  huge ;  unwieldy. 

el-e-phan-toid  (,'toid),  adj.  like 
an  elephant. 

el-e-vate  (ore-vat),  v.t.  to  raise 
from  a  lower  to  a  higher  position  ; 
ennoble;  animate;  inspire;  raise 
by  training  or  education;  to  in- 
toxicate slightly. 

el-e-va-tion  (-va'shun).  n.  the  act 
of  elevating ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing elevated ;  a  sketch  plan  of 
the  front  or  principal  side  of  a 
building;  the  altitude  of  a  heaven- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ele 


301 


elo 


ly  body  above  the  horizon ;   rais- 
ing of  the  land  by  seismic  or  other  j 
azcncj ;   slight   intoxication. 

el-e-va-tor    (-ter),   w.   that  which  | 
raises   up    or   exalts ;    a   hoisting 
machine  or  lift ;  a  warehouse  for 
the  storage  of  grain. 

el-e-va-to-ry  (-to-ri),  adj.  tending 
to  elevate. 

e-lev-en  (e-lev'n),  adj.  10  with  1 
added :  a  cardinal  numeral :  «. 
the  sum  of  10  with  1  added. 

e-lev-enth  (-lev'nth),  adj.  next 
in  order  after  10th :  an  ordinal 
numeral ;  constituting  one  of  11 
parts :  n.  one  of  11  equal  parts. 

elf  (elf),  n.  [pi,  elves  (elvz)L 
a  diminutive  mischievous  sprite 
supposed  to  haunt  hills  and  wild 
places  ;  a  dwarf  ;  fairy. 

elf-child  ('child),  n.  a  child  be- 
lieved to  have  been  left  by  the 
fairies  in  the  place  of  one  stolen 
by  them  ;  a  changeling. 

el-fin    ('fin),   n.   an   inhabitant   of 
fairyland  ;   a  sportive   child  :   adj.  \ 
pertaining   to   elves. 

elf-fire  (elf'fir),  n.  will-o'-the- 
wisp. 

elfish  Cish),  adj.  resembling,  or 
caused  by,  an  elf;  mischievous. 

elf -kin  ('kin),  n.  a  little  elf. 

elf-lock  ('lok),  n.  a  knot  of  hair 
twisted  in  an  intricate  manner. 

e-lic-it  (e-lis'it),  v.t.  to  draw  out. 

e-lide  (-lid'),  v.t.  to  slur  over,  or 
cut  off.  as  a  final  vowel. 

el  i-gi-bil  i-ty  (el-i-ji-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  eligible. 

el-i-gi-ble  (ol'i-ji-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being,  or  fit  to  be,  chosen ;  legal- 
ly qualified. 

e-lim-i-nate  (e-lim'i-nat),  v.t.  to 
leave  out  of  consideration,  or  cast 
aside. 

X//H.  drive  out,  expel,  thrust 
out,  eject,  cast  out.  oust,  dislodge, 
banish,  proscribe. 

el-i-quate  (el'i-kwat),  V.t.  to 
separate  or  melt  out,  as  metal 
from  ore. 

e-li-sion  (e-lizh'un).  n.  the  cutting 
off  of  a  vowel  or  syllable  for  the 
sake  of  euphony,  as  o'er  for 
over. 

e-lite  (a-let'),  n.  the  choicest  part, 
as    of    society,    a    profession,    an 
army,  &c. 
e-lix-ir  (-lik'ser),  n.  an  imaginary 


liquid  of  the  alchemists  supposed 
to  be  capable  of  prolonging  life 
indefinitely,  and  of  changing  baser 
metals  into  gold ;  a  tincture, 
essence,  or  cordial. 

elk  (elk),  n.  a  very  large  deer  of 
North  America  and  Northern 
Europe ;  the  moose-deer. 

elk-wood  ('wood),  n.  the  wood  of 
the  umbrella-tree. 

ell  (el),  n.  a  measure  formerly 
used  for  cloth,  varying ,  in  differ- 
ent countries,  an  English  ell 
being  45  inches. 

el-lipse  (el-lips'),  n.  one  of  the 
sections  of  a  cone ;  the  elliptical 
orbit  of  a  planet. 

el-lip-sis  ('is),  n.  the  omission  of 
a  word  or  words  in  a  sentence,  the 
sense  of  which  is  obvious. 

el-lip-soid  ('oid),  n.  an  elliptical 
spheroid. 

el-lip-tic  (-lip'tik).  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  formed  like,  an  ellipse ; 
having  a  part  omitted.  Also  el- 
liptical. 

el-lip-tic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in  an 
elliptical  manner. 

el-lip-tic-i-ty  (-lip-tis'i-ti),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  elliptic ;  the  ex- 
tent of  any  divergence  of  any 
ellipse  from  the  circle. 

elm  (elm),  n.  a  tree  of  various 
species  belonging  to  the  genus 
Ulmus. 

el-o-cu-tion  (el-o-ku'shun),  n.  the 
art,  manner,  or  style  of  speaking 
in  public ;  delivery. 

el-o-cu-tion-a-ry  (-a-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to  elocution. 

el-o-cu-tion-ist  (-ist).  n.  one 
skilled  in,  or  a  teacher  of,  the  art 
of  elocution. 

el-od  (el'od),  n.  the  odic  force  of 
electricity. 

e-loge   (a-16zh'),  n.  a  funeral  ora- 
tion, especially  one  pronounced  on 
the    death    of    a    member   of    the 
French  Academy. 
El-o-liim  (el'6-him),  n.  one  of  the 

Old  Testament  names  of  God. 
e-lon-gate      (e-long'gat) .     v.t.     to 

stretch   out :    extend :    lengthen. 
e-lon-ga-tion    (-ga'shun),    n.    ex- 
tension. 

e  lope  (e-lop'),  v.i.  to  escape 
privately ;  run  away  with  a  lover 
or  paramour. 

e-lope-ment  ('ment),  n.  running 
away. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


elo 


302 


emb 


el-o-quence  (el'o-kwens),  n.  the 
art  of  speaking  with  fluency  and 
elegance. 

Syn.  oratory,  rhetoric,  declama- 
tion. 

el-o-quent  (-kwent),  adj.  having 
the  power  of  fluent  and  elegant 
oratory. 

else  (els),  adv.  besides;  otherwise. 

else-where  ('hwar),  adv.  in  an- 
other place. 

e-lu-ci-date  (e-lus'i-dat),  v.t.  to 
make  clear ;  render  intelligible ; 
illustrate. 

Syn.  make  plain,  explain,  clear 
up,  illustrate. 

e-lu-ci-da-tor  ('i-da-ter),  n.  one 
who  elucidates ;  an  expositor. 

e-lude    (e-lfuT),   v.t.   to   avoid  by 

artifice  or  dexterity  ;  shun  ;  escape. 

Syn.  evade,  escape,  avoid,  shun. 

e-lit-sion  (-lu'zhun),  n.  evasion; 
artifice. 

e-lu-sive  ('siv),  adj.  deceptive; 
fallacious. 

e-lu-sory  ('so-ri),  adj.  evasive; 
deceptive. 

el-van  ('van),  adj.  pertaining  to 
elves. 

el-ver    ('ver),  n.  a  young  conger. 

elves,  pi.  of  elf. 

e-lys-i-an  (-liz'i-an),  ad},  pertain- 
ing to  elysium  ;  yielding  the  high- 
est enjoyment. 

Elysium  Ci-um).  n.  the  Greek 
Paradise  or  residence  of  the 
blessed  after  death  ;  a  condition  of 
perfect  happiness. 

em  (em),  n.  the  square  body  of 
any  size  of  type,  serving  as  a 
unit  of  measurement. 

e-ma-ci-ate  (e-ma'shi-at),  v.i.  to 
lose  flesh  gradually ;  pine  away ; 
v.t.  to  make  thin. 

em  a-nate  (em'a-nat),  v.i.  to  flow 
out,  issue,  or  proceed,  as  from  a 
source. 

e-man-ci-pate  (e-man'si-pat).  v.t. 
to  liberate  from  servitude  or  bond- 
age ;  set  free ;  enfranchise. 

e-man-ci-pa-tor  (-pa-ter),  n.  a 
liberator. 

e-mar-gin-ate  (-mjir'gin-at),  adj. 
indented  at  the  edges;  having 
the  apex  notched. 

e-mae  cu-late  (-mas'ku-lat).  v.t. 
to  castrate ;  deprive  of  virility ; 
weaken  by  expurgation :  adj.  cas- 
trated ;  deprived  of  vigor. 


em-balm  (em-bam'),  v.t.  to  pre- 
serve from  decay  by  balsams  or 
aromatic  spices;  keep  from  putre- 
faction by  antiseptics. 

em-bank  (-bangk'),  r.t.  to  in- 
close with  a  bank ;  protect  by  a 
bank. 

em-bank-ment  ('ment).  n.  a 
bank  of  earth,  stones,  &c.,  for 
protection  or  defense. 

em-bar-go  (-bar'go),  n.  \pl.  em- 
bargoes ('goz)],  an  order  by  au- 
thority prohibiting  the  depart- 
ure of  vessels  from  a  port. 

em-bark  (-bark'),  v.t.  to  put  on 
board  ship  ;  venture  or  invest:  v.i. 
to  go  on  board  a  vessel ;  engage 
in  any  affairs. 

em-bar-rass  (-bar'as),  v.t.  to 
hinder;  perplex;  involve  in  pe- 
cuniary difficulties ;  distress. 

Syn.  perplex,   entangle,  distress, 
trouble. 

Ant.    (see   assist). 

em-bar-rass-ment  (-ment),  n. 
confusion  of  mind  ;  pecuniary  diffi- 
culties. 

em-bas-sy  ('ba-si),  n.  [pJ.  em- 
bassies (-iz)],  the  public  func- 
tion, mission,  or  official  residence 
of  an  ambassador;  a  legation. 

em-battled  (-bat'ld).  p.adj.  fur- 
nished with  battlements;  drawn 
up  in  battle  array. 

em-bed  (-bed'),  v.t.  to  lay  in,  or 
as  in,  a  bed  ;  set  in  surrounding 
matter. 

embellish  (-bel'ish),  v.t.  to 
make  beautiful ;  set  off  by  orna- 
mentation. 

Syn.    adorn,    decorate,    bedeck, 
beautify,  deck. 

Ant.   (see  disfigure). 

em-ber  ('ber),  n.  a  small  live 
coal  or  unextinguished  smolder- 
ing ashes. 

em-bez-zle  (-bez'l),  v.t.  to  appro- 
priate fraudulently,  as  property 
entrusted  to  one's  care. 

em-bit-ter  (-bit'er),  v.t.  to  make 
bitter,  or  more  bitter;  exasper- 
ate. Also  imbitter. 

em-bla-zon  (-bla'zn).  r.t.  to  adorn 
with  heraldic  figures :  blazon ; 
decorate;  celebrate  the  praises  of. 

em-bla-zon-ry  (-ri),  n.  (pi.  em- 
blazonries (-riz)],  heraldic  deco- 
ration. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch.  lot :  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  tfften. 


emb 


303 


emb 


em-blem  ('blern),  n.  a  symbolical 
figure  or  design ;  a  visible  sign 
of  an  idea. 

Xyn.  sign,  figure,  image,  symbol. 

em-ble-ma  (-ble'ma),  «.  a  mosaic; 
a  detachable  figure  with  which  the 
ancients  ornamented  gold,  silver, 
or  other  metallic  vessels. 

em-blein-at-ic  (blem-at'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  an  emblem  ;  symboli- 
cal. Also  emblematical. 

em-blem-at-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
in  an  emblematical  manner. 

em-ble  ments  ('ble-ments),  n.pl. 
annual  crops  produced  by  the 
labor  of  the  cultivator. 

em-bod-i-er  (-bod'i-er),  n.  one 
who  embodies. 

em-bod-i-ment  Ci-ment).  n.  the 
act  of  embodying,  or  uniting  in 
a  whole. 

em-bod-y  (-bod'i),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
embodied,  p.pr.  embodying],  to 
collect  into  one  mass  or  united 
whole ;  invest  with,  or  as  with, 
a  material  body :  v.i.  to  coalesce. 

cm -bold-en  (em-bold'en).  v.t.  to 
encourage. 

•S(//i.    inspirit,    animate,   encour- 
age, cheer,  urge,  impel,  stimulate. 
Ant.    (see  discourage). 

em-bo-lism  ('bo-lizm),  n.  an  in- 
tercalation ;  the  insertion  of  days. 
months,  or  years  into  the  calendar 
to  produce  regularity  of  time ; 
the  presence  of  obstructing  clots 
in  the  blood  vessels. 

em  bo-lus  ('bo-lus),  n.  [/>/.  em- 
boli  (-11)].  something  inserted 
and  acting  in  another  thing,  as  a 
piston-rod. 

em -bon- point  ( ang-bong-pwang' ) , 
n.  IFr.]  plumpness  of  figure,  es- 
pecially of  the  bust. 

em-bos-om  (em-booz'um),  v.t.  to 
hold  in  the  bosom  ;  inclose  in  the 
midst ;  shelter. 

em-boss  (-bos'),  v.t.  to  cover  with 
bosses  or  studs ;  raise  in  relief 
from  the  surface. 

em-boss-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  art  of 
producing  raised  or  projecting 
figures  or  designs  in  relief  on  sur- 
faces. 

em.-bon-cb.ure  (ang-boo-shur'),  n. 
[Fr.]  the  mouth  of  a  river,  a 
cannon,  &c. ;  the  mouthpiece  of  a 
musical  wind  instrument. 

em-bow-el    (-bou'el),   v.t.    [p.t.   & 


p.p.  emboweled,  p.pr.  emboweling], 
to  remove  the  intestines  from ; 
disembowel. 

em-bow-er  (-bou'er),  v.t.  to  cover 
with,  or  as  with,  a  bower:  v.i.  to 
rest,  as  in  a  bower ;  form  a  bower. 

em-brace  (-bras'),  v.t.  to  take  in 
close,  or  press  to  the  bosom  with 
affection  ;  hug  ;  cling  to  ;  receive 
with  willingness ;  in  law,  to  at- 
tempt to  influence  by  threats  or 
bribes :  r.i.  to  join  in  an  embrace : 
n.  the  act  of  embracing ;  a  clasp- 
ing in  the  arms ;  a  hug. 

em-bra-cer-y  (-bra'ser-i) ,  n.  the 
act  of  attempting  to  corrupt  or 
influence  a  jury. 

em-bra-sure  ('zhur),  n.  an  open- 
ing in  a  wall  or  parapet  from 
which  to  fire  guns ;  a  window  or 
door  having  its  sides  slanted  on 
the  inside. 

em-bro-cate  ('bro-kut),  v.t.  to 
moisten  and  rub,  as  a  diseased  or 
injured  part,  with  a  lotion. 

em-bro-ca-tion  (-ka'shun),  n.  a 
liniment  for  applying  to,  or  rub- 
bing, an  injured  part  of  the  body. 

em-broid-er  (-broid'er),  v.t.  to 
decorate  with  needlework ;  em- 
bellish with  additions. 

em-broid-er-y  (-i),  n.  [pi.  em- 
broideries (-iz)L  ornamental 
work  of  gold,  silver,  silk,  &c., 
executed  with  the  needle ;  embel- 
lishment. 

em-broil  (-broil'),  v.t.  to  throw 
into  confusion ;  involve  in  con- 
tention ;  mix  up ;  entangle. 

em-bry-o  ('bri-6),  n.  [pi.  embryos 
(-6z)],  the  first  germ  or  rudi- 
ment of  an  organism  ;  the  first  or 
undeveloped  state  of  anything. 

em-bry-og-e-ny  (-oj'e-ni),  n.  the 
development  of  the  embryo  in  the 
ovule. 

em-bry-ol-o-gist  (-ol'6-jist),  ». 
one  who  studies,  or  is  skilled  in, 
embryology. 

em-bry-ol-o-gy  ('o-ji),  n.  that 
branch  of  biology  which  treats  of 
the  development  of  embryos. 

em-bry-on-ic  (-on'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  resembling,  an  em- 
bryo ;  rudimentary. 

em-bry-o-plas-tic  (-plas'tik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  formation  and 
development  of  an  embryo. 

em-bry-o-scope     ('bri-6-skop),    n. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pflrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


emb 


304 


emp 


an  instrumeut  for  the  observation 
of  the  development  of  embryos. 

em-bry-ot-o-my  (-ot'6-mi),  n.  the 
extraction  of  an  embryo  or  fretus 
by  cutting. 

em-en-da-tion       ( euven-da 'shun ) , 
n.   the  alteration  or  correction  of 
a  text,  so  as  to  give  an  improved  ' 
reading. 

em-en-da-tor  (-ter),  n.  one  who 
corrects  or  improves  the  text  of  a 
work. 

em-er-ald  (em'er-ald),  n.  a  pre- 
cious stone  of  a  rich,  deep  green 
color :  a  variety  of  beryl ;  a  size 
of  type :  adj.  of  a  color  like  the 
emerald. 

eiu-er-ald-ine  (-in),  n.  a  dye  of 
a  dark  green  color. 

e  merge  (e-merj'),  v.i.  to  rise  up, 
or  come  forth,  from  anything 
which  conceals ;  become  apparent. 

e-mer-gen-cy  (-mer'jen-si),  n.  [pi. 
emergencies  (-siz)],  a  sudden  oc- 
casion ;  pressing  necessity  ;  strait ; 
crisis  :  adj.  pertaining  to,  or  used 
in,  an  emergency. 

e-mer-i-tus  (-mer'i-tus),  adj.  re- 
tired from  service  with  honor : 
said  of  a  university  or  college  pro- 
fessor. 

e-mer-sion  (-mer'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  emerging;  the  reappearance 
of  a  heavenly  body  after  an 
eclipse. 

em-er-y  (em'er-i).  n.  a  very  hard 
variety  of  corundum  :  used  when 
powdered  for  grinding  or  polish- 
ing. 

e-met-ic  (e-met'ik),  adj.  inducing 
vomiting :  n.  a  medicine  possess- 
ing emetic  properties. 

e-met-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  so  as 
to  cause  vomiting. 

e-meute  (a-mut'),  n.  a  seditious 
or  revolutionary  outbreak ;  riot. 

emigrant  (em'i-grant) ,  n.  one 
who  quits  his  own  country  to 
settle  in  another :  adj.  moving 
from  one  country  to  another;  per- 
taining to,  or  used  by,  emigrants. 

em-i-grate    ('i-grat),  v.i.  to  leave 
one's  country  to  settle  in  another. 
XI/M.  immigrate,  migrate. 

em-i  nence  (em'i-nens),  n.  that 
which  is  lofty  ;  elevation  ;  height ; 
exalted  rank,  station,  celebrity,  or 
repute ;  a  title  given  to  cardinals. 

em-i-nent     (-nent),    adj.    high    in 


office,  rank,  or  reputation  ;  distin- 
guished ;  exalted ;  conspicuous. 

tiyn.  distinguished,  signal,  con- 
spicuous/ noted,  prominent,  ele- 
vated, renowned,  famous,  glori- 
ous, illustrious. 

Ant.    (see_  obscure,  unknown). 

e-mir  (e-mer'),  n.  a  prince:  a 
title  of  dignity  given  to  a  Mo- 
hammedan prince  or  chieftain. 
Also  ameer,  amir. 

em-is-sa-ry  (em'i-sa-ri),  n.  [pi. 
emissaries  (-riz)],  a  person,  or 
agent,  sent  on  a  mission,  especial- 
ly of  a  secret  nature. 

e-mis-sioii  (e-mish'un),  n.  the  act 
of  sending  out ;  that  which  is 
issued  at  the  time,  as  bank  notes. 

e-mis-sive  (-mis'iv),  adj.  send- 
ing out. 

e-mit  (-mif),  v.t.  [p.t  &  p.p. 
emitted,  p.pr.  emitting],  to  send 
or  give  forth  ;  issue,  as  an  order 
or  decree  ;  to  print  and  send  into 
circulation,  as  bank  notes. 

-S'j/w.  give  out,  throw  out,  ex- 
hale, discharge,  vent. 

em-met    ('et).  n.  an  ant. 

e-mol-li-ent  (e-mol'yent),  adj. 
softening :  n.  a  medicine  that  has 
a  softening  effect  on  living  tis- 
sues. 

e-mol-li-o-type  Ci-u-tip).  n.  a 
picture  taken  on  opal  glass  by 
the  collodio-chloride  process. 

e-mol-u-ment  ('fi-ment),  n.  profit; 
remuneration  ;  income  ;  pecuniary 
gain. 

e-mo-tion  (-mo'shun),  n.  mental 
agitation ;  excited  feeling ;  pas- 
sion. 

Syn.  perturbation,  agitation, 
trepidation,  tremor,  mental  con- 
flict. 

e-mo-tion-al  (-A1),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  characterized  by, 
emotion. 

e-mo-tion-al-i-ty  (-aTi-ti),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  emotional. 

e-mo-tive  (-rno'tiv),  adj.  produc- 
ing emotion. 

em-pale.      Same   as   impale. 

em-per-or  (em'per-er),  n.  the 
sovereign  or  supreme  ruler  of  an 
empire. 

em-pha  sis  ('fa-sis),  n.  a  particu- 
lar stress  of  the  voice,  on  a  word 
or  words  in  reading  or  speak- 
ing ;  special  force  of  language  or 
thought. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


emp 


306 


ena 


em-pha-size  ('fa-siz).  v.t.  to  pro- 
nounce with  emphasis  ;  bring  out 
•  •Icarly  and  distinctly. 

em-phat-ic  (-fat'ik),  adj.  ut- 
tered with  emphasis ;  forcibly  sig- 
nificant ;  impressive ;  earnest. 
Also  emphatical. 

em-phat-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in 
an  emphatic  manner. 

em-pire  ('pir),  n.  supreme  power 
or  dominion :  imperial  rule  or 
sovereignty ;  the  region  ruled 
over  by  an  emperor  or  sovereign  ; 
sway  :  control. 

em-pir-ic  (-pir'ik).  ndj.  pertain- 
ing to,  founded  upon,  or  derived 
from,  experience.  Also  empirical. 

em-pir-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in 
an  empirical  manner. 

em-pir-i-cism  ('i-sizm),  n.  obser- 
vation, or  practical  experience 
apart  from  scientific  knowledge ; 
the  practice  of  medicine  without 
the  usual  medical  training  or 
qualification  :  quackery. 

em-ploy  (-ploi'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
employed,  p.pr.  employing],  to 
give  occupation  to :  keep  busy : 
f-xcrcise ;  make  use  of :  apply  or 
devote  to  an  object :  n.  occupation. 
N//".  occupy,  busy,  take  up  with, 
engross. 

em-ploy-ee  (-e').n.  one  who  works 
for  another  [French  employe" 
(•*)]. 

em-ploy-ment  Cment),  n.  busi- 
ncss ;  occupation. 

N//H.  business,  avocation,  en- 
gagement, office,  function,  trade, 
profession,  occupation,  calling. 
vocation. 

em-po-ri-um  (-po'ri-um),  n.  a 
commercial  center  or  place  of 
tnule ;  a  large  shop. 

em-pow-er  (-pou'er),  v.t.  to  au- 
thorize :  enable. 

em-pres-a-ri-o  (-pres-a'ri-6).  n.  a 
contractor  who  introduces  foreign 
settlers  to  .Mexico  by  arrangement 
with  the  government. 

em  press  Cpres).  n.  a  woman  in- 
vested with  sovereign  sway  over 
an  empire ;  the  consort  or  widow 
of  an  emperor. 

emp-ti-ness  (emp'ti-nes).  n.  the 
state  of  being  empty ;  want  of 
knowledge  or  sense. 

emp-ty  Cti).  n<Ij.  \  com  p.  emptier. 
unperl.  emptiest] .  containing  noth- 
ing; vague;  unsatisfactory;  desti- 


tute of  force,  knowledge,  or  sense  ; 
fasting;  vacant:  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
emptied.  p.pr.  emptying],  to  de- 
prive of  the  contents :  pour  out ; 
discharge ;  make  vacant :  r.i.  to 
become  empty :  discharge  itself : 
n.pl.  (empties),  an  empty  vessel, 
packing  case,  or  sack. 

emp-ty-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  act  of 
making  empty :  pi.  the  lees  of 
beer  or  cider,  used  as  yeast  (pro- 
nounced ('/*//;// «.v  ) . 

em-pyr-e-an  (em-pir'e-an),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  highest  and  pur- 
est region  of  heaven,  or  the  re- 
gion of  pure  fire ;  ethereal.  Also 
empyreal. 

e-mu  (e'mu),  n.  a  large  Australian 
ostrich-like  bird. 

em -u -late  (em'u-lat),  v.t.  to 
strive  to  equal  or  excel ;  vie  with  ; 
rival. 

em-u-la-tor  (-Ifi-ter),  n.  a  rival; 
competitor. 

e-nml-gent  (e-mul'jent),  adj. 
draining  out :  applied  to  the  ar- 
teries and  veins :  n.  an  emulgent 
vessel ;  a  medicine  that  promotes 
a  flow  of  bile. 

em-u-lous  (em'u-lus).  adj.  desir- 
ous to  excel ;  rivaling  ;  competi- 
tive. 

e-mnl-sion  (e-muTshun),  n.  any 
liquid  preparation  resembling 
milk ;  a  substance  suspended  in 
gelatine  or  collodion,  used  in  the 
preparation  of  dry  photographic 
plates. 

en-a-ble  (en'a-bl),  v.t.  to  make 
able  ;  furnish  with  adequate  means 
or  power ;  empower. 

en-act  (-akf),  v.t.  to  decree;  pass 
into  law  :  act  the  part  of. 

en-act-ing  clause  (klawz),  n. 
the  introductory  clause  of  a  bill 
or  act,  usually  commencing  "Be 
it  enacted." 

en-act-ment  ('ment).  n.  the  act 
of  enacting ;  a  statute ;  the  pass- 
ing of  a  bill  into  law. 

en-act-or  ('er),  n.  one  who  en- 
acts. 

en-am-el  (-am'el),  n.  an  opaque, 
semi-transparent,  or  colored  sub- 
stance, or  glass,  used  in  coating 
the  surface  of  metals  or  por- 
celain, and  afterwards  fired  :  any- 
thing enameled;  any  smooth  hard 
coating,  especially  the  dense  white 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ena 


306 


end 


substance  of  the  teeth :  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  enameled,  p.pr.  enameling], 
to  lay  on,  cover,  or  decorate  with 
enamel ;  adorn  with  various  hues  : 
v.i.  to  practice  the  art  of  enamel- 
ing. 

en-am-or  (-am'er),  v.t.  to  capti- 
vate. 

en-camp  (-kamp'),  v.i.  to  form  a 
camp ;  halt  on  the  march ;  go 
into  camp  or  settle  in  temporary 
quarters :  v.t.  to  form  into  a  camp. 

en  camp-incut  ('ment.),  n.  a  tem- 
porary resting  place  for  an  army 
or  company  of  travelers. 

en-cans-tic  (-kaws'tik),  adi.  per- 
taining to  the  art  of  painting  in 
burnt  wax. 

en-caus-tic-tile  (-til),  n.  a  varie- 
gated paving-tile  inlaid  on  ground 
of  another  color. 

en-ceinte  (iing-sangf),  n.  the 
line  of  works  which  forms  the 
main  inclosure  of  a  fortress  or 
place ;  a  close  or  precinct :  adj. 
with  child;  pregnant  [Fr.] 

en-chain  (en-chan').  v.t.  to  hold 
fast  with  or  as  with,  a  chain. 

en-chant  (-chant),  v.t.  to  charm 
or  subdue,  as  by  spells  or  sor- 
cery ;  bewitch ;  fill  with  delight. 

en-chant-ment  ('ment),  «.  the 
use  or  practice  of  magic,  sorcery, 
charms,  &c. ;  the  state  of  being 
enchanted ;  rapture. 

en-circle  (-ser'kl),  v.t.  to  form, 
or  inclose,  in  a  circle ;  enclasp ; 
embrace. 

en-co-mi-as-tic  ( en-ko-mi-as'tik ) , 
adj.  bestowing  praise ;  eulogistic. 

en-co-mi-um  ('mi-urn),  n.  [pi. 
encomiums  (-umz)],  formal 
praise ;  eulogy. 

en-com-pass  (-kum'pas),  v.t.  to 
surround. 

Ryn.    encircle,    surround,    gird, 
beset. 

en-core  (Sng-kor'),  adv.  once 
more :  again  :  n.  a  repetition  in  re- 
sponse to  a  call  by  an  audience : 
v.t.  to  call  for  a  repetition  of  (any 
particular  port  of  a  performance.) . 

en-conn-ter  (en-koun'ter),  v.t. 
to  come  upon  suddenly ;  meet  face 
to  face :  v.i.  to  come  into  colli- 
sion ;  meet  in  combat :  n.  a  sud- 
den or  accidental  meeting ;  con- 
flict:  battle. 

8yn.    attack,    conflict,    combat, 


assault,    onset,    engagement,    bat- 
tle, action. 

en-cpur-age  (-kur'aj),  v.t.  to  give, 
or  inspire  with,  courage ;  stimu- 
late. 

Syn.      countenance,      sanction, 
support,  foster,  cherish,   inspirit. 

en-cour-age-ment  (-ment),  n. 
the  act  of  encouraging  ;  tha-t  which 
gives  courage  or  incites  to  action 
or  perseverance. 

en-cri-nite  ('kri-nlt),  n.  a  stone- 
lily. 

en-croaclt  (-kroch'),  v.i.  to  in- 
vade gradually  or  by  stealth  ;  in- 
fringe;  intrude  (usually  with  on 
or  upon) . 

en-croach-ment  ('ment),  n.  in- 
trusion. 

en-cum-ber  (-kum'ber),  v.t.  to 
impede  ;  retard  ;  clog ;  obstruct : 
load  with  debt  or  other  legal 
liabilities. 

en-cum-brance  ('brans),  n.  that 
which  encumbers ;  a  lien  or  liabil- 
ity attached  to  real  property. 

en-cyc-lic-al  (-sik'lik-al),  adj.  sent 
to  all  members  of  a  class  or  com- 
munity ;  intended  for  general  cir- 
culation Also  encyclic :  n.  a  cir- 
cular letter  sent  by  the  Pope  to 
the  bishops,  treating  of  topics 
of  general  ecclesiastical  interest. 

en-cy-clp-pae-di-a  or  encyclope- 
dia (-sT-klo-pe'di-fi),  n.  the  circle 
of  the  arts  and  sciences ;  a  dic- 
tionary of  the  arts,  sciences,  and 
literature ;  a  comprehensive  sum- 
mary of  knowledge  ;  a  cyclopaedia. 

en-cy-clo-pse-dic  (-pe'dik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of, 
an  encyclopaedia.  Also  encyclo- 
pedic. * 

en-cy-clo-pse-dist  (-pe'dist).  n.  a 
compiler  of  an  encyclopedia ;  one 
whose  studies  embrace  all  knowl- 
edge. Also  encyclopedist. 

en-cyst  (-sisf),  v.t.  &  v.i.  to  in- 
close, or  become  ir closed,  in  a 
cyst  or  vesicle. 

end  (encl),  n.  the  extreme  limit 
or  terminal  point  of  anything ; 
purpose  in  view ;  design ;  neces- 
sary termination,  or  logical  out- 
come ;  death  :  v.t.  to  bring  to  an 
end  ;  finish  ;  terminate  ;  destroy  : 
v.i.  to  come  to  an  end ;  die. 

Syn.    aim,    object,    purpose,    re- 
sult, conclusion,  upshot,  close,  ex- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


end 


307 


ene 


piration,  termination,  extremity, 
sequel. 

en-dan-ger  (en-dan'jer),  v.t.  ex- 
pose to,  or  bring  into,  danger ; 
hazard. 

en-dear  (der),  v.t.  to  make  dear 
or  beloved ;  attach  to  one's  self. 

en-dear-ment  Cmeut),  n.  affec- 
tion. 

en-deav-or  (-dev'er),  r.i.  to  strive 
for  the  attainment  of  some  ob- 
ject ;  attempt :  n.  an  effort  or  at- 
tempt ;  physical  or  intellectual  ex- 
ertion towards  the  attainment  of 
some  object. 

Syn.  attempt,  try,  essay,  strive, 
aim. 

en-dem-ic  (-dem'ik),  adj.  peculiar 
to  a  nation,  people,  or  locality : 
applied  to  a  disease. 

end-ing   (ending),  n.  result;  end. 

endo  and  endon,  a  prefix  used 
in  many  scientific  words,  mean- 
ing within,  denoting  internal 
growth,  as  pndoderm.  endoplasm. 

en-do-carp  (en'do-karp),  n.  the 
inner  coat  or  shell  of  a  fruit. 

en-do-gen  ( 'do- jen ) ,  n.  an  endog- 
enous plant :  \>l.  one  of  the  pri- 
mary classes  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom,  in  which  the  plants  in- 
crease by  internal  growth  and 
elongation  at  the  summit,  and 
have  a  distinct  pith. 

en-dog-en-ons  (doj'en-ust.  ml). 
pertaining  to  the  endogens ;  origi- 
nating or  growing  within. 

en-do-scope  Cdo'skop),  n.  an  in- 
strument used  for  examining  some 
internal  part  of  the  body,  as  the 
urethra. 

en  dos  mo  sis  (-dos-mo'sis),  n. 
the  transmission  of  a  fluid  inward 
from  outside  when  two  fluids  are 
separated  by  a  porous  septum. 

en  do-sperm  ( 'do-sperm ),  n.  the 
albumen  of  a  seed. 

en-dow  (-dou'),  v.t.  to  bestow  a 
fund  or  income  upon  ;  settle  upon  ; 
furnish,  as  with  some  gift  or 
quality  (with  with). 

en-do  w-ment  ('ment),  n.  the  act 
of  endowing:  that  which  is  be- 
stowed, settled,  or  appropriated  to 
any  object ;  that  which  is  given 
or  bestowed  on  the  person  or 
mind  :  pi.  natural  gifts. 

en-dne  i-dfi').  r.t.  to  clothe:  in- 
vest ;  assume ;  furnish  with  some 


moral  or  spiritual  gift.  Also  in- 
due. 

en-dur-a-bil-i-ty  ( -dur-a-bil'i-ti ) , 
n.  the  quality  of  being  endurable. 

en-dur-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  bear- 
able. 

en-dur-ance  (-dur'ans),  n.  the 
capacity  to  endure  ;  power  of  suf- 
fering without  succumbing ;  con- 
tinuance ;  fortitude. 

.Si/H.  continuation,  duration,  for- 
titude, patience,  resignation. 

en-dure  (-diir'),  v.t.  to  support 
without  breaking  or  yielding ;  put 
up  with ;  remain  in :  v.i.  to  har- 
den ;  remain  in  the  same  state. 

tiyn.     last,     continue,     support, 
bear,    sustain,    suffer,    brook,    sub- 
mit to,  undergo. 
Ant.  (see  perish). 

en-dnr-ing  ('ing),  adj.  permanent. 

end-ways  (end' wax),  adv.  on  end; 
with  the  end  forward  or  upper- 
most ;  lengthwise.  Also  endwise. 

en-e-ma  (en'e-ma).  n.  an  injec- 
tion thrown  into  the  rectum  as  a 
medicine. 

en-e-my    ('e-mi),   n.    [pi.   enemies 

(-miz)],    one    hostile    to    another; 
foe ;   antagonist ;   a   hostile   army. 
Syn.  foe,  antagonist,  adversary, 
opponent. 

Ant.    (see   friend). 

en-er-get-ic  (-er-jet'ik),  adj.  pos- 
sessing, or  displaying,  energy ; 
vigorous  in  action  :  forcible :  n.pl. 
physical,  as  distinguished  from 
vital  dynamics. 

Syn.   industrious,  effectual,   effi- 
cacious,  powerful,   binding,   strin- 
gent,  forcible,  nervous. 
Ant.   (see  lazy). 

en-er-gi-co  (-er'je-k5),  adj.  with 
energy,  force,  and  strong  accen- 
tuation [Mus.]. 

en-er-gize  ('er-jiz),  v.t.  to  endow 
with  energy :  v.i.  to  act  with 
energy. 

en-er-gy  ('er-ji),  n.  [pi.  energies 
(-jiz)],  internal  or  inherent 
power ;  vigorous  operation  ;  power 
efficiently  and  forcibly  exerted ; 
capacity  for  performing  work  ;  em- 
phasis. 

en-er-vate  (en'er-viit  or  e-ne"r'- 
vfit),  v.t.  to  deprive  of  nerve, 
force,  or  vigor ;  render  effeminate 
or  feeble ;  debilitate. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


enf 


308 


enh 


en-fa-mille  (ang  fa-mel'),  with 
one's  family ;  at  home ;  in  domes- 
tic fashion,  without  formality. 

en-fee-ble  (en-fe'bl),  v.t.  to  weak- 
en :  relax. 

en-feoff  (-fef),  v.t.  to  invest  with 
a  feud,  fief,  or  fee ;  give,  sell  or 
convey  lands  in  fee  to. 

en-fi-lade  (-fi-liid'),  n.  a  straight 
line  or  passage ;  the  situation  of 
a  place  or  a  body  of  men  liable 
to  be  raked  with  shot  through  its 
whole  extent :  v.t.  to  pierce  or 
rake  with  shot  in  a  straight  line. 

en-force  (-furs'),  v.t.  to  put  into 
execution  with  vigor ;  compel ; 
make  clear  or  intelligible. 

en-fran-chise  (-fran'chiz),  v.t.  to 
liberate  or  set  free ;  make  free 
of  a  state,  city,  or  corporation ; 
confer  the  electoral  franchise 
upon  ;  admit  to  the  right  of  vot- 
ing in  public  elections. 

en-gage  (en-gaj'),  v.t.  to  pledge 
or  bind  by  oath  or  contract ;  make 
liable  for  a  debt ;  secure  for  aid 
or  employment ;  encounter  in  bat- 
tle ;  occupy  the  time  or  attention 
of ;  interlock :  v.i.  to  promise  or 
assume  an  obligation;  occupy 
one's  self ;  enter  a  conflict. 

8yn.  employ,  busy,  occupy,  at- 
tract, invite,  allure,  entertain,  en- 
gross, take  up,  enlist. 

en-gaged  (-giijd'),  p.adj.  busy  or 
occupied ;  affianced. 

en-gage-ment  (-gaj'ment),  n.  the 
act  of  engaging ;  the  state  or  con- 
dition of  being  engaged  ;  betroth- 
al ;  occupation  ;  a  conflict  between 
armies  or  fleets. 

en-gag-ing  ('ing),  adj.  winning; 
pleasing. 

en-gen-der  (-jen'der).  v.t.  to  be- 
get ;  excite :  v.i.  to  come  into  ex- 
istence. 

en-gine  (-jin),  n.  anything  used 
to  effect  a  purpose ;  a  machine 
by  which  power  is  applied  for 
the  performance  of  work ;  an  ap- 
paratus for  producing  some  me- 
chanical effect :  v.t.  to  furnish  or 
fit  up  a  vessel  with  engines. 

en-gi-neer  (-ji-ner'),  n.  one  who 
is  skilled  in  the  principles  or 
practice  of  any  branch  of  engi- 
neering :  one  who  has  charge  of 
and  manages  an  engine ;  one  who 
carries  through  a  scheme  or  un- 
dertaking by  skill  or  astuteness : 


v.t.  to  plan,  lay  out,  or  direct, 
as  an  engineer,  the  formation  or 
execution  of,  as  a  road  or  work. 

en-gi-neer-ing  (Ing),  n.  the  art 
of  constructing  and  using  ma- 
chinery ;  the  art  and  science  by 
which  natural  forces  and  mate- 
rials are  utilized  in  structures 
or  machines. 

Eng-lish  (ing'glish),  adj.  be- 
longing to,  characteristic  of,  or 
pertaining  to,  the  language  or  the 
people  of  England,  or  those  de- 
scended from  them :  n.  the  Eng- 
lish people  or  the  language  spoken 
by  them ;  a  size  of  printing-type 
(see  type)  :  v.t.  to  give  a  twist- 
ing or  spinning  motion  to,  as  a 
ball  at  billiards  so  as  to  deflect 
it  from  its  course. 

en-grail-ment  (en-gral'ment).  n. 
a  ring  of  dots  round  the  edge  of 
a  coin  or  medal. 

en-grain,  another  form  of  ingrain. 

en-grave  (eu-grav'),  v.t.  to  cut 
or  carve  in  sunken  patterns ;  in- 
cise with  figures  or  lines ;  im- 
press deeply  or  indelibly. 

en-grav-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act, 
process,  or  art  of  producing  de- 
signs, &c.,  incised  or  relief,  on 
metal,  stone,  or  hard  wood  :  that 
which  is  engraved ;  an  impression 
from  an  engraved  plate. 

en-gross  (-gros'),  v.t.  to  pur- 
chase in  the  gross  or  bulk ;  mo- 
nopolize ;  write  in  a  large  distinct 
round  hand. 

Syn.  absorb,  take  up,  busy,  oc- 
cupy, engage,  monopolize. 

en-gross-ment  ('ment),  n.  the 
act  of  acquiring  large  or  undue 
quantities  of  things ;  the  act  of 
engrossing  documents ;  that  which 
has  been  engrossed ;  attention  to 
one  thing  to  the  exclusion  of 
everything  else. 

en-gulf,  same  as  ingulf. 

*S ///(•.  swallow  up,  absorb,  im- 
bibe, drown,  submerge,  bury,  en- 
tomb, overwhelm. 

en-hance  (-bans'),  v.t.  to  raise 
in  esteem ;  advance ;  heighten  in 
price  or  value. 

en-har-mon-ic  (-hiir-mon'ik),  adi. 
proceeding  by  smaller  interv.-ils 
than  a  semitone.  Also  enharmon- 
ical. 

en-liar-moii-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
in  an  enharmonic  manner. 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pSrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then 


enh 


309 


ens 


en-har-mon-ic  scale  (skal),  n. 
a  musical  scale  having  more  than 
12  tones  to  the  octave. 

en-hy-drite  (-hi'drit),  n.  any  min- 
eral containing  water. 

e-nig-nia    (e-nig'ma),  n.  a  riddle. 

e-nig-mat-ic  (-mat'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  an  enigma ;  obscure  or 
puzzling.  Also  enigmatical. 

e-nig-mat-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
in  an  enigmatical  manner. 

en-join  (-join'),  v.t.  to  direct 
with  authority  or  urgency ;  en- 
force ;  prohibit  or  restrain  by  an 
injunction. 

Syn.     order,     ordain,     appoint, 
prescribe. 

en-joy  (-joi'),  v.t  to  feel  or  per- 
ceive with  pleasure ;  have  the 
use  or  possession  of. 

en-joy-ment  ('ment),  «.  the  act 
of  enjoying ;  pleasure  or  gratifi- 
cation. 

Syn.   pleasure,   gratification. 
Ant.     (see    grief,    sorrow,    sad- 
ness). 

en-kin-dle  (-kin'dl),  v.t.  to  set 
on  fire ;  rouse. 

en-large  (-liirj'),  v.t.  to  make 
larger;  extend  in  limits  or  dimen- 
sions: amplify;  extend  to  more 
purposes  or  uses ;  release  from 
confinement ;  dilate  upon  :  v.i.  to 
become  larger ;  expatiate. 

Si/n.  increase,  extend,  augment, 
broaden,  swell. 

Ant.    (see  diminish). 

en-light-en  (-llt'n),  v.t.  to  illumi- 
nate ;  make  clear  to  the  mind ; 
furnish  with  increased  knowledge  ; 
elevate  morally  or  spiritually. 

Syn.     illumine,    illuminate,     in- 
struct,   inform. 

Ant.   (see  befog,  becloud). 

en-list  (-list'),  v.t.  to  enroll,  as 
for  military  service ;  register ; 
gain  over,  or  employ  in  some 
cause :  r.f.  to  engage  one's  self 
for  military  service. 

en-list-ment  CmenO.  n.  the  act 
of  enlisting;  the  state  of  being 
enlisted. 

en-liv-en  (-llv'n),  v.t.  to  make 
vigorous,  active,  or  vivacious;  ex- 
hilarate; inspirit. 

Sim.  cheer,  vivify,  stir  up,  ani- 
mate,  inspire,    exhilarate. 
Ant.    (SOP  sadden,  quiet 'K 

en  masse  Ciincr  inJis'"),  fFr.l  col- 
lectively; altogether. 


en-mi-ty  ('mi-ti),  n.  [pi.  enmities 
(-tiz)],  animosity;  hatred;  hos- 
tility; ill-will. 

Syn.     animosity,     hostility,     ill- 
will,    maliciousness. 
Ant.   (see  friendship). 

en-no-ble  (-no'bl),  v.t.  to  make 
noble ;  dignify  ;  exalt ;  make  fa- 
mous or  illustrious. 

en-nui  (ang-we'),  n.  [Fr.]  lan- 
guor of  mind ;  listlessness. 

e-nor-mi-ty  (e-nor'nii-ti),  n.  [pi. 
enormities  (-tiz)],  something  out- 
rageous or  extemely  immoder- 
ate ;  an  atrocity. 

e-nor-mous  ('mus),  adj.  excess- 
ive ;  very  great ;  immense  ;  huge  ; 
extremely  wicked. 

Syn.    gigantic,     colossal,    huge, 
vast,  immense,  prodigious. 
Ant.    (see  insignificant). 

en  pas-sant  (ang  pas-sang'), 
fFr.]  by  the  way. 

e-nough  (e-nuf),  adj.  sufficient ; 
n.  a  sufficiency :  adv.  so  as  to  be 
sufficient ;  very ;  quite :  inter j. 
stop ! 

Syn.    sufficient,    plenty,    abun- 
dance. 

Ant.  '(see  want). 

en-quire,  same  as  inquire. 

en-rage  (en-raj'),  v.t.  to  throw 
into  a  rage. 

en-rail  (-rfil'),  v.t.  to  place  a  car 
upon  rails ;  opposed  to  derail. 

en  rap-port  (sing  rap-por').  [Fr.] 
in  sympathy  with  (with  with). 

en-rapt    (-rapt'),  adj.  enraptured. 

en-rap-ture  (-rap'tur),  v.t.  to 
transport  with  delight ;  please  in- 
tensely ;  charm. 

Syn.  enchant,  fascinate,  charm, 
captivate,   bewitch. 
Anf.    (see  repel). 

en  regie  (ang  ra'gl),  [Fr.]  in 
due  order. 

en-rich  (en-rich'),  v.t.  to  make 
rich  :  fertilize  ;  store  ;  adorn. 

en-robe  (-rob'),  v.t.  to  clothe; 
invest. 

en-roll   (-roT),  v.t.  to  insert  in  a 

register :  enlist :  record.    Also  enrol. 

Syn.  enlist,  list,  register,  record. 

en  ronte  (iing  root).  [Fr.l  on  the 
way. 

ens  (enz).  n.  \f)l.  entia  (en'shi- 
8)].  an  entity:  existence:  being. 

en  san-gnine  (en-sang'gwin).  v.t. 
[Fr.l  to  smear  or  cover  with 
blood. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let:  line,  tin:  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ens 


310 


ent 


en-sconce  (-skons'),  v.t.  to  hi<l<> ; 
fix  securely  or  comfortably  ;  settle. 

en-sem-ble  (iing-siing'bl),  n.  [Fr.] 
the  whole. 

en-sheathe  (-sheth'),  v.t.  to 
sheathe. 

en-shrine  (en-shrin'),  v.t.  to 
place  in  a  shrine ;  keep  sacred. 

en-shroud,  (-shroud') ,  v.t.  to  cover 
with,  or  as  with,  a  shroud  ;  conceal. 

en-si-form  ('si-form),  adj.  sword- 
shaped. 

en-sign  ( 'sin ) ,  n.  a  flag  ;  badge  ; 
the  lowest  rank  in  the  navy. 

en-si-lage  ('si-laj),  n.  fodder  or 
vegetable  produce  stored  in  a  silo  : 
v.t.  to  preserve  in  a  silo. 

en-slave  (-slav'),  v.t.  to  bring 
into,  or  reduce  to,  slavery ;  en- 
thrall. 

en-snare  (-snar'),  r.t.  to  take 
in,  or  as  in,  a  snare ;  take  by 
craft ;  allure. 

en-sue  (-su'),  v.i.  to  follow  as 
a  consequence ;  succeed. 

en  suite    (ang  swet'),  in  a  series. 

en-sure,  same  as  insure. 

en-tab-la-ture  (tab'la-tur),  n.  the 
whole  parts  on  the  top  of  a  pillar 
or  column,  composed  of  archi- 
trave, frieze,  and  cornice. 

en-tail  (en-tal'),  n.  an  estate  in 
fee  limited  to  a  particular  heir 
or  heirs :  v.t.  to  leave  or  settle, 
as  if  by  entail;  involve;  necessi- 
tate. 

en-tan-gle  (-tang'gl),  v.t.  to  in- 
volve ;  tangle  ;  ensnare  ;  perplex  ; 
bewilder. 

cn-ter  ('ter),  v.t.  to  go  or  come 
into  ;  begin  ;  penetrate  ;  set  down 
in  writing ;  join  or  become  a  mem- 
ber of ;  initiate  into  a  business, 
&c. :  place  on  the  records  of  a 
court :  v.i.  to  effect  an  entrance ; 
come  in. 

en-ter-ic  (-ter'ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  situated  near,  the  intestines. 

«n-ter-i-tis  (-I'tis).  n.  inflamma- 
tion of  the  small  intestines. 

en-ter-o-zo-a  (-ter-o-zo'a),  n.pl. 
intestinal  parasites. 

en-ter-prise  Cter-priz),  n.  an  un- 
dertaking of  importance  or  risk ; 
boldness ;  energy  and  invention. 

>•')/».      undertaking.      endeavor, 
venture,   energy. 

en-ter-pris-ing  (-ing),  n.  adven- 
turous, energetic,  and  progressive. 


en-ter-tain  (-tan'),  v.t.  to  re- 
ceive and  treat  hospitably ;  af- 
ford diversion  to;  keep  in  the 
mind ;  take  into  consideration : 
v.i.  to  receive  guests  hospitably. 

en-ter-tain-ing  ('ing),  p.  adj. 
amusing;  diverting. 

en-ter-tain-ment  ('ment),  n. 
the  act  of  entertaining ;  hospi- 
tality at  table ;  a  feast  or  ban- 
quet ;  a  diverting  performance ; 
amusement. 

en-thrall  (-thrawl'),  v.t.  to  en- 
slave ;  bring  or  hold  under  some 
overmastering  influence. 

en-throne  (-thron'),  v.t.  to  place 
on  a  throne ;  invest  with  sover- 
eign power  and  authority. 

en-thuse  (-thuz'),  v.t.  to  ren- 
der enthusiastic :  v.i.  manifest 
enthusiasm. 

en-thu-si-asm  (-thu'zi-azm),  n. 
elevation  of  fancy  ;  ardor  of  mind  ; 
fervent  zeal ;  fanaticism. 

Hyn.     earnest     devotion,     zeal, 
ardor. 

Ant.      (see     ennui,     lukewarm- 
ness). 

en-thu-si-ast      ('zi-ast),     n.     one 
who  is  filled  with  enthusiasm  ;  one 
who    thinks     himself    to    be    in- 
spired ;  a  visionary ;   fanatic. 
Syn.    fanatic,   visionary. 

en-thu-si-as-tic  (-as'tik),  adj. 
given  to,  or  characterized  by,  en- 
thusiasm ;  ardent ;  zealous. 

en-thu-si-as-tic-al-ly  (-ftl-li) , 
adv.  with  enthusiasm. 

en-tice  (-tis'),  v.t.  to  attract  or 
allure ;  tempt. 

en-tire  (-tir).  adj.  complete  in 
all  parts;  whole;  undivided  or 
unbroken  ;  unalloyed ;  consisting 
of  one  piece :  adv.  entirely ; 
wholly :  n.  the  whole ;  entire  beer. 

en-tire-ly  ('li),  adv.  fully;  com- 
pletely. 

en-tire-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  entire;  com- 
pleteness. 

en-tire-ty  ('ti),  n.  completeness; 
the  whole. 

en-ti-tle  (en-ti'tl),  v.t.  to  give  a 
title,  name,  or  designation  to ; 
style ;  give  a  right  to. 

en-ti-ty  ('ti-ti),  n.  [pi.  entities 
(-tiz)l.  anything  that  exists,  or  is 
supposed  to  exist ;  being. 


late  mar  mask,  cat,  awl:  he.  her,  let:  line,  tin;  vote,  p6rch,  lot-,  moon, 
cook  ;  miite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ent 


311 


env 


ento,  ent,  a  prefix  forming  many 
compounds  with  scientific  words, 
meaning  icithin,  interior. 

en-tomb  (en-toom'),  v.t.  to  place 
in,  or  as  in,  a  tomb. 

en-tomb-ment  ('ment),  n.  the 
act  of  placing  in  a  tomb. 

en-to-moid  ('to-moid),  adj.  re- 
sembling an  insect. 

en-to-mol-o-gy  (-to-mol'o-ji),  n. 
that  branch  of  zoology  which 
treats  of  insects  and  their  habits. 

en-to-mol-o-gist  (-jist),  n.  a  stu- 
dent of  entomology. 

en-to-moph-a-gus  ( -mof 'a-gus ) , 
adj.  insect-eating. 

en-ton-ic  (-ton'ik),  adj.  having 
great  tension  ;  strained. 

en-tou-rage  (ang-tpo-razh'),  n. 
associates ;  surroundings. 

en-tr'-acte  (ang'tr-akt),  n.  the 
interval  between  the  acts  of  a 
play  or  opera  ;  a  musical  interlude. 

en-to-zo-bn  (-to-zo'on),  n.  [pi.  en- 
tozoa  ('a)],  a  parasite  living  in 
the  intestines  of  another  animal. 

en-trails  ('tralz),  n.pL  the  intes- 
tines. 

en-train  (-trim'),  v.t.  to  dispatch 
(troops)  by  train. 

en-trance  ('trans),  n.  the  act  of 
entering  ;  a  passage  ;  avenue  ;  the 
entry  of  a  ship,  or  goods,  at  the 
custom  house  of  a  port. 

Syn.  gate,   access,   opening,  en- 
try, portal. 

Ant.    (see   egress,   exit). 

en-trap  (-tran'),  v.t.  to  take  in, 
or  as  in,  a  trap ;  inveigle ;  en- 
snare. 

en-treat  (-tret),  v.t.  to  solicit  ear- 
nestly ;  importune  ;  beseech. 

en-treat-y  (-tret'i),  n.  [pi.  en- 
treaties ('iz)L  an  earnest  peti- 
tion or  request ;  prayer. 

en-tree  (ang-tra').  n.  entrance; 
admission  ;  a  subordinate  or  side 
dish. 

en-tre-mets  (ang-tr-ma'),  n.pl. 
|Fr.]  side  dishes;  a  made  dish. 

en-trench,   same  as  intrench. 

entre-nous  (iing'tr-noo),  [Fr.] 
confidentially. 

en-tre-pas  (pa),  n.  [Fr.]  an 
amble. 

en-tre-pot  (iing'tr-pu) .  n.  a  com- 
mercial center  for  the  distribution 
of  goods ;  a  free  port  where 
foreign  merchandise  is  kept  in 
bond.  [Fr.l 


en-trust,  same  as  intrust. 

en-try  (en'tri),  n.  [pi.  entries 
('triz)],  an  entrance;  passage; 
entree ;  the  act  of  entering  and 
inscribing  in  a  book ;  item ;  the 
act  of  taking  rightful  possession 
of  lands  or  tenements,  or  felo- 
niously entering  another's  prem- 
ises. 

en-twine  (-twin'),  v.t.  to  twine 
around  ;  twist  together. 

e-nu-mer-ate  (e-nu'mer-at),  v.t. 
to  reckon  or  name  singly ;  count ; 
go  over  in  detail. 

e-nu-mer-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  numbering ;  counting  up ; 
a  catalogue ;  list. 

e-nnn-ci-a-ble  (-nun'shi-a-bl), 
adj.  capable  of  being  enunciated. 

e-nun-ci-ate  ,  ('shi-at),  v.t.  to 
declare  or  proclaim ;  utter ;  ex- 
press ;  speak. 

e-nun-ci-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  defi- 
nite or  declaratory  statement ; 
articulation  ;  the  words  in  which 
a  proposition  is  expressed. 

e-nun-ci-a-tive  ('shi-a-tiv),  adj. 
declaratory. 

e-nun-ci-a-tor  ('shi-a-ter),  n.  one 
who  enunciates  or  declares. 

en-vel-op  (-vel'up),  v.t.  to  sur- 
round with,  or  as  with,  a  wrap- 
per ;  hide ;  cover. 

en-vel-ope  (en'vel-op),  n.  a  case 
or  wrapper,  usually  gummed,  for 
safe  conveyance  of  a  letter  by 
post,  &c. ;  covering ;  wrapper ;  an 
investing  integument ;  exterior 
fortified  works. 

en-vel-op-ment  (-vel'up-ment), 
n.  the  act  of  enveloping ;  a  cover- 
ing ;  wrapper. 

en-ven-om  (-ven'um),  v.t.  make 
poisonous ;  infuse  venom  into ; 
embitter. 

en-vi-a-ble  ('vi-a-bl),  adj.  excit- 
ing envy ;  capable  of  awakening 
the  desire  to  possess. 

en-vi-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  an  en- 
viable manner. 

en-vi-ons  ('yi-us),  adj.  feeling, 
or  characterized  by,  envy ;  jeal- 
ous. 

8yn.  jealous,   suspicious. 
Ant.   (see  trustful,  friendly). 

en-vi-ron  (-vi'run),  v.t.  to  sur- 
round or  inclose  ;  encompass  ;  hem 
in :  n.pl.  places  near  a  town  or 
city ;  suburbs. 


late,  mS.r,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


312 


epi 


en-yi-ron-ment  (-ment),  n.  that 
which  surrounds ;  external  cir- 
cumstances  of  an  organism. 

ea-voy  ('voi),  M.  a  diplomatic  rep- 
resentative, second  in  rank  to 
_an  ambassador ;  one  sent  on  a 
'special  mission. 

en-vy  ('vi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  envied, 
1>-I»'.  envying  J.  to  grudge;  feel 
displeasure  at  the  excellence  or 
prosperity  of ;  covet :  v.i.  to  feel 
or  exhibit  envy :  n.  malice,  ill- 
will  ;  displeasure  felt  at  the  ex- 
cellence of  another ;  an  object  of 
envy. 

en- wrap    (-rap'),  v.t.  to  wrap  up. 

en-zo-ot-ic  (-zo-ot'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  disease  which  af- 
fects animals  of  a  particular  dis- 
trict. 

e-pact  (e'pakt),  n.  the  excess  of 
the  solar  over  the  lunar  month, 
about  11  days  in  the  year. 

e-paul-ment  (e-pawl'ment),  n.  a 
sidework  to  protect  troops  in 
flank. 

ep-au-let  (ep'aw-let),  n.  an  orna- 
mental badge  sometimes  worn  on 
the  shoulder  by  naval  and  mili- 
tary officers. 

ep-en-the-sis  (-en'the-sis) ,  n.  the 
insertion  of  a  letter  or  syllable 
in  the  middle  of  a  word. 

e-pergae  (e-pern'),  n.  an  orna- 
mental stand  with  a  dish  and 
branches  for  holding  flowers,  &c. 

eph-em-er-a  (ef-emer-a),  n.  [pi. 
ephemerae  (-re)l,  that  which  ex- 
ists but  for  a  day ;  a  May-fly. 

eph-em-er-al  ('er-al),  adj.  exist- 
ing only  for  a  day ;  short-lived. 

eph-em-er-is  ('er-is),  n.  [pi. 
ephemerides  (-er'i-dez)  ],  an  as- 
tronomical almanac  showing  the 
daily  positions  of  the  sun,  moon, 
and  planets. 

eph-od  (ef'od),  n.  a  priestly  vest- 
ment worn  by  the  Jewish  high 
priest. 

eph-or(ef'er),  n.  [pi.  ephori  (-1). 
ephors  (-erz)],  one  of  the  five 
Spartan  magistrates. 

epic  (ep'ik),  adj.  heroic;  narra- 
tive :  said  of  a  poem :  n.  a  narra- 
tive poem  of  some  heroic  deed  or 
event. 

ep-i-carp  ('i-karp),  n.  the  outer 
layer  or  skin  of  a  fruit. 

ep-i-cene     ('i-sen),    adj.    of    com- 


mon gender :  n.  a  noun  common  to 
both  genders. 

ep-i-cra-ni-uxn  (-i-kra'nu-um),  n. 
the  scalp  of  the  cranium  or  skull. 

ep-i-cure  ('i-kur).  n.  one  devoted 
to  luxury,  especially  of  a  dainty 
kind. 

ep-i-cu-re-aa  (-ku-re'an),  adj. 
luxurious  ;  devoted  to  the 
pleasures  of  the  table:  n.  a  volup- 
tuary ;  gormand;  epicure. 

ep-i-cy-cle  ('i-si-kl),  n.  a  small 
circle  whose  center  is  situated  on 
the  circumference  of  a  greater 
circle. 

ep-i-cy-cloid  ('kloid),  n.  a  curve 
described  by  a  point  in  the  cir- 
cumference of  one  circle  which 
rolls  upon  the  convex  circumfer- 
ence of  another  circle. 

ep-i-dem-ic  (-i-dem'ik),  adj.  at- 
tacking many  at  the  same  time : 
said  of  a  disease :  n.  a  disease 
having  this  characteristic. 

ep-i-der  mal  (-der'mal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  epidermis.  Also 
epidermic. 

ep-i-der-mis  ('mis),  n.  the  cuticle 
or  scarf  skin ;  the  outer  coating 
or  bark  of  a  plant. 

ep-i-gen-e-sis  (-jen'e-sis),  n.  tin- 
hypothesis  that  the  germ  is 
created  by  the  division  or  segmen- 
tation of  a  fecundated  egg-cell. 

ep-i-glot-tis  (-glot'is),  n.  the 
leaf-shaped  cartilage  which  covers 
the  upper  part  of  the  larynx  in  the 
act  of  swallowing. 

ep-i-gram  ('i-gram),  n.  a  verse  or 
short  poem  ending  in  some  in- 
genious or  witty  turn ;  a  pithy 
phrase. 

ep-i-gram-mat-ic  (-at'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of, 
an  epigram ;  pointed.  Also  epi- 
grammatical. 

ep-i-gr  ani-mat-ic-al-ly  ( -al-1  i ) , 
adv.  in  an  epigrammatical  man- 
ner ;  pointedly  and  concisely. 

ep-i-graph  ('I-graf),  n.  an  in- 
scription on  a  building,  monument, 
&c. ;  a  motto  or  quotation  prefixed 
to  a  literary  work. 

ep-i-lep-sy  I'i-lep-si),  n.  a  chronic 
nervous  disease  accompanied  by 
loss  of  consciousness  and  convul- 
sions. 

ep-i-lep-tic  ('tik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  affected  with,  epilepsy  : 
n.  one  affected  with  epilepsy. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  miite.  nut ;  thin,  /7ien. 


epi 


318 


equ 


ep  i-logue  ('i-log),  n.  a  poem  or 
speech  at  the  conclusion  of  a  play. 

ep-i-pr-nis  (-or'nis),  n.  a  gigantic 
fossil  bird. 

E-piph-a-ny  (e-pif'a-ni),  n.  a 
Church  festival  (Jan.  6)  to  com- 
memorate the  visit  of  the  Magi  to 
Bethlehem,  and  the  manifestation 
of  Christ  to  the  Gentiles. 

e-pis-co-pa-cy  (e-pis'ko-pa-si).  n. 
church  government  by  bishops ; 
prelacy. 

e-pis-co-pal  ('ko-pal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characterized  by, 
episcopacy ;  vested  in  a  bishop. 

e-pis-co-pa-lian  (-pa'lian).  adj. 
pertaining  to  episcopacy. 

E-pis-co-pa-lian,  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church :  n.  a  member,  or  sup- 
porter, of  such  church. 

e-pis-co-pal-ly  (-li),  adv.  by 
episcopal  authority. 

e-pis-co-pate  ('ko-pat),  n.  the 
office  and  dignity  of  a  bishop ; 
bishopric. 

ep-i-sode  (ep'i-sod),  n.  an  inci- 
dent ;  a  digression,  or  incidental 
narrative. 

ep-i-sod-ic  (-spd'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  an  episode ;  adventitious. 
Also  episodical. 

ep-i-sod-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
incidentally. 

ep-i-sperm  (-sperm),  n.  the  outer 
covering  of  a  seed. 

e-pis-tle  (e-pis'l),  n.  a  letter;  a 
written  communication  or  mes- 
sage. 

e-pis-to-la-ry  Cto-la-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to  letters. 

e  p  -  i  - 1  a  p  h  (ep'i-taf ) ,  ro.  a 
memorial  inscription  on  a  tomb  or 
monument. 

ep-i-thet  (M-thet).  n.  an  adjective 
denoting  any  quality  either  good 
or  bad ;  appellation. 

e-pit-o-me  (e-pit'o-me),  n.  a  sum- 
mary ;  abridgment ;  compendium. 

e-pit-o-mize  Co-miz),  v.t.  to  de- 
scribe briefly  :  condense. 

ep-i-zo-an  (op-i-zo'an),  n.  [pi. 
epizoa  ('&)!,  a  parasitic  animal 
which  lives  on  the  exterior  of 
another  animal. 

ep-i-zo-pt-ic  (ep-i-zo-ot'ik) ,  adj. 
parasitic  on  animals;  prevailing 
among  animals. 

ep-i-zo-o-ty     (ep-i-zo'o-ti),    n.    an 


epidemic        influenza        prevailing 
among  animals,  especially  horses. 

ep-pch  (ep'ok  or  e'pok),  «.  a 
point  of  time  from  which  siu-crod- 
ing  years  are  reckoned ;  era ; 
date. 

ep-ode  (ep'od),  n.  the  last  part  of 
an  ode ;  a  burden  or  -refrain  in 
music. 

ep-o-nym  ('o-nim),  n.  the  pre- 
sumed ancestor  or  founder  of  a 
race,  tribe,  city,  nation,  &c. ;  sur- 
name. 

ep-soni  salts  ('sum  sawltz).  n.pl. 
sulphate  of  magnesia. 

e-qua-bil-i-ty  (e-kwa-bil'i-ti).  adj. 
evenness. 

e-qua-ble  ('kwa-bl),  adj.  uni- 
form ;  consistently  equal ;  propor- 
tionate. 

e-qna-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  an 
equable  manner. 

e-qnal  ('kv.-al),  adj.  of  the  same 
extent,  or  magnitude ;  uniform ; 
adequate ;  of  the  same  rank,  de- 
gree, or  value  ;  just ;  parallel :  n. 
one  of  the  same  age.  rank,  office, 
talents,  &c. :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
equaled,  p.pr.  equaling],  to  be,  be- 
come or  make  equal ;  return  a  full 
equivalent  for. 

Syn.   equable,   even,   like,  alike, 
uniform. 

Ant.    (see  unequal). 

e-qual-i-ty  (-kw'al'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
equalities  (-tiz)"],  the  state  of 
being  equal :  uniformity ;  even- 
ness ;  equability. 

e-qnal-ize  C'kwAl-Iz),  v.t.  to  make 
equal ;  render  uniform. 

e-qual-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an  equal 
manner;  in  the  same  degree:  uni- 
formly ;  in  equal  parts  or  shares. 

e-qua-nim-i-ty  (-kwa-nim'i-ti),  n. 
evenness  of  temper  or  mind ; 
calmness. 

e-quate  (-kwaf),  v.t.  to  reduce  to 
an  average ;  put  in  the  form  of 
an  equation. 

equation  (-kwa'shun).  n.  in 
mathematics,  a  proposition  ex- 
pressing the  equality  of  two 
quantities,  the  sign  =  being 
placed  between  them ;  a  repre- 
sentation of  a  chemical  reaction 
expressed  by  symbols. 

e-qna-tor  (-kwa'ter).  n.  the 
imaginary  circle  which  passes 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he,  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


equ 


erb 


round  the  middle  of  the  earth  and 
divides  it  into  two  equal  parts. 

e-qua-to-ri-al  (-to'ri-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  equator :  n.  a  tele- 
scope mounted  on  two  axes,  one 
axis ,  being  parallel  to  the  axis 
of  the  earth's  rotation  :  used  for 
keeping  any  star  constantly  in  the 
field  independently  of  the  earth's 
rotation. 

e-qua-to-ri-al-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a 
line  with  the  equator. 

eq-uer-ry  (ek'wer-i),  n.  [pi. 
equerries  (-iz)],  an  officer  in  the 
house  of  a  prince  or  nobleman, 
who  attends  him  in  public,  and 
has  the  supervision  of  his  horses. 

e-ques-tri-an  ( e-kwes'tri-an ) ,  adj. 
pertaining  to  horses  or  horseman- 
ship;  performing  with  horses:  n. 
one  skilled  in  horsemanship. 

e-ques-tri-eane  ( -k  wes-tri-en' ) , 
n.  a  skillful  horsewoman. 

equi,  a  prefix  meaning  equal, 
equally,  same,  found  in  many 
words,  the  sense  of  which  is 
usually  self-evident,  as  cqui- 
angular,  e^/tdistant,  eqtiitorm,  &c. 

e-qui-lat-er-al  (e-kwi-lat'er-nl) , 
adj.  having  all  the  sides  equal :  n. 
a  figure  with  equal  sides. 

e-qui-lib-ri-um  (-lib'ri-um),  n. 
equality  of  weight,  power,  force, 
&c. ;  equipoise. 

e-quine  Ce'kwln).  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  resembling,  a  horse  or 
horses. 

e-qui-noc-tial  ( -k  wi-nok'shal ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  equinoxes : 
n.  the  equinoctial  line. 

e-qui-noc-itial-ly  (-H).  adv.  in 
the  direction  of  the  equinoctial 
line. 

e-qtii  nox  C'kwi-noks),  n.  the 
point  of  intersection  of  the  ecliptic 
and  the  equator :  the  time  the 
sun  enters  one  of  the  two  equi- 
noctial points  when  the  days  and 
nights  are  of  equal  duration. 

e-qnip  (e-kwip'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
equipped,  p.pr.  equipping],  to  fur- 
nish or  fit  out :  accoutre ;  prepare 
or  qualify. 

eq-ni-page  Cek'wi-paj),  n.  the 
arms  and  outfit  of  an  army,  ves- 
sel, traveler,  &c. ;  the  carriage, 
horse,  liveried  servants  of  a  per- 
son of  rank  or  gentleman. 

e-quip-ment      (e-kwip'ment).     n. 


articles  or  supplies  necessary  for 
any  particular  service;  arms, 
horses,  &c.,  required  for  military 
service ;  rolling-stock  or  plant  of 
a  railway. 

e-qui-poise  (e'kwi-poiz),  n.  equi- 
librium ;  equality  of  weight. 

e-qui-pon-der-ant  (-pon'der-ant), 
adj.  of  the  same  weight. 

eq-ui-ta-ble  (ek'wi-ta-bl),  adj. 
impartial ;  just. 

eq-ui-ta-bly  (-bli),  adv.  justly; 
impartially. 

eq-ui-ty  ('wi-ti),  n.  [pi.  equities 
(-tiz)],  justice;  just  regard  to 
right  or  claim  ;  impartiality  ;  the 
administration  of  law  according 
to  its  spirit  and  not  according  to 
the  letter. 

e-quiy-a-lence  (e-kwiv'a-lens),  n. 
equality  of  value  or  power ;  in 
chemistry,  the  property  of  hav- 
ing equal  valency.  Equivalency. 

e-quiv-a-lent  ('a-lent),  adj.  equal 
in  value  or  power ;  the  same  in 
significance  or  effect ;  commensu- 
rate :  n.  a  thing  of  the  same  value, 
weight,  power,  effect,  &c. 

e-quiv-o-cal  ('6-kal),  adj.  of  a 
doubtful  or  double  significance ; 
ambiguous ;  open  to  suspicion  or 
doubt ;  uncertain. 

Syn.      dubious,      doubtful,      in- 
definite, obscure. 

e-quiv-o-cal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
equivocal  manner. 

e-quiv-o-cate  Co-kfit).  v.i.  to  use 
words  of  double  meaning  ;  prevari- 
cate. 

e-ra  (e'ru).  «.  the  point  of  time 
from  which  a  series  of  years  is 
reckoned ;  period ;  the  beginning 
of  a  new  geological  system  or 
formation. 

e-rad-i-cate  (e-rad'i-kat),  v.t.  to 
destroy  thoroughly ;  exterminate. 

Syn.   root  out,   extirpate,   exter- 
minate. 

e-rase  (-ras'),  v.t.  to  obliterate 
by,  or  as  by,  scratching,  or  blot- 
ting out ;  expunge. 

e-ra-ser  (-ra'ser),  n.  a  knife  or 
prepared  india-rubber  for  rubbing 
out  pencil-marks,  &c. 

e-ra-sure  ('zhur),  n.  the  act  of 
erasing. 

er-bi-um  (er'bi-um),  n.  a  rare 
metal ;  one  of  the  elements. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ere 


315 


ery 


ere  (ar),  conj.  &  prep,  before"; 
sooner  than. 

Er-e-bus  (er'e-bus),  n.  a  place  of 
utter  darkness ;  Hades. 

e-rect  (e-rekt'),  v.t.  to  raise  up- 
right ;  construct ;  build ;  raise ; 
establish  ;  distend  or  stiffen :  adj. 
upright ;  firmly  uplifted ;  bold  or 
unshaken. 

e-rec-tile  (-rek'til),  adj.  having 
the  property  of,  or  susceptible  to, 
erection. 

e-rec-tion  ('shun),  n.  the  act  of 
constructing  or  raising  edifices  ;  a 
structure  or  building. 

e-rec-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  tending,  or 
serving,  to  erect,  or  to  build  up. 

e-rec-tor  ('ter),  n.  one  who 
erects ;  a  muscle  that  erects  any 
part. 

er-e-mite  (er'e-mit),  n.  an  as- 
cetic ;  a  hermit ;  a  religious  re- 
cluse. 

er-e-thism  (er'e-thizm),  n.  UL 
natural  excitation  of  some  organ 
or  tissue  of  the  body. 

erg  (erg),  n.  a  unit  of  work  in  the 
centimeter-gram-second  system. 
Also  ergon. 

erg-me-ter  ('me-ter),  n.  an  in- 
strument for  measuring  the 
strength  of  an  electric  current  in 
ergs. 

er-go  (er'go),  adv.  therefore;  con- 
sequently. 

er-gom-e-ter  (-gom'e-ter),  n.  an 
instrument  for  measuring  work 
performed  or  force  produced. 

er-got  ('got),  n.  a  black  horn-like 
fungus,  growing  upon  rye,  &c. 

erg-ten  ('ten),  n.  a  unit  of  work 
=  10.000,000,000  ergs. 

er-in-ite  Cin-It),  n.  a  rich  emer- 
ald-green arsoniate  of  copper. 

er-mine  (er'min),  n.  a  weasel- 
like  animal,  much  valued  for  its 
fur,  which  becomes  white  in 
winter,  except  the  tip  of  the  tail, 
which  remains  black  ;  the  emblem, 
ditrnity,  or  office  of  a  judge. 

er  mined  ('mind),  p.adj.  clothed 
or  invested  with  ermine. 

ern  (e"m),  n.  an  eagle.     Also  erne. 

e-rode  (e-rod'),  v.t.  to  eat  away; 
corrode. 

e-rose  (-ros'),  adj.  toothed  ir- 
resrularly.  as  if  gnawed  away  :  said 
of  a  leaf. 


e-ro-sion  (-ro'zhun),  n.  the  act  of 
eroding ;  gradual  destruction  or 
eating  away ;  an  eroded  part. 

e-ros-ive  (-ros'iv),  adj.  gnawing 
or  wearing  away. 

e-ros-trate  (-ros'triit),  adj.  beak- 
less. 

e-rot-ic  (-rot'ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  caused  by,  love  ;  amorous  :  n. 
an  amatory  "poem  or  composition. 

err  (er),  v.i.  to  commit  an  error 
or  mistake  ;  wander ;  deviate  from 
the  path  of  rectitude. 

er-rand  (er'and),  n.  a  message; 
commission. 

er-rant  ('rant),  adj.  roving; 
wandering. 

er-rant-ry  (-ri),  n.  knight-er- 
rantry. 

er-rat-ic  (-rat'ik),  adj.  wander- 
ing ;  irregular ;  eccentric :  n.pl. 
boulders  transported  by  natural 
agencies  from  their  original  site. 

er-rat-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  ir- 
regularly. 

er-ra-tnm  (-ra'tum),  n.  [pi.  er- 
rata ('ta)l,  an  error  in  printing 
or  writing. 

er-ro-ne-ous  (-ro'ne-us) ,  ndi. 
characterized  by  error  ;  incorrect ; 
mistaken  ;  wrong. 

Syn.    incorrect,    inaccurate,    in- 
exact. 

Ant.  (see  exact). 

er-ror  ('er),  n.  deviation  from  the 
truth  ;  mistake ;  blunder ;  an  ir- 
regularity. 

Syn.  blunder,  mistake. 
.1  nt.   (see  truth). 

Erse  (ers),  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
Kelts  of  Ireland  or  Scotland,  or  to 
their  language. 

erst    (erst),  adv.  formerly. 

e-rnc-ta-tion  (e-ruk-ta'shun).  n. 
the  act  of  throwing  off  wind  from 
the  stomach. 

er-u-dite    (eVu-dit),  learned. 

er-u-di-tion  (-dish'un),  n.  knowl- 
edge obtained  by  the  study  of 
books ;  learning. 

e-rnpt-ed  (e-rupt'ed),  adj.  violent- 
ly ejected. 

e-rnp-tive  (-rup'tiv),  adj.  burst- 
ing forth. 

e-ryn-go    (e-ring'go),  n.  sea-holly. 

er-y-sip-e-las  (er-i-sip'e-las),  n. 
an  inflammation  of  the  skin,  ac- 
companied with  fever. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  v6te,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


esc 


316 


ess 


es-ca-lade  (es-kfi-lad'),  n.  the  act 
of  scaling  the  walls  of  a  fortified 
place  by  means  of  scaling-ladders : 
v.t.  to  storm  by  scaling-ladders. 

es-ca-la-tor  (es-ca-la'tor),  n.  a 
moving  or  revolving  stairway. 

es-cal-lop.     Same  as  scallop. 

es-ca-pade  (-pad'),  n.  a  breach  of 
propriety  ;  misdeed  ;  freak. 

es-cape  (-kap'),  v.t.  to  flee  from; 
get  out  of  the  way  of ;  avoid ; 
enjoy  immunity  from  :  v.i.  to  get 
out  of  danger ;  fly :  n.  a  getting 
away  from  danger;  flight;  de- 
liverance. 

es-cape-ment  ('rnent),  n.  a  me- 
chanical device  for  securing  regu- 
larity of  movement. 

es-carp  (-karp'),  v.t.  to  give  a 
steep  slope  to :  n.  the  side  of  the 
ditch  next  the  rampart  forming  a 
steep  slope. 

es-carp-ment  ('ment),  n.  the  pre- 
cipitous face  of  a  ridge  of  high 
land. 

escheat  (-chet),  v.t.  to  forfeit 
through  failure  of  heirs :  v.i.  to. 
revert  to  the  crown  or  lord  of  the 
manor  by  reason  of  forfeiture  or 
failure  of  heirs :  n.  land  or  tene- 
ments which  fall  to  the  crown  or 
lord  of  the  manor  by  forfeiture  or 
failure  of  heirs. 

es-chew  (-chu'),  v.t.  to  shun; 
avoid. 

es-cort  (es'kOrt),  n.  a  body  of 
armed  men  acting  as  a  guard  ;  a 
retinue:  v.t.  (es-k6rt')  to  accom- 
pany ;  convoy. 

es-cri-toire  (-kri-twar'),  n.  a 
writing  desk,  table,  or  bureau.  • 

es-cu-lent  ('ku-lent),  adj.  eat- 
able. 

escutcheon,  (-kuch'un),  n.  a 
shield  on  which  the  heraldic  arms 
of  a  family  are  emblazoned. 

Es-ki-mo  ('ki-mo).  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  one  of  a  tribe  of  diminutive 
people  inhabiting  Greenland  and 
adjacent  parts.  Also  Esquimau. 

e-soph-a-gus  (e-sof'a-gus),  n.  the 
gullet  or  canal  through  which  food 
and  drink  pass  to  the  stomach. 
Also  oesophagus. 

es-p-ter-ic  (es-6-ter'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  doctrines  taught  priv- 
ately ;  secret ;  confidential. 

es-o-ter-ist  ('6-ter-ist),  n.  an  oc- 
cultist. 


es  pal  iers  (-pal'yerz) ,  n.pl.  fruit 
trees  trained  on  a  trellis. 

es-par-to  (-par'to),  n.  a  species  of 
Spanish  grass  used  for  making 
paper. 

es-pe-cial  (-pesh'al),  adj.  partic- 
ular; chief. 

es-pe-cial-ly  (-li),  adv.  particu- 
larly ;  chiefly. 

Syn.  chiefly,  particularly,  prin- 
cipally. 

Ant.    (see  generally). 

es-per-an-to  (es-per-an'to),  n.  a 
recently  invented  artificial  lan- 
guage, designed  for  international 
use,  in  commerce  and  otherwise. 

es-pi-o-nage  ('pi-6-naj),  n.  the 
act  or  practice  of  spying  to  detect 
wrongdoing,  or  of  employing  spies 
or  secret  agents. 

esplanade  (-pla-nad'),  n.  a  level 
walk  or  drive,  especially  by  the 
seaside  ;  a  lawn  ;  glacis. 

es-ppus-al  (-pouz'al)  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  act  of  espousing : 
n.  the  act  of  espousing  or  be- 
trothing :  pi.  the  ceremony  of  con- 
tracting a  man  and  woman  to  each 
other  in  marriage. 

es-pouse  (-pouz'),  v.t.  to  prom- 
ise, engage,  or  give  in  marriage  : 
wed ;  adopt ;  advocate  or  defend, 
as  a  cause. 

es-prit  de  corps  (-pre'  de  kor'), 
a  spirit  of  common  devotion, 
honor,  interest,  binding  together 
men  of  the  same  profession,  so- 
ciety, &c. 

es-py  (-pi'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  es- 
pied, p.pr.  espying],  to  see  at  a 
distance;  discover  (something  in- 
tended to  be  hid)  ;  see  unex- 
pectedly. 

Es-qiii-mau,  same  as  Eskimo. 

es-quire  (-kwir'),  n.  originally 
the  armor-bearer  or  attendant  on 
a  knight ;  a  title  next  below  a 
knight ;  a  title  applied  to  pro- 
fessional men,  justices  of  the 
peace,  and  often  used  instead  of 
Mr.  in  the  address  of  a  letter. 

es-say  ('sfi),  n.  a  short  written 
composition  or  treatise;  an  at- 
tempt; experiment:  v.t.  (es-sa'), 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  essayed,  p.pr.  essay- 
ing"!.  to  try  or  attempt. 

Byn.    dissertation,    tract,    treat- 
ise. 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


317 


eth 


es-sence  ('ens),  n.  the  concen- 
trated preparation  of  any  sub- 
stance ;  volatile  matter ;  perfume  ; 
that  in  which  the  real  character 
of  a  thing  consists. 

es-sen-tial  (-sen'shal),  adj.  nec- 
essary to  the  existence  of  a  thing  ; 
most  important ;  indispensable ; 
pure  ;  volatile  ;  highly  rectified. 

es-sen-ti-al-i-ty  (-shi-al'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  es- 
sential. 

I      es-sen-ti-al-ly    (-li),    adv.   in    the 
highest  degree. 

es-tab-lish    (-tab'lish),  v.t.  to  fix 
firmly ;      settle :      prove      legally ; 
strengthen  :   restore. 
Syn.  build  up,  confirm. 
Ant.    (see  overthrow). 

es-tab-lish-ment  (-ment).  n.  the 
act  of  establishing  ;  ratification  ; 
settlement :  a  place  of  residence 
or  business  ;  household  :  income  : 
a  form  of  religion  connected  with 
the  state. 

es-tate  (-tat'),  n.  condition  of 
life ;  rank,  position,  or  quality ; 
the  title  or  interest  one  has  in 
lands  or  tenements :  property  in 
general :  pi.  orders  or  classes  of 
men  in  a  country ;  a  legislative 
assembly  composed  of  these 
classes. 

es-teem     (-tern'),    v.t.    to    set    a 
high  value  upon  ;   respect ;  prize  : 
consider:     n.    favorable    opinion; 
estimation  ;  respect ;  reverence. 
X//w.  regard,  respect. 
Ant.  (see  contempt). 

es-thet-ics,   same   as   aesthetics. 

es-ti-ma-ble  Cti-ma-bl),  adj. 
worthy  of  regard,  esteem,  or 
honor;  calculable. 

es-ti-mate  Cti-mat),  r.t.  to  com- 
pute; determine  the  value  of:  n. 
the  computed  cost  or  value  of  any- 
thing; appraisement. 

X>IH.    appraise,    appreciate,    es- 
teem, compute,  rate. 

es  ti-ma  tion  (-ma-shun),  n.  cal- 
culation ,  appraisement :  honor, 
respect,  or  esteem ;  conjecture. 

es-top  (-top'),  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  es- 
topped, p.pr.  estopping],  to  place 
under  estoppel ;  bar 

es-top-pel  ('el),  n.  a  legal  impedi- 
ment. 

es-to-vers      (-to'verz),     n.pl.     ali- 


mony ;    wood    taken   for  his    own 
use  by   a   teuant. 

es-trade  (-trad'),  n.  a  level  place; 
a  slightly  raised  platform. 

es-trange  (-tranj'),  v.t.  to  alien- 
ate ;  keep  at  a  distance ;  turn  from 
kindness  to  indifference  or  enmity 
(with  from). 

es-tra-pade  (-trA-pad').  n.  the  ef- 
fort of  a  horse  in  trying  to  throw 
his  rider,  by  kicking,  rearing,  &e. 

es-trich  ('trich).  n.  a  trade  name 
for  fine  ostrich  down. 

es-tu-a-ri-al  (-tu-a'ri-fil),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  formed  in,  an  es- 
tuary. Also  estuarine. 

es-tu-a-ry  ('tu-a-ri),  n.  \pl.  es- 
tuaries (-riz)],  the  mouth  of  a 
tidal  river. 

et  cset-er-a  (et  set'er-a),  and 
others  of  the  same  kind ;  and  so 
forth.  Also  et  cetera. 

etch  (ech).  v.t.  to  engrave  by  bit- 
ing put  with  an  acid  the  design 
previously  drawn  with  an  etching- 
needle  :  v.i.  to  practice  etching. 

e-ter-nal  ( e-ter'nal ) ,  adj.  with- 
out beginning  or  end  ;  everlasting ; 
perpetual ;  incessant. 

Syn.  endless,  everlasting. 
Ant.   (see  finite). 

E-ter-nal,  n.  an  appellation  of 
God  (with  The). 

e-ter-nal-ly  (-li),  adv.  perpetual- 
ly. 

e-ter-ni-ty  Cni-ti),  n.  [pi.  eter- 
nities (-tiz)],  infinite  duration; 
unending  existence. 

e-te-si-on  (e-te'zhi-an),  adj.  noting 
the  north  or  northeast  wind  which 
in  early  spring  prevails  over 
Europe. 

e-ther  (e'ther).  n.  an  extremely 
fine  fluid,  lighter  than  air,  sup- 
posed to  pervade  all  space  and  to 
infiltrate  the  suns  and  planets ;  a 
volatile  inflammable  liquid  pro- 
duced by  the  distillation  of  alcohol 
with  sulphuric  acid. 

e-the-re-al  (-the're-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  formed  of,  ether; 
airy;  exquisite:  heavenly. 

e-the-re-al-ly  (-li).  a<Jr.  in  an 
ethereal  manner. 

e-ther-ol  (e'ther-ol),  n.  a  yellow- 
ish, viscid,  oily  hydrocarbon. 

eth-i-cal  (eth'i-kal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  ethics;  moral.  Also  ethic. 


late,  mar,  musk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


eth 


318 


eup 


eth-ics  ('iks),  n.pl.  the  science 
that  treats  of  the  principles  of 
human  morality  and  duty ;  moral 
philosophy  ;  morals. 

E-thi-o-pi-an  (-thi-6'pi-an),  adj. 
pertaining  to  Ethiopia :  n.  a  na- 
tive of  Ethiopia. 

ethmoid  (eth'moid),  n.  a  light, 
spongy,  sieve-like  bone,  which 
forms  the  roof  of  the  nose. 

eth.-nic  ('nik),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  characteristic  of,  races  or 
peoples.  Also  ethnical. 

etli-nog-ra-pliy  (-nog'ra-fi),  n. 
the  scientific  description  of  races 
and  nations  of  mankind. 

eth-nol-o-gy  (-nol'o-ji),  n.  the 
science  that  treats  of  races  of 
men,  their  characteristics,  &c. 

eth-ol-o-gy  (-ol'o-ji),  n.  the 
science  of  ethics. 

e-thos  (e'thos),  n.  the  character- 
istic genius  of  a  people,  insti- 
tution, or  system. 

eth-yl  (eth'il),  n.  a  monatomic 
fatty  hydrocarbon  radical,  con- 
tained in  alcohol  and  ether. 

eth-yl-ene  (-en),  n.  heavy  car- 
buretted  hydrogen,  or  olefiant  gas. 

e-ti-o-late  (e'ti-o-lat),  v.t.  to 
blanch  or  whiten  by  exclusion 
from  sunlight. 

et-i-quette  (et'i-ket),  n.  the  con- 
ventional rules  or  ceremonial 
observed  in  polite  society ;  good 
breeding. 

et-y-mo-log-ic-al  ( et-i-mo-loj'ik- 
al),  adj.  pertaining  to  etymology. 

et-y-mo-log-ic-al-ly  (-H),  adv.  in 
an  etymological  manner. 

et-y-mol-o-gist  (-mpl'o-jist),  n. 
one  who  is  proficient  in  etymology. 
Also  etymologer. 

et-y-mol-o-gize  (-mol'o-jlz),  v.t. 
to  investigate  the  origin  and 
primary  meaning  of  words. 

et-y-mol-o-gy  ('o-ji).  n.  [pi.  ety- 
mologies (-jiz)],  that  branch  of 
philology  which  treats  of  the 
origin  and  derivation  of  words ; 
that  part  of  grammar  which  treats 
of  the  parts  of  speech  and  their 
inflections. 

et-y-mon  ('i-mon),  n.  the  root  of 
a  word  or  its  primitive  signifi- 
cation. 

eu-ca-lyp-tol  (u-ka-lip'tol),  n.  a 
liquid  contained  in  eucalyptus  oil. 

En-ca-lyp-tus   ('tus),  n.   [pi.  Eu- 


calypti ('ti)],  a  genus  of  Aus- 
tralian evergreen  trees,  some 
spices  of  which  furnish  gum  and 
a  valuable  medicine. 

eu-ca-lyp-tus,  n.  a  tree  of  the 
genus  above  defined. 

eu-char-ist  (u'kar-ist),  ».  the 
Holy  Communion  ;  tire  sacrament 
of  the  Lord's  Supper ;  the  ele- 
ments, bread  and  wine,  used  in 
that  sacrament. 

eu-clia-ris-tic  (-ris'tik),  adj.  per- 
faining  to  the  eucharist ;  express- 
ing thanksgiving.  Also  eucharis- 
tical. 

eu-chre  ('ker),  n.  a  particular 
game  of  cards,  those  between  seven 
and  ace  being  discarded :  v.t.  to 
prevent  an  opponent  in  the  game 
from  scoring :  hence  to  outwit. 

eu-di-om-e-ter  (-di-om'e-ter),  H. 
a  graduated  instrument  for  meas- 
uring the  volume  of  a  gas. 

eu-gen-ics  (u-jen'-iks),  n.  race 
culture:  the  restriction  of  mar- 
riage to  persons  adapted  to  pro- 
duce healthy  offspring. 

eu-lo-gist  (-jist),  n.  one  who  eulo- 
gizes. 

eu-lo-gis-tic  ('tiki,  adj.  laudatory. 

eu-lo-gize  ('lo-jlz),  v.t.  to  praise 
highly ;  commend. 

eu-lo-gy  (-ji),  n.  [pi.  eulogies 
(-jiz)],  the  praise  of  anyone 
spoken  or  written  ;  panegyric. 

eii-mich  ('nuk),  n.  a  castrated 
person,  especially  an  attendant  in 
a  harem. 

en  pi; em-ism  ('fem-izm),  n.  the 
substitution  of  a  delicate  or  pleas- 
ing expression  in  place  of  that 
which  is  offensive  or  indelicate. 

eu-phem-is-tic  (-is'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characterized  by, 
euphemism. 

eu-phon-ic  (-fon'ik),  adj.  sound- 
ing  ])leasantly  to  the  ear.  Also 
euphonical,  euphonious. 

en-pho-ni-um  (-fo'ni-um).  n.  a 
bass  brass  instrument :  a  musical 
instrument  consisting  of  glass 
tubes  united  by  metal  bars. 

en-pho-ny  Cfo-ni),  n.  [pi.  eu- 
phonies (-niz)],  an  agreeable 
sound,  or  pronunciation. 

eu-phu-ism  Cfu-izm),  n.  the 
pedantic  or  affected  use  of  words 
or  language. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl:  he,  her,  let:  line,  tin:  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


eur 


319 


en-roc-ly-don  (-rok'li-don),  n.  a 
tempestuous  northeasterly  wind 
prevalent  in  the  Levant.  Also 
euraquilo. 

Eu-ro-pe-an  (-ro-pe'an),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Europe. 

eu-sta-chi  an  (-sta'ki-an),  adj. 
noting  a  tube  which  leads  from 
the  cavity  of  the  tympanum  of 
the  ear  to  the  pharynx. 

eu-tec-tic  (-tek'tik),  adj.  melting 
at  a  low  temperature. 

eu-than-a-si-a  (-than-a'zhi-a),  n. 
a  painless,  easy  death.  Also 
euthanasy. 

e-vac-u-ate  (e-vak'u-at),  v.t.  to 
make  void  or  empty ;  discharge 
through  the  excretory  passages ; 
abandon  possession,  or  withdraw 
from. 

e-vade  (-vad'),  v.t.  to  elude;  es- 
cape, by  artifice,  stratagem,  or 
sophistry. 

Syn.  equivocate,  prevaricate. 

e-vad-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  capable  of 
being  evaded.  Also  evadable. 

ev-a  nes-cent  (ev-a-nes'ent),  adj. 
disappearing  gradually  from 
sight ;  vanishing. 

e-van-gel  (e-van'jel),  n.  good 
news,  especially  that  of  the  Gos- 
pel. 

e-van-gel-ic-al  ('ik-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Gospel,  or  the  four 
Gospels ;  maintaining  the  funda- 
mental doctrines  of  the  Protestant 
faith ;  spiritually  minded.  Also 
evangelic :  n.  one  who  holds  evan- 
gelical doctrines. 

e-van-gel-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
evangelical  manner. 

e- van-gel-ism  ('jel-izm),  n.  the 
doctrine  and  preaching  of  evan- 
gelical principles.  Also  evangel- 
icalism. 

e-van-gel-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  of  the 
four  writers  of  the  Gospel ;  an 
itinerant  preacher. 

e-van-gel-ize  ('jel-iz),  v.t.  to  in- 
struct in  the  Gospel ;  convert  to 
Christianity. 

e-vap-o-rate  (-vap'6-rat),  v.i.  to 
disperse  in  vapor ;  pass  away 
without  effect :  v.t.  to  convert  into 
vapor. 

e-vap-o-ra-tion  (-ra'shun),  n.  the 
slow  conversion  of  a  fluid  into 
vapor. 


e-va-sion  (-va'zhun),  n.  the  act 
of  evading ;  an  excuse ;  equivo- 
cation ;  subterfuge. 

e-va-sive  (-va'siv),  adj.  tending, 
or  seeking  to  evade ;  elusive. 

e-va-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  with  eva- 
sion. 

eve  (ev),  n.  the  fast  or  vigil  be- 
fore a  church  festival,  or  saint's 
day ;  the  period  immediately  pre- 
ceding some  important  event ; 
evening  [Poet.]. 

e-vec-tion  (-vek'shun),  n.  a  pe- 
riodical irregularity  of  the  moon's 
motion. 

e-ven  (e'vn),  adj.  level;  uniform; 
smooth ;  parallel ;  divisible  by  2 
without  a  remainder ;  equal ;  bal- 
anced ;  calm ;  whole :  n.  evening 
[Poet.]  :  v.i.  to  level  or  make 
even  :  v.t.  to  be  quits  :  adv.  verily  ; 
exactly ;  noting  emphasis ;  but 
also. 

Syn.  level,  plain,  smooth. 
Ant.  (see  uneven). 

e-ven-ing  ('vn-ing),  n.  the  close 
of  the  day  and  beginning  of  the 
night ;  the  latter  end  of  life. 

e-ven-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an  even 
manner ;  smoothly  ;  uniformly  ; 
impartially. 

e-ven-ness  (-nes),  n.  smoothness; 
uniformity ;  regularity ;  equality 
of  surface ;  equanimity. 

e-vent  (-vent'),  n.  an  occurrence: 
incident ;  consequence  of  an  ac- 
tion ;  any  single  item  in  a  pro- 
gram of  snorts  or  games. 

>•'.»/».    accident,    adventure,    in- 
cident, occurrence. 

e-yent-fnl  ('fool),  adj.  full  of  in- 
cidents or  events ;  momentous. 

e-ven-tide  ('vn-tid),  n.  evening. 

e-ven-tu-al  (-ven'tfi-al),  adj. 
happening  as  a  result ;  ultimate ; 
contingent. 

e-ven-tu-al-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
eventualities  (-tiz)],  a  possible 
occurrence ;  a  propensity  to  take 
cognizance  of  events  or  fn<  ts. 

e-ven-tu-al-ly  (-15),  adv.  ultimate- 
ly- 

e-ven- tu -ate  ('tu-at).  v.i.  to  hap- 
pen ;  terminate ;  result. 

ev-er  (ev'er)  adv.  at  any  time; 
always ;  without  end ;  in  any  de- 
gree. 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


320 


exa 


ev-er-glade  (-glad),  n.  a  low, 
swampy  tract  of  land,  with  patch- 
es of  tall  grass. 

ev-er-green  (-gren),  n.  a  tree  or 
plant  which  retains  its  foilage 
throughout  the  year:  adj.  always 
green,  or  fresh. 

ev-er-last-ing  (-last'ing),  adj. 
perpetual :  n.  eternity ;  a  plant 
whose  flowers  retain  their  color 
when  dried ;  a  kind  of  stout 
woolen  material. 

Ev-er-last-ing,  n.  God,  the  Eter- 
nal. 

ev-er-more  (-mor) ,  adv.  eternally  ; 
always. 

e-vert  (e-vert'),  v.t.  to  destroy; 
overthrow ;  turn  outwards. 

eve-ry  (ev'ri  or  ev'er-i)     adj.  the 
whole,  taken  one  at  a  time :  each. 
Syn.      all,   any,      both,      each, 
either. 

e-yict  (e-vikf).  v.t.  to  expel  or 
dispossess  by  legal  process. 

e-vic-tion  (-vik'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  evicting. 

ev-i-dence  (ev'i-dens),  n.  indu- 
bitable certainty ;  proof ;  testi- 
mony :  v.t.  to  prove ;  make  evident 
or  plain. 

ev-i-dent  (-dent),  adj.  plain;  ob- 
vious. 

ev-i-den-tial  (-den'shal),  adj. 
proving  clearly. 

ev-i-den-tial-ly  (-li),  adv.  as  evi- 
dence. 

e-yil  (e'vl),  adj.  morally  bad; 
wicked  ;  sinful ;  unfortunate  ;  mis- 
chievous ;  disastrous ;  worthless  : 
adv .  badly ;  unkindly :  n.  moral 
depravity  ;  injury  ;  affliction. 

Syn.     harm,    mischief,    misfor- 
tune. 

Ant.   (see  good). 

e-vil-eye  (-1),  n.  an  influence 
for  injury,  supposed  to  be  exerted 
by  certain  persons  who  cast  a 
malignant  glance  at  anyone. 

e-vil-ly  (-li),  adv.  maliciously; 
wickedly. 

e-vince  (e-vins'),  v.t.  to  manifest 
or  make  evident ;  demonstrate. 

e-vin  ci-ble  (-vin'si-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  proof  or  demonstra- 
tion. 

e-vis-cer-ate  (-vis'er-at),  v.t.  to 
disembowel. 

e-voke    (-vok'),  v.t.  to  call  forth. 

ev-o-ln-tion       (ev-o-lu'shun),      n. 


development  or  growth  ;  the  move- 
ments of  troops  in  marching  or 
on  the  battle  field ;  the  extraction 
of  roots  of  any  arithmetical  or 
algebraical  power ;  the  gradual 
development  or  descent  of  forms 
of  life  from  simple  or  low  or- 
ganized types  consisting  of  a 
single  cell. 

ey-o-lu-tion-al  (-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  resulting  from,  evolu- 
tion. Also  evolutionary. 

ev-o-lu-tion-ist  (-ist),  adj.  per- 
taining to  evolution  :  n.  one  who 
maintains  the  doctrine  of  evolu- 
tion :  tactician. 

ey-o-lu-tive  (-tiv)  adj.  evolu- 
tionary. 

e-volve  (e-volv'),  v.t.  to  develop; 
unfold  ;  expand  ;  work  out. 

ewe    (u)     n.   a   female   sheep. 

ew-er  ('er).  n.  a  large  water  jug, 
used  in  the  toilet. 

ex,  prefix,  meaning  out  of,  be- 
yond, from;  before  words  denot- 
ing occupation  or  office,  it  indi- 
cates previous  occupancy. 

ex-act  (egz-akf),  adj.  very  cor- 
rect or  accurate  ;  precise  ;  method- 
ical ;  strict ;  particular :  v.t.  re- 
quire or  claim  authoritatively ; 
compel  to  be  paid ;  insist  upon  as 
a  right. 

Syn.  nice,  particular,  punctual. 
Ant.    (see  inexact^ 

ex-act-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  making 
unreasonable  demands ;  oppres- 
sive ;  severe ;  arduous. 

ex-ac-tion  (-ak'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  exacting;  extortion. 

ex-act-ly  ('li),  adv.  accurately; 
precisely. 

ex-act-ness  ('nes),  n.  accuracy; 
precision. 

ex-act-or  ('er),  n.  one  who  exacts. 

ex-ag-ger-ate  (egz-aj'er-at),  v.t. 
to  enlarge  or  heighten  by  over- 
statement ;  color  highly. 

ex-alt    (-awlf),  v.t.  to  elevate  in 
rank,    station,    or    dignity ;    raise 
on  high ;  glorify  or  extol. 
Syn.  ennoble,  dignify,  raise. 
Ant.    (see    humble). 

ex-am-ine  (-am'in),  v.t.  to  scrutin- 
ize or  investigate  carefully  ;  search 
or  inquire  into ;  interrogate  as  a 
witness ;  test  orally  or  by  papers 
the  knowledge,  qualifications,  &c., 
of,  as  a  candidate  for  a  degree  or 
office  ;  experiment ;  analyze ;  test. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  nwl :  he.  her,  let ;  lino,  tin  :  vote,  pCrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mii to,  nut ;  thin,  f/ien. 


eza 


321 


exc 


ex-am-i-nee  (-i-ne'),  n.  one  who 
is  examined. 

ex-am-ple  (-am' pi),  n.  a  pattern; 
a  model  or  copy  :  an  illustration 
of  a  rule  or  precept :  sample ; 
specimen ;  one  punished  for  the 
admonition  of  others. 

Syn.     model,    pattern,     sample, 
standard,   type. 

ex-as-per-ate  (egs-as'per-at),  v.t. 
to  irritate  exceedingly ;  enrage 
greatly  ;  embitter  ;  intensify  :  adj. 
covered  with  hard,  stiff  points : 
said  of  a  plant. 

ex  ca-the-dra  (eks  ka-the'dra), 
adv.  with  an  air  of  official  author- 
ity ;  dogmatically. 

ex-ca-vate  (eks'ka-vat),  v.t.  to  dig 
or  hollow  out ;  scoop  or  cut  out. 

ex-ca-va-tion  ( -vfi'shun ) ,  n.  a 
hollow  cavity  formed  by  cutting 
or  digging  out  earth ;  an  open 
earth-cutting. 

ex-ca-va-tor  (-va-ter),  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  excavates ;  a  dig- 
ging machine. 

ex-ceed  (ek-sed'),  v.t.  to  go  be- 
yond the  limit  or  measure  of;  sur- 
pass ;  excel ;  transcend :  v.i.  to  be 
greater ;  go  beyond  bounds. 

Syn.  excel,  outdo,  surpass,  tran- 
scend. 

Ant.    (see  fall  short). 

ex-ceed-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  very 
great. 

ex-ceed-ing-ly  (-H),  adv.  ex- 
tremely. 

ex-eel  (-sel'),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  ex- 
celled, p.pr.  excelling],  to  possess 
good  qualities  in  a  great  degree : 
v.t.  surpass  ;  outdo  in  comparison  ; 
to  be  superior  to. 

ex-cel-lence  (-ens),  n.  the  state 
of  excelling  in  anything ;  superior 
merit,  goodness,  or  virtue. 

ex-cel-len-cy  (-en-si),  n.  \pl.  ex- 
cellencies (-siz)],  a  title  of  honor 
of  various  high  officials,  as  an 
ambassador,  governor,  &c. 

ex-cel-lent  (-ent),  adj.  of  great 
value,  merit,  or  virtue ;  highly  use- 
ful or  desirable ;  eminently  dis- 
tinguished for  goodness,  or  ability. 

ex-cel-si-or  ('si-er),  adj.  yet 
higher. 

ex-cept  (-sept'),  v.t.  to  omit  or 
leave  out ;  exclude :  r.i.  to  object 
(with  to)  :  prep,  omitting;  with- 


out inclusion  of ;  besides :  con/. 
unless. 

ex-cep-tion  ('shun),  n.  the  state 
of  being  excepted ;  omission ;  ex- 
clusion ;  objection ;  offense  taken 
(with  to)  ;  a  formal  objection  to 
a  decision  of  a  court  during  trial. 

ex-cep-tion-a-ble  (-a-bl),  adj. 
objectionable. 

ex-cep-tion-al  (-al),  adj.  unusual. 
Syn.   uncommon,    rare,   extraor- 
dinary. 

Ant.  ( see  common ). 

ex-cep-tion-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  un- 
usually. 

ex-cerpt  (-serpf).  v.t.  to  take  out 
or  select  from,  as  a  book  ;  quote : 
n.  a  selection  or  extract  from  a 
book  or  writing. 

ex-cess  (-ses'),  n.  that  which  ex- 
ceeds the  ordinary  limit,  measure, 
or  experience ;  overplus ;  super- 
fluity ;  intemperance. 

Syn.  surplus,  waste,  dissipation, 
lavishness. 

Ant.  (see  economy). 

ex-cess-ive  Civ),  adj.  extreme; 
unreasonable. 

ex-change  (eks-chanj'),  v.t.  to 
give  in  return  for  an  equivalent ; 
barter,  give,  resign,  or  abandon : 
n.  the  act  of  exchanging ;  barter ; 
reciprocity ;  the  act  of  resigning 
one  thing  for  another ;  a  place 
where  merchants  meet  (often 
'change). 

ex-cliange-bro-ker  (-bro'ker),  n. 
a  broker  who  negotiates  foreign 
bills. 

ex-change-a-ble  ( 'a-bl ) ,  adj. 
that  may  be  exchanged  ;  ratable. 

ex-chang-er  ('er),  n.  a  money- 
changer. 

!  ex-cheq-ner  (-chek'er) ,  n.  a  treas- 
ury ;  cash  or  funds ;  formerly  an 
English  court  of  law,  now  merged 
into  the  Queen's  Bench  division  of 
the  High  Court  of  Justice. 

ex-cis-a-ble  (ek-slz'a-bl) ,  adj. 
dutiable. 

ex-cise  (-siz').  v.t.  to  levy  an  ex- 
cise duty  upon  :  n.  an  inland  tax 
levied  on  commodities  of  home 
production  and  consumption. 

ex-ci-sion  (-sizh'un),  n.  the  act  of 
cutting  out,  or  off ;  the  state  of 
being  cut  off  ;  destruction  ;  ruin  ; 
amputation. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  Men. 


322 


ex-ei-ta-bil-i-ty  ( -si  t-tii-bil'i-ti ) . 
n.  [pi.  excitabilities  (-tiz)],  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  excitable 
or  easily  stirred  up ;  sensitiveness 
to  irritation. 

cx-ci-tant  (-si'tfmt),  n.  a  stimu- 
lant. 

ex-ci-ta-tion  (-tu'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  exciting ;  the  excitement 
produced. 

ex-cite  (-sit'),  v.t.  to  animate; 
rouse  up ;  encourage ;  put  into 
motion  or  action. 

Syn.    awaken,    provoke,    rouse, 
stir  up. 

Ant.    (see   lull). 

ex-cit-ed  ('ed),  p.adj.  aroused; 
provoked. 

ex-cit-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  tending 
to  excite;  stirring;  lively. 

ex-cite-ment  ('ment),  n.  the 
state  of  being  excited  ;  commotion  ; 
sensation ;  stimulation ;  warmth 
of  temper. 

ex-claim  (eks-klam'),  v.i.  &  v.t. 
to  cry  out  abruptly  and  pas- 
sionately ;  to  vociferate. 

ex-cla-ma-tion  (-kla-ma'shun).  n. 
an  abrupt  or  clamorous  outcry ; 
an  expression  of  surprise,  pain, 
&c. ;  a  mark  (!)  in  writing  or 
printing  to  denote  emotion,  sur- 
prise, &c. 

ex-clam -a-to-ri-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
an  exclamatory  manner. 

ex-clam-a-to-ry  (-klam'a-to-ri) , 
adj.  containing,  expressing,  or  us- 
ing, exclamation. 

ex-clave  ('klav),  n.  a  small  part 
of  a  country  lying  within  the  ter- 
ritory of  another  power. 

ex-elude  (-"kind'),  •».*•  to  shut 
out ;  hinder  from  entrance  or  ad- 
mission ;  prohibit ;  debar ;  except. 

ex-cln-sion  (-klu'zhun),  n.  the 
act  of  excluding ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing excluded ;  omission. 

ex-clu-sion-ist  (-ist).  n.  one  who 
would  debar  another  from  any 
privilege  or  right. 

ex-clu-sive  Csiv),  adj.  tending  to 
exclude ;  illiberal  ;  shutting  out 
from  limits  fixed  by  law :  n.  one 
who  excludes  all  but  a  few  from 
his  society  or  fellowship. 

ex-cog-i-tate  (-koj'i-tat).  v.t.  to 
invent ;  discover  by  thinking. 

ex-com-mu-ni-ca-ble     (-kom-rmY- 


ni-ka-bl),  adj.   deserving,   or  pun- 
ishable by,  excommunication. 

ex-com-mu-ni  cate  ('ni-kat),  v.t. 
to  punish  by  cutting  off  from  the 
membership  and  communication 
of  the  church. 

ex-co-ri-ate  (-ko'ri-at),  v.t.  to 
strip  off  the  skin ;  rub  or  gall ; 
abrade. 

ex-cor-ti-ca-tion  ( -kor-ti-ka'- 

shun),  n.  the  act  of  stripping  off 
bark. 

ex-cre-ment  ('kre-ment),  n  mat- 
ter discharged  from  the  body  of 
an  animal  after  digestion. 

ex-cre-men-tal  (-men'tal),  adj. 
of  the  nature  of  excrement. 

ex-cre-men-ti-tious  (tish'us), 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  consisting 
of,  excrement. 

ex-cres-cence  (-kres'ens),  n.  an- 
unnatural  or  disfiguring  out- 
growth. 

ex-cres-cent  ('ent),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  an  excrescence ;  super- 
fluous. 

ex-cre-ta  (-kre'ta),  n.pl.  useless 
matter  eliminated  from  the  body. 

ex-cre-tion  '  ('shun),  n.  the 
throwing  off  or  ejection  of  waste 
matter  from  the  body. 

ex-cre-to-ry  ('to-ri),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  excretion  :  n.  [pi.  excretories 
(riz)],  a  duct  or  vessel  that  trans- 
mits excreted  matter. 

ex-cru-ci-ate  (-kru'shi-at),  v.t.  to 
inflict  severe  pains  upon ;  torture. 

ex-cru-ci-a-ting  (-a-ting),  adj. 
agonizing. 

ex-cru-ci-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n. 
agony ;  torture. 

ex-cul-pate  (-kul'pat),  v.t.  to 
clear  from  the  imputation  of  a 
fault ;  exonerate. 

ex-cul-pa-to-ry  ('pa-to-ri),  adj. 
vindicatory. 

ex-cur-rent  (-kur'ent),  adj.  run- 
ning out  beyond  the  edge :  said 
of  trees  or  leaves. 

ex-cur-sion  (-ker'shun),  n.  a 
pleasure  trip ;  a  short  or  rapid 
tour;  a  digression. 

flj/n.   jaunt,   ramble,   tour,   trip. 

ex-cur-sive    ('siv),  adj.   rambling. 

ex-cur-sus  ('sus).  n.  a  disserta- 
tion supplemental  to  a  work, 
giving  additional  information  on 
certain  points ;  a  digression. 

ex-cu-sa-ble  (-kuz'a-bl),  adv. 
pardonable. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


exc 


323 


exh 


ex-cu-sa-bly  (-bli),  adv.  pardon- 
ably. 

ex-cuse    (-kiiz'),  v.t.  to  extenuate 
by  apology  ;  pardon  :  free  from  ob- 
ligation  or  duty  ;    remit ;   justify  :  | 
n.    (-kits'),   a   plea   offered   in   ex- j 
tenuation  of  some  fault  or  neglect  ; 
of  duty  ;  apology  ;  pretext. 

ex-e-at     ('e-at),    n.    leave    of    ab-  , 
sence   from   a   college :    permission 
grained    by    a    bishop    to    a   priest 
to  depart  from  his  diocese. 

ex-e-crate  ('e-krat).  v.t.  to  im- 
precate evil  upon  ;  _detest ;  abhor. 

ex-e-cra-tion  (-krfi'sliun),  n.  the 
act  of  executing ;  performance ; 
detestation. 

ex-e-cute  ('e-kut),  v.t.  to  per- 
form; carry  into  effect;  put  to 
death ;  pursue  to  the  end ;  make 
valid  or  legal  by  signing  or  seal- 
ing :  v.i.  to  perform  any  act  or 
office ;  play  some  piece  of  music. 
X//N.  fulfill,  perform. 

ex-e-cu-tion  (-ku'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  executing ;  performance ; 
manner  of  carrying  anything  into 
effect ;  completion ;  a  legal  war- 
rant or  order ;  the  act  of  giving 
validity  to  a  legal  instrument; 
capital  punishment;  destruction; 
effective  work  or  operation. 

ex-ec-n-tive  (egz-ek'u-tiv),  ad). 
pertaining  to  the  governing  body ; 
administrative ;  active :  n.  an 
official,  or  body,  charged  with  car- 
rying the  laws  into  effect ;  the  ad- 
ministrative branch  of  a  govern- 
ment. 

ex-ec-u-tor  ('ii-ter).  n.  a  person 
appointed  by  a  testator  to  see  that 
the  terms  of  his  will  are  duly  car- 
ried out.  Fern,  executrix. 

ex-ec-u-to-ry  ('u-to-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  execution  of  laws : 
carrying  out  official  duties :  to  be 
performed  at  a  future  period. 

ex-e-ge-sis  (eks-e-je'sis),  n.  ex- 
planation or  interpretation  of  a 
text  or  passage,  especially  of  the 
Bible 

ex-e-get-ic  (-jet'ik).  adj.  exposi- 
tory ;  interpretative.  Also  exeget- 
irnl  :  n.pl.  the  science  which  deals 
with  the  interpretation  of  Script- 
ure. 

ex-em-plar  (egz-em'plflr) .  n. 
something  to  be  copied,  or  serving 
as  a  model ;  example. 


ex-em-pla-ry  (-em'pla-ri),  adj. 
serving  as  a  copy  or  model ;  com- 
mendable. 

ex-em-pli-fi-ca-tion  ( -pli-fi-ka'- 
shun),  n.  illustration  by  example 

ex-em-pli-fy  ('pli-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  exemplified,  p.pr.  exemplify- 
ing], to  illustrate  by  example: 
transcribe. 

ex-empt  (-enipf),  v.t.  to  free 
from  some  duty  or  obligation ; 
grant  immunity  to :  adj.  free  from 
some  duty  or  obligation  (with 
from)  :  n.  a  person  thus  set  free, 
an  exon. 

Syn.  free,  cleared. 
Ant.   (see  subject). 

ex-e-qua-tur  (eks-e-kwii'ter),  n. 
a  written  recognition  of  a  consul 
or  commercial  agent  given  by  the 
foreign  government  to  which  he 
is  accredited,  authorizing  him  to 
exercise  his  authority  in  the  place 
where  he  is  stationed. 

ex-er-cise  ('er-siz),  v.t.  to  train 
by  use ;  exert ;  practice ;  employ 
actively  ;  make  anxious  ;  harass  : 
v.i.  to  undergo  training:  n.  bodily 
exertion ;  mental  or  physical  de- 
velopment;  labor;  practice;  e 
lesson  or  example  for  practice. 
Syn.  practice. 

ex-er-ci-tor  (egs-er'si-ter),  n.  the 
person  to  whom  the  profits  of  a 
ship  belong. 

ex-ergue  (-erg'),  n.  the  small 
space  beneath  the  principal  design 
on  a  coin  or  medal  for  the  in- 
sertion of  a  date,  &c. 

ex-ert  (-ert'),  v.t.  to  put  forth; 
use  with  an  effort. 

ex-e-nnt  (eks'e-unt),  they  go  out: 
a  word  used  in  plays  to  denote 
that  the  actors  retire  from  the 
stage. 

ex-fo-li-a-tion  (-fo-li-a'shun).  n. 
the  act  of  scaling  or  peeling  off. 

ex-ha-la-tion.  (eks-ha-la'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  exhaling ;  emanation. 

ex-hale  (-hal'),  v.t.  to  breathe 
forth  ;  emit  or  send  out ;  cause  to 
evaporate :  v.t.  to  rise  in  vapor. 

ex-liaust  (egz-awsf).  v.t.  to 
empty  by  drawing  off  the  con- 
tents;  drain;  weaken;  wear  out 
by  exertion:  discuss  or  treat 
thoroughly:  adj.  wholly  or  partial- 
ly deprived  of  strength. 


late,  i.iiir,  mask,  cat,  awl;  be,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  porch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


exh 


324 


exp 


ex-haust-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  exhausted. 

ex-iaust-ive  ('iv),  adj.  exhaust- 
ing ;  complete. 

Syn.  thorough,  complete. 
Ant.    (see  cursory). 

ex-hib-it  (egz-ib'it  and  eks-hib'- 
it, ),  v.t.  to  present  to  view;  dis- 
play ;  show ;  manifest  publicly ; 
present  formally  or  officially ;  ad- 
minister :  n.  a  legal  document  pre- 
sented in  proof  of  facts ;  an  object 
offered  for  public  view. 

ex-lii  bi  tion  (-hi-bish'un),  n.  the 
act  of  exhibiting ;  a  public  show ; 
a  private  benefaction  for  the  sup- 
port of  a  scholar  at  a  university. 

ex-hil-a-rate  (egz-il'a-rat  and  eks- 
hil'a-rfit),  v.t.  to  make  joyous, 
glad,  or  cheerful ;  enliven. 

ex-hort  (egz-6rt  and  eks-hort'). 
v.t.  to  incite  by  appeal  or  argu- 
ment to  good  deeds ;  caution  ;  ad- 
monish. 

ex-hprt-a-tive  ('a-tiv),  adj.  con- 
taining exhortation. 

ex-hprt-a-to-ry  ('a-to-ri).  adj. 
tending  to  exhort. 

exhume  (eks-hum'),  v.t.  to  dis- 
inter. 

ex-i-gen-cy    (eks'i-jen-si),   n.    [pL 
exigencies     (-siz)].    pressing    ne- 
cessity  or  demand  ;   urgency. 
Syn.   emergency. 

ex-i-gent  ('i-jent),  adj.  urgent; 
pressing. 

ex-ile  (ex'il)  v.t.  to  banish  from 
one's  native  country :  n.  the  state 
of  being  banished  from  one's  na- 
tive country ;  the  condition  of  liv- 
ing away  from  one's  home  or 
friends. 

ex-ist  (egz-isf)  v.i.  to  have  ex- 
istence ;  live. 

ex-is-tence  ('ens),  n.  the  state  of 
being;  life;  duration;  occurrence. 

ex-is-tent  ('tent),  n.  having  be- 
ing. 

ex-it  (eks'it),  n.  the  act  of  go- 
ing out ;  egress ;  the  departure  of 
an  actor  from  the  stage. 

exo,  a  prefix,  meaning  on  the  ont- 
xidr,  occurring  in  many  scientific 
words. 

ex-ode  (eks'od),  n.  an  interlude, 
&c.,  at  the  conclusion  of  a  play. 

ex  of-flc-i-o  (of-fish'i-6),  by  vir- 
tue of  office. 

ex-o-gen  ('6-jen)    n.  a  plant  which 


increases  year  by  year  by  the  ad- 
dition of  layers  outside  the  pre- 
vious bark :  opposed  to  emlogen. 

ex-pg-en-ous  (-oj'en-us).  adj.  per- 
taining to  exogens  or  their  method 
of  growth. 

ex-on-er-ate  (egz-on'er  fit),  v.t.  to 
free  from  the  imputation  of  a 
fault ;  acquit ;  justify  ;  relieve  or 
discharge  from  a  responsibility, 
duty,  &c. 

e  x-o  n-e  r-a-t  i  v  e  (-a-tiv),  adj. 
tending  to  exonerate. 

ex-oph-tlial-mi-a  (eks-of-thal'- 
mia)  n.  abnormal  prominence  of 
the  eyeball. 

ex-or-bi-tance  (egz'Gr-bi-tans)  n. 
going  beyond  due  limits ;  excess. 
Also  exorbitancy. 

ex-or-bi-tant  (-tant),  adj.  ex- 
cessive. 

ex-or-cise  (eks'or-siz).  v.t.  to  ex- 
pel (an  evil  spirit)  by  prayers  or 
incantations ;  pronounce  exor- 
cisms over. 

ex-or-cism  (-sizm).  n.  the  act 
of  expelling  evil  spirits. 

ex-or-cist  (-sist),  n.  one  who 
exorcises :  one  of  the  minor  or- 
ders in  the  Roman  Catholic  and 
<Jivek  Churches. 

ex-or-di-um  (egz-or'di-um),  n.  the 
Opening  part  of  a  speech  or  com- 
position. 

ex-os-mose  (eks'os-mos).  n.  the 
passage  outwards  through  a  mem- 
brane of  gases  and  liquids. 

ex-p-ter-ic  (-o-ter'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  uninitiated  public : 
opposed  to  esoteric. 

ex-ot-ic    (-ot'ik),   adj.   foreign. 

ex-pand  (-pand'),  v.t.  to  distend; 
dilate ;  extend :  v.i.  to  increase  in 
size. 

ex-panse  (-pans'),  n.  a  continuous 
area  ;  the  firmament ;  extent. 

ex-pan-si-ble  (-pan'si-bl).  adj. 
capable  of,  or  permitting,  expan- 
sion. 

expansion  (-pan'shun),  n.  the 
state  of  being  expanded. 

ex-pan-sive  Csiv).  <ulj.  capable 
of  being  expanded ;  widely  ex- 
tended;  large.  Also  expansile. 

ex  parte  (par'te),  adj.  one- 
sided. 

ex-pa-ti-ate  (-pfi'shi-fit).  v.i.  to 
enlarge  in  statement  or  language ; 
be  copious  in  discussion. 


/ate,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


exp 


325 


exp 


ex-pa-tri-ate  (-pa'tri-at),  r.t.  to 
drive  from  one's  native  country. 

ex-pect  (-pekf).  v.t.  to  wait  for; 
look  for  with  an  apprehension  of 
something  good  or  evil. 

ex-pect-ance  Cans),  n.  the  act  or 
state  of  expecting.  Also  expect- 
ancy. 

ex-pect-ant  Cant),  adj.  waiting 
in  expectation  :  presumptive. 

ex-pec-ta-tion  (-tfi'shun).  n.  the 
act  of  looking  forward  to ;  antic- 
ipation :  contingent  prospect  of 
wraith. 

ex-pec-to-rant  Cto-rant),  n.  a 
medicine  that  promotes  expectora- 
tion. 

ex-pec-to-rate  ('to-rat),  v.t.  to 
eject  from  the  lungs  by  coughing, 
&<:  :  spit. 

ex-pec-to-ra-tion  (-to-ra'sbun) , 
n.  the  act  of  expectorating ;  the 
mucous  matter  expectorated. 

ex-pe-di-en-cy  ( -pe'di-en-si  ).  n. 
[pj.  expediencies  (-siz)].  suita- 
bility to  an  end  or  purpose ;  fit- 
ness :  propriety.  Also  expedi- 
ence. 

ex-pe-di-ent  Cdi-ent),  adj.  fit; 
convenient:  suitable;  proper:  n. 
that  which  aids  as  a  means  to  an 
end  ;  device. 

ex-pe-dite  Cpe-dlt),  r.t.  to  hast- 
en ;  facilitate. 

ex-pe-di-tion  (-dish'un),  n.  haste; 
despatch  :  promptness  :  a  march. 
voyage.  &<•..  by  an  army  or  several 
persons  for  some  particular  pur- 
pose. 

ex-pe-di-tion-a-ry  (-a-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to.  or  constituting,  an 
expedition. 

ex-pe-di-tious  Cus),  adj.  quick; 
speedy. 

ex-pel  (-pel''!,  r.f.  [p.t.  &  p./'.  ex- 
pelled, p.pr.  expelling],  to  drive 
away :  force  nut :  send  away  by 
authority  ;  exclude. 

ex-pend  C-pend'i.  r.t.  to  lay  out; 
spend. 

ex-pend  i-tnre  Ci-tur'l.  v.  a  lay- 
ing out.  as  money,  time,  labor. 
&<•.  ;  disbursement. 

ex-pense  (-pens'),  n.  expendim— : 
drain  on  resources:  detriment; 
cost. 

ex-pens-ive  ('iv),  adj.  causing  ex- 
pense. 

ex-pe-ri-ence        (-pe'ri-ens),        n. 


knowledge  gained  by  trial  and 
practice  ;  test ;  practice  ;  spiritual 
exercise  of  mind. 

ex-pe-ri-en-tial-ism  (-en'shai- 
izm),  n.  the  theory  that  all  knowl- 
edge is  based  upon  experience. 
ex-per-i-ment  (-per'i-mentj,  n.  a 
trial  or  operation  to  discover 
something  previously  unknown ; 
proof ;  trial  :  v.i.  to  search  out  by 
trial.  Also  experimentalize. 

Syn.  proof,  trial,   test. 
ex-per-i-ment-al    (-al),   adj.   per- 
taining to,  or  founded  on,  experi- 
ment ;   guided,   or   learned  by   ex- 
perience. 
ex-per-i-ment-al -ly   (-li),  adv.  by 

experiment. 

ex-pert       (-pert'),      adj.      skilful, 
through    practice    or    experience ; 
adroit ;  dexterous. 
ex-pi-ate    ('pi-at),    v.t.    to    atone 

for. 

ex-pi-a-to-ry  (-a-to-ri),  adj.  hav- 
ing the  power  or  nature  of  atone- 
ment. 

ex-pi-ra-tion  (-pi-ra'shun),  n.  ter- 
mination. 
ex-pire  (-plr/),  v.t.  to  breathe  out 

from  the  lungs :  r.i.  to  die. 
ex-pi-ry  Cpi-ri),  n.  the  end. 
ex-plain  (-plan'),  v.t.  to  make  in 
telligible    or    clear ;    expound    or 
interpret. 

Syn.    expound,    interpret,    illus- 
trate, elucidate. 

ex-pla-na-tion    (-pla-na'shun),  n. 

the  act  of  explaining  ;  elucidation  ; 

interpretation  :  a  mutual  clearing 

up  of -a  misunderstanding. 

ex-plan-a-to-ry         ( -plan'a-to-ri ) , 

adj.  serving  to  explain. 
ex-ple-tive  Cple-tiv),  n.  a  word 
not  necessary  for  the  sense  in- 
serted in  a  sentence  for  orna- 
ment or  to  fill  up  a  verse :  adj. 
filling  up ;  added  or  inserted  for 
emphasis,  &c. 

ex-pli-ca-ble  Cpli-ka-bl).  <nlj. 
that  may  be  explained  or  inter- 
preted. 

ex-pli-ca-tive   (-ka-tiv),  adj.  serv- 
ing to  explain.     Also  explicatory. 
ex-plic-it     (-plis'it),    adj.    plain; 
definite. 

«S'//«.   express. 
.\nt.     (indefinite). 
ex-plode     (-nldd).     r.i.     to    burst 
forth  with  sudden  noise  and  vio- 


late, inar,  mask,  cat.  awl     he.  her.  let;  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


exp 


326 


exp 


lence ;  collapse :  v.t.  to  cause  to 
pass  from  a  solid  to  a  gaseous 
state  ;  refute  ;  demolish. 

ex-ploit  (-ploif),  v.t.  to  make  use 
of  for  one's  own  profit ;  put  to 
use ;  explore  in  search  of ;  explain 
at  length :  n.  a  remarkable  deed 
or  heroic  act. 

ex-ploi-ta-tion  (-ploi-tfi'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  exploiting;  the  improve- 
ment of  lands,  working  of  mines, 
&c. ;  an  examination  to  utilize 
natural  resources  previously  neg- 
lected ;  selfish  utilization. 

ex-plo-ra-tion  (-plo-ra'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  exploring ;  careful  in- 
vestigation or  search,  especially 
geographical  research. 

explore  (-plor'),  v.t.  to  search 
into  or  examine  thoroughly  :  travel 
in  or  over  (a  country)  to  discover 
its  characteristic  features,  &c. 

ex-plo-sion  (-plo'zhun).  n.  the 
act  of  exploding ;  a  sudden  burst- 
ing with  a  loud  report ;  a  sudden 
and  violent  outbreak. 

ex-plo-sive  ('siv),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  causing,  explosion  :  n.  any 
substance  that  causes  an  explo- 
sion ;  a  mute  consonant. 

ex-po-nent  (-po'nent),  n.  the  in- 
dex of  an  algebraical  power;  one 
who  explains  or  interprets  the 
principles  of  something. 

ex-po-nen-tial  ( -nen'shal ) ,  adj. 
pertaining  to  an  exponent. 

ex-port  (-port/),  v.t.  to  send  or 
carry  out  of  a  country,  as  mer- 
chandise :  v.i.  to  send  goods  to  a 
foreign  country:  (eks'port-)  n.  a 
commodity  carried  to  a  foreign 
country. 

ex-pose  (-poz').  v.t.  to  lay  open; 
put  forward  for  sale ;  leave  to  the 
action  of  any  force  or  circum- 
stance ;  disclose ;  place  in  peril ; 
lay  open  to  censure  or  ridicule. 

ex-po-se   (-po-zfl'K  n.  an  exposure. 

ex-po-si-tion  (-zish'un).  n.  an  ex- 
planation or  interpretation ;  an 
exhibition. 

ex-pos-i-tor  (-poz'i-ter).  n.  one 
who  expounds  or  interprets. 

ex-pos-i-to-ry  ('i-to-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  conveying,  exposi- 
tion. Also  expositive. 

ex  post  fac-to  (post  fak'to)., 
(Latin,  after  the  deed  is  done), 
a  law  enacted  with  retrospective 
effect. 


ex-pos-tu-late  (-pos'tu-lat),  v.i. 
to  reason  earnestly  or  remonstrate 
(followed  by  with-,  on  or  n/xni  \. 

ex-pos-tu-la-to-ry  ( 't  u-lu-to-ri ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to,  containing,  or 
of  the  nature  of,  expostulation. 

ex-po-sure  (-pf/zhur),  n.  the  act 
of  exposing  ;  situation  ;  aspect. 

ex-pound  (-pound'),  v.t.  to  set 
forth,  explain,  or  interpret ;  make 
clear. 

ex-press  (-pres'),  v.t.  to  exhibit 
by  language  ;  utter ;  show  ;  repre- 
sent ;  squeeze  out ;  despatch  by 
express:  adj.  plainly  stated; 
exact ;  resembling  precisely  ;  not 
implied  ;  specially  prepared  ;  per- 
taining to  quick  or  direct  con- 
veyance :  n.  a  person  or  vehicle 
that  carries  letters  or  small  pack- 
ages expeditiously ;  an  express- 
train  ;  a  message  or  despatch  ;  a 
regular  and  systematic  method  of 
conveyance  for  passengers,  mails, 
goods  of  small  bulk,  &c. 

^i/n.  declare,  signify,  utter,  tell. 

ex-press-i-ble  ( 'i-bl ) ,  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  expressed,  in  any 
sense  of  the  word. 

ex-press-ion  (-presh'un) .  n.  the 
act  or  power  of  representing  any- 
thing ;  a  saying ;  mode  of  speech  ; 
transient  change  of  the  counte- 
nance ;  modulation  of  the  voice. 

ex-press-ive  Civ),  adj.  serving  to 
express ;  full  of  significance ; 
forcibly. 

ex-press-ive-ly  (-15),  adv.  in  an 
expressive  manner. 

ex-  press  -ly  (-pres'li),  adv. 
plainly  ;  specially. 

ex-press-man  ('man),  n.  the  per- 
son who  takes  charge  of  express 
matter  and  attends  to  its  delivery  : 
the  driver  of  an  express  wagon. 

ex-pro-pri-a-tion  (-pro-pri-fi'- 
shun),  n.  the  exclus'on  of  a  small 
owner  from  the  ownership  of 
land,  &c. 

ex-pul-sion  (-pul'shun),  n.  forci 
ble  ejection. 

ex-uul-sive  ('siv).  adj.  serving  to 
expel. 

ex-punge  (-punj'),  v.t.  to  blot 
out ;  erase  ;  destroy  ;  obliterate. 

ex-pur-gate  Cper-gat),  v.t.  to  re- 
move whatever  is  offensive  to  good 
taste  or  morality  from :  said  of 
books. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pGrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


exp 


327 


cxt 


ex-pur-ga-toi-  (-ga-ter),  n.  one 
who  expurgates. 

ex-pnr-ga-to-ry  ( 'gu-to-ri ) ,  adj. 
serving  to  expurgate. 

ex-qui-site      ('kwi-zit),     adj.     re- 
fined :    delicate  ;    nice  ;    accurate  ;  i 
choice  ;  excellent :  highly  finished  ;  | 
very  sensibly  felt ;   extreme  :   n.  a 
person    over    refined    in    dress ;    a 
dandy. 

extant  ('tant),  adj.  still  exist- 
ing. 

ex-tern -po-ra-ne-ous  ( -tem-po-ra'- 
ne-us),  adj.  unpremeditated  :  with- 
out previous  notes  or  study  ;  off- 
hand. Also  extemporary. 

NI/H.  extempore,  impromptu,  off- 
hand. 

Ant.  (see  prepared). 

ex-tem-po-re  ('po-re).  adj.  with- 
out study  or  premeditation. 

ex-tem-po-rize  ('po-riz).  v.t.  to 
compose  on  the  spur  of  the  mo- 
ment :  r.i.  to  discourse,  &c..  with- 
out notes  or  previous  study. 

ex-tend,    (-tend'),    v.t.    to    stretch 
out :  enlarge  ;  amplify  :  continue  ; 
diffuse :      communicate :      dissemi- 
nate :    v.l.    to    reach    to    any    dis- 
tance ;  be  prolonged. 
Nj/n.  reach,  stretch. 
A  >it.   (see  abridge) . 

ex-ten-si-ble  (-ten'si-bl).  adj.  ca- 
pable of  extension.  Also  exten- 
sile. 

ex-ten-sion  ('shun),  n.  the  act  of 
extending :  the  state  of  being  ex- 
tended :  a  branch  line  of  railway, 
&c. ;  space  regarded  as  having 
dimensions. 

«x-ten-sive  Csiv).  adj.  having 
great  extent ;  wide ;  comprehen- 
sive. 

ex-ten-sive-ly  (-H).  adv.  widely; 
largely. 

ex-ten-sont-e-ter  (-som'e-ter).  n. 
a  micrometer  for  measuring  the 
expansion  of  a  body. 

ex-ten-sor   (-ten'ser),  n.  a  muscle 
that  extends,  or  straightens,  a  limb. 
ex- tent    (-tent'),  n.  the  space   or 
degree    to    which    a    thing    is    ex- 
tended:   size;   compass;   reach;   a 
writ  of  execution. 
ex-ten-nate     (-ten'u-at),    r.t.     to 
offer  excuses   for;   palliate;   miti- 
gate. 

ex-ten-n-a-tor  (-a-ter),  n.  one 
who  extenuates. 


ex-ten-u-a-to-ry  (-to-ri),  adj. 
palliative. 

ex-te-ri-or  (-te'ri-er),  adj.  out- 
ward ;  external :  n.  that  which  is 
outside ;  outer  surface. 

ex-ter-mi-nate  (-ter'mi-nat),  v.t. 
to  destroy  utterly ;  annihilate ; 
root  out. 

N//M.  destroy,  eradicate,  uproot, 
annihilate. 

Ant.  (see  increase). 

ex-ter-mi-na-tor  (-na-ter),  n. 
one  who,  or  that  which,  extermi- 
nates. 

ex-ter-mi-na-to-ry  (-to-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to  extermination  ;  serv- 
ing to  exterminate. 

ex-tern  (-tern'),  n.  a  non-resident 
scholar:  adj.  external;  visible. 

ex-ter-nal  (-ter'nul),  adj.  out- 
side; exterior;  superficial;  objec- 
tive ;  foreign :  n.  an  exterior  or 
outward  part ;  an  outward  form, 
rite,  or  ceremony. 

ex-ter-nal-ly  (-li),  adv.  out- 
wardly. 

ex-ter-ri-to-ri-al-i-ty  (-ter-ri-to- 
ri-al'i-ti),  n.  the  right  possessed 
by  ambassadors  to  live  under  the 
laws  of  their  own  country. 

ex-tinct  (-tingkt'),  adj.  extin- 
guished ;  put  out ;  quenched  ;  worn 
out ;  inactive. 

ex-tinct-enr  Cur  or  -tftng-tur'), 
n.  a  portable  fire-extinguisher. 

ex-tin-guish  (-ting'gwish),  v.t. 
to  put  out ;  pay  off  and  satisfy  in 
full ;  eclipse. 

ex-tin-guish-er  (-er),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  extinguishes ; 
a  hollow  cone  for  extinguishing  a 
light. 

ex-tir-pate  ('ter-pat),  v.t.  to 
eradicate  ;  destroy  ;  exterminate. 

ex-tir-pa-tive  (-tiv),  adj.  capable 
of,  or  tending  to,  extirpate.  Also 
extirpatory. 

ex-tir-pa-tor  (-ter),  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  extirpates. 

ex-tol  (-tol;,  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  ex- 
tolled, p.pr  extolling],  to  praise 
highly  ;  magnify  ;  laud  ;  celebrate. 

ex-tor-sive  (-tdr'siv),  adj.  tending 
to  extort. 

ex-tort  (-tort'),  v.t.  to  obtain  by 
threats,  violence,  or  injustice : 
v.i.  to  practice  extortion. 

ex-tor-tion     (-tor'shun),     n.     the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ext 


328 


act  or  practice  of  extorting ;  op- 
pressive or  unjust  exaction. 

ex-tor-tion-ate  ('slum-fit),  adj. 
characterized  by  extortion ;  un- 
just. 

ex-tor-tion-ate-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
an  extortionate  manner. 

ex-tor-tion-er  ('shun-er),  n.  one 
\vho  practices  extortion.  Also  ex- 
tortionist. 

ex-tra,  a  prefix  meaning  over  and 
above;  beyond;  besides,  found  in 
numerous  words,  the  sense  of 
which  is  self-evident,  as  extra- 
official,  eotfra-parochial,  extra-ju- 
dicial,  extra-mural,  &c. 

ex-tra  ('tra),  adj.  additional:  n. 
something  not  included  in  the 
usual  fee  or  charge  ;  an  edition  of 
a  newspaper  issued  in  addition  to 
the  regular  edition,  or  for  some 
particular  object. 

ex-tract  (-trakf),  v.t.  to  draw 
out  of ;  pull  out ;  select  from  a 
larger  literary  work:  n.  (eks'- 
trakt)  a  substance  extracted  by 
distillation,  solution,  &c. ;  an  ab- 
stract or  excerpt  from  a  book ; 
quotation. 

ex-tract-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  extracted.  Also  ex- 
tractable. 

ex-trac-tion  (-trak'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  extracting ;  lineage,  birth, 
or  descent. 

ex-tract-or  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  extracts. 

ex-tra-dite  ('tra-dlt),  v.t.  to  sur- 
render (a  person)  to  another 
government  under  the  terms  of  a 
treaty  of  extradition. 

ex-tra-di-ta-ble  (-di'ta-bl).  adj. 
liable  or  subject  to,  extradition. 

ex-tra-di-tion  (-dish'un),  n.  the 
surrender  by  the  government  of 
one  nation  to  another  of  a  person 
guilty  of  a  crime,  in  accordance 
with  the  terms  of  a  treaty  exist- 
ing between  the  two  nations. 

ex-tra-dos  Cdos),  n.  the  exterior 
curve  of  an  arch. 

ex-trane  (eks-tran').  adj.  for- 
eign ;  not  in  accord  with  the 
hypnotized  subject :  n.  one  who  is 
extreme. 

ex-tra-ne-i-ty  (eks-tra-ne'i-ti),  n. 
externality. 

ex-tra-ne-ons  ('ne-us),  adj.  ex- 
ternal ;  foreign. 


ex-traor-di-na-ry  ( -tror'di-un-ri, 
or  -tra-6r'di-na-ri),  adj.  beyond  or 
out  of  the  usual  course ;  uncom- 
mon ;  unusual ;  remarkable  ;  rare  ; 
eminent ;  special. 

ex-tra  v-a-gance       (-trav'a-gans) 
n.    excess   in    anything,    especially 
expenditure ;  profusion. 

ex-trav-a-gant  <'a-g:mt),  adj.  ex- 
ceeding reasonable  limits  ;  waste- 
ful;  prodigal;  irregular;  need- 
lessly lavish  in  expenditure ; 
visionary. 

Syn.  lavish,  profuse,  prodigal. 
Ant.    (see  parsimonious). 

ex-trav-a-gan-za  (-gan'za),  n.  a 
stage  burlesque ;  an  irregular 
piece  of  music ;  a  wild  flight  of 
language  or  feeling. 

ex-trav-a-sate  ('a-sat),  v.t.  to 
force  out  of  a  duct  or  vessel,  as 
blood :  v.i.  to  escape  out  of  the 
proper  vessel. 

ex-treme  (-trem'),  adj.  of  the 
highest  degree  ;  last ;  utmost ;  fur- 
thest ;  final ;  most  severe  or 
strict;  uncompromising:  «.  the 
utmost  degree  of  anything ;  ex- 
tremity ;  excess ;  end :  pi.  points 
at  the  greatest  distance  from 
each  other. 

ex-treme-ly  ('li),  adv.  exceed- 
ingly. 

ex-trem-ist  Cist),  n.  a  supporter 
of  extreme  views  or  practice. 

ex-trem-i-ty  (-trem'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
extremities  (-tiz)],  the  utmost 
point  or  degree ;  remotest  part ; 
utmost  violence,  vigor,  or  neces- 
sity ;  end :  pi.  the  limbs. 

ex-tri-cate  ('tri-kiit),  v.t.  to  free 
from  difficulties,  complications,  or 
perplexity  ;  disembarrass. 

ex-tri-ca-ble  ('tri-ka-bl).  adj.  ca- 
pable of  being  extricated. 

ex-trin-sie  (-trin'sik).  adj.  ex- 
ternal ;  not  inherent  or  essential ; 
foreign. 

ex-trin-sic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  out- 
wardly. 

ex-tro-ver-sion  (-tro-ver'shun), 
n.  the  turning  of  an  inner  part 
outward. 

ex-tmde  (-trad'),  v.t.  to  thrust 
out. 

ex-u-ber-ance  (-u'ber-ans),  n.  su- 
perabundance. 

ex-u-ber-ant  (-ant),  adj.  copious. 

ex-nde     (-ud').    v.t.    to    discharge 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pSrcb-  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  /Aen. 


exu 


329 


eyr 


gradually    through    pores :    r.i.    to 

flow  out  slowly. 
ex-ult   (egz-ulf).  v.i.  to  rejoice  in 

triumph  ;  be  glad  above  measure. 
ex-ul-tant    ('ant),    adj.    rejoicing 

triumphantly. 
ex-n-vi-a     (eks-u'vi-e),    n.pl.    the 

cast  off  skins,  shells,  &c..  of  ani- 
mals ;  fossil  remains  of  animals. 
eye  ( I ) ,  n.  the  organ  of  sight ;  the 

eyeball :  sight ;  observation  ;  view  ; 

a    small    perforation ;    bud ;    that 

which  resembles  an  eye:  v.t.  [p.t. 

&    p.p.    eyed;    p.pr.    eyeing],    to 

watch     closely ;     keep     in     view ; 

scrutinize. 
eye-ball    ('bawl),  n.  the  globe  of 

the  eye. 
eye-bright    ('brit),    n.    the    plant 

euphrasy,  of  the  figwort  family. 
eye-brow     ('brou),    n.    the    hairy 

arch  above  the  eyes. 
eye-lash    ('lash),   n.   the   ridge   of 

hair  that  lines  the  eyelid. 
eye-let    ('let),   n.  a  small   hole  to 

receive  a  lace  or  cord. 
eye-lid   ('lid),  n.  the  movable  skin 


which  covers  over  and  closes  the 
eye. 

eye-op-en-er  (-6p'en-er),  n.  any- 
thing that  opens  the  eyes ;  some- 
thing incredible,  as  news ;  an 
early  dram  of  spirits. 

eye-piece  ('pes),  n.  the  lens  or 
lenses  in  an  optical  instrument 
through  which  the  image  of  an 
object  is  magnified  and  viewed. 

eye-sight  ('sit),  n.  the  sight  of 
the  eye  ;  range  of  vision  ;  view. 

eye-sore  ('sor),  n.  anything  that 
offends  the  sight. 

eye-spot  ('spot)  n.  a  rudimen- 
tary visual  organ ;  an  eye-like 
marking. 

eye-tooth  ('tooth),  n.  [pi.  eye- 
teeth  ('teth)L  one  of  the  upper 
canine  teeth  in  the  human  jaw. 

ey-ot  (I'ot)  n.  a  little  island  in 
a  river  or  lake.  Also  ait. 

ey-ra  ('ra),  n.  the  wild  cat  of 
Texas. 

eyre  (ar),  n.  a  circuit  of  itinerant 
judges. 

ey-rie  (e'  or  a'ri),  n.  the  nest  of 
a  predatory  bird.  Also  eyry. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


fa 


330 


tac 


fa  (fa),  ft.  the  fourth  note  in  the 
sol-fa  musical  notation  =  F. 

fa-ble  (fa'bl),  n.  a  short  fictitious 
narrative  intended  to  convey  some 
moral ;  an  idle  story  or  falsehood  : 
v.t.  to  feign ;  fabricate :  v.i.  to 
speak  falsely  or  untruthfully. 

•Sj/n.   apologue,   novel,   romance, 
tale. 

fab-ric  (fab'rik),  n.  an  edifice  or 
building ;  a  woven,  felted,  or 
knitted  material. 

fab-ri-cate  ('ri-kfit),  v.t.  to  con- 
struct ;  form  by  manufactmre  or 
art ;  invent  falsely. 

fab-ri-ca-tor  (-ka-ter),  n.  one 
who  fabricates. 

fab-u-list  ('u-list),  n.  a  writer  of 
fables ;  a  liar. 

fab-u-lize  ('u-llz),  v.i.  to  com- 
pose, write,  or  relate  fables. 

fab-u-lous  ('ii-lus),  adj.  ficti- 
tious ;  mythical. 

fa-cade  (fa-sad')  n.  front  eleva- 
tion. 

face  (fas),  n.  the  countenance; 
dial  of  a  clock,  &c. ;  front ;  vis- 
age ;  surface ;  appearance ;  out- 
ward aspect ;  confidence  ;  personal 
influence  ;  an  expressive  grimace  ; 
value,  excluding  discount  or  in- 
terest: said  of  a  note,  &c.  (face- 
value)  :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  faced, 
p.pr.  facing],  to  meet  in  front; 
oppose  with  boldness  or  confi- 
dence ;  stand  opposite  to ;  cover 
with  an  additional  surface :  v.i.  to 
turn  the  face. 

N//».  visa-re,  countenance. 

faced  (fast),  p. adj.  having  a  face  ; 
dressed,  as  stone  or  tea ;  fur- 
nished with  a  covering  of  harder 
metal. 

fa-cer  (fas'er),  n.  a  blow  in  the 
face :  a  quick  retort ;  an  unex- 
pected check. 

fac-et  (fas'et),  n.  a  small  surface 
or  face :  one  of  the  minute  planes 
into  which  the  surface  of  a 
diamond  is  cut :  v.t.  to  cut  or 
work  a  facet  upon. 

fa  -  ce  -  ti  -  oe  (fa-se'shi-e) ,  n.pl. 
witty  sayings:  books  character- 
ized by  coarse  wit. 


fa-ce-tious  ('shus),  adj.  humor- 
ous ;  jocular. 

Syn.  pleasant,  jocular,  jocose. 
Ant.   (see  sferious). 

fa-cial  ('shal),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  face. 

fa-cial  angle  (ang'gl)  n.  the 
angle  formed  by  the  two  lines 
drawn  respectively  from  the  nos- 
trils to  the  ear,  and  from  the 
nose  to  the  forehead :  used  iu 
craniometrical  calculations. 

fa-cial-ly  (-li),  adv.  as  regards 
the  face. 

fa-ci-es  ('shi-ez).  n.  the  face;  the 
general  resemblance  or  aspect  of 
any  group  of  organisms  or  rocks 

fac-ile  (fas'il),  adj.  yielding; 
pliant;  affable. 

fac-ile  priii  ceps  (prin'seps) 
easily  first. 

fa-cil-i-tate  (fa-sil'i-tat).  v.t.  to 
make  easy  or  less  difficult ;  lessen 
the  labor  of. 

fa-cil-i-ty  ('i-ti).  n.  [pi.  facilities 
(-tiz)J,  freedom  from  difficulty; 
dexterity ;  ease ;  pliancy  ;  ready 
compliance:  pi.  the  means  by 
which  the  performance  of  anv 
act  may  be  more  easily  accom- 
plished. 

fa-cing  (fa'sing),  n.  a  covering  in 
front  for  ornamental  or  other 
purposes ;  a  method  of  coloring 
tea,  &c. :  pi.  military  movements 
in  drill  in  turning  to  the  right. 
|eft,  &c. ;  the  collars,  cuffs,  &c..  of 
different  color  to  the  coat  on  a 
military  uniform. 

fac-sim-i-le  (fak-sim'i-le)  •«.  an 
exact  reproduction,  counterpart 
or  likeness  of  an  orisrinal. 

fact  (fakt),  n.  anything  that  is 
done;  reality:  event;  truth. 

fac-tion  (fak'shun).  ».  ;\  party  in 
disloyal  opposition  ;  dissension. 

fac-tions  Cshtis),  ndj.  given  to, 
or  characterized  by,  faction  : 
turbulent. 

fac-ti-tious  (-tish'us).  adj.  artifi- 
cial ;  sham. 

fac-ti-tive  ('ti-tiv),  adj.  causa- 
tive. 

fac-tor  ('ter),  n.  an  agent  who 
transacts  business  for  another ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let :  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fac 


331 


fai 


one  of  two  or  more  quantities 
(multiplier  and  multiplicand) 
which,  multiplied  together,  give  a 
product ;  any  circumstance,  &c., 
which  produces  a  result :  v.t.  to 
manage  or  act  as  a  factor  for : 
resolve  into  mathematical  factors. 
Syn.  agent. 

fac-tor-age  (-aj),  n.  a  factor's 
commissioa. 

fae-to-ry  <'to-ri),  n.  [pi.  facto- 
ries (-riz)l.  a  manufactory;  a 
trading  settlement. 

fac-to-tum  (-to'tum),  n.  a  man 
of  all  work. 

fac-u-lae  ('u-le),  n.pl.  luminous 
spots  on  the  sun's  surface. 

fac-nl-ta-tive  < 'ul-ta-tiv),  adj. 
enabling ;  permissive. 

fac-nl-ty  ('ul-ti),  n.  [pi.  facul- 
ties (-tiz)],  any  mental  or  physi- 
cal power:  mental  capacity;  skill 
obtained  by  practice ;  ability ; 
ease ;  readiness ;  the  members  col- 
lectively of  any  one  of  the 
learned  professions,  especially  the 
medical ;  the  masters  and  profess- 
ors of  a  department  in  a  uni- 
versity. 

fad  (fad),  n.  a  crotchet;  a  pet 
idea  or  hobby  ;  a  passing  fashion. 

fad-dist  ('ist),  n.  one  given  to 
fads. 

fad-dy  Ci),  adj.  given  to  fads. 

fade  (fad),  v.i.  to  lose  color  or 
distinctness:  languish;  wither; 
droop ;  die  away. 

fad-ing  ('ing),  n.  decay;  loss  of 
color. 

fse-cal  (fe'kAl),  adj.  pertaining  to 
excrement  or  sediment. 

fae-ces  ('sez).  n.pl.  excrement; 
sediment. 

fsec-u-la,  same  as  fecula. 

fag  (fag),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  fagged, 
p.pr.  faggiug],  to  work  hard: 
grow  weary;  drudge  for  another: 
v.t.  to  tire  out  or  exhaust ;  to 
compel  to  drudge  for  another:  n. 
one  who  drudges  for  another ;  a 
school-boy  who  performs  menial 
duties  for  another  in  a  higher 
class;  fatigue  or  weariness; 
drudgery. 

fag-end  ('end),  n.  the  latter  or 
meaner  part  of  anything ;  the 
frayed  end  of  a  piece  of  cloth, 
rope,  &c. 

fag-ot   Cot),  n.  a  bundle  of  sticks 


bound  together ;  a  bundle  of  fish 
laid  up  for  drying ;  a  bundle  of 
scrap-  or  wrought-iron  or  steel  to 
be  worked  over ;  a  kind  of  meat- 
cake  of  pork :  v.t.  to  form  into 
fagots. 

fag-ot-ing  (-ing),  n.  a  method  of 
ornamenting  textile  fabrics. 

Fah-ren-heit  (fa'ren-hit).  n.  the 
name  of  a  thermometer-scale,  hav- 
ing 32°  as  its  freezing  point,  and 
212°  as  the  boiling  point  of 
water. 

fa-ience  (fa-yangs'),  n.  a  variety 
of  decorated  majolica  ware. 

fail    (ffil),   v.i.   to   fall   short;    be 
deficient ;    waste    away  ;    decline  ; 
turn  out  badly  ;  become  bankrupt : 
v.t.  to  be  wanting,  or  insufficient 
for ;  forsake  :  n.  failure  ;  omission. 
»S'j/M.  to  fall  short,  be  deficient. 
Ant.   (see  accomplish). 

fail-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  fault;  weak- 
ness ;  imperfection  ;  the  act  of  be- 
coming bankrupt. 

faille  (fal,  or  fa'ye),  n.  a  soft  un- 
twilled  silk  used  for  dresses  or 
bonnet  trimmings.  &c. 

fail-nre  (fal'ur),  n.  the  act  of 
failing ;  omission  ;  neglect  or  non- 
performance  ;  want  of  success ; 
lapse ;  the  act  of  becoming  bank- 
rupt. 

fain  (fan),  adv.  willingly; 
gladly. 

faint  (fant),  v.i.  to  become 
feeble  ;  lose  consciousness  ;  swoon  ; 
lose  courage  and  hope :  adj. 
feeble ;  languid  ;  depressed  ;  spirit- 
less ;  not  bright  or  vivid  in  color ; 
not  loud  or  clear :  n.  a  sudden 
loss  of  consciousness :  pi.  the  im- 
pure spirit  which  distils  over  first 
and  last  in  making  whisky. 
Syn.  feeble,  languid. 
Ant.  (see  forcible) . 

faint-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  sudden  and 
temporary  loss  of  consciousness ; 
syncope. 

fair  (far),  adj.  beautiful;  hand- 
some ;  pleasing  to  the  eye  or 
mind ;  free  from  any  dark  hue ; 
spotless  ;  not  cloudy  ;  fine  ;  favor- 
able ;  prosperous ;  just ;  equitable  ; 
civil ;  legible  ;  above  mediocrity  ; 
of  good  reputation ;  reasonable ; 
passably  good  ;  blowing  direct ;  the 
female  sex  (with  the)  ',  a  market 
held  at  particular  times :  adv.  dis- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin, 


fai 


332 


fai 


tinctly ;     openly ;      honestly ;     on 
good  terms  ;  legibly. 

8yn.    equitable,    honest,    reason- 
able. 

Ant.   (see  unfair). 

fair-ly  ('li),  adv.  honorably; 
openly. 

fair-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  quality  of 
being  fair  ;  beauty  ;  equity  ;  clear- 
ness ;  candor. 

fair-y  (far'i),  n.  [pi.  fairies 
(-iz)],  an  imaginary  being  of 
graceful  and  diminutive  human 
form,  supposed  to  interfere  in  hu- 
man affairs  for  good  or  evil ;  an 
elf ;  fay ;  sprite ;  brownie  :  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  resembling, 
fairies. 

fair-y-land  (-land),  n.  the  sup- 
posed abode  of  fairies ;  an  en- 
chanting and  pleasant  abode. 

fair-y  ring  (ring),  n.  a  small 
circle  of  grass  greener  than  the 
turf  surrounding  it,  caused  by  an 
underground  fungus. 

fait  ac-com-pli  (fat  a-kang-ple' ) , 
n.  [Fr.]  something  already  done. 

faith    (fath),    n.    belief:    trust   in 
the  honesty  and  truth  of  another ; 
the  assent  of  the  mind  to  Divine 
revelation  ;    unshaken    adherence  ; 
fidelity  ;  honesty  ;  a  system  of  doc- 
trines or  tenets. 
Syn.  creed. 
Ant.   (see  unbelief,  infidelity). 

faith-ful     ('fool),     adj.     full     of 
faith  ;  trustworthy  ;  truthful ;  hon- 
est ;   loyal :   n.   Christians   in   full 
communion   (with  the). 
8yn.  true,  loyal,  constant. 
Ant.   (see  faithless). 

faith-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  faith- 
ful manner. 

fake  (fak),  v.t.  to  fold  or  coil; 
to  cover  up  imperfections  of,  or 
fabricate  with  the  view  of  decep- 
tion ;  steal  :  n.  a  coil  or  turn  of 
a  rope ;  a  cheat  or  dodge ;  canard  ; 
hoax  ;  a  swindler  or  trickster. 

fake-ment  ('ment),  n.  fraud;  de- 
ception. 

fak-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  fakes;  a 
swindler ;  pickpocket. 

Fa-kir  (faker),  n.  a  Mohamme- 
dan ascetic  or  mendicant  priest. 

fal-cate  (fal'kfit),  adj.  sickle- 
shnpod.  Also  falciform. 

fal-chion  (fawl'shun),  n,  a  short, 
slightly  curved  sword,  with  a 
broad  blade. 


falcon  ('kn  or  faw'kn),  n.  a 
predatory  bird  with  a  hooked 
beak,  trained  for  hunting. 

fal-con-er  (faw'kn-er)  n.  one 
who  trains  or  sports  with  falcons. 

fal-con-ry  (faw'kn-ri),  n.  the  art 
of  training  hawks  to  pursue  other 
birds. 

fald-stool  (fawld'stool),  n.  a  lit- 
any-stool, or  -desk ;  the  bishop's 
chair  near  the  altar. 

fall  (fawl),  v.i.  \  p.t.  fell,  p.v.  fall- 
en, p.pr.  falling],  to  drop  from  a 
higher  to  a  lower  place ;  drop 
from  an  erect  posture ;  descend ; 
sink ;  flow  into ;  perish ;  be  de- 
graded or  disgraced ;  happen ; 
apostatize  or  fall  into  sin  ;  begin 
with  ardor ;  become  the  property 
of :  adj.  pertaining  to  the  au- 
tumn :  n.  the  act  of  falling  ;  dis- 
tance through  which  anything 
falls  ;  overthrow  ;  ruin  ;  death  ; 
cadence  ;  waterfall ;  cataract ;  de- 
crease in  value;  a  veil;  autumn. 
tiyn.  drop,  droop,  sink,  tumble. 
Ant.  (see  rise)._ 

fal-la-cious  (fal-la'shus),  adj.  de- 
ceptive. 

fal-la-cy  CA-si),  n.  [pi.  fallacies 
(-siz)],  a  deceptive  or  false  ap- 
pearance :  mistake ;  an  unsound 
method  of  reasoning ;  sophism. 

fall-en  (fawl'n),  p.iidj.  sunk  to  a 
lower  state  or  condition ;  de- 
graded ;  ruined ;  outcast ;  over- 
thrown ;  dead. 

fal-li-bil-i-ty  (fal-i-bil'i-ti).  n. 
the  state  of  being  fallible ;  lia- 
bility to  err. 

fal-li-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  liable  to  be 
deceived,  mislead,  err,  or  fail. 

fall-ing  (fawl'ing),  i>.<idj.  moving 
or  hanging  downwards  ;  sinking  : 
declining;  decreasing  in  value  or 
quantity  :  n.  the  act  or  process  of 
falling;  descent;  downward  dis- 
placement. 

fallopian  (fal-6'pi-an),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  ducts  which  con- 
vey the  ova  to  the  uterus. 

fal-low  ('6),  v.t.  to  make  or  keep 
fallow :  adj.  plowed  but  not  sown 
for  the  season ;  untilled ;  neg- 
lected ;  of  a  pale  yellow  or  red- 
dish-yellow color :  n.  land  plowed 
but  left  unseeded. 

fal-low-deer  (-der),  n.  a  species 
of  deer  of  yellowish-brown  color, 
with  branched  and  recurved  horns. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fal 


333 


fait 


false  (fawls).  adj.  untrue:  dis- 
honest ;  disloyal ;  perfidious  ;  coun- 
terfeit ;  not  well  founded ;  unre- 
liable ;  made  for  temporary  use ; 
not  in  harmony  :  adv.  falsely. 

false-hood  ('hood),  n.,  an  un- 
truth :  lie. 

false-keel  (-kel),  n.  the  timber 
below  the  main  keel. 

fal-set-to  (fawl-sefo),  n.  an  ar- 
tificial tone  higher  in  key  than 
the  natural  compass  of  the  voice. 

fal-si-fy  ('si-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
falsified.  i>.i>r.  falsifying],  to 
make,  or  prove  to  be.  false :  coun- 
terfeit;  forge:  v.i.  to  lie. 

fal-si-ty  Csi-ti).  n.  [pi.  falsities 
(-tiz)  ],  the  quality  of  being  false  ; 
an  untruth  ;  false  statement. 

Fal-staf -fi-an  ( f  awl'staf-i-an ) , 
adj.  resembling  Falstaff :  hence 
boasting;  coarsely  jovial,  etc. 

fal-ter  ('terl.  r.t.  to  utter  in  a 
weak  trembling  manner  (with 
out )  :  r.t.  to  exhibit  moral  or 
physical  hesitancy  :  waver  ;  trem- 
ble ;  fail  in  utterance. 

fame     I  film),     n.    public    report; 
rumor:  celebrity:  renown. 
N//».    renown,   reputation. 

famed  ('(1),  adj.  renowned;  cele- 
brated. 

fa-mil-iar  (fa-mil'yer).  adj.  well 
acquainted,  or  intimate,  with;  do- 
niestic:  affable:  easy:  uncon- 
strained: unceremonious;  habit- 
uated by  custom:  n.  a  spirit  or 
demon  supposed  to  attend  at  the 
call  of  a  necromancer ;  a  domes- 
tic of  the  papal  household. 

fa-mil-i-ar-i-ty  (-i-ar'i-ti),  _  «. 
\pl.  familiarities  (-tiz)],  inti- 
inai-y  ;  ease  of  conversation;  free- 
dom from  ceremony  or  conven- 
tionality ;  a  liberty  or  freedom. 

f  a-mil-iar-ize  ( 'yer-iz  t .  v.t.  to 
make  familiar:  habituate. 

fam-i-ly  (fam'i-lil.  n.  \j>l.  fami- 
lies (-\\v.\  \.  a  household;  children 
as  distinguished  from  the  parent: 
a  body  of  persons  descended  from 
a  common  ancestor;  tribe;  race; 
genealogy  ;  noble  lineage  ;  class  :  a 
group  of  animals  larger  than  a 
u"nus,  but  less  than  an  order;  an 
order  [Bot-1. 

fam-ine  (fam'in),  n.  extreme 
dearth ;  great  scarcity. 

fam-ish  ('Ssh),  v.t.  &  v.i.  to 
starve. 


fa-mous  (fa'musi,  adj.  renowned; 
conspicuous ;  noted. 

>'//>!.  celebrated,  renowned,  illus- 
trious. 

Ant.    (see   obscure). 

fa-mous-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  fa- 
mous manner ;  admirably. 

fam-u-lus  ('u-lus),  n.  the  fa- 
miliar spirit  of  a  magician ;  an 
assistant. 

fan  (fan),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  fanned, 
p.pr.  fanning],  to  cool  with  a 
fan ;  agitate  the  air,  as  with  a 
fan  ;  ventilate  ;  winnow  :  n.  a  flat 
implement  used  to  cool  the  face  by 
agitating  the  air ;  an  instrument 
for  exciting  a  current  of  air ;  any- 
thing resembling  a  fan  in  shape ; 
a  winnowing  implement. 

fa-nat-ic  (fa-nat'ik),  n.  one  who 
is  intemnerately  zealous,  or 
wildly  extravagant,  especially  on 
religious  subjects :  adj.  charac- 
terized by  fanaticism ;  visionary. 
Also  fanatical. 

fa-nat-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adr.  in  a 
fanatic  manner. 

fa-nat-i-cism  ('i-sizm),  n.  extrav- 
agant or  frenzied  zeal ;  wild  en- 
thusiasm. 

fan-cied  (fan'sid),  adj.  imaginary. 

fan-ci-er  ('si-er),  n.  one  who 
breeds  or  sells  animals  and  birds ; 
an  amateur. 

fan-ci-fnl  ('si-fool),  adj.  influ- 
enced by  the  fancy ;  unreal ; 
whimsical :  wild. 

Syn.      capricious,      fantastical, 
whimsical. 

fan-ci-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  fan- 
ciful manner. 

fan-cy  ('si),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  fan- 
cied, p.pr.  fancying],  to  imagine; 
take  a  liking  to ;  be  pleased  with : 
v.i.  to  imagine ;  suppose :  adj.  or- 
namental ;  elegant ;  imaginary ; 
characterised  hv  variety :  n.  crea- 
tive imagination;  idea;  notion: 
liking;  caprice;  pet  pursuit: 
sporting  characters,  as  pugilists, 
&c.  (with  the). 
Syn.  imagination. 

fan-dan-go  (-dang'go),  n.  a  lively 
Spanish  dance ;  a  lively  ball. 

fane    (fan),  n.  a  temple;  church. 

fan-fare  (fan'far),  n.  a  flourish 
of  trumpets;  noisy  ostentatious 
parade. 

fan-far-o-nade        (-o-nad').        n. 


late,  mar,  mflsk.  cat.  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut :  thin,  f/ten. 


ran 


334 


far 


blustering  talk  or  swagger :  v.i.  to 
make  a  noisy  parade. 

fang  (fang),  n.  the  lower  part  of 
a  tooth  set  in  the  socket ;  the 
poison-tooth  of  a  serpent ;  a  tusk, 
claw,  talon,  or  pointed  tooth. 

fan-ion  (fan'yun),  n.  a  small  ban- 
ner. 

fan-tail  ('tal),  n.  a  variety  of 
pigeon. 

fan-tan  ('tan),  n.  a  Chinese 
gambling  game. 

fan-ta-si-a  (-ta'  or  ta'zhi-a),  n. 
a  musical  composition  not  re- 
stricted by  the  usual  laws  of  form 
or  time. 

fan-tas-tic  (-tas'tik),  adj.  odd; 
whimsical ;  grotesque  ;  unreal ; 
imaginary.  Also  fantastical. 

fan-tas-tic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in 
a  fantastic  manner. 

fan-ta-sy,   see  phantasy. 

far  (far),  adj.  \corn.  farther,  fur- 
ther, superl.  farthest,  furthest], 
remote  ;  distant ;  extending  widely 
or  at  length ;  contrary  to  design 
or  purpose ;  alienated :  adv.  re- 
motely ;  very  much  ;  to  a  certain 
point  or  degree ;  to  a  great  dis- 
tance ;  widely. 

far-ad  (far'ad),  n.  a  unit  of 
electric  capacity. 

farce  (fars),  n.  a  short  comedy 
in  which  qualities  and  actions  are 
much  exaggerated ;  ridiculous  or 
empty  parade. 

far-ci-cal  (far'si-kal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  a 
farce ;  ludicrous. 

far-ci-cal -ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  far- 
cical manner. 

far-cy  ('si),  n.  a  disease  of 
horses,  closely  allied  to  glanders. 

far-dage  Cdaj),  «.  loose  wood. 
&c.,  stowed  among  the  cargo  to 
prevent  it  from  moving,  or  to 
protect  it  from  bilge  water. 

fare  (far),  v.i.  to  t)e  in  any 
state,  either  good  or  ill ;  be  en- 
tertained with  food ;  live :  suc- 
ceed ;  result :  n.  the  sum  paid  for 
a  journey  by  rail,  &c. ;  a  person 
conveyed  for  hire  in  a  vehicle ; 
provisions  of  a  table;  entertain- 
ment; the  quantity  of  fish  taken 
by  a  smack. 

fare-well  ('wel),  inter j.  may  you 
fare  well  or  prosper;  good-bye: 
adj.  noting,  or  accompanying,  a 
parting :  n.  an  adieu. 


K!>».   adieu,    parting  salutation, 

conge,   good-bye. 

far— fetched  ('fecht),  adj.  un- 
natural ;  forced. 

fa-ri-na     (fa-re'    or    fa-ri'na),    n. 

starch;  flour  or  meal  obtained  by 
grinding  the  seeds  of  cereals  and 
leguminous  plants. 

far-i-na-ceous  (nfi'shus)  adj. 
consisting  of,  or  made  from, 
farina ;  like  meal. 

far-i-nose  (far'i-nos).  adj.  pro- 
ducing, or  covered  with,  farina ; 
mealy. 

farm  (farm),  n.  a  portion  of  land, 
cultivated  by  one  person,  with  the 
buildings,  &c.,  appurtenant  to  it : 
v.t.  to  cultivate  (land)  at  a 
fixed  rental ;  lease  or  let :  v.i.  to 
carry  on  the  operation  of  farming. 

farm-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  culti- 
vates a  farm ;  an  agriculturist ; 
one  who  collects  revenues,  taxes, 
&c.,  for  a  certain  commission  or 
rate. 

farm-ing  ('ing),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  engaged  in,  agriculture :  n. 
the  leasing  out,  or  collection  of 
taxes,  revenues,  &c.,  for  a  certain 
commission  or  rate  per  cent. 

fa-ro  (fa'  or  fa'ro).  n.  a  game  of 
chance,  played  with  cards :  so 
called  from  the  picture  of  Pha- 
raoh, which  formerly  was  printed 
on  one  of  the  ranis. 

far-ness  (fiir'nes),  n.  distance; 
remoteness. 

far-ra-go  (far-ra'go),  n.  a  med- 
ley; hotch-potch. 

far-ri-er  Ci-er),  n.  one  who  shoes 
horses;  a  veterinary  surgeon. 

far-ri-er-y  (-i).  n.  the  occupation 
of  shoeing  horses ;  veterinary 
surgery. 

far-row  ('o),  v.t.  to  give  birth 
to:  said  of  pigs :  n.  a  litter  of 
pigs:  adj.  noting  a  cow  not  calv- 
ing in  a  "iven  season. 

far-tlier  (fiir'ffier),  adj.,  en  nip. 
of  far;  more  distant  or  remote: 
additional :  adv.  more  remotely  : 
con/,  moreover. 

far-thing  (77ang),  n.  l-4th  of  an 
English  penny. 

far-thin-gale  (-gal),  n.  a  kind  of 
hoop-skirt  formed  of  circles  of 
whalebone,  worn  by  women  of 
the  16th  and  17th  centuries. 
Also  farthingdale. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fas 


335 


fat 


fas-ces  (fas'ez),  n.pl.  a  bundle  of 
rods  containing  an  axe,  carried  by 
the  lictors  before  the  magistrates 
of  ancient  Rome  as  a  symbol  of 
authority. 

fas-ci-a  (fash'i-a),  n.  [pi.  fasciae 
(-e)],.a  filet  or  belt;  a  broad 
volute ;  a  jutting  brick  course  be- 
yond the  windows  :  a  ligature  ;  the 
board  over  the  top  of  the  window 
of  a  shop,  on  which  the  owner's 
name,  &c.,  are  inscribed. _ 

fas-cic-u-late  (fas-ik'u-lat),  adj. 
formed  of,  or  growing  in,  bun- 
dles. Also  fasciculated. 

fas-ci-cle  ('i-kl),  n.  a  small  col- 
lection, group,  or  bundle  ;  a  serial 
division  of  a  book. 

fas-ci-nate  ('i-nat)  v.t.  to  in- 
fluence the  mind  or  will  of  as  if 
by  enchantment ;  bewitch  ;  capti- 
vate :  v.i.  to  exercise  a  bewitching 
or  captivating  power. 

fas-ci-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  fascinating ;  the  state  of 
being  fascinated  ;  any  invisible  in- 
fluence that  overpowers  the  mind 
or  will ;  bewitchment ;  charm. 

fas-cine  (-en'),  n.  a  cylindrical 
bundle  of  sticks  or  fagots  bound 
together,  used  for  fortifying 
ditches,  building  earthworks,  &c. 

fash-ion  ('un),  n.  the  shape  or 
form  of  anything ;  conventional 
custom  or  usage,  especially  in 
dress :  compliance  with  the  rules 
of  good  society ;  method  ;  general 
practice :  v.t.  to  mold,  shape,  or 
form ;  accommodate. 

fash-ion-a-ble  (-a-bl),  adj.  ac- 
cording to  the  prevailing  mode ; 
made  in  accordance  with  the  fash- 
ion of  the  day  ;  observant  of  the 
rules  of  polite  society  and  its 
usages ;  well-bred. 

fast  (fnst),  v.i.  to  abstain  from 
food,  either  from  necessity,  or  as 
a  religious  obligation :  n.  ab- 
stinence from  food  ;  religious  mor- 
tification by  abstinence. 

fast  (fast),  adj.  quick;  speedy  in 
motion  ;  expeditious  ;  in  advance 
of  the  standard  :  said  of  a  time- 
piece ;  firm ;  immovable  ;  close ; 
faithful;  dissipated;  gay:  adv. 
rapidly  ;  firmly. 

Xi/n.    rapid,    quick,    fleet,    expe- 
ditious. 

Ant.    (see  slow). 


fast-day  (-da),  n.  a  day  set 
apart  by  civil  or  ecclesiastical 
authority  for  religious  fasting. 

fast-en  (fas'n),  v.t.  to  fix  se- 
curely ;  make  fast ;  bolt  or  bar : 
v.i.  to  seize  or  take  hold :  gen- 
erally with  on. 

fast-en-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  act  of 
making  fast ;  a  bolt  or  clasp. 

fas-tid-i-ous  (-tid'i-us),  adj. 
squeamish  ;  overnice. 

fast-ing  (ffist'ing),  n.  abstinence 
from  food,  especially  as  a  religious 
observance. 

fast-land    ('land),  n.  upland. 

fast-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  fast ;  a  fortress 
or  natural  stronghold  . 

fat  (.fat),  adj.  [comp.  fatter, 
siiperl.  fattest],  corpulent;  fleshy; 
adipose ;  greasy ;  unusually  ex- 
tended :  said  of  type ;  broad ;  slug- 
gish ;  stupid  ;  dull ;  lucrative  ;  fer- 
tile ;  affluent;  n.  a  solid,  oily, 
yellow  or  white  substance  form- 
ing part  of  the  tissue  of  ani- 
mals ;  the  best  or  richest  of  any- 
thing :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  fatted, 
p.pr.  fatting],  to  fatten;  cause  to 
gain  flesh :  v.i.  to  become  fat. 

fa-tal  (ffi'tal),  adj.  causing  death 
or  destruction  ;  mortal ;  fateful. 

fa-tal-ism  (-izm),  n.  the  doctrine 
that  all  things  happen  by  irresisti- 
ble necessity  overruling  all  things. 

fa-tal-ist  (-ist),  n.  a  believer  in 
the  doctrine  of  fatalism. 

fa-tal-is-tic  (-is'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  fatalism. 

fa-tal-i-ty  ('i-ti).  n.  [pi.  fatali- 
ties (-tiz)],  predetermined  order 
or  series  of  events ;  destiny ;  a 
calamity ;  fatal  occurrence. 

fa-tal-ly  ('tal-i),  adv.  in  a  fatal 
manner. 

fa-ta  mor-ga-na  (fa'ta  moT-ga'- 
na),  n.  a  name  for  the  mirage 
sometimes  seen  near  the  straits  of 
Messina. 

fate  (fat),  n.  destiny;  inevitable 
necessity  ;  death  or  destruction  ; 
predestined  lot :  pi.  the  three 
classic  goddesses,  Clotho,  La- 
chesis,  and  Atropos,  who  presided 
over  the  destinies  of  mankind. 

fa-ted  (fa'ted),  p.adj.  decreed  by 
fate;  destined. 

fate-fnl  (fat'fool),  adj.  possessing 
fatal  power  ;  determining  destiny  ; 
fatal. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  <7ien. 


fat 


336 


faw 


fa-ther  (fa'f/ier).  n.  a  male  parent 
or  ancestor ;  one  who  stands  in 
the  relation  of  a  father ;  an 
originator  or  founder ;  the  official 
title  of  a  confessor  of  the  Roman 
Catholic:  Church,  the  superior  of 
a  convent,  and  of  an  ancient 
Roman  senator ;  the  senior  mem- 
ber of  any  class,  profession,  or 
body ;  an  ecclesiastical  writer  of 
the  Early  ('hristian  Church:  v.t. 
to  adopt  as  a  son  or  daughter ; 
to  ascribe  to  anyone  as  his  off- 
spring or  production  :  with  on. 

Fa-ther,    n,    the    Creator,    God. 

fa-tlier-liood  (-hood),  n.  pater- 
nity. 

fa-ther-land  (-land),  n.  one's  na- 
tive country. 

fa-ther-ly  (-H),  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  father;  kind,  affectionate,  as 
a  father :  adv.  like  a  father. 

fath-om  (fai/i/um),  n.  a  measure 
of  length  =  6  ft. :  v.t.  to  reach  ; 
ascertain  the  depth  of. 

fa-tigue    (fa- teg'),  n.  weariness; 
toil ;  bodily  or  mental  exhaustion  : 
v.t.  to  weary  with  bodily  or  mental 
exertion  ;  tire  ;  harass. 
Syn.  weariness,   lassitude. 
Ant.  (see  vigor). 

fa-tigue-du-ty  (du'ti).  n.  labor 
a  soldier  is  employed  in  distinct 
from  the  practice  of  arms. 

fat-ling  ('ling),  n.  a  young  ani- 
mal fattened  for  slaughter. 

fat-ness  ''nes),  n.  the  quality  or 
state  '  of  being  fat ;  corpulency  ; 
fertility. 

fat-ten  ('n),  v.t.  to  make  fat, 
plump,  or  stout :  feed  for  the 
table ;  make  fertile  or  abundant. 

fat-ty  ('i),  adj.  consisting,  or 
having  the  qualities  of,  fat ; 
greasy ;  oily. 

fa-tu-i-ty  (fa-tu'i-ti).  n.  weakness 
of  intellect ;  obstinate  folly. 

fat-u-ous  Cii-us),  adj.  weak  in 
intellect ;  silly  ;  obstinately  fool- 
ish ;  illusory. 

fau-bourg  (fo'bodrg),  n.  a  sub- 
urb. 

fan-ces  (faw'sez),  n.pl.  the  upper 
part  of  the  throat  and  entrance 
to  the  gullet. 

fau-cet  ('set),  n.  a  short  pipe 
with  a  valve,  used  for  drawing 
out  liquor. 

faugh   (faw),  inter j.  an  exclama- 


tion expressive  of  disgust  or  ab- 
horrence. 

fault  (fawlt),  n.  a  slight  crime 
or  offense  ;  blemish  ;  defect ;  omis- 
sion ;  the  loss  of  scent  in  hunting: 
1  said  of  a  hound :  fracture  of 
I  strata ;  an  accidental  leak  in  an 
I  electric  circuit ;  an  improper  ser- 
I  vice  in  lawn-tennis. 

fault-find-er  ('finder),  n.  one 
given  to  rinding  fault ;  a  mechani- 
cal device  for  discovering  faults 
in  an  electric  circuit. 

fault-y  ('i),  adj.  imperfect;  er- 
roneous. 

faun  (fawn),  n.  a  classic  wood- 
land deity  resembling  the  satyrs 
in  appearance. 

fau-ua  (faw'na),  n.  \pl.  faunae 
('ne),  faunas  (naz)],  the  ani- 
mals characteristic  of  any  partic- 
ular region,  or  geological  period. 

fau-teuil  (fo-tal'  or  -tul'),  n.  [Fr.] 
an  upholstered  arm  chair ;  mem- 
bership in  the  French  Academy ; 
the  seat  of  a  president,  &c. 

faux-pas  (fo  pa'),  n.  [Fr.]  an 
error  or  slip,  especially  in  respect 
of  good  manners  or  morality. 

Fa-vo-ni-an  (fa-vo'ni-an).  adj. 
pertaining  to  Favonius  the  west 
wind  :  hence  auspicious. 

fa-vor  (fa'ver),  n.  kindness;  sup- 
port ;  patronage ;  good  will ; 
facility  ;  partiality  ;  bias  ;  a  love 
token ;  a  bunch  of  ribbons  worn 
on  some  special  occasion ;  a  let- 
ter :  v.t.  to  regard  with  favor ; 
befriend  ;  facilitate ;  resemble  in 
features ;  spare. 

fa-vor-a-ble  (-a-bl),  adj.  propiti- 
ous ;  advantageous ;  friendly ; 
partial. 

fa-vored   ('verd),  adj.  featured. 

fa-vor-ite  (-it),  n.  one  who.  or 
that  which,  is  particularly  es- 
teemed ;  one  regarded  with  un- 
due preference  ;  a  person  or  ani- 
mal considered  to  have  the  best 
chance  of  winning  in  a  contest: 
adj.  preferred  ;  esteemed. 

fa-vor-it-ism  (-izm).  n.  the  dis- 
position or  tendency  to  favor  one 
person  or  class  in  preference  to 
others  possessing  equal  claims ; 
partiality. 

fawn  (fawn),  n.  a  young  deer: 
v.i.  &  v.t.  to  court  servilely  (with 
on  or  upon)  ;  to  exhibit  affection 
by  leaping  upon,  cringing  or  lick- 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


law 


837 


red 


ing  the  hand  of  a  person :  said 
of  a  dog. 

fawn-ing  ('ing),  n.  gross,  or  ser- 
vile, flattery. 

fay  (fa),  n.  an  elf:  fairy:  v.t.  to 
fit  (two  pieces  of  wood)  flush  to- 
gether :  v.i.  to  fit  closely :  adj. 
fated;  dead  [Scotch]. 

faze  (faz).  v.t.  to  worry;  annoy; 
frighten  ;  disturb ;  produce  an  ef- 
fect on. 

fe-al-ty  (fe'al-ti),  n.  the  duty 
of  a  vassal  or  tenant  to  his  feudal 
superior ;  loyalty. 

fear  (fer),  n.  apprehension  of  evil 


or  danger ;  dread 
licitude ;  reverence 
with  apprehension 


anxiety ;  so- 
v.t.  to  regard 
dread :  v.i.  to 


be  in  fear ;  feel  anxiety. 

N.I//I.   timidity,   timorousness. 
Ant.    ( see  bravery ) . 

fear-ful  ('fool),  adj.  affected  with 
fear ;  timorous  ;  apprehensive  ;  in- 
spiring fear. 

fear-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  fear;  so 
as  to  cause  fear. 

fear-less    ('les),    adj.    intrepid. 

fear-less-ness  (-nes),  H.  intre- 
pidity 

fear-some  (fer'sum),  adj.  fearful; 
terrible. 

fea-si-bil-i-ty  (-bil'i-ti),  n.  prac- 
ticability. 

fea-si-ble  (fe'zi-bl),  adj.  practi- 
cable. 

fea-si-bly  ('zi-bli),  adi\  practi- 
cably. 

feast  (fest),  n.  a  sumptuous  re- 
past, especially  in  commemoration 
of  some  event,  &c. ;  a  festival,  es- 
pecially of  the  Church  :  anything 
affording  pleasure  to  the  palate 
or  mind :  r.t.  to  entertain 
sumptuously  ;  delitrht :  v.i.  to  feed 
sumptuously ;  enjoy  one's  self. 

feat  (fet),  n.  a  notable  achieve- 
ment, deed,  or  performance. 

feath-er  (fe///'er).  n.  part  of  the 
exterior  covering  of  a  bird ;  a 
plume;  something  resembling  a 
feather ;  the  water  thrown  up  by 
the  turn  of  the  blade  of  an  oar ; 
kind  or  class :  v.t.  to  ornament 
with  feathers ;  cover  with,  or  as 
with,  feathers;  turn  the  blade 
of  (an  oar)  horizontally  when 
leaving  the  water:  v.i.  to  become 
covered  with,  or  something  resem- 
bling, feathers. 


featli-er-brained  (brand),  adj. 
giddy. 

feath-er-edged  (-ejd),  adj.  thin 
at  the  edges. 

feath-er-weight  (-wat),  n.  in  a 
handicap,  the  least  weight  that 
can  be  put  on  a  racehorse. 

feath-er-y  (-it.  adj.  covered  with, 
or  resembling,  feathers ;  very 
light. 

fea-ture  (fe'tur),  n.  the  cast  of 
the  face :  lineament ;  principal 
part ;  outline  ;  characteristic  ;  ap- 
pearance. 

fea-tured  (turd),  adj.  having  a 
particular  cast  of  face. 

feaze  (fez),  v.t.  to  disturb;  dis- 
concert ;  frighten. 

feb-ri-fuge  (feb'ri-fuj),  n.  a 
medicine  that  lessens  or  dispels 
fever. 

feb-rile  (feb'  or  fe'bril),  adj.  per- 
taining to.  accompanied  by,  or  in- 
dicating fever. 

fe-cal,  same  as  faecal. 

f e-ces,  same  as  faeces. 

fec-u-la  (fek'ft-la),  n.  farina; 
starch  ;  chlorophyll. 

fec-u-lence  ('lens),  n.  the  quality 
of  being  feculent ;  dregs.  Also 
feculency. 

fec-u-lent  ('lent),  adj.  contain- 
ing, or  full  of,  dregs  or  sedi- 
ment ;  turbid  ;  muddy. 

fec-und  (fek'  or  fe-kund'),  adj. 
fruitful ;  prolific. 

fec-nn-date  (fek'un-dfit).  v.t.  to 
make  fruitful  or  nrolific  ;  fertilize  ; 
impregnate. 

fec-un-di-ty  Cdi-ti).  n.  fruitful- 
ness  ;  prolificness :  fertility  of  in- 
vention ;  germination 

fed,  p.t.  &  jt.n.  of  feed. 

fed-er-al  (fed'er-al).  aiJi.  pertain- 
ing to.  constituting,  or  founded 
upon,  a  league  or  treaty ;  con- 
sisting in  a  union  or  compact  be- 
tween the  states,  esecially  of  the 
United  States  or  Switzerland; 
confederated :  n.  a  supporter  of 
federalism. 

Fed-er-al,  adj.  supporting  the 
cause  of  the  Union  in  the  Ameri- 
can civil  war  (1861 -'65)  :  n.  one 
who  favored  the  Union  cause  in 
that  war. 

fed-er-al -ism  (-izm),  n.  the  doc- 
trine of  federal  union,  and  the 
support  of  the  central  government 
of  the  United  States. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  t Aen. 


red 


338 


fed-er-al-ize  (-Iz),  v.t.  to  bring 
together  in  a  political  federacy : 
v.i.  to  unite  under  a  federal  form 
of  government.  Also  federate. 

fed-er-ate  (-fit),  adj.  united  by 
compact. 

fed-er-a-tion  (-fi'shun),  n.  a 
league ;  federal  government. 

fed-er-a-tive  (-tiv),  adj.  forming 
a  league  or  confederacy  ;  federal. 

fee  (fe),  ».  a  compensation  or 
payment  for  service  rendered,  es- 
pecially professional  service ;  _  a 
fratuity ;  an  heritable  or  in- 
erited  estate :  land  held  from  a 
superior;  feud:  v.t.  to  pay  or 
give  a  fee  to. 

fee-ble  (fe'bl),  adj.  weak;  want- 
ing in  physical  strength  or  mental 
vigor;  infirm:  v.t.  to  weaken. 

feed  (fed),  v.t.  to  give  food  to; 
nourish ;  graze  or  pasture ;  sup- 
ply with  necessaries  :  furnish  with 
materials,  as  a  machine :  v.i.  to 
eat;  subsist  (with  on  or  upon)  : 
n.  a  certain  quantity  of  food 
given  to  animals  at  one  time ; 
fodder;  pasture;  a  banquet. 

feed-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or  that 
which,  feeds  ;  one  who  fattens  cat- 
tle ;  that  which  nourishes  or  sup- 
plies the  needs  of  or  increases 
the  importance  or  value  of ;  a 
branch  canal  or  railway ;  an  elec- 
tric wire  supplying  a  current  to  a 
main  conductor. 

feed-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of  eat- 
ing ;  pasture. 

feed-pipe  (-pip),  n.  a  pipe  which 
supplies  water  to  the  boiler  of  a 
steam-engine. 

feed-pump  (-pump),  n.  a  force- 
pump  which  supplies  water  to  the 
boiler  of  a  steam-engine. 

feel  (fel),  v.t.  to  perceive  by  the 
touch ;  be  conscious  of ;  under- 
stand ;  test ;  be  influenced  or 
moved  by  ;  experience,  as  pleasure 
or  pain  ;  examine  by  touching  or 
handling :  v.i.  seem  to  the  touch  : 
have  the  passions  moved :  n.  the 
sense  of  feeling :  touch  ;  sensation. 

feel-er  Cer),  n.  one  who.  or  that 
which,  feels :  that  part  of  an  in- 
vertebrate animal  which  serves 
as  an  organ  of  touch,  as  the  an- 
tenna? of  insects,  &c. ;  something 
put  forth  as  a  means  of  gaining 
information  not  directly  obtain- 
able. 


feel-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  easily  af- 
fected :  sympathetic:  of  great  sen- 
sibility :  nercentiMe  bv  t^u^h  :  n. 
sense  of  touch  ;  physical  or  mental 
sensation  ;  perception  ;  tenderness. 
8yn.  sensibility,  susceptibility. 
Ant.  (see  insensibility). 

fee-sim-ple  (-sim'pl),  n.  an  es- 
tate in  land  or  tenements  held 
by  a  person  in  his  own  right, 
without  restrictions. 

feet,  f)l.  of  foot. 

fee-tail  (fe'tal),  n.  an  estate 
entailed  to  a  person  and  his  heirs. 

feign  (fan),  v.t.  to  pretend;  in- 
vent. 

feigned  (ffind).  adj.  pretended; 
counterfeited. 

feint  (fant),  n.  a  pretense'  mock 
attack. 

feld-spar  (feld'spar),  n.  a  name 
for  various  crystalline  minerals 
occurring  in  igneous  rocks,  com- 
posed principally  of  silicate  of 
aluminia.  Also  felspar. 

fe-lic-i-tate  (fe-lis'i-tat),  v.t.  to 
congratulate. 

fe-lic-i-tous  ('i-tus),  adj.  charac- 
terized by,  or  causing,  happiness ; 
appropriate. 

fe-lic-i-tous-ly  (-li),  adv.  hap- 
pily :  suitably. 

fe-lic-i-ty  ('i-ti).  n.  [pi.  felicities 
(-tiz)l,  a  condition  of  supreme 
happiness;  blissfulness ;  pros- 
perity ;  appropriateness ;  a  neat  or 
well-chosen  expression. 

fe-line  ('lin),  adj.  pertainins  to, 
or  resembling,  a  cat ;  stealthy ; 
treacherous. 

fell  (fel),  v.t.  to  hew,  cut.  or 
knock,  down ;  cause  to  fall ;  turn 
down  (a  seam):  adj.  cruel; 
savage ;  barbarous ;  hideous : 
powerful :  n.  the  skin  of  an  ani- 
mal ;  a  hem  laid  level  with  the 
material ;  a  rocky  or  barren  hill ; 
small  pieces  of  ore. 

fel-lah  Cr),  n.  \pl.  fellahs  ('Hz), 
fellaheen  (-hen')],  in  Egypt  and 
Svria,  a  peasant  or  laboring  man. 

fel-loe,  same  as  felly. 

f el-low  ('o).  n.  a  companion  or 
associate ;  one  of  the  same  kind ; 
compeer:  one  of  a  pair;  an  in- 
dividual :  one  held  in  slight  es- 
teem :  a  member  of  an  incor- 
porated society ;  a  graduate  mem- 
ber of  a  college  who  holds  a 
fellowship ;  the  trustee  of  a  col- 


late, mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  o6rch,  lot ;  moOn, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fe! 


339 


fen 


lege :  adj.  associated  or  joined 
with  (used  in  composition). 

fel-low-ship  (-ship),  n.  associa- 
tion ;  communion  ;  intimrcy  ;  so- 
ciety ;  joint  interest  or  feeling;  a 
college  endowment  for  the  sup- 
port of  a  fellow ;  one  of  the  rules 
of  arithmetic. 

fel-ly  ('i),  n.  [pi.  fellies  ('iz)l, 
one  of  the  curved  pieces  of  wood 
which  form  the  rim  of  a  wheel ; 
the  rim.  Also  felloe. 

fe-lo-de-se  (fe'16-de-se),  n.  a 
suicide. 

fel-on  (fel'un),  n.  one  guilty  of 
felony ;  a  whitlow :  adj.  malig- 
nant ;  traitorous. 

fe-lo-ni-ous  (fe-lo'ni-us).  adj. 
done  with  the  intention  of  com- 
mitting crime ;  malignant. 

fel-o-ny  (fel'6-ni),  n.  [pi.  felonies 
(-niz)],  a  crime  punishable  by 
death  or  imprisonment  in  a  state 
prison. 

fel-site  ('sit),  n.  a  variety  of 
feldspar. 

f el-spar  ('spar),  n.  same  as  feld- 
spar. 

felt,  p.t.  of  feel. 

felt  (felt),  n.  an  unwoven  fabric 
composed  of  wool  or  wool  and 
hair,  compacted  together  by  pres- 
sure or  heat. 

felt-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  material  of 
which  felt  is  made,  or  the  process 
of  manufacturing  it. 

fe-luc-ca  (fe-luk'a).  n.  a  small 
sailing-vessel  propelled  by  lateen 
sails  and  oars,  used  in  the 
Mediterranean. 

fe-male  (fe'mal),  n.  one  of  that 
sox  which  conceives  and  pro- 
duces young ;  the  plant  or  flower 
which  hears  the  pistil  and  re- 
ceives the  pollen  of  the  male 
flower :  adj.  pertaining  to  that 
sex  which  produces  young ; 
feminine  ;  womanly  ;  having  pistils 
but  destitute  of  stamens ;  noting, 
in  mechanics,  something,  as  a 
hollow,  into  which  another  part 
fits. 

feme  cov-erte  (fern  or  fam  kuv'- 
ert),  n.  a  married  woman.  Also 
femme  coverte. 

feme  sole  (sol),  n.  an  unmarried 
woman.  Also  femme  sole. 

fem-i-iiine  (fem'i-nin),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characteristic  of. 


women  ;  delicate  ;  tender ;  sensi- 
tive ;  wanting  in  manly  charac- 
teristics ;  effeminate :  n.  a  woman. 
Xyn.  female,  womanly,  effem- 
inate. 

Ant.   (see  manly). 

fem-i-nin-i-ty  (-i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  feminine  ; 
womankind. 

femme  de  cham-bre  (fam'  de 
shang'br),  n.  [Fr.]  a  lady's- 
maid  ;  chambermaid. 

fem-o-ral  (fem'o-ral),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  thigh. 

fe-mur  (fe'mer),  n.  the  thigh- 
bone. 

fen  (fen),  n.  low,  flat,  marsh  land, 
covered  with  sedges,  &c. ;  a  kind 
of  mold  or  moss  causing  disease 
in  hops. 

fence  (fens),  v.i.  to  practice  fenc- 
ing ;  deposit  stolen  property  with 
a  confederate  :  v.t.  guard  or  pro- 
tect ;  defend ;  to  inclose  or  sur- 
round with  a  fence ;  fortify :  n. 
the  art  of  fencing ;  defense ; 
guard ;  a  boundary  consisting  of 
posts,  wire,  &c. ;  inclosure ;  skill 
in  debate ;  a  receiver  of  stolen 
goods. 

fen-ci-ble  (fen'si-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  defense,  or  being  defended :  n. 
a  soldier  enlisted  for  home  serv- 
ice. 

fenc-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  art  of  skil- 
fully using  a  foil  or  sword  for 
attack  or  defense :  materials  used 
for  constructing  a  fence ;  a  col- 
lection of  fences  ;  guard  ;  skilful 
debate. 

fend  (fend),  v.t.  to  ward  off;  pro- 
tect with  a  fender. 

fend-er  ('er),  n.  a  cushion  of  rope, 
or  piece  of  wood  hung  over  the 
side  of  a  vessel  to  prevent  injury 
by  contact  with  a  landing-stage, 
&c. ;  a  metal  guard  in  front  of 
a  fireplace  to  prevent  the  hot  coal 
falling  upon  the  floor;  a  device 
affixed  to  the  front  of  a  street 
car  to  prevent  injury  to  pedes- 
trians. 

fenks  (fenks).  n.  whale-blubber 
refuse :  used  as  a  manure. 

fen-nee  ('ek),  n.  small  African 
fox. 

fen-nel  (fen'el),  n.  an  aromatic 
biennial  herb  of  the  parsley 
family,  with  yellow  flowers. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pfirch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mttte,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fen 


340 


fer 


fen-ny  ('ni),  adj.  full  of  fens; 
marshy. 

fent  (fent),  n.  a  slit  in  a  gar- 
ment for  convenience  in  putting 
it  on  ;  placket ;  remnant. 

ferae  na-tu-rse  (na-tu're),  n.  [L.] 
in  law,  wild  animals  as  distin- 
guished from  those  domesticated. 

fe-ral  (fe'ral),  adj.  wild;  undo- 
mesticated. 

fe-ri-al  ('ri-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to  week  days,  especially  those 
which  are  not  festivals  or  fasts ; 
pertaining  to  holidays. 

fer-ment  (fer'ment),  n.  a  micro- 
scopic fungus  which  produces  fer- 
mentation ;  internal  commotion ; 
tumult:  v.t.  ( fer-ment'),  to  pro- 
duce fermentation  in  ;  excite  :  v.i. 
to  be  in  a  state  of  fermentation  ; 
effervesce ;  be  excited. 

f  er-men-ta-tion  (-men-ta'shun) . 
n.  the  chemical  decomposition 
which  takes  place  in  an  organic 
substance  exposed  to  the  air,  due 
to  the  action  of  microscopic  or- 
ganisms or  to  unorganized  fer- 
ments ;  excitement. 

fer-men-ta-tive  (-men'ta-tive), 
adj.  causing,  or  characteristic  of, 
fermentation. 

fern  (fern),  n.  a  cryptogamous  or 
flowerless  plant  with  broad  and 
feathery  fronds  or  leaves,  on  the 
under  surface  of  which  the  re- 
productive seeds  are  situated. 

fern-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  [pi.  ferneries 
(-iz)],  a  place  where  ferns  are 
cultivated. 

fern-y  ('i),  adj.  fern-like,  or 
abounding  in  ferns. 

fe-ro-cious  (fe-ro'shus),  adj. 
savage ;  fierce ;  rapacious ;  of 
cruel  nature. 

Syn.    fierce,    savage,    wild,   bar- 
barous. 

Ant.   (see  mild). 

fe-roc-i-ty  (-ros'i-ti),  n.  [pi.  fe- 
rocities (-tiz)],  savageness  or 
cruelty  of  disposition ;  inhuman 
cruelty. 

fer-rate  (fer'at),  n.  a  salt  of  fer- 
ric acid. 

fer-ret  (fer'et),  n.  a  domesticated 
variety  of  polecat,  employed  to 
hunt  rats  and  rabbits  from  their 
holes ;  a  kind  of  blinding ;  an 
iron  rod  used  for  making  the  rings 
at  the  mouths  of  bottles,  or  try- 
ing melted  glass :  v.t.  to  search 


minutely   or  discover   by  cunning 
methods    (with  out). 

fer-ret-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  fer- 
rets. 

fer-ret-to  (-ret'to),  n.  a  prepara- 
tion of  copperwith  sulphuric  acid  : 
used  in  coloring  glass. 

fer-ri-age  ('i-aj),  n.  money  paid 
for  conveyance  by  ferry. 

fer-ric  ('ik),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
containing,  or  extracted  from, 
iron. 

fer-ric  ac-id  (as'id),  n.  an  acid 
composed  of  3  atoms  of  oxygen 
and  1  of  iron. 

fer-ric  ox-ide  (oks'ld),  n.  red  ox- 
ide of  iron ;  haematite. 

fer-ro  (fer'ro),  a  prefix,  denoting 
the  presence  of  iron  in  a  sub- 
stance. 

fer-ro-cy-an-ic  (-sl-an'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  an  acid  formed  by 
the  union  of  iron  and  cyanogen. 

fer-ro-man-ga-nese  (-mang'ga- 
nez).  n.  an  alloy  of  iron  and  man- 
ganese, used  in  the  Bessemer  proc- 
ess of  manufacturing  steel. 

fer-ro-type  (-tip),  n.  a  photo- 
graph taken  upon  a  sensitized  iron 
plate. 

fer-rous  (fer'us),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  obtained  from,  iron. 

fer-rous  ox-ide  (oks'ld),  n.  mon- 
oxide of  iron. 

fer-ru-gi-nous  (-ru'ji-nns),  adj. 
containing,  or  impregnated  with, 
iron ;  rust-colored. 

fer-mle  ('ril),  n.  a  metal  ring 
placed  at  the  end  of  a  stick,  &c., 
to  strengthen  it. 

fer-ry  ('i),  n.  [pi.  ferries  ('iz)], 
a  passage  across  a  river,  &c. ;  a 
ferry-boat ;  the  place  where  a  fer- 
ry-boat lands  its  passengers :  r.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  ferried,  p.pr.  ferry- 
ing], to  convey  across  a  river,  &c., 
in  a  boat :  v.i.  go  across  water  in 
a  boat. 

fer-tile  (feVtil),  adj.  producing 
abundantly ;  fruitful ;  reproduc- 
tive ;  rich  in  resources  or  inven- 
tion. 

Syn.  fruitful,  prolific,  plenteous, 
productive. 

Ant.    (see  sterile). 

fer-til-i-za-tion  (-i-za'shun).  n. 
the  act  or  process  of  making 
fertile ;  impregnation. 

fer-til-ize    ('til-iz),   v.t.    to   make 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fer 


341 


feu 


fertile ;  render  fruitful ;  impreg- 
nate. 

fer-til-i-zer  (-zer),  n.  any  ma- 
terial used  as  a  manure  for  the 
land. 

fer-til-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  fertile ; 
abundance ;  fecundity ;  richness 
of  resources  or  invention. 

fer-ule  ('ul),  n.  a  rod  or  flat  stick 
used  for  chastisement :  v.t.  to 
chastise  with  a  ferule. 

fer-ven-cy  ( f er'ven-si ) ,  n.  earnest- 
ness ;  ardor. 

fer- vent  ('vent),  adj.  zealous; 
earnest ;  vehement ;  very  hot. 

fer-vent-ly  ('li),  adv.  with  fervor. 

fer-vid  ('vid),  adj.  burning;  ar- 
dent ;  fiery  ;  intense ;  eager ;  vehe- 
ment. 

fer-yor  ('ver),  n.  intensity  of 
feeling  ;  zeal ;  warmth. 

fes-tal  ('tal),  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  feast ;  joyous  ;  festive  ;  hilari- 
ous. 

fes-tal-ly    (-li),    adv.    festively. 

fes-ter  ('ter),  v.t.  to  cause  to 
fester  or  rankle :  v.i.  to  become 
ulcerated  ;  suppurate  ;  rankle  ;  be- 
come putrid ;  rot :  n.  an  ulcer- 
ous or  purulent  sore  ;  act  of  fester- 
ing or  rankling. 

fes-ti-val  ('ti-val),  n.  a  joyful 
celebration  in  commemoration  of 
some  event,  religious  or  civil ;  an 
entertainment  on  behalf  of  some 
charity  at  which  fruit,  &c.,  is 
sold. 

fes-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  feast ;  gay  ;  joyous  ;  merry. 

fes-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  fes- 
tive manner. 

fes-tiv-i-ty  (-tiv'i-ti).  n.  \]>l. 
festivities  (-tiz)],  social  gaiety 
at  an  entertainment  or  feast; 
merrymaking  ;  joyfulness ;  a  fes- 
tival. 

fes-toon  (-toon'),  n.  a  wreath  or 
garland  suspended  at  the  extrem- 
ities mid  hanging  in  a  curve; 
tin  architectural  ornament  of  such 
form :  v.t.  to  decorate  with,  or 
form  into,  festoons. 

fe-tal,  same  as  foetal. 

fetch,  (fech)  v.t.  to  go  after  and 
''ring;  obtain  as  its  price;  call 
for  and  accompany  :  heave,  as  a 
sigh;  fascinate:  v.i.  to  move  and 
turn;  reach  or  get:  n.  an  artifice 
or  trick ;  the  deep  long  breath, 


as  of  a  person  dying ;  a  wraith  ; 
the  appearance  at  night  of  a  light 
resembling  a  candle,  supposed  to 
portend  death  (fetchlight). 

fete  (fat),  n.  a  festival  or  holi- 
day ;  v.t.  to  entertain,  or  honor, 
with  festivities. 

fete  cham-pe-tre  (shang-pa'tr), 
n.  a  rural  or  open-air  festival. 

fete  day  (da),  n.  a  birthday  cele- 
bration, especially  the  day  of  the 
saint  whose  name  one  bears. 
[French]. 

fet-i-cide,  same  as  foeticide. 

fet-id  (fe'tid,  or  fet'id),  adj.  giv- 
ing forth  an  offensive  smell ;  stink- 
ing. 

fe-tish  (fe'tish,  or  fet'ish),  n.  any 
material  object,  as  a  stone, 
weapon,  feather,  &c.,  supposed  by 
the  negroes  of  Western  Africa  to 
be  the  abode  of  a  spirit,  and  to 
give  to  its  possessor  power  over 
such  a  deity :  hence  any  object  of 
unreasoning  devotion ;  image  or 
idol.  Also  fetich. 

fe-tish-isni  (-izm),  «.  the  wor- 
ship of.  or  belief  in,  fetishes:  un- 
reasoning or  superstitious  devo- 
tion. Also  fetiehism. 

fetish  man  (-man),  n.  a  medi- 
cine-man. 

fet lock  ('lok),  n.  a  tuft  of  hair 
behind  a  horse's  pastern  joint ; 
the  pastern  joint. 

fet-locked  ('lokt),  adj.  having 
fetlocks ;  secured  or  fastened  by 
the  fetlocks. 

fet-ter  Cer),  n.  a  chain  or  shackle 
for  the  feet  (usually  pi. )  ;  a  re- 
straint; hindrance:  v.t.  to  place 
fetters  upon  ;  chain  ;  bind  ;  hin- 
der; restrain. 

Syn.  bondage,  custody,  durance, 
irons,  shackles. 

f  et-tle  ( fet'l ) ,  v.i.  to  repair ; 
work  with  activity ;  clean  up : 
v.t.  to  put  in  order;  cover  or 
line ;  fasten  :  n.  good  condition  or 
repair ;  fuss. 

fe-tus,  same  as  foetus. 

feud  (ffid).  n.  an  inveterate  quar- 
rel between  clans  or  families : 
blood-feud  ;  quarrel ;  enmity  ; 
hatred. 

feud  (fud)  n.  a  fief,  or  land 
held  from  a  lord  on  condition  of 
rendering  him  feudal  service. 
Also  food. 

fen-dal    ('dal),  adj.  pertaining  to 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ten 


342 


fie 


a  feud  or  quarrel ;  pertaining  to, 
or  founded  upon,  a  feud  or  fief. 

feu-dal-ize  ('dal-iz),  v.t.  to  con- 
form to  feudalism. 

feu-dal-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  skilled 
in  feudal  law.  Also  feudist ;  an 
upholder  of  feudalism. 

feu-dal-i-ty  (-dal'i-ti).n.  the  state 
of  being  feudal ;  feudal  principles 
or  constitution. 

fetr-dal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  accord- 
ance with  the  principles  of  feudal- 
ism. 

feu-dal  sys-tem  (sis'tem).  n.  the 
politico-social  system  formerly 
prevalent  in  Europe  during  the 
Middle  Ages  of  holding  lands  on 
condition  of  military  service. 
Feudalism. 

fen-da-to-ry  (-da-to-ri),  n.  \pl. 
feudatories  (-riz)],  one  holding 
land  by  feudal  tenure ;  a  vassal : 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  held  by, 
feudal  tenure.  Also  feudary. 

feu-de-joie  (foo  de  zhwa'),  n. 
an  expression  of  public  rejoicing, 
as  the  firing  of  guns,  or  burning 
of  bonfires. 

f  eud-ist,  same  as  feudalist. 

feuil-le-ton  (foo-i-tiing')  n.  [Fr.] 
that  section  of  a  French  news- 
paper which  is  devoted  to  light 
literature,  critical  notices,  fiction, 
&c. ;  a  newspaper  serial. 

fe-ver  (fe'ver)  n.  a  disease 
characterized  by  marked  increase 
of  heat  of  the  skin,  quickened 
pulse,  great  debility,  thirst,  &c. ; 
a  condition  of  extreme  nervous 
excitement :  v.t.  to  put  into  a 
fever. 

fe-ver-few  (-fu),  n.  a  plant  of 
the  aster  family,  formerly  es- 
teemed as  a  febrifuge. 

fe-ver-ish.  (-ish),  adj.  affected 
with,  indicating,  or  resembling, 
fever.  , 

few  (fu),  adj.  [comp.  fewer, 
super! .  fewest]  not  many ;  small 
in  number ;  limited. 

few-ness  ('nes),  n.  smallness  of 
number. 

fez  (fez)  n.  a  brimless,  close 
fitting,  felt  hat,  usually  red.  with 
a  black  tassel :  worn  by  Turks, 
Egyptians,  &c. 

fi-a-cre  (fe-a'kr),  n.  a  hackney- 
coach  [French]. 

fiance    (fe-sing-sa),   n.   one    who 


is  betrothed  or  affianced.  Fern. 
fiancee. 

fi-as-co  (fe-as'ko),  n.  a  complete 
or  ludicrous  failure,  as  of  some 
enterprise  of  which  high  hopes 
were  entertained,  as  a  musical 
performance,  &c. ;  a  flask  or  bot- 
tle. 

fi-at  (fi'at),  n.  a  peremptory  ordei 
or  decree :  an  order  of  a  court 
authorizing  certain  proceedings,  as 
in  bankruptcy. 

fib  (fib),  n.  a  falsehood;  white 
lie :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  fibbed,  p.pr. 
fibbing] .  to  tell  fibs ;  to  deliver 
a  quick  succession  of  blows. 

fib-ber  Cer)    n.  one  who  tells  fibs. 

fi-ber  (fi'ber).  n.  a  slender, 
thread-like  substance,  or  filament; 
raw  material  which  can  be  sepa- 
rated into  threads  for  making  up 
textile  fabrics. 

fi-bri-form  ('bri-form),  adj.  fiber- 
like. 

fi-bril    ('bril),  n.  a  small  fiber. 

fi-bril-lae  ('e),  n.pl.  minute  sub- 
divisions of  a  root,  as  of  the 
lichens. 

fi-bril -lose  (-os),  adj.  composed 
of,  or  covered  with,  fibrils. 

fi-brin  (fi'brin),  n.  a  white  al- 
buminoid substance  which  forms 
the  clot  of  blood  ;  the  fibrous  part 
of  flesh ;  gluten  obtained  from 
corn,  &c.  Also  fibrine. 

fi-brin-ous  (-us),  adj.  composed 
of,  or  of  the  nature  of,  fibrin. 

fibroid  ('broid),  ffrf./.  of  the 
structure  of,  or  containing,  fiber. 

fi-bro-in  ('bro-in),  n.  the  princi- 
pal constituent  of  raw  silk,  cob- 
webs, and  horny  sponge-tissue. 

fi -brous  ('bras),  adj.  composed 
of,  or  of  the  nature  of,  fibers. 

fib-ster  (fib'ster\  n.  a  liar  in  a 
small  way. 

fib  u  la  ('u-la),  n.  [pi.  fibulse 
(-le)],  the  outer  and  smaller  of 
the  two  bones  which  form  the 
lower  leg;  an  ancient  ornamental 
brooch  or  safety-pin. 

fi-chu  (fe-shoo'),  n.  a  light  three- 
cornered  article  of  ladies'  dress 
worn  on  the  neck,  or  over  the 
neck  and  shoulders. 

fick-le  (fik'l)  adj.  capricious:  in- 
constant. 

fic-tile  (fik'til),  ad),  pertaining  to 
pottery  ;  readily  molded  ;  plastic. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p8rch,  lot ;  m5on, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fie 


343 


fie 


fic-tion     ('shun),    n.    the    act    of 

tVi-ning  or  inventing;  that  which 

is  feigned  or  invented;  a  literary 

production   of  the   imagination   in 

prose  form,  as  a  novel,   romance. 

&c. ;    a   legal   assumption   for   the 

purpose      of      convenience,      the 

furtherance   of  justice,   &c. 

Syn.    falsehood,    fabrication. 

Ant.    (see  fact). 

fic-tion-al  (-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  characteristic  of,  or  created 
by,  fiction. 

(-ist),  n.  a  writer  of 


fic-tion-ist 

fiction. 
fie  ti-tious 

taining    to. 


(-tish'us),    adj.    per- 
or   of   the   nature  of. 
fiction  ;   false  ;  unreal. 

fid  (fid)  n.  an  iron  or  wooden  bar 
to  support  a  topmast ;  a  large 
tapering  wooden  pin  for  opening 
the  strands  of  a  rope :  v.t.  to  put  \ 
into  place  and  secure  by  a  fid. 
Also  fidd. 

fi-dal-go  (fi-dal'go),  n.  a  Portu- 
guese nobleman  ;  hidalgo. 

fid-die  (fid'l).  n.  a  violin  ;  a  frame 
used  on  board  ship  to  prevent  arti- 
cles from  rolling  off  the  table  in 
stormy  weather :  v.i.  to  play  the 
fiddle  or  violin :  v.t.  to  cheat  by 
artifice. 

fid-dle-de-dee  (-de-de),  Interj. 
nonsense !  :  n.  a  piece  of  non- 
sense. 

fid  dle-f  ad-dle  (-fad'l).  n.  non- 
sense ;  trifling  conversation :  r.i. 
to  talk  nonsense ;  fuss  about 
trifles :  adi.  fussy  about  trifles. 

fid-dler  (fid'ler),  n.  a  violinist:  a 
name  of  the  common  sandpiper : 
sixpence ;  one  who  is  fussy  about 
trifles. 

fid-die  stick  (-stik).  n.  a  bow  for 
playing  upon  the  fiddle  or  violin  : 
interj.  nonsense!  (usually  in  pi.). 

fid-dling  (fid'ling),  n.  the  act  of 
playing  the  violin  :  p.adj.  trifling. 

fi-del-i-ty  (fi-del'i-ti).  n.  [pi.  fidel- 
ities (-tiz)l,  integrity;  faithful 
adherence  to  obligation  or  duty ; 
honesty  ;  loyalty  ;  reliability. 

fid-fad   (fid'fad),  n.  fiddle-faddle. 

fidg-et  (fij'et),  n.  one  who  is 
fidgety ;  nervous  restlessness 
(often  in  pi. )  :  v.t.  to  put  in  a 
fidget :  worry  :  r.i.  to  move  about 
uneasily  or  restlessly. 

fidg-et-i-ness  (-i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  fidgety. 


fidg-et-y  ('et-i),  adj.  restless:  im- 
patient. 

fi  du-cial  (fi-du'shal).  adj.  of  the 
nature  of  a  trust ;  practical  con- 
fidence. 

fi-du-ci-a-ry  ('shi-a-ri).  ti.  \  i>l. 
fiduciaries  (-riz)],  a  trustee:  one 
who  depends  for  salvation  on 
faith  without  works :  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of, 
a  trust ;  confident ;  unwavering. 

fie  (fi),  interj.  for  shame!  Also 
fy,  fye. 

fief  (fef),  n.  a  fee  or  feud:  a 
landed  estate  or  manor  held  under 
a  feudal  superior. 

field  (feld).  n.  a  piece  of  land  en- 
closed for  tillage  or  pasture ;  open 
country ;  a  region  yielding  some 
natural  product ;  site  of  a  battle  ; 
sphere  of  action  ;  a  wide  expanse : 
space  within  which  telescopic  or 
microscopic  objects  are  viewed : 
out-door  work ;  in  heraldry,  the 
surface  of  the  shield ;  the  ground 
upon  which  a  game  is  played ;  the 
competitors  in  a  race,  hunt,  &c. : 
v.t  to  catch  or  stop  and  return  to 
the  wicket-keeper,  as  a  ball  at 
cricket,  &c. :  v.i.  to  act  as  a 
fielder ;  in  a  race,  bet  on  the  field 
against  the  favorite. 

field-al-low  ance  C-A-Iou'ans),  n. 
extra  pay  given  to  officers  on 
active  service. 

field-ar-til-ler-y  (-ar-til'er-i) .  n. 
artillery  so  mounted  as  to  be 
readily  handled  in  active  service. 

field-book  (-book),  n.  a  survey- 
or's note-book. 

field-day  (-da),  n.  a  military  re- 
view ;  a  day  of  unusual  excite- 
ment or  display  ;  a  day  devoted  to 
outdoor  scientific  research. 

field-glass  (-gifts),  n.  a  small 
portable  telescope. 

field-marshal  (-mar'shal).  n. 
the  highest  rank  in  the  British 
army. 

field-of-fi-cer  (-of'i-ser),  n.  a 
major,  lieutenant-colonel,  or  col- 
onel. 

field-sports  (-sportz).  n.pl.  out- 
door diversions,  especially  shoot- 
ing, hunting,  &c. 

field-work  (-werk),  n.  outdoor 
operations  or  observations. 

fiend  (fend),  n.  an  infernal  be- 
ing ;  demon ;  one  who  is  intensely 


ite,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pflrch,  lot :  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


fie 


344 


fil 


malicious  or  wicked ;  a  mono- 
maniac. 

fiendish   ('ish),  adj.  like  a  fiend. 

fierce  (furs),  adj.  savage;  violent; 
merciless  ;  ferocious  ;  unrestrained. 

fierce-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  fierce 
manner. 

fi-e-ri  fa-ci-as  (fi'e-rl  fa'shi-as), 
(Latin,  cause  it  to  be  done),  a 
writ  of  execution  authorizing  a 
levy  on  the  goods  and  chattels  of 
the  person  against  whom  it  is  is- 
sued. 

fier-i-ly  (fir'i-li),  adv.  in  a  fiery 
manner. 

fier-i-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  quality 
of  being  fiery  ;  heat  of  temper. 

fie-ry  ('ri),  adj.  [comp.  fierier, 
SHi>crl.  fieriest],  pertaining  to,  or 
consisting  of,  fire ;  passionate ; 
easily  roused;  fervent;  ardent. 

fife  (fif),  n.  a  shrill-toned  musical 
instrument  of  the  flute  class  :  v.t. 
to  play  (a  tune)  on  a  fife. 

fif -teen  (fif 'ten),  adj.  consisting 
of  5  and  10 ;  a  cardinal  numeral : 
n.  the  number  made  up  of  5  and 
10 ;  one  point  scored  at  lawn-ten- 
nis. 

fif-teenth  ('tenth),  adj.  next  in 
order  after  14th :  n.  a  fifteenth 
part. 

fifth  (fifth),  adj.  next  in  order 
after  4th  :  n.  one  of  5  equal  parts  ; 
in  music  an  interval  of  three 
tones  and  a  semi-tone ;  the  domi- 
nant. 

fifth-ly  ('li) ,  adv.  in  the  fifth  place. 

fif-ti-eth  (fif'ti-eth),  adj.  next  in 
order  after  49th :  n.  one  of  50 
equal  parts. 

fif-ty  ('ti),  adj.  consisting  of  five 
times  10:  n.  [pi.  fifties  ('tiz)l, 
the  number  which  amounts  to  five 
times  10. 

fig  (fig),  n.  the  pear-shaped  fruit 
of  the  fig-tree ;  the  fig-tree ;  a 
snap  of  the  fingers  in  token  of 
contempt ;  anything  insignificant 
or  worthless. 

fig-gy  ('5),  adj.  fig-like. 

fight  (fit),  v.i.  [pt.  &  p.p.  fought, 
!>.l>r.  fighting],  contend  in  battle 
or  in  arms;  make  war;  offer  re- 
sistance :  v.t.  to  war  against ; 
strive  for  the  mastery  of ;  ma- 
noeuvre in  battle,  as  ships :  n.  a 
combat ;  battle  or  engagement ; 
contest. 


fight-ing  ('ing),  adj.  pertaining 
to  conflict ;  qualified,  or  trained, 
to  fight ;  skilled  in  warfare :  n.  a 
combat. 

fig-leaf  (fi-r'lef),  n.  the  leaf  of  a 
fig-tree ;  a  light  covering  in  the 
form  of  a  fig-leaf  to  conceal 
nakedness. 

fig-mar-i-gold  (-mar'i-gold),  n.  a 
plant  which  produces  a  fig-shaped 
fruit. 

fig-ment  ('ment),  n.  an  inven- 
tion ;  fiction. 

fig-u-line  ('ii-lin),  n.  potter's 
clay. 

fig-u-rant  ('u-r;\nt),  n.  an  opera 
dancer  who  performs  as  one  of 
the  group.  Fern,  figurante. 

fig-u-ra-tive  ('u-ra-tiv),  adj.  rep- 
resenting by  figure  ;  symbolical ; 
unreal ;  metaphorical. 

fig-u-ra-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
figurative  manner. 

fig-nre  ('ur),  n.  the  outline  or 
shape  of  a  person  or  object ;  ap- 
pearance ;  an  image  or  statue ; 
representation  of  a  person  by 
drawing  or  painting;  idea;  pat- 
tern ;  type ;  sign  or  character  de- 
noting a  number :  a  movement  in 
a  dance ;  musical  phrase,  or  re- 
peated theme  ;  a  horoscope  ;  value 
or  cost;  in  logic,  the  character  of 
a  syllogism  as  determined  by  the 
place  of  the  middle  term  ;  a  space 
bounded  on  all  sides  by  lines  or 
planes :  v.t.  to  form  into  any  de- 
terminate shape ;  shown  by  re- 
semblance;  represent;  syrnboli/.c  : 
adorn  or  cover  with  figures ;  cal- 
culate or  compute  :  v.i.  to  be  con- 
spicuous ;  cipher. 

8yn.    allegory,    emblem,    meta- 
phor, symbol,  picture,  type. 

fig-Tired  ('urd),  adj.  covered  or 
adorned  with  figures  ;  symbolized  ; 
pictured ;  indicated  by  figures 
[Mus.]. 

fis  tire-head  (-bed),  n.  a  carved 
representation  of  a  human  or 
other  figure  placed  at  the  prow  of 
a  ship ;  a  person  who  is  only 
nominally  important. 

fig-ur-ing  (fig'ur-ing),  n.  cornpu- 
t; at  ion. 

fig-wort  (fig'wert),  n.  a  plant 
used  as  a  specific  for  piles. 

fil-a-ment  Ca-ment),  n.  a  fine 
thread,  or  thread-like  process  or 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pflrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fil 


345 


fil 


appendage ;  the  stalk  of  an 
anther.  . 

fil-a-men-ta-ry  (-men'ta-ri),  adj. 
consisting  of,  or  resembling,  a 
filament. 

fi-lar  (fi'Iar),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  furnished  with,  threads ;  hav- 
ing fine  threads  stretched  across 
the  field  of  view :  said  of  a  mi- 
croscope, &c. 

fll-bert  (fil'bert),  H.  the  edible 
nut  of  the  cultivated  hazel. 

filch   (filch),  v.t.  to  pilfer;  rob. 

file  (fil),  n.  a  wire,  &c.,  on  which 
papers  are  strung  for  preserva- 
tion or  reference ;  a  bundle  of 
papers  fastened  together  and  en- 
dorsed with  the  date,  contents, 
&c.,  of  each :  a  line  of  soldiers 
ranged  one  behind  the  other ;  a 
tool  of  hard  steel  with  small 
grooves  on  the  surface,  used  for 
cutting  and  smoothing :  v.t.  to  cut 
or  smooth  with  a  file ;  string 
(papers,  &c.)  on  a  file,  or  place 
them  away,  endorsed,  for  future 
reference ;  place  among  the  rec- 
ords of  a  court  or  house  of  legis- 
lature :  v.i.  to  march  in  a  file  or 
line. 

fil-i-al  (fil'i-al),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  befitting,  a  son  or  daughter; 
due  to  a  father. 

fil-i-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  filial 
manner. 

fil-i-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  affilia- 
tion. 

fil-i-bns-ter  (-i-bus'ter),  n.  a  free- 
hooter  ;  buccaneer :  a  lawless  mili- 
tary adventurer  who  invades,  a 
foreign  country :  v.i.  to  act  as  a 
filibuster :  to  delay  legislation  by 
obstructive  tactics. 

fil-i-form  (fil'i-fdrm),  adj.  thread- 
like. 

fil-i-gree  Ci-gre).  adj.  made  of,  or 
relating  to,  work  in  filigree :  n. 
ornamental  work,  resembling  lace, 
in  gold  or  silver  wire;  something 
delicate  and  ornamental,  but  not 
lasting. 

fll-i-greed  Ci-gred),  adj.  orna- 
mented with,  or  as  with,  filigree. 

fi-ling  (fl'ling),  n.  the  act  of 
using  a  file:  pi.  fine  fragments 
rubbed  off  by  the  action  of  a  file. 
ril-i-pi-no  (fil-i-pe'no).  n.  a  na- 
tive of  the  Philippine  Islands. 

nil  (fil),  v.t.  to  make  full;  sat- 
isfy ;  crowd  ;  engage  ;  occupy  ;  em- 


ploy :  v.i.  to  become  full  or  re- 
plete ;  be  distended  ;  pour  a  glass 
or  vessel  full :  n.  as  much  as  pro- 
duces complete  satisfaction ;  sa- 
tiety. 

fill-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or  that 
which,  fills ;  a  funnel  for  filling 
bottles,  &c. ;  composition  for  stop- 
ping up  holes  or  pores  in  a  ma- 
terial before  painting  it ;  the  body 
of  a  cigar. 

fil -let  ('et).  n.  a  narrow  band  of 
metal,  linen,  silk,  &c.,  worn 
around  the  forehead,  for  securing 
the  hair ;  the  fleshy  part  of  the 
thigh :  said  of  veal ;  a  boneless 
lump  of  meat  or  fish  served  flat 
or  rolled  together  and  tied  round ; 
a  raised  rim,  narrow  ornament,  or 
molding  ;  a  plain  line  or  band  :  the 
loins  of  a  horse :  v.t.  to  bind  with 
a  fillet ;  ornament  with  a  fillet ; 
make  into  fillets,  as  veal,  &c. 

fil-ling  (fil'ing),  p.adj.  serving  to 
fill ;  occupying  the  whole  space ; 
satiating :  n.  something  that 
serves  to  fill  up  a  vacant  space, 
cavity,  or  pore :  pi.  prepared  wort. 

fil-lip  ('ip),  n.  a  sudden  sharp 
jerk  or  stroke  with  the  finger ;  an 
incitement :  v.t.  to  strike  with  the 
nail  of  the  finger  by  a  sudden 
movement ;  project :  v.i.  to  aim  a 
fillip. 

fil-lis-ter  ('is-ter),  n.  a  rabbet- 
plane  ;  a  groove  or  rabbet  on  the 
outer  edge  of  a  window-sash  to 
receive  glass. 

fiMy  ('i),  n.  [pi.  fillies  ('iz)L  a 
young  mare;  a  bold,  lively  girl. 

film  (film),  «.  a  thin  skin  or  fila- 
ment ;_  a  thin  covering  of  some 
sensitized  substance  to  receive  a 
photographic  impression :  v.i.  to 
become  covered  with  a  film. 

film-i-ness  Ci-nes).  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  filmy. 

film-y  (i'),  adj.  composed  of,  or 
resembling,  films. 

fi  lo-floss  (fi'lo-flos),  n.  a  fine 
soft  thread,  used  in  embroiderv. 

fi-lo-plnme  (-plum),  ».  a  long 
slender  feather  with  a  delicate 
shaft. 

fi-lose   Clos).  adj.  thread-like. 

fi-lo-selle  ('lo-zel),  n.  a  kind  of 
floss-silk. 

fil-ter  (fil'tSr).  n.  any  material  or 
apparatus  by  which  water  or  any 
other  liquid  is  purified ;  a  contriv- 


'.ate,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  :  v5te,  pCrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fil 


346 


fin 


ancf  for  arresting  particles  of 
steel,  dust,  &c.,  in  the  air;  a 
strainer:  v.t.  to  purify,  as  a 
liquid. 

filth  (filth),  n.  foul  matter:  dirt; 
defilement,  moral  or  physical. 

fil-thi-ly  (-11),  adv.  in  a  filthly 
manner. 

fil-thi-ness  (-nes),  n.  unclean- 
ness  ;  impurity. 

filth-y  Ci),  adj.  [comp.  filthier, 
sitpprl.  filthiest],  foul;  dirty;  un- 
clean, morally  or  physically ;  ob- 
scene. 

fil-trate  (fil'trfit),  n.  a  liquid 
which  has  been  filtered :  v.t.  to 
filter. 

fin  (fin),  n.  one  of  the  organs  of 
locomotion  of  a  fish. 

fi-na-ble  (fm'a-bl),  adj.  liable  to 
a  fine ;  capable  of  being  refined. 

fi-nal  (fl'nal),  adj.  pertaining  to 
tne  end  :  ultimate  ;  finishing  ;  de- 
cisive :  n.  that  which  is  last,  or 
makes  an  end  ;  the  deciding  heat 
of  an  athletic  contest. 

final  cause  (kawz),  «..  the  end 
for  which  a  thing  is  done. 

fi-na-le  (fe-na'hi),  n.  the  last 
passage  in  a  musical  composition  : 
the  final  act,  &c.,  of  a  scene  or 
performance  ;  termination  ;  end. 

fi-nal-i-ty  (fi-nal'i-ti),  n.  com- 
pleteness. 

fi-nal-ly  (fi-nSl-li),  adv.  lastly; 
completely. 

fi -nance  (5-nans').  n.  the  public 
revenue  of  a  government  or  state ; 
the  science  of  the  profitable  man- 
agement of  monetary  affairs :  v.t. 
to  manage  the  financial  arrange- 
ment of :  v.i.  to  raise  money  for 
some  special  object. 

fi-nan-cial  (-nan'shal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  finance. 

8yn.    fiscal,    monetary,    pecuni- 
ary. 

fi-nan-cial-ly  (-11),  adv.  with  re- 
spect to  finance. 

fin-an-cier  (fin-an-ser'),  n.  one 
who  is  skilled  in  the  principles  of 
banking,  or  conducts  private  or 
public  financial  affairs. 

fin-back  (fin'bak).  n.  a  variety  of 
whale,  having  the  dorsal  fin 
nrominent.  Also  finner.  razor- 
back. 

finch  (finch  \  n.  the  common  name 
for  various  small  birds,  as  the 
chaffinch,  canary,  &c. 


find   (find),  r.t.  Ip.t.  &  p.p.  found, 
p.pr.  finding],  to  discover;  obtain 
by    searcning ;    ascertain    by    ex- 
periment ;   meet   by   accident ;    re- 
gain,  as  something   lost ;    supply  ; 
declare  by  judicial  verdict :  n.  the 
discovery  of  something  valuable. 
Syn.  descry,  discover,  espy. 
Ant.   (see  lose,  overlook). 

find-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or  that 
which,  finds  ;  a  small  telescope  at- 
tached to  a  larger  one  to  locate 
some  particular  star,  &c.,  to  be 
examined  by  the  larger  instru- 
ment. 

fin  de  sie-ele  (fang  de  sia'kl) 
[French],  at  the  end  of  the  cen- 
tury. 

find-ing  (find'ing),  n.  discovery; 
the  verdict  of  a  jury,  or  court :  pi. 
the  tools,  &c.,  which  a  workman 
himself  supplies. 

fine  (fin),  n.  money  paid  as  a 
penalty;  forfeiture:  v.t.  to  impose 
a  monetary  penalty  upon  ;  purify  ; 
refine ;  clarify. 

Syn.    forfeit,    forfeiture,    mulct, 
penalty. 

fine  (fin),  adj.  slender;  thin; 
keen  ;  pure  ;  refined  ;  subtle  ;  deli- 
cate ;  elegant ;  of  small  diameter ; 
very  handsome ;  noble ;  showy ; 
admirable;  splendid;  beautiful  in 
thought  or  language ;  free  from 
clouds  or  rain ;  dexterous ;  dis- 
criminating ;  artful :  adv.  very 
much  ;  finely. 

Syn.  delicate,  nice. 
Ant.  (see  coarse). 

fine-cut  ('kut),  adj.  delicately  cut 
or  chiseled ;  cut  fine,  as  tobacco. 

fine-draw  ('draw),  v.t.  to  sew  up 
neatly,  as  a  rent,  so  that  it  is  im- 
perceptible ;  draw  out  to  extreme 
tenuity,  as  wire. 

fine-drawn  ('drawn),  adj.  spun 
very  fine  :  over-subtle  ;  far-fetched. 

fine-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  fine  man- 
ner. 

fine-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  fine;  in  an  alloy. 
the  quantity  of  pure  metal  con- 
tained. 

fi-ner-y  (fl'rter-i),  n.  [pi-  fineries 
Hz)],  personal  adornment,  as 
fine  or  showy  clothes,  &c. ;  out- 
ward show. 

fi-nesse  (fi-nes').  n.  artifice  or 
stratagem  ;  skill ;  dexterity  ;  finess- 


Inte,  mar,  mAsk,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fin 


347 


fir 


ing  at  whist :  v.i.  to  use  artifice 
or  skill  to  accomplish  some  end  ; 
in  playing  whist,  to  endeavor  to 
take  a  trick  with  a  lower  card 
than  that  held  by  an  opponent, 
while  holding  a  higher  card. 

fin-ger  (fing'ger).  n.  one  of  the 
five  divisions  of  the  hand  ;  one  of 
the  four  digits  of  the  hand,  as 
distinguished  from  a  thumb ;  a 
finger's  breadth ;  any  mechanical 
contrivance  resembling  a  finger ; 
an  index ;  musical  touch :  v.t.  to 
handle,  or  perform,  with  the 
fingers  ;  meddle  with  ;  steal ;  pil- 
fer :  v.i.  to  use  the  fingers  skil- 
fully in  performing  upon  a  musi- 
cal instrument. 

fin-gered  ('gerd),  p.adj.  having 
fingers ;  played  with  the  fingers ; 
marked  to  show  how  the  fingers 
are  to  be  used. 

fin-ger-er  Cger-er),  n.  one  who 
fingers :  a  pilferer. 

fin-ger-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  act  of 
touching  with  the  fingers ;  the  act 
of  manipulating  the  fingers  on  a 
fingered  instrument ;  fine  work 
executed  by  the  fingers ;  a  loose- 
twisted  woolen  yarn,  used  for 
knitting  stockings,  &c. 

fin-ger-ling  ('ling),  n.  a  young 
trout. 

fin-ger-stall  (-stawl),  n.  a  pro- 
tective covering  for  an  injured 
finger. 

fin-i-al  (fin'5-al),  n.  a  pointed 
ornament  at  the  top  of  a  spire, 
gable,  &c. 

fin-i-cal  ('i-kal),  adj.  fastidious; 
over  particular. 

fin-i-cal-i-ty  ( 'i-ti ) ,  n.  the  char- 
acteristic of  being  finical. 

fin-i-cal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  finical 
manner. 

fin-i-kin  ('i-kin),  adj.  fussy  or 
affectedly  precise  in  trifles,  as  in 
dress,  manner,  &c. ;  a  variety  of 
pigeon.  Also  finicking. 

fi-iiing  (fi'ning),  n.  the  act  or 
process  of  purifying  or  refining ; 
clarification. 

fi-nis    (fl'nis),  n.  the  end. 

finish  (fin'ish),  v.t.  to  bring  to 
an  end  ;  complete ;  put  an  end  to  ; 
conclude;  make  perfect;  polish: 
kill  or  render  powerless :  v.t.  to 
come  to  an  end ;  expire :  n.  com- 
pletion ;  careful  elaboration ;  the 
final  touches  given  to  a  work. 


fin-ished  ('isht),  p.adj.  complete; 
of  superior  excellence  or  quality  ; 
carefully  elaborated. 

fi-nite  (fi'nit),  adj.  haying  lim- 
its: n.  that  which  is  finite  (with 
the). 

fi-nite-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  limited 
degree. 

fi-nite-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state  of 
being  finite. 

fin-let   (fin'let).  n.  a  small  fin. 

finned   (find),  adj.  haying  fins. 

fin-ny  ( 'ni ) ,  adj.  haying  fins  ;  re- 
sembling, or  abounding  in,  fish. 

fi-nos  (fe'nos),  n.  wool  of  the 
merino  sheep  of  the  second  best 
quality. 

fiord  (fyord),  n.  a  long  narrow 
inlet  or  arm  of  the  sea  between 
high  rocks  or  banks. 

fir  (fer),  n.  the  name  of  various 
cone-bearing  trees  of  the  genus 
Abies,  and  allied  genera ;  a  fir- 
tree. 

fire  (fir),  n.  heat  and  light  evolved 
by  ignition  and  combustion ;  the 
result  of  combustion  of  bodies ;  a 
burning  ;  conflagration  ;  flame  ; 
discharge  of  firearms ;  light ;  in- 
tensity of  feeling  ;  ardor ;  spirit ; 
severe  trial  or  affliction :  v.t.  to 
set  on  fire;  inflame;  kindle;  bake, 
as  porcelain  ;  explode ;  excite  vi- 
olently ;  irritate  ;  illuminate  ;  cau- 
terize :  v.i.  to  become  ignited ;  be 
inflamed  ;  discharge  firearms  ;  ring 
a  peal  of  bells  all  together. 
Syn.  glow,  heat,  warmth. 

fire-arms  ('arruz),  n.pl.  rifles, 
cannon,  &c. 

fire-ball  ('bawl),  n.  a  grenade; 
meteor. 

fire-bal-lpon  ('bal-loon),  n.  a 
balloon  inflated  by  hot  air ;  a 
balloon  sent  up  with  fireworks, 
which  become  ignited  when  at  a 
certain  height. 

fire-box  ('boks),  n.  in  a  locomo- 
tive engine,  the  receptacle  for  the 
fire. 

fire-brand  ('brand),  n.  a  piece  of 
burning  wood ;  an  incendiary ; 
one  who  inflames  the  passions  of 
others. 

fire-bug  ('bug),  n.  an  incendiary. 

fire-clay  ('kla),  n.  a  kind  of  clay 
capable  of  resisting  intense  heat. 

fire-cracker  ('knik-er) ,  n.  a  small 
explosive  firework. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fir 


348 


fis 


fire-damp  ('damp),  n.  carbur- 
etted  hydrogen. 

fire-dog    ('dog),  n.  an  andiron. 

fire-en-gine  ('en-jin),  n.  a  hand 
or  steam  engine  for  ejecting  water 
through  hose  to  extinguish  a  fire. 

fire-es-cape  ('es-kap),  n.  a  kind 
of  ladder  for  rescuing  persons 
from  the  upper  parts  of  a  build- 
ing on  fire. 

fire-fly  ('fli),  n.  a  winged  insect 
which  emits  light  at  night 

fire-irons  ('I-erns),  n.pl.  the 
shovel,  poker,  and  tongs. 

fire-kiln  ('kil).  n.  an  oven. 

fire-man  ('man),  n.  [pi.  firemen 
('men)],  one  trained  to  extin- 
guish fires ;  a  stoker. 

fire-ship  ('ship),  n.  a  ship  filled 
with  combustibles,  set  fire  to  and 
floated  among  the  vessels  of  an 
enemy. 

fire-side  ('sid),  n.  the  hearth: 
hence  domestic  life  and  comfort. 

fire-wa-ter  ('waw-ter),  n.  ardent 
spirits  [American  Indian]. 

fire-work  ('werk),  n.  a  prepara- 
tion of  gunpowder,  sulphur,  char- 
coal, &c.,  inclosed  in  a  cardboard 
or  paper  case,  which,  when  ig- 
nited, scintillates  and  explodes : 
pi.  a  pyrotechnic  display. 

fire- wor  ship  ('wer-ship),  n.  the 
worship  or  veneration  of  fire  as  a 
deity. 

fir-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of  dis- 
charging firearms ;  the  application 
of  intense  heat,  as  in  baking,  &c. ; 
fuel :  cauterization. 

fir-kin  (fer'kin),  n.  a  small 
wooden  vessel  for  holding  butter. 
lard,  &c. :  a  measure  of  capac- 
ity —  l-4th  of  a  barrel ;  9  gals. 

firm  ( ferm ) ,  adj.  hard  ;  compact ; 
solid  ;  closely  compressed  ;  unyield- 
ing ;  not  easily  moved  ;  rigorous  : 
staunch;  unfaltering;  steadfast: 
n.  the  title  or  style  under  which 
a  mercantile  house  transacts  its 
business ;  a  mercantile  partner- 
ship. 

Syn.   constant,  solid,   steadfast, 
fixed,  stable. 

Ant.    (see   weak). 

fir  ma-ment  (fer'ma-ment).  n. 
the  sky. 

fir-man  ('man,  or  'man),  «.  a 
special  degree,  edict,  or  license  of 
an  oriental  potentate,  as  of  the 
Turkish  Sultan. 


first  (ferst),  adj.  the  ordinal  of 
one ;  foremost  in  place,  rank, 
dignity,  time,  excellence,  &c. ; 
earliest ;  most  important ;  chief  : 
adv.  before  all  others  in  order. 
place,  rank,  time,  &c. ;  sooner :  n. 
the  beginning ;  the  upper  part  of 
a  vocal  or  instrumental  duet,  trio, 
&c.  [Mus.]. 

Syn.  foremost,  chief,  earliest. 
Ant.   (see  last). 

first-chop  ('chop),  adj.  of  the 
first  quality. 

first-class  ('klas),  adj.  of  the 
highest  excellence,  rank,  or  qual- 
ity. 

First-day  ('da),  n.  the  name 
given  to  Sunday  by  the  Society 
of  Friends. 

first-fruits  (-fruts),  n.pl.  the 
first  gatherings  of  the  produce  of 
the  season ;  the  first  profits  of 
any  office  or  undertaking. 

first-han J.  ('hand),  n.  the  mate 
of  a  fishing-smack :  adj.  obtained 
direct  from  the  producer  or 
grower. 

first-ling  ('ling),  n.  the  first- 
born ;  first  produced. 

first-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  the  first 
place. 

first-mate  ('mat),  n.  in  the  mer- 
chant service,  the  officer  next  in 
rank  to  the  captain. 

first-rate  ('rat),  adj.  of  the 
highest  excellence ;  having  the 
highest  quality  or  character :  n. 
a  warship  of  the  first  class:  adv. 
excellently. 

firth,  same  as  frith. 

fis-cal  (fis'kal),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  exchequer  or  public  revenues : 
financial :  n.  a  state  treasurer 
[Spanish]. 

fish  (fish),  n.  [pi.  fish,  fishes 
Cez)],  a  vetebrate,  cold-blooded, 
aquatic  animal  furnished  with 
permanent  gills ;  the  flesh  of  fish 
used  as  food ;  a  machine  for  hoist- 
ing an  anchor ;  a  piece  of  wood 
fastened  to  another  to  strengthen 
it;  one  of  the  signs  (Pisces)  of 
the  zodiac,  a  counter  used  at 
cards :  v.t.  to  search  in  quest  of 
fish;  catch  (fish);  seek  for  and 
bring  to  light ;  draw  up : 
strengthen  by  spars:  v.i.  to  try  to 
catch  fish ;  seek  to  gain  or  obtain 
something  by  artifice  or  indirect 
methods. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ris 


349 


fit 


fish-beam  ('bem),  n.  a  beam  of 
timber  bulging  downwards. 

fish-block  ('blok),  n.  a  hoisting- 
block  for  raising  the  flukes  of  an 
anchor4  to  the  gunwale. 

fish-dav-it  ('dav-it),  n.  a  strong 
spar,  or  crane,  for  fishing  the 
anchor. 

fish-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  fishes; 
the  pekan. 

fish-er-man  (-man),  n.  one  whose 
occupation  it  is  to  catch  fish ;  a 
fishing-smack. 

fish-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  [pi.  fisheries 
(-iz)],  the  business  of  catching 
fish ;  a  fishing-ground ;  the  right 
to  fish  at  a  particular  time  or 
ground. 

fish-garth  ('garth),  n.  a  fish- 
weir. 

fish-gig  ('gig),  n.  a  pronged  in- 
strument for  spearing  fish.  Also 
fizgig. 

fish-glue  ('gloo),  n.  isinglass. 

fish-hawk  ('hawk),  n.  the  os- 
prey. 

fish-i-ness  Ci-nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  fishy. 

fish-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  art,  sport, 
or  business  of  taking  fish ;  a 
fishing-ground;  the  operation  of 
hoisting  an  anchor  up  to  the  gun- 
wale of  a  vessel. 

fish-joint  ('joint),  n.  a  pair  of 
iron  plates  for  fastening  the  ends 
of  two  rails  together. 

fish-maw  ('maw),  n.  the  sound  of 
a  fish. 

fish-mon-ger  ('mung-ger),  n.  one 
who  sells  fish. 

fish-sound  ('sound),  n.  the  swim- 
ming or  air-bladder  of  a  fish. 

fish-tor-pe-do  ('tor-pe-do),  n.  a 
submarine  torpedo  somewhat  re- 
sembling a  fish_  in  shape. 

fish-weir  ('wer),  n.  a  dam  for 
stopping  or  preserving  fish. 

fish-wife  ('wlf),  n.  a  woman 
who  retails  fish.  Also  fish- 
woman. 

fish-y  (M),  adj.  pertaining  to,  con- 
sisting of,  abounding  in.  or  like, 
fish;  dull;  vacant;  questionable; 
incredible. 

fis-si,  prefix,  meaning  cleft,  oc- 
curring in  various  scientific  words, 
as  fissi-parons,  propagating  or 
multiplying  by  fission. 

fis-sile  (fis'il),  adj.  capable  of  be- 
ing split :  said  of  rocks. 


fis-sion  (fish'un).  n.  the  act  of 
cleaving  or  splitting  up  into 
parts ;  the  spontaneous  division 
of  a  simple  organism  into  two 
parts,  each  of  which  becomes  a 
new  individual. 

fis-sip-a-rous.     See  fissi. 

fis-si-ped  (fis'i-ped).  adj.  haying 
the  toes  separated:  n.  an  animal 
belonging  to  the  Fissipedia,  a  di- 
vision of  carnivorous  mammals, 
including  the  dogs,  cats,  &c. 

fis-sure  (fish'ur),  •».  a  cleft  or 
crack ;  a  narrow  opening ;  fur- 
row :  v.t.  to  make  a  fissure :  v.i. 
to  crack. 

fist  (fist),  n.  the  hand  when 
closed  or  clenched  :  v.t.  to  grip  or 
strike  with  the  fist. 

fis-tic  (fis'tik),  adj.  pertaining  to 
pugilism. 

fis-ti-cuffs  ('ti-kufs).  n.  a  combat 
with  the  fists ;  boxing. 

fis-tu-la  ('til-la),  n.  a  deep  pipe- 
like  ulcer. 

fis-tu-lose  (-los),  adj.  of  the  na- 
ture of  a  fistula ;  hollow  like  a 
pipe.  Also  fistulous. 

fit  (fit),  v.l.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  fitted, 
p.pr.  fitting],  to  make  fit  or  suit- 
able ;  adapt ;  accommodate  to  any- 
thing; qualify;  adjust;  equip; 
benefit :  'v.i.  to  be  proper  or  suit- 
able :  n.  adaptation  of  one  thing 
to  another ;  suitability :  adj- 
[comp.  fitter,  superl.  fittest],  con- 
venient ;  suitable ;  prepared ; 
qualified. 

Syn.    accommodate,    adapt,    ad- 
just, suit. 

fit  (fit),  n.  a  sudden  attack  of  dis- 
ease attended  with  convulsions, 
and  often  with  loss  of  conscious- 
ness ;  a  temporary  mental  par- 
oxysm, or  attack  of  pain  or  ill- 
ness ;  caprice. 

fitch  (fitsh).  n.  the  pole-cat. 

fit-ful  (fit'fool),  adj.  capricious; 
spasmodic. 

fit-fnl-ly  (-H).  adv.  in  a  fitful 
manner. 

flt-ly  (fit'li),  adv.  suitably;  prop- 
erly. 

fit-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  fit 

fit-ter  ('6r),  n.  one  who  adjusts 
pipes,  or  puts  the  parts  of  a  ma- 
chine together ;  one  who  fits  on 
and  shapes  an  article  of  dress ;  a 
coal-broker. 


late,  m^r,  mask,  cat  awl ;  he,  h5r,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fit 


350 


fla 


fit-ting  ('ing)  p.adj.  suitable; 
appropriate :  n.pl.  the  necessary 
fixtures,  &c.,  of  a  house  or  shop. 

fit-ty  ('i),  adj.  subject  to  fits. 

five  (flv),  adj.  consisting  of  4  and 
1 :  a  cardinal  numeral  :  n.  the 
sum  of  4  and  1 :  pi.  a  game  re- 
sembling tennis. 

five-fold  ('fold),  adj.  five  times  as 
much  or  as  great ;  multiplied  by 
5. 

fix  (fiks),  v.t.  to  make  fast,  se- 
cure, or  stable  ;  direct  steadily  ; 
set  or  place  permanently  ;  adjust ; 
transfix ;  deprive  of  volatility : 
predispose :  v.i.  to  become  solid  or 
firm  ;  settle  down  :  n.  an  awkward 
situation  ;  quandary. 

Syn.  determine,  establish,  settle, 
limit. 

fix-a-tion  (-fi'shun),  n.  the  act  of 
fixing;  stability;  absence  of  vola- 
tility ;  reduction  from  a  fluid  to 
a  solid  state. 

fix-a-tive  (Ti-tiv),  n.  something 
that  serves  to  fix,  as  a  mordant, 
&c. 

fixed  (fikst),  p.adj.  firm;  lasting; 
settled  ;  permanent ;  stable ;  es- 
tablished ;  resolute  ;  not  volatile. 

fixed  bod-y  (bod'i),  n.  a  sub- 
stance not  readily  volatilized,  as 
a  fixed  oil. 

fix-ed-ly  (fiks'ed-li),  adv.  stead- 
ily ;  firmly. 

fix-ed-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state  of 
being  fixed ;  absence  of  volatility. 

fixed  star  (star),  n.  a  star 
which  retains  relatively  the  same 
position  in  the  heavens- 
fix-ing  (fiks'ing),  n.  the  act  of 
making  firm,  or  rendering  perma- 
nent ;  the  act  of  adjusting  or 
amending ;  a  cast  to  carry  a 
shaft-bearing :  pi.  ornaments,  out- 
fit, apparatus,  &c. 

fix-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  stability;  per- 
manence. 

fix-ture  (fiks'tfir),  n.  that  which 
is  firmly  fixed ;  an  article  of  fur- 
niture fixed  to  a  house  and  re- 
garded as  part  of  it. 

fiz-gig  (fiz'gig),  n.  a  firework 
made  of  damp  powder;  a  flirting, 
giddy  girl. 

fizz  (fiz),  n.  a  hissing  noise:  an 
effervescent  beverage,  as  sparkling 
champagne :  v.i.  to  make  a  fizzing 
noise.  Also  fizzle. 


fjeld  (fyeld),  n.  a  lofty  barren 
tableland  [Norwegian]. 

fjord.     Same  as  fiord. 

flab-bi-ly  (flab'i-li),  adv.  in  a 
flabby  manner. 

flab-bi-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  flabby. 

flab-by  ('i),  adj.  easily  shaking 
or  yielding  to  the  touch  ;  lacking 
muscle ;  mentally  or  physically 
feeble. 

fla-bel-late  (-bel'at),  adj.  fan- 
shaped. 

fla-bel-lum  (fla-bel'um),  n.  [pi. 
flabella  ('a)],  a  large  fan  carried 
by  the  Pope's  attendants ;  in  the 
Greek  Church,  a  fan  used  to 
drive  away  flies  from  the  chalice 
during  the  celebration  of  the 
eucharist. 

flac-cid  (flak'sid),  adj.  flabby; 
weak. 

flac-cid-i-ty  Ci-ti),  n.  the  state 
of  being  flaccid. 

flag  (flag),  n.  a  piece  of  cloth  or 
bunting  on  which  usually  some 
device  is  wrought,  used  as  a 
standard,  ensign,  signal,  &c. :  a 
plant  of  the  genus  Iris ;  a  flag- 
stone:  v.i.  \n.t.  &  p.p.  Sagged, 
p.pr.  flagging],  to  become  weary; 
lose  vigor ;  hang  down :  v.t. 
signal  with  a  flag ;  pave  with 
flagstones. 

flag-el-lant  (flaj'el-ant),  adj. 
using  a  whip  or  scourge :  n.  one 
who  scourges  himself  for  religious 
discipline. 

flag-el-la-ta  (-a'tft),  n.pl.  a  class 
of  infusorians  with  whip-like  ap- 
pendages. 

flag-el-late  ('el-at),  v.t.  to  whip: 
adj,  having  whip-like  processes. 

flage-o-let  (flaj'o-let),  n.  a  musi- 
cal instrument  of  the  flute  class. 

flag-ging  (flag'ing),  n.  pavement 
of  flagstones. 

fla  -  gi  -  tions  (fla-jish'us) ,  adj. 
atrocious ;  wicked ;  highly  crim- 
inal. 

flag-of-fi-cer  (-of'i-ser),  n.  an  ad- 
miral. 

flag-on  (flag'un),  n.  a  large  drink- 
ing vessel  with  a  narrow  mouth. 

fla-grant  (fla'grant),  adj.  openly 
wicked  ;  heinous  ;  glaring  ;  notori- 
ous. 

fla-gran-te  de-lic-to  (-gran'te 
de-lik'to)  [Latin],  in  the  very  act. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fla 


361 


fla 


flag-stone  ('ston),  n.  a  large  flat 
paving  stone. 

flail  (flal),  n.  a  wooden  instru- 
ment for  threshing  wheat,  &c.,  by 
hand. 

flake  (flak),  n.  a  small  film  of 
anything  loosely  held  together,  as 
snow ;  a  thin  scaly  piece  of  any- 
thing ;  a  carnation  with  a  single 
color  in  stripes  on  a  white  ground  : 
v.t.  &  v.i.  to  form  into  flakes ; 
scale  or  peel  off. 

flake-white  ('whit),  ,i.  pure 
white  lead. 

flak-y  ('i),  adj.  consisting  of 
flakes  or  layers. 

flam  ( flam )%  n.  a  falsehood ; 
freak  ;  blarney  ;  false  pretense. 

flam-beau  Cb6),  n.  [pi.  flam- 
beaux ('boz)],  a  lighted  torch;  a 
large  ornamental  candlestick. 

flam-boy-ant  (-boi'ant),  adj.  de- 
noting a  florid  or  showy  style,  es- 
pecially as  deficient  in  good  taste ; 
denoting  the  French  Pointed 
Gothic,  characterized  by  flame- 
like  tracery. 

flame  (flam),  n.  fire;  ardor  of 
temper  or  passion ;  glow  of  im- 
agination ;  excitement ;  a  sweet- 
heart :  v.t.  to  heat ;  excite :  v.i.  to 
burst  into  flame  ;  blaze. 

Syn.  blaze,  flare,  flash,  glare. 

fla-men  (flfi'men),  n.  one  of  fif- 
teen priests  in  ancient  Rome  de- 
voted to  the  service  of  a  special 
deity. 

flam-ing  (flfun'ing),  adj.  giving 
forth  flames  ;  blazing  ;  causing  ex- 
citement ;  violent. 

fla  min  go  ( fla-ming'go ) ,  n.  a 
long-legged,  web-footed,  red-col- 
ored bird. 

fla-min-go-plant  (-plant),  n.  a 
handsome  hot-house  plant  belong- 
ing to  the  arum  fajnily. 

flam-mv-le  (flam'ul),  n.  a  little 
flame,  especially  the  small  flame 
symbolizing  Chinese  and  Japanese 
deities. 

flam-y  (flam'i),  adj.  resembling 
flame  :  flame-colored. 

flang  (flang),  n.  a  miner's  double- 
pointed  pick. 

flange  (flanj),  n.  a  raised  or  pro- 
jecting rim  for  preventing  a  wheel 
slipping,  or  as  an  attachment :  v.t. 
to  attach  a  flange  to. 

flank  (flangk),  n.  the  fleshy  part 
of  an  animal  between  the  ribs 


and  hip ;  the  side  of  an  army, 
regiment,  or  building ;  that  part 
of  a  fortification  constructed  to 
defend  another :  v.t.  to  attack  or 
turn  the  flank  or  side  of  (an 
army)  ;  guard  on  the  flank:  v.i. 
to  border  or  touch  (with  on)  : 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  cut  from, 
the  flank. 

flank-er  ('er),  n.  one  of  a  body 
of  troops  thrown  out  to  protect  a 
line  of  march  ;  a  man  who  walks 
on  the  flank  of  grouse-drivers  to 
keep  the  birds  in  the  line  re- 
quired. 

flannel  (flan'el),  n.  a  soft-tex- 
tured, loosely-worn  cloth  with  a 
light  nap. 

flan-neled  ('eld),  adj.  covered  in 
flannel. 

flan-nel-et  (-et),  n.  a  soft  cotton 
material  resembling  flannel. 

flap  (flap),  n.  anything  broad  and 
flexible  hanging  loosely,  and  fas- 
tened on  one  side ;  the  motion  or 
noise  of  anything  broad  and  flat ; 
a  slap ;  the  tail  of  a  coat :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  flapped],  to  strike 
with,  or  as  with,  a  flap ;  let  fall ; 
move  backwards  and  forwards 
rapidly :  v.i.  to  move,  as  wings, 
with  noise. 

flap-per  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or  that 
which,  flaps  ;  a  flipper. 

flare  (flur),  n.  a  large,  unsteady, 
glaring  light :  v.i.  to  burn  with  a 
broad,  unsteady  light ;  be  offen- 
sively showy  in  dress. 

flash  (flash),  n.  a  sudden,  quick, 
transitory  blaze  or  light ;  sudden 
outburst,  as  of  merriment,  wit,  or 
passion  ;  a  short,  transient  state  ; 
a  body  of  ^yater  driven  by  vio- 
lence ;  a  sluice  abo-e  a  sl.oal  on 
navigable  rivers  for  easing  the 
water  for  the  nassage  of  Isoats : 
v.t.  to  cause  to  act,  burst,  or  ap- 
pear suddenly  ;  cover  with  a  thin 
coating  of  colored  glass :  v.i.  to 
shine  with  a  sudden,  quick,  tran- 
sient blaze  or  light ;  art.  or 
burst  forth,  suddenly ;  gleam ; 
splash  :  adj.  pertaining  to  thieves 
or  their  language :  cheap  and 
gaudy  ;  sham  ;  vulgarly  ostenta- 
tious or  showy. 

flash  light  (-lit),  n.  a  momen- 
tary, brilliant  light  for  taking: 
photographs. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fla 


352 


fie 


flash-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  flashy 
manner. 

flash  i-iiess  ('i-nes),  n.  gaudiness. 

flash-ing  (/in?;),  n.  a  name  for 
vnrious  operations  in  glass-mak- 
ing :  pi.  pieces  of  lead  or  other 
metal  used  as  a  cap-joint  to  keep 
root's,  &c.,  watertight :  adj.  emit- 
ting flashes. 

flasn-ing-point  (-point),  n..  the 
temperature  below  the  burning- 
point,  at  which  the  vapor  of  a 
volatile  liquid  will  ignite  and  ex- 
plode :  used  as  a  test  for  illumi- 
nants. 

flash-y  ('i),  adj.  brilliant,  but 
empty  ;  gaudy. 

flask  (flask),  n.  a  small  bottle:  a 
vessel,  usually  metal  or  leather. 
for  holding  powder  or  shot. 

flat  (flat),  adj.  level;  even; 
smooth ;  prostrate ;  horizontal 
insipid  ;  positive  ;  downright ;  low 
said  of  prices ;  dull :  said  of  sales 
without  interest ;  wanting  relief 
or  prominence :  said  of  figures  in 
painting ;  sounded  below  the  true 
pitch :  n.  a  level  or  extended 
plain  ;  a  shallow  ;  shoal ;  story  or 
floor  of  a  house ;  the  broad  or 
plane  part  of  a  thing ;  surface 
without  relief  or  prominence;  de- 
pression in  thought  or  language ; 
a  musical  sign  (b)  which  lowers 
the  succeeding  note  half  a  tone ; 
one  of  the  halves  of  a  scene  which 
meet  in  the  middle  of  the  stage 
of  a  theater;  a  person  easily 
duped  :  adv.  in  a  level  or  prostrate 
position. 

Syn.  level,  even. 

flat-fish  ('fish),  n.  any  fish  with 
a  compressed  body,  having  its 
eyes  situated  on  one  side,  and  the 
under  side  colorless,  as  the  sole. 

flat-ten  ('n),  v.t.  to  lay  flat; 
make  level  or  even :  beat  down ; 
depress ;  make  dull,  insipid,  or 
tasteless ;  lower  in  tone :  v.i.  to 
become  flat  or  level ;  become  in- 
sipid. 

flat-ter  ('er),  v.t.  to  gain  over  or 
please  by  complimentary  speech ; 
soothe;  persuade;  raise  false 
hopes  or  expectations :  v.i.  to 
employ  flattery. 

flat-ter-ing  (-ing),  p.adj.  pleas- 
ing to  pride  or  vanity  ;  fallacious  ; 
partial. 

flat-ter-y    ('er-i),    n.    [pi.    flatter- 


ies (-iz)],  insincere  compliment- 
ary speech ;  adulation ;  false 
praise. 

flat-ting  ('ing),  n.  the  act  or 
process  of  making  flat  or  smooth  ; 
the  process  of  rolling  metal  into 
sheets  by  cylindrical  pressure ; 
the  sounding  of  a  note  below  the 
true  pitch ;  a  method  of  house 
painting  by  which  the  paint  ap- 
pears histerloss ;  a  coat  of  size 
laid  over  gilding  to  protect  it. 

flat-u-lence  (Ti-lens),  n.  disten- 
sion of  the  stomach,  caused  by 
gases  generated  within  it ;  empti- 
ness;  conceit.  Also  flatulency. 

flat-u-lent  ('u-lent),  adj.  affected 
with,  or  tending  to  produce,  flatu- 
lence ;  pretentious ;  conceited. 

flat-wise  ('wiz),  adv.  with  the 
flat  side  downwards. 

flaunt  (flilnt  and  flawnt),  v.i.  to 
make  an  ostentatious  display  in 
dress :  v.t.  behave  or  exhibit 
pertly  or  impudently  :  n.  the  act 
of  flaunting ;  a  boast ;  brag. 

flav,  prefix,  occurring  in  various 
scientific  compound  words,  mean- 
ing yellow.  Also  flavi,  flavo. 

fla-vor  ('ver),  n.  a  particular 
smell  or  taste :  v.t.  to  impart  a 
flavor  to. 

fla-vor-ing  (-ing),  n.  an  essence 
or  extract  for  giving  a  flavor  to 
anything. 

flaw  (flaw),  n.  a  blemish;  inher- 
ent defect ;  crack :  v.t.  to  make  a 
flaw  in  ;  crack. 

flax  (flaks),  n.  a  plant  of  the 
genus  Linurn,  the  fiber  of  which 
is  spun  into  linen  cloth. 

flax-en  ('en),  adj.  resembling,  or 
made  of,  flax ;  of  golden  color ; 
said  of  the  hair.  Also  flaxy. 

flax-seed   ('serl),  n.  linseed. 

flay  (fla),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  flayed, 
p.pr.  flaying],  to  strip  off,  skin; 
torture. 

flea  (fle),  n.  a  small  blood-sucking 
insect  of  the  genus  Pulex,  re- 
markable for  its  agility  and  irri- 
tating bite. 

flea-bane  ('ban),  n.  a  plant  of 
the  aster  family. 

flea-bite  ('bit),  n.  the  bite  of  a 
flea ;  the  red  spot  it  causes ;  a 
trifling  wound  or  trouble ;  a  very 
small  quantity. 

flea-king    ('king),  n.  a  light  cov- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fie 


353 


fli 


ering  of  reeds  under  the  thatch 
of  a  house. 

fleam  (flem),  n.  a  lancet  for  bleed- 
insr  cattle. 

fleck  (flek),  n.  a  streak  or  spot: 
v.t.  to  streak  or  spot ;  variegate. 

flec-tion.      Same  as  flexion. 

fledge  (flej),  v.i.  to  acquire  the 
full  plumage  or  feathers  necessary 
for  flight. 

fledg-ling  (  'ling),  n.  a  young 
bird  just  fledged. 

flee  (fle),  v.t.  [p.t.  fled,  p.pr. 
fleeing],  to  run  away  from; 
avoid :  v.i.  to  hasten  away  from 
danger  ;  scatter  ;  disappear. 

fleece  (fles),  n.  the  whole  wool 
shorn  from  a  sheep  at  one  time : 
v.t.  to  deprive  of  the  wool  or 
fleece ;  strip ;  plunder  by  in- 
justice or  fraud  ;  cover  with,  or  as 
with,  a  fleece. 

fleece-wool  ('wool),  n.  wool  cut 
from  a  living  animal. 

fleec-y  ('i),  adj.  resembling  a 
fleece ;  woolly. 

fleer  (fler),  n.  mockery  or  con- 
tempt expressed  in  words  or  gest- 
ure :  v.i.  to  mock  or  sneer ;  grin 
contemptuously. 

fleet  (flet).  adj.  swift;  rapid; 
nimble :  n.  a  company  of  warships 
or  merchant  vessels ;  a  creek  or 
inlet :  v.t.  to  move  or  pass  rapidly 
over ;  skim. 

fleet-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  passing 
quickly. 

flense  (flens),  v.t.  to  cut  up  and 
strip  the  blubber  from :  said  of 
a  whale  or  seal.  Also  flench, 
flinch. 

flesh  (flesh),  n.  that  part  of  an 
animal  body  underlying  the  skin. 
and  composed  of  soft  muscular 
tissue ;  animal  food ;  pulp  of 
fruit,  &c. ;  the  body :  opposed  to 
soul ;  human  nature  or  race ;  car- 
nal state  or  appetites :  present 
life ;  kindred :  adj.  resembling 
flesh  in  color  or  appearance :  v.t. 
to  satiate  or  glut :  inure  or  harden 
by  practice ;  initiate ;  make  fa- 
miliar with. 

flesh-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  corpu- 
lence. 

flesh-li-ness  ('li-nes),  n.  car- 
nality. 

flesh-ly  Cli),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  body;  corporeal;  human:  car- 
nal :  lascivious  :  adv.  carnally. 


flesh-y  ('i).  adj.  [comp.  fleshier, 
superl.  fleshiest],  full  of  flesh ; 
plump  ;  corpulent ;  succulent ; 
gross. 

Fletch-er-ism  (fletch'er-ism).  n. 
a  system  of  diet  in  which  the  food 
is  thoroughly  masticated.  Named 
after  Howard  Fletcher,  its  advo- 
cate. 

fleur-de-lis  (floor-de-le'),  n.  [pi. 
fleurs-de-lis],  the  royal  bearing 
or  emblem  of  France ;  the  name 
for  various  species  of  iris. 

flew,   p.t.   of   fly. 

flex-i-bil-i-ty  (fleks-i-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being 
flexible.  Also  flexibleness. 

flex-i-ble  ( 'i-bl ) ,  adj.  easily  bent ; 
pliant ;  yielding  to  persuasion. 
Also  flexile. 

Syn.     pliant,     pliable,     ductile, 
supple. 

Ant.     (see    inflexible). 

flex-ion  (flok'shun),  n.  the  act  or 
process  of  bending ;  a  curve ;  in 
grammar,  inflection. 

flex-or  (fleks'er),  n.  a  muscle 
that  acts  in  bending  the  joints : 
opposed  to  extensor. 

flex-tire  Cur),  n.  the  act  of 
bending ;  the  part  bent ;  a  curve 
or  fold  ;  joint. 

flick  (flik),  n.  a  light,  quick 
stroke,  as  with  a  whip :  v.t.  to 
whip  lightly. 

flick-er  ('er),  v.i.  to  move  with 
an  unsteady  and  quick  motion ; 
flutter  with  the  wings :  n.  an  un- 
steady light  or  movement ;  the 
golden-winged  woodpecker  of 
North  America. 

flick-er-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  state 
of  burning  unsteadily. 

fli-er  (fli'or).  n.  one  who  flies,  or 
flees ;  a  fugitive ;  that  part  of  a 
machine  that  regulates  and  equal- 
izes motion  ;  an  essay  or  feeler : 
r>l.  a  straight  flight  of  steps. 

flies,  pi  of  fly. 

flight  (flit),  n.  the  act.  process, 
manner,  or  power  of  flying ;  hasty 
departure ;  birds  flying  together, 
or  produced  in  the  same  season ; 
a  soaring  forth ;  extravagant 
sally ;  the  distance  traveled  by  a 
projectile ;  a  shower  or  volley ;  a 
series  of  steps. 

flight-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  capriciously. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  v5te,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fli 


354 


flight-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  flighty. 

flight-y  ('i),  adj.  changeful; 
capricious  ;  extravagant  in  fancy  ; 
wild ;  giddy. 

flim-si-ly  ( flim'zi-li ) ,  adv.  in  a 
flimsy  manner. 

flim-si-iiess  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  flimsy. 

flim-sy  ('zi),  n.  [pi.  flimsies 
('ziz)],  a  thin  manifold  paper, 
especially  that  used  for  making 
reporting  copies ;  a  bank-note : 
adj.  unsubstantial ;  thin  ;  weak  ; 
ineffective. 

flinch  (flinch),  v.i.  to  shrink  or 
draw  back,  as  from  pain,  danger, 
&c. :  n.  the  act  of  flinching. 

flin-der  (flin'der),  n.  a  splinter; 
fragment. 

fling  (fling),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  flung, 
p.pr.  flinging] ,  to  throw  or  hurl ; 
drive  by  violence ;  scatter ;  cast  to 
the  ground  :  v.i.  to  flounce ;  throw 
out  the  legs  violently :  n.  the  act 
of  throwing  or  casting ;  a  sneer  or 
gibe ;  kick  or  leap ;  unrestrained 
pleasure  ;  dash  ;  a  Highland  dance. 

flint  (flint),  n.  a  variety  of 
quartz ;  a  flint  implement ;  any- 
thing proverbially  hard. 

flint-y  ('i),  adj.  composed  of,  or 
resembling,  flint ;  hard  ;  obdurate. 

flip  (flip),  n.  a  liquor  of  beer, 
spirit,  sugar,  &c. ;  a  short  quick 
stroke ;  a  flick :  v.t.  to  jerk  with 
the  fingers ;  strike  with  a  short 
quick  blow. 

flip-flap  ('flap),  n.  the  noise 
caused  by  something  flapping :  adv. 
with  a  flapping  sound. 

fllp-pan-cy  (flip'an-si),  n.  pert- 
ness  ;  thoughtless  fluency  of 
speech. 

flip-pant  ('3nt),  adj.  character- 
ized by  thoughtless  levity  of 
speech,  or  pertness. 

flip  per  ('er),  n.  a  broad  fin,  arm, 
or  paddle  used  in  swimming,  as 
that  of  the  whale,  seal,  or  turtle. 

flirt  (flert),  v.t.  move  to  and  fro 
with  a  short  rapid  action  ;  throw 
with  a  quick  elastic  motion  :  v.i. 
make  love  from  mere  amusement ; 
coquette :  n.  a  coquette ;  a  sudden 
jerk  or  toss. 

flir-ta-tion  (fle"r-ta'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  flirting. 


flirtatious  ('shus),  n.  inclined 
to  flirt. 

flirting  ('ting),  n.  coquetry:  adj. 
coquettish. 

flit  (flit),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  flitted, 
p.pr.  flitting],  to  remove  (a 
thing)  from  one  house  to  another 
[Scotch]  :  v.i.  to  pass  lightly  and 
swiftly  along ;  fly  away ;  skim  ; 
migrate. 

flitch,  (flich),  n.  the  side  of  a 
hog  salted  and  cured. 

flit-ter-mouse  (flit'er-mous),  n. 
a  bat. 

flit-ting  (flit'ing).  n.  the  act  of 
flying  or  moving  lightly  and 
swiftly ;  a  removal. 

flix  (fliks).  n.  soft  fur. 

float  (flot).  v.t.  to  cause  to  rest  or 
be  conveyed  on  the  surface  of  a 
liquid ;  convey  without  effort  or 
will ;  to  start,  sell,  or  dispose  of ; 
smooth  or  level  plaster  with  a 
float :  v.i.  to  be  buoyed  up  on  the 
surface  of  a  liquid  or  gaseous 
fluid  ;  move  lightly  or  glide  with- 
out apparent  effort ;  drift  about : 
n.  anything  that  floats  on  the 
surface  of  a  liquid  or  buoys  up 
something ;  a  raft ;  the  cork  or 
quill  used  in  angling ;  a  ball-cock ; 
a  plasterer's  tool  for  spreading 
nncl  smoothing;  the  water-gauge 
of  a  steam-boiler. 

float-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or  that 
which,  floats ;  a  voter  not  belong- 
ing to  any  particular  party. 

float-ing,  p.adj.  swimming,  or 
buoyed  up,  on  the  surface  of  a 
liquid ;  free  to  move  about :  cir- 
culating ;  not  fixed  or  settled ; 
ready  for  use :  n.  the  act  or  state 
of  anything  that  floats. 

floc-cil-la-tion  ( flok-sil-a'shun ) , 
n.  the  picking  of  bed-clothes  by 
a  delirious  patient :  regarded  as  a 
serious  symptom. 

floe-cose  (flpk'os),  adj.  covered 
with  soft  hair  or  wool ;  woolly. 

floc-cu-lence  ('u-lens),  n.  the 
state  of  being  flocculent. 

floc-cu-lent  ('u-lent).  adj.  woolly. 

floc-cn-lus  ('u-lus),  n.  [pi.  floc- 
culi  (-11)1,  a  small  flake;  a  small 
tuft  of  down  or  wool-like  hair. 

floc-cus  ('us),  n.  [pi.  flocci  ('si)], 
the  long  tuft  of  hair  which  ter- 
minates the  tail  of  certain  quad- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


flo 


355 


flo 


rupeds,  as  the  lion ;  the  down  on 
an  unfledged  bird. 

flock  (flok),  n.  a  company  or  col- 
lection of  sheep  or  birds ;  a  con- 
gregation ;  crowd ;  a  lock  of  wool ; 
fibrous  material  used  for  stuffing 
upholstery,  &c. :  v.i.  to  come  to- 
gether in  a  flock ;  assemble. 

•Si/",   brood,  group,  covey,  bevy, 
swarm. 

floe  (flo),  n.  a  large  flat  mass  of 
floating  ice. 

floe-rat   ('rat),  n.  the  ringed  seal. 

flog  (flog),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  flogged, 
p.l>r.  flogging],  to  whip;  chastise; 
to  lash  (the  water)  with  the  line 
in  angling. 

flog  ging   ('ing),  n.  a  whipping. 

flood  (flud).  n.  a  great  flow  of 
water ;  inundation  ;  the  deluge  ; 
high  tide ;  the  sea ;  an  abundant 
supply  or  outpouring  of  anything  : 
v.t.  to  deluge ;  inundate :  over- 
flow. 

flood-gate  Cgfit),  n.  a  gate  in  a 
water-way,  which  when  opened 
allows  the  water  to  escape  when 
at  a  certain  height. 

flood-tide  ('tid),  n.  the  rising 
tide. 

floor  (flor),  n.  the  part  of  a 
house,  room,  &c..  on  which  one 
treads ;  story ;  a  level  suite  of 
rooms ;  any  smooth  or  level  area  ; 
pavement ;  the  part  of  a  legislative 
chamber  occupied  by  the  mem- 
bers :  v.t.  to  cover  with  a  floor ; 
put  to  silence  ;  strike  down. 

floor-age  ('aj),  n.  the  area  of  a 
floor. 

floor-er  i.'er),  n.  a  knock-down 
blow ;  an  unanswerable  question 
or  argument. 

floor-ing  ('ing),  n.  materials  for 
floors ;  floors  collectively ;  pave- 
ment. 

flop  (flop),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  flopped, 
p.pr.  flopping],  to  strike  frequent- 
ly: unfold  with  a  jerk:  v.i.  to 
plump  down :  fall  loosely  and 
flatly :  n.  the  sound  caused  by  a 
soft  flat  body  coming  suddenly  in 
contact  with  the  ground :  adv. 
suddenly. 

flo  ra  (flo'rfi).  n.  the  wild  plants 
of  a  particular  region,  district,  or 
geological  period  ;  a  description  of 
siu-h  plants. 

floral    ('nil),    adj.    pertaining   to, 


resembling,  or  consisting  of, 
flowers. 

flo-ral  en-vel-ope  (en'vel-op),  n. 
the  corolla  and  calyx  of  a  flower. 

ilo-ran  ('ran),  n.  fine-grained  tin 
ore. 

flo-re-a-ted  ('re-a-ted),  adj.  orna- 
mented with  floral  decorations. 
Also  floriated. 

flo-res-cence  (flo-res'ens),  n.  the 
flowering  of  a  plant. 

flo-ret    ('ret),  n.  a  little  flower. 

flo-re-tum  ('re-tum),  n.  a  botan- 
ical garden  specially  devoted  to 
flowers. 

flo-ri-cnl-tu-ral  (-ri-kul'tur-al ) , 
<idj.  pertaining  to  floriculture. 

flo-ri-cul-ture  ('ri-kul-tur),  n. 
the  culture  of  flowers. 

flo-ri-cul-tur-ist  ('tur-ist),  n. 
one  who  is  skilled  in  floriculture. 

florid  (flor'id),  adj.  bright  in 
color ;  brilliant  with  decorations  ; 
profusely  embellished. 

flor-id-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  florid 
manner. 

flor-in  ('in),  n.  a  European  silver 
coin,  ranging  in  value  in  different 
countries  from  40  to  50  cents. 

flo-rist  (flo'rist),  n.  one  who  culti- 
vates flowers  for  pleasure,  or  sells 
them  for  profit. 

flo-ry-boat  (flo'ri-bot),  n.  a  small 
boat  for  conveying  passengers  be- 
tween a  steamboat  and  the  shore 
at  low7  tide. 

flosli  (flosh),  n.  a  receptacle  into 
which  ore  is  put  for  stamping. 

floss  (flos),  n.  floss-silk;  the  soft, 
downy,  silken  substance  in  the 
husks  of  certain  plants ;  the  slag 
on  the  surface  of  molten  iron  in  a 
puddling-furnace  :  a  small  stream. 

floss-silk  ('silk),  n.  an  inferior 
untwisted  soft  silk. 

floss-y  ('i),  adj.  like  floss;  downy. 

flo-ta-tion  (flo-ta'shun),  n.  the 
act  or  state  of  floating ;  the 
science  of  floating  bodies. 

flo-til-la  (-til'a),  n.  a  fleet  of 
small  vessels. 

flot-sam  (flot'sam),  n.  goods  lost 
in  shipwreck,  and  found  floating 
upon  the  sea.  Also  flotson. 

flounce  (flouns),  n.  a  narrow 
piece  of  cloth  sewed  to  the  skirt 
of  a  dress  or  petticoat,  with 
the  lower  border  loose  and  spread- 
ing;  a  sudden  jerk- or  movement 


late,  rnar,  mask,  cat.  awl  ;  IK",  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


no 


336 


flu 


of  the  body,  indicative  of  im- 
patience: v.t.  to  furnish  or  trim 
with  flounces :  v.i.  to  throw 
about  the  limbs  and  body. 

flounc-ing  ('ing),  n.  material  for 
flounces. 

floun-der  (floun'der),  v.i.  to  strug- 
gle, roll,  or  proceed  with  difficulty, 
as  an  animal  in  the  mire :  n.  a  flat 
sea-fish  ;  a  bootmaker's  tool. 

flour  (flour),  n.  the  fine  meal  of 
ground  wheat ;  a  fine  soft  powder  : 
v.t.  to  sprinkle  flour  upon. 

flour-ish  (flur'ish),  v.i.  to  pros- 
per or  thrive ;  be  vigorous ;  be 
copious  or  flowery  in  language ; 
embellish :  v.t.  swing  about  or 
brandish ;  give  flourishes  to :  n. 
a  figure  formed  by  lines  or 
strokes  fancifully  drawn  ;  the  act 
of  brandishing :  a  musical  passage 
intended  only  for  display ;  os- 
tentatious parade. 
Syn.  prosper,  thrive. 
Ant.  (see  decay;. 

flour-ish-ing  (-ing),  p.adi.  pros- 
perous ;  thriving ;  vigorous ;  os- 
tentatious. 

flour-y  (flour'i).  adj.  resembling, 
consisting  of,  or  covered  with, 
flour. 

float  (flout),  v.t.  to  insult;  treat 
contemptuously  ;  jeer ;  v.i.  to  scoff  ; 
sneer :  n.  an  insult ;  scoff. 

flow  (flo),  v.i.  to  run  or  spread, 
as  water;  circulate;  glide;  rise, 
as  the  tide  ;  melt ;  issue  forth  :  v.t. 
to  overflow  or  inundate :  n.  a  cur- 
rent or  stream  ;  copiousness  ;  the 
rise  of  the  tide. 

flow-er  (flou'er).  n.  that  part  of  a 
plant  which  contains  the  repro- 
ductive organs  ;  blossom  ;  the  best, 
or  choicest,  part  of  anything ; 
the  prime ;  a  figure  or  ornamental 
expression :  pi.  a  light  powdery 
substance  obtained  by  sublima- 
tion :  v.i.  to  put  forth  flowers : 
blossom  or  bloom :  v.t.  ornament 
or  cover  with  flowers. 

flow-er-et  (-et),  n.  a  little  flower. 

flow-er-ing-fern  ( 'er-ing-f  era ) ,  n. 
the  Osmunda  regalis. 

flow-er-y  ('er-i),  adj.  abounding, 
or  adorned,  with  flowers ;  highly 
figurative  or  embellished. 

flow-ing  (flo'ing),  p.adj.  moving, 
or  pouring  forth,  as  a  stream ; 


copious ;    fluent ;    hanging   loosely 
or  swaying. 

flown,  p.p.  of  fly. 

flnc-tu-ate  (fluii'tu-at),  v.i.  to 
roll  to  and  fro,  as  a  wave ;  un- 
dulate ;  rise  and  fall ;  be  irresolute 
or  wavering. 

flue  ( flu ) ,  n.  a  pipe  or  passage 
to  convey  away  smoke,  hot  air, 
&c. ;  soft  downy  matter ;  fluff. 

flu-en-cy  (flu'en-si),  n.  the  quality 
of  being  fluent. 

fln-ent  ('ent),  adj.  possessing 
readiness  and  ease  of  speech ; 
voluble ;  eloquent. 

Syn.   flowing,   glib,   voluble,   un- 
embarrassed, ready. 
Ant.    (see  hesitating). 

flue-y   Ci),  adj.  like  flue;  fluffy. 

fluff  (fluf),  n.  light  down  or  fur 
nap :  v.t.  to  spread  out,  as  feath- 
ers :  n.  a  flash. 

fluffi  ness  ('nes),  n.  the  quality 
of  being  fluffy. 

fluff-y  ('i),  adj.  consisting  of,  or 
covered  with,  fluff;  feathery. 

flu-id   (flii'id),  adj.  liquid  or  gase- 
ous :  n.  a  substance  the  particles 
of  which  are  readily  separable. 
Syn.   gas,   liquid. 

flu-id-i-ty  (-id'i-ti),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  fluid. 

fluke  (fliik),  n.  the  broad  part  of 
an  anchor  which  is  fixed  into  the 
ground ;  a  flounder :  a  parasitic 
disease  in  sheep ;  a  variety  of 
potato ;  one  of  the  two  lobes  of 
a  whale's  tail :  a  lucky  stroke  in 
billiards :  v.i.  to  score  by  a  lucky 
stroke ;  use  the  flukes  in  swim- 
ming :  said  of  a  whale. 

fluk-y  ('i),  adj.  like  a  fluke;  ob- 
tained by  chance. 

flume  (flum),  n.  a  channel  for  the 
conveyance  of  water. 

flum-mer-y  (flum'er-i),  n.  a  jelly 
made  of  flour ;  blanc-mange ;  in- 
sipidity ;  humbug. 

flung,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  fling. 

flunk  (flungk),  n.  a  complete  fail- 
ure :  v.i.  to  fail  completely ;  re- 
tire through  fear. 

flunk-y  ('i).  n.  [pi.  flunkies 
('iz)],  a  liveried  servant;  a 
toady ;  snob ;  a  foolish  incau- 
tious speculator.  Also  flunkey. 

flnnk-y-ism  ('i-izm),  n.  the  char- 
acteristics of  a  flunky.  Also 
flunkeyism. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


flu 


357 


flu-o-resce  ( floo-o-res' ) ,  v.t.  to  ex- 
hibit fluorescence. 

flu-o-res-cence  ('ens),  n.  the 
quality  existing  in  certain  trans- 
parent bodies  of  giving  off  under 
the  action  of  light  a  color  differing 
from  their  own ;  the  property 
possessed  by  certain  substances  of 
becoming  luminous  when  exposed 
to  X-rays  or  other  forms  of  radi- 
ant energy. 

flu-o-res-cent  ('ent),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  fluorescence  ;  possessing  the 
capacity  of  fluorescing. 

flu-or-ic  (-or'ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to.  or  obtained  from,  fluorine. 

flu-o-ride  ('o-rid).  n.  a  compound 
of  fluorine  with  a  metallic  base. 

flu-o-rine  ('o-rin).  n.  an  elemen- 
tary gaseous  body  allied  to 
chlorine. 

flu-or-o-scope  ( flOo'er-o-skop ) ,  n. 
a  device  for  use  in  making  X-ray 
examinations  on  a  screen  covered 
with  fluorescent  material. 

flu-or-spar  Cer-spar).  n.  a  trans- 
parent or  semi-transparent  min- 
eral, composed  of  fluoride  of  cal- 
cium. Also  fluorite. 

flur-ry  (flur'i),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
flurried,  n.pr.  flurrying],  to  agi- 
tate, confuse,  or  bewilder :  n.  sud- 
den commotion  or  excitement ; 
hurry ;  a  sudden  gust. 

flush  (Hush),  v.t.  to  cause  to 
blush ;  excite :  clean  out  with  a 
rush  of  water:  drive  from  cover: 
said  of  game  birds:  v.t.  to  blush; 
glow:  H.  a  sudden  rush  of  water; 
flow  of  blood  to  the  face ;  sudden 
excitement  or  impulse:  a  flock 
of  game  birds  suddenly  started; 
abundance ;  bloom :  growth :  a 
hand  of  cards  all  of  the  same  suit  : 
said  of  cribbage  ;  a  bog  or  morass  : 
n/Ij.  level  with  the  surface;  quite 
full :  abundant ;  plentifully  sup- 
plied with  money  :  vigorous  :  <nlr. 
so  as  to  be  level. 

flush  deck  (dek),  n.  a  deck  level 
from  stem  to  stern. 

flush-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
cleansing  out  by  a  copious  flow 
of  water ;  a  glow  of  red  in  the 
face. 

flus-ter  (flus'ter).  v.t.  to  confuse 
or  agitato:  hurry:  n.  agitation 
or  confusion  ;  excitement. 

flute    (flfit),    n.    a    tubular   wind- 


instrument  furnished  with  finger- 
holes  and  keys ;  a  long  channel  or 
groove  cut  in  the  shaft  of  a 
column  ;  crimping  or  furrowing  : 
v.t.  to  sound  as  a  flute ;  form 
parallel  grooves  or  channel  in ; 
crimp  or  forrow. 

flu-ti-na  (-te'na),  a  kind  of  ac- 
cordion. 

flu-ting  (flu'ting),  n.  a  channel 
or  groove ;  fluted  work ;  a  flute- 
shaped  crimp. 

flu-tist  ('tist),  n.  a  performer  on 
the  flute.  • 

flut-ter  (flut'er),  v.i.  to  move  or 
flap  the  wings  rapidly ;  move 
rapidly  and  irregularly;  be  in 
agitation  or  uncertainty :  v.t.  to 
throw  into  confusion  :  n.  a  quick 
and  irregular  motion  ;  vibration  ; 
state  of  excitement  or  anxiety. 

flut-ter-wheel  (-hwel),  n.  a 
water-wheel  connected  with  a 
chute. 

flu-ty  ( flii'ti ) ,  adj.  flute-like  in 
tone. 

flu-vi-al  (flu'vi-al).  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  growing  or  living  in.  or 
caused  by,  rivers.  Also  fluvatile. 

flux  (fluks),  n.  any  flow  or  issue 
of  matter :  flow  of  the  tide ;  a 
substance  added  to  assist  in  the 
reduction  of  a  metal  by  fusion : 
v.t.  to  melt  or  fuse. 

flux-ion  (fluk'shun).  n.  the  act 
of  flowing  or  melting ;  matter  that 
flows :  pi.  in  mathematics,  the 
analysis  of  infinitely  small  varia- 
ble quantities. 

fly  (fli),  v.i.  [p.t.  flew,  p.p.  flown, 
p.pr.  flying],  to  move  through,  or 
rise  in,  the  air  with  wings:  pass 
swiftly ;  be  driven  through  the 
air;  move  rapidly;  run  away: 
part  with  violence  :  burst ;  fade  : 
v.t.  to  avoid  or  shun  ;  cause  to  fly 
or  float  in  the  air ;  flutter :  n.  [pi. 
flies  (fliz)],  a  two-winged  insect 
of  many  species,  including  the 
house-fly,  Ulusca  domestica;  an 
artificial  fly  used  in  angling;  a 
disease  in  turnips;  a  hackney  car- 
riage: adj.  wide  awake. 

fly-blow  ('bio),  n.  the  egg  or  larva 
of  a  fly:  v.t.  &  v.t.  [p.p.  flyblown, 
p.pr.  flyblowing],  to  lay  eggs  in 
meat,  &c.,  and  taint  it. 

fly-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  action  of 
the  verb  to  fly:  p.adj.  adapted  for 


late,  m»r,  mask.  cat.  awl  ;  he.  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pSrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fly 


358 


fcl 


flight ;  floating  ;  waving  ;  brief,  or 
hurried. 

fly-ing-bridge  (-brij),  n.  a  tem- 
porary bridge. 

fly-ing-but-tress  (-but'tres),  n. 
an  arched  brace  for  strengthening 
and  supporting  a  part  of  a  build- 
ing which  rises  above  the  rest. 

fly -ing-fish,  (-fish),  n.  a  fish  with 
long  pectoral  fins,  which  has  the 
power  of  sustaining  itself  in  the 
air  for  a  short  time. 

fly-ing-jib  (-jib),  n-  a  sail  be- 
yond the  jib. 

fly-wheel  (fli'hwel),  n.  a  heavy 
wheel  in  a  machine  which  regu- 
lates its  motion. 

foal  ( fol ) ,  n.  the  young  of  a  horse, 
ass,  or  camel :  v.i.  to  bring  forth 
young :  said  of  a  mare,  &c. 

foam  (fom),  n.  the  white  sub- 
stance formed  on  a  liquid  by 
violent  agitation  or  fermentation  ; 
spume :  v.t.  to  cause  to  foam  :  v.i. 
to  gather  foam  ;  be  enraged  ;  froth. 

fob  (fob),  n.  a  small  pocket,  es- 
pecially for  a  watch :  v.t.  to  cheat. 

fo-cal  (fo'knl),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  placed  at,  a  focus. 

fo-cal  dis-tance  (dis'tans).  n. 
the  distance  between  the  optical 
center  of  a  lens  or  mirror  and  the 
point  where  the  rays  converge. 

fo-cns  (fo'kus),  n.  [pi.  focuses 
(-ez),  foci  ('si)],  the  point  where 
a  system  of  rays  of  light  or  heat 
meet  after  being  reflected  or  re- 
fracted ;  any  central  point :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  focused,  p.pr.  focus- 
ing], to  bring  to  a  focus  or  center. 
Also  focalize  (-Iz). 

fod-der  (fod'er),  n.  food  for 
horses,  cattle,  or  sheep ;  a  weight 
for  lead  =  21  cwt.  (Also  foth- 
er)  :  v.t.  to  feed  with  fodder. 

foe  (fo),  n.  a  personal  enemy; 
ill-wisher ;  an  adversary  in  war. 

foehn  ffon),  n.  a  warm,  dry,  Al- 
pine wind,  prevalent  in  Switzer- 
land. 

foe-man  (fo'man),  n.  [pi.  fomen 
('men)l,  an  adversary  in  war. 

foe-tal  (fe'tfil),  adj.  pertaining  to 
tho  frrtus. 

foet-i-cide  (M-sid),  n.  the  destruc- 
tion of  a  foetus  in  the  womb ; 
criminal  abortion. 


foe-tns  ('tus).  n.  the  young  of 
viviparous  animals  in  the  uterus. 

fog  (fog),  n.  condensed  watery 
vapor  near  the  surface  of  the  sen 
or  land  ;  bewilderment ;  a  cloud  or 
haze  obscuring  a  photographic 
plate  ;  the  after-grass  of  autumn  : 
winter  pasture:  r.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
fogged,  p.pr.  fogging],  to  become 
foggy. 

fog-bank)  ('bangk),  n.  a  dense 
mass  of  fog  at  sea,  appearing  like 
land  in  the  distance. 

fog-gi-ly  (fog'i-li),  adv.  in  a  fog- 
gy manner ;  dimly. 

fog-gi-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  foggy. 

fog-gy  Ci).  adj.  abounding  in,  or 
filled  with,  fog ;  bewildered ;  ob- 
scure ;  obtuse. 

fo-gy  (fo'gi),  n.  [pi.  fogies 
Cgiz)],  a  person  of  old-fashion ed 
or  eccentric  habits.  Also  fogey, 
fogie. 

foh-at  (f5'at).  n.  a  term  used  in 
occultism  to  denote  the  connect- 
ing-link between  mind  and  matter. 

foi-ble  (foi'bl),  n.  a  failing  or 
imperfection  in  character ;  the 
weakest  part  of  the  blade  in  a 
sword. 

foil  (foil),  v.t.  to  baffle  or  frus- 
trate; defeat:  n.  a  long  thin  fenc- 
ing weapon  with  a  button  on  the 
end ;  the  trail  of  hunted  game  :  n 
thin  plate,  or  sheet  of  metal  :  a 
contrast  to  set  something  off  to 
advantage ;  a  small  arc  in  the 
tracery  of  a  Gothic  window.  &c. 

foist  (foist),  v.t.  to  place  in 
wrongfully  or  surreptitiously ; 
palm  off  slyly  (with  in,  into, 
upon). 

fold  (fold),  v.t.  to  bend  one  part 
over  another;  inclose;  wrap  \\\< : 
shut  up  in  a  pen  or  fold :  n.  a 
part  bent  or  doubled  over  an- 
other: a  plait:  a  pen  for  sheep:  a 
bend  of  a  stratum  ;  flock  of  sheep  ; 
the  Church. 

fold-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or  that 
which,  folds ;  a  name  for  various 
instruments  or  contrivances  for 
folding. 

fol-de-rol  (fol'de-rol),  n.  mere 
nonsense :  an  idle  fancy  or  con- 
ceit ;  a  silly  trifle. 

fold-ing     ('ing),    n.    the    act    or 


Ifite,  mar,  mflsk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fol 


359 


fen 


process  of  doubling  one  part  over 
another. 

f old-ing-doors  (-clorz),  n.pl.  a 
pair  of  doors  hung  on  opposite 
side-posts  and  meeting  in  the  mid- 
dle. 

fo-li-a-ceous  (fo'li-a'shus),  adj. 
resembling,  shaped  like,  or  having, 
leaves ;  consisting  of  thin  plates 
or  laminae. 

fo-li-age  ('li-aj),  n.  leaves  col- 
lectively ;  the  artistic  representa- 
tion of  leaves,  flowers,  &c.,  as  in 
architectural  decoration. 

fo-li-a-ted  ('li-a-ted),  p.adj.  beat- 
en, formed  into,  or  covered  with, 
thin  plates ;  splitting  into  la- 
minae ;  decorated  with  leaf-like  or- 
namentation. 

fo-li-a-tion  C-fi'shun).  n.  the  act 
of  leafing ;  the  act  or  process  of 
beating  a  metal  into  thin  plates  ; 
lamination  :  said  of  a  mineral ; 
the  number  of  the  leaves  of  a 
book. 

fo-li-p  (fo'Ii-o),  n.  a  book  of  the 
largest  size  formed  by  folding  a 
sheet  of  paper  once ;  a  page  of 
MS.  or  printed  matter;  the 
right  and  left  hand  pages  of  a 
ledger,  &c. ;  in  legal  documents 
71'  words  of  MS.,  100  words  in 
congressional  proceedings ;  a  case 
for  music,  &c. :  adj.  having  a 
sheet  of  paper  folded  once :  v.t. 
to  page. 

fo-li-ole    (fo'li-ol),   n.  a  leaflet. 

fo-li-ose  ('li-6s),  adj.  resembling 
a  leaf ;  covered  with  leaves. 

folk  (folk  or  fok),  n.  people  in 
general ;  nation  or  race ;  one's 
relatives. 

folk-lore  dor),  n.  popular  tra- 
ditions, customs,  beliefs,  &c. 

folk-song  ('song),  n.  a  popular 
sung  01  ballad,  illustrative  of  the 
common  life  of  the  people. 

fol-li-a  (fol-le'a),  n.  a  kind  of 
musical  composition  consisting  of 
varieties  on  a  given  air. 

fol-li-cle  (fol'i-kl),  n.  a  seed- 
vessel  ;  a  very  small  tube  or 
cavity  :  a  simple  gland. 

fol-lic-u-lar  (-ik'u-lar).  adj.  like 
a  follicle. 

fol-low  (fol'o),  v.t.  to  go  or  come 
after:  pursue;  succeed  in  order; 
accompany  ;  attend  ;  espouse  the 
opinions  or  cause  of;  imitate  or 
conform  to :  watch  or  attem'  to 


closely ;  to  practice :  v.i.  to  go  or 
come  after  another ;  result :  n. 
a  particular  stroke  in  billiards  or 
croquet. 

Syn.    succeed,     ensue,     imitate, 
copy,    pursue. 

fol-low-er  (-er),  n.  one  who  fol- 
lows another ;  a  disciple,  attend- 
ant, or  dependent ;  one  of  the 
same  sect  or  party ;  a  maidserv- 
ant's sweetheart. 

Syn.    partisan    disciple,    adher- 
ent, retainer,  pursuer,  successor. 

fol-low-ing  ('6-ing),  adj.  suc- 
ceeding :  n.  vocation  or  calling ; 
disciples  or  adherents  collectively. 

fol-ly  (fol'i),  n.  [pi.  follies  ('iz)J, 
want  of  understanding ;  foolish- 
ness ;  unbecoming  conduct ;  crimi- 
nal weakness ;  sin. 

Syn.    silliness,    foolishness,    im- 
becility,  weakness. 
Ant.    (see  wisdom). 

fo-ment  (fo-menf),  v.t.  to  bathe 
with  warm  or  medicated  liquids ; 
excite ;  stir  up  or  instigate. 

f  o-men-ta-tion  ( -men-ta'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  fomenting ;  warm  or 
medicated  liquids  applied  to  a 
diseased  part ;  incitement. 

fo-mes  (fo'mez),  n.  [pi.  fomites 
('mi-tez)],  a  porous  substance,  as 
wool,  &c.,  capable  of  retaining 
germs,  and  thus  communicating 
contagion. 

fond  (fond),  adj.  affectionate; 
loving ;  ardently  attached  or  de- 
voted ;  partial  to ;  injudiciously, 
foolishly  indulgent  (with  of). 

Syn.  enamored,  attached,  affec- 
tionate. 

Ant.    (see  distant). 

fon-dle  (fon'dl),  v.t.  to  caress; 
treat  with  tenderness ;  handle 
tenderly :  v.t.  to  exhibit  fondness. 

fon-dling  ('dling).  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  is  fondled. 

fon-du  (fong-dfxV),  adj.  in  calico 
printing  and  paper  hangings,  the 
gradual  blending  of  one  color  into 
another. 

font  (font),  n.  a  stone  receptacle 
to  hold  the  water  used  in  bap- 
tizing ;  a  complete  assortment  of 
a  particular  kind  of  type. 

font-al  ('ai),  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  font. 

fon-ta-nel  (fon'ta-nel),  n.  one  of 
the  six  open  spaces  in  the  skull 
of  an  infant ;  a  seton. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch.  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


foo 


360 


for 


food  (food),  n.  nutriment;  ma- 
terial. 

fool  (fool),  n.  a  person  devoid  of 
reason  or  intelligence  ;  idiot ;  one 
who  acts  in  a  foolish  manner ;  a 
victim  or  butt ;  a  compound  of 
crushed  gooseberries  with  cream  : 
v.t.  to  make  a  fool  of ;  treat  with 
contempt ;  disappoint. 

fool-er-y  ( 'er-i ) ,  n.  \i>l.  fooleries 
(-iz)],  habitual  folly;  absurd 
conduct  or  action. 

fool-h.ar-di-n.ess  ('har-di-nes).  n. 
a  courage  without  sense. 

fpol-har-dy  ('har-di),  adj.  fool- 
ishly bold  ;  daringly  rash  ;  regard- 
less of  consequences. 

•V//H.     venturesome,     incautious, 
hasty,   adventurous,   rash. 
Ant.   (see  cautious). 

fool-ing  ('ing),  n.  foolish  speech 
or  conduct ;  buffoonery  ;  banter  ; 
idle  interference. 

fool-ish  ('ish),  adj.  acting  with- 
out reason  or  judgment ;  weak- 
minded  ;  silly ;  ridiculous ;  tri- 
fling ;  contemptible. 

Syn.  simnle,  silly,  irrational, 
brainless,  imbecile,  crazy,  absurd, 
preposterous,  ridiculous,  nonsen- 
sical. 

Ant.   (see  wise,  discreet). 

fool-ish-ly  (-li),  adj.  in  a  foolish 
manner. 

fool-ish-ness   (-nes),  n.  folly. 

fools-cap  (foolz'kap),  n.  a  size 
of  paper  about  17  in.  X  14  in. : 
originally  water-marked  with  the 
cap  and  bells  formerly  worn  by 
professional  jesters. 

foot  (foot),  n.  [pi.  feet  (fet)], 
that  part  of  the  leg  on  which  an 
animal  walks  or  stands ;  the  lower 
part,  base,  foundation,  or  end  of 
anything ;  that  part  of  a  boot  or 
stocking  which  receives  the  foot ; 
a  measure  =  12  in. ;  infantry 
soldiers ;  a  certain  number  of 
syllables  constituting  part  of  a 
verse:  v.t.  to  add  a  foot  to,  as  a 
stocking;  add  figures  in  a  column, 
and  place  the  total  at  the  bottom  : 
v.i.  to  dance ;  go  on  foot. 

foot-ball  ('bawl),  n.  a  large  in- 
dia-rubber ball  encased  in  leather, 
used  in  the  game  of  football. 

foot-ing  ('ing),  n.  ground  or  sup- 
port for  the  feet ;  tread  ;  a  firm  or 
assured  position  ;  dance  ;  an  enter- 
tainment given  by  a  new  employe1, 


&c.,  to  his  fellow  workmen  ;  state 
or  condition. 

foot-man  ('man),  n.  [pi.  foot- 
men ('men)],  a  livery  servant 
who  attends  a  carriage,  waits  at 
table,  &c. 

foot-pad  ('pad),  n.  a  highway- 
man who  robs  on  foot. 

foot-pound  ('pound),  n.  the  unit 
of  energy  =  work  required  to 
raise  1  Ib.  through  a  space  of  1 
ft. 

foots  (footz).  n.pl.  the  sediment 
of  oil  or  sugar. 

fop  (fop),  n.  a  dandy;  pretentious 
fool. 

Syn.    dandy,    dude,    beau,    cox- 
comb, puppy,  jackanapes. 
Ant.    (see  gentleman). 

fop-per-y  ('er-i),  n.  [pi.  fopper- 
ies (-iz)  ],  dandyism. 

fop-pish,  ('ish),  adj.  affected  in 
dress  and  manners. 

for  (for),  prep,  in  place  of;  on 
account  of ;  for  the  sake  of ;  not- 
withstanding ;  to  the  number  or 
amount  of  :  con},  because ;  since  : 
prefix,  meaning  thoroughly,  before, 
greatly,  with  a  privative,  or 
negative  force. 

for-age  (for'aj),  n.  food  for 
horses  and  cattle ;  a  search  for 
provisions :  v.i.  to  wander  about 
in  search  of  provisions :  v.t.  to 
supply  with  forage. 

for-ag-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  act  of 
searching  for  forage. 

fo-ra-men  (fo-rfi'men).  n.  [/>/. 
foramina  (ram'i-na)  ],  a  short 
passage  or  opening,  as  in  a  bone, 
or  ovule. 

fo-ram-i-na-ted  (-ram'i-na'ted) , 
adj.  furnished  with  small  holes 
or  foramina.  Also  foraminate. 

for-ay  (for'A),  n.  a  predatory  ex- 
pedition in  border  warfare :  v.t.  to 
plunder  or  ravage. 

for  bade,  p.t.  of  forbid. 

for-bear  (-bfiri.  r.t.  [p.t.  forbore, 
p.p.  forborne,  p.pr.  forbearing], 
to  abstain  from;  excuse;  spare: 
v.i.  to  restrain  one's  self :  be 
patient :  n.  an  ancestor.  Also 
forebear.  [Scotch.] 

Syn.  abstain,  refrain,  withhold. 

for-bear-ance  (Tins),  n. 
patience ;  indulgence ;  self-com- 
mand. 

forbid    (-bid'),  v.t.   [p.t.  forbade, 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


for 


361 


for 


p.p.  forbidden,  forbid,  p.pr.  forbid- 
ding], to  prohibit;  command  not 
to  do ;  oppose. 

for-bid-ding  ('ing),  p.adj.  repel- 
lent ;  disagreeable. 

force  (furs),  n.  active  power; 
vigor ;  strength  ;  energy  ;  violence  ; 
power  to  persuade  or  convince ; 
validity  ;  legality  ;  efficacy  ;  mean- 
ing ;  troops  ;  armament ;  a  trained 
or  organized  body ;  unlawful 
violence  to  property  or  person ; 
any  cause  that  produces,  or  tends 
to  produce,  motion,  or  a  change 
of  motion,  in  a  body ;  a  water- 
fall :  v.t.  to  compel ;  overpower 
by  strength  ;  impel ;  push  ;  press  ; 
strain :  cause  to  grow  or  ripen 
by  artificial  means :  v.i.  to  en- 
deavor. 

N///I.  strength,  vigor,  dint, 
might,  energy,  power,  violence, 
army,  host. 

forced  (forst),  p.adj.  strained  ;  af- 
fected. 

force-meat  (fors'met),  n.  meat 
chopped  fine  and  seasoned. 

for-ceps  (for'seps),  n.  pincers  or 
pliers  for  seizing  and  extracting 
anything. 

for-ci-ble  (for'si-bl),  adj.  charac- 
terized by  mental  or  physical 
power :  vigorous  ;  violent. 

for-ci-bly  f'si-bli),  adv.  in  a 
forcible  manner ;  vigorously ; 
violently. 

ford  (ford),  n.  a  shallow  part  of  a 
stream,  &c.,  which  can  be  crossed 
by  men  or  animals  :  v.t.  to  wade 
through,  or  pass  over  without 
swimming. 

fore,  a  prefix  meaning  before,  in 
front,  much  used  in  composition  : 
its  meaning  is  usually  self-evident. 

fore  and  aft  (aft),  the  entire 
length  of  a  ship. 

fore-arm  (for'iirm),  n.  the  arm 
between  the  wrist  and  elbow :  v.t. 
to  prepare  for  attack  or  resistance 
before  the  time  of  need. 

fore-bear.     See  under  forbear. 

fore-bode  (-bod'),  v.i.  to  presage, 
especially  evil ;  feel  a  presenti- 
ment of:  v.i.  to  foretell  (evil). 

fore-bow  ('b5),  n.  the  pommel  of 
a  saddle. 

fore-cast  ('kast),  n.  a  previous 
contrivance;  foresight;  predic- 
tion of  the  weather:  v.t.  (for- 


kast'),  to  plan  or  calculate  before- 
hand ;   foresee ;   predict. 

Syn.  forethought,  foresight,  pre- 
meditation,   prognostication. 

fore-cas-tle  (for'kas-1  or  fok'sl), 
n.  the  part  of  a  vessel  forward  of 
the  foremast,  where  the  seameu 
take  their  meals  and  sleep. 

fore-close  (for-kloz'),  v.t.  to  cut 
off  from  the  right  of  redemption : 
said  of  a  mortgage. 

fore-fa-ther  ('fa-f/ier),  n.  a  male 
ancestor. 

Fore-fa-ther' s  Day  ('fa-^erz 
da),  n.  Dec.  21,  the  day  when  the 
Pilgrim  Fathers  landed  at  Ply- 
mouth, Mass.,  1620 :  observed  as 
an  anniversary  in  New  England, 
&c. 

fore-gath-er  (-ga^'er),  v.i.  to 
assemble;  associate  (with  with). 

fore-go  (-go'),  v.t.  [p.t.  forewent. 
p.p.  foregone,  p.pr.  foregoing],  to 
renounce  or  refrain  from ;  give 
up :  v.t.  precede. 

•s';/».    quit,    relinquish,    let    go, 
waive. 

fore-head  (for'ed),  n.  that  part 
of  the  face  between  the  eyes  and 
the  hair;  brow. 

for-eign  (for'en),  adj.  belonging 
to  another  nation  or  country ; 
alien ;  exotic ;  extraneous ;  re- 
mote. 

for-el  ('el),  n.  a  kind  of  parch- 
ment used  for  covers  of  books. 

fore-land  (for'land),  ».  point  of 
land  projecting  into  the  sea ; 
headland. 

fore-lock  ('lok),  n.  a  lock  of  hair 
growing  on  the  forehead ;  a  linch- 
pin. 

fore-man  ('man),  n.  [pi.  fore- 
men ('men)],  the  spokesman  of 
a  jury ;  an  overseer. 

fore-most  ('most),  adj.  chief; 
first. 

fo  ren-sic  (fo-ren'sik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  used  in.  courts  of 
justice  or  public  debate. 

fo-ren-sic  med-i-cine  (med'i- 
sin),  n.  medical  jurisprudence. 

fore-reach  ( for-rech' ) ,  v.t.  to  gain 
upon :  v.i.  to  forge  ahead  in  stays  : 
said  of  a  vessel. 

fore-run  (-run')  v.t.  [p.t.  fore- 
ran, p.p.  forerun,  p.pr.  forerun- 
ning], to  run  before;  precede:  an- 
nounce. 

fore-run-ner  ('gr),  n.  a  messenger 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he.  he"r,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tor 


362 


for 


sent    before ;    herald ;    something 
that  precedes  a  person  or  event. 

Syn.     herald,     harbinger,     pre- 
cursor, omen. 

fore-sail  ('sal),  n.  a  large  square 
sail,  the  principal  one  on  the 
foremast. 

fore-shore  ('shor),  n.  that  part 
of  a  beach  or  shore  situated  be- 
tween the  high  and  low  water 
marks. 

fore-short-en  (-short'n),  v.t.  to 
depict  (figures  as  they  appear  to 
the  eye  when  viewed  obliquely) 
so  as  to  convey  the  impression  of 
full  length. 

fore-skin  ('skin),  n.  the  prepuce. 

fore-speech  ('spech),  n.  a  pref- 
ace. 

for-est  (for'est),  n.  a  large  ex- 
cent  of  ground  covered  with  trees  ; 
woodland ;  an  uncultivated  tract 
of  land,  more  or  less  covered  with 
trees  and  undergrowth :  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  forest ;  rustic ;  syl- 
van :  v.t.  to  cover  with  trees  or 
forest. 

fore-stall  (-stawl'),  v.t.  to  be  be 
forehand  with ;  anticipate ;  buy 
up  in  advance. 

fore-stay  ('sta),  n.  a  strong  rope 
reaching  from  the  foremast-head 
to  the  bow  of  a  vessel  to 
strengthen  the  foremast. 

for-est-er  (for'est-er),  n.  one 
skilled  in  forestry,  or  an  officer 
who  has  charge  of  a  forest :  an 
inhabitant  of  a  forest  or  wild  re- 
gion. 

for-est-ry  ('est-ri),  n.  the  art  of 
cultivating  forests  or  managing 
timber. 

fore-top  (for'top),  n.  the  plat- 
form at  the  head  of  a  foremast. 

fore-top-mast  (-mast),  n.  the 
mast  immediately  above  the  fore- 
mast. 

fore-wind  ('wind),  n.  a  favorable 
wind. 

for-feit  (far'fit),  n.  a  fine  or  pen- 
a'ty :  v.t.  to  lose  (some  position, 
ri^ht,  or  advantage)  by  breach  of 
conditions,  omission,  or  conduct : 
adj.  alienated  or  lost. 

for-f«i-ture  ('fi-tur),  n.  the  act  of 
forfeiting  ;  that  which  is  forfeited  ; 
penalty. 

for- fend  (fend'),  v.t.  to  ward  off. 

for-gave,  p.t.  of  forgive. 


forge  (forj  and  forj),  v.t.  to 
fashion  (a  piece  of  metal)  by 
heating  and  hammering ;  form 
into  shape ;  invent ;  counterfeit, 
with  intent  to  defraud ;  impel  for- 
ward :  v.l.  to  be  guilty  of  the 
crime  of  forgery ;  go  slowly  or 
with  difficulty :  n.  an  open  fire 
in  which  a  blacksmith  heats  irons 
by  forced  draught,  and  fashions 
the  metal  while  hot ;  a  place 
where  metal  is  forged ;  smithy ; 
workshop. 

Syn.  coin,  invent,  frame,  feign, 
fabricate,  counterfeit. 

forge-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  forged. 

forg-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  com- 
mits the  crime  of  forgery ;  a 
fabricator. 

for-ger-y  (-i),  n.  the  act  of 
counterfeiting  the  handwriting  of 
another  with  intent  to  defraud ; 
the  act  of  counterfeiting  coin. 

for-get  (for-gef),  v.t.  [p.t.  for- 
got, p.p.  forgotten,  p.pr.  forget- 
ting], to  lose  the  remembrance  of; 
overlook  or  neglect :  slight. 

for-get-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  liable 
to  be  forgotten. 

for-get-ful  ('fool),  adj.  apt  to 
forget ;  careless  ;  negligent ;  heed- 
less. 

for-get-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  for- 
getful manner. 

for-get-ful-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  forgetful ;  loss  of 
remembrance ;  neglect. 

for-get-me-not  ('me-not),  n.  a 
perennial  plant  with  small  bright 
sky-blue  flowers. 

for-giv-a-ble  (-giv'a-bl),  adj.  that 
may  be  forgiven. 

for-give  (-giv'),  v.t.  [p.t.  forgave, 
p.p.  forgiven,  p.pr.  forgiving],  to 
pardon ;  remit,  as  a  sin,  offense, 
debt,  &c. :  v.i.  to  exhibit  forgive- 
ness. 

Syn.  pardon,  remit,  absolve,  ac- 
quit, excuse,  except. 

for-give-ness  ('nes),  n.  pardon; 
remission. 

for-got-ten,  p.p.  of  forget. 

fork  (fork),  n.  an  instrument 
with  two  or  more  prongs ;  any- 
thing resembling,  or  branching 
like,  a  fork ;  the  branch  of  space 
caused  by  the  junction  of  two 
roads  or  rivers :  v.t.  to  raise. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


for 


363 


for 


throw,  or  dig  with  a  fork ;  steal : 
c.i.  to  branch  off. 

forked  (forkt),  adj.  shaped  like 
a  fork ;  opening  into  two  or  more 
parts ;  zigzag,  as  lightning. 

for-lorn  (-lorn'),  adj.  abandoned; 
deserted  ;  destitute  ;  miserable  ;  be- 
reft ;  hopeless. 

Syn.    forsaken,    abandoned,    de- 
serted, desolate,  lone,  lonesome. 

for-lorn-hope  (-hop),  n.  a  body 
of  men  detached  for  some  service 
of  exceptional  peril ;  a  hopeless 
enterprise. 

form  (f6rm).  n.  the  external  ap- 
pearance or  shape  of  anything ; 
image  ;  likeness  ;  orderly  arrange- 
ment ;  beauty  ;  symmetry  ;  deter- 
minate shape  or  structure ;  estab- 
lished practice,  or  ritual ;  a  mold 
or  pattern  ;  an  official  formula ;  a 
long  bench  without  a  back ;  a 
class ;  state  of  high  condition  or 
fitness ;  the  bed  or  seat  of  a  hare ; 
types,  plates,  &c.,  imposed  in  a 
chase  ready  for  printing  (forme)  : 
v.t.  to  give  shape  to ;  create ; 
mold  to  a  particular  pattern ; 
conceive  or  imagine ;  constitute  ; 
devise ;  adjust :  r.i.  to  take  shape. 
Syn.  ceremony,  solemnity,  ob- 
servance, rite,  figure,  shape,  con- 
formation, fashion,  appearance, 
representation,  semblance. 

form-al  ('al),  adj.  according  to 
form  or  established  rules  ;  precise  ; 
ceremonious  ;  conventional :  essen- 
tial ;  having  the  outward  form 
without  the  inward  reality. 

Syn.    ceremonious,    precise,    ex- 
act, stiff,  methodical,  affected. 

Ant.      (see     information,     nat- 
ural). 

f  o  r  m-a  1-de-b.yde  (form-al'de- 
hid),  n.  a  gas  obtained  by  the  par- 
tial oxidation  of  methyl  alcohol, 
used  largely  as  a  disinfectant  and 
as  an  antiseptic. 

f  orm  al  in  (form'Al-in) ,  n.  a  40 
per  cent,  solution  of  formaldehyde, 
used  for  preserving  specimens  for 
biological  work.  Also  formol. 

form-al  ism  (-izm),  n.  exact  and 
scrupulous  observance  of  outward 
forms  and  conventional  usages, 
especially  in  religious  duties. 

form  al  ist  (-1st),  n.  a  scrupulous 
observer  of  outward  forms. 

for-mal-i-ty     ('i-ti),    n.    [pi.    for- 


malities (-tiz)].  strict  adherence 
to  external  or  customary  forms ; 
ceremony  ;  method  or  mode. 

form-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  formal 
manner. 

for-mate  (for'mfit),  n.  a  salt  of 
formic  acid. 

for-ma-tion  (-mfi'shun),  «.  the 
act  of  forming ;  that  which  is 
formed ;  structure ;  figure  ;  pro- 
duction ;  a  group  of  strata  of 
nearly  the  same  age  haying  cer- 
tain common  characteristics. 

for-ma-tive  ('ma-tiv),  adj.  giving 
or  serving  to  form ;  plastic ; 
germinal :  n.  a  word  formed  by 
adding  a  prefix,  or  suffix. 

for-mer  ('mer),  adj.  preceding  in 
time  or  place  ;  first  mentioned  :  n. 
a  maker ;  author. 

Syn.   antecedent,   anterior,    pre- 
vious,  prior,  preceding,   foregoing. 

for-mer-ly  (-11),  adv.  anciently; 
some  time  ago. 

for-mic  ('mik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  produced  by,  ants ;  derived 
from  formic  acid. 

for-mic  ac-id  (as'id),  n.  a  color- 
less corrosive  acid  consisting  of 
oxygen,  hydrogen,  and  carbon,  ob- 
tained from  oxalic  acid  and 
glycerine :  originally  obtained 
from  the  bodies  of  red  ants. 

for  -  mi  -  cant  ( 'mi-kant) ,  adj. 
weak :  said  of  the  pulse. 

for-mi-ca-tioii  (-mi-ka'shun) ,  n. 
irritation  of  the  skin,  resembling 
that  made  by  the  creeping  of 
ants. 

for-mid-a-ble  ('mid-a-bl),  adj. 
exciting  dread  ;  fearful ;  powerful. 

for-mid-a-bly  (-11),  adv.  in  a 
formidable  manner. 

for-mu-la  ('u-lsi),  n.  [pi.  formu- 
las (-laz),  formulae  (-16)],  a  pre- 
scribed form,  rule,  or  model ;  a 
group  of  symbols,  expressing  the 
composition  of  a  chemical  com- 
pound ;  a  formal  statement  of 
faith  or  doctrine ;  a  prescription ; 
the  expression  of  a  rule  by  alge- 
braic symbols. 

for-mu-la-ry  (-ri),  n.  [pi.  formu- 
laries (-riz)],  a  book  of  stated 
and  prescribed  forms,  or  of 
prayers,  ritual,  &c. ;  a  formula. 

f  or-mu  late  ('u-lat),  v.t.  to  put 
into  the  form  of,  or  reduce  to.  a 
formula ;  fix  or  state,  in  definite 
terms. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


for 


364 


for 


form-yl  ('il),  n.  the  hypothetical 
base  of  formic  acid. 

for-ni-cate  (forn'i-kat),  r.L  to 
commit  fornication  :  adj.  arched  ; 
vaulted. 

for-ni-ca-tion  (-i-ka'shun),  n.  the 
illicit  sexual  intercourse  of  un- 
married persons  ;  adultery  ;  idol- 
atry ;  an  arching  or  vaulting. 

for-iiix  (for'niks),  n.  [/)/.  fornices 
('ni-sez)],  in  anatomy,  an  arch- 
shaped  part ;  the  upper  shell  of  an 
oyster. 

for-sake  (-sak'),  v.t.  [p.t.  for- 
sook, p.p.  forsaken,  p.pr.  forsak- 
ing], to  leave;  desert;  abandon; 
depart  from. 

forsooth  (-sooth'),  adv.  verily; 
in  truth. 

for-swear  (-swar').  v.i.  [p.t.  for- 
swore, p.p.  forsworn,  p.pr.  for- 
swearing], to  swear  falsely;  com- 
mit perjury  :  v.t.  to  deny  an  oath  ; 
abjure. 

fort  (fort),  n.  an  inclosed  forti- 
fied place  ;  castle  ;  fortress. 

fort-a-lice  ('a-lis),  n.  a  small 
fort  or  fortified  outwork. 

forte  (fort),  n.  one's  strong 
point,  or  special  talent. 

forth,  (forth),  adv.  onward  in 
time,  place,  or  order ;  forward ; 
abroad ;  away. 

forth-com-ing  (-kum'ing),  ad;, 
ready,  or  about  to  appear :  n.  a 
coming  forth. 

forth-with  (-wit/0,  adv.  immedi- 
ately. 

for-ti-eth  (for'ti-eth),  adj.  next 
in  order  after  39th :  n.  one  of  40 
equal  parts. 

for-ti-fl-ca-tion  (-ti-fi-ka'shun), 
n.  the  art  or  science  of  fortifying ; 
a  military  defensive  work ;  a 
strengthening. 

Syn.      fort,      citadel,      fortress, 
stronghold. 

for-ti-fi-er  ('ti-fl-er),  n.  one  who 
fortifies. 

for-ti-fy  (-ti-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
fortified,  p.pr.  fortifying],  to 
strengthen  against  attack  by  mili- 
tary works;  make  strong;  en- 
courage or  confirm :  v.i.  to  erect 
works  of  defense. 

for-ti-tude  ('ti-tud),  n.  mental 
strength  to  endure  suffering  or 
adversity  with  courage ;  patient 
endurance. 


tiyn.       endurance,       resolution, 
fearlessness,  dauntlessnoss. 
Ant.   (see  weakness). 

fort-night    (fort'nit),  n.  14  days. 

fort-night-ly  (-li),  adv.  once 
every  14  days. 

for-tress  ('tres),  n.  a  large  per- 
manent fortified  place  for  defense 
or  security  ;  castle. 

f  or-tu-i-tous  ( -tu'i-tus  ^ .  adj.  hap- 
pening by  chance ;  accidental. 

for-tu-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  \pl.  fortui- 
ties (-tiz)]  an  accidental  oc- 
currence ;  chance. 

for-tu-nate  ('tu-nat),  adj.  hap- 
pening by  good  fortune  ;  lucky  ; 
auspicious ;  successful. 

Hyn.    lucky,    happy,    auspicious, 
prosperous,  successful. 
Ant.  (see  unfortunate). 

for-tu-nate-ly  (-li),  adv.  luckily: 
auspiciously. 

f or-ttine  ( 'tun ) .  n.  the  good  or  ill 
that  happens  to  mankind  ;  chance  ; 
fate  ;  estate  ;  wealth  ;  possessions  ; 
future  destiny. 

N//H.  chance,  fate,  luck,  doom, 
destiny,  property,  possession, 
riches. 

for-tune-him-ter  (-hun'ter).  ". 
one  who  seeks  to  marry  an  heir- 
ess, or  wealthy  woman. 

f or-ty  ( 'ti ) ,  adj.  one  more  than 
39 :  n.  the  sum  of  10  and  30. 

for-um  (for'um)  n.  [pi.  fora 
('a),  forums  ('umz)],  the  public 
place  of  meeting  in  ancient  Borne, 
whore  the  law  courts,  public  oifi- 
ces,  &c.,  were  situated :  hence  a 
place  of  public  resort,  or  court  of 
law. 

for-ward  (for'werd),  adv.  on- 
ward; in  advance;  toward  the 
forepart:  n<lj.  situated  near  th«- 
front ;  early  in  season  or  prepa- 
ration; ready;  prompt;  presump- 
tuous ;  unreserved ;  not  over-mod- 
est ;  eager ;  earnest ;  impertinent : 
inter},  on!  v.t.  to  help  forward: 
quicken  or  hasten ;  improve ; 
transmit. 

for- ward-ness  (-nes),  n.  1  he- 
state  or  quality  of  being  forward; 
impertinence;  pertness. 

for-ward-er  (-er)  n.  one  who 
forwards  or  promotes;  a  merchant 
who  transmits  goods;  the  work- 
man who  forwards  the  rough  work 
in  bookbinding  to  the  finisher. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


for 


365 


fou 


for-wards.  Another  form  of  for- 
ward, adv. 

fos-sil     (fos'il),     n.     any    organic! 
body     which     by     burial     in     the  j 
earth's    strata    has    become    petri-  , 
fied ;    a    person   antiquated    in    his 
ideas :    adj.   pertaining   to,    of   the 
nature    of,    or    converted    into,    a 
fossil ;  dug  from  the  earth  ;  anti- 
quated. 

fos-sil-if-er-ous  (-if'er-us).  adj. 
containing  fossils. 

fos-sil-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  petrify: 
v.i.  to  become  antiquated. 

fos-ter  ('ter),  v.t.  to  nourish; 
nurse ;  rear  up ;  sustain  or  sup- 
port ;  cherish. 

»S'j/n.   cherish,   nurse,   tend,   har- 
bor, nurture. 

Ant.   (see  neglect). 

fos-ter-broth-er  (-bruf/i'er),  n. 
a  brother  bv  nursinr,  but  not  by 
birth. 

fos-ter-child  (-child),  n.  a  child 
nursed  or  reared  by  one  who  is 
not  its  parent. 

foth-er.     Same  as  fodder. 

fought,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  fight. 

foul  (foul),  adj.  offensive,  morally 
or  physically:  dirty:  impure: 
scurrilous;  filthy  :  hateful ;  loath- 
some; disgraceful:  unfair;  cloudy 
and  stormy ;  contrary,  as  a  wind  : 
thick  with  weeds,  &c. ;  entangled, 
as  an  anchor:  n.  a  wilful  col- 
lision :  v.t.  to  make  foul  or  dirty  ; 
sully  or  defile  :  come  into  collision 
with :  v.i.  to  become  foul  or  dirty. 
X.I/H.  impure,  nasty,  filthy,  dirty, 
unclean,  defiled. 

Ant.   (see  pure,  clean). 

fou-lard  (foo-lard').  n.  a  light 
silk,  or  silk-cotton  washable  dress 
fabric;  a  silk  handkerchief  for 
wear  round  the  neck  or  head. 

foil-mart  ('mart),  n.  the  pole-cat. 

found,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  find. 

found  (found),  r.t.  to  lay  the 
basis  of;  build:  fix  firmly;  es- 
tablish ;  originate ;  form  by  melt- 
ing a  metal  and  pouring  it  into  a 
mold ;  cast. 

foundation  (foun-dii'shun) ,  n. 
the  basis  or  lowest  part  of  a 
structure  ;  groundwork  ;  the  prin- 
ciples or  origin  of  anything:  an 
endowment  or  endowed  institu-  | 
tion  :  the  first  stitches  in  knitting 
or  crocheting. 


fpun-der  (fpun'der),  n.  one  who 
founds  or  originates  :  builder ;  one 
who  casts  metal :  v.t.  to  sink  by 
filling  with  water ;  disable  or 
make  lame  :  said  of  a  horse :  v.i. 
to  fill  and  sink  ;  go  lame. 

found-ling  (found'ling),  n.  a 
child  found  whose  parent  is  un- 
known. 

foun-dry  ('dri),  n.  [pi.  foun- 
dries ('driz)],  the  place  where 
metal  casting  is  carried  on. 

fount  (fount),  n.  a  fountain  or 
spring;  original  source. 

foun-tain  (foun'tun),  n.  a  natu- 
ral or  artificial  spring  of  water: 
the  head  or  source  of  a  river :  a 
jet  or  spout  of  water ;  the  first 
cause  or  origin. 

foun-tain-head  (-bed),  n.  the 
spring  from  which  a  stream 
flows ;  the  first  source. 

foun-tain-pen,  n.  a  pen  having  a 
reservoir  of  ink  in  the  holder. 

four  (for),  adj.  consisting  of  1 
more  than  3 ;  a  cardinal  numeral : 
n.  the  sum  of  3  and  1 ;  a  four- 
oared  boat,  or  its  crew. 

four-chette  (foor-shet'),  n.  a 
forked  surgical  instrument ;  the 
wish-bone  of  a  bird  ;  the  frog  of 
a  horse's  foot. 

four-fold  (for' fold),  n.  a  quan- 
tity four  times  as  much :  adj.  four 
timea  told. 

four-gon  (foor-gong'),  n.  a  mili- 
tary ammunition  wagon,  or  bag- 
gage carriage. 

Fou-ri-er-ism  (foo'ri-er-izm).  n. 
the  socialistic  and  cooperative 
system  advocated  by  Fourier,  the 

•  French  socialist. 

four-in-hand  (for'in-hand).  n.  a 
coach  drawn  by  four  horses  and 
driven  by  one  person  :  a  necktie, 
worn  tied  in  a  knot  so  as  to  leave 
the  ends  hanging  vertically :  adv. 
with  a  team  of  four  horses. 

four-neau  (foor-no'),  n.  the 
chamber  of  a  mine  in  which  the 
powder  is  placed. 

four-o'-clock  ('6-klok),  n.  a 
flower,  the  Marvel  of  Peru. 

four-score   ('skor),  adj.  80. 

four- teen  ('ten),  adj.  consisting 
of  4  more  than  10 :  n.  the  sum  of 
4  and  10. 

fpur-teenth  ('tenth),  adj.  fourth 
in  order  after  10th :  n.  one  of  14 
equal  parts. 


late.  mar.  mfisk,  cat,  awl;  he,  he"r,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fou 


366 


ira 


fourth  (forth),  adj.  next  in  order 
after  third :  n.  one  of  4  equal 
parts ;  a  musical  interval  of  two 
tones  and  one  semitone. 

Fourth,  n.  the  fourth  day  of  July  ; 
Independence  Day. 

fourth-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  the  fourth 
place. 

fo-vil-la  (fo-vil'A),  n.  the  gummy 
fertilizing  protoplasmic  liquid  of 
pollen  grain. 

fowl  (foul),  n.  a  gallinaceous 
bird,  especially  the  domestic  cock 
or  hen  ;  poultry ;  birds  collective- 
ly :  v.i.  to  catch  or  kill  wild  birds 
for  sport  or  food. 

fowl-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  catches 
or  kills  wild  birds  for  sport  or 
food. 

fowl-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  or 
practice  of  catching  or  shooting 
wild  birds. 

fowl-ing-piece  (-pes),  n.  a  light 
gun  used  for  ordinary  sporting. 

fox  (foks),  n.  a  canine  mammal 
with  a  long  bushy  tail,  belonging 
to  the  genus  Vulpes,  notorious  for 
its  cunning :  hence  a  sly,  cunning 
person ;  a  small  strand  of  rope, 
formed  by  twisting  several  rope- 
yarns  together :  v.t.  to  make  sour, 
or  turn  reddish;  repair:  said  of 
boots ;  watch  slyly :  v.i.  to  turn 
sour  or  become  reddish  ;  act  as  a 
spy. 

fox-bats  ('batz),  n.  a  genus  of 
bats  with  a  fox-like  head. 

fox-brush,  ('brush),  n.  the  tail 
of  a  fox. 

foxed  (fokst),  p.adj.  stained,  as 
timber,  or  spotted,  as  prints, 
books,  &c.,  with  a  reddish  discol-' 
oration ;  repaired  with  leather : 
said  of  a  boot. 

fox-glove  Cgluv),  n.  a  plant  of 
the  genus  Digitalis,  especially  the 
purple  foxglove,  the  leaves  of 
which  are  used  medicinally. 

fox-grape  ('grap),  n.  a  variety 
of  grape. 

fox-hound  ( 'hound  ^.  n.  one  of  a 
breed  of  dogs  used  for  fox-hunting. 

fox-i-ness  Ci-nes),  n.  sly  cunning. 
or  shrewdness ;  the  state  of  being 
decayed,  or  sour. 

fox-squir-rel  ( 'skwer-el ) ,  n.  the 
North  American  tree  squirrel. 

fox-tail  Ctfil),  n.  the  name  of 
various  species  of  grass ;  the  tail 
of  a  fox. 


fox-y  ('i),  adj.  pertaining  to,  or 
resembling,  a  fox ;  cunning ; 
crafty  ;  reddish-brown  ;  soured  ; 
discolored. 

foy-er  (fwa-ya'),  n.  the  lobby  of  a 
theater. 

fra-cas  (fra'kus),  n.  a  noisy  quar- 
rel. 

frac-tion  (frak'shun),  n.  a  part 
broken  off ;  act  of  breaking ;  the 
state  of  being  broken ;  a  part  of 
a  unit,  as  1/4. 

frac-tion-al  (-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  constituting,  a  fraction  ; 
very  small. 

frac-tious  ('shus),  adj.  unruly; 
cross. 

Syn.  cross,  captious,  petulant, 
touchy,  testy,  peevish,  fretful, 
splenetic. 

Ant.    (see   tractable). 

frac-ture  ('tfir),  n.  a  part 
broken ;  a  break  caused  by  vio- 
lence ;  separation  ;  the  direction  in 
which  a  mineral  breaks  so  as  to 
show  its  texture:  v.t.  to  break  or 
crack,  as  a  bone,  &c. 

frag-ile  (fraj'-il),  adj.  easily 
broken  ;  weak  ;  delicate. 

Syn.  brittle,  frail,  delicate, 
feeble. 

Ant.   (see  strong). 

frag-ile-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  fragile 
manner. 

frag-ile-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  fragile. 

fra-gil-i-ty  (fra-jil'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  of  being  fragile. 

frag-ment  (frag'ment).  n.  a  part 
broken  off  from  a  whole ;  an  im- 
perfect part. 

frag-ment-al  (-A1),  adi.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  composed  of,  fragments, 
disconnected ;  made  of  parts  of 
preexistent  rock ;  conglomerate. 
Also  fragmentary. 

frag-men-ta-tion  (-ta-shun),  n. 
fission. 

fra-grance  (fra'grftns) .  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  fragrant. 
Also  fragranoy. 

fra-grant  ('gr&nt),  adj.  sweet- 
smelling. 

frail  (frfil),  adj.  fragile;  brittle; 
weak,  physically  or  morally :  in- 
firm :  n.  a  basket  made  of  rushes. 

fraise  (frfiz),  n.  palisading  formed 
of  inclined  or  horizontal  stakes. 

fra-ma-ble  (fram'S-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  framed. 


late,  mar,  mftsk,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  fften. 


fra 


367 


fra 


frame  (frain),  n.  something  con- 
structed or  composed  of  parts 
fitted  and  joined  together ;  that 
on  which  anything  is  held  or 
stretched  ;  any  contrivance  for  in- 
closing, admitting,  or  supporting 
something  ;  a  compositor's  stand  ; 
an  inclined  table  of  planks  for 
washing  ore ;  shape ;  temper ; 
state:  v.t.  to  fit  (one  thing)  into 
another ;  shape  or  form ;  adjust 
or  regulate ;  invent ;  adapt :  v.i.  to 
wash  ore  on  a  frame. 

•SI/H.  construct,  invent,  coin, 
fabricate,  forge,  mold,  feign,  make, 
compose. 

frame-bridge  ('brij),  n.  a  timber 
bridge. 

fra-mer  Crner),  n.  one  who 
frames ;  a  contriver. 

frame-work  ('werk),  n.  that 
which  incloses  or  supports  some- 
thing else. 

franc  (frangk),  n.  a  French  coin, 
the  unit  of  monetary  value  = 
19.3  cents. 

fran-chise  (fran'chiz),  n.  the 
constitutional  right  of  suffrage ; 
a  particular  privilege  or  right 
granted  by  a  sovereign  or  by  a 
legislative  body  to  an  individual, 
or  to  a  corporation ;  the  district 
or  jurisdiction  to  which  a  particu- 
lar privilege  extends. 

Syn.  right,  exemption,  immu- 
nity, privilege,  freedom,  suffrage. 

Fran-co,  a  form  used  in  compo- 
sition to  denote  France,  or 
French,  as  the  Franco-German 
war. 

f ran-co-lin  ( f rang'ko-lin  \ .  n.  a 
hire!  allied  to  the  partridge. 

f  rang-i-bil-i-ty  ( f  ranj-i-bil'i-ti ) , 
n.  the  state  or  quality  of  being 
frangible. 

frangible  ('i-bl),  adj.  easily 
broken. 

frank  < frangk),  adj.  open  or  in- 
genuous ;  candid  ;  outspoken  ;  un- 
reserved :  n.  a  signature  that  ex- 
empts mail-matter  from  payment 
of  postage  ;  a  letter  privileged  to 
go  post-free :  v.t.  to  send  or  have 
conveyed  free  of  charge. 

Syn.  artless,  candid,  sincere, 
free,  easy,  familiar,  open,  ingen- 
uous, plain, 

Ant.   (see  tricky,  insincere). 

frank-in-cense     ('in-sens),    n.    a 


fragrant   inflammable   resin  burnt 
as  incense. 

frank-ly  ('li),  adv.  candidly, 
openly. 

frank-ness  ('nes),  n.  candor; 
openness. 

fran-tic  (fran'tik),  adj.  violently 
mad  or  distracted ;  outrageous ; 
transported  by  passion. 

Syn.    distracted,    mad,    furious, 
raving,  frenzied. 

Ant.    (quiet,  subdued). 

fran-tic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in  a 
frantic  manner. 

frap  (frap),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
f  rapped,  p.pr.  f  rapping],  to 
strengthen  or  draw  together  by 
ropes  crossing  each  other ;  under- 
gird. 

frap-pe  (-pa'),  adj.  chilled  with 
ice. 

fra-ter-nal  (fra-ter'nal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  becoming,  or  like, 
brothers. 

fra-ter-nal -ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
fraternal  manner. 

frat-er-nize  (frat'er-mz),  v.i.  to 
associate  or  hold  fellowship  as 
brothers. 

fra-ter-ni-ty  (fra-ter'ni-ti),  n. 
[pi.  fraternities  (-tiz)],  brotherly 
relationship ;  a  body  of  men  asso- 
ciated together  by  a  common  bond 
of  interest,  especially  of  a  relig- 
ious character ;  men  of  the  same 
profession  or  class. 

frat-ri-cide  (frat'ri-sid),  n.  the 
crime  of  killing  a  brother ;  one 
who  kills  a  brother. 

fraud  (frawd),  n.  deceit;  artifice; 
trick  ;  cheat ;  a  humbug. 

Syn.  deceit,  deception,  duplicity, 
guile,  cheat,  imposition. 
Ant.   (see  honesty) . 

frand-n-lence  ('u-lens),  n.  de- 
ceitfulness  ;  trickery  ;  unfairness. 

frand-n-lent  ('u-lent),  adj.  char- 
acterized by,  founded  on,  or  ob- 
tained by,  fraud. 

fraught  (frawt),  adj.  laden; 
charged. 

f  rax -in  (fraks'in),  n.  a  crystal- 
line substance  obtained  from  the 
bark  of  the  ash  tree.  Also  frax- 
inin. 

fray  (fra).  n.  a  riot;  quarrel;  a 
chafe  or  rub :  v.t.  to  chafe  or  wear 
away. 

fray -ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
wearing  away  by  friction ;  the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fre 


368 


fre 


peeling    off    of    the    velvet    of    a 
deer's  horn. 

freak  (frek),  n.  sudden  or  ca- 
pricious change  of  mind,  or 
whim ;  a  prank ;  an  abnormal 
animal  or  plant:  v.t.  to  varie- 
gate ;  spot  or  streak. 

Syn.  fancy,  humor,  vagary, 
whim,  caprice,  crotchet. 

Ant.    (see  purpose,   resolution). 

freek-le  (frek'l),  n.  a  brownish 
spot  in  the  skin :  v.t.  to  mark 
with  freckles :  v.i.  to  become 
freckled. 

freck-ly  ('li),  adj.  marked  with 
freckles. 

free      (fre),     adj.      [comp.     freer 
superl.  freest],  without  restraint 
at     liberty ;     permitted ;     liberal 
generous ;   open  ;   free  from  guilt 
independent;  familiar;  licentious 
not    arbitrary    or    despotic ;    spir- 
ited ;   not   attached   or   fixed ;    un- 
combined ;  invested  with  the  fran- 
chise, &c.    (with  of)  :   v.t.   to  set 
at  liberty  ;  emancipate ;  rid  or  ex- 
empt ;  clear :  adv.  gratuitously. 

&yn.  liberal,  generous,  bounti- 
ful, bounteous,  munificent,  frank, 
artless,  candid,  familiar,  open,  in- 
dependent, unconfined,  unreserved, 
unrestricted,  exempt,  clear,  loose, 
easy,  careless. 

Ant.  (see  slavish,  costly, 
stingy). 

free-board  Chord),  n.  that  part 
of  the  side  of  a  ship  between  the 
upper  side  of  the  deck  and  the 
water-line. 

free-boot-er  ('boot-er).  n.  one 
who  roves  about  for  plunder  or 
pillage  ;  buccaneer. 

free  cit-y  (sit'i),  n.  a  city  having 
an  independent  franchise  and 
government. 

f  reed-man  (fred'inan),  n.  [pi. 
freedmen  ('men)],  a  slave  who 
has  been  legally  emancipated. 

f ree-dom  ( f re'dum ) .  n.  the  state 
of  being  free ;  liberty ;  independ- 
ence ;  ease  in  performance ;  par- 
ticular privilege ;  absence  of  con- 
ventionality ;  undue  familiarity. 

N//H.   liberty,   independence,   un- 
restraint,      familiarity,       license, 
franchise,  exemption,  privilege. 
Ant.   (see  slavery). 

free-hand  ('hand),  adj.  drawn 
by  the  hand  without  the  aid  of 
instruments. 


free-hand-ed  (-ed),  adj.  gener- 
ous ;  liberal. 

free-bold  ('hold),  n.  an  estate  or 
tenement  held  by  fee-simple,  fee- 
tail,  or  for  life. 

free-lance  ('liins).  n.  one  of  a 
class  of  mediaeval  soldiers  who 
sold  their  services  to  fight  for  th" 
highest  bidder ;  one  \vho  acts, 
speaks,  or  writes  irrespective  of 
any  paity. 

free-man  ('man),  n.  [pi.  freemen 
('men)],  one  in  the  enjoyment  of 
liberty:  one  possessed  of  certain 
franchises  or  municipal  privileges. 

Free-ma-son  ('ma-sn),  n.  i\  mem- 
ber of  a  secret  society  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  consisting  formerly 
of  skilled  craftsmen,  now  a  social 
association  professing  principles 
of  -brotherly  love,  charity,  and 
mutual  aid. 

Free-ma-son-ry  (-ri),  n.  the  sys- 
tem, rites,  &c.,  of  the  Free- 
masons. 

free  port  (port),  n.  a  port  where 
no  duties  are  levied  on  merchan- 
dise. 

Free-soil  ('soil),  adj.  opposed  to 
the  extension  of  slavery :  said  of 
the  party  formed  at  Boston, 
United  States,  1848,  to  restrict 
slavery. 

free-stone  ('stun),  n.  a  sandstone 
suitable  for  working. 

free-think-er  ('thingk-er).  ».  one 
who  forms  his  opinions  independ- 
ently of  others ;  one  who  rejects 
revelation  in  religion,  and  dog- 
matic belief;  a  latituclinarian. 

free  trad**  (trad),  n.  trade  with 
other  '.-ountries  unrestricted  by 
tariffs  or  customs  duties. 

free-will  ('wilt.  adj.  voluntary; 
holding  the  theological  doctrine 
that  man  is  free  to  exercise  his 
will  for  good  or  evil. 

freez-a-ble  (frez'a-bl),  adj.  that 
may  be  frozen. 

freeze  (frez),  v.t.  [p.t.  froze,  p.p. 
frozen,  p.pr.  freezing],  to  congeal 
or  harden  into  ice;  kill  by  cold: 
v.i.  to  be  congealed  with  cold  ;  be 
chilled  with  cold  ;  be  at  or  below 
the  temperature  of  32°. 

freez-ing-point  ('ing-noint),  n. 
32°  above  0°  in  the  Fahrenheit 
scale  (0°  Centigrade),  at  which 
water  freezes. 

freight   (frat),  n.  the  goods  with 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


fre 


369 


fri 


which  a  vessel  is  loaded :  cargo  : 
goods  carried  by  rail ;  the  sum 
paid  or  charged  for  the  convey- 
ance of  goods :  adj.  used  for  con- 
veying goods:  v.t.  to  load  with 
goods  for  conveyance ;  hire  or 
charter. 

freight-age  (aj),  n.  charge  for 
freight ;  cargo. 

freight-car  ('kar),  n.  a  railway- 
car  for  transporting  freight. 

freight-er  ('er),  n.  one  who 
freights  a  ship  or  car ;  shipper ;  a 
vessel  for  conveying  freight. 

French  (french).  adj.  pertaining 
to  France,  its  inhabitants,  or 
language. 

french-i-fy  ('i-fl).  v.  \p.t.  &  p.p. 
frenchified,  p.pr.  frenchifying],  to 
infect  with  French  manners, 
characteristics,  or  customs. 

french  leave  (-lev),  n.  departure 
without  ceremony  or  notice. 

fren-zied  (fren'zid).  p.adj.  af- 
fected with  frenzy  ;  delirious. 

fren-zy  Czi),  n.  [pi.  frenzies 
'ziz)],  violent  agitation;  tempor- 
ary madness ;  fury :  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  frenzied,  p.pr.  frenzying],  to 
throw  into  a  frenzy ;  render  mad. 

fre-quen-cy  (fre'kwen-si),  n.  the 
repeated  occurrence  of  a  thing  at 
short  intervals. 

fre-quent  ('k^vent).  adj.  recur- 
ring often:  v.t.  (fre-kwent),  to 
resort  to,  or  visit  often. 

Syn.  often,  common,  usual,  gen- 
eral. 

Ant.    (see  rare). 

fre-qnen-ta-tive  ('ta-tiv),  adj.  in 
grammar,  noting  repetition,  as 
certain  verbs. 

fre-quent-ly  (-li),  adv.  often;  re- 
peatedly. 

fres-co  (fres'ko),  n.  [pi.  frescos, 
frescoes  ('koz)l,  a  method  of 
wall-painting  in  water-colors  on 
fresh  plaster :  v.t.  to  decorate  or 
paint  in  fresco. 

fresh  (fresh),  adj.  new;  recent; 
unfaded ;  uninjured  by  time ;  in 
good  condition ;  not  forgotten ; 
healthy ;  strong  and  active ;  not 
wearied;  lively;  brisk:  pure  and 
cool ;  not  salt ;  inexperienced  ;  in- 
toxicated :  n.  a  spring ;  freshet : 
the  union  of  fresh  and  salt  water 
in  a  river. 

fresh-en  ('en),  v.t.  to  make 
fresh ;  render  less  salt ;  revive  ; 


slacken  (a  rope)  to  relieve  the 
part  exposed  to  friction :  v.i.  to 
become  vigorous  ;  grow  fresh  ;  lose 
saltness. 

fresh-et  ('et).  n.  a  flood  caused 
by  melting  snow  or  heavy  rain. 

fresh-man  ('man),  n.  [pi.  fresh- 
men ('men)],  a  college  student  in 
his  first  year. 

fresh- water  (Vaw-ter),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  living  in,  found  in. 
or  formed  in,  fresh  water ;  ac- 
customed to  river  navigation  or 
the  coasting  trade. 

fret  (fret),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  fret- 
ted, p.pr.  fretting!,  to  wear  away 
by  friction ;  injure  by  rubbing : 
corrode  ;  agitate  ',  vex  ;  irritate  ; 

'  make  rough  on  the  surface ;  orna- 
ment with  raised  or  interlaced 
work ;  variegate :  v.i.  to  be  worn 
away  by  friction  or  corrosion ;  be 
agitated  or  irritated ;  utter  peev- 
ish complaints :  n.  the  act  or 
process  of  fretting ;  an  ornament 
formed  by  small  bands  or  fillets 
interlacing  each  other  at  right 
angles ;  perforated  or  interlaced 
ornamental  work  ;  an  agitation  on 
the  surface  of  a  liquid ;  chafing, 
or  irritation :  a  small  piece  of 
ivory  or  wood  on  the  keyboard  of 
certain  stringed  instruments. 

Kyn.    gall,    chafe,    agitate,    irri- 
tate, vex. 

fret-fiil  ('fool),  adj.  peevish;  ir- 
ritated. 

fret-saw  ('saw),  n.  a  long,  thin, 
narrow  saw  with  fine  teeth,  used 
for  cutting  frets. 

fret-te  (-ta').  adj.  decorated  with 
fretwork.  Also  fretted. 

fret- work  ('werk),  n.  carved, 
raised,  or  open  ornamental  work. 

fri-a-bil-i-ty  (fri-a-bil'5-ti).  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  friable. 
Also  friableness. 

fri-a-ble  ('a-bl).  adj.  readily 
crumbled,  or  reduced  to  powder. 

fri-ar  Cer).  n.  one  of  a  mendi- 
cant order  of  monks  in  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church. 

fri-a-ry   (-ri).  n.  a  monastery. 

f  ric-as  see  ( frik-a-se' ) .  n.  a  dish 
of  chicken,  rabbit,  or  other  meat 
cut  into  small  pieces,  stewed  and 
fried  with  gravv  or  sauce :  r.t.  to 
make  into,  or  dress  like,  a  fric- 
assee. 

fric-a-tive  ('A-tiv),  n.  a  name  for 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  m56n 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fri 


370 


frl 


certain  letters,  as  th,  sh,  zh,  pro- 
duced by  the  friction  of  the 
breath  issuing  through  the  narrow 
aperture  of  the  organs  of  articu- 
lation. 

fric-tion  ('shun),  n.  the  act  of 
rubbing ;  attrition :  resistance  to 
the  motion  of  a  body,  caused  by 
contact  with  the  surface  upon 
which  it  moves ;  the  act  of  rub- 
bing to  stimulate  the  circulation 
of  the  blood  vessels ;  irritation  or 
disagreement  caused  by  divergence 
of  opinion. 

fri.c-tion.-al  (-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  produced  by,  friction. 

Fri-day  (fri'da),  n.  the  sixth  day 
of  the  week :  named  from  the 
Scandinavian  deity  Frigga,  the 
goddess  of  love. 

fried,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  fry. 

friend  (frend),  n.  one  attached 
to  another  by  affection,  regard,  or 
esteem ;  an  intimate  acquaint- 
ance ;  a  supporter  or  favorer  of  a 
cause,  &c. ;  an  ally ;  a  term  of 
salutation. 

Friend,  n.  a  member  of  the  Soci- 
ety of  Friends. 

friend-li-ness  ('li-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  friendly. 

friend-ly  ('li),a(Z/.  pertaining  to 
a  friend ;  having  the  characteris- 
tics of  a  friend ;  amicable ;  affa- 
ble ;  genial ;  convenient ;  favor- 
able :  adv.  amicably. 

Syn.  amicable,  social,  sociable. 
Ant.  (see  distant,  cool). 

friend-snip  ('ship),  n.  intimacy; 
united  with  affection  or  esteem ; 
mutual  attachment ;  good-will. 

Frie-sian  (fre'zian),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Friesland,  its  inhabitants, 
or  its  language.  Also  Frisian. 

frieze  (frez),  n.  the  middle  part 
of  the  entablature  of  a  column 
between  the  architrave  and  cor- 
nice :  usually  ornamented  with 
sculpture,  &c. :  a  coarse  woolen 
cloth  with  a  rough  shaggy  nap  on 
one  sido. 

frig-ate  (frig'at),  n.  formerly  a 
warship  with  an  upper  flush 
deck,  carrying  from  24  to  50  guns. 

frig-ate-bird  (-berd),  n.  a  swift 
raptorial  bird  allied  to  the  pelican. 

frig-er-a-to-ry  (frij'er-S-to-ri),  n. 
a  cooling  or  refrigerating  cham- 
ber. 


fright  (frit),  n.  a  sudden  and  vio- 
lent fear ;  alarm  ;  a  person  whose 
dress  or  appearance  is  ridiculous. 

fright-en   ('n),  v.t.  to  terrify. 

fright-ful  ('fool),  adj.  terrible; 
dreadful  ;  alarming ;  shocking ; 
grotesque. 

8yn.  fearful,  dreadful,  dire, 
direful,  terrific,  awful,  horrible, 
horrid. 

fright-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  terribly; 
grotesquely. 

frig-id  (frij'id),  adj.  without 
warmth ;  wintery ;  cold  in  tem- 
perament ;  stiff  ;  formal ;  dull. 

fri-gid-i-ty  (fri-jid'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  of  being  frigid  ;  coldness. 

fri-jole  (fre-hol'),  n.  a  bean  much 
cultivated  in  Mexico  as  an  ar- 
ticle of  food. 

frill  (fril).w.  a  pleated  or  crimped 
edging  of  fine  linen  to  a  garment, 
as  a  shirt  front,  &c. ;  ruffle :  ;//. 
affectation  of  manner  ;  ornamenta- 
tion of  dress,  &c. :  v.i.  to  ruffle  or 
shiver  the  feathers  with  cold : 
said  of  a  hawk  :  v.t.  to  make  into 
a  frill. 

frill-ing  ('ing),  n.  gathered  trim- 
ming or  edging  for  garments. 

fringe  (frinj),  n.  an  ornamental 
border  of  hanging  cords,  &c. ;  any 
border  or  edging  resembling  a 
fringe :  v.t.  to  border  with,  or  as 
with,  a  fringe. 

frln-gy   ('ji),  adj.  fringe-like. 

frip-per-y  (frip'er-i),  n.  old 
clothes  or  furniture ;  the  place 
where  old  clothes  are  sold ;  trade 
in  second-hand  clothes :  adj. 
trumpery ;  contemptible. 

frisk  (frisk),  v.i.  to  gambol  or 
dance  in  frolic :  n.  a  gambol, 
dance,  or  frolic. 

fris-ket  (fris'ket),  n.  a  light 
frame  for  holding  down  the  sheet 
while  the  impression  is  being 
printed. 

fris  ki-ness  ('ki-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  frisky. 

fris-ky  ('ki).  adj.  lively  in  action; 
sprightly  ;  gay  ;  frolicsome. 

frit  (frit),  n.  the  mixture  of  sand 
and  fluxes  from  which  glass  is 
made  after  being  calcined  and 
baked  in  a  furnace  prior  to  fu- 
sion :  r.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  fritted.  p.»r. 
fritting],  to  decompose  and  melt 
partially. 


late,  mar,  mAsk,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  lire,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon. 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fri 


371 


Fro 


frit-fly  ('fli),  n.  a  small  fly  in- 
jurious to  wheat. 

frith  (frith),  n.  an  inlet  of  the 
sea  at  the  mouth  of  a  river ;  estu- 
ary [Scotch].  Also  firth;  a  kind 
of  weir  for  capturing  fish. 

frit-ter  (frit'er),  v.t.  to  waste  by 
degrees ;  cut  up  as  meat  into 
small  pieces  for  frying :  n.  a  small 
piece  of  meat  cut  for  frying ;  a 
small  cake  with  meat  or  fruit 
in  it. 

fri-vol-i-ty  (fri-vol'i-ti),  n.  Ipl. 
frivolities  (-tiz)L  levity;  a  tri- 
fling act,  thought,  or  action. 

friv-o-lous  (friv'o-lus),  adj.  tri- 
fling ;  trivial ;  petty ;  silly ;  in- 
clined to  levity. 

Syn.  trifling,  trivial,  petty. 
Ant.    (see  serious,  earnest). 

fri-zette  (fri-zef),  n.  a  small 
piece  of  hair  worn  as  a  bang. 
Also  frisette. 

frizz    (friz),  v.t.  to  curl  or  crisp; 
form   into  little  hard   burrs :    said 
of  the  nap  of  cloth  :  n.  that  which  ; 
is  frizzed,  as  hair. 

friz-zle  (friz'l),  v.t.  to  curl  on  hot  '• 
coals ;  curl  or  frizz :  n.  a  crisped  ; 
lock  of  hair. 

fro  (fro),  adv.  away  from;  back- 
ward. 

frock  (frok),  n.  a  loose  upper  gar- 
ment worn  by.  children  and  worn-  i 
en ;    dress ;    a    monk's    habit ;     a 
coarse   over-garment   worn  by   la-  j 
borers,  &c. ;  an  undress  regimental  ; 
coat. 

frock-coat     ('kot),    n.    a    close-  j 
fitting  strait-bodied  coat  with  wide 
skirts   of   the  same   length   before 
and  behind. 

frog  (frog),  n.  a  small  tailless  am- 
phibious animal  of  the  genus 
Rana  ;  a  tender  horny  substance 
growing  in  the  middle  of  the  sole 
of  a  horse's  foot ;  a  spindle- 
shaped  button  or  toggle  used  for 
fastening  military  cloaks,  ladies' 
mantles.  &c. ;  a  section  of  a  rail- 
way line  where  the  rails  diverge. 

frogged  (frogd),  adj.  ornamented 
or  fastened  with  frogs. 

frog-ging  ('ing),  n.  ornamenta- 
tion with  frogs ;  fishing  with  frogs 
as  live  bait. 

frol-ic  (frol'ik),  n.  a  scene  of 
merry-making  or  gaiety ;  a  sport- 
ive outburst ;  wild  prank :  adj. 
sportive  ;  merry  or  gay  :  v.i.  to  in- 


dulge in  tricks  of  mirth  and  lev- 
ity ;  play  wild  pranks. 

frol-ic-some  (-sum),  adj.  full  of 
frolic. 

from  (from),  prep,  out  of,  away; 
since ;  noting  source  or  beginning, 
distance,  logical  or  physical  se- 
quences. 

frond  (frond),  n.  the  union  of 
a  leaf  and  a  branch ;  the  leaf  of  a 
fern,  palm,  or  seaweed. 

frons  (fronz),  n.  [pi.  frontes 
(fron'tez)],  the  forehead. 

front  (fruut),  n.  the  forehead; 
the  forepart  or  foremost  of  any- 
thing ;  van ;  the  most  conspicuous 
part ;  impudence  or  boldness ;  a 
false  shirt-bosom  or  dickey :  adj. 
situated  at  the  front :  v.t.  to 
stand,  or  be  situated,  opposite  to, 
or  over  against :  v.i.  to  .have  the 
front  turned  in  a  particular  di- 
rection. 

front-age  ('aj),  n.  the  front  part 
of  a  building  or  its  area. 

fron-tal  (fron'tal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  front  or  forehead :  n. 
something  worn  on  the  forehead  ; 
an  ecclesiastical  hanging  in  front 
of  an  altar ;  a  small  pediment  over 
a  window  or  door. 

fron-tier  (fron'ter),  n.  the  bound- 
ary or  limits  of  a  country :  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  situated  near,  the 
boundary  of  a  country ;  contig- 
uous. 

fron-tis-piece  (fron'tis-pes),  n. 
an  illustration  facing  the  front 
page  of  a  book. 

front -let  (frunt'let),  n.  a  fillet  or 
band  worn  on  the  forehead ;  a 
Jewish  phylactery  ;  the  margin  of 
the  head  of  a  bird  behind  the  bill. 

fron-ton  (fron'ton),  n.  the  en- 
trance to  a  building  ornamented. 

frost  (frost),  n.  minute  frozen 
particles  of  moisture ;  the  tem- 
perature of  the  atmosphere  which 
causes  the  congelation  of  water ; 
hoar-frost ;  an  enterprise  ending 
in  failure  :  v.t.  to  cover  with,  or  as 
with,  hoar-frost ;  injure  by  frost ; 
sharpen  (horses'  shoes)  in  frosty 
weather. 

frost-ed  ('ed),  p.adj.  covered 
with,  resembling,  or  injured  by, 
frost. 

frost-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  with  frost, 
or  excessive  cold. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fro 


372 


fug 


frost-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  frosty. 

frost-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  preparation 
of  fine  sugar  and  white  of  egg  for 
covering  cakes ;  rough  powdered 
glass  used  in  decorative  work. 

frost-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  frostier, 
NII  perl,  frostiest],  producing,  or 
accompanied  with,  frost ;  frozen  ; 
hoary  ;  cold  or  distant  in  manner. 

froth,  (froth),  n.  the  mass  of  bub- 
bles formed  on  the  surface  of  a 
liquid  by  agitation,  or  fermenta- 
tion ;  foam ;  superficial  knowl- 
edge ;  vapid  eloquence. 

froth-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  frothy 
manner. 

froth-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  frothy. 

froth-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  frothier, 
superl.  frothiest],  full  of,  or  com- 
posed of,  froth  ;  empty  ;  frivolous  ; 
unsubstantial. 

frou-sy.     Same  as  frowsy. 

frow  (frou),  n.  a  German  or 
Dutch  woman;  slattern;  (fro), 
potato-flour ;  a  tool  used  for 
cleaving  shingles,  staves,  &c. 

fro-ward  (fro'werd),  adj.  per- 
verse ;  wayward. 

frown  (froun),  n.  a  contraction 
of  the  brows  indicative  of  dis- 
pleasure, &c. :  v.i.  to  contract  the 
brows  to  indicate  displeasure,  &c. ; 
scowl ;  lower. 

frow-zy  (frou'zi),  adj.  musty; 
untidy. 

froze,    p.t.   of   freeze. 

froz-en  (froz'en),  p.adj.  con- 
gealed, benumbed,  or  killed  with 
cold  ;  icy ;  wanting  in  warmth  of 
feeling  or  sympathy. 

frnc-ti-fy  (fruk'ti-fi),  v.t.  \p.t.  & 
p.p.  fructified,  p.pr.  fructifying], 
to  make  productive  ;  fertilize  :  v.i. 
to  bear  fruit. 

fruc-tose  ('tos),  n.  sugar  in  ripe 
fruit  or  honey. 

fru-gal  (frfi'gal),  adj.  thrifty; 
economical. 

8yn.  provident,  economical,  sav- 
ing. 

Ant.     (see    wasteful,    extrava- 
gant). 

frn-gal-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  thrift; 
economy. 

fru-gal-ly  (-H),  adv.  with  econ- 
omy. 

f  ru-giv-o-ron  s  (frii-jiv'6-rus), 
adj.  fruit-eating. 


frnit  (frut),  n.  the  product  of  a 
tree  or  plant  containing  the  seed ; 
product ;  result  or  profit ;  off- 
spring :  v.i.  to  produce  fruit. 

fruit-age  ('aj),  n.  fruit  collect- 
ively ;  product. 

fruit-er-er  ('er-er),  n.  one  who 
deals  in  fruit. 

fruit-ful  ('fool),  adj.  yielding 
fruit;  prolific. 

8yn.  fertile,  prolific,  productive, 
abundant,  plentiful,  plenteous. 
Ant.    (see    barren,   sterile). 

fruit-fnl-ly  (-li),  adv.  abun- 
dantly. 

fruit-ful -ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  fruitful. 

fruit-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  bearing 
fruit. 

fru-i-tion  (frii-ish'un),  n.  the 
bearing  of  fruit ;  realization  ;  en- 
joyment derived  from  use  or  pos- 
session. 

fruit -y  (friit'i),  adj.  full-flavored; 
rich. 

fru-men-ty  (fru'men-ti),  n.  food 
made  of  wheat  and  boiled  milk. 

frus-trate  (frus'trat),  v.t.  to  de- 
feat or  disappoint ;  thwart ;  nul- 
lify :  adj.  vain  ;  useless ;  void. 

8yn.    defeat,    foil,    balk,    disap- 
point. 

frus-trum  ('trum),  n.  [pi.  frus- 
tra  ('trfi)],  that  part  of  a  solid 
next  the  base,  as  a  cone,  pyramid. 
&c.,  which  is  left  after  cutting  off 
the  top. 

fry  (frl),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  fried, 
p.pr.  frying],  to  cook  or  roast 
with  fat  in  a  pan  over  a  fire :  v.i. 
to  be  cooked  with  fat  in  a  pan  ; 
be  subjected  to  intense  heat :  n.  a 
dish  of  things  fried  ;  a  swarm  of 
young  fish. 

fuch-si-a  (fii'shi-a),  n.  a  garden 
plant  with  handsome  pendulous 
elongated  flowers. 

fuel-die  (fud'l),  v.t.  to  stupefy 
with  drink ;  intoxicate :  v.i.  to  be- 
come intoxicated. 

fudge  (fuj),  n.  a  made-up  story: 
inter j.  nonsense !  :  v.t.  to  make  or 
do  in  a  bungling,  careless  man- 
ner :  v.i.  to  contrive  by  imperfect 
or  improvised  means. 

fu-el  (fii'el).  n.  combustible  ma- 
terial for  supplying  a  fire ;  any- 
thing that  serves  to  inflame  or 
sustain  passion  or  excitement. 

fu-ga-cious       (fu-ga'shus),      adj. 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fug 


373 


tuin 


fleeting  ;  volatile  ;  falling  off  very 
early. 

fn-gal  ('gal),  adj.  pertaining  to  a 
fugue. 

fngh  (foo),  inter},  an  exclama- 
tion of  disgust. 

fu-gi-tive  (fu'ji-tiv).  adj.  unsta- 
ble ;  volatile  ;  fleeting  ;  not  perma- 
nent ;  fleeing  from  danger,  pur- 
suit, or  duty :  n.  one  who  flees 
from  danger,  pursuit,  or  duty ;  a 
runaway  or  deserter ;  one  who 
takes  shelter  with  another  power 
to  escape  punishment. 

fu-gi-tive-ly  (-15),  adv.  in  a  fugi- 
tive manner. 

fn-gle-man  (fu'gl-mfm).  n.  [pi. 
fuglemen  (-men)],  a  trained  sol- 
dier who  stands  in  front  of  a  line 
of  men  and  leads  them  by  his 
movements  in  their  drill. 

fugue  (fug),  n.  a  musical  compo- 
sition in  which  the  parts  follow 
each  other  with  repetitions  at  cer- 
tain intervals. 

fu-gu-ist  Cist),  n.  a  composer  or 
performer  of  fugues. 

ful-crum  (ful'krum).  n.  \pl. 
fulcra  ('kra),fulcrums  ('krumz)], 
that  part  of  a  lever  on  which  it 
rests. 

ful-fil  or  ful-fill  (fool-fil'),  v.t.  to 
complete  or  accomplish  :  execute  ; 
perform  or  carry  out.  as  that 
which  is  promised,  foretold,  or  an- 
ticipated. 

X//n.     accomplish,     effect,    com- 
plete. 

ful-fill-ment  Cment).  n.  accom- 
plishment :  completion  :  execution. 

ful-gen-cy  (ful'jen-si).  n.  bright- 
ness ;  splendor. 

full  (fool),  ndj.  filled:  having  no 
empty  space :  well  supplied ; 
stored:  saturated:  satiated;  copi- 
ous ;  rounded  out ;  plump ;  ex- 
pressing much;  clear;  distinct; 
sonorous ;  having  the  whole  disk 
illuminated  :  said  of  the  moon  :  n. 
the  highest  state,  extent,  or  meas- 
ure :  v.i.  to  pucker  :  v.t.  scour  and 
thicken,  as  cloth,  in  a  mill :  adv. 
tion  ;  directly;  quite.  \Fitll  is 
without  diminution  or  qualifica- 
usi'd  in  composition  to  express 
full  extent  or  dearer,,  its  meaning 
being  generally  self-evident,  as 
ftttt-anned,  /»7Z-fledged,  &c.l 

full  age,  n.  age  of  twenty-one 
years. 


full-back ('bak),  n.  in  football, 
the  player  furthest  from  the  goal 
of  the  opposing  side. 

full-butt  ('but),  adv.  meeting  di- 
rectly and  violently. 

full-dress  ('dres),  n.  dress  re- 
quired for  formal  or  ceremonial 
occasions. 

full-drive  ('driv),  adv.  with  full 
speed  or  vigor. 

full-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  fulls 
cloth. 

full-er's-earth  ( 'erz-erth ) ,  n.  a 
soft  clay  used  for  fulling  cloth 
and  the  removal  of  grease. 

full-y  (fool'i),  adv.  completely; 
abundantly. 

tfi/n.     completely,     abundantly, 
perfectly. 

ful-mi-nate  (ful'mi-nat),  v.t.  to 
cause  to  explode ;  send  out  or 
utter  (a  threat  or  denunciation, 
as  a  papal  bull)  :  v.i.  to  thunder; 
make  a  loud  sudden  noise ;  deto- 
nate :  n.  a  detonating  compound 
formed  of  a  salt  of  fulminic  acid. 

ful-mi-na-ting  pow-der  (-ing 
pou'der) .  n.  an  explosive  sub- 
stance which  on  being  struck  de- 
tonates with  a  loud  report. 

ful-min-ic  ac-id  (-min'ik  as'id), 
n.  an  acid  composed  of  cyanogen 
and  oxygen. 

ful-some  (ful'sum),  adj.  offen- 
sive ;  gross. 

Syn.  coarse,  gross,  sickening,  of- 
fensive, rank. 

Ant.   (see  moderate). 

ful-vons  (ful'vus),  adj.  tawny; 
saffron-colored. 

ful-wa  (ful'wa),  n.  the  butter- 
tree  of  India  ;  the  butter  obtained 
from  it. 

f  11  ma-role  (fu'ma-rol),  n.  a 
small  hole  from  which  volcanic 
smoke  issues. 

fnm-ble  ('bl),  v.i.  to  grope  or  feel 
about ;  handle  or  attempt  some- 
thing in  an  awkward  manner:  v.t. 
to  manage  awkwardly. 

fume  (film),  n.  vapor  or  exhala- 
tion, especially  of  a  narcotic  or 
suffocating  nature;  mental  irrita- 
tion or  agitation :  v.i.  to  emit 
smoke ;  pass  off  in  gas  or  vapor ; 
to  be  in  a  passion :  v.t.  fill  with 
gas  or  vapor :  exhale. 

fn-mi-gate  Ci-gat),  v.t.  smoke; 
perfume ;  disinfect  by  the  action 
of  smoke  or  vapor. 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  h§r,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pfirch,  lot ;  mo6n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fum 


374 


fun 


fu-mi-to-ry  ('mi-to-ri),  n.  a  plant, 
the  leaves  of  which  were  formerly 
used  as  a  specific  for  skin  dis- 
eases. 

fun  (fun),  n.  mirth;  drollery; 
sport:  i-.i.  \/>.t.  &  p.p.  funned, 
/;.pr.  funning],  to  indulge  in  fun. 

f  u-nam-bu-list  ( f  u-nam'bu-list ) , 
n.  a  rope-walker  or  -dancer. 

func-tion  (fungk'shun) ,  n.  the 
discharge  or  performance  of  any 
duty,  office,  or  business ;  faculty  ; 
power ;  the  office  of  any  organ, 
animal  or  vegetable ;  public  or  of- 
ficial ceremony  ;  any  mathematical 
quantity  considered  as  formed 
from  another  quantity,  the  change 
in  the  one  affecting  the  other  cor- 
respondingly :  v.i.  to  perform  a 
function  ;  act. 

func-tion-al  (-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  performing,  a  function  ;  of- 
ficial. 

func-tion-a-ry  (-a-ri),  n.  [pi. 
functionaries  (-riz)].  one  who 
holds  an  office,  or  discharges  some 
trust ;  an  official. 

fund  (fund),  n.  established  stock 
or  capital ;  money  set  apart  for 
carrying  out  some  permanent  or 
temporary  object ;  a  permanent 
debt  due  by  a  government  on 
which  interest  is  paid  at  a  certain 
rate  per  cent. ;  a  stock  in  reserve : 
pi.  money :  v.t.  to  place  in,  or  con- 
vert into,  a  fund. 

fun-da-ment  (fun'dfi-ment).  n. 
the  base  of  the  body  ;  anus  ;  foun- 
dation. 

fun-da-men-tal  Cal).  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  foundation  or  basis ; 
essential :  primary :  n.  a  primary 
or  essential  principle ;  basis ;  the 
note  on  which  a  chord  is  formed 
[Mus.]. 

fun-da-men-tal  bass  (bas),  n. 
that  part  in  musical  harmony 
which  contains  the  fundamental 
notes  of  chords. 

fun-da-men-tal-ly  (-li),  adj.  in  a 
fundamental  manner. 

fund-ed  (fund'ed),  p.adj.  con- 
verted into  a  permanent  loan  ;  in- 
vested in  the  public  funds. 

fnnd-ed  debt  (det),  n.  that  part 
of  a  public  debt  for  the  payment 
of  the  interest  of  which  certain 
funds  are  appropriated. 

fund-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  or 
process  of  converting  money  lent 


to  the  government  into  a  perma- 
nent fund  bearing  a  fixed  rate  of 
interest ;  investment  in  govern- 
ment stocks  or  funds. 

fun-dus  (fun'dus),  n.  the  base  or 
depth  of  anything. 

f  u-ner-al  ( f u'ner-al } ,  n.  the  cere- 
mony of  burying  a  dead  human 
body  and  the  procession  of  mourn- 
ers accompanying  it :  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  befitting,  or  used  at,  a 
funeral. 

fu-ne-re-al  (-ne're-Al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  suitable  for,  a  fu- 
neral :  mournful :  sad. 

fu-ne-re-al-ly  (-'i),  adv.  in  a  fu- 
nereal manner. 

fun-gous  (fung'gus),  ad/,  pertain- 
ing to  the  nature  of  fungi ; 
spongy  ;  excrescent ;  growing  up 
suddenly. 

fun-gns  ('gus),  n.  [pi.  fungi 
(fun'ji),  funguses  (-ez)].  a 
cryptogamons  plant  not  contain- 
ing chlorophyll,  as  a  mushroom, 
toadstool,  &c. ;  a  spongy  excres- 
cence. 

fu-ni-cle  (fu'ni-kl),  n.  a  small 
cord,  ligature,  or  fiber. 

fu-nic-u-lar  (-nik'u-lar),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  composed  of,  or  re- 
sembling, a  f unicle  or  funiculus ; 
rope-shaped. 

fu-nic-u-lus  ('u-lus),  n.  [pi.  fu- 
niculi  (-li)J,  a  small  cord,  liga- 
ture, or  fiber;  a  little  stalk  or 
cord-like  appendage  uniting  a  seed 
with  the  placenta. 

funk  (fungk),  n.  an  overpowering 
or  offensive  odor ;  cowrardice ;  a 
kick  ;  ill-temper  |  Scotch]  ;  fright : 
v.i.  to  be  in  a  state  of  cowardly 
fear;  to  kick  backwards  [Scotch]. 

fun-nel  (fun'el),  n.  a  wide- 
mouthed  conical  vessel  terminat- 
ing in  a  spout  for  pouring  liquids 
into  close  vessels ;  the  chimney  of 
a  steamship  or  steam-engine. 

fnn-neled  ('eld),  adj.  having,  or 
resembling,  a  funnel. 

fun-ni-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  funny 
manner. 

fun-ning  ('ing),  n.  merry  jesting. 

fun-ny  I'i).  adj.  [comp.  funnier, 
supcrl.  funniest],  comical;  droll; 
provoking  laughter ;  ludicrous ; 
queer  ;  curious  ;  strange  :  n.  a  long 
narrow  clinker-built  pleasure  boat 
rowed  with  sculls. 

fun-ny-bone       (-bon),      n.      the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  m65n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  Men. 


fur 


375 


fus 


lower  part  of  the  elbow  over 
which  the  nerve  of  the  ulna 
passes. 

fur  (fer).  n.  the  soft  hair  of  cer- 
tain animals,  growing  thickly 
upon  the  skin  ;  morbid  matter  col- 
lected on  the  tongue ;  the  calcare- 
ous coating  on  the  interior  of  a 
boiler,  &c. :  pi.  the  dressed  skins 
of  fur-bearing  animals,  used  for 
apparel  or  ornament :  adj.  consist- 
ing, lined,  or  trimmed,  with  fur : 
v.t.  [p.t.  furred,  p.pr.  furring], 
to  cover,  line,  or  trim  with  fur ; 
cover  with  a  calcareous  deposit  or 
morbid  matter. 

fur-be-low  Cbe-lo),  n.  an  orna- 
ment of  feminine  attire. 

fur-bisli  ('bish),  v.t.  to  make 
bright  by  rubbing,  polishing,  or 
burnishing ;  renovate. 

fur-cate   ('kat),  adj.  forked. 

fu-ri-ous  (fu'ri-us),  adj.  full  of 
fury ;  frenzied  ;  mad ;  tempestu- 
ous. 

8yn.    violent,    boisterous,    vehe- 
ment,   dashing,    sweeping,    rolling, 
impetuous,       frantic.       distracted, 
stormy,  angry,  raging,  fierce. 
Ant.   (see  calm). 

furl  (ferl),  v.t.  to  roll  up  and  se- 
cure to  something,  as  a  sail,  flag, 
&c. 

fur-long  (fer'lOng),  n.  l-8th  of  a 
mile. 

fur-lough  ('16),  n.  leave  of  ab- 
sence :  v.t.  to  grant  leave  of  ab- 
sence to. 

fnr-nace  ('nas),  n.  a  chamber  or 
apparatus  for  producing  a  violent 
heat  to  reduce  ores,  metals,  &c. ; 
severe  trial. 

fur-nigh  Cnish),  v.t.  to  supply 
with  what  is  requisite;  fit  out; 
equip:  v.i.  to  improve  in  flesh  and 
condition  :  said  of  a  racehorse. 

fnr-nish-ing  (-ing).  «.  the  act  of 
providing  with  furniture. 

fur-ni-ture  ('ni-tiir),  n.  the  nec- 
essary equipments  of  a  house, 
ship,  or  a  trade;  outfit;  equipage; 
trappings  of  a  horse. 

fn-rore  (fu'ror,  or  fu-ro're),  n.  a 
great  outburst  of  excitement  or 
enthusiasm. 

fur-ri-er  (fur'i-er),  n.  one  who 
prepares  or  sells  furs ;  fur- 
dresser. 

fur-row  (fur'6),  n.  a  trench 
made  in  the  ground  by  a  plow ;  a 


groove ;  wrinkle :  v.t.  to  plow ; 
make  grooves  or  wrinkles  in. 

fur-ry  (fur'i),  adj.  covered  with, 
or  consisting  of,  fur. 

fur-ther  (tur'ther),  adj.  more  dis- 
tant ;  additional :  adv.  to  a 
greater  distance  or  degree ;  more- 
over ;  also :  v.t.  to  promote ;  help 
forward. 

fur-ther-ance  (-ans),  n.  ad- 
vancement. 

fur-ther-more  (-mor),  adv.  more- 
over ;  besides. 

fur-ther-most  (-most),  adj.  most 
remote. 

fur-thest  ('thest),  adj.  most  dis- 
tant in  time  or  degree :  adv.  at, 
or  to,  the  greatest  distance. 

fur-tive  (fer'tiv),  adj.  sly;  se- 
cret ;  stealthy. 

fu-ry  (fu'ri),  n.  [p/.  furies 
('riz)],  violent  or  uncontrollable 
rage ;  madness ;  one  of  the  three 
avenging  deities  of  Greek  mythol- 
ogy ;  a  termagant  woman. 

furze  (ferz),  n.  a  hardy  spiny 
shrub,  belonging  to  the  bean 
family. 

furz-y  ('i),  adj.  covered  with 
furze. 

fuse  (fuz),  v.t.  to  liquefy  by 
heat ;  melt :  v.i.  to  become  melted 
by  heat ;  blend,  as  if  melted :  n. 
a  small  tube  filled  with  an  in- 
flammable material,  or  a  cord  im- 
pregnated with  such  material, 
used  for  exploding  gunpowder,  &c. 

tn-see  (fu-ze'),  n.  a  kind  of 
match,  used  for  igniting  tobacco ; 
a  grooved  cone  in  a  watch,  &c., 
around  which  the  chain  is  wound. 

fu-sel-oil  ('zel-oil),  n.  an  oily 
poisonous  product  produced  in 
rectifying  grape-,  potato-,  or  corn- 
spirit. 

fu-si-ble  (fuz'i-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  fused. 

fu-sil  (fu'zil).  n.  the  old  flint- 
lock musket. 

fu-si-leer  ('zi-ler),  n.  the  name  of 
several  British  line  regiments. 
Also  fusilier. 

fu-sil -lade  (-zi-lad'),  n.  a  simul- 
taneous discharge  of  firearms: 
v.t.  to  shoot  down  or  kill  by  a 
fusillade. 

fu-sin-ist  ('zin-ist).  n.  an  artist 
who  draws  writh  charcoal  crayons. 

fu-sion  ('zhun),  n.  the  act  or 
process  of  melting  by  heat ;  the 


late,  mar,  mfisk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pfirch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fus 


376 


fyk 


state   of   being   fused   or   melted ; 
union  by,  or  as  by,  melting. 

fuss  (fus),  ».  unnecessary  or  irri- 
tating activity,  especially  in  small 
matters  ;  disorderly  bustling  about ; 
confusion  ;  stir :  v.i.  to  worry. 

fuss-y    ('i),  adj.  making  a  fuss. 

fus-ta-nelle  (-t:\-nel').  «•  the 
short  white  skirt  worn  by  modern 
Greeks. 

fus-tian  (Vhan).  •«.  a  kind  of 
coarse  twilled  cotton  cloth,  as 
corduroy,  velveteen,  &c. ;  an  in- 
flated or  pretentious  style  in 
writing  or  speaking :  bombast : 
adj.  made  of  fustian  ;  bombastic. 

fus-ti-ness  ('ti-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  fussy. 

fust-y  ('ti),  adj.  [comp.  fustier, 
s  ii  perl.  fustiest],  ill-smelling; 
moldy  ;  meddlesome  ;  officious. 

fu-tile   ('til),  adj.  vain;  useless. 

Syn.   trifling,    trivial,    frivolous, 
useless. 

Ant.  (see  effective). 


fu-tile-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  futile 
manner. 

fu-til-i-ty  (-til'i-ti),  n.  the  qual- 
ity of  being  futile. 

futt-ocks  (fut'oks),  n.pl.  the  up- 
right curved  ribs  of  a  ship  spring- 
ing from  the  keel. 

fut-tock-shrouds  ('ok-shrpuds), 
•n.pl.  the  short  shrouds  which  go 
to  the  shrouds  above. 

fu-ture  ('tiir).  adj.  that  will  be 
hereafter:  n.  time  yet  to  come; 
a  tense  in  grammar ;  a  commodity, 
&c.,  sold  or  bought  for  future  de- 
livery. 

fu-tu-ri-ty  ('i-ti).  n.  [pi.  futuri- 
ties (-tiz)],  time  to  come;  future 
events. 

fuzz  (fuz),  n.  fine  minute  parti- 
cles of  down,  wool,  &c. :  v.i.  to  fly 
off  in  fuzz. 

fuzz-y  ('i),  adj.  covered  with,  or 
like,  fuzz. 

fy.     Same  as  fie. 

fyke   (fik),  n.  a  kind  of  fish-trap. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gab 


377 


gal 


G 


3r.  gabbing],  to  chatter. 
gab-ar-dine    (-er-den'),  n.  a  coarse 


grab  (gab),  n.  idle  chatter;  lo- 
quacity ;  a  hook  on  the  eccentric 
rod  of  a  steam-engine  ;  the  mouth 
[Scotch]  :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  gabbed, 
p.pr 

jab-i 
smock  frock. 

gab-ble  fjrab'l),  v.t.  to  utter  rap- 
idly without  sense :  v.i.  to  chat- 
ter incoherently :  n.  rapid  inco- 
herent talk. 

ga-bi-on  (ga'bi-un),  n.  a  large 
cylindrical  bottomless  basket 
filled  with  earth :  used  for  pur- 
poses of  military  defense,  &c. 

ga-bi-on-nade  (ga-bi-o-nad'),  n. 
a  defensive  work  formed  of  ga- 
bions. 

ga-ble  (gu'bl),  n.  the  triangular 
end  of  a  building. 

ga-blet  (gft'blet),  n.  a  small  orna- 
mental gable :  used  for  the  sum- 
mit of  niches,  &c. 

gad  (gad),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  gadded, 
p.pr.  gadding],  to  roam  about  in 
a  purposeless  manner :  n.  the  act 
of  roaming  about  without  an  ob- 
ject :  an  iron  or  steel  pointed  min- 
ing tool ;  a  gadfly. 

gad-fly  CHI),  n.  [pi.  gadflies 
('fliz)],  a  fly  that  stings  cattle. 

gad-o-li  nite  ('o-li-nlt),  n.  a  sili- 
cate of  yttrium. 

gad-wall  ('wawl),  n.  a  large 
fresh-water  duck,  esteemed  as 
game. 

Gael  (gal),  n.  a  Scottish  High- 
lander. 

Gael-ic  ('ik).  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  belonging  to,  the  Keltic  inhabi- 
tants of  the  Scottish  Highlands, 
or  to  their  language :  n.  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Gaels.  Also  Gad- 
hclic.  Galif. 

gaff  (gaf).  n.  a  large  hook  for 
landing  salmon,  &c. ;  a  boom  or 
yard  to  extend  the  upper  edge  of 
a  fore-and-aft  sail  ;  a  low-class 
theater,  &c..  admission  to  which  is 
a  penny :  v.t.  to  seize  or  land  with 
a  gaff. 

gaff-top-sail  ( 'top-si),  n.  a  light 
sail  set  above  a  gaff. 

gag  (gag),  n.  something  placed  in 


the  mouth  •  to  hinder  speech  :  v.t. 
\p.t.  &  p.p.  gagged,  p.pr.  gagging], 
to  stop  the  mouth  of,  with,  or  as 
with,  a  gag ;  silence  by  force ;  in- 
troduce one's  own  words,  &c.,  into  : 
said  of  an  actor,  &c. 

gage,  gauge  (giij),  n.  a  standard 
of  measure ;  the  number  of  feet  a 
vessel  sinks  in  the  water;  posi- 
tion of  one  ship  to  another 
and  the  wind ;  a  measuring  rod ; 
the  distance  between  the  rails  of 
a  railway  line :  v.t.  to  ascertain 
the  capacity  or  contents  of ;  esti- 
mate. 

gage-a-ble  (gaj'a-bl),  adj.  that 
may  be  gaged. 

gag-er  (Kuj'er),  n.  one  who 
gages.  See  ganger. 

gag-ger  ('er),  n.  one  who  gags; 
a  T-shaped  piece  of  iron  used  by 
founders. 

gahn-ite  (gan'it).  «.  a  greenish 
and  dark-brown  mineral ;  zinc- 
spinel. 

gai-e-ty  (ga'e-ti),  a.  [pi.  gaieties 
(-tiz)j,  the  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing gay  ;  merriment ;  pleasure  ; 
finery. 

gai-ly  (gfi'li),  adv.  merrily;  finely. 

gain  (gun),  n.  advantage;  profit; 
a  mortise :  v.t.  to  obtain,  as  profit 
or  advantage ;  earn  ;  win  ;  arrive 
at :  v.i.  to  improve  or  make  prog- 
ress ;  increase ;  advance. 

>•'/'«.   profit,   emolument,   advan- 
tage, benefit,  winnings,  earnings. 
Ant.    (see  loss). 

gain-say  ('sa),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
gainsaid.  i>.i>r.  gainsaying],  to 
contradict ;  speak  against ;  oppose. 

gair-ish,  same  as  garish. 

gait  (gat),  n.  manner  of  walking; 
way  or  course. 

gait-er  Cer),  n.  a  covering  of 
cloth  for  the  ankle,  fitting  over  the 
top  of  the  boot ;  a  shoe  with  a 
cloth  top. 

ga-la  ('la),  n.  a  festive  show; 
pomp. 

ga-lac-tic  (gA-Iak'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  secretion  or  flow  of 
milk ;  pertaining  to  the  Milky 
Way. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  he"r.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot :  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gal 


378 


Qal 


ga-lac-to,  a  prefix  meaning  milk, 
forming  compound  words,  as  ga- 
/actophagus,  feeding  on  milk. 

ga-lan-ga  (-lang'ga),  n.  the  name 
for  various  species  of  Alpinia, 
from  the  rootstocks  of  which  an 
aromatic  medicine,  vised  in  China, 
is  obtained. 

gal-an-tine  (gal'an-tin) ,  n.  a  dish 
composed  of  chickens,  veal,  or 
other  white  meat,  boned,  seasoned, 
tied  up,  boiled,  and  served  cold 
in  its  own  jelly. 

gal-a-te-a  (-a-te'a),  n.  a  cotton 
fabric  with  blue  and  white  stripes. 

Gal-ax -y  ('aks-i),  n.  the  Milky 
Way. 

g  1-ax-y,  n.  an  assemblage  of 
splendid  persons  or  things. 

gal-ba-num  ('ba-num),  n.  an 
odorous  and  bitter  gum  resin  used 
in  medicine. 

gale  (gal),  n.  a  strong  wind,  less 
violent  than  a  tempest ;  a  quarrel ; 
noisy  merriment ;  bog  myrtle. 

ga-le-ate  (ga'le-at),  adj.  wearing, 
covered  with,  or  shaped  like,  a 
helmet. 

ga-le-na  (ga-le'na),  n.  sulphide  of 
lead. 

gal-i-ot  (gal'i-ot).  n.  a  heavily- 
built  two-masted  trading  vessel. 

gal-i-pot  ('i-pot),  n.  a  white  resin- 
ous juice  which  exudes  from  pine 
trees. 

gall  (gawl;.  n.  the  bile;  anything 
very  bitter;  malignant  feeling; 
rancor  ;  the  gall-bladder  :  the  mor- 
bid excrescence  of  plants  caused 
by  insects ;  gall-nut ;  a  wound 
caused  by  friction ;  low-lying 
marshland  with  rank  vegetation : 
v.t.  to  break  the  skin  off  by  fric- 
tion ;  wear  away ;  vex ;  fret ; 
harass;  impregnate  with  an  in- 
fusion of  gall-nuts :  v.i.  to  fret ; 
be  vexed,  &c. 

gal-Ian  t  (gal'ant).  adj.  brave; 
high-spirited;  chivalrous:  n.  a 
person  of  sprightly  and  gay  man- 
ners ;  a  beau. 

gal-lant  (gal-ant'),  adj.  showing 
courtesy  and  respectful  defer- 
ence to  women :  n.  a  man  who  is 
attentive  to  women  (used  either 
in  a  good  or  bad  sense)  :  v.t.  to 
pay  court  to ;  accompany  or  es- 
cort. 

Syn.    brave,    bold,    courageous. 


gay,  fine,  showy,  intrepid,  heroic, 
fearless. 

gal-Ian  t-1  y  (gal'ant-li ) ,  adv. 
bravely,  (gal-ant'li)  politely. 

gal-lant-ry  ('ant-ri),  n.  \[)l.  gal- 
lantries (-riz)].  bravery;  heroic 
courage ;  polite  and  deferential  at- 
tention to  women ;  court  paid  to 
women  for  immoral  purposes ;  in- 
trigue. 

gal-late  ('at),  n.  a  salt  of  gallic 
acid. 

gal-la-tin  ('a-tin),  n.  coal  tar  oil 
used  in  the  Bethell  process  for 
preserving  timber. 

gal-le-ass  ('e-as).  n.  a  large  low- 
built  three-masted  vessel  propelled 
by  sails  and  oars,  and  carrying 
twenty  or  more  guns. 

gal-le-on  ( 'e-on ) ,  n.  a  large 
Spanish  three-decked  vessel,  for- 
merly used  as  a  warship,  or  as  a 
merchantman  for  trading  to  South 
America. 

gal-ler-ied  ('er-id),  adj.  furnished 
with  galleries. 

gal-ler-y  ('er-i),  n.  [pi.  galleries 
(-iz)],  a  long  apartment  serving 
as  a  means  of  communication  to 
others ;  corridor ;  the  upper  seats 
of  a  theater,  church,  assembly- 
room,  &c. ;  a  building,  or  room, 
used  for  the  exhibition  of  works 
of  art,  &c. ;  a  covered  passage  in 
a  work  for  defense  or  for  commu- 
nication ;  a  balcony  at  the  stern 
of  a  large  ship. 

gal-ley  Cli),.  n.  [pi.  galleys 
('liz)  ],  a  low,  flat,  one-decked  ves- 
sel propelled  by  oars,  and  some- 
times with  sails,  formerly  rowed 
by  slaves  or  convicts ;  an  open 
boat  used  by  British  men-of-War, 
river  police,  and  customs  officers ; 
the  cook-house  of  a  ship ;  a  flat, 
oblong  frame  for  holding  composed 
type. 

Gal-lie  ('ik),  adj.  pertaining  to 
ancient  Gaul,  or  modern  France. 

gal-lie    ac-id    (as'id),    n.    an    or- 
ganic crystalline  compound  found 
in  gall-nuts,  tea.  &c. 
Galilean    ('i-kan),   adj.   pertain- 
ing to  Gaul,  or  France,  or  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  Church  in  France. 
Gal-li-cism  ('i-sizm),  n.  a  French 

idiom. 

Gal-li-cize  ('i-siz),  v.t.  to  conform 
to  the  French  idiom. 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  miite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ga! 


379 


gam 


gall-ing    (gawl'ing),    p.adj.    chaf- 
ing :  irritating. 

N//M.  chafing,  irritating,  vexing. 
Ant.   (see  soothing). 
gal-li-nip-per   (gal'i-nip-er),  n.  a' 

large  mosquito. 
gal-li-pot     ('i-pot),     n.     a     small 

glazed  earthenware  jar. 
gal-li-um    ('i-um),    n.    a    metallic 

element. 
gal-li-vant   (M-vant),  v.i.  to  flirt; 

idle  or  gad  about  with  women. 
gal-li-vat  ('i-vat).  n.  a  large, 
two-masted,  quick-sailing  boat, 
used  by  Malay  pirates. 
gall-nut  (gawrnnt),  n.  a  round 
excrescence  produced  on  the  oak 
by  the  puncturing  of  the  leaf-buds 
by  an  insect,  the  gall-beetle.  The 
gall  contains  tannin,  and  is  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  ink,  dyeing, 
&c. 

gal-Ion  (gal'un),  n.  a  liquid  meas- 
ure =  4  quarts :  a  dry  measure 
=  l-8th  of  a  bushel. 
gal-loon  (-6on'),  n.  a  cotton,  silk, 
or  worsted  fabric  used  for  dress 
trimmings :  a  thin  tape  made  of 
metal  woven  in  silk,  worsted,  &c., 
used  for  uniforms. 
gal -lop  ( 'up) ,  n.  the  rapid  for- 
ward springing  movement  of  a 
horse ;  the  act  of  riding  at  a  gal- 
lop :  v.i.  to  run  with  leaps,  like  a 
horse ;  ride  a  horse  at  a  gallop ; 
hasten. 

gal-lo-pade    (-16-pad'),  n.  a  lively 
dance :  music  appropriate  to  it ;  a 
curvetting  or  sidelong  gallop. 
gal-lop-er    (-er),  n.  one  who  gal- 
lops. 

gal-lop-ing  (-ing),  p.ndj.  going  at 
a  jrallop ;  progressing  very  quickly. 
gal-lows  ('67),  n.  a  wooden  struct- 
ure consisting  of  two  uprights 
*vith  a  cross  lor  on  the  top:  used 
for  hanging  criminals ;  execution 
by  hanging. 

gall-stone    (gawl'ston),  n.  a  con- 

cretion  formed  in  the  gall  bladder 

or  biliary  duct. 

ga-lore     (ga-lor'),    adv.    in    great 

plenty. 
ga-losh    (gfi-losh'),  n.  an  overshoe 

of  india-rubber.     Also  goloshe. 
gal-van-ic    (gal-van'ik),   adj.  per- 
taining:   to     galvanism ;     voltaic : 
spasmodic. 

gal-van-ism       (-:zm).      n.      that 
branch   of   electric  science   which 


treats  of  currents  arising  from  the 
chemical  action  of  certain  bodies 
placed  in  contact,  or  an  acid  on  a 
metal. 

gal-van-ize     (-Iz),    v.t.    to    affect 
with  galvanism  :  to  imbue  with  fic- 
titious animation  ;  to  electrotype. 
gal-va-nog-ra-phy        (-va-nog'ra- 
fi),  n.  a  method  of  reproducing  by 
the   electrotype   process   copies   of 
stone  and  metal  objects,  so  as  to 
resemble  a  copper-plate  engraving. 
gal-va-nom-e-ter   ( -va-nom'e-ter ) , 
n.    an    instrument    for    measuring 
the    presence,    extent,    and    direc- 
tion of  an  electric  current. 
gal-va-nom-e-try    (-nom'e-tri),  n. 
the    art.    science,    or    process    of 
measuring  currents  of  electricity. 
gal-van-o-scope    ('os-kop),  n.  an 
instrument  for  measuring  delicate 
currents  of  electricity. 
gam-bier    (gam'ber),    n.    a    vege- 
table extract  used  medicinally  as 
an  astringent,  and  for  tanning  and 
dyeing. 

gam -bit  ('bit),  n.  an  opening  in 
chess  in  which  a  pawn,  or  piece, 
is  sacrificed  to  obtain  a  favorable 
position  for  the  action  of  the  more 
important  pieces. 

gam-ble  ('bl),  v.i.  to  practice 
gaming ;  play  for  money ;  risk 
money  on  an  event  or  contin- 
gency :  v.t.  to  squander  in  gaming 
(with  away). 

gam-bier  ('bier),  n.  one  who 
gambles,  especially  one  who  gam- 
bles as  a  business. 
gam-boge  (-booj'),  n.  a  yellow 
gum-resin  obtained  from  Cam- 
bodia, used  as  a  pigment,  and  as  a 
drastic  purgative. 

gam-boised  Cboizd),  adj.  quilted 
or  padded. 

gam-bol    ('bol),  n.   a  dancing  or 
skipping  about  for  joy  or  sport; 
frolic:  v.i.   [p.t.  &  p.p.  gamboled, 
p.pr.    gamboling],    to    skip    about 
sportively ;  frolic. 
gam-brel  Cbrel).  n.  the  hock  of  a 
horse ;  a  bent  stick,  resembling  a 
horse's  leg,  used  by  butchers. 
gam-brel-roof       (-roof),      n.      a 

curved  roof. 
gam-broon   (-brf>6n'),  «•  a  twilled 

linen  fabric  used  for  linings. 
game    (gs\m).  n.  a  sport  or  diver- 
sion; fun;  frolic;  a  single  match 
at   play ;    the   advantage   required 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gam 


380 


gar 


in  order  to  win  ;  wild  animals  pur- 
sued and  killed  by  shooting  or 
hunting  ;  any  object  of  pursuit :  pi. 
athletic  contests :  adj.  pertaining 
to  game ;  ready ;  plucky :  v.i.  to 
play  at  any-  sport  or  diversion ; 
play  for  a  stake  or  prize. 

kiyn.    play,    pastime,    diversion, 
sport,   amusement. 

game-cock  ('kok),  n.  a  cock  bred 
and  trained  for  fighting. 

game-fowl  ('foul),  n.  one  of  a 
brood  of  fancy  poultry,  of  a  pug- 
nacious disposition,  kept  for  fight- 
ing. 

game-fill  ('fool),  adj.  sportive. 

game-ly    ('li).  adv.  pluckily. 

game-some  ('sum),  adj.  merry; 
sportive. 

gam-ete  (gam'et),  n.  a  protoplas- 
mic body  that  in  conjunction  with 
another  forms  a  zygote. 

gam-in  ('in),  n.  a  precocious 
street  child ;  street  Arab. 

gam-ing  (gam'ing),  n.  the  act  of 
playing  games  for  stakes ;  gam- 
bling. 

gam-mon  ('tin),  v.t.  to  impose 
upon  a  person  by  inducing  him  to 
believe  improbable  stories  ;  hoax  ; 
to  defeat  at  the  game  of  back- 
gammon ;  cure  by  salting  and 
smoking;  attach  or  fix  a  bowsprit 
to  a  ship :  n.  a  hoax  ;  imposition  ; 
the  buttock  of  a  hog  salted  and 
smoked  :  inter j.  nonsense  ! 

gam-nt  (gam'ut),  n.  the  lines  and 
spaces  upon  which  musical  notes 
are  written  or  printed :  hence  en- 
tire range  or  extent. 

gam-y  (gfim'i),  adj.  having  the 
flavor  of  game. 

gan-der  (gan'der),  n.  a  male 
goose. 

gang  (gang),  n.  a  number  of  per- 
sons associated  together  for  a  par- 
ticular purpose ;  a  selected  num- 
ber of  a  ship's  company  for  spe- 
cial duty ;  a  lode  or  course ;  the 
matrix  in  which  an  ore  is  em- 
bedded. (Colloquial)  an  associa- 
tion of  political  leaders  for  per- 
sonal advantage,  often  by  fraudu- 
lent methods.  Also  ganguo. 

N///I.     band,     horde,     company, 
troop,  crew. 

gang-board  ('l)ord),  n.  a  plank 
with  pieces  of  wood  fastened  on  it 
for  going  on  board  a  vessel. 


gang-er  ('er),  n.  the  foreman  of 
a  gang  of  workmen,  especially  of 
navvies  or  platelayers. 

gan-gli-on  ('gli-pn).  n.  [pi.  gan- 
glia (-a),  ganglions  (-onz)],  an 
enlargement  in  the  course  of  a 
nerve ;  an  encysted  tumor  on  a 
tendon. 

gan-gli-on-ic  (-gli-on'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  ganglion. 

gan-grene  ('gren),  n.  the  first 
state  of  mortification :  v.t.  to  mor- 
tify :  v.i.  to  become  mortified. 

gang-ue,  see  under  gang. 

gang-way  (gang'wa),  n.  a  nar- 
row platform  of  horizontal  planks 
used  as  a  temporary  passageway, 
or  to  enter  a  ship ;  a  passage  into 
or  out  of  any  place ;  a  passage- 
way between  two  rows  of  seats ; 
that  part  of  a  ship's  side,  within 
or  without,  by  which  persons  en- 
ter or  depart ;  the  waist  of  a  ves- 
sel or  clear  way  by  the  side  of  the 
bulwarks ;  the  main  level  in  a 
mine. 

gan-net   ('et),  n.  the  solan  goose. 

gant-let,  same  as  gauntlet. 

gaol,  same  as  jail. 

gap  (gap),  n.  an  opening;  cleft; 
passage;  hiatus;  breach:  v.t.  [//./. 
&  p.p.  gapped,  p.pr.  gapping],  to 
make  a  gap  in. 

iS'j/'».     breach,     chasm,     hollow, 
cavity,  cleft,  crevice,  rift,  chink. 

gape  (gap),  v.i.  to  open  the  mouth 
wide,  as  from  drowsiness,  wonder, 
&c. ;  yawn ;  open  as  a  fissure  or 
chasm :  n.  the  act  of  gaping ; 
yawn ;  the  opening  between  the 
mandibles  of  birds ;  the  width  of 
the  mouth  of  a  fish  when  opened  : 
pi.  a  disease  in  poultry. 

gar  (giir),  n.  a  garfish. 

gar-age  (gar-aj'),  n.  a  place  in 
which  automobiles  are  kept. 

garb  (garb),  n.  a  dress;  external 
form  :  v.t.  to  clothe. 

gar-bage    Cbaj),  n.  offal ;  refuse. 

gar-ble  (gilr'bl),  v.t.  to  cleanse 
by  sifting;  select  such  parts  of  as 
are  wanted  or  may  serve  some 
particular  purpose. 

gar-board  ('bord),  «.  the  first 
plank  fastened  to  the  keel  on  the 
outside. 

gar-con  ('song'),  n.  a  boy;  waiter 
|  French]. 

gar-den  Cdn),  n.  a  piece  of 
ground  set  apart  for  the  cultiva- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


381 


gas 


tion  of  flowers,  fruit,  vegetables, 
&c. ;  a  place  specially  delightful 
or  fertile :  v.t.  to  cultivate 
as  a  garden  :  v.i.  to  lay  out  and 
cultivate  a  garden. 

gar-den-ing  ('dn-ing),  n.  horti- 
culture. 

gare  (gar),  n.  coarse  wool  grow- 
ing on  the  legs  of  sheep. 

gar-fish  (gar'fish),  n.  a  marine 
fish  with  a  long  body  and  spear- 
like  snout. 

gar-get  ('get),  n.  a  disease  in  cat- 
tle. 

gar-gle  Cgl),  n.  a  medicinal 
liquid  for  washing  the  throat  and 
mouth :  v.i.  to  wash  the  throat 
and  mouth  with  a  gargle. 

gar-goyle  ('goil).  n.  in  Gothic 
architecture,  a  projecting  stone 
waterspout,  often  in  the  form  of 
a  grotesquely-shaped  man  or  ani- 
mal. 

gar-i-bal-di  (gar-i-bal'di),  n.  a 
loose  blouse-shaped  shirt,  usually 
red. 

gar-ish  (gar'ish),  adj.  gaudy; 
dazzling. 

gar-land  (giir'land).  n.  a  chaplet 
or  wreath  made  of  flowers,  &c. ;  a 
collection  of  choice  extracts  of 
prose  or  poetry ;  a  netted  provi- 
sion-bag used  bv  sailors ;  in  her- 
aldry, a  wreath  of  laurel,  or  oak- 
leaves  and  acorns :  v.t.  to  deck  or 
adorn  with  a  garland. 

gar-lie  Clik),  n.  a  bulbous- 
rooted  plant  of  the  lily  family, 
with  a  strong  pungent  taste  and 
unpleasant  smell. 

gar-ment  Cment),  n.  any  article 
of  clothing :  pi.  clothing  col- 
lectively. 

gar-ner  ('ner),  n.  a  granary:  v.t. 
to  store  for  preservation  in,  or 
as  in,  a  granary ;  gather  up. 

gar-net  ('net),  n.  a  precious 
stone. 

gar-nish  ('nish),  v.t.  to  adorn; 
embellish  with  something  laid 
round  a  dish  :  n.  an  ornament  or 
decoration  :  something  laid  round 
a  dish  as  an  embellishment. 

ffi.in.  embellish,  adorn,  beautify, 
deck,  decorate. 

gar-nish-ee  (-e').  n.  the  person 
in  whose  hands  the  property  of 
another  is  attached  pending  the 


satisfaction  of  the  claims  of  a 
third  party. 

gar-nish-ment  (-ment),  n.  an 
embellishment ;  a  warning  or  sum- 
mons :  especially  a  notice  to  a 
party  not  to  pay  money,  &c.,  to  a 
defendant,  but  to  appear  in  court. 

gar-ni-ture  ('ni-tur),  n.  embel- 
lishment. 

gar-pike  ('pik),  n.  the  garfish. 

gar-ret  (gar'et),  n.  the  uppermost 
room  of  a  house. 

gar-ri-son  ('i-sn),  n.  a  body  of 
troops  stationed  in  a  fort  or  forti- 
fied place ;  a  fortified  place  with 
troops,  guns,  &c. :  v.t.  to  furnish 
(a  fortified  place)  with  troops. 

gar-rot  ('ot),  n.  a  kind  of  torni- 
quet ;  a  sea-duck. 

gar-rote  (-rot'),  n.  an  instrument 
for  strangling  a  criminal :  used  in 
Spain ;  strangulation :  v.t.  to 
execute  with  a  garrote  or  by 
strangling ;  seize  by  the  throat  so 
as  to  render  a  person  helpless 
and  then  to  rob  him. 

gar-rot-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  is 
guilty  of  the  crime  of  garrot- 
ing. 

gar-ru-li-ty  (-roo'li-ti),  n.  inces- 
sant and  inconsequent  loquacity. 

gar-ru-lous  (-lus),  adj.  charac- 
terized by  garrulity ;  verbose. 

gar-ter  (gar'ter).  n.  an  elastic 
band,  &c.,  by  which  a  stocking 
is  held  up  on  the  leg ;  the  dis- 
tinctive badge  of  the  Order  of 
the  Garter,  the  highest  order  of 
British  knighthood  (instituted 
about  1348  by  Edward  III.)  : 
v.t.  to  bind  or  fasten  with  a  gar- 
tor  ;  invest  with  the  Order  of 
the  Garter. 

gar-ter-fish  (-fish),  n.  a  long 
thin-bodied  fish. 

gar-ter-snake  (-snak).  n.  an  in- 
nocuous yellow  striped  snake, 
common  in  America. 

garth  (garth),  n.  a  fish-weir. 

gas  (gas),  n.  \pl.  gases  Cezl]. 
matter  in  its  most  rarefied 
state :  onnosed  to  fluid,  and 
solid ;  carburetted  hydrogen  used 
for  lighting  and  cooking;  empty 
talk :  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  gassed. 
p.pr.  gassing],  to  impose  upon  by 
empty  talk :  v.i.  to  boast  or  in- 
dulge in  empty  talk. 

gas-con-ade    (-knn-ad'),  n.  boast- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


382 


gat 


ful  or  blustering  talk :  v.t.  to 
bluster ;  boast. 

gas-e-lier  ('e-ler),  n.  a  gas-burn- 
ins  chandelier. 

gas-e-ous  ('e-us),  adj.  having  the 
nature  or  form  of  gas. 

gash  (gash),  n.  a  deep  or  gaping 
wound  :  v.t.  to  cut  deep. 

gas-i-fy  (gas'i-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  gasified,  p.pr.  gasifying],  to 
convert  into  gas. 

gas-ket  ('ket),  n.  a  flat  plaited 
cord  by  which  the  sails  are  furled 
or  tied  to  the  yard;  hemp,  &c., 
used  for  packing  the  piston  of  a 
steam-engine,  &c. ;  a  thin  round 
piece  of  rubber,  metal,  &c.,  placed 
between  two  flat  surfaces  to  make 
a  water-tight  joint. 

gas-o-gene  ('6-jen),  n.  an  ap- 
paratus for  making  aerated  bever- 
ages. 

gas-o-lier,  another  form  of  gas- 
elier. 

gas-o-line  ('o-len),  n.  a  volatile 
inflammable  colorless  product  of 
petroleum :  used  for  heating  pur- 
poses, &c. 

gos-om-e-ter  (-om'e-ter),  n.  a  cir- 
cular hollow  reservoir  for  stor- 
ing gas,  open  at  the  bottom  and 
closed  at  the  top ;  an  apparatus 
for  measuring  gases. 

gas-om-e-try  ('e-tri),  n.  the 
science  or  process  of  measuring 
gas. 

gas-o-scopc  ('o-skop),  n.  an  in- 
strument for  detecting  the 
presence  of  inflammable  gas. 

gasp  (gasp),  n.  a  convulsed  pain- 
ful effort  to  catch  the  breath  :  v.i. 
to  catch  the  breath  with  difficulty  ; 
crave  earnestly :  v.t.  to  breathe 
out  in  gasps  (with  await). 

gasp-ing  ('ing),  n.  convulsive  or 
difficult  breathing. 

gas-sing  (gas'ing),  n.  pretentious 
talk. 

gas-sy  ('i),  adj.  impregnated 
with  gas ;  given  to  pretentious 
talk ;  inflated. 

gastero,  a  prefix,  meaning  the 
stomach:  found  in  various  com- 
pound scientific  words,  as  gas- 
teropod,  one  of  the  gasteropoda. 
Also  gastro. 

gas-ter-op-o-da  ( gas-ter-op'o-da ) . 
n.pl.  a  division  of  univalve  mol- 
lusks.  which  move  by  means  of  a 
broad  muscular  foot  under  the 


belly,    including    the    snails    and 
slugs.     Also  gastropoda. 

gas-ter-op-o-dous  (-dus),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  gasteropoda. 

gas-tral-gi-a  (-tral'ji-a),  n.  neu- 
ralgia of  the  stomach ;  stomach- 
ache. 

gas-trie  ('trik),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  stomach. 

gas-trie  juice  (jus),  n.  a  thin 
acid  fluid  secreted  in  the  mucous 
membrane  of  the  stomach :  the 
chief  agent  in  digestion. 

gas-tri-tis  (-trl'tis).  n.  inflam- 
mation of  the  stomach. 

gas-tro-ceph-a-li-tis  ( sef-a-li'- 
tis),  n.  inflammation  of  the 
stomach  and  brain. 

gas-tro-en-te-ri-tis  (-en-te-r!'- 
tis),  n.  inflammation  of  the  stom- 
ach and  intestines. 

gas-tro-nom-ic  (-tro-nom'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  gastronomy.  Also 
gastronomical. 

gas-tro-nom-ic-al-ly  (-al'li),  adv. 
in  a  gastronomic  manner. 

gas-tron-o-iiiist  (-tron'o-mist),  n. 
an  epicure. 

gas-tron-o-my  (-tron'o-mi),  n. 
the  art  of  good  eating,  or  the  prep- 
aration of  food. 

gas-trop-o-da,  same  as  gaster- 
opoda. 

gatch    (gach),  n.   plaster. 

gate  (gat),  n.  a  frame  of  wood, 
iron,  &c.,  closing  an  entrance  or 
passage,  usually  moving  on 
liinges ;  a  large  entrance  to  a  city, 
castle,  &c. ;  an  avenue  ;  entrance  ; 
power. 

gath-er  (gaf/i'er),  v.t.  to  assem- 
ble; collect:  bring  into  one  place; 
pick  up  ;  glean  ;  pluck  ;  accumu- 
late ;  pucker  or  plait;  infer:  v.i. 
to  congregate ;  generate  pus :  in- 
crease :  ripen  :  n.  a  plait  or  pucker 
in  cloth,  made  by  drawing  thread 
through  the  folds. 

N//H.    pick,   cull,   assemble,  mus- 
ter, infer,  collect. 
Ant.  (see  scatter). 

gath-er-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  act  of 
assembling  together;  an  assem- 
blage; a  charitable  contribution; 
an  abscess  or  suppurating  tumor. 

gat-ling  gun  (gat'ling  gun),  n. 
a  cannon  with  numerous  small 
barrels,  which  are  discharged  in 
succession  by  turning  a  handle. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gau 


383 


gei 


gaud  (gawd),  n.  finery;  orna- 
ment. Also  gaudery. 

gaud-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  gaudy 
manner. 

gaud-i-ness  ('i-nes),  «.  the 
quality  of  being  gaudy. 

gaud-y  ('i),  adj.  [camp,  gaudier, 
superl.  gaudiest],  showy;  vulgarly 
gay  or  fine. 

Syn.  showy,  flashy,  tawdry,  gay, 
glittering,  bespangled. 
Ant.    (see  sombre). 

gauge   (gaj).  same  as  gage. 

gaug-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  gauges; 
an  officer  of  excise  who  ascertains 
the  contents  of  casks. 

gaug-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  art  or 
science  of  measuring  the  contents 
of  vessels  of  capacity. 

Gaul  (gawl),  n.  an  inhabitant  of 
ancient  Gaul  or  France. 

gaunt  (glint),  adj.  pinched  and 
lean. 

Syn.  emaciated,  scraggy,  skinny, 
meagre,  lank,  attenuated,  spare, 
lean,  thin. 

Ant.    (see   well   fed). 

gaunt-let  (gant'let),  n.  a  mili- 
tary or  naval  punishment,  for- 
merly practiced,  by  which  the  cul- 
prit was  compelled  to  run  be- 
tween two  lines  of  soldiers  or 
sailors,  who  chastised  him  with 
rods,  ropes,  &c. ;  a  series  of  un- 
pleasant events ;  a  mailed  glove, 
or  one  with  a  long  wrist-ex- 
tension. Also  gantlet,  gantlope. 

gaunt-let-ed  (-ed),  adj.  wearing 
a  gauntlet. 

ganr     (gawr),    n.    a    large    fierce, 
.   dark-colored   ox   found   in   Indian 
jungles ;  Bengal  bison. 

gauze  (gawz),  n.  a  very  thin  light 
transparent  silk  or  cotton  fab- 
ric; lighc  open-work  material, 
as  wire  gauze. 

gauz-y  ('i).  adj.  thin  and  semi- 
transparent,  like  gauze. 

gave,    p.t.    of    give. 

gav-el  (gav'el),  n.  a  small  mal- 
let ;  a  small  unbound  sheaf ;  toll 
or  custom :  v.t.  to  bind  into 
sheaves. 

ga-vi-al  (gfi'vi-al),  n.  the  croco- 
dile of  the  Ganges,  with  a  long, 
narrow  snout. 

ga-votte  (gt\-vot'),  n.  a  lively,  but 
dignified,  dance  of  the  minuet 
class ;  a  dance-tune  in  common 
time. 


gawk  (gawk),  n.  a  simpleton; 
cuckoo. 

gawk-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  gawky. 

gawk-y  ('i),  adj.  awkward;  un- 
gainly :  n.  a  tall,  awkward,  stupid 
person. 

gay  (ga),  adj.  lively;  merry;  full 
of  spirits:  cheerful;  sportive; 
given  to  pleasure  ;  licentious. 

&yn.     cheerful,     merry,     lively, 
jolly,    sprightly,    blithe. 
Ant.    (see   solemn). 

gay-al  ('al),  n.  a  short-horned, 
semi-domesticated  East  Indian  ox. 

gaze  (gaz),  v.i.  to  look  earnestly 
and  fixedly :  n.  a  steady,  fixed 
look. 

ga-zelle  (ga-zel'),  n.  a  small,  ele- 
gant, swift-footed  antelope,  with 
large,  soft,  black  eyes. 

ga-zette  (-zef),  n.  English  gov- 
ernment bi-weekly  newspaper  con- 
taining official  announcements ; 
newspaper :  v.t.  to  publish  in  a 
gazette. 

gaz-et-teer  (gaz-e-ter'),  n.  a  dic- 
tionary _of  geographical  names 

gear  (ger),  n.  accoutrements;  ap- 
paratus ;  tackle ;  harness ;  dress ; 
the  moving  parts  of  machinery : 
v.t.  to  put  gear  on ;  harness ; 
dress. 

gear-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  train  of 
toothed  wheels  for  transmitting 
motion  ;  ropes  and  tackle. 

gear-wheel  ('hwel),  n.  a  cog- 
wheel. 

geck-o   (gek'o),  n.  the  wall-lizard. 

gee  (je),  v.i.  to  turn  to  the  off 
side  ;  to  move  ;  stir. 

geese,  pi.  of  goose. 

gel-a-ti-nate  (jel'a-ti-nat),  v.t.  to 
convert  into  gelatine  or  a  jelly- 
like  substance :  v.i.  to  be  convert- 
ed into  gelatine.  Also  gelatinize. 

gel-a-tine  ('a-tin),  n.  a  transpar- 
ent nitrogenous  animal  substance 
found  in  bones,  hoofs,  connective 
tissue,  &c.,  from  which  it  is  ex- 
tracted by  boiling,  &c. ;  animal 
jelly.  Also  gelatin. 

gel-a-tine  pro-cess  (pro'ses),  ». 
a  method  of  photo-engraving  by 
taking  a  negative  on  a  gelatine 
film  impregnated  with  a  bichro- 
mate. 

gel-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  solidifica- 
tion. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot  ;»ruoJn, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gel 


384 


gen 


geld  (geld),  v.t.  to  castrate: 
said  of  horses ;  deprive  of  any 
essential  part. 

geld-ing  ('ing),  n.  castration;  a 
young  horse  which  has  been  cas- 
trated. 

gel-id  (jel'id),  adj.  intensely  cold; 
icy. 

gel-id-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  intense  cold; 
iciness. 

gel-ose  (jel'os),  n.  a  vegetable 
gummy  isinglass  prepared  from 
seaweed  and  Chinese  moss. 

p-eiu  (Jem),  n.  a  precious  stone; 
leafbud  ;  any  perfect  or  rare  ob- 
ject ;  jewel :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
gemmed,  p.pr.  gemming],  to  adorn 
with,  or  as  with.  gems_. 

gem-el- win-dow  (-win'do),  n.  a 
window  with  two  bays. 

gem-i-nate  ('i-nat),  adj.  growing 
or  occurring  in  pairs. 

gem-i-na-tion  (-i-na'shun),  n.  du- 
plication. 

Grem-i-ni  ('i-m),  n.pl.  one  of  the 
signs  in  the  zodiac  (Castor  and 
Pollux)  ;  the  Twins. 

gem-mule  ('ul),  n.  a  small  bud; 
an  ovule ;  a  kind  of  cell  produced 
by  certain  molds. 

gem  my  ('mi),  adj.  full  of,  set 
with,  or  resembling,  a  gem ; 
spruce. 

ge-iiiotc  (ge-mdf),  n.  an  assem- 
bly ;  the  court  of  the  hundred,  or 
local  court. 

gems-bok  (gemz'bok),  n.  the 
South  African  antelope. 

gen-appe  (jen-ap'),  n.  a  smooth 
worsted  yarn,  used  for  fringes,  &c. 

gendarme  (zhiuig-diirm') ,  n. 
[Fr.]  [pi.  gendarmes],  in  France 
and  Belgium,  an  armed  policeman. 

gen-darm-er-ie  ('er-e),  n.  [Fr.] 
gendarmes  collectively. 

gender     (jen'der),    n.    the    gram- 
matical    distinction     of     sex,     ex- 
pressed by  suffixes,  prefixes,  or  by 
a  different  word  :  v.t.  to  produce. 
N//".  sex. 

ge-ne-a-log-ic-al  (je-ne  or  jen-e- 
a-loj'ik-al),  adj.  pertaining  to 
genealogy  ;  exhibiting  descent. 

ge-ne-al-p-gist  (-al'6-jist),  n.  one 
skilled  in  tracing  pedigrees  or 
genealogy. 

ge-ne-al-o-gize  ('o-jlz),  v.i.  to 
trace  family  lineage. 

ge-ne-al-o-gy       ('o-ji),      n.       [pi. 


genealogies  (-jiz)],  family  pedi- 
gree ;  lineage ;  the  science  that 
treats  of  tracing  pedigrees. 

gen-e-ra,  pi.  of  genus. 

gen-er-al  ( jen'er-al),  adj.  relating 
to  a  whole  genus,  kind,  class, 
order,  or  race ;  not  special  or 
particular ;  pertaining  to  the 
majority  ;  not  restricted ;  usual ; 
ordinary  ;  common  :  extensive  but 
not  universal ;  indefinite  ;  taken  as 
a  whole;  senior  or  highest,  ;is 
Postmaster-General :  n.  the  whole  ; 
the  chief  part ;  a  general  principle 
or  statement ;  the  populace ;  tin1 
commander  of  an  army  division  or 
brigade ;  the  chief  of  a  religious 
order ;  the  roll  of  a  drum  to  sum- 
mon troops  (usually  generule) . 

Syn.      usual,      universal,      cus- 
tomary. 

Ant.   (see  rare). 

gen-cr-al-is-si-mo  (-is'i-mo),  n.  a 
commander-in-chief. 

gen-er-al-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
generalities  (-tiz)],  the  state  of 
being  general :  opposed  to  specific  ; 
bulk  ;  majority. 

gen-er-al-i-za-tion  (M-za'shun) , 
n.  the  act  or  result  of  generaliz- 
ing ;  an  induction. 

gen-er-al-ize  ('er-al-iz),  v.t.  to 
reduce  to,  or  arrange  in.  a  genus 
or  genera  ;  infer  inductively,  as  a 
general  principle  from  particular 
instances. 

gen-er-al-ly  (-al-i),  adv.  common- 
ly ;  in  the  main ;  without  exact 
limitation. 

gen-er-al  ship  (-ship),  n.  the 
office,  rank,  or  military  skill  of  a 
general ;  skilful  tactics  or  leader- 
ship. 

gen-er-ate  (;er-at),  v.t.  to  pro- 
duce ;  procreate  ;  originate  ;  trace 
out  or  form  by  motion. 

Syn.  form,  make,  beget,  produce. 

gen-er-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the 
act  or  process  of  generating ;  a 
single  succession  in  natural  de- 
scent ;  people  of  the  same  period ; 
progeny. 

Syn.     formation,     race,     breed, 
stock,  kind,  age,  era. 

gen-er-a-tive  ('er-a-tiv).  »<!}.  per- 
taining to  generation ;  having  the 
power  to  generate. 

gen-er-a-tor  ('er-a-ter),  n.  one 
who.  or  that  which,  generates ;  a 
machine  in  which  steam  or  gas  is 


late,  njar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  ho,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  f/ien. 


gen 


386 


gen 


produced ;  the  principal  sound  or 
sounds  by  which  other  musical 
sounds  are  produced. 

ge-ner-ic  (je-ner'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  genus,  kind,  or  class : 
opposed  to  specific ;  comprehen- 
sive. Also  generical. 

ge-ner-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  with 
respect  to  a  genus  or  generic 
characteristics. 

gen-er-os-i-ty  (jen-er-os'i-ti),  n. 
[pi.  generosities  (-tiz)],  the 
quality  of  being  generous ;  liber- 
ality ;  magnanimity  ;  munificence. 

gen-er-ons  (-er-us),  adj.  charac- 
terized by  liberality  ;  munificent ; 
bountiful ;  high-minded ;  honor- 
able ;  strong ;  stimulating. 

Syn.    beneficent,    noble,    honor- 
able, bountiful,  liberal,  free. 
Ant.   (see  niggardly). 

gen-e-sis  ('e-sis),  n.  the  act  or 
process  of  producing  or  originat- 
ing; beginning. 

gen-et  (-ef),  n.  an  animal  allied 
to  the  civet,  valued  for  its  fur; 
the  fur  of  a  cat  made  in  imitation 
of  genet.  Also  genette. 

gen-et  ('et),  n.  a  small  Spanish 
horse.  Also  jennet. 

ge-ni-al  (je'ni-al),  adj.  kindly  and 
sympathetic  in  disposition ;  cord- 
ial ;  contributing  to  cheerfulness 
and  life ;  agreeably  warm  and 
cheerful. 

Syn.     cordial,     hearty,     festive, 
joyous. 

Ant.  (see  distant,  cold). 

ge-ni-al-i-ty  (  i-ti),  n.  the  quality 
of  being  genial ;  cheerfulness. 

ge-ni-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  genial 
manner. 

ge-nic-n-late  (je-nik'u-lat),  adj. 
having  knee-like  joints. 

ge-nie,  same  as  jinn. 

ge-ni-i,  pi.  of  genius. 

gen-i-tal  (jen'i-tal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  generation. 

gen-i-tiv-al  ('i-tiv-Sl),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  genitive  case. 

gen-i-tive  ('i-tiv),  n.  a  gram- 
matical case,  indicating  origin, 
possession,  or  relation. 

gen-ins  (jen'ius),  n.  innate  bent 
of  mind  or  disposition  ;  remarka- 
ble aptitude  or  natural  endowment 
for  some  special  pursuit,  &c. ; 
character  or  essential  principle ; 
embodiment ;  a  person  possessed 


of  high  mental  powers  or  faculties 
(pi.  geniuses)  ;  a  good  or  evil 
spirit  supposed  to  preside  over 
the  destinies  of  men  (pi.  genii). 
Syn.  intellect,  invention,  talent, 
taste,  nature,  character,  adept. 

gen-o-blast  (jen'6-bhlst),  n.  the 
nucleus  of  an  impregnated  ovum. 

Gen-o-ese  (-o-ez'),  adj.  pertaining 
to  Genoa,  or  to  its  inhabitants. 
Also  Genovese. 

gen-re  (zhang'r),  n,  a  style  of 
painting  or  sculpture  representing 
some  scene  of  common  life. 

gens  (jenz),  n.  [pi.  gentes  (jen'- 
tez)],  among  the  ancient  Romans, 
a  clan,  house,  or  subdivision  of  a 
curia. 

gen-teel  (jen-teT),  adj.  graceful 
or  elegant  in  manners  or  dress ; 
polite ;  well-bred. 

Syn.   refined,   polished,   fashion- 
able, polite,  well-bred. 
Ant.    (see   boorish). 

gen-tian  Cshian),  n.  a  bitter 
herb  with  tonic  roots. 

Gen-tile  ('til),  adj.  belonging  to 
a  non-Jewish  people :  n.  one  who 
is  not  a  Jew. 

gen-til -i-ty  (-til'i-ti),  n.  [pi.  gen- 
tilities (-tiz)],  high  or  gentle 
birth ;  good  breeding ;  social  status 
and  refinement. 

gen-tie  ('tl),  adj.  mild  and  re- 
fined in  manner  and  disposition ; 
kindly  ;  moderate  in  action  ;  peace- 
ful ;  docile ;  easy ;  well  born  or 
descended :  n.  the  larva  of  the 
flesh-fly ;  a,  trained  falcon. 

Syn.  placid,  mild,  bland,  meek, 
tame,   docile. 

Ant.    (see   rough,  uncouth). 

Ken  tie-folks  (-foks),  n.pl.  peis 
sons  of  good  birth  or  breeding. 

gen-tle-man  (-man),  n.  [pi.  gen- 
tlemen (-men)],  one  who  is  en- 
titled to  bear  a  coat  of  arms ;  a 
well-bred  and  honorable  man ;  a 
person  of  independent  income ;  a 
term  of  politeness,  used  in  ad- 
dressing an  assembly. 

gen-tle-wom-an  (-woom'an),  n. 
[pi.  gentlewomen  (-wim'en)j,  a 
woman  of  good  birth  and  breed- 
ing ;  lady. 

gen-tly  (jen'tli),  adv.  in  a  gen- 
tle manner. 

gen-try  ('tri),  n.  the  upper  class 
of  society. 


late,  m&r,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p8rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin, 


gen 


386 


Qer 


gen-u-flec-tion  (-fi-flek'shun),  n. 
bending  of  the  knee,  especially 
in  worship.  Also  genuflexion. 

gen-u-ine  ('u-in),  adj.  real,  un- 
adulterated ;  belonging  to,  or  de- 
rived from,  the  original  or  true 
stock  ;  not  hypocritical ;  open. 

Syn.   real,  true,  unaifected,  sin- 
cere. 

Ant.    (see  false). 

ge-nus  (je'nus),  n.  [pi.  genera 
(jen-er-a)],  that  which  has  under 
it  several  species  or  sub-genera, 
having  certain  common  character- 
istics ;  in  logic,  a  class  made  up 
of  two  or  more  species  or  sub- 
ordinate classes. 

geo,  a  prefix,  meaning  earth. 
forming  the  first  element  of  many 
scientific  words,  as  greobotanical, 
pertaining  to  geographical  bot- 
any. 

ge-o-cen-tric  (jS-6-aen'trik).  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  center  of  the 
earth ;  haying  the  earth  as  the 
center ;  viewed  from  the  earth 
as  a  center. 

ge-ode  ('od),  n.  a  rounded  nodule 
of  stone,  usually  hollow  and 
lined  with  crystals. 

ge-od-e-sy  (-od'e-si),  n.  the  science 
of  measuring  large  portions  of 
the  earth's  surface ;  the  deter- 
mination of  the  earth's  figure 
and  size. 

ge-p-det-ic  (je-o-det'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  determined  by,  or  car- 
ried out  by,  geodesy.  Also  geo- 
detical. 

ge-o-det-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  by 
geodesy. 

ge-o-det-ic  line  (1m),  n.  the 
shortest  line  between  any  two 
points  on  the  earth's  surface. 

ge-og-ra-pher  (-og'rft-fer),  n.  one 
who  is  versed  in,  or  a  writer  on, 
geography. 

ge-p-graph-ic-al  ( -o-gnlf 'ik-al ) , 
adj..  pertaining  to  geography. 

ge-o-graph-ic-al-ly  (-li).  adv. 
with  reference  to  geography. 

ge-og-ra-phy  (-og'ra-fi),  n.  [pi. 
geographies  (-fiz)],  the  science 
that  describes  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  and  its  division  into  con- 
tinents, kingdoms.  &c. 

ge-o-log-ic-al  (-o-loj'ik-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  geology. 

ge-o-log-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  ac- 
cording to  geology. 


ge-ol-o-gist  (-ol'6-jist),  n.  one 
versed  in  geology. 

ge-ol-p-gy  ('6-ji),  n.  the  science 
that  investigates  the  structure  of 
the  earth,  the  successive  physical 
changes  it  has  undergone,  and  the 
causes  which  have  operated  in 
producing  such  alterations  in  the 
crust  of  the  globe. 

ge-om-e-ter  (-oin'e-ter),  n.  ,-r 
geometrician. 

ge-o-met-ric  (-o-met'rik),  «<//'. 
pertaining  to,  or  done  by,  geome- 
try. Also  geometrical. 

ge-om-e-tri-cian  ( -om-e-trish'an  > , 
n.  one  who  is  skilled  in  geome- 
try. 

ge-om-e-try  (-pm'e-tri),  n.  [  />/. 
geometries  (-triz)],  that  branch 
of  mathematics  that  treats  of  the 
measurement  of  lines,  angles,  stir- 
faces,  and  solids,  with  their  vari- 
ous relations ;  a  text-book  on  ge- 
ometry. 

geor-gic  (jor'jik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  husbandry  or  rural :  n.  a  poem 
on  agriculture. 

ge-ot-ro-pism  (je-ot'ro-pizm),  11. 
a  tendency  in  the  roots  of  cer- 
tain plants  to  turn  in  the  direction 
of  the  earth. 

ge-ra-ni-um  (-ra'ni-uni),  n.  a 
plant  of  various  species,  cultivated 
for  its  handsome  scarlet  or  white 
flowers. 

germ  (jerm),  n.  the  rudimentary 
form  of  an  organism ;  origin ; 
first  principle. 

Ger-man  (jer'man).  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Germany,  its  inhabitants. 
or  language :  of  the  same  stock  or 
parentage  :  germane. 

ger-man-der  (-man'der).  n.  a 
wild  plant  of  the  mint  family  with 
a  blue  flower,  used  sometimes  us 
a  substitute  for  hops. 

ger-mane  (jer-man'),  adj.  re- 
lated ;  akin  ;  relevant ;  appropri- 
ate. 

Ger-man-ic  (-man'ik).  adj.  per- 
taining to  Germany;  Teutonic. 

Ger-man  ism  (-izm),  n.  a  G.T- 
innn  idiom,  custom,  or  character- 
istic: love  of  German  institutions. 

ger-ma-ni-nm  (-ma'ni-um) .  n. 
one  of  the  metallic  elements. 

Ger-man-ize  (-lz),  v.t.  to  make 
German,  in  language,  customs, 
*c. 

German-mil-let   (-mil-et),  n.  an 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  Men. 


der 


387 


gib 


edible     grain     obtained     from     a 
grass. 

Ger-man-sil-ver  (-sil-ver),  H.  a 
white  alloy  of  zinc,  nickel,  and 
copper. 

Ger-man-text  (-tekst),  n.  a 
black  letter  type  similar  to  Old 
English  and  modern  German. 

ger-mi-cide  (jer'mi-sid).  n.  a 
substance  used  to  destroy  disease 
germs. 

ger-mi-nal  ('mi-nal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  germ  or  seed-bud. 

ger-mi-nant  ('mi-nant),  ailj. 
sprouting :  gradually  developing. 

ger-mi-nate  ('mi-nat).  v.i.  to 
sprout  or  bud ;  begin  to  develop 
into  a  higher  form. 

ger-mi-na-tion  l-na'shun),  n.  the 
first  act  of  growth  in  a  seed,  bud, 
or  germ. 

ger-mule  (jer'mul),  n.  a  small  or 
incipient  germ. 

ger-ry-man-der  (ger'i-man-der) , 
r.t.  to  divide,  as  a  state,  voting 
district,  &c..  so  as  to  give  an  un- 
fair advantage  to  a  particular 
political  party  ;  misrepresent ;  gar- 
ble. 

ger-und  (jer'und),  n.  a  kind  of 
verbal  noun. 

ges-ta-tion  ( jes-tu'shun),  n.  preg- 
nancy. 

ges-ta-to-ry  Cta-to-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to  gestation.  _ 

ges-tic-u-late  (-tik'u-lfit).  v.i.  to 
make  gestures  or  motions,  as  in 
speaking  or  attracting  attention. 

ges-tic-u-la-tor  (-la-ter),  n.  one 
who  gesticulates. 

ges-ture  Ctfir),  n.  a  movement  of 
the  face,  body,  or  limbs,  to  ex- 
press ideas,  emotions,  &c. 

N///I.   attitude,  action,  posture. 

get  (get),  v.t.  \p.t.  trot.  ]>.i>.  got, 
gotten,  p.pr.  getting],  to  obtain; 
procure ;  win  ;  gain  ;  acquire  ; 
deserve ;  meet  with ;  realize ; 
learn;  procreate;  prevail  upon: 
r.i.  to  arrive  at;  become;  find 
time,  opportunity,  &c. ;  depart 
quickly. 

N.i/n.  obtain,  earn,  gain,  attain, 
procure,   achieve. 
get-ter    ('er),  n.  one  who  gets  or 

acquires, 
get-ting     ('ing),    n.    acquisition: 

profit. 

get-up     ('up),    n.    style,    as    of 
dress,  &c. 


gew-gaw    (gu'gaw),    n.    a    showy 

trifle. 

gey-ser  (gi'ser),  n.  an  intermit- 
tent hot  or  boiling  spring  from 
which  water  or  mud  is  ejected. 
Also  geysir. 

ghast-li-ness   (gast'li-nes),  n.  the 
quality  or  state  of  being  ghastly. 
ghast-ly     ('in,     adj.     death-like; 
pale  ;    haggard  ;    cadaverous ;   hor- 
rible. 

Syn.  pallid,  wan,  hideous,  grim, 
!  shocking. 

ghaut  (gawt).  n.  in  India,  a 
mountain  pass ;  chain  of  mount- 
ains ;  a  flight  of  steps  to  a  river, 
or  to  a  temple ;  approach ;  a 
wharf.  Ghat. 
gher-kin  (ger'kin),  n.  a  small 

cucumber  used  for  pickling. 
Ghet-to     (get'p),    n.    [pi.    ghettos 
('oz)],    ghetti     ('i)l,    the    Jews' 
quarter. 

ghost  (gost),  n.  the  spirit  of  a 
deceased  person  ;  apparition  :  the 
soul ;  breath  of  life  ;  shadow  ;  re- 
motest likelihood ;  a  false  image 
due  to  some  defect  in  a  lens. 

Syn.  spectre,  sprite,  apparition, 
shade,   phantom. 

ghost-ly    Cli).    adj.   pertaining  to 
the  soul ;  spiritual ;  supernatural. 
ghoul    (gool),   n.   a   supposed   de- 
mon who  robs  graves  and  feeds  on 
the  flesh  of  the  dead. 
gi-ant    (ji'ant),   n.  a  man   of  ex- 
traordinary bulk  or  stature ;  one 
possessed  of  great  physical  or  in- 
tellectual   power ;    one   of  a    race 
of  monstrous  size  who,  according 
to  classic  mythology,  assailed  the 
gods :  adj.  like  a  giant ;  huge. 
giaour    (jour),    n.    the   term    ap- 
plied  by   Mohammedans   to   unbe- 
lievers,   especially    Christians. 
gib-ber   (gib'er),  v.i.  to  speak  in- 
coherently. 

gib-ber-ish    C-ish),  n.  rapid  inco- 
herent talk :   adj.   incoherent. 
gib-bet  (jib'et),  n.  a  gallows:  v.t. 
to   hang  on   a   gibbet ;   expose   to 
public  scorn  or  ridicule. 
Kib-boii  (gib'un),  n.  a  long  armed 
anthropoid  ape  of  Southern  Asia. 
gib-bps-i-ty   (-os'i-ti),  n.  [pi.  gib- 
bosities  (-tiz)],  a  round  or  swell- 
ing prominence. 

gib-bons  ('us\  adj.  protuberant; 
irregularly  rounded ;  between  full 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gib 


388 


gin 


and  half-full :  said  of  the  moon  ; 
humpbacked.     Also   gibbose. 

gibe  (jib),  n.  a  scoff;  taunt; 
sneering  or  sarcastic  expression : 
v.t.  to  sneer  at ;  taunt :  v.i.  to 
use  gibes ;  cast  reproaches ;  sneer ; 
scoff. 

Syn.    scoff,     sneer,     flout,    jeer, 
mock,  taunt,  deride. 

gib-let  (gib'let),  n.  one  of  the 
edible  internal  parts  of  a  fowl, 
goose,  &c. 

gid    (gid),   n.   a  disease  in   sheep. 

gid-di-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  giddy. 

gid-dy  ('ft,  adj.  [comp.  giddier, 
superl.  giddiest],  having  a  con- 
fused whirling  sensation  in  the 
head  ;  frivolous  ;  fickle. 

Syn.  unsteady,  flighty,  thought- 
less. 

Ant.    (see  steady). 

gift  (gift),  n.  something  given  or 
bestowed  ;  present ;  donation  ;  of- 
fering ;  benefaction ;  natural  tal- 
ent. 

Syn.       donation,       benefaction, 
grant,  alms,  gratuity,  boon,  pres- 
ent, faculty,  talent. 
Ant.  (see  purchase). 

gift-ed    ('ed),  adj.  talented. 

gig  (gig),  n.  a  two-wheeled  open 
chaise  drawn  by  one  horse ;  a 
rotary  machine  for  raising  nap 
on  cloth ;  a  long  ship's  boat, 
rowed  by  alternate  oars,  and 
usually  reserved  for  the  command- 
ing officer ;  a  racing  boat ;  a 
whirligig ;  a  fish-gig :  v.i.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  gigged,  p.pr.  gigging],  to  fish 
with  a  fish-gig. 

gi-gan-tic  (ji-gan'tik),  adj.  huge; 
colossal. 

Syn.   colossal,   huge,    enormous, 
vast,    prodigious,    immense. 
Ant.    (see    diminutive). 

gig-gle  (gig'l),  v.i.  to  laugh  in  a 
nervous,  foolish,  tittering  man- 
ner :  n.  a  nervous,  silly  laugh. 

gild  (gild),  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  gild- 
ed, gilt,  p.pr.  gilding],  to  overlay 
or  wash  with  gold ;  give  a  fair 
external  appearance  to ;  illumi- 
nate:  n.  another  form  of  guild. 

gild-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  art  or  proc- 
ess of  overlaying  or  covering  with 
gold ;  gold  leaf,  powder,  &c..  ap- 
plied to  a  surface ;  a  superficial 
covering  designed  to  give  a  fair 
external  appearance. 


gill  (gil),  n.  the  respiratory  organ 
of  aquatic  animals,  especially 
fishes ;  the  wattle  of  a  fowl ;  a 
deep,  narrow  glen  through  which 
a  rivulet  flows :  pi.  the  thin  spore- 
bearing  lamella;,  or  plates,  under 
a  cap  of  certain  fungi,  as  a  mush- 
room. 

gill  (jil).  n.  l-4th  of  a  pint; 
ground-ivy :  a  wanton  girl ;  sweet- 
heart. 

gill-ing  (gil'ing),  n.  a  salmon  of 
the  second  year. 

gil-ly-flow-er  (jil'i-flou-er),  n. 
one  of  various  plants  of  the 
mustard  family,  as  the  wall- 
flower, stock,  &c. 

gilt  (gilt),  adj.  covered  with,  or 
yellow  like,  gold  :  n.  gilding. 

gim-bal  (jim'bal),  n.  one  of  two 
brass  rings  moving  within  each 
other  at  right  angles;  used  for 
suspending  a  mariner's  compass, 
chronometer,  &c. 

Kim-crack  ('krak),  adj.  showy, 
but  of  no  value  ;  trumpery :  n.  a 
pretty,  useless  thing ;  toy. 

gim-let  (gim'let),  n.  a  small 
boring-tool  with  a  pointed  screw 
at  the  end :  v.t.  to  make  a  hole 
in  with  a  gimlet. 

gimp  (gimp),  n.  a  kind  of  inter- 
laced silk  twist  or  trimming  inter- 
woven with  wire  or  cord :  used  for 
furniture,  dresses,  &c. :  v.t.  to 
border  with  gimp. 

gin  (jin),  n.  an  aromatic  alcoholic 
liquid  flavored  with  juniper  ber- 
ries ;  a  trap  or  snare  ;  a  machine 
for  clearing  cotton  fibers  from  the 
seeds ;  a  portable  hoisting-ma- 
chine ;  a  pile-driving  machine : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  ginned,  p.pr.  gin- 
ning], to  catch  in  a  trap;  clear 
cotton. 

gin-ger  ('jer),  n.  the  scraped  and 
dried  root  of  a  pungent  aromatic 
East  &  West  Indian  plant. 

gin-ger-ade  (-ad'),  n.  an  aerated 
beverage  flavored  with  ginger. 

gin-ger-beer  (-ber),  n.  an  effer- 
vescent beverage  made  from  gin- 
ger, yeast,  cream  of  tartar,  and 
sugar. 

gin-ger-bread  (-bred),  n.  a  dark 
colored  cake  made  of  flour,  ginger, 
molasses,  sugar,  &c. 

gin-ger-ly  (-li),  adv.  cautiously; 
daintily. 

ging-ham    (ging'am).  n.  a  cotton 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gin 


889 


Qla 


dress-cloth    dyed   in    the   yarn    be- 
fore  weaving ;   an   umbrella. 

ging-kp  (ging'ko),  /(.  a  Japanese 
tree  with  handsome  foliage ;  the 
maiden-hair  tree. 

giiin,  same  as  jinn. 

gin-seng  (jin'seug),  n.  an  herb 
with  an  aromatic  root,  much 
valued  in  China. 

Gip-sy  (jip'si).  n.  [i>l.  Gipsies 
('siz)  ],  one  of  a  wandering,  dark- 
skinned,  and  dark-eyed  race,  of 
Eastern,  probably  Hindu,  origin  : 
the  language  of  the  Gipsies 
(Romany)  ;  a  person  of  dark 
complexion  ;  a  hoydenish  girl :  v.i. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  gipsied,  p.pr.  gipsy- 
ing],  to  picnic  or  camp  out  in  the 
woods.  Also  Gypsy. 

gi-raffe  (ji-raf).  n.  the  camel- 
opard. 

gir-an-dole  <  jir'An-dol).  n.  a 
branching  chandelier ;  a  kind  of 
rotating  firework. 

gir-a-sol  Ca-sol).  n.  a  variety  of 
opal ;  the  fire-opal.  Also  girasole. 

gir-ba  (gir'bfi).  n.  a  stiff  leather 
water  vessel,  used  in  Africa. 

gird  (gerd).  i-.t.  \  i>.t.  &  p.p. 
girded,  girt,  p.iir.  girding],  to  sur- 
round with  a  flexible  substance; 
bind  ;  encircle  ;  gibe  ;  taunt. 

gird-er  Cer).  «.  the  main  beam 
in  a  floor. 

gir-dle  (ger'dl).  n.  a  belt  or  zone 
for  the  waist :  anything  that  en- 
compasses like  a  girdle:  a  cir- 
cular band  round  the  shaft  of  a 
column :  r.f.  to  bind  with,  or  as 
with,  a  girdle  :  enclose :  to  make 
a  cut  round  the  bark  of  the  trunk 
of  a  tree  ami  so  kill  it. 

girl  (gerl).  n.  a  female  child; 
young  unmarried  woman. 

girt  (gert).  p.t.  of  gird:  p.tidj. 
moored  so  taut  by  two  cables  as 
not  to  swing  to  the  wind  or  tide. 

girth  (gcrthl.  n.  the  band  by 
which  the  saddle  is  kept  secured 
on  a  horse:  the  circumference  of 
a  tree,  animal.  *<•. :  anything  that 
binds  or  encircles. 

gist  (jist).  n.  tin-  substance  of 
a  matter  :  main  point  :  object. 

git-tern    (irit'«"nn.   n.  a   cithern. 

give  (givj,  v.t.  \i>.t.  aave.  ,,./> 
given.  p./ir.  giving  |.  to  bestow 
confer  without  price  or  reward 
grant:  yield:  deliver;  supply 


enable  ;  emit :  v.i.  to  give  gifts ; 
yield  to  pressure ;  grow  moist :  n. 
elasticity.  , 

tiyn.      grant,      bestow,      confer, 
yield,  impart. 

giz-zard  (gix/ard).  n.  the  mus- 
cular part  of  the  intestinal  canal 
in  certain  birds. 

glabrous  (gla'brus),  adj.  bald; 
smooth. 

gla-ce  (-sa'),  adj.  iced  or  cooled: 
n.  a  thin  shiny  silk. 

gla-ci-al  ('shi-&l),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  consisting  of,  or  caused 
by,  ice. 

gla-ci-ate  ('shi-at),  v.t.  to  cover 
over  with,  or  transform  into,  ice. 

gla-ci-er  (gla'shi-er  or  glas'i-er), 
n.  a  vast  accumulation  of  ice  and 
snow  found  in  the  valleys  and 
ravines  of  lofty  mountains  which 
moves  slowly  down  the  slopes  till 
it  melts  or  breaks  off  into  ice- 
bergs. 

gla-cis  (gla'sis),  n.  a  sloping  bank 
of  earth  directly  in  front  of  a 
fortification  and  designed  for  its 
defense  ;  a  protective  slope  on  an 
ironclad  to  throw  off  hostile  shot. 

gla-cure  (-sur'),  [Fr.]  n.  a  thin 
glaze  on  the  finer  sorts  of  pottery. 

glad  (glad),  adj.  [comp.  gladder, 
xii perl,  gladdest],  in  a  state  of  hi- 
larity ;  joyous ;  gay ;  pleased ; 
cheerful ;  satisfied. 

>>'//"•    pleased,    cheerful,    joyful, 
gladsome,    gratified,    cheering. 
Ant.     (see    sad). 

glad-den  ( 'n ) ,  v.t.  to  make  glad  : 
/-./.  to  rejoice. 

glade  (glad),  n.  an  open  space 
or  passage  in  a  wood  or  forest ; 
an  open  space  surrounded  by  ice. 

glad-i-ate  (glad'i-at),  adj.  sword- 
shaped. 

glad-i-a-tor  ('i-ii-ter),  n.  in  an- 
cient Rome  a  professional  swords- 
man who  fought  in  the  arena  with 
other  men  or  animals  ;  a  combat- 
ant. 

glad  i-a-to-ri-al  (-a-to'ri-Al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  gladiators  or  their 
combats. 

gla-di-o-lni  (gla-d!'6-lus),  n.  the 
sword-lily. 

glad-some  (glad'sum  ) .  adj.-  joy- 
ous :  gay  :  pleased  ;  cheerful. 

Glad-stone  ('ston  or  'stun),  n.  a 
four-wheeled  pleasure-carriage  car- 
rying two  passengers ;  a  long  nar- 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he.  her.  let;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut  ;  thin,  then. 


390 


gle 


row  traveling  bag  with  a  wide 
mouth. 

glair  (glar).  n.  the  white  of  pgg. 
used  as  size  or  varnish ;  any 
sticky  or  glairy  matter. 

glair-y  ('i),  adj.  consisting  of 
glair. 

glaive,    same    as    glave. 

glam-onr  (glam'er),  n.  a  charm 
on  the  eyes  causing  them  to  see 
things  differently  from  what  they 
are  in  reality ;  fascination ; 
witchery  :  v.t.  to  fascinate.  Glam- 
er. 

glance  (glflns),  n.  a  sudden  shoot 
of  light ;  quick  passing  look  of 
the  eye  ;  a  quick  momentary  view  ; 
a  lustrous  ore :  v.i.  to  shoot  a 
sudden  ray ;  view  with  a  quick 
movement  of  the  eye :  v.t.  to 
shoot  or  dart  suddenly  or  ob- 
liquely ;  allude  to  in  passing. 

gland  (gland),  n.  a  bodily  organ 
by  which  secretion  is  carried  on  ; 
small  secreting  organ  for  sap  in 
plants :  an  acorn ;  a  name  for 
various  mechanical  contrivances. 

glanders  ('erz),  n.pl.  a  conta- 
gious disease  in  horses,  in  which 
mucus  is  discharged  profusely 
from  the  nostrils. 

glan-dn-lar  ('u-lAr).  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,'  resembling,  or  having 
glands ;  covered  with  hairs  tipped 
with  glands:  said  of  a  plant. 

glan-dnle   ('ill),  n.  a  small  gland. 

glare  (glar),  n.  a  bright  dazzling 
light ;  overpowering  luster :  a 
fierce  piercinf  look:  v.i.  to  shine 
\yith  a  dazzling  overpowering 
light:  look  with  fierce  piercing 
eyes ;  be  excessively  gaudy  in 
dress  or  ornamentation  :  adj.  hav- 
ing a  smooth  slippery  surface,  as 
ice. 

glar-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  emitting 
or  reflecting  a  dazzling  light ; 
gaudy. 

glass  (glSs),  n.  a  hard,  brittle, 
transparent  substance  formed  of 
silica  and  certain  metallic  oxides  : 
an  instrument  or  vessel  made  of 
glass;  a  drinking  glass,  or  the 
quantity  contained  in  it;  a  mir- 
ror; lens;  a  telescope,  or  barome- 
ter :  adj.  pertaining  to.  or  made  of, 
glass ;  vitreous :  v.t.  to  mirror,  or 
reflect  in  a  mirror;  glaze. 

glass- wort     ('wert),    n.    a    plant 


from   which   a   soda   is   obtained ; 
used   in    glass-making. 

glan-ber-ite  (glaw'ber-it),  n.  a 
mineral  formed  of  sulphate  of 
lime,  and  sulphate  of  soda. 

glau-ber's-salt  Cberz-sawlt),  n. 
sulphate  of  soda,  used  medicinally 
as  a  strong  mirgativc. 

jrlau-cous  (glaw'kus),  adj.  sea- 
green  ;  green  with  a  bluish-grey 
tinge ;  covered  with  bloom  of  a 
bluish-white  color. 

glave  (glfiv).  n.  a  cutting  weapon 
fixed  to  a  pole,  somewhat  resem- 
bling a  halbert.  formerly  used  by 
foot  soldiers.  Also  glaive. 

glaze  (glaz).  v.t.  to  furnish  with 
glass ;  overlay  with  a  transpar- 
ent substance  resembling  glass : 
v.i.  to  become  glassy  or  glazed  :  n. 
the  vitreous  or  glassy  coating  on 
potter's  ware. 

gla-zier  ('zher),  n.  one  whose 
business  is  to  set  glass  in  win- 
dows, &c. 

gla-zing  ('ing),  n.  a  glaze;  the 
operation  of  setting  glass,  or  ap- 
plying a  glaze ;  window-panes ; 
glass ;  s_emi-transparent  colors 
passed  thinly  over  other  colors  to 
tone  down  their  effect. 

gleam  (glem).  n.  a  stream  or 
shoot  of  light;  brightness:  v.i.  to 
emit  brightness;  shoot,  or  dart,  as 
rays  of  light. 

N.wn.    glimmer,     glance,    glitter, 
shine,  flash. 

glean  (glen),  v.t.  to  gather,  as 
grain  that  the  reapers  have  left ; 
collect  little  by  little,  or  piece 
by  piece;  infer:  r.i.  to  gather 
gleanings:  n.  a  collection  made  by 
gleaning ;  a  collection,  as  of  her- 
rings. 

glean -ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
collecting  after  reapers ;  that 
which  is  collected  laboriously  from 
various  sources. 

glebe  (gleb),  n.  land  belonging  to 
a  parish  church,  or  ecclesiastical 
benefice ;  in  mining,  a  plot  of  land 
containing  ore. 

gle-de   (gled),  n.  the  kite. 

glee  (gle),  n.  gaiety;  mirth;  ex- 
hilaration ;  a  musical  composition 
for  voices  in  harmony. 

fli/n.   gayety,   merriment,   mirth, 
joviality,  joy,  hilarity. 
Ant.    (see   sorrow). 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gle 


391 


glo 


glee-ful  ('fool),  adj.  merry, joyous. 

gleet  (glet),  n.  a  thin  mucous  dis- 
charge resulting  from  gonorrheal 
disease. 

glen  (glen),  n.  a  narrow  valley; 
a  secluded  hollow  between  hills. 

glib  (glib),  adj.  voluble;  flippant: 
H.  the  tongue;  smooth  talk. 

glid-der-y  (glid'er-i),  adj.  slip- 
pery. 

glide  (gild),  r.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  glid- 
ed, p.pr.  gliding],  flow  or  move 
along  smoothly  and  noiselessly  ;  to 
slur  [Music]  :  n.  the  act  of  glid- 
ing :  a  gliding  movement ;  a  slur 
[Music]. 

N//H.  slip,  slide,  run,  roll  on. 

gliff  (glif),  n.  a  glimpse;  brief 
interval  :  sudden  fear. 

glim    (glim).  ".  a  light  or  candle. 

glim-mer      ('er),     v.i.     to     shine 
faintly    and    intermittently:    n.    a 
faint  intermittent  light;   sheen. 
Si/n.  gleam,  flicker,  glitter. 

glimpse  (glimps),  n.  a  weak, 
faint  light ;  transient  view  ;  slight 
trace :  v.t.  to  catch  a  glimpse  of : 
r.i.  to  glance;  appear  for  the 
moment. 

glin  (glin),  n.  a  haze  on  the  hori- 
zon at  sea,  indicative  of  a  storm. 

glint  (glint),  n.  a  gleam  of  light; 
sly  glance :  v.i.  to  gleam  or 
flash  out. 

gli-o-ma  (gll-o'ma1) ,  n.  a  tumor 
of  rapid  growth  on  the  brain, 
spinal  cord,  or  auditory  nerve. 

glis-sade  (glis-fid').  n.  the  act  of 
sliding  down  a  glacier;  a  glide  in 
dancing:  r.i.  to  slide,  especially 
down  a  glacier. 

glis-san-dp  (-san'do).  n.  in  piano- 
forte playing,  a  run  by  sliding  the 
fingers  over  the  keys ;  in  violin- 
playing,  a  quick  slur. 

glis-ten  (glis'n).  v.i.  to  sparkle 
wirli  light;  shine:  n.  a  glitter. 

glit-ter  (glit'er).  v.i.  to  sparkle 
with  light ;  gleam  ;  be  showy,  at- 
tractive, or  specious:  n.  bril- 
liancy; specious  luster. 

X.I/H.  gleam,  shine,  glisten,  glis- 
ter, radiate. 

gli-zade  (gli-zad').  n.  a  sliding 
movement  of  the  foil  in  fencing. 

gloam  (glom).  r.i.  to  begin  to 
grow  dark,  like  twilight:  exhibit 
sullenness  or  gloom. 

gloam-ing  Cingl.  n.  twilight: 
adj.  pertaining  to  twilight. 


gloat  (glot),  r.i.  to  stare  or  gaze 
earnestly  or  with  admiration, 
often  in  a  bad  sense  with  feelings 
of  lust  and  cruelty. 

glo-bal  (glo'bfil).  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  globe ;  world-wide. 

glo-bate  ('bat),  adj.  globe-shaped. 

globe  (glob),  n.  a  spherical  body; 
ball;  the  terraqueous  earth  (with 
the)  :  a  sphere  on  which  are  rep- 
resented the  divisions  of  the  earth, 
&c.  (terrestrial  globe),  or  the 
heavenly  bodies  (celestial  globe). 

globe-fish  ('fish),  n.  a  fish  capa- 
ble of  inflating  itself  to  a  globu- 
lar shape. 

globe-flow-er  ('flou-er),  n.  a 
plant  of  the  crowfoot  family  with 
globular-shaped  flowers. 

globe-trot-ter  Ctrot-er),  n.  an 
extensive  traveler. 

globi,  a  pnfi.r  in  various  scien- 
tific words,  meaning  a  ball,  or 
linll-xfiapril.  (Hobo. 

glo-bin  ('bin),  n.  a  constituent  of 
red  blood  corpuscles. 

g  1  o  b-u-1  a  r  (glob'fi-lnr),  adj. 
globe-like ;  spherical.  Also  glo- 
bose. 

glob -tile  Ciil),  n.  a  small  spheri- 
cal particle ;  a  minute  homoeo- 
pathic  pill ;  a  blood-  or  lymph- 
corpuscle. 

glob-n-lin  Cu-lin),  n.  an  albu- 
minous proteid  substance  forming 
one  of  the  constituents  of  the 
blood  and  cellular  tissue  of  plants. 

glome  (glom),  n.  a  roundish  head 
of  flowers. 

glom-er-ate  (glom'er-at).  adj. 
gathered  into  a  roundish  head  or 
mass. 

glpn-o-in  (glon'6-in),  n.  a  pure 
nitro-glycerine. 

gloom  (gloom),  n.  partial  dark- 
ness ;  obscurity  ;  melancholy  ;  de- 
pression :  sadness;  sullenness:  v.i. 
to  be,  or  become,  cloudy  or  par- 
tially dark:  present  a  gloomy  as- 
pect :  r.t.  to  make  gloomy ;  de- 
ject or  sadden. 

XJ/M.    cloud,    darkness,    dimness, 
blackness,    dullness,    sadness. 
Ant.  (see  litrl-t.  brightness,  joy). 

gloom-i-ly  Ci-li).  adv.  in  a 
gloomy  manner. 

gloom  i  ness  Ci-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  gloomy. 

gloom-y  ('i).  nil},  \romp.  gloomi- 
er, superl.  gloomiest],  overspread 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
conk  :  mute,  nut;  thin,  £7ien. 


glo 


392 


glo 


with,  or  enveloped  in,  darkness ; 
dismal ;  melancholy  ;  dispirited  ; 
cheerless ;  morose. 

Syn.  lowering,  lurid,  dim,  dusky, 
sad,    glurp. 

Ant.  (sec  bright,  clear). 

glo-ri-a  (glu'ri-a),  n.  an  ascrip- 
tion of  praise,  especially  the 
Gloria  in  Excelsis  and  Gloria 
Patria;  a  musical  setting  of 
these. 

glo-ri-fi-ca-tion  (-ri-fi-ka'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  glorifying;  exalta- 
tion to  honor  and  dignity ;  a  jolli- 
fication. 

glo-ri-fy  ('ri-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
glorified,  p.pr.  glorifying],  to  raise 
in  honor  and  dignity ;  magnify 
and  honor  in  worship ;  adore ; 
beautify. 

Syn.  magnify,  celebrate,  adore, 
exalt. 

glo-ri-ole  ('ri-ol),  n.  a  circle  of 
light. 

glo-rl-o-sa  (-ri-o'sa),  n.  a  genus 
of  plants  of  the  lily  family,  with 
bright  red  or  yellow  flowers. 

glo-ri-ous  ('ri-us),  adj.  full  of 
glory ;  illustrious  ;  celebrated  ; 
magnificent ;  exalted. 

Syn.  famous,  renowned,   distin- 
guished, noble,  exalted. 
Ant.  (see  infamous) . 

glo-ry  ('ri),n.  [pZ.  glories  ('riz)], 
splendor ;  magnificence ;  bright- 
ness ;  praise  ascribed  in  adora- 
tion ;  distinction  ;  renown  ;  honor  ; 
the  Divine  perfection  or  presence  ; 
the  felicity  of  heaven ;  in  art,  a 
circle  of  rays  surrounding  the 
head  of  a  saint:  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
gloried,  p.pr.  glorying],  to  rejoice 
or  exult  (with  in). 

•S'l/tt-      honor,      fame,      renown, 
splendor,   grandeur. 
Ant.   (see  infamy). 

gloss  (glos),  n.  luster  from  a  pol- 
ished surface  ;  specious  show  ;  an 
explanation  or  comment  to  eluci- 
date some  difficulty  or  obscurity 
in  the  text ;  a  plausible,  specious 
representation  :  v.t.  to  explain  by 
notes  or  comments ;  palliate  by 
plausible  representation  ;  varnish  ; 
make  glossy  :  v.i.  to  annotate. 

glos  sa  ('a),  n.  [pi.  glossse  ('e)], 
the  tongue,  especially  of  insects. 

glos-sa-ri-al    (-a'ri-al),   adj.    per- 


taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of, 
a  glossary. 

glos-sa-ry  ('a-ri),  n.  [pi.  glossa- 
ries (-riz)],  a  dictionary  of  obso- 
lete, obscure,  or  technical  words. 

glos-si-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  glossy 
manner. 

glos-si-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  superficial 
luster. 

glos-si-tis  (-i'tis),  n.  inflamma- 
tion of  the  tongue. 

glosso,  a  prefix  in  scientific  words 
meaning  tongue,  or  tongue-like,  as 
glossocele,  protrusion  of  the 
tongue  due  to  inflammation. 

glos-so-graph  (glos'G-gruf),  n.  an 
instrument  for  recording  the  vi- 
brations of  the  tongue  in  speaking. 

glos-sog-ra-phy  (-og'ra-fi),  n.  an 
anatomical  description  of  the 
tongue. 

glos-sol-o-gy  (-ol'6-ji),  n.  that 
branch  of  anthropology  which 
treats  of  the  classification  of  lan- 
guages ;  comparative  philology. 

glos-son-o-my  (-on'o-mi),  n.  the 
science  of  language  and  the  laws 
which  govern  it. 

glos-sy  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  glossier, 
supcrl.  glossiest],  having  a  lus- 
trous smooth  surface  ;  smooth  and 
plausible. 

glot-tal  (glot'fil),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  produced  by,  the  glottis. 

glpt-tic  ('ik),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  tongue. 

glot-tis  ('is),  n.  the  small  elastic 
oblong  opening  at  the  top  of  the 
windpipe. 

glove  (gluv\  n.  a  hand-covering 
with  a  separate  sheath  for  each 
finger :  pi.  boxing-gloves :  v.t.  to 
cover  with,  or  as  with,  a  glove. 

glov-er  ('er),  n.  a  maker  or  seller 
of  gloves. 

glov-iug  ('ing),  n.  glove-making. 

glow  (glo),  v.i.  to  shine  with  in- 
tense heat ;  radiate  heat  and 
light ;  be  incandescent ;  be  red  or 
flushed ;  be  animated  with  pas- 
sion, love,  zeal,  &c. :  n.  intense  or 
shining  heat ;  incandescence  ;  red- 
ness, or  brightness  of  color;  pas- 
sion ;  ardor. 

glow-er  (glou'er),  v.i.  to  stare 
with  a  threatening  or  angry 
countenance ;  frown. 

glow-worm  (srlu'werm),  n.  a 
beetle,  the  wingless  female  of 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  m66n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


glo 


393 


gno 


which  emits  a  shining  green  light 
at  night. 

glox-in-i-a  (gloks-in'i-;1),  n.  a 
genus  of  tropical  plants  with  bell- 
shaped  flowers. 

gloze    (gloz),  v.t.  to  gloss  over. 

glu-cic   ac-id    (gloo'sik  as'id),  n. 
a    colorless    honey-like    compound  j 
obtained    by    the    action   of   acids 
from  cane-sugar. 

glu-ci-nnm  (-si'nurn),  n.  a  metal- 
lic element  resembling  magnesium. 

glu-cose  ('kos),  n.  the  particular 
form  of  sugar  existing  in  many 
animal  and  vegetable  organisms ; 
it  is  produced  for  commercial  use 
by  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid 
on  starch. 

glue  (gloo),  n.  a  tenacious  viscid 
cement  made  by  boiling  some  ani- 
mal substance  to  a  jelly :  v.t.  to 
unite  or  cement  with  glue. 

glu-ey   ('i),  adj.  like  glue;  sticky. 

glum  (glum),  adj.  gloomy; 
moody ;  sullen. 

glume  (gloom),  n.  the  husk  of 
corn  or  grasses. 

glut  (glut),  n.  a  superabundance: 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  glutted,  p.pr. 
glutting],  to(  fill  to  repletion; 
oversupply. 

A-'I/N.    gorge,    stuff,    cram,    cloy, 
satiate,  block  up. 

glu-ten  (gloo'ten),  n.  a  tough 
grey  albuminous  substance  ob- 
tained from  wheat  and  other 
grains. 

gln-ti-nons  ('ti-nus),  adj.  viscid; 
gluey. 

glut-ton  (glut'n),  n.  one  who 
eats  to  excess ;  a  carnivorous 
animal,  the  wolverine. 

glut-ton-ize  (-Iz),  v.i.  to  act  as 
a  glutton. 

glnt-ton-ous  (-us),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  characterized  by,  glut- 
tony. 

glut-ton-y  (-i).  n.  \pl,  gluttonies 
(-iz)],  the  act  or  habit  of  eating 
to  excess. 

glyc-er-ic  (glis'er-ik),  adj.  ob- 
tained from  glycerine. 

glyc-er-ide.  (-Id),  n.  an  ether  of 
glycerine. 

glyc-er-ine  (glis'er-in),  n.  a  sweet 
colorless  viscid  liquid  obtained 
from  oils,  fat,  &c. ;  used  exten- 
sively in  various  manufactures 
and  medicine.  Also  glycerin. 


glyc-er-ol,  another  name  for  glyc- 
erine. 

gly-co-gen  (gli'ko-jen),  n.  a 
white  insoluble  starch-like  sub- 
stance obtained  from  the  livers  of 
animals. 

gly-col  (gli'kol,  or  'kol),  n.  a 
viscid  liquid,  intermediate  between 
glycerine  and  alcohol. 

glyph  (glif),  «.  a  perpendicular 
fluting. 

glyph-ic  ('ik).  adj.  pertaining  to 
carving  or  sculpture :  n.  a  hiero- 
glyphic. 

glyph-og-ra-phy  (-og'ra-fi),  n.  a 
method  of  producing  engravings 
in  relief  for  printing,  similar  to 
electrotypy,  after  etching  the  pict- 
ure on  a  copperplate  covered 
thinly  with  wax. 

glyp-tic  (glip'tik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  engraving  on  gems  ;  figured  : 
n.pl.  the  art  of  engraving  de- 
signs on  precious  stones,  ivory, 
&c. 

glyp-to-graph  ('to-griif),  n.  a 
design  cut  or  engraved  on  a  gem. 

gnarl  (narl).  n.  a  knot  on  the 
trunk  or  branch  of  a  tree. 

gnarled  ('d),  adj.  full  of  knots; 
distorted. 

gnash,  (nash),  v.t.  to  strike  to- 
gether, as  the  teeth :  v.i.  to  grind 
the  teeth  in  anger  or  agony. 

gnat  (nat),  n.  a  small  stinging 
winged  insect  of  several  species, 
allied  to  the  mosquito. 

gnaw  (naw),  v.t.  to  bite  off,  or 
eat  away,  by  degrees ;  corrode ; 
bite  in  agony,  rage,  or  despair; 
fret :  v.i.  to  exercise  the  teeth  in 
biting  repeatedly ;  act  as  if  by 
continual  biting. 

gneiss  (n!s).  n.  a  crystallized  rock 
composed  of  quartz,  mica,  and 
feldspar. 

gnome  (nom),  n.  a  fabulous  de- 
formed, diminutive  goblin,  sup- 
posed to  dwell  in  the  earth  or  to 
be  the  guardian  spirit  of  miners : 
a  pithy  or  sententious  saying. 

gno-mic  ('mik),  adi.  dealing  in, 
or  containing,  pithy  or  sententious 
sayings:  didactic.  Also  gnomical. 

guo-mide  ('mid),  n.  a  female 
gnome,  supposed  to  keep  guard 
over  diamonds. 

gno-mi-o-met-ri-cal  ( -ini-o-met'- 
ri-kal),  adj.  employed  in  the 
measurement  of  angles. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he.  her,  let ;  lino,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gno 


394 


god 


gnomon  ('mon),  n.  the  style 
which  by  its  shadow  on  a  dial 
shows  the  time  of  day ;  the  fig- 
ures made  up  of  the  two  comple- 
ments of  a  parallelogram,  to- 
gether with  either  of  the  paral- 
lelograms about  the  diameter. 
gno-mon-ics  ('iks),  n.pl.  the  sci- 
ence of  dialing. 

gno-si-ol-o-gy  (no-si-ol'o-ji),  n. 
that  branch  of  philosophy  that 
treats  of  the  principles  of  cogni- 
tion. 

gno-sis  ('sis),  n.  higher  knowl- 
edge or  insight. 

Gnos-tic  (nos'tik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  Gnostics  or  the  adher- 
ents of  Gnosticism. 
gnos-tic,  adj.  knowing ;  shrewd. 
Gnos-ti-cism  ('ti-si/m),  n.  a  sys- 
tem of  religion  and  Greek  and 
Oriental  philosophy  (lsi-(>th 
century  A.  D.)  intermediate  be- 
tween Christianity  and  paganism. 
gnu  (n56).  n.  a  ruminant  horned 
animal  with  a  head  resembling  a 
buffalo,  of  the  antelope  kind,  in- 
habiting South  Africa. 
go  (go),  v.i.  [p.t.  went,  p.p.  gone, 
p.pr.  going],  to  depart;  proceed; 
move  on  ;  pass  from  one  state  or 
place  to  another ;  conduce ;  con- 
tribute ;  be  habitually  used  or 
said  ;  pass  current ;  succeed ;  fall 
out  or  terminate ;  move  by  mech- 
anism ;  strike,  as  a  clock ;  act 
in  harmony  with ;  fit  or  suit ;  be 
expended ;  carry  young  in  the 
womb :  n.  the  fashion  ;  enterprise 
or  push ;  difficulty  or  scrape ;  a 
glass  of  spirits. 

8yn.     depart,     proceed,     move, 
budge. 

goa  ('a),  n.  the  Tibetan  gazelle. 
goad    (god),  n.  a  pointed  stick  to 
urge   on    cattle :    v.t.    to    urge   on 
with,  or  as  with,  a  goad  ;  stimu- 
late :  v.i.  to  act  as  a  goad. 
goaf      (gof),      n.      [pi.      goaves 
(govz)],   a  place  left  in   the   old 
workings  of  a  coal  mine  ;  the  coal- 
waste  left  there. 

goal  (gol),  n.  the  winning  post  at 
a  race  or  at  football :  hence,  the 
end  aimed  at. 

goat      (got),      n.      a      ruminating 
horned  quadruped  with  long  hair. 
goa-tee     (go-te'),    n.    a    goat-like 
beard. 


gob-ble    (gob'l),    v.t.    to   swallow 

hastily    or  greedily :    v.i.   to   utter 

a  cry  like  a  turkey  :  n.  the  noise 

of    a    turkey ;    a    quick    straight 

stroke  in  putting  at  golf. 
go-be-lin  (go'be-lin,  go'blin.  go-be- 
lting'),    n.     a     superior     kind     of 

French  tapestry. 
go-be-tween     ('be-twen),    n.    an 

intermediary. 
gob-let    (gob'let),    n.    a    drinking- 

vessel  with  a  stem  and  without  a 

handle. 

gob-lin     ('lin),    n.    an    evil,    mis- 
chievous spirit ;  gnome;  fairy. 
go-by     (go'bi),    n.     [/>/.     gobies 

('biz)J,  a  fish  of  peculiar  shape. 
go-by     ('bi),    n.    avoidance;    eva- 
sion. 

go-cart  ('kiirt).  n.  a  contrivance 
for  teaching  children  to  walk :  a 
child's  cart ;  a  light  village  cart. 

God  (god),  n.  the  Supreme  Deity, 
and  self-existent  Creator  or  Up- 
holder of  the  Universe. 

god,  n.  a  supernatural  being  con- 
ceived of  as  possessing  divine 
powers  or  attributes ;  idol ;  a  per- 
son or  thing  deified  or  honored  to 
<>xr-oss :  an  occupant  of  the  upper 
irallery  of  a  theater. 

X.vn.  Creator,  Lord,  Almighty, 
Jehovah,  Omnipotence,  Provi- 
dence. 

god-child  ('child),  n.  one  for 
whom  one  is  sponsor  at  baptism. 

god-dess  ('des),  n.  a  female  deity ; 
n  woman  of  superior  charms  or 
excellence. 

god-fa-ther  ('fa-ther).  n.  one 
who  acts  as  sponsor  to  another 
at  baptism :  v.t.  to  act  as  god- 
father to. 

God-head  ('hed),  n.  tho  Divine 
essence,  nature,  and  attributes; 
the  Supreme  Deity. 

god -hood    ('hood),  n.  divinity. 

god-li-ness  ('li-nesV  n.  piety : 
devotion. 

god-ly  ('li).  adj.  devout;  pious. 

fl?/M.  righteous,  devout,  holy, 
nious.  religious. 

God-man  ('man),  n.  the  union  of 
deity  and  manhood  in  Jesus 
Christ. 

god-moth-er  ('muf/i-er),  n.  a  fe- 
male sponsor  at  baptism. 

go-droon.  (go-drdfm'),  n.  fluting 
or  beading  of  olive  shape. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Qod 


395 


gon 


God's-a-cre  (godz'a-ker),  n.  a 
churchyard. 

god-send  (god'send),  n.  unex- 
pected assistance  or  acquisition. 

god-speed    ('sped),   w.  success. 

god-wit  ('wit).  H.  a  curlew-like 
bird. 

go-er  (go'er).  «.  one  who.  or  that 
which,  goes. 

gof-fer  (gofer),  v.t.  to  form 
flutes  in  ;  crimp. 

gof-fer-ing  (-ing),  n.  fluting  for 
frills,  &c. ;  indented  ornamenta- 
tion on  the  edge  of  a  book. 

gog-gle  (gog'l).  v.i.  to  strain  or 
roll  the  eyes:  ndj.  staring:  promi- 
nent :  n.  a  strained  or  affected 
rolling  of  the  eyes :  pi.  a  particu- 
lar kind  of  snectacles  for  pro- 
tecting the  eyes  from  dust,  ex- 
cessive light,  &c. 

go-ing  (go'ing),  n.  the  act  of  de- 
parting or  moving ;  state  of  roads. 

goi-ter  (goi'ter),  n.  a  swelling  of 
the  glands  in  the  front  part  and 
side  of  the  neck :  prevalent  in 
mountainous  districts. 

goi-trous  ('trus).  adj.  affected 
with  goiter. 

Gol-con-da  (gol-kon'da),  n.  a 
mine  of  wealth. 

gold  (gf>ld).  n.  a  metallic  element, 
soft,  ductile,  and  of  a  bright  yel- 
low color  when  pure ;  money : 
wealth  ;  precious  or  pure  quality  : 
in  iirchery,  the  bull's-eye. 

gold-beat-er  ('be-ter),  n.  one 
who  beats  gold  into  thin  leaves 
for  gilding. 

gold-bug  ('bug),  w.  one  who  ad- 
vocates gold  as  the  only  money 
standard. 

gold-carp  Ckarp).  n.  the  gold- 
fish. 

gold-en  (gold'n).  adj.  formed  of. 
consisting  of.  or  resembling,  gold: 
shining:  lustrous  like  gold; 
bright;  most  valuable:  excellent. 

gold-en  age,  n.  the  fabled  prime- 
val aze  of  perfect  human  happi- 
ness and  innocciicy. 

gold-en  num-ber  (num'ber),  n. 
a  number  which  shows  the  year 
of  the  moon's  cycle. 

gold-en-pheas-ant  (-fez-Ant),  n. 
a  handsome  Chinese  pheasant. 

gold-en     rod     (rod),     n.     a.    tall 
plnnt    of    the    aster    family    with 
yellow   flowers. 
gold-en  rule    (rool),   n.   the   rule 


to  treat  others  as  we  ourselves 
wish  to  be  treated  (cf.  Matthew 
vii.  12). 

gold-fields  ('feldz).  n.pl.  aurifer- 
ous deposits  and  diggings  in 
Australia,  Alaska,  California, 
South  Africa,  &c. 

gold-finch,  ('finch),  n.  a  beautiful 
singing  bird  with  yellow-streaked 
wings  and  a  red  throat. 

gold-fish,  ('fish),  n.  an  orange-col- 
ored fresh-water  fish  of  the  carp 
family. 

gold-smith  ('smith),  n.  a  worker 
in  gold,  or  dealer  in  gold-plate. 

gold-y-locks  (-loks),n.  a  common 
name  for  various  plants  with  yel- 
low flowers,  as  the  buttercup. 

golf  (golf),  n.  a  game  played  with 
a  small  gutta-percha  ball  and 
club-headed  sticks,  the  object  he- 
ing  to  drive  the  ball  into  a  series 
of  small  holes  with  the  fewest 
possible  strokes:  v.i.  to  play  golf. 

Golgotha  (gol'go-tha),  n.  (He- 
brew the  place  of  a  skull),  the 
place  where  Jesus  Christ  was 
crucified. 

gol-go-tha,  n.  a  burial  nlace. 

gom-iner  (gom'er),  n.  milled  am- 
elcorn  (an  inferior  wheat)  :  much 
used  in  parts  of  Germany  as  an 
ingredient  in  soups. 

gom-phi-a-sis  (-fi'a-sis),  n.  loose- 
ness of  the  teeth. 

go-mu-ti  (go-moo'ti),  n.  a  tough 
hair-like  fiber  obtained  from  the 
sago-palm :  used  for  cordage ; 
ejoo. 

gon-ad  (gon'ad),  n.  a  germ-gland. 

go-nag-ra  (go-nag'rS),  n.  gout  in 
the  knee. 

gon-do-la  (gon'do-la),  n.  a  long 
narrow  Venetian  pleasure  boat 
propelled  by  one  par ;  a  flat-bot- 
tomed boat  or  railway  car  used 
for  carrying  coal,  produce,  &c. 

gon  -  do  -  lier  (-do-ler'),  n.  the 
rower  of  a  gondola. 

gon-do-li-no  (-le'no),  n.  a  racing 
gondola. 

gone    (gon).    p.adj.    ruined;    lost; 

characterized      by      faintness      or 

weakness  ;  carried  away  :  said  of 

a  spar,  &c. 

gone-ness    Cnes).    n.    a    state   of 

weakness  or  collapse. 
gon-er    Cer),    n.   one   who  is   lost 
or  ruined. 


late.  mSr,  mAsk.  cat.  awl  :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gon 


396 


gor 


gon-fa-lon  ('fa-Ion),  H.  standard 
or  ensign,  usually  with  streamers. 

gong  (gong),  n.  a  tambourine- 
shaped  musical  instrument  of 
bronze,  which  is  struck  by  a  pad- 
ded stick. 

go-ni-om-e-ter  (go-ni-om'e-ter ) , 
n.  an  instrument  for  measuring 
angles. 

gono,  a  prefix  in  many  scientific 
words,  meaning  generation,  repro- 
duction, as  {/onoblast,  a  reproduc- 
tive cell  or  bud. 

goii-o-phore     (gon'6-for),    n.    the 
generative  bud  or  receptacle  of  a 
hydrozoan ;    in    plants,    an    elon- 
gated    receptacle     elevating     the 
Eistil     and     stamens     above     the 
oral  envelope. 

gon-or-rhce-a  (-re'fi),  n.  a  vene- 
real disease. 

good  (good),  adj.  [comp.  better, 
superl.  best],  having  excellent 
qualities ;  proper,  fit  for,  adapted, 
or  conducive  to,  any  particular 
object ;  pious  ;  moral ;  kind  ;  well- 
disposed  ;  favorable ;  beneficial ; 
convenient ;  useful ;  unblemished  : 
adequate  ;  expedient ;  reliable  ; 
well-informed  ;  full ;  not  irritable  : 
n.  that  which  contributes  to  hap- 
piness ;  moral  qualities ;  pros- 
perity ;  benefit :  pi.  household  fur- 
niture ;  merchandise :  inter j.  an 
expression  of  assent  or  pleasure. 

<Sj/n.     virtuous,     righteous,     up- 
right, just,  true. 

Ant.  (see  wicked,  bad). 

Good  Fri-day  (fri'da),  n.  a  fast 
held  in  commemoration  of  the 
crucifixion  of  Jesus  Christ  on  the 
Friday  before  Easter  Day. 

good-li-ness  ('li-nes),  «.  grace: 
physical  beauty. 

gpod-ly  ('li).  adj.  [comp.  good- 
lier, superl.  goodliest],  good-look- 
ing ;  noble ;  considerable ;  pleas- 
ant. 

good-man  ('man),  n.  the  master 
of  a  house. 

good-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  good ;  benevo- 
lence ;  excellence. 

goods  and  cliat-tels  (chat'lz),  n. 
personal  property. 

good-wife  ('wlf).  n.  [pi.  good- 
wives  ('wlvz)],  the  mistress  of  a 
house. 

good- will  (-wil'),  n.  benevolence; 


kindly  feeling;  the  value  a  busi- 
ness has  over  and  above  stock-in- 
trade,  &c. ;  the  money  paid  for 
such  value;  friendly  disposition. 

good-y  ('\),  adj.  affectedly  or 
weakly  pious  ;  namby-pamby  :  n. 
(pi.  goodies),  a  person  affectedly 
or  weakly  pious ;  a  poor  old 
rustic  woman ;  a  kind  of  sweet- 
meat. 

gop-gul  (goo'gul),  n.  a  gum  ob- 
tained from  a  tree  of  the  myrrh 
family. 

goose  (goos),  n.  [pi.  geese  (ges)]. 
a  web-footed  domesticated  bird  of 
the  genus  Anser ;  a  tailor's 
smoothing  iron  ;  a  silly  person. 

goose-ber-ry  (gooz'ber-i),  n.  [pi. 
gooseberries  (-iz)],  the  fruit  of  a 
slirub  of  the  genus  Ribes ;  the 
shrub  itself :  ad>.  made  of  goose- 
berries. 

goose-neck  (goos'nek),  n.  a  bent 
iron  fitted  to  the  extremity  of  a 
boom  or  yard. 

goose-wing  ('wing),  n.  a  stud- 
ding-sail ;  the  lower  corner  of  a 
fore-sail  or  square  main-sail  when 
the  body  of  the  sail  is  furled. 

go-pher  (go'fer),  v.i.  to  mine  un- 
systematically  :  n.  a  North  Ameri- 
can burrowing,  rat-like  rodent ;  a 
wood  mentioned  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment (Gen.  vi.  14). 

go-ral  ('ral),  n.  the  Nepaul  an- 
telope. 

Gor-di-an  (gor'di-an),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Phrygian  King 
Gordius,  or  to  the  intricate  knot 
tied  by  him  in  his  harness,  which 
Alexander  the  Great  cut  with 
his  sword. 

gor-di-an,  n.  anything  intricate  or 
difficult. 

gore  (gor),  n.  congealed  or  clot- 
ted blood ;  a  triangular  piece 
sc\vn  into  a  dress,  sail,  &c. :  a 
narrow  or  triangular  piece  of 
land :  v.t.  to  pierce  as  with  a 
horn  ;  furnish  with  gores :  said  of 
a  garment,  &c. 

gorge  (gorj),  ».  the  throat;  gul- 
let ;  that  which  is  gorged  or 
swallowed ;  a  narrow  passage  be- 
tween mountains  or  hills :  v.t.  to 
swallow  with  greediness  or  in 
large  mouthfuls ;  satiate :  v.i.  to 
I'l-cd  greedily. 

Syn.  glut,   fill,   cram,   stuff,   sa- 
tiate. 


late,  mSr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  nhrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gor 


397 


gov 


gorged  (gorj'd),  adj.  having  a 
gorge ;  in  heraldry,  bearing  a 
crown  or  the  like  about  the  neck. 

gor-geous  ('jus),  adj.  glittering 
in  various  colors ;  splendid ; 
showy  ;  inclined  to  magnificence. 

N///I.  superb,  grand,  magnificent, 
splendid. 

Ant.   (plain,  simple). 

gor-get  ('jet),  n.  a  protective 
piece  of  armor  for  the  throat  or 
neck ;  a  crescent-shaped  breast- 
plate. 

Gor-gon  ('gun),  n.  one  of  three 
sisters  in  Greek  mythology  whose 
aspect  was  so  terrible  that  any- 
one who  beheld  them  was  turned 
to  stone. 

gor  -  go  -  nei  -  a  (-go-m'a) ,  n.pl. 
masks  carried  in  the  form  of 
Gorgons'  heads :  used  as  keystones 
in  arches. 

go-ril-la  (go-ril'a),  n.  an  African 
anthropoid  ape  some  5  ft.  in 
height  with  powerful  limbs ;  the 
largest  ape  known. 

gor-mand  (gor'mand),  n.  a 
greedy  or  ravenous  eater  ;  glutton  ; 
a  connoisseur  in  table  delicacies. 

gor-mand-ize  (-Tz),  v.i.  to  eat 
greedily  or  voraciously. 

gorse  (gorst.  n.  the  common 
furze;  whin. 

gors-y  ('i).  adj.  covered  with 
gone. 

gor-y  (gor'i).  adj.  covered  or 
stained  with  gore. 

goshawk  (gos'hawk).  n.  a  rap- 
torial bird  of  the  hawk  family. 

gos-ling  (goz'ling),  n.  a  young 
goose  ;  a  catkin. 

gos-pel  (gos'pel),  n.  the  an- 
nouncement of  the  salvation  of 
mankind  by  Jesus  Christ ;  the 
history  of  the  life  and  doctrines 
of  Jesus  Christ,  contained  in  the 
four  canonical  books  of  SS.  Mat- 
thew. Mark,  Luke,  and  John ;  a 
selection  from  these  in  the  Church 
service :  the  general  doctrines  of 
the  New  Testament ;  something 
received  as  infallibly  true :  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  gospel. 

gos-pel-er  (-er).  n.  an  evangel- 
ist :  the  priest  who  reads  the  gos- 
pel at  the  altar. 

gos-sa-mer  ('a-mer),  n.  a  very 
fine  spider's  web  which  floats  in 
the  air ;  a  very  thin  soft  filmy 


strong  gauze :  adj.  very  thin,  like 
gossamer ;  flimsy. 

gos-sip  ('ip),  n.  familiar  or  idle 
talk ;  scandal ;  a  babbler ;  for- 
merly a  sponsor,  neighbor,  or 
friend :  v.i.  to  tell  idle  tales  about 
others  ;  tattle  ;  chat. 

got,  p.t.  of  get. 

Goth  (goth),  n.  one  of  an  ancient 
Teutonic  tribe  that  overran  the 
Roman  Empire  (3rd  and  4th 
centuries  A.D.)  ;  an  uncivilized 
person,  especially  one  who  is  des- 
titute of  artistic  taste. 

Goth-ic  ('ik),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  Goths  or  their  language ;  de- 
noting the  style  of  architecture 
characterized  by  high  and  pointed 
arches,  clustered  columns,  &c. :  n. 
the  language  of  the  Goths ;  the 
Gothic  or  pointed  style  of  archi- 
tecture. 

gouge  (gouj),  n.  a  rounded  hol- 
low chisel  for  cutting  grooves  or 
holes :  a  swindle :  v.t.  to  scoop 
out  with  a  gouge :  v.i.  force  out 
the  eye  with  the  thumb  or  finger. 

goug-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  and 
that  which,  gouges ;  a  swindler. 

gou-ra-mi  (goo'ra-mi),  n.  an 
Oriental  fish,  cultivated  for  food. 
Also  goramy. 

gourd  (gord),  n.  a  plant  and 
fruit  of  various  species  of  the 
genus  Cucurbita.  the  shell  of 
which  is  used  for  holding  liquids ; 
a  gourd-shaped  vessel. 

gour-met  (goor'ma'),  ».  an  epi- 
cure. 

gout  (gout),  n.  a  painful  inflam- 
matory disease  of  the  joints  or  ex- 
tremities, especially  of  the  great 
toe. 

gout-y  (gout'i),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  affected  with,  gout. 

gov-ern  (guv-ern),  v.t.  to  control 
by  authority ;  regulate ;  direct ; 
manage  ;  steer ;  restrain  ;  require 
to  be  in  a  particular  mood,  case, 
&c. :  v.i.  to  exercise  authority ; 
administer  the  law. 

Ryn.  rule,  direct,  manage,  com- 
mand. 

gov-ern-ance  (-ans),  n.  govern- 
ment ;  control. 

gov-ern-ante  (-ant),  n.  a  gov>. 
erness ;  duenna. 

gov-em-ess    (-es),  n.  a  lady  who 


'.ate,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch.  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gov 


398 


JCra 


trains  and  instructs  children  ;  an 
instructress ;  teacher. 

gov-ern-ing  (-ing),  p.adj.  exer- 
cising control ;  prevalent ;  ruling. 

gov-ern-ment  (-ment),  n.  the 
act  of  governing ;  administration 
of  public  affairs;  established  state 
of  legal  authority ;  executive- 
power  ;  self-control ;  relation  be- 
tween two  words  by  which  one 
determines  the  case  or  mood  of 
another. 

Syn.   rule,  state,  control,  sway. 

gov-ern.-men.-tal  (-men'tal),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  connected  with,  or 
proceeding  from,  the  government. 

gov-ern-or  ('ern-er),  ro.  one  who 
is  invested  with  supreme  author- 
ity ;  chief  ruler;  tutor;  a  me- 
chanical device  for  regulating  the 
speed  of  an  engine,  &c. 

gown,  (goun),  n.  a  woman's 
outer  garment,  or  dress ;  a  long 
loose  robe  worn  by  university  or 
professional  men  ;  the  emblem  of 
peace ;  a  long  loose  outer  coyer- 
ing  or  wrapper,  as  a  dressing- 
gown,  &c. 

gowned  (gound),  adj.  attired  in 
a  gown. 

gowns-man  (z'mnn),  n.  one  who 
wears  a  gown  professionally ;  a 
civilian. 

gowt  (gout),  n.  a  sluice  in  an  em- 
bankment for  letting  out  water. 

grab  (grab),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
grabbed,  p.pr.  grabbing],  to  seize 
suddenly  and  forcibly  ;  snatch  :  n. 
a  sudden  and  forcible  seizure ;  a 
large  East  Indian  coaster  with 
two  or  three  masts. 

grab-ble  ('!),  v.i.  to  feel  about; 
grope. 

gra-bouge  (grA-hoozh'),  n.  a  card 
game. 

grace  (gras),  n.  any  excellence, 
characteristic  attraction,  or  en- 
dowment, natural  or  acquired ; 
elegance  of  action  or  language ; 
beauty ;  embellishment;  the  un- 
merited favor  and  love  of  God 
towards  man  in  Christ ;  divine 
sanctifying,  regenerating,  and  pre- 
serving influence;  spiritual  ex- 
cellence ;  virtue ;  a  brief  prayer 
before  or  after  meals  ;  a  respect- 
ful title  of  address  applied  to  an 
arch-bishop  or  duke ;  behavior  or 
demeanor ;  indulgence  or  priv- 


ilege ;  in  music,  an  ornamental 
note  or  passage ;  an  act,  vote,  or 
decree  of  the  governing  body  of  a 
university  or  college :  v.t.  to  adorn 
or  embellish ;  honor ;  dignify ; 
favor. 

grace-ful  ('fool),  adj.  full  of 
grace  or  beauty  :  easy  and  elegant 
in  manner  or  demeanor. 

NJ/H.  becoming,  comely,  elegant, 
beautiful. 

Ant.   (see  awkward). 

grace-ful-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a 
graceful  manner. 

grace-note  ('not),  n.  an  orna- 
mental note. 

gra-cions  'gra'shus).  «(/./'.  show- 
ing or  bestowing  grace,  kindness, 
or  mercy  :  affable  ;  polite. 

>S'j/n.     merciful,     kindly,     benefi- 
cent. 

grack-le  (grak'l).  n.  a  starling- 
like  bird. 

gra-date  (gra'dfit),  v.t.  to  pro- 
duce in  grades  ;  blend  by  gradation. 

gra-da-tim  (gru-dfi'tim),  adv.  by 
degrees. 

gra-da-tion  (gra-dfi'shun),  n.  a 
regular  advance  or  progress,  step 
by  step:  regular  arrangement;  a 
gradual  blending  of  one  tint  into 
another;  series;  order. 

grad-a-to-ry  (grad'a-to-ri),  adj. 
proceeding  by  gradations;  suited 
for  walking:  n.pl.  (gradatorios) 
a  series  of  steps  leading  from  a 
cloister  into  a  church. 

grade  (grful),  /?.  a  stop  or  degree 
in  rank,  dignity,  quality,  order. 
&c. ;  the  rise  or  descent  of  a  rail- 
road, &c. :  v.t.  to  level  and  pre- 
pare (ground)  for  laying  tin- 
rails  of  a  railway;  arrange  in  a 
regular  series :  v.i.  to  take  rank. 

grade-ly  ('li).  adv.  decently: 
properly. 

gra-di-ent  (gra'di-ent).  nrl.i.  ad- 
vancing by  steps :  walking  or  run- 
ning on  legs ;  ascending  or  de- 
scending in  a  certain  proportion  : 
n.  the  incline  of  a  railway  or 
road  ;  in  meteorology,  the  rate  of 
atmospheric  pressure  or  tempera- 
ture. 

gra-din,  gra-dine  (gra'din,  gra- 
den'),  n.  a  sculptor's  toothed 
chisel  ;  one  of  a  tier  of  seats  as 
in  an  amphitheatre. 

grad-u-al     (grad'u-al),    adj.    pro- 


late, mSr.  mflsk,  cat.  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


399 


ceeding  by  degrees ;  step  by  step ; 
regular  and   slow :    n.   a   response 
sung  after  the  Epistle ;  an  ancient 
book  of  anthems  or  scripture  sen- 
tences :    so    called    because    some 
were  chanted  on  the  steps  of  the 
pulpit.     Also  graduale.  grail. 
Syn.  slow,  progressive. 
Ant.   (see  sudden). 

grad-u-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  grad- 
ual manner. 

grad-u-ate  ('u-at),  n.  one  on 
whom  an  academical  degree  has 
been  conferred  :  v.t.  to  mark  with 
degrees  or  a  scale ;  temper :  v.i. 
to  take  or  receive  an  academical 
degree ;  change  by  degrees :  adj. 
having  been  graduated. 

grad-u-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the 
conferring  or  reception  of  an 
academical  degree ;  regular  pro- 
gression ;  a  marking  into  degrees 
or  parts. 

grad-u-a-tor  (Ti-a-ter),  n.  an  in- 
strument for  dividing  lines  into 
equal  minute  parts ;  an  electro- 
magnet for  making  and  breaking 
gradually  a  telegraphic  circuit. 

gra-dns  (gra'dus),  n.  a  dictionary 
of  Greek  and  Latin  prosody 
(Gradus  ad  Parnassum). 

graf-fi-to  Cgriif-fe'to),  n.  [pi 
graffiti  ('te)],  rude  writing,  or 
sketching,  on  the  wall  of  an  an- 
cient building,  as  at  Rome. 

graft  (graft),  n.  a  small  shoot  of 
a  tree  inserted  into  another  tree : 
hence  somethine  incorporated  with 
a  foreign  stock ;  an  unlawful 
or  irregular  perquisite:  a  bribe: 
r.t.  to  insert  as  a  shoot  in 
another  tree ;  join  so  as  to  re- 
ceive support  from  another  thing: 
in  surgery,  to  transplant  (tissue)  : 
r.i.  to  practice  grafting:  to  accept 
bribe  money. 

grail  (<rral).  n.  a  dish  or  chalice, 
especially  the  Holy  Grail  (San- 
greal).  the  cup  used  by  Jesus 
Christ  at  the  Last  Supper,  said 
to  have  been  preserved  by  Joseph 
of  Arimathea,  who  collected  in  it 
some  of  the  blood  which  flowed 
from  our  Lord  on  His  crucifixion  : 
a  gradual.  Also  graal. 

grain  (gran),  n.  any  minute 
hard  mass :  a  single  seed  of  corn  : 
the  smallest  particle  or  amount : 
a  unit  of  weight  =  1-20th  of  a 


scruple.  l-24th  of  a  pennyweight ; 
the  arrangement  of  particles  in 
a  body ;  texture ;  a  red  dye  ob- 
tained from  cochineal  insects :  pi. 
the  refuse  of  malted  barley :  v.t. 
form  into  trains :  to  paint  in  imi- 
tation of  the  grain  of  wood. 

grain-er  ('er).  n.  one  who  imi- 
tates the  grain  or  texture  of 
wood ;  a  graining  tool. 

grain-ing  ('ing),  n.  painting  in 
imitation  of  the  grain  or  texture 
of  wood  ;  a  process  in  dyeing ;  the 
pebbling  of  paper  or  leather  in 
bookbinding. 

gram,  see  gramme. 

gra-ma-grass  (gra'ma-gras),  n. 
a  low  pasture  grass  of  the  West 
and  Southwest  United  States. 

gra-mer-cy  (gra-mer'si),  inter •/. 
great  thanks. 

gram-i-niv-o-rous  (gram-i-niv'6- 
rus),  adj.  feeding  on  grasses. 

gram-ma-logue  ('a-log),  n.  in 
phonography,  a  word  represented 
by  a  single  sign. 

gram-mar  ('er),  n.  the  art  of 
speaking  or  writing  a  language 
correctly  ;  the  science  that  treats 
of  the  principles  that  govern  the 
correct  use  of  language ;  an  ele- 
mentary treatise. 

gram-ma-ri-an  (-ma'ri-an),  n. 
one  who  is  versed  in  grammar ;  a 
philologist. 

gram-mat-ic-al  (-mat'ik-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  grammar,  or  its 
rules. 

gram-mat -ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
a  grammatical  manner. 

gram-mat-i-cism  ('i-sizm),  n.  a 
point  in  grammar. 

gram-mat-i-cize  ('i-siz),  v.t.  to 
render  grammatical. 

gramme  (gram),  n.  the  unit  of 
weight  in  the  metric  system, 
15.43  grains  troy.  Also  gram. 

gram-mo-pet-a-lons  (-o-pet'a- 
lus),  adj.  having  the  petals  very 
narrow. 

gram-o-phone  Co-fon).  n.  an  in- 
strument for  recording  and  re- 
producing speech. 

gram-pus  Cpus).  n.  a  large  ceta- 
cean, akin  to  the  porpoise:  a  cor- 
pulent person. 

gran-a-dil-la  (gran-ft-dil'a),  n. 
the  edible  fruit  of  a  species  of 
passion-flower. 


late.  mar.  mfisk.  cat.  awl;  he.  her,  let:  line,  tin;  vote,  pftrch,  lot- 
cook  :  mute,  nut :  thin.  then. 


gra 


400 


gra 


gran-a-ry  ('a-ri),  n.  [pi.  grana- 
ries (riz)],  a  store-house  for 
grain ;  a  country  where  grain  is 
the  chief  product. 

grand  (grand),  adj.  high  in  dig- 
nity or  power:  illustrious;  chief; 
great ;  magnificent ;  splendid  ;  sub- 
lime ;  noble ;  of  striking  excel- 
lence or  impressive  dignity ;  con- 
ceived or  expressed  in  dignified 
language;  comprehensive;  com- 
plete ;  the  second  degree  of  parent- 
age or  descent :  n.  a  grand  piano. 
Syn.  majestic,  stately,  digni- 
fied, lofty,  elevated,  exalted, 
splendid,  gorgeous,  superb,  mag- 
nificent, sublime,  pompous. 
Ant.  (see  shabby). 

gran-dam  (gran'dam),  n.  a 
grandmother ;  an  old  woman. 

grand-child  (grand'chlld),  n.  the 
child  of  one's  son  or  daughter. 

grand-daugh-ter  ('daw-ter),  n. 
the  daughter  of  one's  son  or 
daughter. 

gran-dee  (srran-de').  n.  a  Spanish 
nobleman  of  the  highest  rank. 

gran-deur  ('jur),  n.  greatness; 
vastness ;  sublimity  ;  splendor  of 
appearance  ;  social  distinction  and 
display  ;  elevation  of  thought,  sen- 
timent, or  demeanor. 

grand-fa-ther  (grand'fa-*/(er),  n. 
the  father  of  one's  father  or 
mother. 

gran  -  dil  -  o  -  qnent  (gran-dil'o- 
kwent),  adj.  speaking  in,  or 
characterized  by,  a  lofty  or  bom- 
bastic style. 

gran-di-ose  ('di-os),  adj.  really  or 
affectedly  grand  or  impressive. 

grand-mother  (muth-er),  n.  the 
mother  of  one's  parent. 

grand-par-ent  ('piir-ent),  n.  the 
parent  of  one's  parent. 

grand-sire  ('sir),  n.  a  grand- 
father; male  ancestor. 

grand-son  ('sun),  n.  the  son  of 
one's  son  or  daughter. 

grand  viz-ier  (viz'er),  n.  the 
chief  minister  of  the  Turkish  Em- 
pire. 

grange  (granj),  n.  a  farm  with 
its  dwelling-house,  appurtenances, 
&c. ;  a  local  lodge  of  the  Patrons 
of  Husbandry. 

gran-ite  (gran'it),  n.  a  massive 
Crystalline  rock  composed  of 
quartz,  feldspar,  and  mica. 


gran-it-ic  (-it'ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  formed  of,  granite. 

gran-i-toid  (gran'i-toid),  adj.  re- 
sembling granite. 

gra-niv-o-rous  (gra-niv'6-rus), 
adj.  eating  grain;  living  on  seeds. 

gran-ny,  abbreviation  of  grand- 
mother. 

grant  (grunt),  v.t.  to  give  or  con- 
fer, especially  in  response  to  a  re- 
quest;  admit  as  true  (what  has 
not  been  proved)  ;  concede;  trans- 
fer the  title  of.  for  any  good  con- 
sideration :  n.  the  act  of  granting ; 
a  gift ;  a  bestowing ;  an  allow- 
ance ;  the  thing  conveyed  ;  an  ad- 
mission or  concession. 

»s'//;i.      bestow,       impart,      give, 
yield,  cede,  allow,  confer,  invest. 

grant-ee  (-§'),  n.  the  person  to 
whom  property  is  transferred  by 
deed,  &c. 

grant-er  (,'er),  n.  one  who  grants. 

grant -or  ('er),  n.  one  who  trans- 
fers property  by  deed,  &c. 

gran-u-lar  (gran'u-lAr),  adj.  com-, 
posed    of,    or    resembling,    grains 
or  granules. 

gran-u-late  ('fi-lfit),  v.t.  to  form 
into  grains  or  small  masses ; 
roughen  the  surface  of :  v.i.  to  be- 
come granular. 

gran-ule  ('ill),  n.  a  small  grain 
or  particle. 

gran -u -lose  ('u-los),  n.  the  more 
soluble  part  of  starch  grains  in 
plants,  capable  of  being  formed 
into  sugar. 

grape  (grap),  n.  the  fruit  of  the 
grape-vine ;  a  vine  of  the  genus 
Vitis ;  grape-shot. 

gra-per-y   ('er-i).  n.  a  vinery. 

grape-shot  ('shot),  «.  a  cluster 
of  small  shot  arranged  in  tiers  of 
three  shots  each  between  ],iatcs. 
so  as  to  disperse  when  fired. 

graph-ic  (graf'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  art  of  writing  or  de- 
lineating; vividly  described;  well 
delineated  ;  life-like.  Also  graphi- 
cal. 

Syn.    forcible,     telling,     pictur- 
esque, vivid,  pictorial. 

graph-ic-al-ly  (-al-Ii),  adv.  in  a 
graphic  manner. 

graph-ite  ('It),  n.  a  metallic  va- 
riety of  carbon. 

gra-phit-ic  (gr;\-fit'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  obtained  from, 
graphite. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gra 


401 


gra 


grapho,  a  prefix  meaning   writing 
or 


graph-ol-p-gy  (graf-ol'o-ji),  n, 
the  art  of  describing  character  by 
the  handwriting. 

grapli-om-e-ter  (-om'e-ter),  n.  an 
instrument  for  measuring  the  de- 
grees in  an  angle. 

grapli-o-phone  (-fon),  n.  an  in- 
strument resembling  the  phono- 
graph, but  having  a  rubber  cyl- 
inder instead  of  one  of  wax. 

graph-o-type  ('o-tip),  n.  a  chem- 
ical process  for  producing  surface- 
blocks  speedily:  the  chalk  process. 

grap-nel  (grap'neli,  n.  a  kind  of 
small  anchor  usually  with  flukes  : 
heavy  tongs  used  for  lifting 
stone,  ice,  A-<-. 

grap-ple  (grap'l),  r.t.  to  lay  fast 
hold  of  :  c./.  struggle  or  contend 
in  close  fight  :  n.  a  close  fight  ;  a 
seizing;  close  hold,  as  in  wrest- 
ling. &c.  ;  a  mechanical  device  for 
taking  hold  of  anything. 

grasp  (grasp),  v.t.  to  seize  or 
catcli  at  ;  hold  by  clasping  or 
contracting  :  r.i.  to  endeavor  to 
seize  :  struggle  or  grapple  ;  lay 
hold  of  greedily  ;  encroach  :  n.  a 
seizure  of  the  hand  ;  reach  of  the 
hand  ;  power  of  seizure  ;  hold  ;  in- 
tellectual capacity. 

X//H.   catch,   seize,   gripe,   clasp, 
grapple. 

grasp-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  avari- 
cious. 

grass  (gras),  n.  field  or  hill  past- 
ure ;  herbage  having  hollow- 
jointed  stalks,  a  husky  calyx,  and 
the  seed  single  ;  springtime  :  that 
which  is  subject  to  decay:  v.t.  to 
cover  with  grass  or  turf  ;  bleach, 
by  exposure  on  grass  ;  pasture  or 
graze. 

grasshopper  ('hop-er),  n.  a 
small  nimble  insect  of  the  locust 
kind. 

grass-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  grassy. 

grass-wid-ow  (-wid-o),  n.  a  wife 
whose  husband  i.s  abroad. 

grass-y  Ch.  adj.  abounding  in, 
covered  with,  or  like,  grass. 

grate  (grfit).  n.  a  framework  of 
iron  bars  to  hold  fuel  ;  a  set  of 
bars:  v.t.  to  rub  or  wear  away  by 
the  friction  of  a  rough  body;.  pro- 
duce a  sound  by  the  friction  of 
rough  or  hard  surfaces  ;  grind 


down ;  furnish  with  a  grate :  r.i. 
make  a  harsh  noise ;  produce  men- 
tal irritation. 

grate-ful  ('fool),  adj.  thankful; 
pleasurable. 

Syn.    agreeable,    pleasing,    wel- 
come, thankful. 
Ant.   (see  harsh). 

grate-ful -ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a  grate- 
ful manner. 

gra-tic-u-la-tion  (gra-tik-u-la'- 
shun),  n.  the  art  of  dividing  a 
plan.  &c..  into  small  squares  for 
reduction  or  enlargement. 

grat-i-f  i-ca-tion  (grat-i-fi-ka'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  gratifying; 
satisfaction  ;  pleasure  ;  reward  or 
recompense. 

N///I.    enjoyment,    pleasure,    de- 
light, reward. 

Ant.   (see  disappointment). 

grat-i-f y  ('i-fl).  r.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
gratified,  p.pr.  gratifying],  to  af- 
ford pleasure  to  ;  indulge  ;  delight ; 
humor. 

grat-ing  (grat'ing),  n.  an  open 
framework  or  lattice  of  bars : 
p.adj.  harsh,  irritating. 

gra-tis  (gra'tis),  adv.  gratui- 
tously. 

grat-i-tude  (grat'i-tud),  n.  the 
state  of  being  grateful ;  appre- 
ciation of  favors  received  ;  thank- 
fulness. 

grat-toir  (grat-twilr') ,  n.  a 
chipped  stone  or  flint  inplement. 

gra-tu-i-tons  (gra-tu'i-tus),  adj. 
freely  bestowed  ;  voluntary  :  with- 
out cause  or  provocation  ;  granted 
without  merit  or  claim. 

gra-tu-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  [pi.  gratui- 
ties (-tiz)].  a  donation  or  pres- 
ent ;  free  gift. 

gra-va-men  (gra-vu'men) ,  n. 
cause  of  complaint  or  action. 

grave  (grfivl.  ndj.  serious:  sol- 
emn ;  thoughtful :  sedate ;  im- 
portant ;  in  grammar,  the  grave, 
or  long-sounding  accent ;  plain ; 
slow  in  movement :  very  deep  in 
pitch  [Mus.]  :  n.  an  excavation  in 
the  earth  for  the  reception  of  a 
dead  body ;  place  of  interment ; 
place  of  great  slaughter  or  mor- 
tality; the  place  of  the  dead 
(Hades)  :  v.t.  to  shape  or  carve 
by  cutting  with  a  chisel :  engrave. 
Syn.  serious,  sedate,  solemn, 
sober,  pressing,  heavy,  tomb. 
Ant.  ( see  giddy ) . 


liite,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot :  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gra 


402 


gre 


grav-el  (grav'l),  v.t.  to  cover  with 
gravel ;  run  aground  on  a  beach  : 
said  of  a  vessel ;  embarrass ;  lame 
a  horse  by  gravel  under  the  shoe : 
n.  fragments  of  rock  coarser  than 
sand,  and  frequently  intermixed 
with  it ;  a  disease  occasioned  by 
the  presence  of  calculi  in  the 
bladder  and  kidneys. 

grav-el-ly  (-li),  adj.  composed  of, 
or  abounding  in,  gravel. 

grave-ly  (grav'li),  adv.  in  a 
grave  manner. 

grav-er  ('er),  n.  a  cutting  tool 
used  by  engravers  and  sculptors: 
an  engraver,  or  carver  in  stone. 

gra -vied  (grfi'vid),  adj.  covered 
or  served  with  gravy. 

gra-vim-e-ter  (gra-viin'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
specific  gravity  of  liquid  or  solid 
bodies. 

grav-i-met-ric  (grav-i-met'rik) , 
adj.  determined  by  weight. 

grav-ing  (grfiv'ing),  n.  the  act  of 
engraving  or  incising ;  the  clear- 
ing of  the  bottom  of  a  ship. 

grav-i-tate  (grav'i-tnt),  v.i.  to  be 
acted  upon  or  attracted  by  the 
force  of  gravity ;  be  naturally  at- 
tracted. 

grav-i-ta-tion  (-i-ta'shun),  n.  the 
force  which  attracts  material 
bodies  to  each  other. 

grav-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  that  force 
which  tends  to  draw  all  bodies 
towards  the  center  of  the  earth; 
weight ;  importance  ;  seriousness  ; 
solemnity ;  weight  of  guilt :  low- 
ness  of  a  tone  or  note  [Mus.]. 

gra-vy  (gra'vi),  n.  [pi.  gravies 
('viz)],  the  fatty  juice  from 
roasting  flesh. 

gray,  another  form  of  grey. 

gray-ling  (gra'ling),  n.  a  fresh- 
water fish  of  the  salmon  family. 

graze  (grfiz),  v.t.  to  furnish  pas- 
ture for;  touch  or  rub  lightly:  r.i. 
to  eat  grass ;  move  along  while 
grazing :  n.  a  slight  rub  or  touch. 

gra-zier  (grfl'zher),  n.  one  who 
pastures  cattle  or  breeds  them  for 
the  market. 

grease  (grez).  n.  soft  animal  fat: 
oily  matter:  inflammation  of  the 
hoof  and  fetlock  in  horses,  with  a 
fetid  discharge :  v.t.  to  smear  or 
rub  with  grease:  cause  to  move 
easily  ;  bribe. 

greas-er  Cer),  n.  one  who,  or  that 


which,     greases ;     a    Mexican,    or 
Mexican  Creole. 

greas-i-ly  (;i-li),  adv.  in  a  greasy 
manner. 

greas-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  greasy. 

greas-y  ('i).  adj.  \comp.  greasier, 
sttperl.  greasiest],  resembling, 
smeared,  or  spotted  with,  grease ; 
oily:  unctuous;  foggy;  muddy. 

great  (grat),  adj.  large;  chief; 
principal  ;  weighty  ;  marvelous  ; 
eminent ;  illustrious ;  high  in 
rank  or  position  ;  sublime  ;  noble  ; 
able ;  accomplished  ;  long-contin- 
ued ;  magnanimous  ;  high-minded  ; 
wealthy  ;  sumptuous  :  proud  : 
swollen;  pregnant;  intimate;  de- 
noting a  step  of  ascending  or 
descending  consanguinity :  tidr. 
very  much  :  n.  the  whole,  or  gross ; 
noble,  or  influential,  people. 

Syn.   big.   huge,   large,   majestic, 
vast,  grand,  noble,  august. 
Ant.    (see  small). 

Great-er  Brit-ain  ('er-brit'n),  n. 
the  colonies  of  Great  Britain. 

great  prim-er  (grat  prim'er),  n. 
a  size  of  type  (see  type). 

great  seal  (sel),  n.  the  chief  of- 
ficial seal  of  a  kingdom,  govern- 
ment, state,  &c. 

Great  Spir-it  (spir'it),  n.  the 
title  applied  to  the  Supreme 
Being  by  the  Red  Indians. 

greaves  (grevz),  n.pl.  armor  to 
protect  the  legs  from  the  ankle 
to  the  knee ;  the  sediment  of 
melted  tallow. 

grebe  (greb),  n.  a  four-toed  tail- 
less diving  bird. 

Gre-cian  (gre'shan),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Greece :  a  native  or  in- 
habitant of  Greece;  a  Greek 
scholar. 

Gre-cian  bend  (bend),  n.  a 
fashion  prevalent  among  women 
in  1868  of  bending  the  body  for- 
ward in  walking. 

Gre-cism  ('sizrn).  n.  a  Greek 
idiom. 

Gre-cize  (gre'sTz).  v.t.  to  make 
Grecian ;  translate  into  Greek : 
v.i.  to  imitate  the  Greeks  in  lan- 
sruage.  manner,  &c. 

Greco,  a  prefix  meaning  (!r<'<  /,•. 

greed  (gred),  n.  avarice;  greedi- 
ness. 

greed-i-ly  Ci-li),  adv.  in  a 
greedy  manner. 


ISte,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


gre 


403 


gri 


greed-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  greedy. 

Xyn.    avidity,   eagerness,   vorac- 
ity. 

Ant.    (see  generosity). 

greed -y  ('i).  ndj.  \comp.  greedier, 
superl.  greediest],  voracious; 
gluttonous  ;  eagerly  desirous  ;  cov- 
etous. 

Greek  (grek),  adj.  pertaining  to. 
or  resembling,  Greece  or  the 
Greeks;  Hellenic:  n.  a  Grecian; 
the  language  of  ancient  and  mod- 
ern Greece ;  something  unintelli- 
gible. 

Greek  Church  (cherch),  n.  the 
Eastern  or  Oriental  Church. 

Greek-cross  Ckros),  «.  a  cross 
with  four  equal  arms. 

Greek-fire  Cflr).  n.  an  inflam- 
mable material  used  by  the  an- 
cient Greeks  in  warfare :  said  to 
have  been  inextinguishable  in 
water. 

Greek  or-ders  (or'deiv,)>  n-.jil. 
in  architecture,  the  Doric.  Ionic, 
and  Corinthian  orders. 

green  (gren),  adj.  having  the 
color  of  growing  grass  or  plants; 
of  a  color  composed  of  blue  and 
yellow :  fresh  ;  nourishing ;  un- 
ripe;  not  salted;  immature;  inex- 
perienced ;  raw  ;  pale  ;  sickly  ;  not 
four  months  old:  said  of  a  goose: 
n.  the  color  of  growing  grass  or 
plants ;  a  color  composed  of  blue 
and  yellow  :  a  grass  plot  or  com- 
mon :  v.t.  to  make  green :  v.i.  to 
become  green. 

green-back  Cbak).  n.  a  paner 
money  IT.  S.  legal-tender  note) 
with  a  green  back,  first  issued  in 
1862. 

green-finch  ( 'finch),  n.  the 
green  grosbeak. 

green-fly  f'fll).  n.  a  green  plant- 
louse. 

green-horn  Chflrn),  n.  a  simple- 
ton :  novice. 

green-house  Chous),  n.  a  con- 
servatory. 

green-room  ('room),  n.  the  act- 
ors' retiring-room  in  a  theater. 

green  sick-ness  ('sik-nes).  n. 
chlorosis. 

greet  (gret).  v.t.  to  salute  in 
kindness  or  respect :  congratulate  : 
>-.i.  to  exchange  greetings. 

greet-ing  ('ing),  n.  salutation; 
welcome. 


gre-ga-le  (gra-ga'la).  n.  a  cold 
dry  northeast  wind  prevailing  at 
Malta  ;  the  euroclydon. 

gre-ga-ri-an  (gre-gfi'ri-An),  adj. 
living  in  herds  :  common. 

greg-a-ri-na  (greg-A-ri'nA),  n.  a 
very  minute  parasite  belonging 
to  the  Protozoa. 

gre-ga-ri-ous  (gre-gfi'ri-us).  adj. 
associating  or  going  together  in 
herds. 

grege   (grej).  n.  raw  silk. 

Gre-go-ri-an  cal-en-dar  (kal'en- 
der),  n.  the  reformed  calendar 
introduced,  1582,  by  Pope  Greg- 
ory XIII. 

Gre-go-ri-an  chant  (chant),  n. 
the  mediaeval  system  of  choral 
music,  introduced  by  Pope  Greg- 
ory the  Great :  plain  song. 

gre-mi-al  (gre'mi-al),  n.  an  eccle- 
siastical vestment  worn  by  a 
bishop  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church. 

gren-ade  (gren-ad'),  n.  an  explo- 
sive shell  fired  by  a  fuse  and 
thrown  by  hand. 

gren  -  a  -  dier  (gren-a-deV) .  n. 
originally  a  foot  soldier  who  threw 
L'renades,  now  a  soldier  of  the 
Grenadier  Guards. 

gren-a-dine  (-a-den').  n.  a  dress 
fabric  of  thin  gauzy  silk  or  wool ; 
a  dyestuff. 

gres  (gra),  n.  a  fine  stoneware 
made  in  Germany. 

grew,  p.t.  of  grow. 

grey  (gra).  adj.  of  a  white  color 
with  a  mixture  of  black ;  hoary  : 
mature :  n.  the  color  of  white- 
mixed  with  black  :  a  grey  horse. 

grey-beard  ('herd),  n.  an  old 
man. 

grey-hound  ('hound),  n.  a  slen- 
der swift  hound  used  for  coursing. 

grid-die  (grid'l),  n.  a  broad  shal- 
low pan.  used  for  cooking  cakes  ; 
a  large  sieve  for  sifting  ore. 

grid-dle-cake  (-kfik).  n.  a  thin 
butter  cake. 

gride  (grid),  v.t.  to  jar  harshly. 

grid-e-lin  (grid'e-lin).  n.  a  color 
mixed  of  white  and  red,  or  a  grey 
violet. 

grid-iron  Clrn),  n.  a  grated  iron 
utensil  for  broiling  meat  or  fish  : 
a  contrivance  for  examining  and 
repairing  the  hulls  of  ships. 

grief  (gref),  n.  mental  pain  on 
account  of  present  or  past  trou- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  h5.  her,  let;  line,  tin;  v6te,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  f/ien. 


404 


ble ;  that  which  causes  sorrow  or 
sadness ;   physical  pain. 

Syn.     affliction,     sorrow,     trial, 
woe,  tribulation. 
Ant.  (see  joy). 

griev-ance  (grev'ans),  n.  a  sense 
of  wrrong  or  oppression  ;  just  or 
supposed  ground  of  complaint ; 
an  injustice ;  cause  of  annoyance. 

grieve  (grf-v),  v.t.  to  cause  to  ex- 
perience grief ;  afflict  mentally  : 
v.t.  to  be  in  sorrow ;  lament. 

Syn.     mourn,     lament,     sorrow, 
pain,  hurt,  wound,  bewail. 
Ant.  (see  rejoice). 

griev-ous  ('us),  adj.  causing  grief 
or  sorrow ;  hard  to  be  borne ; 
painful ;  oppressive ;  pitiable ; 
atrocious ;  vexatious. 

N//H.    painful,    afflicting,   heavy, 
baleful,  unhappy. 

grif-fin  ('in),  n.  a  fabulous  ani- 
mal with  the  body  and  legs  of  a 
lion,  the  wings  and  beak  of  an 
eagle,  and  with  listening  ears ;  a 
watchful  chaperon.  Also  griffon 
and  gryphon. 

grig  (grig),  n.  a  grasshopper; 
cricket ;  the  sand-eel ;  heather. 

grill  (gril),  v.t.  to  broil;  tor- 
ment, as  if  by  grilling :  v.i.  to  be 
broiled :  n.  a  gridiron ;  grilled 
meat. 

gril  lade  (-ad'),  n.  the  act  of 
grilling ;  grilled  meat. 

gril-lage  ('aj),  n.  an  arrange- 
ment of  sleepers  and  crossbeams 
forming  a  foundation  in  loose  or 
marshy  soil_  for  erections. 

gril-le  (gre-la'),  n.  lace  with  a 
background  of  parallel  bars. 

grille  (gril),  n.  an  open  grating 
or  screen  of  wrought  metal ;  a 
kind  of  frame  for  hatching  fish. 

grim  (grim),  adj.  [comp.  grim- 
mer, supcrl.  grimmest],  of  a  for- 
bidding aspect;  stern  and  surly; 
hideous ;  frightful ;  cruel ;  un- 
yielding. 

gri-mace  (gri-mas').  n.  a  distor- 
tion of  the  countenance  ;  smirk  : 
v.i.  to  uiake  grimaces. 

gri-mal-kin  (-mawl'kin),  n.  an 
old  cat. 

grime  (grim),  n.  foul  matter; 
dirt  deeply  ingrained :  v.t.  to 
make  dirty  or  grimy. 

gri-mi-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  grimy 
manner. 


gri-mi-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  grimy. 

gri-my  ('i),  adj.  full  of  grime. 

grin  (grin),  n.  the  act  of  closing 
the  teeth  and  showing  them ;  a 
broad  smile :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
grinned,  p.pr.  grinning],  to  show 
the  teeth  in  laughter,  scorn,  or 
pain  :  v.t.  to  express  by  grinning. 

grind  (grind),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  />./*. 
ground,  p.pr.  grinding],  to  pulver- 
ize or  reduce  to  powder  by  fric- 
tion ;  sharpen  or  smooth  by  fric- 
tion ;  grate  ;  oppress  ;  harass  ;  pre- 
pare for  examination  ;  study  hard  : 
v.i.  to  perform  the  act  of  grind- 
ing ;  be  rubbed  together ;  turn  a 
mill:  n.  the  act  of  grinding;  hard 
study  for  an  examination  ;  labori- 
ous and  tedious  work. 

•SJ/H.      crush,      oppress,      grate, 
harass,  afflict. 

grind-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  grinds ;  a  molar 
tooth ;  one  who  coaches  pupils 
for  an  examination. 

grind-stone  ('stun),  n.  a  flat,  cir- 
cular stone  for  sharpening  tools, 
&c. 

grin-ning-ly  (grin'ing-li),  adr. 
with  a  grin. 

grip  (grip),  n.  a  grasp  with  the 
hand ;  a  holding  fast ;  that  by 
which  anything  is  held  firmly  ;  a 
particular  mode  of  graspinsr  the 
hand,  as  among  Freemasons ; 
grasping  power;  a  small  ditch  or 
trench  ;  grippe :  v.t.  to  grasp,  or 
seize :  v.i.  to  take  fast  hold. 

gripe  (grip),  n.  a  clasping  with 
the  hand  or  arms ;  a  squeeze ; 
pressure ;  pinching  distress :  pi. 
colic :  v.t.  to  hold  with  closed 
fingers ;  grasp ;  hold  tightly ; 
seize;  clutch;  oppress;  pinch:  r.i. 
to  take  firm  hold. 

grip-ing   ('ing),  adj.  avaricious. 

grippe  (grip,  or  grep),  n.  influ- 
enza. Also  grip. 

grip-per  (grip'er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  grips;  a  mechanical 
device  for  seizing  and  holding. 

gri-saille  (gri-zal'  or  gri-zayft), 
n.  a  method  of  painting  in  jrn-y 
tints,  so  as  to  represent  a  solid 
body  in  bas-relief. 

gri-sette  (gre-zef),  n.  a  Parisian 
shop-girl;  a  French  girl  of  the 
operative  class  who  dresses  co- 
quettishly ;  a  moth. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


405 


gro 


gris-kin    (gris'kin),     n.     a 
spine. 

gris-ly  (griz'li),  adj.  terrible; 
savage-looking. 

Syn.     terrible,     hideous,     grim, 
ghastly,  dreadful. 
Ant.  (see  pleasing). 

gris-ly,  same  as  grizzly. 

gri-son  (gri'sun),  n.  a  carnivo- 
rous mammal  of  South  America 
resembling  a  weasel. 

grist  (grist),  n.  grain  for  grind- 
ing ;  ground  corn ;  provision  or 
supply. 

gris-tle   (gris'l),  n.  cartilage. 

gris-tly   Cli),  adj.  cartilaginous. 

grit    (grit),  n.   rough,   hard  parti- 
cles,  as   sand,    &c. ;    a   hard   sand- 
stone composed  of  sharp  silicious 
§  rains ;   the  coarse  part  of  meal ; 
rmness    of    character :    courage : 
pi.     oats     hulled     and     coarsely 
ground. 

grit-ti-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  gritty. 

grit-ty  ( 'i ) ,  adj.  composed  of. 
containing,  or  resembling,  grit; 
courageous. 

griz-zly  ( 'li ) ,  adj.  somewhat  grey  : 
n.  the  grizzly  bear,  a  large,  fierce 
bear  of  North  America. 

groan  ( gro  n ) ,  n.  a  low,  deep 
sound  uttered  in  pain  or  sorrow  ; 
a  deep,  rumbling  sound  expressive 
of  disapprobation  or  ridicule;  a 
low,  dismal  sound,  as  of  the  wind  : 
r.i.  to  utter  a  groan  ;  lament ;  be 
burdened :  v.t.  to  express  disap- 
proval of  by  groans. 

groat  (grot),  n.  formerly  a  silver 
coin  current  in  England,  value 
4d. ;  a  trifling  sum :  pi.  hulled 
oats. 

gro-cer  (gro'ser),  n.  one  who 
soils  groceries. 

gro-cer-y  (-i),  n.  [pi.  groceries 
(-iz)],  tea,  coffee,  sugar,  spices, 
&c.  (usually  pi.)  ;  a  grocer's  shop ; 
a  grog-shop. 

grog  (grog),  n.  a  mixture  of 
spirits  and  water;  spirituous 
liquor :  v.t.  to  make  into  grog  by 
the  addition  of  water. 

grog-ger-y  ('er-i),  n.  a  low 
drinking  place;  a  grog-shop. 

grog-gi-ness  ( 'i-nes).  n.  the  state 
of  being  groggy. 

grog-ging  ('ing),  n.  the  extrac- 
tion of  spirits  from  empty  casks 
by  hot  water. 


grpg-gy  ('i),  adj.  tipsy;  moving 
with  an  unsteady  gait :  said  of 
horses ;  staggering  as  if  dazed : 
said  of  a  pugilist. 

groin  (groin),  n.  the  depressed 
part  o_f  the  human  body  between 
the  thigh  and  the  belly  ;  the  angu- 
lar curve  made  by  the  intersection 
of  two  arches :  v.t.  to  build  or 
form  into  groins. 

groin-met  (grom'et),  n.  a  ring 
formed  of  a  strand  of  rope  laid 
round ;  an  eyelet  of  metal ;  a  can- 
non-wad made  of  rope,  and 
rammed  between  the  powder  and 
the  ball. 

groom  (groom),  n.  a  man  or  boy 
who  has  charge  of  horses ;  a  bride- 
groom ;  the  title  of  several  officers 
of  the  royal  household :  v.t.  to 
feed  and  take  care  of,  as  a  groom 
does  a  horse;  curry j^ind  brush. 

grooms-man  (groomz'man),  n. 
one  who  attends  a  bridegroom ; 
best  man. 

groove  (groov).  n.  a  channel  or 
furrow,  especially  as  cut  by  a 
tool ;  settled  habit  or  routine :  v.t. 
to  form  or  cut  a  groove  in. 

grope  (grop).  v.i.  to  feel  one's 
way  with  the  hands,  as  in  the 
dark ;  seek  blindly  :  v.t.  to  search 
out,  as  in  the  dark,  by  feeling  with 
the  hands. 

gros  (gro),  n.  a  heavy  silk  fabric. 

gros-beak  (gros'bek),  n.  the  name 
of  various  warblers  with  a  large 
stout  beak,  allied  to  the  finches. 

gros-grain  (gro'grfm),  n.  a  stout 
double-corded  silk. 

gross  (grost.  ailj.  bulky:  thick; 
coarse;  rude;  indelicate;  flagrant; 
dull ;  heavy  ;  corpulent ;  dense ; 
whole :  n.  12  dozen  ;  main  body ; 
mass ;  entire  amount. 

N.vre.     coarse,     outrageous,     un- 
seemly,   shameful,   indelicate. 
Ant.   (see  delicate). 

gros-sn-line  (gros'ii-lin),  n.  a 
principle  obtained  from  certain 
acid  fruits,  as  gooseberries.  Also 
grossaline. 

grot  (grot),  n.  a  grotto  [Poet.]. 

gro-tesque  (gro-tesk'),  adj.  fan- 
tastically or  oddly  formed ;  ex- 
travagant; whimsical;  ridiculous: 
n.  whimsical  ornamentation,  fig- 
ures, or  scenery ;  the  incongruous 
or  uncouth  in  art. 


late,  mar,  mfisk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gro 


406 


gru 


grot-to  (grot'o),  n.  a  natural  or 
artificial  cavern  in  the  earth. 

grot-to-work  (-werk),  n.  orna- 
mental work  in  imitation  of  grot- 
tos. 

ground  (ground),  n.  the  earth  or 
soil ;  surface  of  a  floor  or  pave- 
ment ;  land  ;  territory  ;  country  ; 
estate ;  foundation  ;  cause  or  rea- 
son :  origin  ;  original  principle ;  a 
fundamental  or  preparatory  part 
in  various  arts ;  plain  song :  pi. 
dregs  or  sediment :  v.t.  to  place  or 
set  on,  or  in,  the  ground ;  settle 
in  first  principles;  base;  cover 
with  paint  or  plaster;  run 
aground  :  v.i.  to  take  the  ground  ; 
place  dependence  on  :  adj.  funda- 
mental :  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  grind. 

ground-hog  ('hog),  n.  the  wood- 
chuck  ;  the  aardvark. 

ground-sel  Csol),  n.  a  weed  of 
the  aster  family  with  yellow 
flowers. 

ground-swell  ('swel),  n.  a 
broad,  deep,  heavy,  rolling  sea, 
caused  by  a  distant  storm  or 
earthquake. 

group  (groop),  n.  a  small  crowd 
or  assemblage ;  a  cluster ;  an  as- 
semblage of  figures  or  objects 
forming  an  artistic  whole ;  a  divi- 
sion of  organisms  with  certain 
characteristics ;  the  chief  division 
of  a  geological  system :  v.t.  to 
form  into  a  group. 

Syn.    assembly,    cluster,    collec- 
tion, clump,  order,  class. 

grouse  (grous),  n.  red  and  black 
heath-game  ;  partridge  ;  pheasant ; 
prairie-hen. 

grout  (srout),  n.  mortar  or  ce- 
ment mixed  with  gravel,  used  for 
foundations  and  joints  of  mason- 
ry ;  a  fine  plaster  for  ceilings ; 
coarse  meal :  v.t.  to  surround  or 
fill  in  with  grout. 
grout-y  (grout'i),  adj.  cross; 

sulky  ;    dreggy. 

grove  (grov),  n.  a  small  wood;  a 
row  of  trees  shading  an  avenue. 
grov-el  (grov'el),  v.i.  to  lie 
prone ;  move  with  the  body  pros- 
trate on  the  ground ;  be  mean  or 
debased. 

Syn.  crawl,  cringe,  fawn,  sneak. 
grov-el-er      (-er),     n.     one     who 

grovels. 

grov-el-ing  (-ing),  p.adj.  lying 
prostrate  ;  mean  ;  undignified. 


grow  (gro),  v.t.  [p.t.  grew,  p.p. 
grown,  p.pr.  growing],  to  culti- 
vate :  v.i.  to  increase  in  stature 
or  size  by  natural  organic  devel- 
opment ;  be  produced  by  vegeta- 
tion;  increase;  flourish;  thrive; 
become  :  advance  ;  become  fixed  or 
attached. 

Syn.  increase,  vegetate,  expand, 
advance. 

Ant.    (see  decay,   diminution). 
growl    (groul),    n.    a    deep   angry 
snarl  or  murmur:  v.i.  to  snarl  or 
murmur  like  a  dog ;  grumble. 

Syn.    grumble,    snarl,    murmur, 
complain. 

grOwl-er    ('er),    n.   one  who,   and 
that     which,     growls ;     a     North 
American    perch ;    a    four-wheeled 
cab ;  pitcher  or  pail  of  beer. 
grown,   p.p.  of  grow. 
growth    (groth),  n.   the  progress- 
ive   increase   of   animal    or   vege- 
table   bodies ;     advancement ;     in- 
crease ;  progress  ;  result ;  effect. 
grub     (grub),     v.t.     [p.t.    &    p.p. 
grubbed,    p.pr.    grubbing] .    to    dig 
iij) ;   root  out  of  the  ground  :  pro- 
vide with   food  :  v.i.  to  drudge  or 
toil ;   perform   dirty  work :   n.   the 
larva  of  a  beetle,  moth,  or  other 
insect ;    food ;    a    sloven    or   dirty 
person. 
grub-ber   Cer),  one  who,  or  that 

which,    grubs. 

grudge  (gruj).  v.t.  to  regard 
with  envy  or  discontent ;  give  or 
take  with  reluctance:  /?.  secret 
malice  or  ill-will ;  an  old  dislike 
or  quarrel. 

Syn.      malice,      rancor,      spite, 
pique,  hatred,  aversion. 
gru-el    (groo'el).   n.   a   light  semi- 
liquid  food  made  of  oatmeal,  &c., 
for  invalids. 

grue-some  (groo'sum),  adj.  hor- 
rible of  aspect ;  inspiring  gloom  or 
horror. 

gruff  (gruf),  ndj.  rough  or  surly 
in  voice  or  manner ;  harsh ; 
hoarse. 

Syn.  rough,  rugged,  blunt,  rude, 
harsh,   surly,   bearish. 
.Inf.    (see  pleasant), 
gru-gru  (groo'groo).  n.  the  larva 
of     a     South     American     weevil, 
cooked  for  food  as  a  delicacy. 
grum-ble    (grum'bl),  v.i.  to  mur- 
mur discontentedly ;  find  fault. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gru 


407 


guf 


grum-bling  ('bling),  n.  the  act 
of  murmuring  discontentedly. 

gru-mous  (groo'mus),  adj.  con- 
sisting of  clustered  grains ;  thick 
or  clotted. 

grump-i-ly  (grump'i-li),  adv.  in 
a  grumpy  manner. 

grump-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the 
state  of  being  grumpy. 

grump-y  ('i),  adj.  surly;  cross; 
low-spirited. 

grunt  (grunt),  n.  the  guttural 
noise  of  a  hog ;  an  edible  marine 
American  fish :  v.i.  to  make  a 
noise  like  a  hog. 

gru-yere  (groo-ytir'),  n.  a  Swiss 
or  French  cheese  made  from  skiui- 
milk. 

gry-po-sis  (gri-po'sis).  n.  an  in- 
growing of  the  nails.  Also  gryph- 
osis. 

grys-bok  (gris'bok),  n.  a  South 
African  antelope. 

gua-co  (gvvil'ko).  n.  tropical 
American  plant,  used  as  a  specific 
for  snake-bites. 

Guai-a-cnm  (gwi'A-kum),  n.  a 
genus  of  tropical  American  and 
West  Indian  shrubs  and  trees 
from  which  a  resin,  extensively 
used  in  medicine,  is  obtained. 

guan  (gwan),  n.  a  gallinaceous 
bird  of  South  America. 

giia-na-co  (gwa-na'ko),  n.  the 
wild  llama  of  the  Andes. 

gua-nif-er-ous  (gwa-nif'er-us), 
adj.  yielding  guano. 

gna-nine  Cnin),  n.  a  principle 
found  in  guano,  pancreatic  juice, 
&c. 

gna-no  ('no),  n.  the  dung  of  sea- 
birds  found  in  thick  layers  in 
South  America  and  Africa,  yield- 
ing a  valuable  manure. 

guar-an-tee  (gar-an-te'),  n.  an 
engagement  made  by  a  third  per- 
son to  sec-tire  the  fulfillment  of 
an  agreement ;  one  who  becomes 
surety  for  the  performance  of  an- 
other's acts :  v.t.  to  undertake 
that  another  shall  ncrform  a  cer- 
tain stipulation:  warrant;  be  re- 
sponsible for.  Also  guaranty. 

guar-an-tor  Can-tor),  n.  one  who 
guarantees,  or  makes,  a  guaranty. 

guar-an-ty,  the  legal  form  of 
guarantee. 

guard  (gard),  v.t.  to  watch  over 
or  protect ;  preserve  by  caution ; 


shield  or  defend :  v.i.  be  cautious 
(with  against)  :  n.  security  or 
defense  against  injury  or  attack ; 
a  state  of  vigilance  or  caution ; 
attention  :  any  contrivance  or  de- 
vice for  security ;  an  official  in 
charge  of  a  train  ;  a  man  or  body 
of  men  employed  for  defense  or 
control. 

gnard-ed  ('ed),  p.adj.  defended; 
careful ;  cautious  ;  circumspect. 

guard-i-an  ('i-an),  n.  one  who 
has  the  care  of  the  person  or 
property  of  another ;  a  warden : 
adj.  protecting ;  tutelary. 

guard-ship  ('ship),  n.  a  war- 
ship stationed  at  a  port  or  har- 
bor for  its  protection. 

guards-man  (z'man),  n.  [pi. 
guardsmen  ('men)],  an  officer  or 
soldier  of  the  guards. 

gua-va  (gwa'va),  n.  a  tree  of 
tropical  America  yielding  a  pear- 
shaped  fruit,  from  which  a  jelly 
is  made. 

gu-ber-na-to-ri-al  (gu-ber-na-to'- 
ri-al),  adj.  pertaining  to  a  gov- 
ernor or  to  his  office. 

gudg-eon  (guj'un).  n.  a  small 
edible  fresh-water  fish ;  a  person 
who  is  easily  imposed  upon ;  an 
iron  pin  or  shaft  on  which  a 
wheel  revolves. 

gner-don   (ger'dun),  n.  a  reward. 

guer-il-la  (ger-51'a),  n.  one  of  an 
irregular  force  engaged  in  harass- 
ing an  enemy  in  small  bands: 
petty  warfare :  adj.  belonging  to, 
or  consisting  of,  guerillas :  per- 
taining to  irregular  warfare. 

Guern-sey  (gern'zi),  n.  a  breed  of 
dairy  cattle  from  the  island  of 
Guernsey. 

guern-sey  (gern'zi),  n.  a  close-fit- 
ting knitted  woolen  shirt. 

guess  (ges),  n.  a  conjecture;  the 
act  of  guessing :  r.t.  to  hit  upon 
at  random  ;  believe  or  think  :  v.i. 
to  conjecture. 

guess-work  ('werk),  n.  random 
conjecture ;  work  performed  by 
guess. 

guest  (gest),  n.  one  who  is  en- 
tertained at  the  house  or  table' 
of  another. 

gue-vi  (gwfi've),  n.  a  South  Afri- 
can antelope. 

guf -f  aw  (guf-faw'),  n.  a  rude 
boisterous  laugh. 


late,  mar,  mAsk,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  p6Mi,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


guf 


408 


gum 


guf-fer   (  'er  I .  n.  the  eel-pout. 

guhr  (goor),  n.  a  loose  earthy  de- 
posit found  in  the  clefts  and 
cavities  of  rooks. 

guib  (gwib),  n.  a  West  African 
antelope. 

guid-a-ble  (gld'a'-bl),  adj.  that 
may  be  guided. 

guidance  Cans),  n.  direction; 
leading. 

guide  ( gld  ) ,  n.  one  who  leads  or 
directs:  conductor;  director;  a 
soldier  or  other  person  who  ob- 
tains information  for  an  army; 
that  by  which  one  directs  his 
course  ;  a  snide-book  :  v.t.  to  lead 
or  direct;  influence;  regulate; 
govern  by  counsel. 

guide-book  ( 'book ) ,  n.  a  hand- 
book for  the  direction  of  travel- 
ers. 

gui-don  (gi'dun),  n.  the  forked 
Hag  of  a  troop  of  light  cavalry  ; 
the  flag  of  a  guild  or  confra- 
ternity. 

guild  (gild),  n.  a  fraternity;  cor- 
poration ;  association.  Also  gild. 

guild-er  ('er),  n.  the  Dutch 
florin,  value  about  40.2  cents. 

guile  I  iill ) .  n.  deceit ;  cunning  ; 
duplicity. 

X//H.  deceit,  fraud. 
Ant.   (see  candor). 

guile-ful  ('fool),  adj.  full  of 
guile. 

guillemot  (gil'e-mot) ,  tt.  a 
species  of  auk. 

guil-loclie  (gil-losh'),  n.  a  series 
of  interwoven  or  twisted  orna- 
ments. 

guil-lo-tine  ( 'o-ten ) .  n.  an  appa- 
ratus for  beheading  a  criminal  by 
means  of  a  heavy  knife  sliding  in 
two  upright  grooves  :  v.t.  (-6-ten') 
to  behead  with  the  guillotine. 

guilt  (gilt),  n.  the  state  of  one 
who  is  liable  to  a  penalty;  sin; 
criminality. 

guilt-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  guilty 
manner, 

guilt  i-ness  (M-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  guilty. 

guilt-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  guiltier, 
mi  perl,  guiltiest],  justly  charge- 
able with  a  crime  ;  wicked  ;  crim- 
inal ;  not  innocent. 

N////.  culpable,  sinful,  criminal. 

guinea  (giu'e),  n.  a  gold  coin, 
formerly  current  in  England, 
value  21s.  or  about  $5. 


guin-ea-fowl  (-foul),  n.  a  grey- 
ish-blue gallinaceous  bird  with 
white  spots,  originally  from 
Guinea. 

guinea-pig  (-pig),  n.  a  small 
domesticated  South  American  ro- 
dent, allied  to  the  cavy. 

gui-pure  (ge-pur'),  n.  a  kind  of 
lace  or  gimp. 

guise  (giz),  n.  external  appear- 
ance ;  dress :  mien. 

gui-tar  (gi-tiir'),  n.  a  six-stringed 
instrument,  on  the  principle  of 
the  violin,  played  with  the  fingers. 

gu-la  (gu'la),  n.  [pi.  guise  ("lei], 
n.  the  gullet ;  throat. 

gu-lar  ('lar),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  gula. 

gulch,  (gulch),  n.  a  rocky  or 
rough  narrow  valley. 

gulf  (gulf),  n.  an  arm  of  the  sea 
extending  into  the  land,  interme- 
diate in  size  between  a  bay  and 
sea ;  a  deep  place  in  the  earth ; 
an  abyss;  whirlpool;  something 
insatiable. 

gulf  stream  (strem),  n.  a  vast 
and  important  warm  ocean-cur- 
rent flowing  out  from  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

gull  (gul),  n.  a  web-footed  sea- 
fowl  with  long  wings;  one  who 
is  easily  cheated :  v.t.  to  cheat ; 
deceive ;  impose  upon. 

gul-let  ('et),  n.  the  throat; 
(esophagus. 

gul-li-bil-i-ty  (gul-i-bil'i-ti) ,  n. 
capacity  for  being  gulled. 

gul-li-ble  (gul'i-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  easily  deceived. 

gul-ly  ('i),  n.  [pi.  gullies  ('iz)], 
a  channel  or  hollow  worn  by 
water ;  narrow  ravine ;  a  metal 
tram-rail  or  -plate. 

gulp  (gulp),  v.t.  to  swallow  down 
eagerly  or  in  large  draughts :  n. 
the  act  of  gulping;  swallow. 

gum  (gum),  n.  the  soft  fleshy 
part  of  the  jaws  by  which  the 
teeth  are  surrounded :  a  semi- 
transparent  viscid  vegetable  sub- 
stance that  exudes  from  certain 
trees  and  shrubs  and  hardens  on 
the  surface :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p 
gummed,  p.pr.  gumming].  to 
smear  or  unite  with  gum. 

gum  ar-a-bic  (ar'ft-bik),  n.  fc 
gum  obtained  from  various  specie0 
of  acacia. 

gum-bo    (bo),   n.   a   dish   or  soup 


late,  rniir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  mooii, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gum 


409 


gut 


made  from  the  gummy  pods  of 
the  okra  ;  a  Creole  patois ;  prairie 
mud. 

gum-mi-ness  Ci-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  gummy. 

gum-my   ('i),  adj.  like  gum. 

gump  -  tion  (gump'shun),  n. 
quickness  of  perception  :  common 
sense ;  in  the  fine  arts,  the  art  of 
preparing  colors. 

gnmp-tious  ('shus).  adj.  shrewd; 
smart. 

gnu  (gun),  n.  an  instrument  for 
discharging  shot,  by  the  force  of 
an  explosive :  v.i.  to  shoot  with 
a  gun. 

gun-boat  (gun'bot).  «.  a  warship 
of  light  draught,  next  in  size  to 
a  cruiser,  carrying  several  heavy 
guns. 

gun-cot-ton  Ckot-n).  n.  a  highly 
explosive  substance  formed  by  the 
action  of  nitric  and  sulphuric 
acid  upon  cotton,  or  some  other 
vegetable  fibre. 

gun-fire  ('fir),  n.  the  hour  at 
which  the  morning  and  evening 
gun  is  fired. 

gun- jali    ( 'ja  1 ,  n.  the  hemp  plant  | 
of  India.    Also  ganja. 

gun-met-al  Cmet-al),  n.  an  alloy 
of  copper  and  tin. 

gun-nel,  same  as  gunwale. 

gun-ner  CerK  «.  one  who  works 
a  gun  ;  an  artilleryman  ;  a  war- 
rant-officer in  the  navy  who  has 
charge  of  the  ordnance  of  a  war- 
vessel  and  ordnance-stores. 

gun-ner-y  C'er-i),  n.  the  science 
of  artillery. 

gnn-ning  Ting),  n.  the  shooting 
of  game  with  a  gun. 

gun-ny  ('i),  n.  [pi.  gunnies  ('iz)l, 
a  coarse  heavy  sackcloth  of  jute 
or  hemp. 

gun-ppw-der  Cpou-der),  n.  an 
explosive  substance  composed  of 
sulphur,  niter  and  charcoal ;  a  fine 
kind  of  green  tea. 

Gun-ter's  chain  (gun'terz  chan), 
n.  a  surveyor's  chain  used  in 
measuring  land.  00  ft.  long,  and 
divided  in  100  links  of  7.92  in. 
each. 

Gun-ter's  scale  (skal),  n.  a 
large  plane  scale,  with  various 
lines  of  numbers  engraved  upon 
it,  bj  means  of  which  surveyors' 


and  navigators'  calculations  are 
determined. 

gun-wale  (gun'l),  n.  the  upper 
edge  of  the  side  of  a  ship  next  to 
the  bulwarks. 

gur-gi-ta-tion  (ger-ji-ta'shun),  n. 
a  state  of  boiling,  or  whirling 
round. 

gur-gle  (ger'gl),  v.i.  to  flow  or 
run  with  a  purling,  bubbling 
sound :  n.  a  purling,  bubbling 
noise. 

gur-glet  ('glet),  n.  a  porous 
earthen  vessel  for  cooling  water. 

gur-net  ('net),  n.  an  edible  sea- 
fish  with  a  large  angular  head 
and  rough  bony  skin.  Also  gur- 
nard. 

gur-rah  (gur'a),  n.  a  plain  coarse 
Indian  muslin. 

gur-ry  ('i),  n.  in  India,  a  small 
native  fort ;  crude  oil  from  the 
livers  of  fish. 

gush  (gush),  n.  a  sudden  and  vi- 
olent flow  of  a  liquid  from  an  in- 
closed space ;  outburst ;  an  ex- 
travagant display  of  sentiment : 
v.i.  to  issue  with  violence  and  ra- 
pidity ;  flow  copiously ;  be  extrav- 
agantly sentimental. 

gush-er  ('er).  n.  one  who.  or  that 
which,  gushes ;  an  oil  well  that 
discharges  its  contents  without 
the  aid  of  machinery. 

gus-set  (gus'et),  n.  a  small  trian- 
gular piece  of  cloth  inserted  in  a 
garment  to  strengthen  or  enlarge 
a  part. 

gust  (gust),  n.  a  sudden  squall; 
a  sudden  and  violent  outburst  of 
passion. 

gus-ta-to-ry  ('ta-to-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  taste. 

gnst-ful  ('fool),  adj.  full  of  gusto. 

gns-to  Cto),  n.  zest;  relish. 

gus-ty  ('i),  adj.  characterized  by 
gusts. 

gut  (gut),  n.  the  intestinal  canal; 
an  intestine ;  catgut ;  a  narrow 
channel  or  strait :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
gutted,  p.pr.  gutting],  to  extract 
the  entrails  of ;  eviscerate ;  to 
plunder,  or  empty  entirely. 

gut-ta-per-cha  (-perVha),  n.  a 
reddish-brown  horn-like  sub- 
stance ;  the  inspissated  juice  of 
the  gutta-percha  tree  (Isonandra 
gtttta)  of  the  Malay  Archipelago. 

gut-ter  ('er),  n.  a  channel  for 
carrying  away  water:  v.t.  to  cut 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  v8te,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


gut 


410 


into  small  channels :  furnish 
with  gutters :  v.t.  to  run  in  drops. 

gut-ter-ing  (-ing),  n.  a  making 
into  hollows ;  the  act  of  falling  in 
drops ;  material  for  making  gut- 
ters. 

gut-tur-al  ('er-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  produced  in,  the  throat : 
n.  a  letter  produced  in  the  throat. 

gut-tur-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  gut- 
tural manner. 

guy  (gi),  n.  a  rope,  chain,  &c.,  to 
swing  and  keep  steady  a  heavy 
body  ;  an  effigy,  especially  of  Guy 
Fawkes ;  a  person  oddly  or  dowd- 
ily  dressed :  v.t.  to  steady  or  guide 
with  a  guy :  ridicule ;  delude. 

guz-zle  (guz'l),  v.i.  to  drink  greed- 
ily and  immoderately :  n.  intoxi- 
cating liquor;  a  drunken  debauch. 

guz-zy  Ci).  n.  an  East  Indian  cot- 
ton cloth. 

gwin-i-ad  (gwin'i-ad),  n.  a  Welsh 
trout ;  the  powan.  Also  guiniad. 

gym  11,  a  prefix  meaning  naked, 
dcxtitiifc  of,  occurring  in  many 
compound  words.  Also  gymno. 

gym-iian-thous  (jim-nan'thus) , 
adj.  without  calyx  or  corolla. 

gym-na-si-um  (-na'zi-um),  n.  [pi. 
gymnasia  (-a)],  a  building  where 
gymnastic  exercises  are  practiced  ; 
a  school  for  the  higher  branches 
of  literature  and  art ;  in  ancient 
Greece,  a  place  for  athletic  ex- 
ercises, provided  with  baths,  &c., 
also,  in  connection  with  it,  apart- 
ments in  which  philosophic  dis- 
cussions were  carried  on. 

gyiu-nast  ('nast),  n.  one  who 
practices,  or  is  expert  in,  gym- 
nastics. 

gym-nas-tic  ('ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  gymnas- 
tics. 

gym-nas-tics  ('iks),  n.pl.  athletic 
exercises ;  the  art  of  developing 
the  physical  powers  by  athletic  ex- 
ercises. 

gymno,  prefix  see  gymn. 


gym-no-gens  (jim'no-jens) ,  n.pl. 
plants  having  naked  seeds,  or  not 
inclosed  in  an  ovary. 

gym-no-tus  (jim-no'tus),  n.  the 
electric  eel  of  South  America. 

gyn-ar-chy  (jin'ar-ki),  n.  gov- 
ernment by  a  woman  ;  female  rule. 

gyne,  a  prefix  meaning  woman,  fe- 
male. Also  gyneco. 

gyn-e-coc-ra-cy  ( jin-e-kok'ra-si) , 
n.  female  rule  or  supremacy. 
Also  gyneocracy. 

gyn-e-col-o-gy  (jin-e-kol'6-ji).  n. 
that  branch  of  medical  science 
which  treats  of  the  functions  and 
diseases  of  women. 

gyn-e-ol-a-try  ('ol'a-tri),  n.  ex- 
cessive homage  paid  to  women. 

gynp,  prefix  meaning  ovary  or 
pistil,  occurring  in  various  botan- 
ical terms,  as  j/.ynophore,  the  long 
stalk  upon  which  some  ovaria  are 
situated,  as  in  the  passion  flower. 

gyp-sum  (jip'sum),  n.  sulphate  of 
lime ;  plaster  of  paris. 

Gryp-sy»  same  as  Gipsy. 

gy-ral  (ji'ral),  adj.  rotatory; 
whirling. 

gy-rate  ('rat),  v.i.  to  revolve 
round  a  central  point ;  rotate ; 
wheel. 

gy-ra-to-ry  ('ra-to-ri),  adj.  re- 
volving in  a  circle. 

gyre  (jlr),  n.  a  fetter  for  the 
legs :  v.t.  to  fetter. 

gyro,  a  prefix  in  various  scientific 
words  meaning  a  circle,  round. 

gy-ro-scope  (ji'ro-skop),  n.  an 
instrument  for  demonstrating  the 
laws  of  dynamics  governing  ro- 
tating bodies. 

gy-ro-scope-rail-way  (-ral'wfi ) , 
n.  a  recent  invention  of  a  single- 
rail  railway,  each  car  being  kept 
erect  by  the  rotary  force  of  two 
gyroscopes  in  rapid  opposite  mo- 
tion. The  car  used  is  called  by 
the  inventor  a  gyro-car. 

gy-ro-stat  (-stat),  n.  an  instru- 
ment for  demonstrating  the  dy- 
namics of  rotating  rigid  bodies. 


late,  m&r,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot',  m66n, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  the*. 


ha 


411 


hac 


H 


ha  (ha),  inter j.  an  expression  of 
wonder,  joy,  hesitation,  &c. :  v.i. 
to  express  wonder,  &c. ;  hesitate. 

haaf  (haf).  n.  a  deep-sea  fishing- 
bank  off  the  Shetlands. 

ha  be-as  cor-pus  (hii'be-as  kor'- 
pus,  Latin,  have  the  body),  a  writ 
to  produce  a  prisoner  at  a  stated 
time  and  place  to  declare  the 
cause  of  his  detention. 

hab-er-dash-er  (hab'er-dash-er), 
n.  a  dealer  in  small  wares,  as  rib- 
bons, lace,  tapes,  needles,  &c. 

hab-er-dash-er-y  (-i),  «.  the 
wares  sold  by  a  haberdasher ;  a 
haberdasher's  shop. 

hab-er-geon  ('er-jun),  n.  a  coat 
of  mail  covering  the  neck  and 
breast. 

ha-bil-i-ment  (ha-bil'i-ment),  n. 
an  article  of  clothing :  pi.  dress. 

ha-bil-i-tate  ('i-tat).  v.i,  to  be- 
come qualified. 

hab-it  (hab'it),  n.  ordinary 
course  of  conduct ;  general  con- 
dition or  tendency  ;  disposition  ; 
established  custom;  dress;  a  wo- 
man's riding-dress ;  the  distinctive 
dress  worn  by  members  of  a  re- 
ligious order :  v.t.  to  dress ;  fur- 
nish with  a  habit. 

Syn.  custom,  practice. 

habitable  ('it-a-bl),  adj.  fit  to 
be  dwelt  in. 

hab  it  ant  ('it-ant),  n.  a  dweller; 
permanent  resident ;  a  farmer  of 
French  descent,  in  Canada  and 
Louisiana. 

hab-i-tat  ('i-tat),  n.  the  natural 
locality  of  animals,  plants,  &c.,  in 
their  wild  state ;  geographical 
range. 

hab-i-ta-tion  (-i-ta'shun),  n.  res- 
idence or  place  of  abode ;  natural 
locality  ;  a  Primrose  League  lodge. 

hab-i-ted  ('i-ted).  p.adj.  wearing 
a  habit  or  dress. 

habitual  (ha-bit'u-al),  adj. 
formed  or  acquired  by  use;  cus- 
tomary ;  inveterate. 

ha-bit-u-al-ly  (-H),  adv.  by 
habit. 

ha-bit-u-ate  ('u-at),  v.t.  to  make 
familiar  by  use  or  custom  ;  famil- 
iarize. 


hab-i-tude  (hab'i-tud).  n.  habit; 
customary  manner  or  mode ;  fa- 
miliarity. 

ha-bit-u-e  (h:°i-bit'u-a).  n.  one 
who  habitually  frequents  a  place 
of  amusement,  &c. 

hac-i-en-da  (a-the-en'da,  or  has- 
i-en'da),  n.  in  Spanish  America, 
a  large  plantation  on  which  the 
owner  is  resident ;  an  isolated 
farm ;  an  establishment  for  rais- 
ing stock,  farm  produce.  &c. 

hack  (hak),  v.t.  to  cut  irregularly 
and  into  small  pieces ;  injure  by 
cutting;  notch;  kick  (the  shins  of 
another)  at  football ;  let  out  for 
hire :  n.  a  notch ;  hollow  irregular 
cut;  a  horse  let  out  for  hire;  a 
kick  on  the  shins  at  football ;  a 
carriage  let  out  for  hire ;  a  hack- 
ney-coach ;  a  literary  drudge ;  a 
drying  frame  for  fish ;  a  place 
where  green  bricks  are  dried;  a 
feeding  rack. 

hack-ber-ry  ('ber-ri),  n.  a  large 
North  American  forest-tree,  with 
an  edible  fruit. 

hack-but   ('but),  n.  an  arquebus. 

hack-ee   ('e),  n.  the  chipmunk. 

hack-i-a  ('i-a),  n.  a  lofty  South 
American  tree  of  the  madder  fam- 
ily. 

hack-ing  ('ing),  adj.  notching; 
irritating  and  wearing :  said  of  a 
cough :  n.  the  stacking  of  bricks 
for  drying ;  a  particular  method 
of  massage ;  a  process  in  gem 
cutting. 

hack-le  (hak'l),  v.t.  to  dress  or 
comb,  as  flax  or  hemp;  tear  into 
pieces ;  mangle  in  cutting :  n.  an 
implement  with  sharp  spikes  for 
cleansing  flax  or  hemp ;  unspun 
fiber ;  a  long  narrow  feather  in 
the  neck  of  a  cock,  used  for  mak- 
ing artificial  flies  for  angling;  a 
feather  fly  for  angling. 

hack-ma-tack  ('ma-tak),  n.  the 
red  American  larch,  or  tamarack. 

hack-ney  ('ni),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
hackneyed,  p.pr.  hackneying],  to 
wear  out  by  constant  use ;  make 
commonplace :  adj.  let  out  for 
hire ;  common  or  trite :  n.  a  hack- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  iot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


hac 


hal 


ney-coach  ;  a  horse  kept  for  hire ; 
a  nag. 

hack-ney-coach  (-koch),  n.  a  li- 
censed carriage  that  plies  for 
hire. 

hack-neyed  ('nid),  p.adj.  worn 
out ;  commonplace. 

had,  p.t.  of  have. 

bad-dock  ('ok),  n.  a  sea-fish  of 
the  cod  family. 

Ha-de-an  (Im-de'an) ,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Hades. 

Ha-des  ('dez),  n.  the  abode  and 
state  of  the  dead. 

had-ing  (hfid'ing),  n.  the  devia- 
tion from  the  vertical  of  a  vein 
or  stratum ;  underlay. 

hicma,  a  prefix  meaning  blood,  oc- 
curring in  many  scientific  words. 
Also  ha?m,  haemat,  hsemo,  hemo. 

haem-a-chrome  (hem'a-krom) ,  n. 
the  coloring  matter  of  the  blood. 

haem-a-dro-mom-e-ter  (-dro- 

mom'e-ter),  n.  an  instrument  for 
determining  the  velocity  of  the 
How  of  blood. 

hae-mal  (he'mal),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  blood. 

haem-a-lo-pi-a  (hem-a-16'pi-a),  n. 
disease  of  the  eye  in  which  sub- 
jects appear  red. 

hrem-a-tem-e-sis  (-a-tem'e-sis),  n. 
vomiting  of  blood  from  the  stom- 
ach. 

hae-inat-ic  (he-mat'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  blood :  n.pl.  that 
branch  of  physiology  that  treats 
of  the  blood. 

haem-a-toid  (hem'a-toid),  adj. 
blood-like. 

haem-o-glo-bin  (-6-glo'bin),  n. 
same  as  hemoglobin. 

hse-mop-ty-sis  (he-mop'ti-sis),  n. 
same  as  hemoptysis. 

hsem-or-rhage  ( hem'6-ra  j ) ,  n. 
same  as  hemorrhage. 

haem-or-rhoids  ('o-roids),  n.pl. 
same  as  hemorrhoids. 

haft  (haft),  n.  a  handle  of  a  tool 
or  knife :  v.t.  to  furnish  with  a 
haft  or  handle. 

hag  (hag),  n.  a  witch;  an  ugly 
old  woman ;  a  cartilaginous  fish, 
parasitic  in  the  bodies  of  other 
fish. 

haggard  Card),  adj.  worn  and 
anxious  in  appearance ;  lean  and 
hollow-eyed. 

haggle    ('!),  v.i.  to  higgle. 


haik  (hak).  n.  an  outer  woolen 
garment  with  colored  stripes  worn 
by  the  Arabs. 

hail  ( hal ) ,  n.  frozen  raindrops  ;  a 
call  or  salutation :  v.i.  to  pour 
down  hail :  v.t.  to  pour  down  or 
out  like  hail ;  call  to  or  salute. 

Syn.      accost,      address,     greet, 
salute,  welcome. 

hail-y  ('ij.  adj.  consisting  of,  or 
like,  hail. 

hair  (liar),  n.  one  of  the  small 
horny  fibrous  tubes  with  a  bulb- 
ous root  growing  out  of  the  skin 
of  a  mammal ;  the  mass  of  such 
horny  fibrous  tubes ;  minute  hair- 
like  filaments  on  the  surface  of 
plants. 

hair-split-ting  ('split-ing),  adj. 
making  oversubtle  or  very  minute 
distinctions,  in  reasoning  or  state- 
ment. 

hair-spring  ('spring),  n.  a  very 
fine  spring  to  regulate  the  balance 
wheel  of  a  watch. 

hair-trig-ger  (har'trig-er),  n. 
a  secondary  trigger  of  a  gun. 

hair-y  ('i),  <idj.  covered  with, 
abounding  in,  or  resembling,  hair. 

hake  (hak),  n.  an  edible  seafish 
allied  to  the  cod. 

ha-la-tion  (ha-la'shun),  n.  a  halo 
on  a  photographic  plate. 

hal-berd  (hal'berd),  n.  a  meo*ia?val 
weapon  consisting  of  a  long  staff 
to  which  an  axe  was  aflixed  with 
a  spear-like  point.  Also  halberr. 

hal-cy-on  ('si-un),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  kingfisher  ;  peaceful ;  happy  : 
calm:  n.  the  kingfisher:  from  the 
fable  that  its  hatching  season  was 
in  calm  weather. 

hale  (hal).  adj.  sound  bodily; 
healthy ;  hearty :  v.t.  to  drag  or 
draw  by  violence. 

half  (hiif).  M.  [pi.  halves 
(havz)],  one  of  two  equal  parts; 
a  school  term  ;  in  football,  a  half- 
back:  adv.  equally;  partly:  a<lj. 
consisting  of  a  half ;  approximat- 
ing. 

half-and-half,  n.  a  mixture  of 
ale  and  porter,  or  of  old  and  new 
ale. 

half-blood  ('blud),  n.  one  whose 
parents  are  of  different  races ; 
relationship  between  persons  who 
have  one  parent  in  common. 

half-breed    ('bred),  n.  a  person 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat.  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin :  vote,  porch,  ,'ot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


hal 


413 


bam 


of  mixed  blood :  as,  an  Indian 
haJf -breed. 

half-caste  ('kast),  n.  a  person  of 
an  East  Indian  parent  on  one 
side  and  of  a  European  on  the 
other. 

hal -i -but  (lial'i-but),  n.  a  large 
edible  flatfish. 

hal-i-core   (i-kor),  n.  the  dugong. 

hall  (hawl),  n.  a  large  room  for 
the  transaction  of  public  business, 
entertainments,  &c. ;  a  court  of 
justice ;  the  first  large  room  of 
a  house ;  a  manor-house ;  a  col- 
lege dining-room :  the  dinner 
served  there ;  the  public  room  of  a 
corporation  or  guild ;  a  minor 
college. 

hal-le-lu-jah  (hal-e-loo'yft).  n. 
(Hebrew,  Praise  ye  Jehovah)  an 
ascription  of  praise  to  God ;  a 
musical  composition  having  as  its 
theme  such  an  ascription  of 
praise :  «'/.;'.  singing,  or  contain- 
ing, hallelujah.  Also  alleluiah. 

hal-liard,  same  as  halyard. 

hal-li-er  (hal'i-er),  n.  a  birding 
net. 

hal-lion  (hal'yen),  n.  a  worthless 
fellow :  a  vixen  or  virago. 

hall-mark  (hawl'miirk) ,  n.  the 
official  mark  of  the  Goldsmiths' 
Company  and  other  English  assay 
offices,  attesting  the  quality  of  the 
gold  and  silver  articles  on  which 
it  is  impressed :  hence  a  mark  or 
proof  of  genuineness. 

halloo  (ha-lo).  inter j.  an  excla- 
mation to  call  attention  to  or 
cheer  one ;  a  shout  to  attract  at- 
tention, or  to  cheer  or  urge  on : 
r.t.  to  shout  out ;  incite  or  cheer 
on.  as  dogs :  v.i.  to  cry  out  loudly. 
Also  holloa. 

hal -low  (hal'O^  v.t.  to  consecrate  ; 
devote  to  sacred  purposes ;  revere. 

Hal-low-een  (-en'),  n.  the  Eve 
of  All  Saints  or  All  Hallows, 
Oct.  31. 

hal-lu-ci-na-tion  (hal-loo-si-na'- 
shun),  n.  belief  in  something 
imaginary  ;  delusion  ;  error. 

ha-lo  (ha'16),  n.  a  ring  or  circle 
of  light  round  the  sun  or  moon, 
caused  by  refraction ;  a  ring  of 
light  or  nimbus. 

hal-o-gen  (hal'o-jen),  n.  an  ele- 
ment as  chlorine,  bromine,  iodine, 
and  fluorine,  which  forms  saline 


compounds  by  combining  with  oth- 
er elements. 

hal -old  ('oid),  adj.  resembling 
salt. 

halt  (hawlt),  n.  the  act  of  limp- 
ing ;  a  stop  in  marching :  adj. 
crippled  or  lame :  v.i.  to  be  lame ; 
limp ;  be  dubious  or  hesitate ;  to 
stop  in  marching. 

hal-ter  ('er),  n.  one  who  halts; 
a  rope  for  hanging  criminals ;  a 
rope  for  leading  or  holding  a 
horse :  v.t.  to  put  on,  or  secure 
with,  a  halter. 

halve  (hav),  v.t.  to  divide  into 
two  equal  parts ;  fasten  together, 
as  timbers. 

halves,  i>l.  of  half. 

hal-yard  (hal'vard),  n.  a  rope  or 
tackle  for  hoisting  a  sail,  flag, 
&c.  Also  halliard. 

ham  (ham),  n.  the  hinder  part  of 
the  thigh  ;  a  thigh  of  an  animal, 
especially  a  pig,  salted  and 
smoked  ;  a  house  ;  village  ;  in  place 
names  of  Anglo-Saxon  origin,  as 
Totten/iawi. 

Ham-a-me-lis  (-a-me'lis),  n.  an 
order  of  shrubs,  to  which  the 
witch-hazel  belongs,  and  from 
which  a  medicinal  extract  is  ob- 
tained. 

Ham-burg  ('berg),  n.  a  rich  kind 
of  black  grape ;  a  breed  of  black 
domestic  fowl. 

hame  (ham),  n.  one  of  the  curved 
bars  on  the  collar  to  which  the 
traces  of  a  draught  horse  are 
fastened. 

ham-er-kpp  (ham'er-kop),  n.  an 
African  bird  with  hammer-shaped 
feathers  on  its  head. 

ham-i-form  ('i-form),  adj.  hook- 
shaped. 

ham-let   ('lett.  n.  a  small  village. 

ham-mer  ('er),  n.  an  instrument 
with  a  handle  and  iron  head  -for 
driving  nails,  beating  metals,  &c. ; 
anything  resembling  a  hammer  in 
its  action  or  shape :  v.t.  to  beat 
with,  or  as  with,  a  hammer : 
forge ;  beat :  work  in  the  mind  : 
v.i.  to  work  hard. 

ham-mer-beam  (-bem),  n.  a 
horizontal  piece  of  timber  pro- 
jecting from  the  inside  of  a  wall. 

ham-mer-cloth  (-kloth),  n.  the 
cloth  which  covers  a  coach-box; 

ham-mock  ('ok),  n.  a  swinging 
bed  usually  of  network  or  canvas. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ham 


414 


ban 


ham-per  ('per),  n.  a  large  wick- 
er-work basket  for  carrying  food, 
&c. ;  the  rigging  of  a  ship :  v.t .  to 
put  into,  or  inclose  in,  a  hamper ; 
embarrass  ;  perplex  ;  impede. 

ham-shackle  ('shak-1).  v.t. 
fasten  the  head  of  an  animal  to 
one  of  its  forelegs,  as  a  horse. 

ham-ster  ('ster),  n.  a  species  of 
grain-storing  rat  \vitli  two  cheek- 
pouches  and  a  short  tail. 

ham-string  ('string),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  hamstrung,  p.pr.  hamstring- 
ing], to  lame  by  cutting  the  ten- 
dons of  the  ham :  n.pl.  the  strong 
sinews  at  the  back  of  the  knee. 

hand  (hand),  n.  the  divided  and 
terminal  extremity  of  the  human 
arm  connected  with  the  wrist,  a 
similar  organ  terminating  the 
fore-limb  of  certain  animals; 
something  resembling  a  hand  in 
appearance  or  use ;  a  measure  of 
4  in. ;  dexterity  in  manipulation 
or  performance ;  right  or  left 
side  ;  possession  ;  style  of  writing  ; 
an  emplove  who  labors  with  his 
hands ;  a  sailor ;  cards  held ;  a 
game ;  pledge  of  betrothal ;  near- 
ness ;  gain  ;  advantage  ;  agency  of  ; 
index  of  any  kind ;  turn  of  a 
player  to  serve  the  ball  at  tennis, 
Ac. ;  a  shoulder  of  pork :  v.t.  to 
give  or  transmit  with,  or  as  with, 
the  hand ;  assist  or  lead  with  the 
hand  :  adj.  pertaining  to,  or  used 
by,  the  hand. 

handicraft  ('i-kraft),  n.  the 
work  or  skill  of  an  artificer ; 
manual  skill,  or  labor :  adj.  per- 
tainincr  to  manual  labor. 

hand-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  handy 
manner. 

hand-i  ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  handy. 

handiwork  (-werk),  n.  work 
done,  or  produced  by,  the  hands. 

hand-ker-chief  (hang'ker-chif), 
n.  a  pocket  handkerchief;  a  silk 
or  cotton  square  for  the  neck. 

han-dle  (hand'l),  n.  that  part  of 
a  tool,  vessel,  &c.,  grasped  by  the 
hand;  an  instrument  or  occasion: 
v.t.  to  touch  or  feel  with  the 
hand  ;  manage  ;  manipulate  :  dis- 
course on  ;  act  toward  or  treat ; 
buy.  sell,  or  invest  in :  v.i.  to 
work  with  the  hands. 

hand-maid    ('mad),    n.    a   female 


servant  or  attendant.     Also  hand- 
maiden. 

hand-screw  ('skroo),  n.  a  lifting- 
jack. 

hand-sel  Csel),  n.  an  earnest 
given  to  make  good  a  contract ; 
the  act  of  using  anything  for  the 
first  time;  a  gift,  especially  at 
the  time  of  the  New  Year :  v.t.  to 
give  a  handsel  to ;  use  or  do  for 
the  first  time. 

hand-some  ('sum),  adj.  pleasing 
to  look  upon ;  well-formed ;  ele- 
gantly dressed  ;  graceful ;  liberal ; 
generous :  ample. 

hand-spike  ('splk),  n.  a  wooden 
lever  for  moving  heavy  weights, 
heaving,  &c. 

hand-y  ('i).  adj.  [comp.  handier, 
superl,  handiest],  dexterous;  skil- 
ful ;  convenient ;  close  at  hand ; 
manageable. 

hang  (hang),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
hung,  hanged,  p.pr.  hanging],  to 
suspend ,  to  fasten  to  something 
so  as  to  be  movable ;  suspend  by 
the  neck ;  cause  to  droop ;  dis- 
play ;  show  aloft ;  attach  or 
fasten ;  furnish  with  ornaments 
or  drapery  suspended  or  fastened 
to  the  walls.  &c. ;  catch  fast :  v.i. 
to  be  suspended  ;  bend  forward  ;  be 
dependent  upon;  dangle;  cling; 
be  in  a  deadlock :  n.  method  of 
hanging;  manner  of  doing  or 
using ;  general  tendency  :  slope. 

hang-dog  ('dog),  adj.  of  degraded 
or  sneaking  appearance. 

hang-er  ('er).  n.  one  who  hangs: 
that  by  which  something  is  hung 
or  suspended  ;  a  kind  of  cutlass. 

hang-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  suspended 
or  dangling ;  suggesting  or  in- 
volving death  by  banning :  n.  the 
act  of  putting  to  death  by  the 
punishment  of  the  halter :  pi. 
drapery  for  a  room. 

hang-man  ('man),  n.  [pi.  hang 
men  ('men)],  a  public  execu- 
tioner. 

hang-nail  ('nal),  n.  a  small  piece 
I    of  skin  hanging  from  the  root  of 
a  finger-nail ;  an  agnail. 

ha-nif  (ha-nef),  n.  an  orthodox 
Mohammedan ;  a  monotheistic 
Arab,  before  the  time  of  Moham- 
med. 

hank  (hangk),  n.  two  or  more 
skeins  of  thread,  silk,  wool,  &c.. 


late,  m&r.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon- 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ban 


415 


bar 


fastened  together ;  one  of  the 
wooden  rings  to  which  a  fore-and- 
aft  sail  is  bent ;  a  withy  or  rope 
for  fastening  a  gate :  v.t.  to  form 
into  hanks. 

hank-er  (;er),  v.i.  to  desire  eager- 
ly (with  after). 

han-ky-pan-ky  ('ki-pang'ki),  n. 
jugglery  :  adj.  tricky  ;  cheating. 

hanse  (bans),  n.  a  confederacy  of 
merchants  or  commercial  towns. 

Han-se-at-ic  (-e-at'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Hanse  towns  or 
their  confederacy. 

Hanse  town  (toun),  n.  a  town 
confederated  with  another  for 
mutual  trade  and  protection. 

han-som.  ('sum),  n.  a  two-wheeled 
cab. 

hap  (hap),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  happed, 
p.pr.  happing],  to  happen;  befall 
casually :  v.t.  cover  or  wrap 
[Scotch]:  n.  chance;  a  casual 
event;  a  cloak  or  wrapper 
[Scotch]. 

hap-haz-ard  ('haz-ard),  n. 
chance  ;  accident :  adv.  by  chance. 

hap-less  (hap'les),  adj.  unfortu- 
nate ;  unlucky  ;  unhappy. 

hap-lo-ma  ('16-ma),  n.  an  outer 
cloth  for  an  altar. 

hap-ly  ('li),  adv.  by  chance;  per- 
haps. 

hap-pen  ('n),  v.i.  to  chance;  oc- 
cur. 

•S'f/w.  befall,  chance,  occur. 

hap-pi-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  success- 
fully ;  by  good  fortune ;  felicitous- 
ly. 

hap  pi-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  happy ;  good  fortune ; 
felicitousness. 

Syn.  beatitude,  blessedness, 
bliss,  felicity. 

Ant.   (see  unhappiness). 

hap-py  Ci),  adj.  [comp.  happier, 
tvperl.  happiest],  enjoying  pleas- 
ure or  good  ;  successful ;  prosper- 
ous ;  lucky ;  Hying  in  concord ; 
satisfied  ;  propitious  ;  felicitous. 

hap-tic  ('tik).  adj.  relating  to  the 
sense  of  touch. 

ha-ra-ki-ri  (liii'ra-ke-ri),  n.  for- 
merly, in  Japan,  a  method  of 
suicide  by  ripping  open  the  bowels, 
permitted  to  nobles  and  military 
officers  so  as  to  escape  the  in- 
dignity of  a  public  execution  or 
official  disgrace.  Called  also 


happy      despatch :      hari-kari 
(wrongly). 

ha-rangue  (ha-rang'),  n.  a  public 
address  or  oration,  especially  ex- 
tempore :  v.i.  to  deliver  a  ha- 
rangue :  v.t.  to  address  by  a 
harangue. 

har-ass  (har'as),  v.t.  to  annoy 
or  vex ;  fatigue  or  weary  with 
labor  or  importunity;  to  tire  out 
and  annoy  an  enemy  by  incessant 
petty  attacks. 

har-ass-ing  (-ing),  p.adj.  fatigu- 
ing ;  annoying. 

liar  ass  ment  (-ment),  n.  the  act 
of  harassing ;  the  state  of  being 
harassed. 

har-hin-ger  (har'bin-jer),  n.  a 
precursor ;  forerunner :  v.t.  an- 
nounce ;  foretell ;  usher  in. 

har-bor  ('ber),  n.  a  port  or 
haven  for  ships;  any  place  of 
refuge  or  safety ;  formerly  an 
inn  or  lodging:  v.t.  to  shelter  or 
protect ;  cherish. 
Syn.  haven,  port. 

har-bor-age  (-aj),  n.  a  port  or 
anchorage  for  ships. 

hard  (hard),  adj.  compact  and 
solid ;  firm  ;  not  easy  to  be  pierced 
or  broken ;  unyielding ;  difficult 
of  accomplishment ;  laborious ; 
fatiguing  ;  cruel ;  oppressive  ; 
severe  ;  keen  ;  austere  ;  inflexible  ; 
unfeeling;  exacting;  not  easily 
granted  ;  rough  ;  coarse  ;  unpros- 
perous ;  uttered  gutturally;  stiff 
or  formal  •  adv.  forcibly  ;  laborious- 
ly ;  diligently ;  tempestuously ; 
closely ;  near ;  roughly ;  to  the 
utmost  extent ;  so  as  to  become 
hard ;  with  vexation,  trouble,  or 
sorrow :  n.  a  roadway  of  hard  ma- 
terial by  the  sea;  a  pier  or  land- 
ing-place :  pi.  the  refuse  of  flax 
or  wool;  alum  and  salt  mixed 
together,  used  for  giving  a  white 
color  to  bread. 

Syn.  firm,  solid,   arduous,  diffi- 
cult. 

Ant.    (see  easy,  soft). 

hard-en  ('n).  v.t.  to  make  hard  or 
harder;  confirm  in  impudence  or 
wickedness  ;  toughen  ;  inure  :  r.i. 
to  become  hard  or  harder. 

hard-i-hood  ('i-hood),  n.  effront- 
ery ;  boldness  ;  physical  endurance. 

hard-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  with  hardi- 
hood. 


late,  milr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ftar 


416 


bar 


liard-la-bor  ('la-ber),  n.  work 
imposed  as  an  additional  punish- 
ment to  a  term  of  imprisonment. 

hard-ly  ('li),  adv.  with  difficulty; 
scarcely  ;  vigorously  ;  severely  ; 
without  delicacy ;  coarsely ;  un- 
favorably. 

hard-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  quality 
of  being  hard. 

hard-pan  ('pan),  n.  in  mining,  a 
stratum  of  gravel  or  sand  ;  a  solid 
foundation. 

hard-ship  ('ship),  n.  oppression; 
severe  labor  or  want ;  injustice. 

hard- tack  ('tak),  n.  large  hard 
cracker  or  biscuit  baked  for  army 
and  navy  use. 

hard-ware  ('war),  n.  manufac- 
tured articles  of  metal. 

hare  (bar),  n.  a  rodent,  with  long 
ears  and  a  short  tail,  larger  than 
a  rabbit,  characterized  by  its 
great  timidity. 

hare-bell  ('bel),  n.  species  of 
cnmpanula,  the  bluebell  of  Scot- 
land. 

hare-brained  ('brand),  adj.  vola- 
tile ;  wild. 

hare-foot  ('foot),  n.  a  long  nar- 
row foot ;  a  fast  runner. 

hare-hound  ('hound),  n.  a  har- 
rier. 

hare-lip  Clip),  n.  a  malformation 
of  the  upper  lip,  which  is  divided 
in  the  middle. 

ha-rem  (ha'  or  ha'rem),  n.  the 
apartments  of  the  women  and 
children  in  a  Mohammedan  house  ; 
the  wives  and  concubines  of  a 
Mohammedan.  Also  hareem,  ha- 
ram. 

hare's-foot  (harz'foot),  n.  a 
species  of  fern  ;  a  kind  of  clover ; 
the  foot  of  a  hare  used  in  mak- 
ing up  by  actors. 

hare's- tail  ('tal),  n.  a  species  of 
cotton-grass  allied  to  the  bul- 
rushes. 

har-i-cot  (har'i-ko),  n.  a  kind  of 
stew  of  meat  and  vegetables ;  the 
kidney-bean. 

hark  (hark),  v.i.  to  listen.  Also 
harken. 

har-le-quin  (hUr'le-kwin),  n.  the 
performer  in  a  pantomime  who 
wears  parti-colored  garments  and 
carries  a  talismanic  wand :  adj. 
fantastic  or  full  of  trickery  ;  parti- 


colored :  v.i.  to  make  fun  by  sport- 
ive  tricks. 

har-le-quin-ade  (-ad'),  n.  that 
part  of  a  pantomime  in  which  the 
harlequin  appears;  an  extrava- 
ganza. 

har-lot    Clot),  n.  a  prostitute. 

har-lot-ry  (-ri),  n.  the  trade  or 
practice  of  prostitution. 

harm  (harm),  n.  injury;  hurt; 
damage ;  moral  evil  or  wrong-do- 
ing:  v.t.  to  inflict  hurt,  damage, 
or  injury  upon. 

Syn.    injury,    hurt,    wrong,    in- 
fliction. 

Ant.    (see  benefit). 

har-mel  Cmel),  n.  an  herb  of  the 
rue  family  used  in  the  East  as 
a  vermifuge  and  disinfectant. 

harm-ful  (hiirm'fool ) ,  adj.  hurt- 
ful ;  injurious. 

harm-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  injuriously. 

har-mon-ic  (hiir-mon'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  producing,  har- 
mony ;  musical  ;  concordant ;  har- 
monious ;  also  harmonical :  n.i>l. 
the  science  of  musical  sounds. 

har-mon-i-ca  (-mon'i-ka),  n.  a 
musical  instrument  the  tones  of 
which  are  produced  by  friction 
from  a  number  of  musical  glasses 
filled  to  various  heights  with 
water ;  a  mouth-organ ;  an  oblong 
musical  instrument  consisting  of 
a  number  of  glass  slips  which  are 
struck  by  a  mallet.  Also  har- 
monicon. 

har-mon-ic-al-ly  ('ik-al-li),  adv. 
in  a  harmonic  manner. 

har-mon-ic  tri-ad  (tri'ad),  n. 
the  common  chord,  consisting  of 
its  third  and  perfect  fifth. 

har-mo-ni-ous  (-rno'ni-us),  <n1j. 
concordant ;  musical ;  symmetrical. 

har-mon-i-phon  (-mon'i-fon),  n. 
a  musical  wind  instrument  with 
reeds  and  a  keyboard. 

har-mo-nize  ('mo-niz).  v.t.  to 
render  harmonious ;  cause  to 
agree ;  reconcile :  v.i.  to  agree ;  be 
in  peace  and  friendship ;  corre- 
spond. 

har-mo-nist  ('rno-nist),  n.  one 
who  is  skilled  in  harmony ;  an  ex- 
pounder of  the  harmony  of  the 
Scriptures,  especially  of  the  Gos- 
pels. 

har-mo-ni-nm  (-mo'ni-um),  n.  a 
reed-organ. 

har-mo-ny    ('ino-ni),  n.    [pi.  har- 


lite,  mar,  mask,  cat.  awl  ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bar 


417 


has 


monies  (-niz)],  the  quality  of  be- 
ing pleasing  to  the  ear;  unison; 
just  adaptation  of  parts  to  one 
another,  so  as  to  form  a  connected 
whole ;  accord  in  feeling,  senti- 
ment, &c. ;  a  literary  work  show- 
ing the  agreement  between  par- 
allel or  similar  histories  or  pas- 
sages. 

•S//H.     accord,     concord,     agree- 
ment,  union. 

Ant.   (see  discord). 

bar-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  world  nsr 
gear  of  a  horse :  the  accoutrement 
and  armor  of  a  knight ;  any  ar- 
rangement, as  of  straps.  &c..  for 
performing  some  mechanical  oper- 
ation :  v.t.  to  put  harness  upon  ; 
equip,  as  a  knight. 

harp  (harp),  n.  a  musical  stringed 
instrument  of  triangular  shape, 
played  with  the  fingers :  v.i.  to 
play  on  the  harp ;  dwell  tediously 
or  persistently  on  some  particular 
subject  (with  on  or  upon). 

harp-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
playing  upon  a  harp :  pi.  the 
breadth  of  a  ship  at  the  bow. 

har-poon  (-poon').  n.  a  long 
barb-headed  spear  having  a  line 
attached  to  the  staff,  for  strik- 
ing and  killing  whales :  v.t.  to 
strike  with  a  harpoon. 

harp -si-chord  ('si-kord),  n.  a 
stringed  instrument  with  a  key- 
board, the  precursor  of  the  piano- 
forte. 

harp-y  Ci),  n.  [pi.  harpies  ('iz)L 
in  classical  mythology,  one  of 
three  winged  monsters,  the 
daughters  of  Neptune  and  Terra, 
with  a  woman's  face,  and  the 
body  and  sharp  claws  of  a  vulture, 
exceedingly  rapacious  and  filthy  : 
hence,  an  extortioner ;  a  large 
crested  American  eagle. 

har-ri  clan  (har'i-dan).  n.  an  ugly 
ill-tempered  old  woman. 

har-ri-er  Ci-er),  n.  a  variety  of 
dog  used  for  hunting  hares;  a 
species  of  hawk. 

har-row  Co),  n.  an  agricultural 
instrument  for  breaking  up  clods 
and  casting  earth  upon  sown 
land :  v.t.  to  break  up,  tear,  or 
draw  over  with  a  harrow ;  lacer- 
ate or  torment. 

har-ry  ('i),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  har- 
ried, p.pr.  harrying],  to  plunder, 


lay  waste ;  annoy  or  vex ;  tease ; 
harass :  v.i.  to  make  predatory 
raids. 

harsh    (harsh),    adj.    discordant; 

jarring ;  rough  to  the  ear,  taste, 
or  touch  ;  austere. 

N//n.     rough,     rigorous,     severe, 
gruff,  morose. 

Ant.   (see  gentle). 

hart  (hart),  n.  the  male  of  the 
red  deer. 

hart-beest  ('best),  n.  a  large 
African  antelope. 

harts-horn  (hartz'h<5rn),  n.  the 
antler  of  a  hart ;  a  volatile  prep- 
aration of  ammonia. 

hart's-tongue  ('tung),  n.  a 
British  fern. 

har-nm-scar-nm  (har'um-skar'- 
um),  adj.  giddy;  w7ild ;  reckless; 
untidy. 

ha-rus-pex  (hS-rus'peks),  n.  [pi. 
haruspices  ('pi-sez)],  an  ancient 
Roman  diviner  or  soothsayer  who 
foretold  events  by  inspecting  the 
entrails  of  sacrificial  victims. 
Also  aruspex. 

har-vest  (har'vest),  n.  the  sea- 
son of  reaping  and  gathering  in 
the  harvest :  v.t.  to  gather  in,  as 
corn ;  reap. 

har-vest-home  (-horn),  n.  a  har- 
vest festival. 

har- vest-moon  (-moon),  n.  the 
full  moon  which  falls  near  the 
time  of  the  autumnal  equinox, 
about  Sept.  23. 

har-vest-mouse  (-mous),  n.  a 
small  field  mouse  which  builds  a 
round  nest  in  the  stalks  of  corn. 

hash  (hash),  n.  a  dish  of  meat 
cut  and  cooked  with  vegetables ; 
a  mixture :  v.t.  to  chop  small  and 
mix. 

hash-ish  Cesh),  n.  an  intoxicant 
made  from  Indian  hemp ;  bhang. 

hns-let  (has'let).  n.  the  liver, 
heart,  and  lungs  of  a  sheep. 

hasp  (hasp),  n.  a  clasn  folded 
over  a  stanle  and  secured  with  a 
padlock :  v.t.  to  shut  or  secure 
with  a  liasn. 

has-sock  (has'ok).  n.  a  padded 
mat  or  cushion  for  kneeling  upon 
in  church,  &c. ;  a  kneeler. 

hast,  2nd  per.,  sing.,  pres.t.  of 
have. 

haste  (hiistl.  n.  quickness  of 
movement ;  celerity ;  speed; 


Into.  mSr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon. 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


has 


418 


hav 


urgency ;       precipitancy ;        vehe- 
mence :  v.t.  to  hasten. 

lia-sten  (ha'sn),  v.t.  to  cause  to 
make  haste;  hurry;  urge  for- 
ward :  v.i.  to  move  with  speed ; 
be  quick. 

8yn.    accelerate,    dispatch,    ex- 
pedite, speed. 

Ant.   (see  delay). 

ha-sti-ly  ('sti-li),  adv.  in  a  hasty 
manner. 

lia-sty  ('sti),  adj.  [comp.  hastier, 
snperl.  hastiest],  precipitate; 
quick  ;  speedy  ;  eager  ;  vehement ; 
rash. 

Syn.    hurried,    ill-advised. 
Ant.    (see  deliberate). 

ha-sty-pud-ding  (-pud-ing),  n. 
a  pudding  of  flour  or  meal  and 
water  or  milk  stirred  together 
and  boiled. 

hat  (hat),  n.  a  covering  for  the 
head,  with  a  crown  and  brim ;  a 
cardinal's  rank  and  dignity. 

hat-band  ('band),  n.  a  band 
worn  round  the  hat;  a  black 
cloth  band  worn  as  a  token  of 
mourning. 

hatch  (hach),  v.t.  to  produce 
(young)  from  eggs ;  plot  or  con- 
trive ;  shade  by  narrow  lines ; 
close  with,  or  as  with,  a  hatch : 
n.  the  number  of  young  produced 
from  eggs  at  a  sitting ;  brood ; 
plot ;  a  narrow  line  in  engraving, 
or  drawing ;  a  door  with  an  open- 
ing over  it;  a  half-door:  pi.  doors 
or  openings  by  which  a  descent 
is  made  from  one  deck  of  a  ship  to 
another. 

hatch-boat  ('hot),  n.  a  half- 
decked  fishing-vessel  with  a  well 
for  holding  fish. 

hatch-er-y  ('er-i).  n.  a  place 
where  eggs  are  artificially  hatched, 
especially  those  of  fish. 

hatch-et    ('et),  n.  a  small  axe. 

hatch-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  kind  of 
drawing  or  engraving  by  narrow 
parallel  or  crossed  lines. 

hatch-ment  ('mentl.  n.  the  es- 
cutcheon or  armorial  hearings  of 
a  deceased  person,  placed  in  front 
of  his  house,  on  a  tomb,  in  a 
church,  &c. 

hatch-way  ('wfl),  n.  a  rectangu- 
lar opening  in  the  deck  of  a  ves- 
sel for  passage  below. 

hate  (hat),  v.t.  to  dislike  intense- 
ly ;  abhor ;  detest :  n.  hatred. 


hate-fiil  ('fool),  adj.  causing 
hate. 

Syn.   odious,   detestable. 
Ant.   (see  lovable). 

hate-ful-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a  hate- 
ful manner. 

ha-tred  ('tred),  n.  bitter  aversion  ; 
continued  hostility  of  feeling ;  de- 
testation. 

Syn.  enmity,   ill-will,   rancor. 
Ant.    (see  friendship). 

hat-ted  (hat'ed),  adj.  wearing  a 
hat. 

hat-ter   ('er),  n.  a  maker  of  hats. 

hau-her-geon  (haw'ber-jun),  n. 
a  short  hauberk. 

linn -berk  ('berk),  n.  a  coat  of 
armor  formed  of  steel  rings,  reach- 
ing below  the  knees. 

hangh-ti-ly  (haw'ti-li),  adv.  in  a 
haughty  manner. 

haugh-ty  ('ti),  adj.  [comp.  haugh- 
tier, superl.  haughtiest],  proud 
and  disdainful ;  supercilious  ;  con- 
temptuous. 

Ryn.  arrogant,  disdainful,  super- 
cilious, proud. 

haul  (hawl),  v.t.  to  pull  or  draw 
with  force  ;  transport  by  drawing : 
v.i.  to  change  the  course  of  a 
ship ;  shift :  said  of  the  wind :  n. 
a  strong  pull ;  draught  of  a  net : 
quantity  caught  at  one  time ; 
distance  over  which  anything  is 
drawn. 

hanl-age  Caj),  n.  the  act  or  proc- 
ess of  hauling ;  charges  for  haul- 
ing. 

haul-er  (hawl'er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  hauls. 

haulm  (hawm),  n.  the  stalks  or 
stems  of  grain,  beans,  &c. ;  stub- 
ble. 

haunch  (hiinch),  n.  the  fleshy 
part  of  the  hip  and  buttock :  n 
joint  of  venison  or  mutton ; 
shoulder  of  an  arch. 

haunt  (hiint),  n.  a  place  of  ac- 
customed resort :  v.t.  to  visit  fre- 
quently or  habitually ;  trouble 
with  frequent  visits,  as  an  ap- 
parition. 

haut-boy  (ho'boi).  n.  a  wind  in- 
strument of  the  flute  class :  the 
oboe. 

han-tenr  (ho-toor').  n.  haughty 
hearing  or  spirit. 

Ha-van-a  (ha-van'a),  n.  a  cigar 
made  of  Cuban  tobacco. 

have    (hav),  v.t.   [p.t.  &  p.p.  had, 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


hav 


419 


hea 


p.pr.  having],  to  possess;  take; 
hold  or  bear ;  enjoy ;  desire ;  be 
obliged  ;  bring  forth  ;  cheat ;  ob- 
tain the  advantage  of. 

»Si//(.  hold,  occupy,  possess,  own. 

ha-ven  (na'vn),  n.  a  sheltered 
anchorage  for  ships ;  harbor ; 
place  of  shelter  and  safety. 

hav-er-sack  (hav'er-sak),  n.  a 
strong  coarse  linen  bag  in  which 
soldiers  carry  their  rations  when 
marching. 

ha-ver-si-an  ca-nals  (ha-ver'si- 
an  ka-nalz'),  n.pl.  small  longitudi- 
nal canals  in  the  bones  conveying 
the  vessels  of  nutrition. 

hav-il-dar  ('il-dar),  n.  a  native 
sergeant  of  an  Indian  infantry 
regiment. 

hav-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  or  state 
of  possession. 

hav  oc  ('ok),  n.  wide  and  general 
destruction  ;  devastation. 

haw  (hawt.  n.  the  fruit  of  vari- 
ous species  of  hawthorn ;  an  ex- 
crescence under  the  third  eyelid 
of  a  horse ;  a  hedge  or  inclosure ; 
a  hesitation  in  speech. 

Ha-wai-ian  (hfi-wl'yan),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Hawaii,  its  inhabitants, 
or  language. 

haw-finch  (haw'finch),  n.  the 
common  grosbeak. 

hawk  ( hawk ) ,  n.  a  name  for  vari- 
ous species  of  raptorial  birds  al- 
lied to  the  eagles  and  falcons ;  a 
forcible  effort  to  clear  the  throat 
of  phlegm  ;  a  square  board,  with 
a  short  handle,  for  holding  mor- 
tar: v.t.  to  cry,  or  carry  about. 
for  sale :  v.i.  to  make  a  forcible 
effort  to  cough  up  phlegm  ;  to  fly 
trained  hawks  at  birds  on  the 
wing. 

hawk-bill  ('bil),  n.  a  marine 
turtle  that  furnishes  tortoise- 
shell  :  so  named  from  its  curved 
upper  jaw. 

hawk  er  ('er),  n.  one  who  cries 
and  sells  goods  in  the  streets ; 
peddler ;  falconer. 

hawk-eyed  ('id),  adj.  keen 
sighted  like  a  hawk. 

hawk-moth  ('moth),  n.  a  large 
moth  whose  flight  somewhat 
resembles  that  of  a  hawk. 

hawk  weed  ('wed),  n.  a  plant  of 
the  aster  family  with  yellow 
flowers. 


ha- wok  (ha/wok),  n.  the  shell 
money  of  the  aborigines  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

hawse  (hawz),  n.  that  part  of  a 
ship's  bows  where  the  hawse-holes 
are  situated. 

hawse-hole  ('hoi),  «.  one  of  the 
two  holes  under  a  ship's  bow 
through  which  the  cable  passes 
when  the  vessel  is  moored. 

haws-er  ('er),  n.  a  thick  rope  or 
cable. 

haw-thorn  (haw'thSrn),  n.  a 
prickly  shrub  or  tree  of  the  rose 
family. 

hay  (ha),  n.  grass,  clover,  &c., 
cut  and  dried  for  fodder. 

hay-cock  ('kok),  n.  a  conical  pile 
of  hay. 

hay-fe-ver  ('fe-ver) ,  n.  a  catarrh, 
accompanied  by  itching,  sneezing, 
slight  fever,  and  pains  in  the  head. 

hay-mow  ('mow),  n.  a  mass  of 
hay  laid  up  in  a  barn. 

Hay  ti  an  (ha'ti-an) ,  adj.  per- 
taining to  Hayti  or  its  inhabit- 
ants. Also  Haitian. 

hazard  (haz'&rd),  n.  chance; 
accident ;  risk ;  danger ;  a  dice 
game ;  a  stroke  at  billiards :  v.t. 
to  run  the  risk  of ;  chance ;  put  in 
peril. 

Syn.  risk,  venture. 

haz-ard-ous  (-us),  adj.  risky; 
perilous. 

haze  (haz),  n.  a  slight  fog  or 
mist ;  dimness  of  sight  or  knowl- 
edge :  v.i.  to  be  foggy  or  misty : 
v.t.  pursue  or  harass  by  overwork 
or  unpleasant  tasks ;  play  practi- 
cal jokes  upon,  especially  of  a 
severe  kind. 

ha-zel  ('!),  n.  a  shrub  or  tree  of 
the  genus  Corylus,  bearing  an 
edible  nut. 

ha-zi-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  hazy. 

ha-zy   ('i),  adj.  misty;  obscure. 

he  (he),  pr.  [pi.  they  (thii)l.  the 
masculine  pronoun  of  the  3rd  per- 
son :  n.  a  male. 

he-a  (he'a),  n.  a  tree  of  the 
Pacific  Islands  bearing  a  fruit 
from  which  a  red  stain  is 
obtained. 

head  (bed),  n.  the  uppermost 
part  of  the  body  of  an  animal 
that  contains  the  face,  brain,  &c. ; 
chief  or  principal  part  of  any- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


hea 


420 


hea 


thins ;  an  individual ;  leader  or 
commander ;  place  of  honor  or 
authority ;  top ;  fore-part ;  the 
understanding  or  intellect ;  princi- 
pal topic ;  a  division ;  origin  or 
source  ;  pitch  ;  crisis  or  height ; 
static  or  latent  force ;  froth  :  adj. 
principal  or  chief ;  acting  against 
the  front :  v.t.  to  lead  or  direct ; 
take  the  first  place  in ;  get  in 
front  of;  "direct  the  course  of; 
oppose ;  strain :  v.i.  to  move  for- 
ward ;  come  to,  or  form,  a  head. 

headed  ('ed),  adj.  having  a 
head ;  noting  understanding  or 
intellect  (much  used  in  com- 
position, as  clear-headed,  wrong- 
h ended,  &c.). 

head-er  ('er),  n.  a  plunge  or 
fall  foremost ;  one  who  puts  heads 
on,  as  in  pin-making ;  a  machine, 
&c.,  for  making  or  removing 
heads ;  a  brick  or  stone  with  its 
sbort  face  in  front. 

head-fast  ('fast),  n.  a  rope  at 
the  bow  of  a  ship  to  secure  to  a 
wharf,  &c. 

head-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  title;  ma- 
terial from  which  casks'  heads 
are  made ;  the  strip  on  a  piece 
of  embroidery,  for  sewing  on  to 
a  garment ;  the  adit  of  a  mine. 

head-land  ('land),  n.  a  prom- 
ontory. 

head- line  ('1m),  n.  a  line  of 
type  displayed  conspicuously  at 
the  top  of  a  page,  chapter,  column 
of  a  newspaper,  &c. :  pi.  the  ropes 
at  the  head  of  a  sail  by  which  it 
is  secured  to  the  yard. 

head-long  ('16ng),  adv.  head 
foremost ;  rashly  ;  precipitously  : 
adj.  rash  ;  precipitate ;  violent ; 
thoughtless. 

heads-man  (z'man),  n.  an  ex- 
ecutioner. 

head-strong  ('strQng),  adj.  un- 
governable ;  self-willed. 

head-wind  ('wind),  n.  a  con- 
trary wind. 

head-y  (hed'i),  adj.  precipitate; 
intoxicating. 

heal  (hel),  v.t.  to  restore  to 
health  ;  cure  ;  make  sound  ;  rec- 
oncile :  v.i.  to  become  well  or 
sound. 

heal-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  curative. 

health  (helth),  n.  freedom  from 
bodily  pain  or  disease ;  vigor  of 


mind ;  moral  purity ;  righteous- 
ness ;  healing  power ;  a  toast  or 
pledge. 

health-ful  ('fool),  adj.  promoting 
health  ;  salubrious. 

health-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
healthful  manner. 

health -i-ness  ('i-ues),  n.  the  state 
of  being  healthy. 

healthy  ('i),  adj.  \raw-p.  health- 
ier, siiperl.  healthiest],  noting  a 
sound 'condition  of  body;  enjoy- 
ing, or  contributing  to,  health. 

tiyn.  salubrious,  salutary,  whole- 
some. 

Ant.    (see  unhealthy). 

heap  (hep),  n.  a  pile  or  collec- 
tion of  things  thrown  together; 
a  quantity  ;  accumulation  ;  crowd  : 
v.t.  to  form  into  a  heap ;  pile  up ; 
aggregate ;  a  mass. 

tiyn.  accumulate,  amass,  pile. 

hear  (her),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  heard, 
p.pr.  hearing],  to  perceive  by  the 
ear ;  attend  or  listen  to ;  give 
heed  to ;  obey ;  accede  to  the 
wishes  of  ;  attend  judicially  :  v.i. 
to  have  the  sense  of  hearing;  be 
told  of. 

hear-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  sense  by 
which  sound  is  perceived ;  au- 
dience ;  judicial  investigation. 

hear-keii,    same    as   harken. 

hear-say  Csu),  n.  rumor  or  re- 
port :  adj.  second  hand. 

hearse  (hers),  n.  a  vehicle  for 
the  conveyance  of  dead  bodies  to 
the  grave. 

heart  (hart),  n.  the  organ  in  ani- 
mals by  the  muscular  contraction 
and  dilation  of  which  the  blood 
is  circulated  through  the  arteries. 
&c. ;  the  vital,  inner,  or  chief  part 
of  anything ;  the  seat  of  the  af- 
fections and  passions ;  emotion  ; 
tenderness  ;  affection  ;  courage  ; 
will;  spirit;  energy;  power;  reso- 
lution ;  secret  thoughts ;  con- 
science ;  one  of  a  suit  of  cards 
marked  with  one  or  more  red 
hearts;  a  variety  of  cherry:  pi. 
a  card  game. 

heart-ache  ('ak),  n.  sorrow; 
pang ;  grief. 

heart-hro-ken  ('bro-ken).  adj. 
overwhelmingly  grieved. 

heart-burn  ('bern),  n.  a  burn- 
ing affection  of  the  esophagus, 
caused  by  acidity  of  the  stomach. 

heart-ed     ('ed),     adj.    having    a 


lite,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fiea 


421 


Hob 


heart  (used  in  compounds,  denot- 
ing generally  affections,  qualities, 
&c.,  as  good-/; carted,  &c.). 

heart-en  ('n),  v.t.  to  give  cour- 
age to  ;  inspirit. 

hearth  (harth).  n.  that  part  of 
a  room  where  the  Jre  is  made : 
hence  the  family  circle. 

heart-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  cordially; 
energetically. 

heart  i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  cordi- 
ality ;  vigor. 

hearts-ease  (hartz'ez),  n.  the 
pansy. 

heart-seed  (hart'sed),  n.  a  climb- 
ing plant  with  seeds  marked  with 
a  heart-shaped  scar. 

heart -y  (hart'i),  adj.  [comp. 
heartier,  xuprrl.  heartiest],  cor- 
dial ;  sincere ;  open ;  warm ; 
strong  ;  vigorous  ;  good-natured  ; 
Kind  ;  healthy  ;  having  a  keen  ap- 
petite. 

X//n.  cordial,  sincere,  warm. 
Ant.    (see    insincere). 

heat  (het),  n.  the  sensation  pro- 
duced by  a  hot  body  ;  caloric  ;  the 
state  of  being  hot ;  effervescence ; 
agitation  of  sudden  or  violent  pas- 
sion ;  ardor ;  vehemence ;  red- 
ness efr  flush  of  the  face ;  a 
course  at  a  race ;  hot  weather : 
v.t.  to  make  hot ;  warm ;  excite 
with  passion  or  desire ;  make 
feverish  ;  animate :  v.i.  to  become 
hot  or  warm. 

heat-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or  that 
which,  heats,  as  various  mechani- 
cal contrivances. 

heath  (heth),  n.  a  small  ever- 
green flowering  shrub  with  rose- 
colored  flowers  growing  on  moor- 
lands, &c. ;  heather ;  moorland, 
especially  with  heath  growing 
upon  it. 

hea  then  (he'Men),  n.  one  who  is 
ignorant  of  the  true  God:  a 
pagan;  idolater;  a  rude,  irre- 
ligious, uncultured  person. 

hea-then-dom  (-dom),  n.  the 
state  or  condition  of  being  a 
heathen  :  that  part  of  the  world 
inhabited  by  heathens. 

hea-then-ish  (-ish).  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  heathens  ;  rude  ;  ignorant, 
or  uncultured. 

heathenism  (-izm),  n.  igno- 
rance of  the  true  God ;  paganism  ; 
idolatry. 


hea-then-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  render 
heathen. 

heath-er  (hefA'er),  same  as  heath. 

heath-y  (heth'i),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  resembling,  or  abounding 
in,  heath. 

heave  (hev),  v.t.  to  hoist  or  lift 
up :  force  from  the  breast,  as  a 
sigh  ;  cause  to  swell ;  throw :  v.i. 
to  be  lifted  up ;  swell ;  rise  and 
fall  alternately ;  struggle  or  toil ; 
pant :  vomit :  n.  an  effort  or 
exertion  upwards ;  lift ;  the  act 
of  throwing ;  swell  or  rising ; 
haul ;  struggle,  effort  to  vomit. 

heav-en  (hev'n),  n.  the  abode  of 
God  and  the  blessed ;  the  firma- 
ment or  sky ;  a  state  or  condition 
of  bliss. 

Heav-en,  n.  the  Supreme  Being. 

heav-en-li-ness  (-li-nes),  n.  su- 
preme excellence. 

heav-en-ly  (-li),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  resembling,  heaven ;  celes- 
tial ;  divine ;  supremely  excellent. 

heav-er  (hev'er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  lifts  or  heaves,  es- 
pecially one  who  loads  or  un- 
loads goods,  coal,  Ac. 

heav-i-ness  (hev'i-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  heavy  ;  dejection  ; 
grief. 

heav-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  heavier, 
svperl.  heaviest],  ponderous; 
weighty  ;  oppressive  ;  grievous  ; 
laborious ;  obstructive;  de- 
pressed ;  dull :  dense  ;  powerful ; 
loud ;  indigestible ;  clayey :  adv. 
heavily  fPoet.]. 

Syn.     burdensome,      ponderous, 
weighty. 

Ant.    (see   light). 

heav-y-spar  (-spiir),  n.  sulphate 
of  barium. 

He-bra-ic  (he-bra'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Hebrews,  the 
Jewish  language  or  literature. 

He-bra-i-cize  ('i-siz),  v.t.  to 
convert  into  the  Hebrew  idiom : 
r.i.  to  speak  Hebrew,  or  adopt 
Hebrew  customs.  Also  Hebraize 
(-ize). 

He  bra-ism  ('izm),  n.  a  Hebrew 
idiom,  or  a  characteristic  of  the 
Hebrews. 

Hebraist  (-ist).  n.  one  who  is 
learned  in  the  Hebrew  language 
and  literature. 


'late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  hPr,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Heb 


422 


bet 


He-bre-w  ('broo),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  Hebrews,  a  Semitic  race ; 
Jewish:  n.  the  Hebrew  language; 
a  Jew. 

He-brew-ess    (-es),   n.    a    Jewess. 

Hec-a-te  (hek'a-te),  «.  an  ancient 
threefold  Grecian  deity  possessing 
power  over  heaven,  earth,  and  the 
under-world. 

hec-a-te,  n.  a  witch ;  a  hag. 

liecato,  a  prefix  meaning  a  hun- 
dred. Also  hecaton,  hect,  hecto. 

hec-a-tomb  ('u-tdom),  n.  a  sacri- 
fice of  a  hundred  oxen ;  any  large 
sacrifice  or  slaughter. 

heck  (hek),  n.  a  rack  for  fodder; 
latticework  ;  a  latticework  grating 
for  catching  or  hanging  fish 
upon ;  a  bend  in  a  stream. 

bee-tare  Ctfir).  n.  [Fr.]  in  the 
metric  system,  a  French  land 
measure  =  100  ares,  or  2.47  acres. 

bee-tic  ('tik).  adj.  constitutional; 
slow,  but  of  long  continuance ; 
pertaining  to  hectic  fever ;  fever- 
ish :  n.  a  remittent  fever  accom- 
panying consumption,  character- 
ized by  a  bright  pink  spot  or  flush 
on  the  cheeks. 

hec-to-gramme  ('to-gram).  n. 
[Fr.]  in  the  metric  system,  a 
French  weight  =  100  grammes, 
or  3.53  ounces. 

bec-to-grapb  ('to-graf),  n.  [Fr.] 
an  apparatus  for  multiplying 
copies  of  a  letter  or  drawing,  &c. 

bec-to-li-ter  ('to-le-tr),  n.  [Fr.l 
in  the  metric  system,  a  French 
liquid  measure  =  100  liters,  or 
1!>U2  gallons. 

hec-to-me-ter('to-me-tr),  n.  [Fr.] 
in  the  metric  system,  a  French 
measure  of  length  =  100  meters. 
or  328  feet,  1  inch. 

bee-tor  Cter),  v.t.  to  bully  or 
bluster:  from  Hector,  the  Trojan 
hero. 

bec-to-stere  Cto-ster).  n.  [Fr.]  in 
the  metric  system,  a  French  cubic 
measure  =  100  cubic  meters. 
bed-dies  (hed'dlz),  n.pl.  in  a 
loom,  the  harness  for  guiding  the 
warp  threads. 

hedge  (hej),  n.  a  fence  of  bushes 
or  shrubs :  r.t.  to  inclose  with  a 
hedge ;  encircle  ;  invest :  v.i.  to  bet 
on  both  sides,  so  that  the  pos- 
sibility of  loss  will  be  diminished; 


skulk:  adj.  mean;  contemptible; 
of  the  lowest  class. 

hedge-bog  ('hog),  n.  an  insec- 
tivorous mammal  covered  on  the 
back  with  spines  or  prickles. 

he-dpn-ic  (he-don'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  hedonism. 

he-do  iiism  ('do-nixm),  n.  the 
doctrine  that  pleasure  is  the  chief 
end  of  life. 

heed    (lied),    r.t.    to    regard    with 
care;    take    notice   of;    mind:    at- 
tend ;    regard :    n.    careful    atten- 
tion ;   regard  ;   caution. 
Syn.  care,  attention. 

heed-ful  ('fool),  adj.  cautious; 
attentive. 

heed-ful-ly  (-H),  adv.  cautiously; 
attentively. 

hee-haw  ('haw),  r.i.  to  bray  like 
an  ass :  «.  the  bray  of  an  ass. 

heel  (hel),  n.  the  hinder  part  of 
the  foot ;  the  hinder  part  of  a 
boot,  shoe,  or  stocking;  anything 
shaped  like  a  heel :  v.f.  to  furnish 
with  a  heel :  v.i.  lean  on  one  side, 
as  a  ship. 

heel-ball  ('bawl),  n.  a  black 
waxy  composition  used  for  black- 
ing the  heels  of  shoes.  &c.,  and 
for  obtaining  rubbings  of  brasses, 
AC. 

heel-er  ('er),  n.  a  political  hanger- 
on. 

heel-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  degree  of 
inclination  of  a  vessel  from  the 
perpendicular. 

heel-tap  ('tap),  n.  a  small  thick- 
ness of  leather  for  a  shoe-heel. 

heft  (heft),  n.  a  handle;  an  ef- 
fort ;  weight ;  the  greater  part  or 
bulk :  v.t.  to  try  the  weight  of, 
by  lifting  or  holding  in  the  hand. 

He-gi-ra  (he-ji'ra),  n.  the  flight 
of  Mohammed  from  Mecca  to 
Medina  «;<;L>  A.D.).  Also  llejira. 

heg-leek  (heg'lek),  «..  an  African 
tree  yielding  an  edible  fruit,  from 
which  an  intoxicating  drink  is 
made  by  the  natives. 

heif-er   (hef'er),  n.  a  young  cow. 

heigh-ho  (hi'ho),  intcrj.  an  ex- 
pression of  languor  or  uneasiness. 

height  (hit),  n.  altitude;  eleva- 
tion ;  highest  state  or  degree ;  an 
eminence  or  hill;  summit;  stat- 
ure. 

height-en  ('en),  v.t.  to  make  high 
or  higher ;  elevate ;  intensify ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


hei 


423 


hel 


set  off ;  increase  ;  aggravate  ;  im- 
prove. 

>S'j/n.     enhance,     exalt,     elevate, 
raise. 

hei-nous  (ha'nus),  adj.  atrocious; 
extremely  wicked  ;  flagrant. 

Syn.    atrocious,    flagitious,    fla- 
grant. 

Ant.    (see    venial). 

heir  (ar),  n.  one  who  succeeds  an- 
other in  the  possession  of  prop- 
erty, title,  office,  mental  gifts,  &c. 

heir-ap-pa-rent  (-ap-pa'rent),  n. 
one  whose  right  to  succeed  is  in- 
defeasible at  law  if  he  outlives  his 
ancestor. 

heir-ess   ('es),  n.  a  female  heir. 

heir-loom  ('loom),  n,  any  mov- 
able or  personal  chattel,  which  by 
its  connection  with  an  estate  de- 
scends to  the  heir. 

heir-pre-sump-tive  (-pre-zump'- 
tiv),  n.  one  who  will  succeed  as 
heir  if  his  right  is  not  barred  by 
the  birth  of  one  nearer  in  suc- 
cession than  himself. 

hej-i-ra,  same  as  hegira. 

held    (held),  p.t.  of  hold. 

he-li-ac  (he'li-ak),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  sun ;  emerging  from, 
or  passing  into,  the  light  of  the 
sun.  Also  heliacal. 

he-li-a-cal-ly  (-H'a-kal-li),  adv. 
in  a  heliacal  manner. 

He-li-an-thus  (he-li-an'thus),  n. 
a  genus  of  plants  to  which  the 
sunflower  belongs. 

helic,  a  prefix  meaning  spiral. 
Also  helico. 

hel-ic-al  (hel'ik-al),  adj.  spiral- 
Bhaped. 

hel-i-coid  ('i-koid),  adj.  coiled 
like  the  shell  of  a  snail  :  n.  a 
s|)i rally-curved  geometrical  figure. 

hel-i-cop-ter  (hel'i-kop-ter),  a 
flying  machine  lifted  by  a  vertical 
screw  or  propeller. 

helio,  a  prefix  meaning  sun, 
(•ax xril  I, it,  t,r  like,  the  sun  or  sun- 
liylit.  as  heliograph,  an  instru- 
ment for  taking  a  photograph  of 
the  sun,  or  for  signaling  by  re- 
flecting sunlight  from  one  mirror 
to  another. 

he-li-o-cen-tric  (he-li-6-sen'trik), 
'/(//.  Iiavinj:  the  sun  as  the  center. 

he-li-o  chrome  ('li-6-krom  ).  .n.  a 
photograph  in  natural  colors. 

he-li-o-chrom-o-type    ('6-tlp),  n. 


a  photograph  reproducing  the 
color  of  the  subject. 

he-li-och-ro-my  ( -ok'ro-mi ) ,  n. 
the  art  or  process  of  obtaining 
photographs  in  natural  colors. 

he-li-o-graph,  see  under  helio. 

he-li-o-grav-ure  (-grfiv'ur),  n. 
photo-engraving  or  -etching. 

he-li-ol-a-try  (-ol'a-tri),  n.  wor- 
ship of  the  sun. 

he-li-om-e-ter  (-om'e-ter),  n.  a 
micrometer  for  measuring  small 
angles  in  the  heavens. 

he-li-o-scene  ('li-6-sen),  n.  a  kind 
of  sun-blind. 

he-li-o-scope  ('ii-6-skop),  n.  a 
form  of  refracting  telescope  for 
observing  the  sun. 

he-li-o-sis  (-6'sis),  n.  the  pro- 
duction of  spots  on  leaves  by  the 
continued  action  of  the  sun's 
rays ;  sunstroke. 

he-li-o-stat  ('li-o-stat),  «.  an  in- 
strument by  which  signaling  is 
carried  on  by  means  of  a  mirror, 
moved  by  clockwork. 

he-li-o-trope  ('li-6-trop),  n.  a 
plant  whose  flowers  follow  the 
course  of  the  sun  ;  a  green-colored 
variety  of  chalcedony  with  small 
red  spots ;  bloodstone ;  the  color 
of  the  flowers  of  heliotrope, 
bluish-pink. 

he-li-o-trop-ic  (-li-6-trop'ik),  mlj. 
characterized  by  heliotropism. 
Also  heliotropical. 

he-li-ot-ro-pism  (-ot'ro-pizm),  n. 
the  movements  of  flowers  or 
leaves  towards  the  sun. 

he-li-o-type  ('li-o-tip),  n.  an  im- 
pression from  a  photograph  taken 
on  a  gelatine  plate  hardened  with 
alum. 

he-li-iini  Cli-um),  n.  an  element 
first  observed  in  the  spectrum  of 
the  sun,  but  recently  discovered 
on  the  earth  and  some  of  its 
characteristics  learned.  It  seems 
to  be  a  constituent  of  radium, 
as  it  is  yielded  by  one  of  the  gases 
emanating  from  that  substance. 

he-lix  ('liks),  n.  [pi.  helics  (hol'i- 
sez)],  a  spiral  line,  as  of  a  line 
coiled  round ;  a  circumvolution ; 
the  margin  of  the  external  car ; 
a  small  volute ;  a  genus  of  mol- 
lusks,  containing  the  shell  snails. 

hell  (hel),  n.  the  place  of  the 
dead  or  of  departed  souls  (more 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  a.vl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  porch,  lot; 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


hel 


hem 


correctly  Hades)  ;  the  place  of 
punishment  for  the  wicked  after 
death :  hence  any  place  or  con- 
dition of  extreme  misery  or  evil ; 
a  gambling-house. 

hell-e-bore  ('e-bor),  n.  the  Christ- 
mas rose. 

Hell-ene    ('en),   n.    a    Greek. 

Hell-en-ic  (he-len'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to.  or  characteristic  of, 
the  ancient  Hellenes  or  Greeks,  or 
to  Grecian  art  and  literature. 

Hellenism  (hel'en-izm) ,  n.  a 
Greek  idiom ;  Grecian  culture 
and  the  love  of  the  beautiful  in 
art.  &c. 

Hell-eii-ist  ('en-ist),  n.  a  Jew 
who  spoke  Greek  ;  one  learned  in 
Greek. 

Hell-en-ize  ('en-iz),  v.t.  to  cause 
to  conform  to  Greek  standards  or 
usages ;  make  Hellenic. 

helm  (helm),  n.  the  apparatus 
for  steering  a  ship ;  tiller ;  the 
place  of  its  direction  and  govern- 
ment ;  a  helmet  [Poet.]  :  v.t.  to 
guide  or  conduct. 

hel-met  ('et),  n.  metal  or  leather 
armor  for  the  head ;  the  hooded 
upper  lip  of  a  flower. 

hel  min-thol-o-gy  ( hel-min-thol'- 
6-ji),  n.  that  branch  of  zoology 
that  treats  of  worms. 

helo,  a  prefix  meaning  nail,  oc- 
curring in  various  scientific  words, 
as  hclodont,  having  nail-like  teeth  ; 
heloderm,  a  Mexican  poisonous 
lizard  with  nail-like  scales. 

helot  (hel'ot,  or  he'lot),  «.  a 
slave  in  ancient  Sparta  ;  slave  or 
serf. 

hel-ot-ry  (hel'ot-ri),  n.  the  con- 
dition of  a  helot ;  body  of  helots. 
Also  helotage. 

help  (help),  v.t.  to  give  assist- 
ance to  ;  aid  ;  support ;  sustain  : 
succor  ;  relieve  ;  avoid  ;  prevent ; 
distribute  food  to  at  table :  rem- 
edy ;  cure :  v.i.  to  lend  aid ;  be 
available  or  useful :  n.  assistance ; 
aid;  support;  succor;  relief; 
that  which  forwards  or  promotes ; 
a  portion  of  food  served  at  a 
meal  ;  a  hired  servant. 

Syn.  aid,  assist,  relieve,  succor. 
Ant.    (see  hinder). 

help-fill  ('fool),  adj.  affording 
help. 

hel  ter-skel  ter  ( hel'ter-skel'ter ) , 
adv.  in  hurry  and  confusion. 


helve  (helv),  n.  the  handle  of 
an  axe,  &c. 

Hel-ve-tian  (hel-ve'shan),  adj. 
pertaining  to  Switzerland :  n.  a 
Swiss.  Also  Helvetic. 

hem  (hem),  n.  the  edge  of  a 
garment  doubled  and  sewn ;  an 
ejaculatory  sound:  v.t.  [jt.t.  ^ 
i>.l>.  hemmed.  />.pr.  hemming],  to 
form  a  hem  on  ;  to  shut  in ;  envi- 
ron :  c.i.  utter  the  ejaculation 
hem. 

heiua,  a  prefix  meaning  Uoml, 
occurring  in  many  scientific 
words.  Also  hem,  hemato,  ha'ina, 
hsem,  ha?mato. 

hem  a-tin  (hem'a-tin),  n.  the  red 
coloring  matter  in  the  blood. 
Also  hseinatin. 

hemi,  a  prefix  meaning  half,  as 
7i  ejntsphere,  half  a  sphere  or 
globe. 

hem-i-cra-ni-a  (hern'i-kra-ni-a ) . 
n.  a  pain  on  one  side  of  the  head. 

hem-i-he-dral  (-he'dral),  adj. 
having  only  half  the  normal 
number  of  planes  or  faces :  said 
of  crystals. 

hem-i-o-pi-a  (-i-6'pi-fi),  n.  a  de- 
fect in  vision  in  which  only  the 
half  of  an  object  is  seen. 

hem-i-ple-gi-a  (-ple'ji-a).  n. 
paralysis  of  one  side  of  the  body. 

hem-i-sphere,   see   under   hemi. 

hem-i-stich  (-stik),  n.  in  poetry. 
an  incomplete  line,  or  the  half  of 
a  line. 

hem-lock  (hem'lok),  n.  a  wild 
poisonous  plant  of  the  parsley 
family  ;  hemlock  spruce,  a_n  ever- 
green tree  of  the  pine  family :  the 
lumber  made  from  the  hemlock 
tree. 

hem-mer  ('er),  n.  one  who.  or 
that  which,  hems ;  an  attachment 
to  a  sewing  machine  for  hem- 
ming. 

hem-ming  ('ing),  n.  the  action 
of  the  verb  to  hem;  hems  collect- 
ively. 

hemo,    see    hanna. 

hem-o  glo-bin  (hem-o-glo'bin).  n. 
an  albuminoid  substance  in  the 
blood  forming  the  chief  constitu- 
ent of  the  red  corpuscles. 

hem-op-ty-sis  (-op'ti-sis),  n.  spit- 
ting of  blood. 

hem-or-rhage       (hem'6-raj),      n. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


hem 


425 


her 


bleeding  from  the  lungs,  arteries, 
veins.  &c. 

hem-or-rhoids  ('6-roidz),  n.pl. 
bleeding  piles. 

hemp  (hemp),  n.  a  plant  of  the 
nettle  family,  the  tough  fiber  of 
which  is  used  for  cordage  and 
various  kinds  of  coarse  linen  ;  in 
the  East,  a  narcotic  and  intoxi- 
cant, litixltiifh  (q.v.).  is  obtained 
from  hemp. 

hemp-en  ('en),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  made  of,  hemp. 

hem-stitch  Cstich),  n.  a  partic- 
ular kind  of  ornamental  stitching. 

hen  (hen),  n.  the  female  of  a  bird, 
especially  the  domestic  fowl. 

hen-bane  ('ban),  n.  a  poisonous 
coarse  hairy  wild  herb  of  the 
nightshade  family  deadly  to  fowls. 

hence  (hens'i.  >idv.  from  this 
place,  source,  or  time :  in  conse- 
quence of  this:  intcrj.  away !,  be- 
gone ! 

henchman  (hench'man),  n.  \pl. 
henchmen  ( 'men )  ] ,  formerly,  a 
male  attendant  or  servant ; 
groom  ;  one  who  sorvcs  in  a  politi- 
cal campaign  under  another  for 
pecuniary  consideration. 

hendeca,  a  prefix  meaning  eleven, 
as  /i  »N  decahedron,  a  solid  figure 
having  eleven  plane  faces. 

hen-dec-a-gon  (hen-dek'a-gon), 
n.  a  plane  figure  having  eleven 
sides  and  eleven  angles. 

hen-dec-a-syl-la-ble  (-sil'a-bl) , 
n.  a  metrical  line  or  verse  of 
eleven  syllables. 

hen-na  ('a),  n.  a  tropical  shrub 
from  the  powdered  leaves  of  which 
a  cosmetic  paste  is  made :  used  in 
the  East  to  dye  the  nails,  hair, 
&c.,  a  reddish-orange  color. 

hen-pecked  ('pekt),  adj.  governed 
by  one's  wife. 

he-par  (he'par),  n.  sulphide  of 
calcium. 

hepat,  a  prefix  meaning  the  liver. 
Also  hepato,  as  hepatocele. 

he-pat-ic  (he-pat'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  liver. 

hep-a-tite  (hep'fi-tlt),  n.  foetid 
sulphate  of  barium. 

hep-a-to-cele  (hep-a-to-seT),  n. 
hernia  of  the  liver. 

hep-a-to-gas-tric  (-gas'trik) .  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  liver  and  the 
stomach. 


hept,  a  prefix'  meaning  seven. 
Also  hepta,  as  heptachord,  a 
series  of  seven  notes ;  a  seven- 
stringed  musical  instrument. 

hep-tad  (hep' tad),  «.  a  chemical 
atom  or  element  that  has  the 
equivalence  of  seven  atoms  of 
hydrogen. 

hep-ta-glot  ('ta-glot),  adj.  writ- 
ten in  seven  languages. 

hep-ta-gon  ('ta-gon),  n.  a  plane 
figure  having  seven  sides  and 
seven  angles. 

hep-tag-o-nal  (-tag'o-nal).  adj. 
having  seven  sides  or  seven 
angles. 

hep-ta-he-dron  (-he'dron),  n.  a 
solid  figure  with  seven  sides. 

hep-ta-hex-a-he-dral  (-heks-a- 
he'dral),  adj.  having  seven  ranges 
of  faces  one  above  the  other,  each 
range  containing  six  faces. 

hep-tarch-y  Ctark-i).  n.  [pi.  hep- 
tarchies Mz)],  a  government  by 
seven  rulers,  especially  the  seven 
Anglo-Saxon  kingdoms  established 
in  England. 

her  (her),  pron.  the  objective 
and  possessive  case  of  the  per- 
sonal pronoun  she. 

he-rak-la  (he-rak'la).  n.  an  ante- 
lope of  equatorial  Africa. 

her-ald  (her'ald),  «.  formerly  an 
official  who  proclaimed  peace 
and  war,  bore  messages  from  a 
sovereign  to  a  commander,  super- 
intended coronations  and  other 
public  ceremonial  functions,  &c. ; 
an  official  whose  duty  it  is  to 
grant,  record  and  blazon  arms, 
trace  pedigrees,  &c. ;  a  precursor: 
v.t.  to  introduce  ;  proclaim  ;  usher 
in. 

her-al-dic  (he-ral'dik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  heralds  or  heraldry. 

her-al-dic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  of  heraldry. 

her-al-dry  (her'ald-ri),  n.  the 
science  that  treats  of  armorial 
bearings,  and  of  determining  pedi- 
grees, &c. 

herb  (erb,  or  herb),  n.  a  plant 
with  a  soft  and  sur-culent  stem 
that,  after  flowering,  withers 
away. 

her  ba-ceous  (-a'shns),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of, 
or  feeding  upon,  herbs. 

herb-age    ('aj),   n.  herbs   collect- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


her 


426 


her 


ively  ;  grass  ;  pasturage  ;  the  right 
of  pasture  on  the  lands  of 
another. 

herb-al  ('al),  adj.  pertaining  to 
herbs :  n.  a  book  descriptive  of 
plants. 

her-ba-ri-um  (-ba'ri-um).  n.  [pi. 
herbaria  (-a)],  a  systematic  col- 
lection of  dried  plants  for  pur- 
poses of  study  ;  a  building  where 
such  a  collection  is  kept. 

her-bif-er-ous  .  (-bif'e-rus),  adj. 
producing  herbs. 

her-biv-o-ra  (-biv'6-ra),  n.pl. 
mammals  that  feed  on  herbs  or 
vegetables. 

her-biv-o-rous  ('o-rus),  adj.  feed- 
ing on  herbs. 

Hcr-cu  le-aii  (-ku'le-an),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Hercules,  the  hero  of 
Grecian  mythology,  possessed  of 
superhuman  strength :  hence  of 
exceeding  strength  and  power ; 
huge;  vast:  very  difficult. 

herd  (herd),  n.  a  collection  of 
beasts  or  cattle  feeding  or  driven 
together ;  crowd  ;  a  keeper  of  cat- 
tle :  v.i.  to  unite  or  associate,  as 
beasts ;  crowd  together. 

here  (her),  adv.  in,  or  to,  this 
place ;  at  this  point :  in  the 
present  life  or  state;  on  this  oc- 
casion. 

here-by  (-bi'),  adv.  by  virtue  of 
this ;  near. 

he-red-it-a-ble  (he-red'it-a-bl) , 
adj.  that  may  be  inherited.  Also 
heritable. 

he-red-it-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  by 
way  of  inheritance. 

her-e-dit-a-ment  (her-e-dit'a- 

ment),  n.  property  inherited. 

he-red-i-ta-ri-ly  (he-red'i-ta-ri- 
li),  adv.  by  way  of  inheritance. 

he-red-i-ta-ry  ('i-ta-ri),  adj.  pars- 
ing from  an  ancestor  to  a  de- 
scendant ;  transmitted  from  parent 
to  offspring. 

he-red-i-ty  Ci-ti).  n.  the  trans- 
mission of  physical  or  mental 
characteristics  or  qualities  from 
parent  to  offspring;  the  tendency 
of  an  organism  to  reproduce  the 
characteristics  of  the  progenitor. 

here-in    (her-in'),   adv.   in   this. 

here-in-af-ter  (-after),  adv.  in 
this  (deed,  book,  &c.)  after  or 
subsequently. 

her-e-sy    (her'e-si),   n.    [pi.    here- 


sies (-siz)],  an  opinion  or  doc- 
trine at  variance  with  fundam^n- 
tal  truths  commonly  receive^  «s 
orthodox,  especially  if  leadin'  to 
division. 

her-e-tic  ('e-tik),  n.  one  who 
holds,  or  maintains,  heretical 
opinions. 

Syri.    sectary,    sectarian,    schis- 
matic, dissenter,  non-comformist. 

he-ret-ic-al  (-a I),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  having  the  character  of. 
heresy  ;  subversive  of,  or  contrary 
to,  orthodox  belief. 

he-ret-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
heretical  manner. 

here-to-fore  (her-too-for'),  adv. 
previously  ;  hitherto. 

her-it-a-ble,  same  as  hereditable. 

her-i-tage  (her'i-taj),  n.  an  es- 
state  that  passes  from  an  ances- 
tor to  a  descendant;  a  birthright 
or  inheritance ;  the  people  of  God. 

her  maph  ro-dite  ( her-maf 'ro- 
dit),  adj.  having  the  sexual  char- 
acteristics of  both  male  and  fe- 
male in  the  same  individual :  n. 
an  animal  with  both  the  male  and 
female  sexual  organs ;  a  plant 
having  stamens  and  pistils  in 
the  same  floral  envelope ;  a 
brig  square-rigged  forward  and 
schooner-rigged  aft. 

her-maph-ro-dit  ic  (-dit'ik).  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of, 
a  hermaphrodite. 

her-met-ic  (her-met'ik),  adj.  per- 
fectly closed  and  air-tight.  Also 
hermetical. 

her-met-ic-al-ly  (-al-li).  adv.  in 
an  air-tight  manner,  by  means  of 
fusion. 

her-mit  ('mit).  n.  one  who  re- 
tires from  society  and  lives  in 
solitude,  especially  for  devotional 
contemplation ;  an  anchorite. 

her-mit-age  (-Aj).  n.  the  abode 
of  a  hermit ;  a  variety  of  red  and 
white  French  wine. 

her-mit-crab  ('krab),  n.  one  of 
a  genus  of  crabs  that  live  in  the 
empty  shells  of  univalve  mollusks. 

her-mit-ic-al  Cik-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  suited  for,  a  her- 
mit ;  solitary. 

hern  (hern),  n.  the  heron.  Also 
hernshaw. 

her-na-ni  (her-nii'ni),  n.  a  wool- 
en or  silk  dress  fabric. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


her 


427 


het 


her-nia  ('ni-a),  n.  a.  protrusion 
of  some  part  of  the  intestine,  or 
of  some  other  internal  organ ; 
rupture. 

her-ni-al  ('ni-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  resembling,  hernia. 

lier-ni-ot-o-my  (-ni-ot'6-mi),  n. 
the  operation  of  cutting  for 
strangulated  hernia. 

heru.-sh.aw,    see    hern. 

hero  (he'ro),  n.  [pi.  heroes 
('roz)],  a  demigod;  a  man  of 
distinguished  courage,  moral  or 
physical ;  the  chief  character  in 
a  play,  novel,  poem,  &c. 

he-ro-ic  (he-ro'ik),  adj.  having 
the  qualities  of  a  hero ;  producing 
heroes ;  larger  than  life ;  venture- 
some ;  drastic.  Also  heroical : 
n.pl.  extravagant  or  boastful  lan- 
guage. 

he-ro-ic  age  (aj),  n.  the  age  in 
which  the  demigods  or  heroes  of 
Greek  antiquity  are  fabled  to 
have  lived. 

he-ro-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  like  a 
hero. 

he-ro-ic  verse  (vers),  n.  epic 
poetry ;  the  hexameter  verse  in 
Greek  and  Latin  poetry ;  in  Eng- 
lish, an  iambic  measure  of  ten 
syllables. 

her-o-ine  (her'o-in),  n.  a  female 
hero ;  the  female  character  in  a 
play,  novel,  &c. 

her-o-ism  (her'6-izm),  n.  the 
qualities  of  a  hero. 

her-on  ('un),  n.  a  wading  bird 
with  a  long  neck  and  long  legs. 

her-on-ry  ( -ri ) ,  n.  a  place  where 
herons  breed. 

he-ro-wor-ship  (-wer'ship),  n. 
excessive  admiration  of  distin- 
guished men. 

herperto,  a  prefix  meaning  lizard. 

her-pes  (heVpfe).  n.  a  skin  dis- 
ease, characterized  by  small  clus- 
ters of  vesicles  on  inflamed  sur- 
faces. 

b.er-pe-tol-o-gy  ( her-pe-tol'6-ji ) , 
n.  that  branch  of  /oology  that 
treats  of  reptiles  and  amphibians. 

herr  (her' ,  n.  mister,  or  sir  [Ger- 
man]. 

lierr-ing  ('ing),  n.  an  edible  sea- 
fish  moving  in  shoals. 

herr-ing-bone  (-bon),  n.  a  kind 
of  cross-stitch:  v.t.  &  v.i.  to  work 
in  such  a  stitch. 


Her-schel  (her'shel),  n.  the 
planet  Uranus. 

herse  (hers),  n.  a  portcullis,  in 
the  form  of  a  harrow  set  with 
spikes. 

hes-i-tan-cy  (hez'i-tan-si),  n. 
hesitation  ;  suspense. 

lies-i-tate  ('i-tat),  v.i.  to  be  in 
suspense  or  uncertainty  ;  pause ; 
vacillate ;  stammer. 

N///(.    falter,    stammer,    stutter. 

Hes-per  (lies' per),  n.  the  even- 
ing star,  especially  Venus.  Also 
Hesperus. 

Hes-per-i-des  ('i-dez),  n.pl.  in 
Grecian  mythology,  the  four 
daughters  of  Xox  (Night)  and 
granddaughters  of  Hesperus,  who 
guarded  the  golden  apples  given 
by  Gaia  to  Hera  on  her  marriage 
with  Zeus  (Jupiter)  ;  the  gar- 
den containing  the  golden  apples 
protected  by  an  enchanted  dragon. 

Hes-per-us,   same  as  Hesper. 

Hes-sian  (hesh'an),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Hesse  in  Germany  or  its 
inhabitants ;  a  venal  politician : 
pi.  top-boots  with  tassels  in  front. 

Hes-sian-fly  (-fli),  n.  a  small 
fly  the  larvae  of  which  are  very 
destructive  to  corn  crops. 

best  (best),  n.  a  behest:  com- 
mand. 

lie-tae-rism  (he-te'rizm),  n.  open 
concubinage ;  a  system  of  com- 
munal marriage  among  certain 
tribes. 

hctero,  a  prefix  meaning  another, 
abnormal,  different,  unequal.  Also 
heter,  as  hetcrocerca],  having  the 
upper  lobe  of  the  tail  longer  than 
the  lower  lobe :  said  of  certain 
fish. 

h.et-er-o-dox  Cer-6-doks),  adj. 
deviating  from  an  accepted  doc- 
trine or  standard  of  faith,  &c. ; 
heretical :  opposed  to  orthodox. 

het-er-o-dox-y  (-dok-si),  n.  [pi. 
heterodoxies  (-iz)j,  an  unortho- 
dox doctrine  or  opinion  ;  heresy. 

het-er-o-ge-ne-i-ty  ( -je-ne'i-ti ) , 
n.  difference  in  kind ;  dissimilar- 
ity. 

het-er-o-ge-ne-ons  (-n-je'no-us), 
adj.  opposite  or  dissimilar  in 
character,  quality,  structure,  &c., 
not  homogeneous. 

het-er-o-gen-e-sis  (-jen'e-sis),  n. 
the  doctrine  that  certain  organ- 
isms can  produce  offspring  differ- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  miite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bet 


428 


hie 


ing  in  structure  and  habit  from 
the  parent,  but  reverting  in  sub- 
sequent generations  to  the  origin- 
al type. 

het-er-ol-o-gous  (-ol'o-gus),  adj. 
abnormal  in  type  or  structure ; 
consisting  of  different  elements, 
or  of  the  same  elements  in  vary- 
ing proportions. 

het-er-o-mor-phism  ( -mor'fizm ) , 
n..  deviation  from  the  natural 
form  or  structure. 

het-er-pn-p-mous  (-on'6-mus), 
adj.  differing  from  the  normal 
type. 

heu-land-ite  (hu'land-It),  n.  a 
vitreous  transparent  brittle  min- 
eral, a  silicate  of  alumina  and 
lime. 

hew  (hu),  v.t.  [p.t.  hewed,  p.p. 
hewn,  hewed,  p.pr.  hewing],  to 
cut  or  shape,  as  with  an  axe  or 
other  sharp  instrument ;  hack ; 
chop ;  form  laboriously. 

hexa,  a  prefix  meaning  six.  Also 
hex,  as  hexachord,  a  six-stringed 
musical  instrument. 

hex-ad  (heks'ad),  n.  a  chemical 
element,  atom,  or  radical  that 
can  be  combined  with,  or  re- 
placed by,  six  atoms  of  hydro- 
gen. 

hex-a-gon  ('a-gon),  n.  a  plane 
figure  having  six  angles  and  six 
sides. 

hex  ag  on-al  (-al),  adj.  six- 
sided. 

hex-a-lie-dron  (-a-he'dron),  n. 
[pi.  hexahedra  ('dra)],  a  solid 
bounded  by  six  plane  faces. 

hex-am-e-ter  (-am'e-ter),  n.  in 
Greek  and  Latin  verse,  a  line 
consisting  of  six  feet,  the  last 
being  usually  a  spondee. 

hex-a-pod  ('a-pod),  n.  an  animal 
with  six  legs,  as  insects. 

hex-i-ol-o-gy  (-i-ol'6-ji),  n.  the 
science  of  habits  and  environ- 
ment. 

hi  a-tus  (hi-a'tus),  n.  a  break; 
vacancy ;  gap ;  the  concurrence 
of  two  vowels  in  two  successive 
syllables. 

h.  i-b  e  r-nac  ii-luni  (-ber-nak'u- 
lum),  n.  [pi.  -la],  the  winter 
quarters  of  a  hibernating  animal ; 
the  bud-scales  of  a  winter  bud. 

hi-ber  nal   (-ber'nal),  adj.  wintry. 


hi-ber-nate  ('ber-nat),  v.i.  to 
pass  the  winter  in  a  state  of 
torpor,  as  certain  animals :  to 
winter. 

Hi-ber-ni-an  ('ni-an),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characteristic  of, 
Hibernia  or  Ireland. 

Hi-ber-ni-an-ism  ( 'ni-an-izm ) , 
n.  an  Irish  idiom.  Also  Hiberni- 
cism. 

Hi-ber-no-Cel-tic  ( 'no-sol'tik ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  Kelts  of 
Ireland  or  their  language:  n.  na- 
tive Irish.  Also  Hiberno-Keltic. 

Hi-bis-cus  (hl-bis'kus),  n.  a 
genus  of  plants,  shrubs,  &c.,  of 
the  mallow  family. 

hic-ca-tee  (hik-a-te').  n.  an 
American  fresh  water  tortoise. 

hic-cough  ('up),  M.  a  short  con- 
vulsive cough :  v.i.  to  utter  a 
short  convulsive  cough.  Also 
hiccup. 

hie  ja-cet  (ja'set),  (Latin  here 
lies),  an  inscription  on  tomb- 
stones. 

hick-o-ry  ('6-ri),  n.  [pi.  hickories 
(-riz)],  an  American  nut-bear- 
ing tree  of  the  genus  Carya. 

hid,  p.adj.  concealed  ;  not  known  : 
secret.  Also  hidden. 

hi-dal-go  (hi-dal'gf)).  n.  in 
Spain,  a  nobleman  of  the  lowest 
rank.  Fern,  hidalga. 

hide  (hid),  v.t.  \  i>.t.  hid,  i>.p. 
hidden,  p.pr.  hiding),  to  conceal; 
secrete;  not  to  confess:  disguise; 
whip:  v.i.  to  lie  concealed:  ».  an 
animal's  skin  raw  or  dressed ; 
formerly  a  measure  of  land. 

Syn.      bury,      conceal,      screen. 
mask. 

Ant.    (see  disclose). 

hide-bound  ('bound),  adj.  hav- 
ing the  skin  close  or  contracted  : 
prejudiced ;  bigoted. 

hid-e-ous     (hid'e-us),    adj.    offen- 
sive  to    the   sight,    ear,   or    taste; 
shocking  ;   dreadful ;   horrible. 
Syn.  grim,  ghastly,  grisly. 
Ant.    (see  beautiful). 

hiding  (hld'ing),  n.  conceal- 
ment ;  a  beating. 

hie  (hi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  hied, 
p.pr.  hieing],  to  excite;  speed: 
v.i.  to  hasten. 

hi  er  arch  ('er-ark),  n.  the  chief 
ruler  of  an  ecclesiastical  body ; 
the  leader  of  an  angelic  host  in 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


hie 


429 


hil 


ancient  Greece,  an  officer  who 
had  charge  of  votive  offerings. 

hi-er-arch-ic  ('ik).  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  hierarch.  or  a  hier- 
archy. Also  hierarchical. 

hi-er-arch-ism  (-izm),  n.  church 
government  by  a  hierarchy. 

hi-er-arch-y  (-i),  n.  [pi.  hier- 
archies (-iz)],  the  higher  and 
lower  clergy  of  a  church  :  priest- 
hood :  rank  of  holy  beings,  as 
angels :  in  biology,  a  series  of 
systematic  groups. 

hi-e-rat-ic  (-e-rat'ik),  ad),  per- 
taining to  priests  :  sacred  :  conse- 
crated. Also  hieratical. 

hiero,  a  prcfi.r  meaning  sacred,  as 
/i  iVro  pliant,  a  priest  who,  in 
ancient  Greece,  initiated  novices 
into  the  sacred  mysteries. 

hi-er-o-glyph-ic  (hT-er-6-glif  ik) , 
».  a  sacred  character  or  symbol: 
pi.  the  picture  writings  of  the 
ancient  Egyptians,  &c.  :  adj.  per- 
taining to  hieroglyphics ;  emble- 
matic. 

hi-er-o-glyph-ic-al-ly  (-al-li), 
a<Ii\  by  hieroglyphics. 

hi-er-ol-o-gy  (-ol'6-ji),  n.  the 
science  of  hieroglyphics. 

hig-gle  (hig'l).  v.i.  to  carry  pro- 
visions about  for  sale;  chaffer: 
dispute  about  trifles. 

hig-gle-dy-pig-gle-dy  ( -di-pig'l- 
dit.  adr.  in  confusion:  topsy- 
turvy. 

High  (hi),  nil!,  elevated  in  place ; 
lofty :  exalted  in  degree  or  qual- 
ity ;  chief:  head;  honorable; 
noble :  of  large  amount  or  quan- 
tity: strong:  powerful:  intense; 
tempestuous :  full  or  complete ; 
near  to  the  wind  :  tainted  ;  shrill  ; 
acute:  n.  an  elevated  place:  adv. 
aloft :  profoundly  ;  eminently  ; 
aloud  :  luxurious. 

K>ni.  lofty,  tall,  elevated. 
.•1  n  t.  ( see  deep ) . 

high-church  ('cheivli).  adj.  at- 
taching great  importance  to  the 
prerogative  and  authority  of  the 
Church.  its  sacraments  and 
priesthood. 

high-colored  Ckul-erd).  n,]]. 
having  a  strong,  deep,  or  glaring 
color:  flushed:  vivid;  exag"<-r- 
ated. 

high  est   Cost),  adj.  most  high. 


high-fa-lu-tin  (-fa-lu'tin).  adj. 
bombastic :  n.  bombastic  speech. 

high-f arm-ing  ('farm-ing),  adj. 
using  fertilizing  manures  exten- 
sively. 

high-flown  ('flon),  adj.  elevated; 
proud  ;  extravagant ;  inflated. 

high-hand-ed  ('hand'ed),  adj. 
violent ;  arbitrary. 

high- jinks  ('jingks),  n.  sportive 
jollification. 

high-land  ('land),  n.  a  moun- 
tainous region  :  pi.  the  mountain- 
ous districts  of  Scotland. 

high  fife  (lif).  n.  fashionable  so- 
ciety :  its  manner  of  living. 

high-lows  ('loz),  n.pl.  laced  shoes 
reaching  to  the  ankle. 

high-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  high  man- 
ner ;  in  a  groat  degree ;  with  high 
esteem  or  opinion  ;  proudly  ;  arro- 
gantly. 

hiirh  mass  (mas),  n.  a  mass,  usu- 
ally at  the  high  altar,  at  which  a 
deacon  and  a  subdeacon  assist 
the  celebrant. 

high-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  high  ;  a  title  of 
honor  applied  to  persons  of 
princely  rank  (with  a  possessive 
pronoun ) . 

high  priest  (prest).  n.  a  chief 
priest,  especially  the  principal 
priest  of  the  Jewish  hierarchy. 

high-road  ('rod),  «.  a  chief  road  : 
highway ;  an  easy  course  or 
method. 

high  -  strung  ('strung).  adi. 
strung  to  a  high  pitch ;  extremely 
sensitive. 

hight   (hit),  p.adj.  called. 

high-toned  ('tond).  adj.  high 
pitched;  high  principled;  fash- 
ionable. 

high-wa-ter  Cwaw-tor).  adj.  per- 
taining to  high  tide,  or  its 
height  or  time. 

high-way  ('wa),  n.  a  public 
road  ;  a  course  or  path. 

high-way-man  (-mSn),  n.  [pi. 
highwaymen  (-men)l.  one  who 
robs  on  the  public  road. 

high  wine  (win),  n.  a  distillage 
of  wine ;  brandy  containing  a 
large  percentage  of  alcohol. 

hi-la-ri-oiis  (hi-la'ri-us) ,  adj. 
merry;  exhilarated. 

hi-lar-i-ty  Mar'i-ti).  n.  \pl  hi- 
larities (-tiz)],  noisy  merriment; 
exhilaration. 


Ifite,  niiir.  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he.  her.  let:  line,  tin:  vote.  pOrch,  lot;  mo6n, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


Mil 


430 


His 


hill  (hil),  n.  an  elevation  less 
than  a  mountain  :  a  small  mound 
or  heap :  v.t.  to  draw  earth  about 
(plants  in  mounds),  as  potatoes. 

hill-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  hilly. 

hill-ock  ('ok),  n.  a  small  hill. 

hill-y  ('i),  adj.  abounding  with, 
or  characteri/ed  by.  hills:  rugged. 

liilt  (hilt),  n.  a  handle,  especially 
of  a  sword. 

him  (him),  pron.  the  objective 
case  of  he. 

hind  (hind),  n.  the  female  of  the 
stag  or  red  deer ;  a  farm  servant ; 
peasant :  adj.  backward  ;  hinder. 

hiiid-er  (hind'er),  adj.  belonging 
to,  or  constituting,  the  back  or 
rear  of  anything. 

hin-der  (hin'der),  v.t.  to  obstruct 
or  impede :  v .i.  to  impose  obstruc- 
tions or  impediments. 

Syn.   impede,   obstruct,  prevent. 
Ant  (see  help). 

hind-er-most  (hind'er-mdst),  adj. 
same  as  hindmost. 

h  i  n  d-m  o  s  t  (hind'most) ,  adj. 
farthest  from  the  front ;  in  the 
extreme  rear. 

Hin-doo,  same  as  Hindu. 

hin-drance  (hin'drans),  n.  ob- 
struction. 

Hin  du  ('doo),  n.  a  native  of 
Hindustan  belonging  to  the  Ar- 
yan race  ;  Brahman  :  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  Hindus  or  to  Hinduism. 
Also  Hindoo. 

Hin-du-ism  (-izm),  n.  Brahman- 
ism,  more  or  less  modified  from 
the  original  cult. 

Hin-du-sta-ni  (stil'ne),  n.  the 
official  and  common  language  of 
India  ;  Urdu.  Also  Hindustanee. 

hinge  (hinj),  n.  the  joint  or  hook 
on  which  a  door,  &c.,  turn  or 
swing;  the  joint  of  a  bivalve 
shell :  that  on  which  anything  de- 
pends or  turns :  v.t.  to  furnish 
with  a  hinge :  v.i.  to  stand,  turn, 
or  depend,  as  on  a  hinge. 

hin-ny  (hin'i).  v.i.  \n.t.  &  p.p. 
hinnied.  n.pr.  hinnying],  to  neigh: 
n.  the  offspring  of  a  horse  and  a 
she  ass. 

hint  (hint),  v.t.  to  suggest;  men- 
tion casually :  n.  a  suggestion ; 
distant  allusion. 

Sj/n.   allude,   refer,   suggest,   in- 
timate, insinuate. 


hip  (hip),  n.  the  upper  fleshy 
part  of  the  thigh ;  haunch ;  the 
coxa  of  an  insect ;  the  rafter  at 
the  junction  of  two  sloping  roofs ; 
the  fruit  of  the  briar  or  dogrose ; 
melancholy :  intcrj.  a  huzzah  :  v.t. 
\p.t.  &  p.p.  hipped,  p.pr.  hipping], 
to  sprain  or  fracture  the  hip  of: 
affect  with  melancholy:  build 
with  a  hip;  throw  by  a  cross-but- 
tock in  wrestling. 

hipp,  a  prefix  meaning  horxr. 
Also  hippo,  as  Atppophagy,  the 
practice  of  eating  horse-flesh. 

Hip-po-cam-pus  (-o-kam'pus),  n. 
[pi.  Hippocampi  (-pi)],  a  genus 
of  small  osseous  fishes,  having  the 
head  and  shoulders  somewhat  re- 
sembling that  of  a  horse. 

hip-po-cam-pus,  n.  a  sea-horse ; 
the  name  of  two  eminences  on  the 
lateral  ventricles  of  the  brain 
(hippocampus  major  and  hippo- 
campus minor). 

hip -po -drome  ('o-clrom),  n.  an 
ancient  Greek  race-course  for 
equestrian  games  and  chariots ;  a 
circus ;  a  fraudulent  contest  or 
race,  the  result  of  which  has  been 
previously  arranged. 

hip-po-griff  ('o-grif),  n.  a  fabu- 
lous winged  monster,  half  horse, 
half  griffin. 

hip-pol-o-gy  (-ol'6-ji),  n.  the 
study  of  the  horse,  its  structure, 
habits,  &c. 

hip-po-pot-a-mus  (-pot'a-mus) , 
n.  [pi.  hippopotami  (-mi),  -muses 
(-ess)],  a  large  pachydermatous 
aquatic  animal  of  Africa ;  the 
river-horse. 

hir-cine  (her'sin).  adj.  resembling 
a  goat ;  smelling  like  a  goat :  n.  an 
oily  product  with  a  foetid  smell 
found  in  the  fat  of  goats  and 
sheep. 

hire  (hlr).  v.t.  to  engage  for  tem- 
porary service  at  a  certain  pri'-e; 
bribe;  let  or  lease:  n.  recompense 
or  consideration  paid  for  the  use 
of  anything  ;  wages  ;  bribe. 

hire-ling  (hir'ling),  n.  one  who 
serves  for  hire:  adj.  mercenary. 

hir-sute  (her'sut).  adj.  hairy; 
shaggy. 

his  (hiz),  pron.  poss.  case  of  he. 

His-pan-ic  (his-pan'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Hispania  or  Spain. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon. 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


His 


431 


hob 


His-pan-i-cism  ('i-sizm),  n.  a. 
Spanish  idiom. 

his-pid    ('pid),  adj.  bristly. 

hiss  (his),  n.  a  noise,  made  by 
forcing  the  breath  between  the 
tongue  and  upper  teeth,  resem- 
bling that  of  a  serpent  or  goose: 
r.i.  to  utter  such  a  sound,  espe- 
cially as  expressing  disapproba- 
tion or  contempt. 

hist    (hist),  interj.  silence!  hark! 

histo,  a  prefix  meaning  tissue,  as 
/HS<pgraphy,  a  description  of  or- 
ganic tissues. 

iis-tol-o-gy  (-tol'6-ji),  n.  the  sci- 
ence of  animal  tissues ;  micro- 
scopic anatomy. 

his-to-ri-an  (-to'ri-an),  n.  a 
writer  or  student  of  history. 

his-tor-ic  (-tor'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  contained  in,  or  celebrated 
in,  history  :  relating  to  the  past. 
Also  historical. 

his-to-ri-ette  (-to-ri-ef),  n.  a 
short  history. 

his-to-ri-og-ra-pher  (-og'ra-fer) , 
n.  a  writer  of  history,  especially 
an  official  historian. 

his-to-ry  ('to-ri),  n.  [pi.  histories 
(-riz)L  a  narration  of  facts  and 
events  arranged  chronologically 
with  their  causes  and  effects ; 
knowledge  of  facts. 

N///I.     account,     annals,     story, 
record. 

A  at.   (see  fable,  legend). 

his-tri-on-ic  (-tri-on'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  actors  or  the  stage ; 
theatrical ;  also  histrionical :  n.pl. 
the  art  of  theatrical  representa- 
tion. 

his-tri-on-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
theatrically. 

his-tri  on  i  cisin  ('i-sizm),  stage 
effect. 

his-tri-on-ism  (-izm),  n.  stage 
representation ;  affectation. 

hit  (hit),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  hit,  p.pr. 
hitting],  to  strike ;  give  a  blow  to  ; 
touch  (the  mark)  ;  attain  to; 
suit :  v.i.  to  clash  or  collide ;  suc- 
ceed :  n.  a  stroke  or  blow ;  a  lucky 
event ;  felicitous  remark. 

hitch  (hich).  n.  a  catch;  that 
which  acts  like  a  catch  ;  impedi- 
ment ;  a  pulling  or  jerking  up- 
wards :  v.i.  to  become  entangled 
or  caught ;  move  by  jerks ;  strike 
the  feet  together,  as  horses :  v.t. 


to  fasten  or  tie ;  pull  up  with  a 
jerk. 

hitch-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  fastening  in 
harness. 

hith-er  (hith'er),  adv.  to  this 
place :  adj.  on  the  side  nearest  to 
the  speaker. 

hive  (hiv),  n.  an  artificial  recep- 
tacle or  house  for  bees;  a  sw^rm 
of  bees  inhabiting  a  hive ;  a  busy 
assemblage  or  society :  v.t.  to 
gather  or  put  into  a  hive ;  harbor : 
v.i.  to  live  or  take  shelter  together- 

hives  (hlvz),  n.pl.  nettle-rash; 
croup. 

ho   ( ho ) ,  interj.  stop  !  hold  ! 

hoar  (hor),  adj.  white;  grey  with 
age ;  ancient. 

hoard  (hord),  n.  a  store  or  treas- 
ure laid  up  secretly ;  an  accumu- 
lation of  things :  v.t.  to  collect  and 
lay  up :  v.i.  to  lay  up  store. 

hoard-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
storing  up ;  a  fence  of  rough 
boards  inclosing  a  building  site. 

Hoar-frost  (hor'frost),  n.  white 
particles  of  frozen  dew  or  moist- 
ure. 

hoar-hou  A  ('hound),  n.  a  white 
woolly  aromatic  herb. 

hoarse  (hors),  adj.  rough  and 
harsh  in  sound,  as  the  voice  when 
affected  by  a  cold. 

hoarse-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  hoarse 
manner. 

hoarse-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  hoarse. 

hoax  (h5ks),  n.  a  sportive  decep- 
tive trick ;  practical  joke :  v.t.  to 
take  in,  or  delude,  by  a  hoax. 

hob  (hob),  n.  the  flat  part  of  a 
grate  on  which  things  are  placed 
to  be  kept  warm  ;  a  sprite  or  fairy. 

hob-hie  ('!),  v.i.  to  walk  with  a 
limp  or  awkward  step :  v.t.  em- 
barrass or  perplex ;  shackle :  n. 
limping  or  awkward  step. 

hob-ble-de-hoy  (-de-hoi'),  n.  a 
lad  between  boyhood  and  man- 
hood ;  an  inexperienced,  awkward 
youth. 

hob-bly  ('li),  adj.  rough  or  un- 
even. 

hob-by  (hob'i),  n.  [pi.  hobbies 
j('iz)],  a  favorite  pursuit  or  ob- 
ject ;  an  ambling  nag ;  a  hobby- 
horse ;  a  kind  of  falcon. 

hob-by-horse  (-h6rs),  n.  a  stick 
with  a  horse's  head,  across  which 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  ne,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


hob 


432 


Hot 


children  sit ;  a  wooden  or  rocking- 
horse  ;  a  character  in  old  morris 
dances. 

hob-gob-lin  (-gob'lin),  n.  a  gob- 
lin, sprite,  or  elf,  especially  one  of 
frightful  appearance :  hence  an 
alarming  apparition. 

hob-nail  ('nfil),  n.  a  short  thick 
nail  with  a  large  head :  used  for 
protecting  the  soles  of  heavy 
boots. 

hob-nob  ('nob),  v.i.  to  drink  fa- 
miliarly with ;  associate  inti- 
mately together. 

ho-bo  (ho'bo),  n.  an  idle  itinerant 
workman  ;  a  tramp. 

hock  (hok),  n.  the  joint  between 
the  knee  and  the  fetlock ;  the 
back  part  of  the  human  knee- 
joint ;  any  white  Rhine  wine; 
pawn. 

hock-ey  ('i),  n.  an  outdoor  game 
played  with  a  ball  and  clubs 
curved  at  one  end. 

ho-cus  (ho'kus),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
bpcused,  p.pr.  hocusing],  to  cheat 
or  trick ;  to  stupefy  or  render  in- 
sensible by  means  of  drugged 
liquor  in  order  to  cheat  or  rob  ; 
n.  a  trick  or  juggle ;  drugged 
liquor. 

ho  cus-po-cus  (po'kus),  n.  a  jug- 
gler's trick ;  a  juggler. 

hod  (hod),  n.  a  wooden  trough, 
affixed  to  a  long  handle,  for  car- 
rying mortar  or  bricks ;  a  coal- 
scuttle ;  a  male  ferret. 

hod-car-ri-er  ('kar-i-gr).  n.  a 
man  who  carries  a  hod  ;  hodman. 

hodge-podge  ('poj),  n.  a  medley 
of  ingredients,  as  in  a  hodge- 
podge pudding. 

hod-man  (hod'man),  n.  a  brick- 
layer's laborer ;  a  hod-carrier. 

hoe  (ho),  n.  an  agricultural  tool 
for  cutting  weeds,  &c. :  v.t.  to  cut, 
or  till,  with  a  hoe ;  clear  from 
weeds. 

hog  (hog),  n.  a  swine;  a  kind  of 
rough  broom  used  for  scrubbing 
a  snip's  bottom  under  water ;  a 
grasping,  gluttonous  person :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  hogged,  p.pr.  hog- 
ging], to  scrub  (a  ship's  bottom) 
under  water;  to  cut  (the  hair) 
short :  v.i.  to  droop  at  both  ends : 
said  of  a  ship. 

hogs-head  (hogz'hed),  n.  a  meas- 
ure of  capacity  =  52^  imperial 


gals,   or   63   wine   gals. ;    a    large 
barrel  or  cask. 

hoi-den  (hoi'dn),  n.  a  rdde  rustic 
girl ;  romp  :  adj.  inelegant :  rustic  ; 
ill-mannered :  v.i.  to  romp  roughly 
or  indelicately.  Also  hoyden. 

hoist  (hoist),  v.t.  to  lift  or  raise 
with  tackle ;  heave :  n.  an  appa- 
ratus for  lifting  goods  from  a 
lower  to  a  higher  floor,  &c. ;  a  lift. 

hoi-ty-toi-ty  (hoi'ti-toi'ti) ,  inter j. 
an  exclamation  of  surprise,  re- 
buke, &c. 

hoki  ('ki),  n.  a  New  Zealand  fish. 

ho-ky-po-ky  (ho'ki-po'ki),  it.  an 
inferior  kind  of  ice-cream  sold  in 
slabs. 

hold  (hold),  v.t.  [p.t.  held,  p.p. 
held,  holden,  p.pr.  holding],  to 
grasp  and  keep  in  the  hand ; 
clutch  ;  retain  ;  keep  ;  possess  ; 
connect ;  judge  or  consider :  en- 
tertain ;  contain  ;  celebrate  ;  use  : 
v.i.  to  cling ;  adhere ;  stand  good  ; 
continue  ;  proceed  ;  refrain  ;  main- 
tain an  opinion :  n.  the  act  of 
holding ;  a  grasp  or  clutch ;  an 
embrace;  support;  a  fortified 
place ;  that  part  of  a  vessel  where 
the  cargo  is  stored. 

Syn.  detain,  keep,  retain. 
Ant.    (see  loose). 

hold-fast  ('fast),  n.  a  hook  or 
support :  adj.  tenacious. 

hold-ing  ('ing),  n.  anything  held; 
tenure  or  right  of  possession  ;  a 
farm  held  of  a  superior. 

hole  (hoi),  n.  a  cavity;  hollow 
place;  pit;  perforation;  the  bur- 
row of  an  animal ;  mean  habita- 
tion ;  a  difficulty  or  dilemma. 

hol-i-day  (hol'i-dfi),  n.  a  day  of 
gaiety  and  joy  in  celebration  of 
some  event,  &c. ;  a  day  of  free- 
dom from  labor:  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  festival :  joyous :  gay. 

ho-li-ly    (ho'li-li),  adv.  piously. 

ho-li-ness  ('li-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  holy ;  free- 
dom from  sin  ;  moral  and  spiritual 
purity;  sacredness;  a  title  of  the 
Pope. 

Syn.  sanctity,  piety,  sacredness. 
Ant.   (see  impiety). 

hoi-land  (hol'and),  n.  fine  un- 
bleached linen,  glazed  or  un- 
glazed :  pi.  a  kind  of  gin. 

hol-loa  (hol'a),  v.i.  to  shout  to 
one  at  a  distance :  n.  a  shout. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ho! 


433 


horn 


hoi-low  Co),  adj.  having  a  void 
space  within :  opposed  to  solid ; 
sunken;  superficial  :•  unreal :  n. 
a  cavity :  pit ;  groove ;  space  be- 
tween hills  or  elevations ;  insin- 
cere :  deep ;  low :  v.t.  to  make  hol- 
low :  adv.  completely  ;  thoroughly. 

hol-low-ware  (-war),  n.  cast- 
iron  kitchen  utensils,  earthen- 
ware, &c. 

hol-ly  ('li),  n.  a  shrub  or  tree  of 
the  genus  Ilex,  with  glossy, 
prickly  leaves  and  red  berries. 

hol-ly-hock  (hol'i-hok),  n.  a  tall 
biennial  plant  of  the  mallow  fam- 
ily with  large  flowers. 

holm  (horn),  n.  an  evergreen  oak  ; 
low  flat  land  by  the  side  of  a 

.  river:  a  small  river  island. 

hplo,  a  prefix  meaning  whole,  en- 
tire, as  ftoZocryptic,  undecipher- 
able. 

hoi  -  o  -  bias  -  tic  (hoi-6-blas'tik) , 
adj.  wholly  germinal. 

hol-o-caust  ('6-kawst),  n.  a  sac- 
rifice wholly  consumed  by  fire. 

hol-o-cryp-tic,  see  under  holo. 

hol-o-graph  ('o-graf),  n.  a  docu- 
ment entirely  in  the  handwriting 
of  the  author. 

hol-ster  (hol'ster),  n.  a  leather 
pistol-case  usually  carried  at  the 
saddle-bow. 

holt  (holt),  n.  a  wooded  hill;  a 
burrow  or  hiding  place. 

ho-ly  (ho'li),  adj.  [comp.  holier, 
superl.  holiest],  pure;  morally 
and  spiritually  perfect ;  sinless ; 
preeminently  good  ;  pious  ;  sacred  ; 
consecrated. 

Syn.  devout,  pious,  religious. 

ho-ly  day  (da),  a  religious  festi- 
val. 

Ho-ly  Ghost,  same  as  Holy  Spirit. 

Ho-ly  Land    (land),  n.  Palestine. 

Ho-ly  Rood  ( rood ) .  n.  a  cross  or 
crucifix,  especially  one  over  the 
entrance  to  the  chancel. 

Ho-ly  Spir-it  (snir'it),  n.  God; 
the  third  person  of  the  Trinity. 

ho-ly  stone  (-ston),  n.  a  large 
flat  piece  of  stone  used  for  scour- 
ing the  ship's  decks  :  r.t.  to  scrub 
(a  deck)  with  a  holystone. 

horn-age  (hom'fij),  n.  respect 
paid  by  external  action ;  defer- 
ence ;  reverence ;  the  ceremony  by 
which  a  tenant  or  vassal  prom- 


ised   fealty    and    service    to    his 
feudal  lord. 

lioiualo,  a  prcfi.r,  meaning  even, 
plane,  as  homaloida],  flat;  plane. 

home  (horn),  n.  one's  abode  or 
residence ;  dwelling-place  of  a 
man  and  his  family:  fatherland; 
habitat :  a  benevolent  or  chari- 
table institution  :  adj.  pertaining 
to  one's  abode  or  country ;  do- 
mestic ;  to  the  point  designed ; 
near;  effective:  adv.  to  or  at 
home ;  to  the  uttermost ;  closely. 

home-li-ness  ('li-nes).  n.  the 
state  of  being  homely  :  plainness  ; 
rudeness. 

home-ly  Cli).  adj.  plain-featured; 
uncultured ;     rude.       In     England 
benevolent,  kindly,  homelike. 
Syn.  plain,  ugly,  coarse. 
Ant.  (see  beautiful). 

home-made  ('mad).  adj.  of 
household  or  domestic  manufac- 
ture, as  home-made  bread. 

ho-me-o-path-ic  ( ho-me-o-path'- 
ik).  adj.  of  or  pertaining  to 
homeopathy ;  extremely  small  in 
quantity. 

ho-me-op-a-thist  (op'a-thist) ,  n. 
one  who  practices  or  believes  in 
homeopathy. 

ho-me-op-a-thy  (op'a-thi),  n.  the 
medical  system  introduced  by 
Hahnemann  (1755-1843)  which 
seeks  to  cure  diseases  by  the  ad- 
minisration  of  medicines  in  mi- 
nute quantities  to  produce  in  the 
patient  symptoms  similar  to  those 
the  same  medicine  would  produce 
in  a  healthy  person. 

Ho-mer-i-dse  (ho-mer'i-de),  n.pl. 
the  poetical  descendants  of  Ho- 
mer ;  the  rhapsodists  who  recited 
the  Homeric  poems. 

home  rule  (horn  rool),  n.  local 
self-government,  especially  that 
form  of  government  for  Ireland 
advocated  by  Mr.  Gladstone  ana 
the  Irish  Party. 

home-sick  (born'sik).  adj.  ill  be- 
cause of  absence  from  home:  nos- 
talgic. 

home-sick-ness  (-nes).  «.  state 
of  being  homesick :  nostalgia. 

home-stead  Csted).  n.  n  dwell- 
ing-house with  the  adjacent  land ; 
original  abode. 

hom-i-ci-dal     (hom'i-si-d/U).    ad). 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  •  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


hom 


434 


hon 


pertaining  to,  or  having  a  ten- 
dency to.  homicide. 

hom-i-cide  ('i-sld),  n.  the  killing 
of  a  human  being ;  one  who  kills 
another. 

hom-i-let-ic  (-i-let'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  homiletics.  Also  hom- 
iletical. 

hom-i-let-ics  ('iks),  n.pl.  that 
branch  of  theology  which  treats 
of  sermons  and  their  composition. 

hom-i-list   ('i-list),  n.  a  preacher. 

hom-i-ly  ('i-li),  n.  [pi.  homilies 
(-liz)],  a  plain  religious  dis- 
course or  sermon. 

hom-ing  (hom'ing),  adj.  return- 
ing home :  said  of  carrier  pigeons. 

hom-i-ny  (hom'i-ni),  n.  Indian- 
corn  soaked  so  as  to  remove  the 
hull,  and  then  coarsely  ground. 

homo,  a  prefix  meaning  like,  same, 
similar,  as  /tomocercal.  lobed 
alike,  as  the  tail  of  a  mackerel. 

ho-mo-cen-tric,  same  as  concen- 
tric. 

ho-mre-op-a-thy,  same  as  home- 
opathy. 

ho-mo-ge-ne-i-ty  ( ho-mo-je-ne'i- 
ti),  u.  similarity. 

ho-mo-ge-ne-ous  (-je'ne-us),  adj. 
uniform ;  composed  of  similar 
parts  or  elements. 

ho-mo-ger -e-sis  (-jen'e-sis),  n.  a 
mode  of  reproduction  in  which  the 
offspring  of  a  higher  organism 
passes  through  the  same  cycle  of 
existence  as  the  parent. 

ho-mog-e-nous  (-moj'e-nus),  adj. 
of  the  same  origin.  Also  homo- 
genetic. 

ho-mo-grapb.  ('mo-grnf),  n.  a 
word  spelled  the  same  way  as  an- 
other word,  but  having  a  different 
meaning,  and  derived  from  a  dif- 
ferent root,  as  grave  =  a  tomb, 
grave  =  serious. 

ho-mol-o-gons  (-mol'o-gus),  adj. 
identical. 

ho-mo-logue  ('mo-log),  n.  the 
same  organ  or  part  in  different 
animals,  but  varying  in  form  and 
functions,  as  a  hand,  fin,  &c. 

ho  mol  o  gy  ('o-ji),  n.  affinity  of 
structure. 

ho-ino-iiiorph  ('mo-m6rf),  n.  a 
similar  character  or  mark. 

ho-mo-nym  ('mo-nim).  n.  a  word 
alike  in  sound,  but  differing  in 
meaning,  as  pair,  pare,  pear. 


ho-mo-phone  (ho'mo-fon),  n.  a 
letter  representing  tiie  same  sound 
as  another. 

ho-mopli-o  nous  (-mof'6-nus), 
adj.  alike  in  sound,  but  differing 
in  meaning. 

ho-mo-type  ('mo-tip),  n.  that 
part  of  an  animal  which  corre- 
sponds to  another  part. 

hone  (hon),  n.  a  kind  of  fine 
whetstone :  v.t.  to  sharpen  on  a 
hone. 

hon-est  (on'est),  adj.  upright; 
just ;  sincere ;  honorable ;  equi- 
table ;  fair ;  righteous ;  chaste ; 
frank  or  open. 

>S'?/n.  upright,  trustworthy,  can- 
did, just. 

Ant.    (see  dishonest). 

hon-est-y  (-i),  n.  the  quality  of 
being  honest. 

Syn.  integrity,  probity,  upright- 
ness. 

Ant.  (see  dishonesty). 

hpn-ey  (hun'i),  n.  a  sweet,  vis- 
cid, syrupy  substance  collected  by 
bees  from  flowers ;  sweetness ; 
darling  or  sweet  one :  adj.  resem- 
bling honey  :  v.t.  to  talk  to  in  an 
endearing  or  flattering  manner. 

hon-ey-bee  (-be),  n.  the  common 
hive-bee. 

hon-ey-comb  (-kom),  n.  the 
waxen  hexagonal  cells  made  by 
bees  to  contain  their  honey,  eggs, 
&c. ;  any  structure  resembling  a 
honeycomb :  v.t.  to  fill  with  holes, 
&c.,  so  as  to  leave  only  thin  par- 
titions. 

ton-ey-dew  (-du),  n.  a  saccharine 
secretion  from  the  leaves  of  cer- 
tain plants ;  a  sweet  substance  se- 
creted by  aphids ;  a  variety  of  to- 
bacco. 

hon-ey-lo-cust  (-lo-kust),  n.  a 
large  American  tree  of  the  bean 
family. 

hon-ey-moon  (-moon),  n.  the 
first  month  after  marriage. 

hon-ey-suck-le  (-suk'l),  n.  a 
climbing  plant  with  fragrant 
flowers. 

hon-i-ton  (hon'i-tun),  n.  a  kind 
of  lace. 

hon-o-ra-ri-nm  (on-o-ra'ri-um), 
n.  a  fee  paid  to  a  professional 
man. 

hon-or-a-ry  ('er-a-ri),  adj.  done, 
or  conferred,  as  an  honor. 


Ifitc.  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pSrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


hon 


435 


hop 


hon-or  ('er),  n.  respectful  regard: 
esteem  ;  worship  ;   reputation  ;  ex-  : 
alted   rank  ;   fame  ;   magnanimity  ; 
scorn    of    meanness ;    self-respect ; 
chastity ;     an    outward    mark    of ; 
high   esteem ;   glory :   a   title  used 
in     addressing     certain     officials ; 
one    of    the    four    highest    trump 
cards   in    whist :    i>l.   in   a    univer-  j 
sity      examination,      the      highest  ! 
?lass :    v.t.   to   treat  with   respect,  > 
deference,    or    civility ;    revere    or  | 
worship ;   bestow   marks  of  honor  ; 
upon    (with    with);    dignity;    ac- 
knowledge ;  accept  and  pay  wrhen 
due. 

Syn.  respect,  reverence,  esteem. 
Ant.    (see  dishonor). 

hon-or-a-ble  (-a-bl),  adj.  worthy 
of,  or  conferring,  honor :  distin- 
guished in  rank  ;  high-minded  ;  il- 
lustrious ;  upright :  indicating 
honor;  a  title  of  distinction. 

hon-or-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  an 
honorable  manner. 

hood  (hood),  n.  a  soft  wrapper  or 
covering  for  the  head ;  a  monk's, 
woman's,  or  falcon's  hood  ;  a  fold- 
ing cover  for  a  carriage ;  an  orna- 
mental fold  hanging  down  the 
back  denoting  a  university  de- 
gree ;  something  resembling  a 
hood ;  a  cowl :  v.t.  to  cover  or  fur- 
nish with,  or  as  with,  a  hood : 
suffix  •=.  state,  condition,  or 
quality,  as  manhood  \\an\\hood. 

hoodlum  (hood'lum),  n.  origi- 
nally a  California  rough  or  bully  ; 
a  rowdy. 

hoo-doo  (hoo'doo),  n.  a  person 
or  thing  that  causes  ill-luck  :  v.t. 
to  bring  ill-luck  upon. 

hoodwink  (hood'wingk),  v.t.  to 
deceive :  blindfold. 

hoof  (hoof),  n.  [pi.  hoofs],  the 
horny  substance  covering  the  feet 
of  certain  mammals,  as  horses, 
&c. ;  an  animal  with  hoofs. 

hook  (hook),  n.  a  curved  piece  of 
metal,  bone,  &c.,  to  hold  or  catch 
something  ;  a  fish-hook  ;  sickle  ;  a 
trap ;  an  instrument  for  lopping 
or  cutting ;  a  cape  or  headland : 
v.t.  to  catch  with,  or  as  with,  a 
book  ;  to  gore  or  attack  with  the 
horns :  said  of  a  horned  animal : 
v.i.  to  bend  in  the  shape  of  a 
hook ;  become  fastened  to  any- 
thing with  a  hook  (with  on). 


hoo-kah  (hoo'kah),  n.  a  pipe  with 
a  long  flexible  tube  which  draws 
the  smoke  through  a  vase  contain- 
ing water.  Also  hooka. 

hooked  (hookt),  p.udj.  curved 
like  a  hook. 

liook-er  (hook'er),  n.  one  who.  or 
that  which,  hooks ;  a  fishing- 
smack  ;  a  small  Dutch  vessel ;  any 
clumsy,  ill-fitted,  old  craft. 

hoop  (hoop,  or  hoop),  n.  a  metal 
or  wooden  band  to  hold  together 
the  staves  of  a  cask,  &c. ;  the  baud 
of  a  finger-ring ;  a  kind  of  crino- 
line ;  a  large  circular  ring  of 
metal  or  wood  used  by  children 
for  trundling ;  anything  curved 
like  a  hoop ;  a  whoop ;  the  noise 
made  in  whooping-cough :  v.t.  to 
bind  or  secure  with  a  hoop ;  en- 
circle. 

hoop-er  ('er),  n.  a  cooper;  the 
wild  swan. 

hoop-ing  ('ing),  n.  material  for 
making  hoops ;  hoops  collectively. 

hoop-ing-cough,  same  as  whoop- 
ing-cough. 

hoo-poe  (hoo'po),  n.  a  bird  with 
an  erect  crest  and  handsome  plum- 
age. 

hoot  (hoot),  n.  a  contemptuous 
shout :  v.t.  to  jeer  or  drive  with 
contemptuous  shouts :  v.i.  to 
utter  a  hoot. 

hoove  (hoov).  n.  a  disease  in  cat- 
tle, in  which  the  abdomen  is  dis- 
tended. 

hop  (hop),v.f.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  hopped, 
p.pr.  hopping],  to  leap  over;  im- 
pregnate with  hops :  v.i.  to  pro- 
ceed by  short  leaps  on  one  leg ; 
skip  with  both  legs ;  limp ;  to 
pick  hops :  n.  a  jump  on  one  leg ; 
a  dance ;  a  twining  plant  the 
ripened  cones  of  which  are  used 
in  brewing  to  impart  a  bitter 
taste  to  malt  liquors :  adj.  per- 
taining to  hops. 

hope  (hop),  n.  the  desire  of  good 
accompanied  by  expectation ;  an- 
ticipation ;  confidence ;  the  object 
of  hope :  v.t .  to  expect  with  con- 
fidence or  desire :  v.i.  to  cherish 
a  desire  for  good ;  trust  confi- 
dently. 

Syn.     confidence,     expectation, 
trust. 

Ant.   (see  fear,  distrust). 


!ate,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  Men. 


hop 


436 


her 


hope-fill  ('fool),  adj.  full  of 
hope ;  promising  success. 

hope-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  hope- 
ful manner. 

hop-lite  (hop'llt).  n.  an  ancient 
Greek  heavy-armed  foot-soldier. 

hop-per  (hop'er),  n.  one  who,  or  | 
that  which,  hops ;  a  name  for 
various  leaping  insects  ;  a  wooden 
trough  or  funnel  through  which 
grain  passes  into  a  mill ;  mechan- 
ism in  a  piano  for  lifting  the 
hammer ;  a  seed-basket  used  in 
sowing  grain ;  a  hop-picker ;  the 
basin  of  a  water-closet. 

hop-pet  ('et),  n.  a  hand-basket; 
a  dish  for  measuring  ore. 

hop-pie    Cl),  v.t.  to  hobble. 

hop-py  ('i),  adj.  full  of,  or  tast- 
ing like,  hops. 

hops,  see  under  hop. 

hop-scotch  Cskoch),  n.  a  chil- 
dren's game,  in  which  a  flat  stone 
is  driven  from  one  numbered  com- 
partment to  another  by  the 
player  while  he  hops. 

ho-ral  (ho'rfil),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  lasting,  an  hour ;  hourly. 
Also  horary. 

horde  (hord).  n.  a  nomadic  tribe 
or  clan  dwelling  in  tents  or  wag- 
ons ;  a  vast  multitude :  v.i.  to 
live,  or  act  together,  in  hordes. 

hor-de-ine  (hor'de-in),  n.  a 
starch-like  substance  obtained 
from  barley. 

bore-hound,  same  as  hoarhound. 

ho-ri-zon  (ho-ri'zun),  n.  the  cir- 
cular line  where  the  sky  and 
earth,  or  sea,  appear  to  meet : 
hence  the  limit  of  one's  mental 
vision. 

hor-i  zon-tal  (hor-i-zon'tal),  adj. 
parallel  to,  or  situated  near,  the 
horizon ;  level :  opposed  to  ver- 
tical. 

Ryn.  flat,  level,  plain,  even. 
Ant.    (see  inclined). 

hor-i-zon-tal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
horizontal  direction. 

horn  (h6rn),  n.  a  hard  project- 
ing, usually  curved,  protuberance 
on  the  head  of  certain  mammals, 
especially  hoofed  animals ;  a 
thickened  form  of  tissue ;  any- 
thing made  of  horn,  or  like  horn ; 
a  wind  instrument;  one  of  the 
extremities  of  the  moon  when  in 
crescent  form. 


horn-beak,   ('bek),  n.  the  garfish. 

horn-beam  ('bem),  n.  a  small 
tree  yielding  a  tough  wood :  used 
for  cog-wheels,  &c. 

horn-bill  ('bil),  n.  a  bird  with  a 
large  horn-crested  bill,  allied  to 
the  kingfishers. 

horn-blende  ('blend),  n.  a  dark- 
green  or  black-colored  mineral 
with  a  horn-like  cleavage. 

horned  (hdrnd),  adj.  having 
horns ;  horn-shaned. 

hor-net  (hor'net),  n.  a  social 
wasp  which  inflicts  a  severe  sting: 
hence  a  waspish,  disagreeable  per- 
son. 

horn-ing  (horn'ing),  n.  the  ap- 
pearance of  the  moon  at  her  first 
and  last  quarter. 

horn-pipe  (horn'pip),  n.  a  lively 
dance,  especially  by  sailors ;  an 
obsolete  wind  instrument. 

horn-wrack  Crak).  n.  sea-mat. 

horn-y   ('i),  adj.  like  horn. 

hor-o-loge  (hor'6-loj),  n.  a  mech- 
anism, as  a  clock,  &c.,  for  mark- 
ing the  hours. 

ho-rol-o-gy  (h5-ro!'6-ji),  n.  the 
art  of  measuring  time,  or  of  con- 
structing timepieces. 

ho-rom-e-ter  ( ho-rom'e-ter).  n, 
an  instrument  for  measuring  time. 

hor-o-scope  (hor'o  skop),  n.  a 
representation  of  the  heavens  at 
any  time,  especially  at  one's 
birth. 

ho-ros-co-py  (ho-ros'ko-pi),  n. 
the  art  of  casting  horoscopes  and 
determining  the  destiny  of  persons 
from  them  ;  a  horoscope. 

hor-rent  (hor'ent),  adj.  erect; 
bristling. 

hor-ri-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  terrible; 
dreadful. 

hor-ri-ble-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  of  being  horrible. 

hor-ri-bly  ('i-bli),  adv.  terribly; 
dreadfully. 

hor-rid  ('id),  adj.  dreadful;  ter- 
rible ;  hideous ;  most  obnoxious ; 
gloomy. 

hor-rif-ic  (-if'ik),  adj.  causing 
horror. 

hor-ri-fy  ('i-fi).  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
horrified],  to  fill  or  strike  with 
horror. 

hor-rip-i-la-tion  (-ip-i-la'shun) , 
n.  a  shuddering  sensation  as  of 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


hor 


437 


hot 


the  hair  standing  on  end,  or 
goose-flesh. 

lior-ror  ('er),  n.  excessive  fear  ac- 
companied with  shuddering ;  ex- 
treme dread ;  great  disgust :  pi. 
extreme  depression ;  delirium  tre- 
mens  (with  the). 

hors  de  corn-bat  (or  de  cong-ba' ) , 
prep.  phr.  out  of  the  fight ;  dis- 
abled [French]. 

hors-d'oeuvre  (-doovr'),  n.  a  side 
dish  [French]. 

horse  (hOrs).  n.  a  solid-hoofed 
animal,  used  for  riding  or  drawing 
burdens ;  a  male  of  the  species ; 
cavalry ;  a  framework  or  machine 
for  the  support  of  anything:  a 
foot-rope  to  support  the  foot  of  a 
sailor  under  a  yard  or  the  bow- 
sprit :  work  charged  for  before  it 
is  executed :  v.t.  to  mount  on.  or 
furnish  with,  a  horse ;  carry  on 
horseback:  place  astride:  v.i.  to 
get  on  horseback :  adj.  noting 
something  coarse  or  largo. 

horse-fly  Cfli),  n.  a  large  fly  that 
stings  horses. 

horse-laugh  ('laf),  n.  a  coarse 
noisy  laugh. 

horse-pow-er  ('pou-er),  n.  the 
theoretical  unit  of  work  of  a 
steam-engine  =  33,000  Ib.  raised 
1  ft.  in  1  minute. 

horse-rad-ish  ('rad-ish),  n.  a 
plant  with  a  long  root  having  an 
acrid  pungent  taste. 

horse-shoe  ('shoo),  n.  a  U-shaped 
metal  shoe  to  protect  the  hoof  of 
a  horse ;  anything  U-shaped ;  the 
king  crab. 

horse-weed  Cwed),  n.  the  flea- 
bane. 

hors-y  ('i).  adj.  pertaining  to 
horses.  Also  horsey. 

hor-ta-tive  (hor'tA-tiv),  adj.  in- 
citing; giving  exhortation.  Also 
hortatory. 

hor-ten-sial  f-ten'shal),  adj.  per- 
taining to.  or  fitted  for.  a  crardon. 

hor-ti-cnl-tu-ral  (-ti-kul'fu-rAl) . 
adj.  pertaining  to  horticulture. 

hor-ti-cul-ture  (-ti-kul'tur),  n. 
the  art  of  cultivating  gardens. 

hor-ti-cul-tn-rist  (-ist),  n.  one 
who  is  skilled  in  horticulture. 

ho-san  na  (ho-zan'a),  n.  an  ex- 
clamation of  praise  and  glory  to 
God. 

hose    (hdz),   n.    [pi.  hose],   cover- 


ings for  the  legs  ;  stockings  ;  flexi- 
ble tubing  for  conveying  water,  &c. 

ho-sier  ('zher).  n.  one  who  deals 
in  hosiery. 

ho-sier-y  (-i),  stockings,  under- 
clothing, &c. ;  a  manufactory  for 
such  goods. 

hos-pice  (hos'pis),  n.  an  Alpine 
convent  for  the  reception  and  en- 
tertainment of  travelers. 

hos-pit-a-ble  ('pit-a-bl),  adj.  re- 
ceiving and  entertaining  friends 
or  strangers. 

hos-pi-tal  ('pi-tal).  n.  an  institu- 
tion for  the  medical  treatment 
and  care  of  the  sick. 

hos-pi-tal-i-ty  Ci-ti),  n.  [pi.  hos- 
pitalities (-tiz)],  the  practice  of 
entertaining  friends  and  strangers 
with  kindness  and  liberality. 

host  (host),  n.  a  crowd;  multi- 
tude ;  army ;  one  who  entertains 
another  in  public  or  private :  a 
landlord  of  an  hotel  or  inn  ;  an  or- 
ganism on  which  another  is  para- 
sitic ;  the  consecrated  bread  or 
wafer  of  the  Eucharist,  in  the 
Greek.  Roman  Catholic,  and 
Lutheran  Churches. 

hos-tage  (hos'taj),  n.  a  person 
who  remains  in  the  hands  of  an- 
other as  a  pledge  for  the  fulfill- 
ment of  certain  conditions ;  a 
pledge. 

hos-tel  Ctel),  n.  a  hostelry:  at 
Oxford  and  Cambridge,  a  small 
unendowed  college. 

hos-tel-ry  (-ri),  n.  an  inn  or  lodg- 
ing-house. 

host-ess  (host'es),  n.  a  female 
host. 

hos-tile  (hos'til),  adj.  showing 
animosity  :  inimical ;  adverse  ;  re- 
pugnant :  n.  a  hostile  Indian. 

hos-til-i-ty  (-til'i-ti).  n.  \pl.  hos- 
tilities (-tiz)],  the  state  of  being 
hostile  ;  antagonism  ;  enmity  ;  ani- 
mosity :  pi.  acts  of  warfare. 

host-ler  Cler),  n.  one  who  takes 
charge  of  horses  at  an  inn.  Also 
ostler. 

hot  (hot),  adj.  [comp.  hotter.  *M- 
perl.  hottest],  having  much  heat; 
burning:  fiery:  passionate:  lust- 
ful :  ardent :  furious ;  pungent ; 
acrid :  unendurable ;  near  to  the 
object  sought  for. 

%n.  ardent,  burning,  fiery. 
Ant.   (see  cold). 


late,  mRr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moOn, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


hot 


438 


how 


hot-bed    ('bed),  n.  a  bed  of  earth 
covered     with     glass     and     made 
warm     by     the     fermentation     of 
manure,  for  rearing  plants. 
hotch-potch     (hoch'poch),    n.     a 
mixture  of  various  ingredients ;  a 
thick    broth    of    meat    and    vege- 
tables [Scotch]  ;  a  commixture  of 
property  for  division. 
ho-tel   (ho-tel'),  n.  a  superior  inn 

or  lodging-house. 

hot-house    (hot'hous),  n.  a  glazed 
building     artificially     heated     for 
rearing   tender   plants ;    a   drying- 
room. 
hot-mouthed       ('mouth't),      adj. 

headstrong. 

hot-press  ('pres),  v.t.  to  gloss 
paper  or  linen  by  passing  it  be- 
tween heated  rollers. 
hot-spur  (hot'sper),  n.  a  man  of 
hasty  and  precipitate  valor:  adj. 
hot-headed. 

Hot-ten-tpt    ('en-tot),    n.    one   of 
an  aboriginal  South  African  race 
in    Cape    Colony ;     the    language 
spoken  by  the  Hottentots,  charac- 
terized by  a  peculiar  click. 
hou-dah,  same  as  howdah. 
hough,  same  as  hock. 
hound    (hound),    n.    a    particular 
breed  of  hunting  dog ;   a  despica- 
ble,   mean    fellow :    v.t.    to    chase 
with,  or  as  with,  hounds ;  incite ; 
set  upon. 

hound-fish  ('fish),  n.  a  kind  of 
shark. 

hour  (our),  n.  the  l-24th  part  of 
a  day ;  60  minutes ;  particular 
time :  pi.  life ;  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  prayers  repeated 
at  stated  times  during  the  day ; 
the  book  containing  such  devo- 
tional exercises. 

Hour  (our),  n.  one  of  the  Horse, 
goddesses  of  the  hours  and  sea- 
sons. 

hour-glass  (our'glas),  n.  a  device 
for  measuring  time  by  running 
sand  through  a  narrow  neck  of  a 
glass  vessel. 

hou-ri  (hou'  or  hoo'ri),  n.  [pi. 
houris  ('m)],  one  of  the  dark- 
eyed  nymphs  of  the  Mohammedan 
paradise. 

house  (hous),  n.  a  building  for 
residence ;  place  of  abode ;  house- 
hold affairs ;  manner  of  living : 
family  or  race,  especially  of  high 


rank ;  one  of  the  divisions  of  a 
legislative  or  ecclesiastical  body ; 
a  quorum  of  the  members  of  such 
a  body ;  a  mercantile  firm ;  in 
astrology,  the  station  of  a  planet 
in  the  heavens,  or  the  12th  part 
of  the  heavens ;  a  square  on  a 
chess-board;  a  workhouse:  (houz) 
v.t.  to  place  in  a  house ;  shelter 
or  lodge ;  make  secure  before  a 
storm:  v.i.  hide :_  to  take  shelter. 
house-boat  ('bot),  n.  a  covered 
boat  fitted  up  as  a  river  resi- 
dence. 

house-hold  ('hold),  n.  a  family 
living  together :  adj.  domestic ; 
pertaining  to  a  family  or  home. 
hous-ing  (houz'ing),  n.  a  saddle 
cloth  :  pi.  ornamental  trappings  of 
a  horse. 

hov-el  (hov'l),  «.  a  mean  habita- 
tion ;  hut  or  cabin :  v.t.  to  shelter 
in  a  hovel. 

hov-er  (huv'er),  v.i.  to  flutter 
over  or  about ;  stand  in  suspense 
or  expectation  ;  move  about  in  a 
neighborhood. 

how  (hou),  adv.  in  what  man- 
ner ;  to  what  degree  or  extent ; 
for  what  reason. 

how-be-it  (-be'it),  adv.  neverthe- 
less. 

how-dah  (hou'da),  n.  a  protected 
seat  for  riding  on  an  elephant  or 
camel.    Also  houdah. 
how  -  el      ( 'el ) ,      n.     a     cooper's 

smoothing  plane. 

how-ev-er  (-ev'er),  adv.  in  what- 
ever manner  or  degree ;  at  all 
events :  conj.  notwithstanding ; 
yet. 

Syn.  nevertheless,  notwithstand" 
ing,  yet. 

how-itz-er  ('itz-er),  n.  a  short 
cannon,  formerly  used  for  throw- 
ing shells. 

howl  (houl),  n.  the  prolonged  cry 
of  a  dog  or  wolf ;  the  cry  of  one 
in  pain  or  distress :  v.i.  to  cry 
like  a  dog  or  wolf ;  utter  a  pro- 
longed cry  of  pain  or  distress ; 
roar,  like  the  wind  ;  cry  down  by 
clamor :  v.t.  to  utter  in  a  loud 
wailing  tone. 

howl-er   ('er).  n.  one  who  howls; 
a  South  American  monkey  of  the 
genus  Mycetes. 
howl-ing      ('ing),      p.adj.      filled 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


how 


439 


hum 


with  howls  or  howling ;  dreary ; 
dismal ;  extreme. 

how-so-ev-er  (-so-ev'er),  adv.  in 
what  manner  soever ;  although. 

hoy  (hoi),  n.  a  heavy  one-masted 
coasting-vessel :  inter j.  ho  ! 

toy-den,  same  as  hoiden. 

hub  (hub),  n.  the  nave  of  a 
wheel ;  the  peg  at  which  quoits 
are  thrown  :  a  kind  of  steel  punch 
used  in  coining,  &c. ;  a  hilt ;  a 
jutting  obstruction. 

hub-bub    (hub'bub),  n.  uproar. 

huc-ca-toon  (huk-ka-toon'),  n.  a 
kind  of  cotton  cloth. 

huck  (huk),  n.  a  German  trout. 

hnck-a-back  ('a-bak),  n.  a  rough 
kind  of  linen  or  cotton  cloth : 
used  for  toweling. 

huck  le  ('!),  n.  the  hip;  a 
haunch. 

huck  -  le  -  backed  ('bakt),  adj. 
round-shouldered. 

huck-le-ber-ry  (-ber-i),  n.  [pi. 
huckleberries  (-iz)],  the  edible 
berry  of  any  species  of  Gaylussa- 
cia ;  the  whortleberry. 

Iiuck-ster  ('ster),  n.  one  who  re- 
tails small  articles ;  a  mean  tricky 
fellow. 

huck-stress  ('stres),  n.  a  female 
huckster. 

hnd-dle  (hud'l),  v.t.  to  crowd  to- 
gether in  a  disorderly  manner ; 
collect  closely ;  place  or  perform 
in  haste  or  disorder :  v.i.  to  come 
in  a  crowd  or  haste  (with  on,  up, 
over)  :  n.  confusion  ;  crowd. 

hue  (1m),  n.  color  tint;  a  shout- 
ing ;  clamor. 

hue  and  cry  (krl),  n.  in  law,  the 
common  process  of  pursuing  a 
felon. 

huff  (huf),  y.t.  to  puff  or  blow 
up  ;  treat  with  insolence  ;  bully  : 
remove  (a  piece  at  checkers) 
when  one's  opponent  fails  to  take 
with  it :  n.  fit  of  petulance ;  sud- 
den offense  taken. 

hug   (hug),  n.  a  close  embrace;  a 

? articular  grip   in   wrestling :   v.t. 
p.t.    &    p.p.    hugged,    p.pr.    hug- 
ging], to  embrace  closely;  fondle; 
hold  fast ;  keep  close  to. 
huge  (huj),  adj.  vast;  very  large. 
huge-ly     Cli),    adv.    immensely; 

exceedingly. 

huge-ness  ('nes),  ».  vastness ; 
enormous  bulk. 


hug-ger-mug-ger  ( hug'er-mug'- 
er),  adj.  secret;  sloven;  confused. 

Hu-gue-not  (hu'ge-not  or  no),  n. 
a  name  formerly  applied  to 
French  Protestants  of  the  IGth 
and  17th  centuries. 

hulk  (hulk),  «.  the  body  of  a  ship, 
especially  if  old  or  dismantled : 
pi.  old  dismasted  ships  formerly 
used  as  convict  prisons  (with 
the). 

hulk-ing  ('ing),  n.  unwieldy; 
bulky. 

hull  (hul),  n.  outer  covering,  es- 
pecially of  grain  or  nuts ;  the 
body  or  frame  of  a  vessel :  v.t.  to 

,  peel  off  the  hull  or  husk  of ; 
strike  or  pierce  (the  hull  of  a 
vessel)  with  a  shot  or  shell:  v.i. 
to  drift  to  and  fro  upon  the  sea, 
like  a  ship  without  sails. 

hul-la-ba-loo  (-a-ba-loo'),  n.  up- 
roar ;  noisy  contention. 

hum  (hum),  n.  the  noise  of  bees 
and  other  insects  in  flight :  v.i. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  hummed,  p.pr.  hum- 
ming], to  make  such  a  noise:  v.t. 
to  sing  in  a  low  undertone ;  set 
or  keep  going  in  an  energetic 
manner :  inter  j.  a  sound  with  a 
pause  implying  hesitation  or  con- 
sideration. 

hu-man  (hu'man),  adj.  pertaining 
to.  or  characteristic  of,  man  or 
mankind  ;  having  the  qualities  of 
a  man ;  not  divine. 

hu-mane  (-man'),  adj.  having  the 
feelings  proper  to  man ;  benevo- 
lent ;  kind ;  compassionate ;  ele- 
vating. 

8yn.     merciful,     kind,     pitying, 
tender. 

Ant.  (see  cruel). 

hn-mane-ly  ( 'li ) ,  adv.  in  a  hu- 
mane manner. 

hu-mane -ness  ('nes),  n.  the  qual- 
ity of  being  humane. 

hu-man-ize  ('man-iz),  v.t.  to 
render  human  ;  soften. 

hu-man-ism  (-izm),  n.  culture 
derived  from  classical  training; 
human  nature. 

hu-man-ist  (-ist),  n.  a  student  of 
the  humanities ;  one  versed  in  the 
knowledge  of  human  nature. 

hu  man-is-tic  (-is'tik),  adj-  per- 
taining to,  or  characteristic  of, 
the  humanities,  or  human  nature. 

hu-man-i-ta-ri-an       (-i-ta'ri-an), 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot; 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


hum 


440 


Hun 


n.  a  philanthropist ;  an  anti-Trini- 
tarian ;  one  who  believes  that  the 
duty  of  man  consists  of  acting 
rightly  to  others ;  a  perfectionist : 
iidj.  philanthropic. 

hu-man-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  [pi.  hu- 
manities (-tiz)],  mankind;  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  human 
or  humane ;  philanthropy  ;  kind- 
ness ;  benevolence :  pi.  classical 
learning  and  literature. 

hu -man-kind  (-kind),  n.  human 
species. 

hu-man-ly  (-H),  adv.  after  the 
manner  of  men. 

hum-Lie  (hum'bl),  adj.  having  a 
low  estimate  of  one's  self ;  mod- 
est ;  meek ;  submissive ;  lowly ; 
mean  ;  obscure :  v.t.  to  make  sub- 
missive; subdue;  bring  low; 
mortify ;  humiliate. 

.s'?/»-   modest,   submissive,  plain, 
unostentatious,     simple,     degrade, 
humiliate,  mortify. 
Ant.   (see  haughty). 

ham-ble-bee  (-be),  n.  a  bumble- 
bee. 

hum-Til  e-pie  (-pi),  n.  a  pie  made 
of  the  humbles,  or  entrails,  of  a 
deer. 

hum-bles  ('biz),  n.pl.  entrails, 
especially  of  a  deer. 

Hum -hold  t-ine  ('bol-tin),  n.  a 
yellowish  crystalline  mineral ; 
natural  ferrous  oxalate. 

hum-bug  ('bug),  n.  a  fraud  or 
imposition  under  fair  pretenses ; 
sham ;  a  plausible  deceiver ;  a 
spirit  of  trickery  or  deception  :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  humbugged,  p.pr.  hum- 
bugging], to  cheat  or  impose 
upon  ;  hoax. 

lium-bug-ger  (-er),  n.  one  who 
humbugs. 

hum-bug-ger-y  (-i),  n.  [pi.  hum- 
buggeries  (-iz)],  imposition. 

hum-drum  ('drum),  adj.  dull; 
monotonous ;  commonplace. 

hu-mer-al  (hii'mer-al) ,  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  shoulder. 

humero,  a  Jircfi.e  meaning  slionl- 
der. 

hu-mer-us  ('mer-us),  n.  [pi.  hu- 
meri  (-rl)],  the  arm  from  the 
shoulder  to  the  fore-arm ;  the 
cylindrical  bone  of  that  part. 

hum-hum  (hum'hum),  n.  a  coarse 
Indian  cotton  cloth. 


hu-mid  (hu'mid),  adj.  damp; 
moist. 

hu-mid-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  dampness; 
moisture. 

hu-mil-i-ate  (-mil'i-at),  v.t.  to 
humble ;  abase. 

hu  iiiil-i  a  tioii  (-fi'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  humiliating ;  the  state  of 
being  humiliated ;  mortification ; 
abasement. 

hu-mil-i-ty  (mil'i-ti).  n.  [pi.  hu- 
milities (-tiz)],  the  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  humble ;  modesty ; 
self-abasement. 

hu-mite  (hu'mit),  n.  a  variety  of 
chrondrodite. 

hum-ming-bird  ('ing-berd),  n. 
a  very  small  bird  of  the  family 
Trochilidae,  with  brilliant  metallic 
plumage. 

hum-mock  ('ok),  n.  a  large  mass 
of  floating  ice  ;  a  hillock  or  mound. 

hu-mor  (hu'  or  fi'mer),  n.  wit; 
merriment ;  the  tendency  to  look 
at  things  from  the  mirthful  or  in- 
congruous side ;  caprice ;  proud 
conceit;  temper;  petulance;  peev- 
ishness: moisture  of  the  body  and 
eye ;  disease :  v.t.  to  indulge ; 
yield  to  a  particular  desire  of. 
$l/n.  mood,  temper. 

hu-mor-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  who 
gratifies  his  own  humor;  a  droll 
person  ;  one  whose  writing  or  con- 
versation is  characterized  by 
humor. 

hu-mor-ous  (-us),  adj.  full  of,  or 
characterized  by,  humor;  comical; 
diverting. 

humor  some  (-sum),  adj.  char- 
acterized by  humor ;  laughable ; 
capricious. 

hump  (hump),  n.  a  protuberance 
on  the  back  :  v.t.  to  vex  or  annoy  ; 
exert  (one's  self) . 

hump-ty-dump-ty  ( 'ti-dump'ti ) , 
ml},  characterized  by  short  limbs 
and  a  round  body. 

hu  mu-liu  (hii'mii-lin),  n.  the 
bitter  narcotic  principle  in  hops. 

hu-mu-lus  (-lus),  n.  a  genus  of 
twining  plants,  containing  the 
hops. 

hu-mus  ('mus),  n.  vegetable  mold. 

Hun  (hun),  n.  one  of  an  ancient 
Tartar  race,  which  in  the  nth 
century,  A.  D.,  overran  and  dev- 
astated Europe. 

hunch  (hunch),  n.  a  hump  ;  lump  ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moSn, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


441 


bus 


a  thrust  with  the  fist  or  elbow : 
v.t.  to  push  with  the  fist  or  elbow  ; 
push  with  a  sudden  jerk. 

hundred  (hun'dred),  adj.  10 
times  10 :  ».  the  number  of  10 
times  10;  the  symbol  (C.  or  100) 
denoting  it ;  a  division  of  an  Eng- 
lish county. 

huii-dredtii  ('dredth),  adj.  the 
ordinal  of  100:  n.  one  of  100 
equal  parts. 

hun-dred-weight  ('dred-wat),  n. 
the  l-20th  part  of  a  ton. 

hung,  i>. t.  of  hang. 

Hun-ga-ri-an  ( hung-ga'ri-an ) . 
adj.  pertaining  to  Hungary,  its 
inhabitants,  or  language. 

hun-ger  (hung'ger),  n.  keenness 
of  appetite ;  pain  or  uneasiness 
caused  by  want  of  food ;  strong 
desire :  v.i.  to  feel  the  pain  of 
hunger;  to  have  a  longing  or 
earnest  desire. 

liun-gri-ly  ('gri-Ii),  adv.  in  a 
hungry  manner. 

hun-gry  ('gri),  adj.  [comp.  hun- 
grier, supcrl.  hungriest],  having  a 
keen  appetite ;  feeling  pain  or  un- 
easiness for  want  of  food  ;  emaci- 
ated ;  eagerly  desirous  ;  unfertile  : 
said  of  land. 

bunk  (hungk),  n.  a  lump  or 
large  piece. 

hunk-y  ('i),  adj.  well  done;  in 
good  trim. 

hunt  (hunt),  v.t.  to  pursue,  or 
chase,  as  game  or  wild  animals ; 
follow  closely:  search  after:  v.i. 
to  follow  the  chase :  n.  pursuit  of 
game  or  wild  animals ;  pack  of 
hounds :  an  association  of  hunts- 
men :  district  hunted  over  by 
hounds ;  a  search. 
iS'y/n.  seek,  chase. 

hunter  ('er),  n.  a  huntsman:  a 
horse  or  hound  trained  for  hunt- 
ing ;  a  hunting-watch. 

hunt-ing  (bunt'ing),  n.  the  art 
or  practice  of  one  who  hunts ; 
pursuit ;  search. 

hunt-ing-box  (-boks),  n.  a  tem- 
porary residence  while  hunting. 

hunt-ing- watch  (woch),  n.  a 
watch  having  its  face  protected 
with  a  metal  cover. 

hunt-ress  ('res),  n.  a  female 
hunter. 

hunts-man  Cz-man),  n.  \ />!. 
huntsmen  ('men)],  a  hunter;  one 


who    has    the    management    of    a 
pack  of  hounds. 

hur-dle  ( her'dl ) ,  n.  a  movable 
fence  of  osiers  or  branches :  a 
fence  to  be  leaped  over  in  steeple- 
chasing  :  a  rude  frame  on  which 
criminals  were  formerly  dragged 
to  execution  :  v.t.  to  cover  or  in- 
close with  hurdles. 

hur-dy-gur-dy  ('di-ger'di),  n.  a 
stringed  instrument  somewhat  re- 
sembling a  violin,  played  by  a 
wheel ;  a  barrel  organ ;  a  miner's 
camp. 

hurl  (herl),*  v.t.  to  throw  with 
violence ;  drive  forcibly ;  utter 
with  vehemence :  n.  the  act  of 
throwing. 

hur-ly-bur-ly  (her'li-ber'li),  n. 
tumult ;  grea_t  commotion. 

hur-rah  ( hoo-ra' ) ,  inter j.  a  shout 
of  joy,  triumph,  applause,  &c. : 
v.i.  to  utter  such  a  shout  in  ap- 
plause, &c.  Also  hurra. 

hur-ri-cane  (hur'i-kfm),  n.  a 
gale  of  extreme  violence  charac- 
terized by  fitful  changes  of  the 
wind. 

hnr-ri-cane-deck  (-dek),  n.  the 
bridge-deck  of  a  steamship ;  the 
upper  deck  of  a  river  steamer. 

hur-ried  ('id),  p.adj.  exhibiting, 
or  characterized  by,  haste ;  hasty. 

hur-ry  ('i),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  hur- 
ried, p.pr.  hurrying],  to  impel  to 
greater  speed  ;  hasten  on ;  accel- 
erate :  v.i.  to  act  or  move  with 
haste :  n.  haste ;  urgency :  pre- 
cipitation ;  confusion :  a  coaling 
stage  for  loading  vessels. 

hur-ry-scur-ry  (-skur'i).  n.  con- 
fused bustle. 

hurt  (hert),  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  hurt, 
p.pr.  hurting],  to  cause  or  inflict 
pain  in;  wound;  grieve:  injure; 
impair  or  damage:  n.  a  wound;' 
injury  ;  damage  or  loss. 

hurt-ful  ('fool),  adj.  injurious; 
harmful. 

Ny/H.  noxious,  pernicious. 
Ant.   (see  beneficial). 

hurt-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  so  as  to 
hurt. 

hur-tle  (hert'l).  r.t.  to  move  vio- 
lently ;  impel  forcibly :  v.i.  to 
clash  :  dash  in  collision. 

hur-tle-ber-ry,  same  as  whortle- 
berry. 

bus-band    (huz'band),   n.  a   mar- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  poTch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


bus 


442 


hyd 


ried   man  :   v.t.  to  manage  or  use 
with  economy. 

hiis-band-mau  (-man),  n.  [pi. 
husbandmen  (-men)],  a  tiller  of 
the  soil ;  farmer. 

hus-band-ry  (-ri).  n.  agriculture: 
frugality. 

Syn.  cultivation,  tillage. 

hush  (hush),  inter),  be  still! 
silence !  adj.  quiet ;  silent :  n. 
quietness ;  silence :  v.t.  to  make 
silent ;  soothe. 

husk  (husk),  n.  the  dry  outer  cov- 
ering of  certain  fruits  or  seeds : 
v.t.  to  remove  husks  from. 

husk-i-ly   ('i-li),  adj.  hoarsely. 

Jrusk-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  husky. 

husk -ing-bee  ('ing-be),  n.  a  so- 
cial gathering  to  assist  in  husking 
corn. 

husk-y  ('ki).  adj.  \comp.  huskier, 
superl.  huskiest],  consisting  of, 
or  like,  husks  ;  worthless ;  rough 
or  hoarse :  said  of  the  voice :  n. 
an  American  Indian  sledge-dog. 

hns-sar  (huz-iir').  n.  a  light- 
armed  cavalry  soldier. 

hus-sy  (huz'i),  n.  [pi.  hussies 
Ciz)],  a  fast  girl;  worthless 
woman. 

hust-ings  (hust'ings),  n.pl.  a 
court  held  in  the  Guildhall  before 
the  Lord  Mayor,  Recorder,  and 
sheriffs  of  London ;  formerly  the 
stand  from  which  Parliamentary 
candidates,  when  nominated,  ad- 
dressed the  electors. 

hus-tle  (hus'l),  v.t.  to  push  rough- 
ly ;  jostle  ;  mob  ;  shake  together  in 
confusion  :  v.i.  exhibit  energy  and 
alacrity. 

hut  (hut),  n.  a  small  house  or 
cabin ;  a  temporary  erection  for 
lodging  troops. 

hutch  (huch).  n.  a  bin,  box,  or 
chest ;  a  coop  or  pen ;  a  mining 
trough  for  washing  ore :  v.t.  to 
store;  to  wash  (ore)  in  a  hutch. 

huz-zah,  same  as  hurrah. 

hy-a-cinth  (hi'n-sinth),  n.  a  hand- 
some bulbous  flowering  plant  of 
the  genus  Hyacinthus ;  a  variety 
of  zircon,  used  as  a  jewel. 

hy-a-cin-thine  ('in),  ad/,  pertain- 
ing to  the  hyacinth  :  like  Hyacin- 

.  thus,  the  handsome  youth  killed 
by  Apollo  and  transformed  into 


the  hyacinth :  hence  handsome ; 
beautiful. 

Hy-a-des  ('a-dez),  n.pl.  the  five 
stars  in  the  face  of  the  constella- 
tion Taurus,  supposed  by  the  an- 
cients to  bring  rain  when  they 
rose  with  the  sun.  Also  Hyads. 

hy-se-na  (hi-e'na),  n.  same  as 
hyena. 

hyal,  a  prefix  meaning  f/Icisn.  as 
hyaline,  like  glass :  also  hyalo : 
/(j/aZography,  the  art  of  writing  or 
engraving  upon  glass. 

hy-a-line  (hiTi-lin),  adj.  glassy; 
transparent. 

hy-brid  (hi'brid).  n.  a  mongrel; 
an  animal  or  plant  produced  by 
interbreeding  different  species  or 
varieties ;  a  compound  word  the 
elements  of  which  are  derived 
from  different  languages. 

hy-brid-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  cause  to 
interbreed  and  thus  produce  hy- 
brids. 

hy-da-toid  ('dfi-toid),  adj.  watery  : 
n.  the  membrane  around  the 
aqueous  humor  of  the  eye ;  the 
aqueous  humor  itself. 

hydr,  a  prefix  meaning  water,  also 
the  presence  of  hydrogen.  Also 
hydro. 

Hy-dra  (hi'dra).  n.  in  classical 
mythology,  the  water  serpent  with 
nine  heads  slain  by  Hercules ; 
each  of  these  on  being  cut  off  be- 
came two  :  hence  any  evil  which, 
when  grappled  with,  appears  to  in- 
tensify ;  a  genus  of  fresh-water 
polyps  which  multiply  on  division. 

hy-drac-id  ,(lri-dras'id),  n<  an 
acid  containing  hydrogen  but  no 
oxygen. 

Hy-drau-ge-a  (-dran'je-a),  n.  a 
genus  of  shrubs  of  the  saxifrage 
family  with  showy  flowers. 

hy-drant  Cdrant),  n.  a  plug  with 
a  valve  connected  with  a  water 
main  for  extinguishing  fires. 

hy-drate  ('drat),  n.  a  chemical 
compound  containing  a  definite 
quantity  of  water:  r.t.  to  combine 
with  water  to  form  a  hydrate. 

hy-drau-lic  (-draw'lik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  fluids  in  motion  :  n.pl. 
the  science  of  liquids  in  motion 
and  the  application  of  the  forces 
which  influence  the  motions  of 
water  for  practical  purposes,  as 
raising  water,  &c. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


hyd 


443 


hyg 


hy-dric  ('drik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  containing,  hydrogen  in 
combination  ;  pertaining  to  water. 

hy-dride  Cdrld),  n.  a  chemical 
combination  of  hydrogen  with 
another  element. 

hy  -  dri  -  od  ic  (-dri-od'ik),  adj. 
composed  of  hydrogen  and  iodine. 

hydro,  see  hydr. 

hy-dro-car-bons  (-kar'bonz),  n.pl. 
a  general  name  for  bitumens,  min- 
eral resins,  and  fats  which  are 
composed  of  hydrogen  and  carbon. 

hy-dro-cele  ('dro-sel),  n.  dropsy 
of  the  scrotum. 

iy-dro-ceph-a-lus  (-sef'a-lus),  n. 
dropsy  of  the  brain. 

hy-dro-chlo-rate  (-klo'rfxt),  n.  a 
salt  of  hydrochloric  acid. 

liy-dro-chlo-ric  ('rik).  adj.  com- 
posed of  hydrogen  and  chlorine. 

hy-dro-cy-an-io  (-si-an'ik),  adj. 
composed  of  hydrogen  and  cyan- 
ogen. 

hy-dro-cy-aiviH  ac-id  (as'id),  n. 
prussic  acid. 

hy-dro-dy-nam-ic  (-di-nam'ik), 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  derived 
from,  the  pressure  of  water :  n.pl. 
the  science  that  treats  of  water 
pressure. 

hy-dro-flu-or-ic  (-flu-or'ik),  adj. 
composed  of  hydrogen  and  fluo- 
rine. 

liy-dro-flu-or-ic  ac-id  (as'id),  n. 
a  volatile  fuming  acid  used  in 
etching  glass. 

hy-dro-gen  ('dro-jen),  n.  a  color- 
less, gaseous,  inflammable  sub- 
stance, which  liquefies  under 
great  pressure,  and  is  the  lightest 
element  yet  known :  when  com- 
bined with  oxygen  it  produces 
water.  Hydrogen  is  the  stand- 
ard unit  for  the  estimation  of 
atomic  weights  and  volumes. 

hy-drog-ra-phy  (-drog'ra-fi).  n. 
the  art  of  measuring  and  map- 
ping the  water  surface  of  the 
earth,  as  oceans,  lakes,  coast- 
lines, &c.,  with  relative  data  as 
to  their  depth,  tides,  beds,  &c. 

hy-dro-ki-net-ics  (hi-dro-ki-net': 
iks),  n.pl.  that  branch  of  physics 
which  treats  of  fluids  in  motion. 

hy-drol-o-gy  (-drol'o-ji).  n.  the 
science  of  water,  its  property, 
laws,  phenomena,  &c. 

hy-drom-e-ter     (-drom'e-ter),    n. 


an  instrument  for  determining  the 
specific  gravity,  strength,  &c.,  of 
fluids. 

hy-dro-path-ic  (hi-dro-path'ik), 
adj.  pertaining  to  hydropathy  :  n. 
an  establishment  where  patients 
reside  while  under  hydropathic 
treatment. 

hy-drop-a-thy  (hi-drop'a-thi),  n. 
the  cure  of  disease  by  water  treat- 
ment, externally  or  internally. 

hy-dro-pltane  ('dro-ffm),  /i.  an 
opaque  variety  of  opal  which 
when  wet  becomes  translucent. 

hy-dro-pho-M-a  (-fo'bi-a),  n.  a 
disease  caused  by  the  virus  from 
the  saliva  of  a  mad  dog  accom- 
panied by  convulsions  and  un- 
natural dread  of  water. 

hy-dro-phyte  ('dro-flt),  n.  a 
water-plant. 

hy-dro-stat  ('dro-stat),  n.  an  ap- 
paratus for  the  prevention  of 
boiler  explosions ;  an  electrical 
contrivance  for  indicating  the 
leakage  or  overflow  of  water.  , 

hy-dro-stat-ic  (hi-dro-stat'ik) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  hydrostatics : 
n.pl.  that  branch  of  physics  that 
treats  of  the  pressure  and  equilib- 
rium of  fluids. 

hy-dro-tlier-a-py  (-ther'a-pi),  n. 
treatment  of  disease  by  water ; 
water-cure. 

hy-drp-ther-mal  (-ther'mal).  adj. 
pertaining  to  tb,e  action  of  hot 
water. 

hy-e-na  (-hi-e'na),  n.  a  bristly- 
maned  wolf-like  carnivorous  quad- 
ruped. 

hy-et-al  (hi'et-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to  rain,  or  rainfall. 

liy-et-o-grapli  (-6-grSf),  n.  a 
chart  showing  the  rainfall  over 
various  areas. 

hy-et-ol-o-gy  (-ol'o-ji),  n.  that 
branch  of  meteorology  treating  of 
rainfall,  its  distribution,  repre- 
sentation on  charts,  &c. 

Hy-ge-ian.  (-je'an),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Hygeia,  the  goddess  of 
health. 

hy-ge-ian,  adj.  pertaining  to 
health,  or  hygiene. 

hy-giene  ('jen),  n.  the  science  of 
health,  its  preservation,  and  the 
laws  of  sanitation. 

hy-gi-en-ic  (-ji-en'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  hygiene. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote.  pOrch,  lot ;  iu66n, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


444 


hyp 


hy-gi-ol-o-gy  (-ji-ol'6-ji),  n.  the 
science  of  hygiene ;  a  treatise  on 
hygiene. 

hygro,  a  prefix  meaning  moist, 
wet. 

hy-grom-e-ter  (hl-grom'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
amount  of  moisture  contained  in 
the  atmosphere. 

hy-groin-e-try  (-grom'e-tri),  n. 
that  branch  of  physics  that  treats 
of  the  moisture  of  the  atmosphere. 

hy-gro-scope  ('gro-skop),  n.  an 
apparatus  for  indicating  atmos- 
pheric moisture. 

by-men  ('men),  n.  marriage,  from 
Hymen,  the  Grecian  god  of  mar- 
riage ;  the  virginal  membrane. 

hy-me-ne-al  (-ne'al),  p.adj.  per- 
taining to  marriage ;  nuptial. 

hymn  (him),  n.  a  sacred  ode  ex- 
pressive of  praise  or  adoration : 
v.t.  to  sing  hymns  to ;  adore  or 
praise  by  hymns. 

hym-nal  ('mil),  n.  a  collection  of 
.hymns  for  public  worship. 

hym-nol-o-gy  (-nol'6-ji).  n.  the 
study  of  hymns,  their  origin,  use, 
lore,  &c. 

hy-oid  (hi'oid),  adj.  shaped  like 
the  Greek  letter  T,  fi :  n.  a  U- 
shaped  bone  supporting  the 
tongue. 

hyp,  see  hypo. 

hyper,  a  prefix  meaning  over,  be- 
yond, excess,  .and  in  chemistry 
highest. 

hy-per-bo-la  (-per'bo-la),  n.  a 
curve  formed  by  the  section  of  a 
cone  when  the  cutting  plane 
makes  a  greater  angle  with  the 
l>ase  than  the  side  of  the  cone 
makes. 

hy-per-bo-le  ('ho-le),  n.  a  figure 
of  speech  which  expresses  more 
or  less  than  the  truth. 

hy-per-bol-ic  (-bol'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  or  containing,  hyper- 
bole; exaggerated;  pertaining  to, 
or  of  the  nature  of.  a  hyperbola. 

hy-per-bo-re-an  (-bo're-An),  adj. 
arctic. 

hy-per-du-li-a  (-df><Vli-a),  n. 
veneration  of  the  Virgin  Mary. 

hy-phen  (hl'fen),  n.  a  mark  (-) 
joining  two  words  or  syllables: 
v.t.  to  join  by  such  a  mark. 

hypno,  a  prefix  meaning  sleep. 

hyp-no-sis  (nip-no'sis),  n.  a  hyp- 
notic state  or  trance. 


hyp-not-ic  ( liip-uot'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  producing,  hypno- 
tism. 

hyp  no  tize  ('no-tiz),  v.t.  to  pro- 
duce, or  subject  to,  hypnotism. 

hyp-no- tism  ('no-tizm).  n.  a 
method  of  inducing  a  trance-like 
sleep :  a  method  of  medical  treat- 
ment by  hypnotism. 

hypo,  hyp,  a  prefix  meaning 
under;  beneath. 

hy-po-blast  (hl'po-blast),  n.  the 
under  layer  of  the  blastoderm. 

hyp-o-chon-dri-a  (hip-o-kon'dri- 
a),  n.  a  disease  attended  with  ex- 
treme melancholy,  and  anxiety  re- 
specting one's  state  of  health. 
Also  hypochondriasis. 

hyp-o-chon-dri-ac  ('dri-ak),  •«. 
one  who  is  affected  with  hypo- 
chondria :  adj.  pertaining  to,  or 
affected  with,  hypochondria. 

hyp-oc-ri-sy  (-ok'ri-si),  n.  a 
feigning  to  be  what  one  is  not ; 
dissimulation ;  false  profession. 

Syn.  cant,  pretense,  sham,  affec- 
tation. 

Ant.   (see  truth). 

hyp-o-crite  ('6-krit),  n.  one  who 
practices  hypocrisy ;  a  dissimula- 
tor. 

Syn.    dissembler,    impostor, 
canter. 

hy-po-der-mic  ( hl-po-der'mik ) , 
adj.  inserted  under  the  skin :  n. 
a  medicine  thus  injected. 

hy-po-gas-tric  ( hl-po-gas'trik ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  hypogas- 
trium. 

hy-po-gas-tri-um  ('tri-um),  n. 
[pi.  hypogastria  (-a)],  the  mid- 
dle part  of  the  lower  region  of  the 
abdomen. 

hyp-o-style  ('6-stIl),  n.  a  roof 
supported  by  columns ;  a  covered 
colonnade ;  pillared  hall  or  court. 

hy-pot-e-nuse  (-pot'e-nfis).  n. 
the  side  of  a  right-angled  triangle 
opposite  the  right  angle.  Also 
hypothenuse. 

hy-poth-e-sis  (-poth'e-sis),  n.  [pi. 
hypotheses  (-sez )].  something  as- 
sumed for  the  purpose  of  argu- 
ment ;  a  theory  to  explain  some 
fact  which  may  or  may  not  prove 
to  be  true ;  supposition  ;  conject- 
ure. 

Syn.  theory,  sunposition. 


Ifite,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


hyp 


445 


hys 


hy-po-thet-ic  (-po-thet'ik),  adj. 
based  on  hypothesis ;  conjectural. 
Also  hypothetical. 

hy-po-thet  ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
by  hypothesis. 

hyp  si,  a  prefix  meaning  high,  ex- 
ceptionally high,  as  /ij/psibrachy- 
cephalic :  adj.  haying  a  high  broad 
skull,  as  certain  races.  Also 
hypso. 

hyn-som-e-ter  (hip-som'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring  alti- 
tudes by  atmospheric  pressure. 

hyp-som-e-try  ('e-tri),  n.  the  art 
of  determining  altitudes  by  atmos- 
pheric pressure. 

hy-rax  (hi'raks),  n.  a  small  hare- 
like  mammal,  the  coney  of  the 
Bible. 

hys-sop  (his'up),  n.  an  aromatic 
plant  with  blue  flowers ;  an  uni- 


dentified plant  mentioned  in  the 
Bible. 

hys-te-ri-a  (his-te'ri-a),  n.  a 
nervous  affection  of  women  char- 
acterized by  choking  sensations, 
paroxysms  of  laughter  or  weeping. 
and  frequently  simulating  other 
diseases. 

hys-ter-i-cal  f-ter'i-kan.  «<//.  per- 
taining to,  or  affected  by,  hys- 
terics; violently  emotional. 

hys-ter-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
hysterical  manner. 

hys-ter-ics  (his-ter'iks),  n.pl.  hys- 
teria. 

hys-ter-oid  ('oid),  aaj.  resembling 
hysteria. 

liys-ter-ot-o-iny  (-ot'6-mi),  n.  the 
operation  of  cutting  out.  or  into, 
the  womb. 


late,  mSr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


446 


Ico 


I 


I  (I),  pron.  [pi.  we  (we)],  nom. 
case,  sing,  of  the  pronoun  of  the 
1st  person ;  the  word  by  which 
the  speaker  or  writer  denotes  him- 
self :  n.  in  metaphysics,  the  object 
of  consciousness ;  the  ego. 

i-am-bic  (i-am'bik).  adj.  consist- 
ing of,  or  employing,  iambics:  n. 
an  iambus,  a  satirical  poem  in 
iambic  verse. 

i-ain-bus  ('bus),  n.  a  metrical  foot 
consisting  of  two  syllables,  of 
which  the  first  is  short  and  the 
second  is  long(  ^  •  ),  or,  in  ac- 
centual versification,  a  foot  of  two 
syllables,  in  which  the  stress  ac- 
cent falls  on  the  second  syllable. 

i-bex  ( 'beks ) ,  n.  a  genus  of  wild 
goats,  having  very  large  recurved 
horns,  the  best  known  species  of 
which  is  the  Alpine  steinbok  or 
bouquetin. 

i-bis  ('bis),  n.  a  genus  of  large 
wading  birds,  having  a  long,  curved 
beak,  of  which  the  most  nota- 
ble species  is  the  sacred  Ibis  of 
the  ancient  Egyptians. 

ice  (is),  n.  frozen  water  or  other 
fluid ;  a  frozen  confection,  as  ice- 
cream :  v.t.  to  convert  into  ice ; 
freeze ;  preserve  in  ice,  cover  with 
concreted  sugar ;  frost. 

ice  age  (fij).  n.  the  glacial  epoch. 

ice-berg  ('berg),  n.  a  large  mass 
of  ice  detached  from  a  glacier, 
and  floating  in  the  sea. 

ice  boat  (but),  n.  a  strong  steam 
boat  used  to  break  a  channel 
through  ice ;  a  boat  mounted  on 
runners  and  propelled  by  sails  on 
ice. 

ice-field  ('feld),  n.  an  extensive 
sheet  of  floating  ice. 

ice-floe  ('flo),  n.  a  smaller  sheet 
of  floating  ice. 

ice-pack  ('pak).  n.  a  field  of 
broken  and  drifting  ice,  consist- 
ing of  great  masses  packed  to- 
gether. 

ich-neu-mon  (ik-mYmun).  n.  an 
animal  of  the  weasel  kind,  found 
in  Egypt,  where  it  was  anciently 
worshipped  ;  it  tracks  out  and  de- 
vours the  eggs  of  the  crocodile. 


ich-neu-mon-fly  (-fli),  n.  an  in- 
sect which  lays  its  eggs  in  the 
bodies  of  other  insects. 

ich.  110  lite  ('no-lit),  n.  a  stone 
impressed  with  a  fossil  footprint. 

ich-nol-o-gy  (-nol'6-ji),  n.  that 
branch  of  science  which  treats 
of  fossil  footprints. 

i-cbor  (i'kor),  n.  in  classical 
mythology,  the  ethereal  fluid 
which  ran,  instead  of  blood,  in 
the  veins  of  the  gods :  a  thin, 
watery,  acrid  serum  from  an  ulcer 
or  wound. 

ich.-tb.y-ic  (ik'thi-ik),  adj.  fish- 
like. 

icb.tb.yo,  a  prefix  meaning  a  fixh. 
as  ichthyol\te,  a  fossil  fish;  the 
impression  of  a  fossil  fish.  Also 
ichthy. 

icb-thy-og-ra-pby  (ik-thi-og'ra- 
fi),  n.  a  treatise  on  fishes. 

icb-tby-o-lite,  see  under  ichthyo. 

ich-thy-ol-o-gy  (-ol'o-ji),  n.  that 
branch  of  zoology  which  treats 
of  fishes,  their  structure,  classifi- 
cation, &c. 

Ich-tby-o-sau-ms  (-saw'rus),  n. 
a  genus  of  huge  fossil  fish-liz- 
ards. 

icb-thy-o-sis  (-6'sis),  n.  a  disease 
in  which  the  skin  presents  the 
form  of  hard  dry  scales  and  plates. 

i-ci-cle  (I'si-kl),  n.  a  pendent  cone 
of  ice  formed  by  the  freezing  of 
dripping  water. 

i-ci-ly  ('si-li),  adv.  in  an  icy  man- 
ner ;  coldlv. 

i-ci  ness  ('si-ne&j,  n.  the  state  of 
being  icy  ;  coldness. 

i-cing  ('sing),  n.  a  coating  of  con- 
crete sugar. 

i-con  (1'kon),  n.  [pi.  icons 
('konz).  icones  ('kon-ez)  |,  in  the 
Greek  Church,  a  sacred  image  or 
picture.  Also  eikon,  ikon. 

icono,  a  prefix  meaning  image,  as 
tttoonoclasm,  image  breaking. 

i-con  o-clast  (I-kon'6-klAst),  n.  an 
image  breaker;  one  who  attacks 
superstitions  or  shams. 

icos,  a  prefix  meaning  twenty,  as 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote.  pOrch,  lot ;  moon. 
cook  ;  miite.  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Ico 


447 


id! 


icosahedral,   having   twenty   plane 
faces. 

i-cos-a-he-dron  (-kos-a-he'dron) , 
n.  a  solid  bounded  by  twenty 
plane  faces. 

ic-tus  (ik'tus),  n.  a  blow  or 
stroke ;  in  prosody  and  music, 
rhythmical  or  metrical  accent  Di- 
stress. _ 

i-cy  (I'si),  adj.  [comp.  icier. 
superl.  iciest],  pertaining  to,  or 
resembling,  or  abounding  in,  ice  ; 
cold  ;  chilling  ;  indifferent. 

i-de-a    (-de'a),  n.  a  mental  image 
or  picture ;  a  conception  of  what 
ought  to  be ;   an   abstract   princi- 
ple ;  opinion  ;  belief  ;  plan. 
Syn.   thought,   imagination. 

i-de-al  (-de'al),  adj.  existing  in 
imagination  only  ;  visionary  ;  con- 
forming to  a  standard  of  per- 
fection ;  perfect :  n.  a  mental  con- 
ception, or  an  individual  regarded 
as  the  standard  of  perfection. 
Ant.  (see  actual) .  « 

i-de-al-ize  (-!z),  v.t.  to  make 
ideal ;  embody  in  an  ideal  form ; 
represent  (natural  objects;  so 
as  to  show  their  most  important 
characteristics  onb7 :  v.i.  to  form 
ideals. 

i-de-al-ism  (-izm),  n.  in  art,  the 
effort  to  realize,  by  elimination 
and  combination,  the  highest  type 
of  any  natural  object;  the  doctrine 
that  all  our  knowledge  of  objects 
is  a  knowledge  of  ideas. 

i-de-al-ist   (-ist),  n.  one  who  pur- 
sues the  ideal ;  one  who  holds  tlu\ 
doctrine  of  idealism  ;  a  visionary. 

i-de-al-is-tic  (-is'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  an  ideal ;  relating  to 
idealism  or  idealists. 

i-de-al-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the  quality 
of  being  ideal ;  the  faculty  to  foruJ 
ideals. 

i-de-al -ly  (-15),  adv.  according  to 
an  ideal ;  mentally. 

i-den-ti-cal  (i-den'ti-kal),  adj.  ex- 
pressing sameness ;  differing  in 
no  essential  point. 

i-den-ti-cal-ly  (-li).  adv.  in  an 
identical  manner. 

i-den-ti-cal  note  (not),  n.  a  note 
in  terms  agreed  upon  by  two  or 
more  powers,  intended  to  influence 
another  power. 

i-den-ti-fl-a-ble  (-ti-fi'S-bl).  adj. 
that  may  be  identified. 


i-den-ti  fy  (-den'ti-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  identified,  p.pr.  identifying], 
to  make,  prove  to  be,  or  consider 
as,  the  same. 

i-den-ti-ty  ('ti-ti).  n.  essential  or 
practical  sameness. 

i-de-o-graph.  (i'de-o-graf ),  n.  a 
symbol,  figure,  or  hieroglyph,  not 
naming  but  suggesting  the  idea 
of  an  object.  Also  ideogram. 

i-de-o-graph-ic  ('ik),  adj.  repre- 
senting ideas  by  symbols  inde- 
pendently of  sounds.  Also  ideo- 
graphical. » 

i-de-og-ra-phy  (1-de-pg'ra-fi),  n. 
the  direct  representation  of  ideas 
by  symbols. 

i-de-ol-o-gist  (I-de-ol'o-jist).  n. 
one  occupied  with  ideas  or  ideals ; 
a  theorist. 

i-de-ol-o-gy  ( 'o-ji ) ,  n.  the  science 
of  ideas ;  the  system  of  philosophy 
which  d.  rives  ideas  exclusively 
from  sensation. 

i-de-o-mo-tion  (-6-mo'shun),  n. 
unconscious  muscular  motion  aris- 
ing from  a  dominant  idea. 

ides  (idz),  n.pl.  in  the  ancient 
Roman  calendar,  the  eighth  day 
after  the  nones — the  15th  of 
March,  May,  July,  October,  and 
the  13th  of  the  other  months. 

idio,  a  prefix  meaning  one's  own, 
peculiar. 

id-i-o-cy  (id  i-o-si);  n.  the  state 
of  being  an  idiot ;  mental  im- 
becility. Also  id'.otcy. 

Syn.  folly,  imbw^iitj,  stupidity, 
senselessness. 

Ant.    (see  intelligence). 

id-i-o-graph  (-graf),  n.  a  private 
or  trade  inark. 

id-i-om  ('i-um),  n.  a  turn  of  ex- 
pression peculiar  to  a  language  ; 
the  distinctive  characteristics  of  a 
language. 

id-i-o-mat-ic  (-6-mat'ik),  adj.  pe- 
culiar to  a  language ;  given  to,  or 
marked  by,  the  use  of  idioms. 
Also  idiomatical. 

id-i-o-mat-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
according  to  the  idiom. 

id-i-o-path-ic  (-6-path'ik),  adj. 
characterizing  a  disease  not  pro- 
duced by  another. 

id-i-op-a-tny  (-op'a-thi),  n.  an  in- 
dividual or  personal  affe_ction ;  a 
primary  disease  not  arising  from 
another. 

id-i-o-syn-cra-sy    ( -i-6-sin'kra-si ) , 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


idl 


448 


n.  [pi.  idiosyncrasies  (-siz)], 
peculiarity  of  constitution  or  tem- 
perament ;  a  characteristic  pecu- 
liar to  an  individual. 

id-i-ot  ('i-ot),  n.  one  of  weak  in- 
tellect ;  a  foolish  person. 

id-i-ot-ic  ('ik).  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  like,  an  idiot ;  foolish,  fatuous. 
Also  idiotical. 

id-i-ot-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in  an 
idiotic  manner. 

i-dle  (I'dl),  adj.  empty;  unoccu- 
pied ;  unemployed ;  unused ;  use- 
i(>ss«;  vain;  of  no  importance;  ir- 
relevant ;  averse  to  labor ;  futile ; 
lazy :  v.i.  to  be  inactive  or  with- 
out employment :  v.t.  to  spend  in 
idleness;  waste  (time):  usually 
with  away. 

ttyn.  indolent,  lazy. 
Ant.   (see  industrious). 

i-dler  (I'dler),  n.  one  who  idles; 
a  lazy  person  ;  one  who  has  con- 
stant day  duty  on  board  ship,  and 
does  not  keep  night  watch. 

i-dle-wheel  ('hwel).  n.  a  wheel 
placed  between  two  others  to 
transfer  motion  without  change 
of  direction. 

i-dol  (i-dol),  n.  an  image  of  a 
divinity,  employed  as  an  object 
of  worship ;  a  person  or  thing 
loved  to  excess. 

i-dol-a-ter  ('a-ter),  n.  an  idol- 
worshipper  ;  one  who  pays  divine 
honors  to  images,  &c. ;  one  who 
loves  a  person  or  thing  to  excess. 

i-dol-a-tress  ('a-tres),  n.  a  female 
idolater. 

i-dol  a-trous  ('a-trus),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  practicing,  idolatry  ; 
marked  by  undue  reverence  or  af- 
fection. 

i-dol-a-try  ('a-tri),  n.  Ipl.  idol- 
atries (-triz)],  the  paying  of  Di- 
vine honors  to  idols,  images,  or 
any  created  object ;  the  ascription 
of  Divine  power  to  natural  agen- 
cies ;  excessive  admiration,  venera- 
tion, or  love  for  any  person  or 
thing. 

i-dol-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  make  an 
idol  of;  love  or  admire  to  excess. 

i-dyl  (i'dil),  n.  a  short,  highly- 
wrought  pastoral  poem ;  applied 
also  to  descriptive  and  narrative 
poems  of  greater  length  ;  a  descrip- 
tion of  simple,  rural,  pastoral 
scenes.  Also  idyll. 


i-dyl-ist  (I'dil-ist),  n.  a  pastoral 
poet,  or  painter. 

i-dyl-lic  ('lik),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  of  the  nature  of,  an  idyl ;  pas- 
toral. 

if  (if),  con;,  on  the  condition; 
supposing  that ;  whether ;  al- 
though. 

ig-ne-ous  ('ne-us),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  consisting  of,  or  resem- 
bling, fire,  or  produced  by  fire. 

ig-nis  fat-u-us  ('nis  fat'u-us),  n. 
a  meteoric  light  seen  to  flit  above 
the  ground  in  marshy  places.  &c. ; 
a  misleading  influence.  Popularly 
known  as  Will-o'-the  wisp,  Jack- 
o'-Lantcrn,  Corpse-candle. 

ig-nite  ('nit),  v.t.  to  set  on  fire; 
to  make  incandescent  with  heat ; 
subject  to  the  action  of  intense 
heat ;  v.i.  to  take  fire ;  glow  with 
heat. 

ig-nit-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  ignites ;  a  time  ex- 
ploder for  igniting  the  powder  of 
a  torpedo. 

ig-nit-i-ble  (ig-mt'i-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  ignited ;  easily 
kindled. 

ig-ni-tion  (-nish'un).  n.  the  act 
of  igniting ;  the  state  of  being 
ignited. 

ig-no-ble  (-no'bl),  adj.  of  low 
birth  or  station ;  of  mean  char- 
acter or  quality ;  of  little  value  : 
characterizing  a  short-winged 
hawk,  as  distinguished  from  a 
long-winged  falcon. 

ig-no-ble-ness  ('bl-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  ignoble ; 
absence  of  dignity. 

ig-no-bly  ('bli),  adv.  in  an  igno- 
ble manner;  basely. 

ig-iio  min-ious        (-no-min'i-us), 

>  adj.  marked  with  ignominy  or  pub- 
lic disgrace ;  shameful ;  deserv- 
ing disgrace ;  despicable. 

Syn.   shameful,   scandalous,   in- 
famous. 

Ant.   (see  honorable). 

ig-no-min-y  (ig'no-min-i),  n.  [pi. 
ignominies  (-iz)],  loss  of  one's 
good  name  ;  public  disgrace  or  dis- 
honor ;  cause  or  source  of  dis- 
grace. 

Syn.   shame,   disgrace,   obloquy, 
infamy,    reproach. 

ig-no-ra-mus  (-ra'mus),  n.  an 
ignorant  person,  especially  an  ig- 
norant pretender  to  knowledge. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


ign 


449 


ill 


ig-no-rance  (-runs),  n.  the  state 
of  being  ignorant ;  want  of 
knowledge. 

ig-no-rant  (-rant),  adj.  desti- 
tute of  knowledge  ;  uninstructed  ; 
illiterate. 

Kyn.    unlearned,    illiterate,    un- 
informed,  uneducated. 
Ant.   (see  knowing). 

ig-nore  (-nor'),  v.t.  to  be  igno- 
rant of ;  treat  as  unknown  :  dis- 
regard ;  throw  out  as  false  or  un- 
supported by  sufficient  evidence : 
said  of  a  grand  jury  rejecting  a 
bill. 

i-gna-na  (i-gwil'na),  n.  a  large 
tropical  American  lizard,  having 
a  dewlap  under  the  throat. 

11,  a  prefix,  another  form  of  ire 
when  followed  by  I,  meaning  not. 
as  illiterate,  uneducated. 

il-e-um  (il'e-um),  n.  the  lower 
part  of  the  small  intestine. 

I-lex  (1'leks),  n.  a  genus  of  ever- 
green trees  and  shrubs  repre- 
sented by  the  holly. 

il-i-ac  (il'i-ak),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  ileum,  or  to  the  ilium,  or  flank 
bone. 

il-i-um  (il'i-um),  n.  the  dorsal  or 
upper  part  of  the  hip-bone. 

ill  (il),  adj.  [comp.  worse,  snpcrl. 
worst],  bad  or  evil;  contrary  to 
good  ;  causing  or  attended  by  evil 
or  suffering  in  a  bad  or  disordered 
state  physically  or  morally  :  sick  ; 
diseased;  unfriendly:  not  proper; 
unskilful :  vicious:  n.  evil  ;  wicked- 
ness; misfortune;  disease;  any- 
thing discreditable;  harm;  mis- 
chief :  adv.  not  well ;  not  easily. 

8yn.    evil,    wickedness,    misfor- 
tune, mischief,   harm,  sick,  indis- 
posed, unwell,  diseased. 
Ant.   (see  good,  well). 

il  lapse  (-laps'),  n.  a  gliding  in 
or  into,  especially  a  divine  in- 
flux;  inspi  ration. 

il-la-tion  (-la'shunl,  n.  an  infer- 
ence, deduction,  or  conclusion. 

il-lic-it  (-lis'it),  adj.  not  au- 
thorized or  allowed  ;  unlicensed  ; 
unlawful. 

Il-lic-i-um  ('i-um),  n.  a  genus  of 
shrubs  of  the  magnolia  family, 
containing  the  Japanese  incense 
plant. 

il-lim-it-a-ble  Mim'it-a-bl),  adj. 
immeasurable  ;  vast ;  infinite. 


Syn_.    boundless,    immeasurable, 
unlimited,  infinite. 

il-lim-it-a-ble-ness  (-nes).  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  illimita- 
ble. 

il-lim-it-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  with- 
out' possibility  of  being  bounded. 

il-li-sion  (-li'zhun),  n.  the  act  of 
striking  into  or  against. 

il-lit-er-a-cy  (-lit'er-a-si),  n.  ig- 
norance of  letters. 

ill-ness  ('nes).  n.  the  condition 
of  being  ill;  disease;  sickness. 

il-lude  (-liid'l.  v.t.  to  mock;  de- 
ceive ;  delude. 

il-lu-mi-nant  (-lu'mi-nant),  adj. 
pertaining  to  illumination  :  n.  any- 
thing which  illuminates  or  affords 
light. 

il-lu-mi-nate  ('i-nat),  v.t.  to  give 
light  to ;  decorate  with  lights,  in 
token  of  rejoicing ;  enlighten ; 
throw  light  upon ;  make  plain ; 
elucidate:  adorn,  as  a  manuscript, 
with  miniature  pictures  in  colors 
and  gold :  v.i.  to  display  lights  in 
token  of  rejoicing. 

il-lu-mi-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n. 
supply  of  light ;  the  act  of  illumi- 
nating, or  state  of  being  illumi- 
nated, especially  the  festive  deco- 
ration of  houses  or  cities  with 
lights ;  the  art  of  illumining 
books  or  manuscripts ;  a  design 
in  an  illuminated  work ;  intel- 
lectual light ;  inspiration. 

il-lu-mi-na-tor  ('mi-nfi-ter),  «. 
one  who,  or  that  which,  gives 
light ;  one  who  illuminates  books, 
manuscripts,  &c. ;  a  condenser  or 
reflector ;  an  illumiuant. 

il-lit-mine  Cmin),  v.t.  to  illumi- 
nate [Poet.]. 

il-ln-sion  ('zhun),  n.  deceptive  ap- 
pearance ;  false  show ;  hallucina- 
tion. 

£j/n.    fallacy,    deception,    phan- 
tasm. 

il-lu-sion-ist  (-ist).  n.  one  sub- 
ject to  illusion  ;  a  sleight-of-hand 
performer. 

il-lu-sive  C'siv),  adj.  deceiving  by 
illusion;  deceptive;  illusory. 

il-lu-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an  il- 
lusive manner. 

il-lu-sive-negg  (-nes).  n.  decep- 
tion ;  false  show. 

il-lu-so-ry  Cso-ri);  adj.  causing  il- 
lusion ;  fallacious ;  deceptive. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  mo5n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Ill 


450 


imb 


Syn.  imaginary,  chimerical,  vis- 
ionary- 

Ant.    (see  real). 

il-lus-trate  (-us'trat),  v.t.  to 
make  clear  or  intelligible;  explain 
by  examples ;  elucidate  by  means 
of  pictures,  &c. 

Syn.  explain,  elucidate,  clear. 

il-lus-tra-ted  (-ed),  p.adj.  hav- 
ing illustrations. 

il-lus-tra-tion  (-tra'shun) ,  n.  the 
art  of  illustrating;  the  state  of 
being  illustrated ;  that  which  il- 
lustrates ;  a  comparison  or  ex- 
ample which  explains  or  corrobo- 
rates;  a  picture  designed  to 
elucidate  the  text. 

il-lus-tra-tive  Ctra-tiv).  adj. 
tending  to  illustrate,  elucidate,  or 
exemplify. 

il-lus-tra-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  by 
way  of  illustration. 

il-lus-tra-tor  ('us-trii-ter),  n.  one 
who  illustrates ;  one  who  exempli- 
fies something  in  his  own  person  ; 
one  who  draws  pictorial  repre- 
sentations. 

il-lus-tri-ous  ('tri-us),  adj.  distin- 
guished by  luster  or  greatness ; 
eminent ;  renowned ;  conferring 
luster  or  honor ;  glorious ;  fa- 
mous ;  honored. 

Syn.     celebrated,    noble,     emi- 
nent,   famous,    renowned. 
Ant.    (see  obscure). 

im,  a  prefix  representing  in  when 
followed  by  6,  m,  or  p. 

im-age  (im'aj),  n.  an  imitation  of 
any  person  or  thing;  a  statue, 
effigy,  or  bust ;  an  idol ;  a  counter- 
part ;  likeness ;  a  mental  picture, 
conception,  or  idea ;  an  extended 
metaphor;  the  figure  of  an  object 
formed  by  rays  of  light :  v.t.  to 
form,  or  reflect,  an  image  of ;  rep- 
resent to  the  mental  vision ; 
imagine. 

Syn.  likeness,  picture,  represen- 
tation, effigy. 

imaged  ('ajd),  adj.  decorated 
with  human  figures,  as  porcelain. 

im-age-ry  ('aj-ri),  n.  [pi.  image- 
ries (-riz)],  representation  by 
images ;  images  collectively ; 
figures  in  discourse ;  forms  of  the 
fajicy. 

im-ag-i-na  ble  (-aj'i-na-bl),  adj. 
that  'may  be  imagined  or  con- 
ceived. 


im-ag-i-na-ble-ness  (-nes),  n. 
the  state  of  being  imaginable. 

im-ag-i-na-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  a 
conceivable  manner;  possibly. 

im-ag-i-na-ry  ('i-na-ri),  adj.  ex- 
isting only  in  imagination;  un- 
real ;  Utopian. 

Syn.   ideal,  fanciful,   illusory. 
Ant.    (see   real). 

ini-ag  i-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n.  the 
image-forming  power  of  the  mind, 
or  the  power  of  the  mind  \vhu-h 
modifies  the  conceptions,  especially 
the  higher  forms  of  this  power 
exercised  in  art  and  poetry, 
usually  termed  the  plastic  or 
creative  power;  a  conception  or 
idea  ;  fanciful  opinion  ;  fancy  ;  in- 
vention. 

im-ag-i-na-tive  ('i-na-tiv),  adj. 
proceeding  from,  exhibiting,  or  en- 
dowed with,  imagination  ;  invent- 
ive ;  fanciful. 

im-ag-i-na-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
an  imaginative  manner. 

im-ag-i-na-tive-ness  (-nes),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  imaginative. 

im-ag-ine  (-aj'in),  v.t.  to  form 
a  mental  picture  of ;  produce  by 
the  imagination ;  conceive ;  con- 
jecture ;  think ;  suppose :  v.t.  to 
form  a  mental  image ;  fancy ;  to 
surmise. 

im-be-cile  (im'be-sil),  adj.  with- 
out strength,  especially  of  mind ; 
feeble-minded  ;  idiotic :  ».  one  of 
feeble  mind. 

im-be-cil-i-ty  (-sil'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
imbecilities  (-tiz)],  mental  or 
physical  weakness. 

XIJH.    silliness,    senility,   dotage. 

im-bibe  ('bib),  v.t.  to  drink  in; 
absorb,  as  if  by  drinking ;  receive 
or  absorb  into  the  mind :  v.i.  to 
drink  ;  absorb  moisture. 

im-bri-cate  ('bri-kat),  v.t.  to  lay 
in  order,  one  lapping  over  another. 
like  tiles  or  shingles :  v.i.  to  over- 
lap serially :  adj.  bent  and  hol- 
lowed like  a  gutter  tile  or  pantile ; 
overlapping  like  tiles,  as  the 
scales  of  fishes,  or  the  leaf-buds 
of  plants ;  decorated  with  a  pat- 
tern resembling  lapping  tiles  or 
scales. 

im-bro-glio  (-bro'lyo),  n.  a  con- 
fused mass  of  things ;  intricate 
and  perplexing  state  of  affairs; 
misunderstanding ;  entanglement ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  mo6n, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  iften. 


imb 


451 


imm 


strife ;      perplexity ;      complicated 
plot. 

im-bme  ('broo),  v.t.  to  wet  or 
moisten  ;  soak  ;  drench,  especially 
in  blood. 

im-bue  ('but.  v.t.  to  cause  to 
absorb ;  tinge  deeply ;  dye ;  to 
tincture  deeply,  as  the  mind  with 
certain  principles. 

im-i-ta-ble  ('i-tu-bl).  adj.  capable 
of,  or  worthy  of.  imitation. 

im-i-tate  ('5-tat),  v.t.  to  produce 
a  semblance  of,  in  form,  color, 
qualities,  conduct,  and  the  like ; 
use  as  a  model  or  pattern :  to 
take  example  by  ;  to  counterfeit ; 
copy. 

N///I.    copy,    ape,    mimic,    mock, 
counterfeit. 

im-i-ta-tion.  (-tfi'shiin).  n.  the  act 
of  imitating ;  that  which  is  pro- 
duced by  imitating;  the  repeti- 
tion of  the  same  melodic  theme  or 
phrase,  either  in  a  different  key. 
or  in  another  voice  or  part :  adj. 
made  in  imitation ;  not  genuine. 

im-i-ta-tive  Ci-ta-tiv) ,  adj.  in- 
clined to,  or  aiming  at,  imitation ; 
formed  after  a  model. 

im-i-ta-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
imitative  manner. 

im-i-ta-tor  ('i-ta-ter),  n.  one  who 
imitates. 

im-mac-u-late  (-mak'ii-lfit),  adj. 
without  blemish  ;  unspotted  ;  un- 
defiled ;  pure. 

Ki/n.     unspotted,     spotless,     un- 
sullied,   stainless. 

im-mac-u-late-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
immaculate  manner. 

im-mac-u-late-ness  (-nes).  n. 
spotless  purity. 

im-ma-nent  ( im'nia-uetit) ,  adj. 
remaining  within ;  inherent. 

im-ma-te-ri-al  (-ma-te'ri-al).  adj. 
not  consisting  of  matter;  spirit- 
Dai  ;  disembodied;  unimportant. 

im-ma-te-ri-al-ism  (-izin),  n. 
idealism;  spiritualism. 

im-ma-te-ri-al-ly  (-li).  adv.  with- 
out matter:  in  an  unimportant 
manner  or  degree. 

iin-ma-ture  (-ma-tur7),  adj.  not 
ripe;  not  fully  grown  or  devel- 
oped ;  not  finished  or  perfected ; 
crude. 

im-ma-turetl  (-turd'),  adj.  not 
matured  ;  not  ripened. 

im-ma-ture-ly  (-tur'li),  adv. 
crudely. 


im-ma-ture-ness  ('nes),  n.  im- 
maturity. 

im-ma-tur-i-ty  (-tur'i-ti),  n.  un- 
ripeness ;  incompleteness. 

im-meas-ur-a-bil-i-tjr  ( -mezh-ur- 
a-bil'i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  not  be- 
ing measurable. 

im-meas-ur-a-ble  ( 'ur-a-bl ) .  adj. 
not  to  be  measured ;  immense ; 
limitless ;  vast. 

im-meas-ur-a-ble-ness  (-nes).  n. 
boundless  extent. 

im-meas-ur-a-bly  (-bli).  adv.  to 
an  indefinite  extent  or  degree. 

im-me-di-ate  (-me'di-at),  adj.  di- 
rectly related  without  an  inter- 
vening medium  ;  next ;  direct ;  ap- 
proximate ;  instant. 

Syn.     pressing,     instant,     next, 
proximate. 

im-me-di-ate-ly  (-li),  adv.  di- 
rectly, proximately,  instantly. 

Syn.    instantly,    forthwith,    di- 
rectly, presently. 

im-me-di-ate-ness  (-nes).  n.  the 
quality  of  being  immediate ; 
promptness. 

im-me-iiior-i-al  (-me-m6r'i-al), 
adj.  extending  beyond  the  reach 
of  memory,  record,  or  tradition : 
as  immemorial  usage  or  custom. 

im-me-mor-i-al-ly  (-li),  adv. 
from  time  out  of  mind. 

iiu-meiise  (-mens'),  adj.  im- 
measurable ;  boundless  :  vast ;  very 
great  or  large ;  very  good  or  fine  : 
n.  infinite  space ;  immensity. 

X//».  vast,  enormous,  huge,  pro- 
digious, monstrous. 

im-mense-ly  ('li),  adv.  to  an  im- 
mense degree ;  exceedingly. 

im-mense  ness  ('nes),  n.  the 
state  of  being  immense ;  im- 
mensity. 

im-men-si-ty  ('si-ti),  n.  \nl.  im- 
mensities (-tiz)],  the  character 
of  being  immense ;  immeasurable- 
ness  ;  infinite  space ;  vastness  in 
extent  or  bulk. 

im  merge  (-merj').  v.t.  to  piling" 
into  or  under  anything,  especially 
a  fluid ;  immerse :  v.i.  to  disap- 
pear by  entering  into  any  medium, 
as  the  moon  into  the  shadow  of 
the  earth. 

im-merse  (-mers').  v.t.  to  plunge 
into  or  under  anything,  especially 
a  fluid ;  sink ;  dip ;  plunge  into, 
as  an  occupation ;  baptize  by  im- 
mersion. 


late.  miir.  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin  ;  vote.  pOrch,  lot;  moSn. 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


I  mm 


452 


imp 


Syn.  immerge,  dip,  plunge,  sub- 
merge. 

im-mersed.  (-mersf),  p.adj.  deeply 
plunged  into  anything,  especially 
a  fluid ;  deeply  occupied,  en- 
grossed, or  involved ;  growing 
wholly  under  water:  said  of  a 
plant. 

im  mer-sion  (-mer'shun).  n.  the 
act  of  immersing ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing immersed ;  baptism  by  dip- 
ping the  whole  person  into  water. 

im -mi-grant  ('i-gn\nt).  adj.  pass- 
ing or  coming  into,  as  a  new 
habitat  or  place  of  residence :  n. 
one  who,  or  that  which,  immi- 
grates. 

im-mi-grate  ('i-grnt),  v.i.  to  come 
into  a  new  habitat  or  place  of 
residence,  especially  to  come  into 
a  country  to  settle. 

im-mi-nence  ('i-nens).  n.  the 
condition  of  being  imminent ;  near- 
ness ;  impending  evil  or  danger. 

im-mi-nent  ('i-nent),  adj.  threat- 
ening or  about  to  fall  or  occur 
immediately :  said  especially  of 
misfortune  or  peril. 

Syn.    impending,   threatening. 
Ant.    (see    unexpected). 

im-mo-bil-i-ty  (-mo-bil'i-ti),  n. 
fixedness  in  place  or  state. 

im-mod-er-ate  (-mod'er-at),  adj. 
not  moderate ;  not  confined  to 
customary  or  just  or  reasonable 
limits  ;  extravagant ;  intemperate. 

im-mod-er-ate-ly  (-H),  adv.  ex- 
cessively ;  unreasonably. 

im-mod-er-ate-ness  (-nes),  n. 
want  of  moderation ;  excess. 

im -mod-eat  (-mod'est),  adj.  for- 
ward; arrogant;  wanting  in  the 
restraint  required  by  decency ; 
indelicate ;  unchaste. 

im-mod-es-ty  (-mod'es-ti).  n. 
want  of  modesty,  delicacy,  or 
proper  reserve ;  arrogance ;  un- 
chastity. 

im-mo-late  (7>-lfit),  v.t.  to  kill 
as  a  sacrificial  victim ;  offer  in 
sacrifice ;  make  a  sacrifice  of. 

im-mor-al  (-mor'al),  adj.  con- 
trary to  the  moral  law,  or  to  the 
public  good  ;  vicious ;  dissolute  ; 
dishonest ;  unprincipled. 

im-mo-ral-i-ty  f-mo-ral'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  immoral ;  an 
immoral  act  or  practice. 


im-mor-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an  im- 
moral manner. 

im-mor-tal  (-mdr'tal),  adj.  not 
mortal  or  subject  to  death ;  im- 
perishable ;  ever-living :  n.  one  who 
is  immortal :  pi.  the  gods  of  clas- 
sical mythology. 

im-mor-tal-ize  ('tnl-iz),  v.t.  to 
render  immortal ;  bestow  lasting 
fame  upon. 

im-mor-tal-i-ty  (-tal'i-ti).  n. 
exemption  from  death  or  oblivion  : 
unending  existence. 

im-mor-tal-ly  (-li),  adv.  eternally. 

im-mor-telle  (-mOr-tel').  n.  \  />/. 
immortelles  (-telz')],  a  plant 
whose  flowers  may  be  dried  with- 
out losing  their  form  or  color : 
an  everlasting ;  a  wreath  made  of 
everlastings. 

im-mov-a-bil-i-ty  (-moov-a-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  fixedness. 

im-mov-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  in- 
capable of  being  moved  ;  fixed  : 
steadfast ;  unchanging ;  unfeeling  : 
n.pl.  land,  or  things  fixed  to,  or 
running  with,  land,  as  trees,  build- 
ings. 

im -inuue  (-mun'),  adj.  exempt. 
as  from  a  disease :  n.  one  who  is 
exempt  from  any  particular  dis- 
ease by  reason  of  having  had  it. 

im-mu-ni-ty  (-mu'ni-ti),  n.  [pi. 
immunities  (-tiz)],  exemption 
from  any  duty,  office,  or  tax; 
freedom  from  natural  or  usual 
liability;  special  privilege  (usual- 
ly in  pi). 

Syn.  privilege,  prerogative,  ex- 
emption. 

im-mun-ize  (-mun'iz),  v.t.  to  ren- 
der immune. 

im-mnre  (-mur'),  v.t.  to  enclose 
within  walls ;  shut  up  in  prison  ; 
confine. 

im-mu-ta-bil-i-ty  (-mu-ta-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  unchangeableness. 

immutable  (-mu'tfi-hl ) .  mlj. 
unchangeable ;  invariable ;  un- 
alterable ;  permanent. 

imp  (imp),  n.  a  young,  little,  or 
inferior  devil;  a  hobgoblin  :  sprite; 
a  pert  or  mischievous  child. 

im-pact    (im'pakt),  n.  collision. 

im-pair  (-par'),  v.t.  to  make 
worse ;  lessen  in  quantity,  value, 
excellence,  or  strength  :  v.i.  to  be- 
come worse ;  deteriorate. 

Syn.  injure,  diminish,  decrease. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Imp 


453 


Imp 


im-pair-ment  ('ment),  n.  diminu- 
tion ;  injury. 

im-pale  (-pal'),  v.t.  to  fix  on  a 
stake ;  put  to  death  by  spitting 
on  a  sharp  stake  fixed  upright ; 
surround  with,  or  as  with,  a  pale 
or  palisade ;  in  heraldry,  to  join 
(two  coats  of  arms)  on  one 
shield,  palewise. 

im-pal-pa-ble  (-pal'pa-bl),  adj. 
not  to  be  perceived  by  touch  ;  not 
material;  incorporeal  ;  not  (readi- 
ly) apprehensible  by  the  mind: 
intangible ;  unreal. 

im -pan-el  (-pan'el),  v.t.  to  en- 
ter the  names  of  (jurors)  on  a 
piece  of  parchment  called  a  panel ; 
summon  to  serve  on  a  jury  ;  draw 
from  the  panel  and  swear  in. 

im-par-i-ty  (-par'i-ti),  n.  in- 
equality; disproportion;  differ- 
ence of  degree,  rank,  excellence, 
number,  quantity,  &c. ;  want  of 
correspondence. 

im-part  (-piirf).  v.t.  to  bestow 
a  share  or  portion  of;  give;  to 
communicate  knowledge  of ;  make 
known :  v.i.  to  give  a  share. 

tfl/n.    reveal,    divulge,    disclose, 
discover,    bestow,    afford. 

Im-par-tial  ( -piir'shal ).  adj.  free 
from  partiality:  equitable:  fair; 
just ;  unprejudiced. 

X'.IH.  just,  equitable,  unbiased. 
Ant.    (see   partial). 

im-par-ti-al-i-ty  (-shi-al'i-ti),  n. 
freedom  from  bias  :  fairness. 

im-par-tial -ly  (-par'shfil-li) ,  adv. 
justly:  fairly:  without  prejudice. 

iin  par-tial  ness  <-nes),  n.  im- 
partiality. 

im-part -i-ble  Ci-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  imparted  or  communicat- 
ed ;  indivisible. 

im-pass-a-ble  i-pas'a-bl),  adj.  not 
to  be  passed  :  not  admitting  pas- 
sair<' :  impervious. 

im-pass-a-ble  ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  of  beintr  impassable. 

im-pass-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  an 
Impassable  manner. 

im-pass-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  inca- 
pal)le  of  suffering  from  external 
<-a  uses;  exempt  from  harm  or 
pain ;  not  to  be  moved  to  pas- 
sion, sympathy,  or  any  sign  of 
emotion. 

im-pas-sioned  (-pash'und).  p.uiJi. 
moved  to  strong  feeling;  ani- 
mated ;  excited. 


8yn.     glowing,     burning,    fiery, 
vehement,    intense. 

im-pas-sive  (-pas'iv),  adj.  apa- 
thetic. 

im-pas-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
impassive  manner. 

im-pas-sive-ness  (-nes),  n.  in- 
sensibility. 

im-pa-tience  (-pa'shens),  n.  the 
state  of  being  impatient. 

im-pa-tient  Cshent),  adj.  in- 
tolerant of  pain,  delay,  opposition, 
control,  or  circumstances ;  ex- 
hibiting or  expressing  impatience 
(with  at)  :  eager  (with  for). 

im-pawn  (-pawn'),  v.t.  to  put  in 
pawn  ;  deposit  as  security  ;  pledge. 

im-peach  (-pech'),  v.t.  to  call  in 
question  ;  accuse  before  a  tribunal 
of  official  misconduct :  challenge 
the  credibility  or  validity  of :  as 
a  witness  or  a  document. 

Ryn.    accuse,    charge,    arraign, 
censure. 

im-peach-ment  ('ment),  n.  the 
arraignment  of  a  public  officer  for 
malfeasance  in  office ;  a  discredit- 
ing or  calling  in  question. 

im-pec-ca-bil-i-ty  (-pek-a-bil'i-ti) . 
H.  exemption  from  sin,  error,  or 
wrongdoing. 

im-pec-ca-ble  (-pek'a-bl),  adj. 
not  liable  to  sin  ;  faultless. 

im-pe-cu-ni-os-i-ty  (-pe-ku-ni-os'- 
i-ti),  n.  want  of  money;  poverty. 

im-pe-cu-ni-ous  Cni-us),  adj. 
without  money  ;  poor. 

im-pede  (-ped'),  v.t.  to  obstruct; 
hinder. 

8yn.    hinder,    retard,    obstruct, 
prevent. 

Ant.    (see   help). 

im-ped-i-ment  (-ped'i-ment),  n. 
that  which  impedes  progress  or 
activity  ;  obstruction  ;  obstacle  ; 
hindrance. 

Syn.      obstruction,      hindrance, 
obstacle,  barrier. 
Ant.    (see   aid). 

im-ped-i-men-ta  (-ped-i-men'tn ) , 
n.jtl.  encumbrances;  traveling 
equipage;  baggage,  especially  mili- 
tary baggage:  military  supplies. 

im-ped-i-men-tal  ('tal),  adj.  of 
the  nature  of  an  impediment ;  im- 
peding. 

im-pel  (-pel'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
impelled,  p.pr.  impelling],  to 
drive  or  urge  forward  or  on ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote.  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut :  thin, 


imp 


454 


imp 


constrain   to  any  kind   of  motion 
or  action. 

Syn.    animate,     induce,     incite, 
instigate,   embolden. 
Ant.    (see   retard). 

im-pel-lent  ('ent).  adj.  bavins 
the  quality  of  impelling:  11.  a 
motive  or  impelling  power. 

im-pend  (-pend').  v.i.  to  hang 
over ;  be  ready  to  fall ;  be  at 
hand. 

im  pend-ent  ('ent),  adj.  impend- 
ing. 

im-pend-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  over- 
hanging ;  suspended  so  as  to 
menace ;  close  at  hand. 

Syn.    imminent,    threatening. 

im-pen-e-tra-bil-i-ty  ( -pen-e-tra- 
bil'i-ti).  n.  incapability  of  being 
penetrated  ;  that  property  of  mat- 
ter in  virtue  of  which  no  two 
bodies  can  occupy  the  same  space 
at  the  same  time. 

im-pen-e-tra-ble  ('e-tra-bl),  adj. 
not  penetrable ;  not  admitting  en- 
trance ;  having  the  property  of 
being  impenetrable;  impervious. 

im-pen-i-tence  (-pen'i-tens),  n. 
the  state  of  being  impenitent ; 
hardness  of  heart ;  stubborn  wick- 
edness. Also  impenitency. 

im-pen-i-tent  ('i-tent),  adj.  not 
contrite ;  finally  negligent  of  the 
duty  of  repentance :  obdurate :  n. 
one  who  finally  neglects  the  duty 
of  repentance ;  a  hardened  sin- 
ner. 

im-per-a-tive  (-per'a-tiv),  adj. 
expressing  command  ;  peremptory  ; 
obligatory :  n.  that  mood  of  a 
verb  that  expresses  command,  en- 
treaty, or  exhortation. 

N///I.  commanding,  despotic,  au- 
thoritative. 

im-per-a-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  per- 
emptorily. 

im-per-cep-ti-bil-i-ty  f-sep-ti-bil'- 
i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  im- 
perceptible. 

im-per-cep-ti-ble  (-sep'ti-bl ) ,  adj. 
that  cannot  be  immediately  per- 
ceived by  the  senses,  or  easily  ap- 
prehended by  the  mind. 

im-per-cep-ti-bly  ('ti-bli),  adv. 
so  as  not  to  be  readily  per- 
ccived. 

im-per-fect  Cfekt).  adj.  wanting 
in  completeness,  correctness,  or 
excellence:  wanting  in  some  organ 


essential    to   normal   activity ;    in- 
complete ;  defective :   faulty. 

im-per-fec-tion  (-fek'shun),  n. 
incompleteness;  faultincss;  a  de- 
fect or  blemish,  physical,  mental, 
or  moral ;  failing. 

Syn.  fault,  blemish,  defect,  vice. 

im-per-fo-rate  Cfo-riit).  adj.  hav- 

^  ing  no  perforations  or  pores. 

im-pe-ri-al  (-pe'ri-al ),  adj.  per- 
taining to  an  empire  or  emperor ; 
fit  or  suitable  for  one  who  wields 
supreme  authority ;  of  superior 
size  or  excellence ;  royal  : 
sovereign :  n.  the  top  of  a  dili- 
gence or  coach  ;  a  baggage-case  on 
a  traveling  carriage ;  a  size  of 
paper,  30  in.  x  22  in. ;  a  tuft  of 
hair  left  unshaven  on  the  lower 
lip  and  chin  (so  called  from 
Napoleon  III.,  who  set  this  fash- 
ion). 

im-pe-ri-al-isin  (-izm).  ».  the 
system  of  imperial  government ; 
the  policy  of  imperial  federation  ; 
policy  of  territorial  expansion. 

im-pe-ri-al-i&t  (-ist),  n.  one  who 
favors  or  upholds  imperialism. 

im-pe-ri-al-is-tic  (-is'tik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  favoring,  im- 
perialism. 

im-pe-ri-al-i-za-tion  ( -i-zn'shun ) . 
n.  the  establishment  or  extension 
of  imperial  power. 

im-pe-ri-al-ize  ('ri-Al-Iz),  v.t.  to 
invest  with  imperial  character, 
style,  or  power ;  bring  to  the  form 
of  an  empire. 

im-pe-ri-al-ly  Cri-ftl-li).  adi\  in 
an.  imperial  manner. 

im-per-il  (-per'il),  v.t.  to  put  in 
peril;  endanger:  jeopardise. 

t^i/n.  endanger,  hazard,  jeopard- 
ize. 

im-pe  ri-ous  (-pe'ri-us).  adj. 
domineering,  dictatorial.  over- 
bearing; urgent;  imperative. 

N.///I-.  commanding,  dictatorial, 
authoritative,  imperative,  lordly, 
domineering,  overbearing. 

ixn-per-ish.-a-ble  (-per'ish-a-bl), 
«'/./'.  indestructible:  not  subject  to 
decay;  permanently  enduring. 

im-per-xne-a-bil-i-ty  ( -per-me-a- 
bil'i-ti),  n.  the  property  of  being 
impermeable. 

im-per-me-a-ble  ('me-A-bl).  adj. 
not  permitting  passage,  as  of  a 
fluid,  through  its  substance;  im- 
pervious ;  impenetrable. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her.  let:  line,  tin:  vote.  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


imp 


455 


Imp 


im-per-me-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  so 
as  to  be  impermeable. 

im-per-me-a-tor  ('me-a-ter),  n.  a 
contrivance  for  uniformly  supply- 
in  ir  oil  to  the  cylinder  of  a  steam- 
engine. 

im-per-son-al  ('sun-al),  adj. 
wanting  personality  or  conscious 
individuality ;  not  referring  to  a 
particular  person  :  n.  an  imperson- 
al verb. 

im-per-son-al-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  ab- 
sence of  personality. 

im-per-son-al-ly  (-11),  adv.  in  an 
impersonal  manner. 

im-per-son-al  verb    (verb),  n.  aj 
verb    used    without   a    subject,    or  ' 
(in    English)    with   only    the   im- 
personal it. 

im-per-son-ate    ('sun-at),   v.t.   to 
invest   with    personality ;    embody  I 
as  a   person  ;    represent  as  a  per-  ; 
sonality  ;   to  represent  the  person  ! 
or  character  of,  especially  on  the 
stage. 

im-per-son-a-tor  (-a-ter),  n.  one 
who  impersonates ;  an  actor. 

im-per-ti-nence  ('ti-nens),  n. 
that  which  is  impertinent  or  ir- 
relevant, as  in  speech  or  manners; 
a  thing  of  no  value ;  a  trifle ;  for- 
wardness; rudeness;  in  law,  mat- j 
tor  which  is  immaterial  in  sub- 
stance. 

im-per-ti-nent  ('ti-nent),  adj. 
non-pertinent ;  of  no  relation  to 
the  matter  in  hand ;  not  to  the 
point ;  inapposite  ;  inapplicable  ; 
rude ;  uncivil,  or  offensive  in  be- 
havior: 11.  one  who  interferes  in 
things  which  do  not  concern  him  ; 
a  forward,  ill-mannered  person. 

N///I.  intrusive,  meddling,  of- 
ficious, rude,  saucy,  impudent, 
Insolent. 

im-per-turb-a-bil-i-ty  (-te"rb-a- 
bil'i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being 
imperturbable. 

im-per-tnrb-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj. 
not  easily  disturbed,  agitated,  or 
disconcerted  ;  self-contained,  cool, 
calm. 

im-per-vi-ous  ('vi-us),  adj.  not  to 
be  passed  through  or  penetrated; 
impenetrable ;  not  permitting  pas- 
sage, as  of  a  fluid,  through  its 
substance. 

im-pet-u-OB-i-ty  (-u-os'i-ti),  n. 
vehemence  ;  violence  ;  force. 

im-pet-u-ous    ('u-us),    adj.    rush- 


ing with  force  and  violence ; 
vehement  in  feeling ;  acting  with 
sudden  energy  ;  precipitate. 

Syn.    violent,    boisterous,    furi- 
ous,   vehement. 
Ant.  (see  calm) . 

im-pe-tus  ('pe-tus),  n.  the  force 
with  which  any  body  is  driven  or 
impelled  ;  impulse  ;  impulsion  ;  mo- 
mentum. 

im-pi-e-ty  (-pi'i-ti),  n.  [pi.  im- 
pieties (-tiz)  ],  want  of  piety  ;  dis- 
regard of  the  Supreme  Being ;  un- 
godliness ;  an  act  of  irreverence  or 
wickedness ;  violation  of  natural 
duty  towards  others,  as  disobedi- 
ence to  parents. 

im-pinge  (-pinj').  v.i.  strike  or 
dash :  clash ;  come  in  collision 
(with  on,  upon,  or  against). 

im-pin-geiit  ('pin-jent),  adj.  im- 
pinging. 

iiu-pi-ous  ('pi-us),  adj.  irre- 
ligious ;  wicked ;  profane. 

Syn.    profane,    irreligious,    god- 
less. 

Ant.   (see  reverent). 

imp-ish.  (imp'ish),  adj.  having 
the  mischievous  character  of  an 
imp. 

iin-pla-ca-bil-i-ty  (-pla-ka-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  a  state  of  irreconcilable 
enmity  or  unappeasable  anger. 
Also  implacableness. 

im-pla-ca-ble  (-pla'ka-bl),  adj. 
not  to  be  pacified  or  appeased ; 
constant  in  anger  or  enmity  ;  re- 
lentless. 

im-pla-ca-bly  (-bli),  adv.  with 
unappeasable  resentment. 

im  plant  (-plant'),  v.t.  to  infix 
for  growth ;  cause  to  take  root ; 
ingraft. 

im-plead  (-pled'),  v.t.  to  sue  or 
prosecqte  ;  accuse  ;  impeach. 

im-ple-ment  ('ple-ment),  n.  that 
which  supplies  a  want,  or  is  a 
requisite  to  an  end,  especially  an 
instrument,  tool,  or  utensil :  pi. 
the  tools  and  weapons  of  pre- 
historic man. 

im-ple-ment-al  ('al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characterized  by, 
the  use  of  implements. 

im-pli-cate  ('pli-kat),  v.t.  to  in- 
fold ;  involve  ;  entangle  ;  bring  into 
connection  with. 

^!/>/.    involve,    entangle,    embar- 
rass, compromise. 

im-pli-ca-tion    (-ka'shun),  n.  en- 


>.  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon. 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


imp 


456 


imp 


tanglement :  that  which  is  im- 
plied ;  an  inference  not  expressed 
but  understood  ;  deduction. 

im-plic-it  (-plis'it),  adj.  implied; 
resting  on  implication  or  infer- 
ence ;  trusting  in  the  word  or 
authority  of  another ;  submissive  ; 
blind  ;  tacit ;  unreserved. 

im-plore  (-pldr'),  v.t.  to  entreat 
(a  person,  or  for  a  thing)  ear- 
nestly, humbly,  and  importunate- 
ly :  v.i.  to  beg ;  pray  ;  supplicate. 

im-plor-ing  ('ing),  it.ndj.  sup- 
plicating. 

im-ply  (-pli'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
implied,  p.pr.  implying],  to  con- 
tain by  implication ;  mean  or  sig- 
nify by  fair  inference ;  express  in- 
directly ;  insinuate. 

Syn.    involve,    comprise,    infold, 
import,  denote,   signify. 

Im-pol-i-cy  (-pol'i-si),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  impolitic ;  want 
of  policy ;  inexpediency. 

Im-po-lite  (-po-llf),  adj.  want- 
ing in  good  manners ;  boorish ; 
coarse. 

im-po-lite-ly  (-H),  adv.  ill-man- 
neredly :  discourteously. 

im-pp-lite-ness  (-nes),  n.  in- 
civility ;  rudeness. 

im-pol-i-tic  (-pol'i-tik),  adj.  con- 
trary to  good  policy :  unwise ;  in- 
judicious; indiscreet. 

im-pon-der-a-bil-i-ty  (-pon-der- 
S-bil'i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being 
imponderable. 

im-pon-der-a-ble  (-poirdgr-A-bl) , 
adj.  not  capable  of  being  weighted  ; 
without  (sensible)  weight:  n.  ;\ 
term  applied  to  the  hypothetical 
universal  medium,  ether. 

im-po-ros-i-ty  (-po-ros'i-ti),  n.  ab- 
sence of  pores ;  compactness. 

im  porous  (-po'rus),  adj.  with- 
out pores ;  solid. 

im-port  (-port'),  v.t.  to  bring 
into  a  country  from  abroad :  op- 
posed to  export :  bring  in  from 
without,  as  irrelevant  matter  into 
a  discussion;  bear  in  meaning; 
imply  ;  signify  ;  betoken  ;  be  of  in- 
terest or  consequence  to :  con- 
cern :  r.i.  1o  be  of  moment:  «. 
(im'port)  merchandise  brought 
into  a  country  from  abroad 
(usually  in  pi.}:  meaning;  pur- 
port :  significance  :  importance. 

im-por-tance    (-p6r'ti\ns),   n.  the 


quality  of  being  important :  high 
place  in  public  estimation ;  high 
self-esteem. 

Syn.  signification,  significance, 
avail,  consequence,  weight,  gravi- 
ty, moment. 

im-por-tant  ('rant),  adj.  of  much 
import  or  significance;  momen- 
tous; bearing  weight  or  conse- 
quence ;  of  high  standing ;  pomp- 
ous. 

im-por-ta-tion  (-tu'shun),  n.  the 
act  or  practice  of  bringing  mer- 
chandise into  a  country  from 
abroad ;  that  which  is  imported ; 
one  who,  or  that  which,  is  re- 
cently introduced. 

im-por-tu-nate  (-por'tii-nat),  adj. 
persistent ;  unreasonable  or  troub- 
lesome in  solicitation ;  not  to  be 
repulsed ;  urgent. 

im-por-tu-nate-ly  (-H).  adr.  with 
persistent  solicitation. 

im-por-tu-nate-ness  (-nes),  n. 
importunity. 

im-por-tune  (-por-tun'),  v.t.  to 
harass  with  perpetual  petitions 
or  demands :  v.i.  to  beg  persist- 
ently or  urgently. 

im-por-tu-ni-ty  (-tu'ni-ti).  n.  \pJ. 
importunities  (-tiz)],  persistent 
solicitation  or  demand ;  incessant 
insistence ;  urgency. 

im-pose  (-poz'),  v.t.  to  place 
upon:  as.  to  im/tunr  the  hands  in 
confirmation  or  ordination  :  lay 
upon,  as  a  burden,  punishment,  or 
charge;  to  palin  off;  lay  (pages 
of  type)  on  an  imposing-stone  or 
the  bed  of  a  press,  and  secure 
them  in  a  chase :  r.i.  to  place  a 
burden  or  tax  ;  practice  deception 
(with  upon) . 

im-pos-ing  ('ing),  p.mlj.  adapted 
to  impress  forcibly  ;  commanding  : 
stately;  grand;  impressive:  >i.  in 
printing,  the  arrangement  of 
pages  or  columns  into  forms. 

8j/n.    impressive,    striking,    ma- 
jestic, august,  noble,  grand. 
Ant.   (see  insignificant). 

imposition  (-po-zish'nn) ,  n.  a 
laying  upon,  especially  of  hands  in 
ordination  or  confirmation ;  the 
fixing  of  a  meaning  upon  the 
terms  of  a  proposition  :  that  which 
is  imposed.  levied,  or  enjoined  :  an 
extra  exercise  imposed  on  a  stu- 
dent as  a  punishment ;  a  trick, 


late,  mUr,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Imp 


457 


imp 


fraud,  or  deception ;  a  duty  for- 
merly imposed  at  the  pleasure  of 
the  British  king  on  imports  and 
exports. 

im-pos-si-bil-i-ty  ( -pos-i-bil'i-ti ) , 
n.  character  of  being  impossible; 
that  which  cannot  be,  or  be  sup- 
posed to  be.  done. 

im-pos-si-ble  (-pos'i-bl),  adj.  that 
cannot  be  done ;  inconceivable. 

impost  ('post),  n.  that  which  is 
imposed  or  levied ;  a  tax,  tribute, 
or  duty,  especially  a  customs- 
duty  levied  by  government  on  im- 
ports ;  the  top  member  of  a  pillar 
on  which  the  arch  rests. 

im-pos-tor  (-pos'ter),  n.  one  who 
imposes  upon  others  by  an  as- 
sumed character  or  false  preten- 
sions. 

im-pos-tress  ('tres),  n.  a  female 
impostor. 

im-pos-ture  Cpos-tiir),  n.  decep- 
tion, especially  that  which  is  prac- 
ticed under  an  assumed  character 
or  by  false  pretensions. 

im  po-tence  Cpo-tens),  n.  the 
state  of  being  impotent  in  body  or 
mind  ;  feebleness ;  want  of  capac- 
ity :  deficiency  of  means  to 
achieve  an  end. 

N///I.    weakness,   incapacity,    in- 
firmity, frailty,  feebleness. 
Ant.  (see  power). 

im-po-tent  ('po-tent),  adj.  want- 
ing in  physical,  intellectual,  or 
moral  power :  weak ;  deficient  in 
capacity  ;  lacking  self-restraint. 

»Sj/n.   weak,   feeble,    helpless,   in- 
firm. 

Ant.    (see  strong). 

im-pound  (-pound  ),  r.t.  to  shut 
up  in  a  pound  or  pen,  as  stray 
cattle :  confine ;  hold  in  the  cus- 
tody of  a  court. 

im-pov-er-isb.  (-pov'er-ish),  v.t. 
to  make  poor;  reduce  to  poverty; 
cause  to  deteriorate  in  quality  or 
product!  vi 

im-pov-er-ish-ment  (-ment).  n. 
the  act  of  impoverishing;  the 
state  of  being  impoverished;  indi- 
gence :  deterioration. 

im-prae-ti-ca-bil-i-ty  ( -prak-ti- 
ka-bil'i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being 
impracticable. 

im-prac-ti-ca-ble  ('ti-ka-bl).  adj. 
not  to  be  effected  by  the  means 
employed,  or  at  command ;  not 


easily  dealt  with  ;  unmanageable  ; 
impossible  ;  intractable. 

im-pre-cate  ('pre-kat),  r.t.  to  in- 
voke, especially  an  evil  or  curse, 
upon  ;  curse  ;  wish  evil  to. 

im-pre-ca-to-ry  ( 'pre-ka-to-ri ) , 
adj.  invoking  evil  or  a  curse. 

i  m-p  r  e  g-n  a-b  i  1-i-t  y  ( -preg-na- 
bil'i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being 
unconquerable. 

im-preg-na-ble  ('na-bl).  adj.  not 
to  be  captured,  as  a  fortress ;  not 
to  be  overcome,  as  virtue. 

im-preg-na-bly  (-bli),  adv.  so  as 
to  defy  attack. 

im-preg-nate  (-preg'nfit),  v.t.  to 
make  pregnant ;  fecundate ;  fer- 
tilize ;  infuse  an  active  principle, 
or  the  particles  of  another  sub- 
:  stance,  into ;  imbue ;  saturate. 

im-pre-sa-ri-o     (-pnl-sii're-6).     n. 

i    the  manager  of  an  opera  or  con- 

!    cert   company ;    one   who   engages 

singers  and  brings  them  before  the 

public. 

im-pre-scrip-ti-ble  (-pre-skrip'- 
ti-bl),  adj.  not  founded  on  pre- 
scription ;  not  to  be  alienated  or 
lost  by  lapse  of  time ;  independent 
of  external  authority ;  inalien- 
able ;  self-evidencing. 

im-press  (-pres'),  v.t.  to  mark, 
stamp,  or  print  by  pressure ;  to 
affect  forcibly,  or  stamp  deeply 
on,  the  mind  ;  to  imprint ;  incul- 
cate ;  compel  to  enter  the  public 
service  as  soldiers  or  sailors,  es- 
pecially to  carry  off  forcibly  to 
serve  in  the  navy ;  seize  for  the 
public  service  as  money  or  pro- 
visions: n.  (im'pres)  a  mark 
made  by  pressure ;  an  image  or 
figure;  a  mark  of  distinction; 
characteristic ;  stamp ;  an  im- 
pression or  image  fixed  in  the 
mind. 

im-press-i-bil-i-ty  (-i-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  impressible. 

im-press-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  impressed  ;  susceptible  of 
impressions. 

im  pres  sion  (-presh'un),  n.  the 
mark  made  by  a  stamp  or  mold  ; 
style  or  character  formed  by  ex- 
ternal force  or  influence ;  the 
mark  or  stamp  which  is  the  re- 
sult of  external  force  or  influ' 
ence ;  an  image  in  the  mind 
caused  by  something  external  to 


(ate,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  hf>,  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  mooa 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Imp 


458 


imp 


it ;  the  immediate  effect  produced 
upon  the  mind  by  a  sensation, 
passion,  or  emotion  ;  an  indistinct 
or  vague  notion,  remembrance,  or 
belief;  a  copy  taken  by  pressure 
from  type ;  number  of  copies 
printed  at  once ;  edition. 
im-pres-sion-a-bil-i-ty  (-a-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  impres- 
sionable. 

im-pres-sion-a-ble     (-a-bl),    adj. 
capable  of  receiving   impressions  ; 
susceptible. 
im-pres-sioii-al       ('un-al),       adj. 

pertaining  to  impressions. 
im  pres-sion-ism  ('un-izm),  n. 
the  doctrine  that  natural  objects 
should  be  painted — in  literature 
described — so  as  to  reproduce  only 
their  larger  and  more  immediate 
effect  or  impression,  without  se- 
lection or  elaboration  of  details. 
ini-pres-sioii-ist  ('un-ist),  n.  one 
who,  in  art  or  in  literature,  ad- 
heres to  the  theory  of  impression- 
ism. 

im-pres-sioii-is-tie  (-is'tik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  characterized  by, 
impressionism. 

im-press-ive  (-pres'iv),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  making  impression. 

X///i.  stirring,  forcible,  exciting, 
affecting,  moving. 

im-press-ive-ly    (-15),   adv.  in   an 
impressive,   affecting,   or  touching 
manner. 
im-press-ive-ness    (-nes),   n.   the 

quality  of  being  impressive. 
im-press-ment     (-pres'ment),     n. 
the  act  of  seizing  for  public  use, 
or  of  compelling  to  enter  the  pub- 
lic service. 

im-pri-mis  (-pri'mis),  adr.  in  the 
first  place :  a  word  introducing 
the  first  of  a  series  of  particulars 
in  an  enumeration. 
imprint  (-print'),  v.t.  to  mark 
by  pressure;  to  stamp,  as  letters 
and  words  on  paper,  by  means  of 
inked  types  ;  print ;  impress  deep- 
ly, as  on  the  mind  or  memory:  11. 
(im'print)  an  impression,  impi-i's^. 
or  mark  left  by  something ;  the 
publisher's  or  printer's  name, 
usually  with  time  and  place  of 
issue,  on  the  title-page  or  at  the 
end  of  a  book  or  other  publication. 
im-pris-on  (-priz'n),  v.t.  to  put 
into  a  prison  ;  detain  in  custody ; 


restrain   or  confine   in   any   way ; 
incarcerate. 

Syn.  incarcerate,  shut  up,  im- 
mure, confine. 

Ant.    (see  liberate). 

im-pris-on-ment  (-ment),  n. 
state  of  being  shut  in,  or  as  in, 
prison  ;  confinement. 

N.I/H.  captivity,  durance. 

im-prob-a-bil-i-ty  ( -prob-a-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  [pi.  improbabilities  (-tiz)]. 
unlikelihood  :  an  improbable  event. 

im-prob-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  un- 
likely ;  not  to  be  expected. 

im-prob-a-bly  (-l)li),  adv.  in  an 
improbable  manner. 

im-prob-i-ty  (-prob'i-ti).  n.  want 
of  probity  or  rectitude ;  dis- 
honesty. 

im-promp-tu  (-promp'tu).  mlr. 
without  preparation ;  offhand : 
extempore  :  adj.  extemporaneous  : 
thrown  off  on  the  spur  of  the 
moment :  n.  an  extemporaneous 
speech  or  effort. 

im-prop-er  (-prop'er).  adj.  not 
well  adapted  or  suited  to  the  pur- 
pose ;  not  according  to  nature, 
usage,  &c. ;  erroneous  ;  unseemly. 

im-prop-er  frac-tion  (frak'- 
shun),  n.  a  fraction  whose  numer- 
ator is  equal  to,  or  greater  than, 
its  denominator. 

im-pro-pri-e-ty  (-pri'e-ti).  n.  \pl. 
improprieties  (-tiz)].  the  quality 
of  being  improper :  unsuitable- 
ness  ;  that  which  is  improper  in 
act,  expression,  &c. 

im-prov-a-ble  (-proov'3-bl) ,  adj. 
capable  of  being  improved. 

im-prove  (-proov'),  v.t.  to  make 
better;  turn  to  account;  inten- 
sify :  v.l.  to  grow  better. 

Kyn.  amend,  better,  mend,  re- 
form, rectify,  ameliorate,  apply, 
use,  employ. 

Ant.    (see  deteriorate). 

im-prove-ment  ('ment),  n.  ad- 
vancement of  anything  from  good 
to  better;  profitable  use  or  appli- 
cation of  anything :  that  by 
which  the  value  of  anything,  es- 
pecially property,  is  advanced : 
pi.  betterments. 

im-prov-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  improves. 

im-prov-i-dence  (-prov'i-dens),  n. 
want  of  foresight  or  thrift. 

im-prov-i-dent       ('i-dent),      adj. 


late,  mar,  mAsk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch.  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


imp 


459 


ina 


lacking  foresight  or  thrift ;  want- 
ing care  to  provide  for  the  fu- 
ture ;  careless. 

Syn.  careless,  incautious,  im- 
prudent, prodigal,  wasteful,  reck- 
less, rash. 

Ant.    (see  thrifty). 

im-prov-i-sa-tion  (-sa'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  improvising ;  the  act 
of  composing  poetry  or  music  ex- 
temporaneously ;  an  impromptu. 

im-prov-i-sa-tor  ( 'i-sfi-ter),  n.  an 
improviser.  Also  improvisators. 

im-prov-i-sa-tri-ce  ( -ve-za-tre'- 
cha),  n.  a  female  improvisatore. 

im-pro-vise  (-pro-viz'),  v.t.  to 
compose  extemporaneously,  espe- 
cially verse  or  music;  bring  about 
on  a  sudden,  or  without  previous 
preparation ;  devise  »n  the  spur 
of  the  moment,  or  for  a  special 
occasion  :  r.i.  to  compose  extem- 
poraneously ;  do  a  thing  in  an  off- 
hand way. 

im-pru-dence  (-nrdd'dens),  n. 
want  of  prudence ;  carelessness  of 
consequences :  inattention  to  one's 
interests. 

Im-prn-dent  ('dent),  adj.  want- 
ing prudence ;  not  attentive  to 
consequences  or  interest ;  indis- 
creet ;  injudicious. 

Im-pu-dence  ('pu-dens),  n.  want 
of  modesty  ;  shamelessness  ;  rude- 
ness ;  forwardness. 

X//H.  assurance,  impertinence, 
confidence,  insolence,  rudeness. 

iin  -  pu  -  dent  Cpu-dent),  adj. 
shameless  ;  immodest ;  offensively 
forward ;  intentionally  disrespect- 
ful. 

•S.i/"-  saucy,  brazen,  bold,  im- 
pertinent, forward,  rude,  insolent, 
immodest,  shameless. 

im-pugn  (-pirn'),  v.t.  to  attack 
by  arguments;  contradict;  gain- 
say. 

im-pugn-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  that 
may  be  impugned  or  gainsaid. 

ini-pulse  Cpuls),  n.  force  com- 
municated suddenly ;  the  result 
of  an  impelling  force;  a  mental 
force  directly  urging  to  action;  a 
sudden  determination  not  arising 
from  reflection. 

N//X.  incentive,  incitement,"  mo- 
tive, instigation. 

im-pul  sion     (-pul'shun),    n.    the 


act  of  impelling ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing  impelled  ;   instigation. 

im-pul-sive  ('siv),  adj.  having 
the  power  of  impelling;  actuated 
by,  or  resulting  from,  impulse ; 
passionate ;  acting  by  momentary 
impulse,  not  continuously. 

8yn.   rash,   hasty,   forcible,   vio- 
lent. 

Ant.    (see  deliberate). 

im-pul-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  by  im- 
pulse. 

im-pul-sive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  impulsive. 

ini-pu-ni-ty  (-piin'i-ti),  n.  free- 
dom from  punishment,  injury,  or 
loss. 

im-pure  (-pur'),  adj.  mixed  with 
extraneous  matter ;  unchaste  ;  un- 
clean ;  dirty ;  not  accurate  or  idio- 
matic :  said  of  a  language  or  style. 

im-pure-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  an  im- 
pure manner. 

im -pure-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  quali- 
ty of  being  impure ;  impurity. 

im-pu-ri-ty  Cti),  n.  [pi.  im- 
purities (-tiZ)J,  uncleanness ;  a 
physical  or  moral  blemish. 

im-pu-ta-ble  (-put'a-bl),  adj. 
that  may  be  imputed,  charged,  or 
ascribed. 

im-pu-ta-tion  (-ta'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  imputing  or  charging ;  any- 
thing imputed  or  charged,  es- 
pecially in  the  way  of  discredit ; 
censure  ;  reproach  ;  insinuation  ; 
the  doctrine  that  the  sin  of  Adam 
is  attributed  to  his  posterity,  and 
the  righteousness  of  Christ  to  the 
believer. 

8yn.   blame,   censure,   reproach, 
charge,    accusation. 

im-pute  (-put'),  v.t.  to  charge,  at- 
tribute or  ascribe,  especially  a 
fault;  attribute  (sin  or  righteous- 
ness) as  derived  from  another. 

in,  prefix  meaning  in,  within,  in- 
side, not. 

in-ad-vert-ence  ( in-ad-vert'ens ) , 
n.  want  of  attention  ;  oversight ; 
mistake.  Also  inadvertency. 

in-ad-vert-ent  ('ent),  adj.  inat- 
tentive ;  heedless ;  careless ;  un- 
conscious. 

in-a-lien-a-bil-i-ty  (-al-yen-a-bil'- 
i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  in- 
alienable. 

in-a-lien-a-ble  (-fi-bl),  adj.  that 
cannot,  or  should  not,  be  alienated, 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Ina 


460 


Inc 


surrendered  or  transferred  to  an- 
other. 

in-a-lien-a-ble-ness  (-nes),  n.  in- 
alienability. 

in-a-lien-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  so  as 
to  be  inalienable. 

in-a-mo-ra-ta  (-a-mo-rii'tfi),  «,.  a 
woman  with  whom  one  is  in  love  ; 
sweetheart;  mistress  [.Italian]. 

in-a-mo-ra-to  ('to),  n.  a  man  who 
is  in  love;  a  lover  [Italian]. 

in-ane  (-an'),  udj.  empty;  void; 
senseless  ;  silly  ;  pointless  ;  frivo- 
lous :  n.  infinite  void  ;  space. 

in-an-i-mate  (in-an'i-mfit),  adj. 
not  animate  or  animated ;  dead ; 
spiritless ;  lifeless. 

in-a-ni-tion  (-a-nish'un) ,  n.  emp- 
tiness ;  exhaustion  from  lack  of 
nourishment. 

in-an-i-ty  (-an'i-ti),  n.  [pi.  in- 
anities (-tiz)],  emptiness;  men- 
tal vacuity  :  frivolity  :  pi.  vanities. 

in-ap-pre-ci-a-ble  (-pre'shi-a-bl) , 
adj.  not  to  be  appreciated  or  esti- 
mated ;  of  no  consequence. 

in-arch  (in-arch'),  v.t.  to  graft 
by  uniting  (a  scion)  to  a  stock 
without  separating  the  scion  from 
its  parent  tree. 

in  ar-tic  u-late  (in-ar-tik'ii-lat) , 
adj.  not  uttered  with  intelligible 
distinctness  ;  incapable  of  speech  ; 
not  articulated ;  not  jointed,  seg- 
mented, or  valved. 

in-ar-tic-u-late-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
an  inarticulate  manner. 

in  ar-tic  u-late-ness  (-nes),  n. 
indistinctness  of  utterance. 

in  as-much  (-az-much'),  adv.  in  a 
like  degree;  seeing  that  (with 
as)  ;  because. 

in-au-gu-ral  (-aw'gu-ral),  adj. 
pertaining  to  an  inauguration  :  n. 
an  inaugural  address. 

in-au-gn-rate  ('gu-rat),  v.t.  to 
induct  into  office  with  appropriate 
ceremonies ;  invest  with  office  in 
a  formal  manner ;  consecrate ; 
make  a  formal  beginning  of ; 
initiate,  as  a  new  policy ;  celebrate 
the  first  public  use  of  by  some 
opening  ceremony  ;  dedicate,  as  a 
public  building. 

in-au-gu-ra-tor  (-ra-ter),  n.  one 
who  inaugurates,  'or  initiates. 

in-an-gu-ra-to-ry  (-to-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to  inauguration. 


in-au-gu-ra-trix  (-triks),  n.  a 
female  who  inaugurates. 

in-aus-pi-cious  (-spish'us),  adj. 
ill-omened  ;  unlucky  ;  unfavorable  ; 
unfortunate. 

in-be-ing  ('be-ing),  n.  inherent 
existence  ;  inherence  ;  inseparable- 
ness. 

in  board  ('bord),  adv.  and  adj. 
within  the  ship ;  not  projecting 
over  the  bulwarks. 

in-bond  ('bond),  adj.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  brick  or  stone  laid 
lengthwise  across  a  wall. 

in-breed  (-bred'),  v.t.  to  breed  or 
develop  within ;  breed  from  ani- 
mals closely  related. 

In-ca  (ing'ka),  n.  the  Peruvian 
emperor,  or  a  member  of  the  roy- 
al race  in  Peru  (which  claimed 
descent  from  the  sun)  previous  to 
the  Spanish  conquest  under  Pizar- 
ro,  1531 ;  the  aboriginal  Peruvian 
race,  whose  language,  called  Qui- 
chua,  is  still  spoken  in  the  Sierra. 

in-cal-cu-la-ble  ( in-kal'ku-la-bl ) , 
adj.  beyond  calculation. 

in-cal-cu-la-bly  (-bli),  adv.  im- 
measurably. 

in-cal-es-cence  (-kal-es'ens),  •«. 
the  state  of  growing  warm.  Also 
incalescency. 

in-cal-es-cent  (-es'ent),  adj.  in- 
creasing in  heat. 

in-can-desce  (-kan-des'),  v.t.  to 
cause  to  glow  with  heat :  v.i.  to 
glow  with  heat. 

in-can-des-cence  ('ens),  n.  white 
heat.  Also  incandescency. 

in-can-des-cent  ('ent),  adj.  glow- 
ing ;  white  with  heat. 

in-can-des-cent  lamp  (lamp),  n. 
a  lamp  in  which  the  light  is  pro- 
duced by  a  thin  strip  of  non- 
conducting material  contained  in 
a  vacuum,  and  heated  to  incandes- 
cence by  an  electric  current. 

in-can-ta-tion  (-kan-ta'shun),  n. 
a  magical  charm  said  or  sung ;  en- 
chantment. 

in-can-ta-to-ry  ('ta-to-ri),  adj. 
dealing  by  enchantment ;  magical. 

in-ca-pac-i-tate  ( -ka-pas'i-tat ) , 
v.t.  to  deprive  of  capacity  or  nat- 
ural power ;  render  incapable  or 
unfit ;  disqualify  ;  disable. 

in-ca-pac-i-ty  (-ti),  n.  lack  of 
power,  physical  or  mental ;  legal 
disqualification. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Inc 


461 


fnc 


in-car-cer-ate  (-kar'ser-at),  v.t. 
to  imprison ;  confine. 

in-car-cer-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n. 
imprisonment ;  confinement ;  con- 
striction, as  of  a  hernia. 

in-car-cer-a-tor  ( 'ser-a-ter ) .  n, 
one  who  incarcerates. 

in-car-nate  ('nat),  v.t.  to  clothe 
with  flesh  ;  embody  in  flesh :  p.adj. 
embodied  in  flesh ;  _flesh-colored. 

in-car-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  clothing  with,  or  of  assum- 
ing, flesh  ;  embodiment  in  human 
form ;  a  striking  exemplification 
or  personification  ;  the  assumption 
of  human  nature  by  the  Son  of 
God ;  the  process  by  which  a 
wound  heals  by  being  filled  with 
new  flesh. 

in  case,  same  as  encase. 

in-cau-tious  (-kaw'shus),  adj. 
wanting  in  caution ;  not  circum- 
spect ;  unwary. 

in-ca-vo  (-ka'vo),  the  hollowed 
part  in  an  intaglio  or  an  en- 
graved work. 

in-cen-di-a-rism  (-sen'di-a-rizm), 
n.  the  act  of  an  incendiary ;  burn- 
ing ;  arson. 

in-cen-di-a-ry  ('di-a-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to  arson  or  the  mali- 
cious burning  of  property ;  tend- 
ing to  excite  passion  or  violence; 
inflammatory :  seditious :  n.  one 
guilty  of  arson  ;  one  who  excites 
passion  or  violence ;  a  seditious 
agitator. 

incense  (in-sens').  v.t.  to  fire; 
inflame  with  anger;  provoke;  ir- 
ritate; (in'sens),  perfume  with 
incense :  n.  any  aromatic  material 
\vhioh  exhales  perfume  when 
burned,  especially  olibanum,  the 
frankincense  of  the  Jews,  and 
also  of  the  ancient  Greeks  and 
Romans ;  any  gratifying  odor,  as 
of  flowers ;  homage ;  odor  of 
spices  and  gums  burned  in  re- 
ligious rites. 

in-cen-tive  (-sen'tiv),  adj.  incit- 
ing; encouraging:  n.  incitement; 
encouragement ;  motive ;  spur ; 
stimulus. 

N'//n.    motive,    inducement,    im- 
pulse. 

in-cep-tion  (-sen'shun),  n.  recep- 
tion; beginning;  the  formal 
qualification  of  a  master  of  arts, 
previous  to  taking  his  degree. 


in-cep-tive  (-sep'tiv),  adj.  begin- 
ning ;  noting  beginning :  n.  an  in- 
ceptive word  or  phrase. 

in  ces-sant  (-ses'ant),  adj.  un- 
ceasing ;  ceaseless ;  continuous. 

in-cest  ('sest),  n.  sexual  com- 
merce between  persons  related 
within  the  prohibited  degrees  of 
marriage. 

in-ces-tu-ous  (-ses'tu-us),  adj. 
guilty  of.  or  involving,  incest. 

inch  (inch),  n.  l-12th  of  a 
foot  ;*  a  small  quantity  or  degree  ; 
a  critical  moment :  v.t.  to  drive 
by  small  degrees ;  deal  out  spar- 
ingly :  v.i.  move  slowly. 

in-cno-ate  ('ko-at),  adj.  just  be- 
gun ;  incipient ;  elementary ;  in- 
complete. 

in-cho-ate-ly  (-li),  adv.  rudiment- 
arily. 

in-cho-a-tive  ('a-tiv),  adj.  in- 
cipient ;  rudimentary :  n.  an  in- 
ceptive. 

in-ci-dence  ('si-dens),  n.  the  di- 
rection in  which  a  ray  of  light  or 
heat  falls  upon  a  surface. 

in-ci-dent  ('si-dent),  adj.  falling 
upon,  as  a  ray  of  light  on  a  re- 
flecting surface ;  apt  to  occur ; 
appertaining;  occurring  accident- 
ally ;  casual ;  subordinate :  n.  oc- 
currence; that  which  happens  be- 
side the  main  design  ;  casualty  ; 
episode  ;  event ;  accident. 

in  ci-dent-al  ('al),  adj.  casual; 
subordinate :  n.  something  casual 
or  subordinate :  pi.  minor  ex- 
penses. 

in-ci-dent-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  casual- 
ly. 

in-cin-er-ate  (-sin'er-at),  v.t.  to 
bum  to  ashes. 

in-cin-er-a-tion  (-er-a'shun),  n. 
cremation. 

in-cin-er-a-tor  Cer-a-ter),  n.  a 
furnace  or  retort  for  reducing  sub- 
stances to  ashes. 

in-cip-i-ence  (-sip'i-ens),  n.  in- 
cipient state ;  beginning ;  com- 
mencement. Also  incipiency. 

in-cip-i-ent  Ci-ent),  adj.  begin- 
ning to  be  or  to  appear ;  initial. 

in-cise  (in-cise'),  v.t.  to  cut  in; 
to  engrave. 

in-cised  (-sizd'),  p.adj.  cut; 
caused  by  cutting:  engraved. 

in-ci-sion  (-sizh'un),  n.  a  cut 
made  with  a  sharp  instrument. 


late,  mar.  mSsk,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Inc 


462 


inc 


in-ci-sive  (-sl'siv),  adj.  having 
the  quality  of  cutting  into  ;  sharp  ; 
trenchant ;  pertaining  to  the  in- 
cisor teeth ;  incisorial :  n.  the  in- 
cisive edge  or  tooth  of  the  uiandi- 
hle  of  a  beetle. 

in-ci-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  with  in- 
cision. 

in-d-sive-ness  (-nes).  n.  the 
quality  of  being  incisive. 

in-ci-sor  ('ser),  n.  a  cutting 
tooth ;  one  of  the  teeth  in  front 
of  the  canines  in  both  jaws. 

in-ci-so-ri-al  (-so'ri-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  having  the  character 
of,  an  incisor  tooth. 

in-d-so-ry    Cso-ri ) ,  adj.  cutting. 

in-cite  (-sit'),  v.t.  to  move  to 
action  ;  stir  up  ;  spur  on  ;  encour- 
age ;  impel. 

Kitn.  instigate,   excite,   provoke, 
stimulate,  encourage,  urge,  impel. 

in-cite-ment  ('ment).  n.  an  in- 
citing cause  ;  incentive  ;  impulse  ; 
encouragement. 

in-ci-vil-i-ty  (-si-vil'i-ti).  n.  [pi. 
incivilities  (-tiz)],  lack  of  civility 
or  courtesy ;  impoliteness. 

in-clem-en-cy  (-klem'en-si) ,  n. 
[pi.  inclemencies  (-siz)],  want 
of  clemency ;  severity  of  temper ; 
storminess ;  adversity. 

in-clem-ent  Cent),  adj.  not 
clement ;  unmerciful ;  tempestu- 
ous. 

in-cli-na-tion  (-cli-na'shun),  n.  a 
leaning ;  deviation  from  normal 
direction  or  position ;  tendency 
of  the  mind ;  disposition ;  a  slope 
or  declivity  ;  slant ;  propensity. 

N.I/M.  leaning,  slope,  disposition, 
tendency,  bent,  bias,  affection,  at- 
tachment,   wish,    liking,    desire. 
.  1  nt.   (see  aversion). 

in -dine  (-kiln'),  v.i.  to  deviate 
from  the  normal  direction  or  posi- 
tion ;  lean;  bow;  have  a  mental 
bent  or  tendency  ;  be  disposed  :  v.t. 
to  cause  to  lean;  direct;  bow  (as 
in  reverence  or  civility)  ;  give  a 
tendency  to;  turn;  disnose :  n.  a 
slope ;  an  inclined  plane ;  gradi- 
ent. 

X//N.    slope,    lean,    slant,    tend, 
bend,   turn.   bins,   dispose. 

in-clined(-klind'),  p.adj.  having 
a  tendency :  sloping :  disposed ; 
bent  into  a  convex  curve. 

in-dined     plane     (plan),     n.     a 


plane  that  makes  an  angle  with 
the  plane  of  the  horizon ;  one  of 
the  mechanical  powers. 

in-di-nom-e-ter  (-kli-nom'e-ter) , 
n.  an  apparatus  for  determining 
the  magnetic  inclination  or  dip ; 
a  dipping  needle ;  clinometer. 

in-close  (-kloz'),  v.t.  to  shut  in; 
encompass  ;  surround  :  put  into  an 
envelope  ;  put  into  the  same  en- 
velope (with  another  letter)  ; 
separate  from  common  lands  by  a 
fence. 

Syrt.    surround,    shut    in,    fence 
in,    cover,    wrap. 

in-clo-sure  ('zhur),  n.  the  act  of 
inclosing,  or  state  of  being  in- 
closed, especially  the  act  of  sepa- 
rating land  from  a  common  by  a 
fence ;  that  which  is  inclosed  ;  that 
which  incloses,  as  a  fence ;  some- 
thing inclosed  with  a  letter  in  an 
envelope,  as  a  bill,  check,  &c. 

in-clude  (-klood'),  v.t.  to  inclose; 
hold  as  in  an  inclosure;  confine 
within  something ;  comprise  or 
comprehend,  as  a  genus  the 
species. 

Syn.  comprehend,  comprise,  con- 
tain,   embrace,    take    in. 

in-clud-ed  ('ed),  p.adj.  inclosed; 
contained ;  not  projecting  beyond 
the  mouth  of  the  corolla  of  a 
flower. 

in-dn-sion  (-kloo'zhun),  n.  the 
act  of  including ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing included ;  that  which  is  in- 
cluded. 

in-cln-sive  Csiv).  adj.  inclosing; 
including ;  comprehending  the  ex- 
tremes in  the  sum,  as  from  Mon- 
day to  Saturday  int-luxirc.  i.e., 
taking  in  both  Monday  and  Satur- 
day. 

in-clu-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  so  as  to 
include. 

in-cog-ni-to  (-kog'ni-to),  adj.  un- 
known or  disguised  :  mlr.  in  dis- 
guise; under  an  assumed  name: 
n.  a  great  personage  who  travels 
under  an  assumed  style ;  the  es- 
sumption  of  a  character  or  title  to 
avoid  recognition;  state  of  being 
unrecognized.  Fern,  incognita. 

in-co-her-ence  (-ko-her'ens).  n. 
want  of  cohesion  ;  looseness  ;  want 
of  connection  ;  incongruity  ;  incon- 
sequence. Incoherency. 

in-co-her  ent  Cent),  adj.  without 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot :  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


inc 


463 


inc 


cohesion  ;  incongruous  ;  inconsecu- 
tive. 

in-co  he-sion  (-he'zhun),  n.  want 
of  cohesion. 

in-com-bus-ti-ble       (-kom-bus'ti- 
bl),  adj.  that  cannot  be  consumed! 
by  fire :  n.  an  incombustible  sub-  | 
stance. 

in-come      ('kum),     n.     the     gain 
which  proceeds   from   labor,   busi- 
ness,    property,    or    capital ;     an- 
nual receipts  of  a  person  or  cor-  I 
poration. 

in-com-er    ('kum-er),   n.  one  who 
comes     in ;     one     who     succeeds  ! 
another  as  a  tenant. 

in-com-ing       ('kum-ing),       p.adj. 
coming  in ;   accruing :    n.   the   act  \ 
of  coming  in ;    that   which   comes 
in  ;   income. 

in-com-men-su-ra-bil-i-ty  (-kom-  i 
men-su-ra-bil'i-ti),   n.   the  quality 
or  state  of  being  incommensurable. 
Also   incommensurableness. 

in-com-men-su-ra-ble  ('su-rS- 
bl),  adj.  having  no  common  meas- 
ure ;  having  no  common  divisor  ex- 
cept unity  :  H.  one  of  two  (or 
more)  quantities  that  have  no 
common  measure. 

in-com-men-su-rate  (-rat),  adj. 
not  admitting  of  a  common  meas- 
ure ;  incommensurable ;  not  suffi- 
cient in  measure ;  inadequate. 

in-eom-men-su-rate-ly  (-li  I.  «</r. 
not  in  equal  or  due  measure. 

in-com-mode  (-kom-6d'),  v.t.  to 
give  inconvenience  or  trouble  to ; 
disturb. 

N///I.     annoy,     plague,     molest, 
disturb,  inconvenience,  trouble. 
Ant.   (see  accommodate). 

in-coitt-mo-di-ous  ('i-us),  adj. 
tending  to  incommode :  trouble- 
some ;  inconvenient. 

in  coin  mu-ni-ca-ble  (-mu'ni-k5- 
bl).  adj.  that  cannot  be  communi- 
cated or  told. 

in  com-pa-ra-ble  (-kom'pa-ra-bl ) , 
adj.  not  admitting  of  comparison  ; 
unequaled ;  transcendent ;  peer- 
less. 

in-com-pa-ra-ble-ness  (-nes),  n. 
excellence  beyond  comparison. 

in-com-par-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  be- 
yond comparison. 

in-com-pat-i-bil-i-ty  f-pat-i-bil'- 
i-ti),  n.  irreconcilableness.  Also 
incompatibleness. 


in-com-pat  i-ble  ('i-bl).  adj.  in- 
capable of  harmonious  subsistence 
or  combination  ;  inconsistent :  in- 
congruous :  n.pl.  persons  or  things 
irreconcilably  disagreeing  with 
each  other. 

in-com-pat-i-bly  (-bli),  «rfr.  in 
an  incompatible  manner. 

in-com-pe-tence  (-kom'pe-tens), 
n.  inability,  physical,  intellectual, 
or  moral ;  insufficiency ;  inad- 
equacy ;  lack  of  qualification  or 
jurisdiction.  Also  incompetency. 

in-com-pe-tent  ('pe-tent),  adj. 
wanting  ability :  inadequate ; 
wanting  qualification  or  fitness ; 
incapacitated ;  inadmissible. 

>'•///.     incapable,    unable,    inad- 
equate, insufficient. 
Ant.    ( see  competent). 

in-com-plete  (-plef),  adj.  not 
fully  finished  or  developed ;  not 
having  all  its  parts;  imperfect; 
defective. 

in-com-plete-ly  ('li),  adv.  imper- 
fectly. 

in-com-plete-ness  ('nes),  n.  im- 
perfection. 

in-com-pre-hen-si-ble  (-pre-hen'- 
si-bl),  adj.  illimitable;  not  to  be 
understood  or  grasped  by  the 
mind ;  inconceivable. 

in-com-press-i-ble  (-pres'i-bl), 
adj.  incapable  of  being  reduced  in 
volume  by  pressure ;  resisting 
pressure. 

in-cpn-ceiv-a-bil-i-ty  ( -kon-se  v- 
a-bil'i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being 
inconceivable. 

in-con-ceiv-a-ble  ('a-bl).  adj.  in- 
capable of  being1  conceived  or  im- 
agined ;  incredible. 

in-con-ceiv-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  be- 
yond the  power  of  conception. 

in-con-clu-sive  (-kloo'siv),  adj. 
leading  to  no  conclusion  in  evi- 
dence or  argument ;  unconvincing ; 
reaching  no  definite  result  in 
action  ;  ineffective  ;  inefficient. 

in-con-clu-aive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
an  inconclusive  manner. 

in-con-den-si-ble  (-den'si-bl) .  adj. 
incapable  of  being  made  more 
dense  or  compact,  or  of  being  re- 
duced to  liquid  form. 

in-con-grn-i-ty  ( -groo'i-ti ) ,  n.  [pi. 
incongruities  (-tiz)],  want  of 
mutual  fitness ;  unsuitableness  of 
one  thing  to  another. 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moOn, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


inc 


464 


Inc 


in-ccm-gm-ous  ( -kong'groo-us ) , 
adj.  reciprocally  disagreeing ;  un- 
suited  to  one  another;  inharmoni- 
ous ;  inappropriate. 

tiyn.    absurd,    conflicting,    inap- 
propriate,   inconsistent. 
Ant.    (see  suitable). 

in-con-nn  (-kon-nu'),  adj.  un- 
known :  n.  an  unknown  person. 
Feminine  inconnue  [French]. 

in-con-se-quence  ('se-kwens),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  inconsequent ; 
want  of  logical  sequence ;  incon- 
clusiveness. 

in-con-se-quent  (-kwent),  adj. 
not  following  from  the  premises ; 
illogical ;  out  of  proper  relation ; 
irrelevant. 

in-con-sid-er-a-ble  ( -sid'er-a-bl ) , 
adj.  not  deserving  consideration ; 
unimportant. 

in-con-sid-er-a-bly  (-bli),  adv. 
very  little. 

in-con-sid-er-ate  (-sid'er-at),  adj. 
without  consideration ;  thought- 
less. 

in-con-sid-er-ate-ly  (-li),  adv. 
thoughtlessly. 

in-con-sis-ten-cy  (-sis' ten-si),  n. 
[pi.  inconsistencies  (-siz)],  the 
quality  of  being  inconsistent ;  in- 
congruity. 

in-con-sis-tent  ('tent),  adj.  lack- 
ing coherence  or  agreement ;  dis- 
crepant ;  lacking  uniformity  ;  self- 
contradicting  ;  incongruous. 

in-con-so-la-ble  (-so'la-bl),  adj. 
not  to  be  consoled  or  comforted. 

in-con-so-la-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  an 
inconsolable  manner  or  degree. 

in  con  spic-ii  cms  (-spik'u-us), 
adj.  not  easily  perceived ;  so 
small  as  to  escape  notice ;  hardly 
discernible. 

in-con-stan-cy  ('stan-si),  n. 
changeableness. 

in  con-stant  ('stant),  adj.  sub- 
ject to  change ;  unstable ;  vari- 
able ;  fickle ;  capricious. 

in-con-test-a-ble  (-test'a-bl),  adj. 
not  admitting  of  question  or  dis- 
pute ;  incontrovertible. 

in-con-test-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in- 
disputably. 

in-con,  ti-nence  ('ti-nens),  n. 
lack  of  restraint,  especially  undue 
indulgence  of  the  sexual  passions  ; 
licentiousness ;  involuntary  dis- 
charge. Also  incontinency. 


in-con- ti-nent  ('ti-nent),  adj.  un- 
restrained ;  unchaste :  n.  an  un- 
chaste person. 

in-con-trp-yer-ti-bil-i-ty  (-tro- 
ver-ti-bil'i-ti),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  incontrovertible. 

in-con-trp-yer-ti-ble  ('ti-bl).  adj. 
not  admitting  of  controversy  :  in- 
disputable. 

in-cpn-tro-ver-ti-bly  (-bli),  adv. 
indisputably. 

in-con-ven-ience  (-ven'yens).  n. 
want  of  convenience;  unfitness ; 
troublesomeness ;  that  which  in- 
commodes ;  disadvantage.  Also 
inconveniency :  v.t.  to  put  to  in- 
convenience ;  incommode  ;  annoy  ; 
molest. 

in-con-ven-ient  ('yent),  adj.  dis- 
advantageous ;  inopportune ;  un- 
fit ;  inexpedient. 

in-con-vert-i-bil-i-ty  ( -vert-i-bil'- 
i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  in- 
convertible. 

in-con-vert-i-ble  ('ti-bl),  adj.  in- 
capable of  being  converted  into, 
or  exchanged  for,  something  else. 

in-cor-po-rate  (-kor'po-rat),  v.t. 
to  combine  into  one  body ;  give  a 
body  to  ;  embody  ;  unite  ;  associ- 
ate ;  unite  intimately  ;  assimilate  ; 
blend ;  form  into  a  corporation 
recognized  by  law :  v.i.  to  unite 
with  another  body  so  as  to  form 
a  part  of  it ;  be  mixed  or  blended 
with  :  p.adj.  incorporated  ;  united 
in  one  body. 

in-cor-po-ra-tion  ( -po-rfi'shnn ) , 
n.  combination  ;  assimilation  ;  mix- 
ture ;  formation  of  a  body  cor- 
porate ;  a  corporation. 

in-cor-po-ra-tor  (-rfi-ter).  n. 
one  who  incorporates;  an  original 
member  of  an  incorporated 
society. 

in-cor-po-re-al  (-po're-al),  adj. 
not  corporeal ;  immaterial  ;  in- 
tangible, and  existing  only  in 
contemplation  of  the  law. 

in-cor-po-re-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  im- 
materially. 

in-cor-rect  (-kor-ekf),  adj.  not 
according  to  model  or  rule ; 
faulty  ;  not  according  to  fact ;  in- 
accurate ;  not  in  accordance  with 
morality  or  good  manners ;  im- 
proper. 

in-cor-ri-gi-ble      ('ri-ji-bl),     adj. 


late,  milr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


inc 


465 


Inc 


bad  beyond   correction  or  amend- 
ment ;   irreclaimable. 

in-cor-ri-gi-ble-ness  (-nes),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  incorrigible. 
Also  incorrigibility. 

in-cor-ri-gi-bly  (-bli),  adv.  irre- 
claimably. 

in-cor-rod-i-ble  (-rod'i-bl),  adj. 
incapable  of  being  corroded. 

itt-cor-mpt  ( -kor-upt' ) .  adj.  free 
from  physical  or  moral  taint :  un- 
impaired ;  upright ;  especially 
above  the  influence  of  corruption 
or  bribery  ;  honest. 

in-cor-rupt-i-bil-i-ty  (-i-bil'i- 

ti),  n.  incapability  of  corruption. 

in-cor-rupt-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  in- 
capable of  physical  corruption, 
decay,  or  dissolution ;  not  liable 
to  moral  perversion  or  con- 
tamination :  especially  incapable 
of  being  bribed. 

in-cpr-rupt-i-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in 
an  incorruptible  manner. 

in-cor-rup-tion.  (-rup'shun),  n. 
exemption  from  corruption. 

in-crease  (-kres'),  v.i.  to  be- 
come greater  in  any  respect ;  aug- 
ment ;  multiply ;  grow ;  wax,  as 
the  moon :  v.t.  to  make  greater 
in  any  respect ;  enhance  ;  aggra- 
vate ;  enlarge:  n.  (iu'kres).  a 
growing  larger ;  that  which  is 
added  to  the  original  stock :  in- 
crement ;  produce :  profit ;  issue  : 
offspring ;  a  waxing,  as  of  the 
moon. 

X;/n.  extend,  enlarge,  augment, 
dilate,  expand,  amplify,  raise,  en- 
hance, aggravate,  magnify,  grow, 
augmentation,  accession,  addition, 
enlargement,  extension. 
Ant.  (see  decrease). 

in  cred-i-bil-i-ty  (-kred-i-bil'i-ti ) , 
n.  the  quality  of  being  incredible. 
Also  incrediblenesB. 

in-cred-i-ble  ('i-bl).  ndj.  surpass- 
ing belief;  hard  to  believe;  un- 
imaginable ;  inconceivable. 

in-cred-i-bly  (-bli).  ndv.  in  an 
incredible  manner. 

in-cre-du-li-ty  (-kre-du'li-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  incredulous ; 
sr-eptirism  ;  disbelief. 

in-cred-u-lous  (-kred'u-lus).  adj. 
hard  of  belief;  sceptical;  unbe- 
lieving. 

increment  ('kre-ment),  n.  in- 
crease ;  augmentation  ;  produce. 


in-cres-cent  (-kres'ent),  p.adj. 
increasing;  in  heraldry,  denoting 
the  new  moon,  with  the  horns  to- 
wards the  dexter  side. 

in-crim-i-nate  (-krim'i-nat),  v.t. 
to  charge  with  a  crime ;  crimi- 
nate ;  accuse. 

in-crust  ( in-krust' ) ,  v.t .  to  cover 
wTith,  or  as  with,  a  crust :  coat ; 
overlay ;  to  inlay,  as  mosaic,  so  as 
to  form  a  decorative  covering. 
Also  encrust. 

in-crust-ate  ('at),  adj.  covered 
with  earthy  matter ;  growing 
firmly  to  the  pericarp :  said  of 
seeds. 

in-crus-ta-tion  (-krus-ta'shun) , 
n.  a  crust ;  covering  ;  an  incrusted 
or  inlaid  object  or  substance ;  a 
covering  or  inlaying  of  marble, 
mosaic,  &c.,  attached  to  the  ma- 
sonry. 

in-cu-bate  ('ku-bat),  v.t.  to  sit 
upon  (eggs)  to  hatch  them;  hatch 
out :  v.i.  to  brood ;  in  medicine,  to 
.go  through  the  stage  of  incuba- 
tion. 

in-cu-ba-tor  ('ku-ba-ter),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  incubates ; 
especially  an  apparatus  for  hatch- 
ing eggs  artificially. 

in  cu-bus  ('ku-bus),  n.  [pi.  in- 
cubuses (-ez),  incubi  (-bi)l,  the 
nightmare ;  in  the  superstition  of 
the  middle  ages,  a  demon  believed 
to  cause  nightmare,  and  the  birth 
of  deformed  children ;  a  heavy 
weight  or  burden. 

in-cul-cate  (-kul'kat),  v.t.  to  im- 
press upon  the  mind  by  frequent 
admonitions. 

in-cul-ca-tor  ('ka-ter),  n.  one 
who  inculcates. 

in-cnm-ben-cy  (-kum'ben-si),  n. 
[pi.  incumbencies  (-siz)],  the  act 
or  state  of  being  incumbent ;  full 
possession  and  exercise  of  ,  any 
office ;  state  of  holding  a  benefice. 

in-cuin-bent     ('bent),    adj.    lying 
upon ;  imposed  as  a  duty :  n.  the 
holder  of  an   office ;   a  clerevman 
in  possession  of  a  benefice. 
Syn.  obligatory. 

in  cur  (-ker'),  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p. 
incurred,  p.pr.  incurring],  to  be- 
come liable  to,  by  one's  own  ac- 
tion ;  contract,  as  a  debt. 

in-cur-a-bil-i-ty  (kfir-a-bil'i-ti ) , 
n.  the  state  of  being  incurable. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote.  p6Tch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


Inc 


466 


ind 


in-cur-a-ble  (-kur'a-bl),  adj.  in- 
capable of  being  cured ;  beyond 
the  power  of  skill  or  medicine ; 
irremediable ;  incorrigible :  n.  a 
person  diseased  beyond  cure. 

in-cur-a-bly  (-bli),  a<lv.  without 
remedy. 

in-cur-sion  (in-ker'shun),  n.  an 
inroad  ;  raid  ;  invasion. 

in-cur-vate  ('vat),  p.adj.  bent 
inward  ;  curved. 

in-debt-ed  (-clet'ed),  p.adj.  being 
in  debt ;  lying  under  an  obliga- 
tion. 

in-de-cen-cy  (-de'sen-si),  n.  [pi. 
indecencies  (-sizi"|.  want  of  de- 
cency, modesty,  or  good  manners ; 
that  which  is  indecent,  grossly 
vulgar,  or  obscene ;  in  law,  the 
public  exhibition  of  something  in- 
decent. 

in-de-cent  ('sent),  adj.  violating 
propriety  in  language,  behavior, 
&c. ;  immodest ;  indelicate ;  ob- 
scene. 

in-de-ci-sion  (-de-sizh'un),  n. 
want  of  decision ;  a  wavering  of 
the  mind ;  irresolution. 

in-de-ci-sive  (-si'siv),  adj.  not 
bringing  to  a  decision  or  final 
issue ;  inconclusive. 

in-de-ci-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
indecisive  manner. 

in-declinable  (-kll'na-bl),  adj. 
that  cannot  be  declined,  or  varied 
by  declension  :  n.  a  word  that  can- 
not be  declined. 

in-de  cli  na  bly  (-bli),  adv.  with- 
out declension. 

in-de-co-rous  (-de-ko'rus),  adj. 
violating  decorum,  or  any  ac- 
cepted rule  of  conduct. 

in-de-co-rum  (-ko'rum),  n.  viola- 
tion of  decorum  or  propriety ; 
breach  of  etiquette  or  civility. 

in-deed  (-ded'),  adv.  in  fact;  in 
truth. 

in-de,  f  at-i  ga  bil  i  ty  ( -de-f at-i- 
ga-bil'i-ti).  n.  the  quality  of  be- 
ing indefatigable. 

in-de  fat-i-ga-ble  Ci-ga-bl),  adj. 
not  to  be  wearied  out ;  not  yield- 
ing to  fatigue;  unremitting  in 
labor  or  effort. 

in-de-fat-i-ga-bly  (-bli).  adv. 
without  yielding  to  fatigue  ;  per- 
sistently. 

in-de-fea-si-bil-i-ty  (-de-fe-zi-bil'- 


i-ti),  n.  the  quality   of  being  in- 
defeasible. 

in-de-fea-si-ble  ('zi-bl),  adj.  not 
to  be  defeated  or  made  void,  as 
a  title. 

in-de-fea-si-bly  (-bli),  adv.  so  as 
not  to  be  set  aside  or  made  void. 

in-de-fec-ti-ble  (-fek'ti-bl),  adj. 
subject  to  no  defect,  failure,  or 
decay. 

in-de-fen-si-ble  (-fen'si-bl),  adj. 
that  cannot  be  defended,  main- 
tained, or  justified. 

in-de-fen-si-bly  (-bli),  adv.  so 
as  to  admit  of  no  defense. 

in-de-fl-na-ble  (-fi'na-bl),  adj. 
that  cannot  be  defined. 

in-de-fi-na-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  an 
indefinable  manner. 

in-def-i-nite  (-def'i-nit).  adj.  not 
defined  ;  not  precise ;  vague  ;  hav- 
ing no  particular  limit ;  large  be- 
yond the  comprehension  of  man. 
though  not  absolutely  infinite ; 
too  numerous  or  variable  to  be 
easily  counted ;  indeterminate  in 
logical  quantity. 

8yn.    vague,    uncertain,    unset- 
tled,  loose,   lax. 

Ant.    (see  definite). 

in-def-i-nite -ly  (-li),  adv.  to  an 
indefinite  degree ;  without  deter- 
minate limitation. 

in-del-i-bil-i-ty  (-del-i-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  indelible. 

in-del-i-ble  ('i-l)l),  adj.  not  to  be 
blotted  out,  effaced,  or  obliterated. 

in-del-i-bly  (-bli),  adv.  so  as  to 
be  indelible. 

in-del-i-ca-cy  (-del'i-ka-si).  «. 
\pl.  indelicacies  (-siz)l,  want  of 
delicacy ;  that  which  is  offensive 
to  modesty  or  refined  taste. 

in-del-i-cate  Ci-kat),  adj.  offen- 
sive to  modesty  or  propriety ; 
coarse :  indecent. 

in-del-i-cate-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
indelicate  manner. 

in-dem-ni-fi-ca-tion  (-dem-ni-fi- 
ka'shun),  n.  the  act  of  securing 
against  loss ;  reimbursement  of 
loss. 

in-dem-ni-fy  ('ni-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &• 
p.p.  indemnified,  p.pr.  indemnify- 
ing], to  secure  or  insure  against 
loss  or  damage:  reimburse. 

in-dem-ni-ty  Cni-ti),  n.  \pl.  in- 
demnities (-tiz)].  security  against 
loss,  damage,  or  punishment ; 
compensation  for  loss. 


.  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl:  he,  her,  let:  line,  tin;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  m56n, 
cook ;  mute,  nut :  thin,  then. 


ind 


467 


ind 


indent  (-dent'),  i:t.  to  make  a 
dent  or  depression  in  :  dent :  cut 
into  points  like  teeth ;  notch ; 
bind  put  by  indenture,  as  an  ap- 
prentice :  n.  a  notch  in  the  mar- 
gin ;  a  covenant. 

in-den-ta-tion  (-den-ta'shun),  n. 
a  small  hollow  or  depression,  as 
from  a  blow ;  a  dent  or  dint ;  a 
notch  or  recess  in  a  margin. 

in  dent-ed  ('ed),  p.udj.  notched 
in  the  margin  like  a  row  of  teeth  ; 
zigzag ;  in  heraldry,  notched  or 
serrated. 

in-den-ture  Ctflr).  n.  a  covenant 
or  deed,  formerly  in  duplicate, 
with  the  edges  notched  so  as  to 
correspond :  v.t.  to  bind  by  in- 
denture, as  an  apprentice. 

in-de-pend-ence  (-de-pend'ans) , 
n.  freedom  from  support  or 
governance  by  others ;  a  compe- 
tency ;  self-reliance. 

In-de-pend-ence  Day  (da), 
July  4,  the  anniversary  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  ob- 
served as  a  national  holiday. 

in-de-pend-en-cy  ('en-si),  n.  in- 
dependence ;  the  principles  of  the 
Independents. 

in-de  pend-ent  Cent) .  adj.  not  de- 
pendent, supported  by.  or  gov- 
erned by,  another ;  having  a  com- 
petency ;  not  subject  to  bias  or 
influence;  free;  irrespective:  n. 
one  who  supports  measures  or 
men  independently  of  any  organ- 
ized party. 

in-de-struc-ti-bil-i-ty  (-struk-ti- 
bil'i-ti),  n.  incapability  of  being 
destroyed. 

in-de-stmc-ti-ble  ('ti-bl),  adj. 
not  to  be  destroyed. 

in-de-struc-ti  bly  (-bli),  adv.  so 
as  to  be  indestructible. 

in  de  ter  mill  ate  (-ter'min-at), 
adj.  not  determinate,  settled,  or 
fixed;  indefinite;  not  precise;  hav- 
ing an  indefinite  number  of  values 
or  solutions. 

in-de-ter-min-ate-ly  (-H),  adv. 
indefinitely. 

in-dex  ('deks),  n.  [pi.  indexes 
-ez).  indices  Cdi-sezi].  that 
which  points  out  or  indicates;  an 
alphabetical  table  of  the  contents 
of  a  book;  the  figure  or  letter 
which  shows  the  power  or  root  of 
a  quantity:  the  exponent:  v.t. 
provide  with  an  index. 


in-dex-fin-ger  (-fing'ger),  n.  the 
fore-finger. 

Iii  di  a-man  ('di-a-man) ,  n.  [pi. 
Indiamen  (-men)],  a  large  ves- 
sel formerly  employed  in  the  In- 
dia trade. 

In-di-an  ('di-an),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  Indies,  to  the  West 
Indies  or  to  the  American  In- 
dians ;  made  of  maize  or  Indian 
corn :  n.  an  East  Indian,  West 
Indian  or  Anglo-Indian ;  one  of 
the  aborigines  of  America,  or  a 
Ited  Indian. 

In-di-an  corn  (k6rn),  n.  a  na- 
tive American  plant,  known  as 
maize. 

In-di-an-file    (-fll),  n.  single  file. 

In-di-an  red  (red),  n.  a  silicate 
of  iron,  imported  from  the  Persian 
Gulf. 

In-di-an  sum-mer  (sum'er),  n. 
summer-like  weather,  with  calm 
and  absence  of  rain,  occurring  in 
autumn. 

In-di-an  yel-low  (yel'o),  n.  a 
bright  yellow  pigment. 

in-di-a-rnb-ber  ('di-a-rub'er),  n. 
caoutchouc. 

in-di-can  (in'di-kan),  n.  a  sub- 
stance obtained  from  the  various 
indigo-producing  plants,  decom- 
posing, by  the  action  of  acids,  into 
sugar,  indigo-blue,  indigo-red,  and 
indiglucin. 

in-di-cant  ('di-kant),  adj.  in- 
dicating :  n.  that  which  points 
out  a  remedy  for  a  disease. 

in-di-cate  ('di-kat),  v.t.  to  point 
out ;  show  ;  suggest ;  hint ;  point 
out,  as  a  remedy. 

>\!//i.   point  out,   show,   mark. 

in-di-ca-tion  (-kfi'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  indicating;  that  which  in- 
dicates ;  information  ;  token  ;  evi- 
dence ;  sign;  symptom. 

in-dic-a-tive  (-dik'fi-tiv),  adj. 
pointing  out;  bringing  to  notice; 
noting  that  mood  of  the  verb 
which  indicates,  predicates,  or 
affirms:  n.  the  indicative  mood. 

in-dic-a-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  so  as 
to  indicate. 

in-di-ca-tor  ('di-ka-ter),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  indicates ; 
the  part  of  an  instrument  by 
which  an  effect  is  indicated,  es- 
pecially an  apparatus  for  ascer- 
taining and  recording  the  vari- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  h?r.  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ind 


468 


ind 


ations  of  pressure  or  vacuum  in 
the  cylinder  of  a  steam  engine. 

in-di-ca-to-ry  (-ka-to-ri),  adj. 
serving  to  indicate. 

in  diet  (-dif),  v.t.  to  charge  with 
a  crime,  by  the  presentment  of  a 
grand  jury. 

in-dict-a-ble  ('u-bl),  adj.  liable 
to  be  indicted  ;  punishable. 

in-dict-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  in- 
dicts. Also  indictor. 

in  diet  ment  ('ment),  n.  a  writ- 
ten accusation  against  a  prisoner 
presented  by  a  grand  jury  to  a 
court. 

in-dif-fer-ence  (-dif'er-ens),  n. 
the  state  of  being  indifferent ;  im- 
partiality ;  absence  of  preference 
or  interest ;  unconcernedness  ;  un- 
importance :  condition  of  being 
indifferent  in  character  or  qual- 
ity ;  mediocrity. 

Syn.   apathy,   carelessness,   list- 
lessness,    insensibility. 

Ant.    (see  application,  as- 
siduity). 

in-dif-fer-ent  ('er-ent),  adj.  un- 
concerned ;  unimportant ;  me- 
diocre ;  regardless. 

in-di-gence  ('di-jens),  n.  the  state 
of  being  indigent ;  poverty  ;  want. 
Also  indigency. 

Syn.    want,    neediness,    penury, 
poverty,  .destitution,  privation. 
Ant.  (see  affluence) . 

in-di-gene  ('di-jen),  n.  a  native; 
aborigine. 

in  dig-e-nous  (-dij'e-nus).  adj. 
born  or  produced  in  a  country ; 
not  exotic  ;  not  imported  ;  innate  ; 
inherent ;  native. 

in-di-gent  ('di-jent),  adj.  desti- 
tute ;  needy. 

in-di-gest-ed  (-jest'ed),  adj.  undi- 
gested, as  food ;  crude ;  not  soft- 
ened by  heat. 

in-di-gest-i-bil-i-ty  (-i-bil'i-ti). 
n.  the  quality  of  being  indigesti- 
ble. 

in-di-gest-i-ble  (-jest'i-bl),  adj. 
not  digestible,  physically  or  men- 
tally. 

in-di-gest-i-bly  (-bli),  adv.  so  as 
not  to  be  digested. 

in-di-ges-tion  (-jes'chun).  n. 
difficulty  in  digesting  food ;  dys- 
pepsia. 

indignant  (-dig'nfmt),  adj.  af- 
fected with  indignation  ;  inflamed 
with  mingled  anger  and  disdain. 


in-dig-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n. 
anger  at  what  is  unworthy,  un- 
just, dishonorable,  or  base ;  anger 
mingled  with  contempt  or  dis- 
gust. 

Syn.  anger,  wrath,  ire,  resent- 
ment. 

in-dig-ni-ty  (-dig'ni-ti),  n.  [f>L 
indignities  (-tiz)],  an  action  in- 
tended to  lower  the  dignity  of  an- 
other; insult. 

Syn.  insult,  affront,  outrage, 
obloquy,  opprobrium,  reproach,  ig< 
nominy. 

Ant.    (see  honor). 

in-di-go  ('di-go),  n.  a  blue  dye- 
stuff  obtained  from  the  indigo 
plant  by  decomposition  of  the 
glucoside  indican. 

in-di-rect  (-di-rekf),  adj.  not 
straight  or  rectilinear;  not  di- 
rectly resulting  from  a  cause;  not 
reaching  the  end  aimed  at  by  the 
most  direct  method ;  not  straight- 
forward or  fair. 

in-dis-creet  (-dis-kref),  adj. 
wanting  in  discretion  ;  imprudent. 

in-dis-cre-tion  (-dis-kresh'un) .  n. 
want  of  discretion  ;  imprudence  ; 
an  imprudent  act. 

in-dis-crim-i-nate  (-krim'i-nat), 
adj.  undistinguishing ;  promiscu- 
ous. 

Syn.  promiscuous,  indistinct, 
chance,  confused. 

Ant.   (see  select,  chosen). 

in-dis-crim-i-nate-ly  (-li),  ado. 
without  distinction. 

in-dis-crim-i-na-tive  ( -krim'i-na- 
tiv),  adj.  making  no  distinction. 

in-dis-pens-a-bil-i-ty  ( -pens-a- 
bil'i-ti),  «.  incapability  of  being 
dispensed  with. 

in-dis-pens-a-ble  ('a-bl).  adj. 
that  cannot  be  dispensed  with ; 
absolutely  necessary. 

N//H.  essential,  necessary,  req- 
uisite, expedient. 

Ant.  (see  unnecessary,  super- 
numerary). 

in  dis  pens-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  un- 
avoidably. 

in-dis-pose  (-dis-poz'),  v.t.  to  dis- 
incline; unfit. 

in  dis-posed  (-pozd'),  adj.  slight- 
ly ill  in  health  ;  disinclined. 

in  dis  po-si  tion  (-po-zish'nn),  n. 
slight  illness:  disinclination. 

in-dis-pu-ta-bil-i-ty    (-pu-ta-bil'i- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Ind 


469 


ind 


ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  indis- 
putable. 

in-dis-pu-ta-ble  ('ta-bl),  adj.  too 
evident  to  admit  of  dispute ;  un- 
questionable. 

3yn.  undeniable,  undoubted, 
incontestable,  indubitable,  unques- 
tionable, sure,  infallible. 

in-dis-pu-ta-bly  (-bli),  adv.  un- 
questionably. 

in-dis-so-lu-bil-i-ty  (6-lu-bil'i-ti) , 
n.  incapability  of  being  dissolved 
or  liquefied;  perpetuity  of  obli- 
gation. 

in-dis-so-lu-ble  ('o-lu-bl),  adj. 
not  dissoluble  or  dissolvable. 

in-dis-tinct  (-dis-tingkf),  adj. 
not  distinct  to  the  senses  or  the 
mind  ;  undefined  ;  indefinite  ;  con- 
fused. 

in-dis-tin-guish-a-ble  (-ting'- 
gwish-a-bl),  adj.  incapable  of  be- 
ing distinguished,  discriminated, 
or  perceived. 

in-dis-tin-guish-a-bly  (-bli), 

fldv .  so  as  not  to  be  distinguished. 

in-dite  (-dif),  v.t.  to  compose; 
write. 

in-di-nm  ('di-um).  n.  a  rare  me- 
tallic element  found  in  zinc- 
blende. 

in-di-vid-u-al  (-di-vij'u-al),  adj. 
existing  as  a  single  indivisible 
entity ;  pertaining  to,  or  charac- 
teristic of,  a  single  person  or 
thing:  n.  a  single  person,  animal, 
or  thing. 

in-di-vid-u-al-ize  ('u-al-iz) ,  v.t.  to 
invest  with  individuality ;  distin- 
guish. 

in-di-vid-u-al-ism  (-izm),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  individual ;  a 
social  system  in  which  each  in- 
dividual works  for  himself  alone; 
the  theory  of  government  which 
discountenances  the  interference 
of  the  state  in  the  affairs  of  the 
individual. 

in-di-vid-u-al-ist  (-ist).  n.  one 
who  holds  the  theory  of  indi- 
vidualism :  adj.  individualistic. 

in-di-vid-u-al-is-tic  (-is'tik) , 

adj.    pertaining    to    individualism 
or  to  individualists. 

in-di-vid-u-al-i-ty  (-al'i-ti),  n. 
the  condition  of  being  individual ; 
separate  or  distinct  existence ; 
distinctive  character. 


in-di-vid-u-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  sepa- 
rately ;  personally. 

in-di-vid-u-ate  ('u-at),  v.t.  to 
mark  as  distinct. 

in-di-vis-i-bil-i-ty  ( -viz-i-bil'i-ti ) , 
n.  the  property  of  being  indivisi- 
ble. 

in-di-vis-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  not 
separable  into  parts :  n.  that 
which  is  indivisible ;  an  element, 
infinitely  small,  assumed  to  admit 
of  no  further  division. 

in-di-vis-i-bly  (-bli),  adv.  so  as 
to  be  incapable  of  division. 

Iiido,  a  prefix  meaning  connected 
with  India,  as  Indo-Chinese,  per- 
taining to  Indo-China. 

in-docile  (in-dos'il),  adj.  un- 
teachable ;  intractable. 

in-do-cil-i-ty  (-do-sil'i-ti),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  indocile. 

in-doc-tri-nate  (-dok'tri-nat),  v.t. 
to  imbue  with  learning,  prin- 
ciples, or  doctrines. 

In-do-Eu-ro-pe-an  (-do-u-rd-pe'- 
an),  adj.  pertaining  to  the  family 
of  Aryan  languages  extending 
from  India  over  Europe. 

in-do-lence  ('do-lens),  n.  love  of 
ease  ;  indisposition  to  labor ;  lazi- 
ness ;  supineness. 

in-do-lent  (-lent),  adj.  indulging 
in  ease ;  avoiding  labor ;  lazy. 

in-dom-i-ta-ble  ( -dom'i-ta-bl ) , 
adj.  untamable  ;  irrepressible  ;  in- 
vincible. 

in-dorse  (-dors'),  v.t.  to  write 
on  the  back  of,  as  a  check,  &c. ; 
sanction  ;  approve.  Also  endorse. 
8yn.  ratifv,  confirm,  super- 
scribe. 

in-dor-see  (-se'),  n.  a  person  to 
whom  a  check,  &c.,  is  indorsed  or 
assigned. 

in-dorse-ment  ('ment),  n.  the 
act  of  writing  on  the  back  of  a 
check,  &c. ;  that  which  is  so  writ- 
ten ;  approval ;  sanction. 

in-dors-er  Cer),  n.  one  who  in- 
dorses. Also  indorsor. 

in-du-bi-ta-ble  (-du'bi-ta-bl).  adj. 
too  evident  to  be  doubted ;  un- 
questionable. 

in-du-bi-ta-bly  (-bli),  adv.  be- 
yond doubt. 

in-duce  (dus').  v.t.  to  lead  on;  in- 
fluence ;  prevail  upon  ;  bring  on  : 
effect ;  cause ;  to  infer  by  indue- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  porch,  lot;  moon. 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


Ind 


470 


ine 


tion :     produce    by     magnetic    or 
electric  induction. 

in-due  ed  (-dust'),  p.adj.  caused 
by  induction. 

in-duce-ment  (-dus'ment),  n. 
that  which  induces :  motive ;  in 
pleading,  an  introductory  state- 
ment. 

in-duc-i-ble  (M-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  induced,  caused,  or  in- 
ferred. 

in-duct  (-dukt').  v.t.  to  intro- 
duce ;  install  into  an  office ;  put 
into  possession  of  a  benefice. 

i  n-d  u  c  t-a  n  c  e  Cans)  n.  the 
capacity  for  induction  possessed 
by  an  active  electric  circuit  on 
itself,  or  on  neighboring  circuits. 

in-duc-tion  (-duk'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  inducting:  the  introduction 
of  a  person  into  an  office;  the 
introduction  of  a  clergyman  into 
a  benefice ;  the  process  of  dis- 
covering and  proving  general 
propositions  from  particular 
cases ;  conclusion  drawn  from  a 
process  of  induction  ;  electrical  or 
magnetic  influence  without  'direct 
contact. 

N.i/'i.  deduction,  inference. 

in-duc-tion-al  ( 'shun-al ) .  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  produced  by,  in- 
duction ;  inductive. 

in-duct-ive  ('iv),  adj.  proceed- 
ing by  induction ;  producing  in- 
duction ;  operating  by  induction  : 
susceptible  of  being  acted  on  by 
induction. 

in-duct-ive  phil-os-o-phy  (fil-os'- 
5-fi).  n.  the  name  given  by  Bacon 
to  experimental  science,  or  science 
founded  on  induction. 

in-duct-ive  sci-ence  (si'ens),  n. 
any  branch  of  science  which  ad- 
mits of,  and  employs,  the  in- 
ductive method. 

in-duc-tiv-i-ty  (-tiv'i-ti ) ,  n.  specific 
inductive  capacity. 

in-duc-tom-e-ter  (-tom'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
degree  or  rate  of  electric  induc- 
tion. 

induct-or  ('er),  n.  one  who  in- 
ducts ;  that  part  of  an  electric 
apparatus  which  acts  inductively. 

in-due  f-du'),  v.t.  to  clothe  or  in- 
vest ;  furnish  ;  supply  ;  endow. 

in-dnlge  (-dulj'),  v.t.  to  be  kind 
or  complaisant  to;  humor;  give 


free    course    to :    v.l.    to    gratify 
one's  self. 

Syn.    foster,    cherish,    fondle. 
Ant.    (see   deny). 

in-dul-gence  ('ens),  n.  forbear- 
ance from  restraint  or  control ; 
permission  ;  license  ;  gratification  ; 
excess;  forbearance  of  present 
payment ;  toleration. 

in-dul-gent  ('ent),  adj.  disposed 
to  indulge;  compliant;  showing 
favor ;  kind. 

in-dul-gent-ly  (-li),  adv.  with  in- 
dulgence. 

in-du-line  ('du-lin),  n.  a  coal- 
tar  dye-stuff  of  a  dark  blue  color. 
Also  indulin. 

in-du-rate  ('du-rat),  v.i.  to  grow 
hard  :  v.t.  to  make  hard ;  render 
unfeeling  or  obdurate. 

in-dus-tri-al  (-dus'tri-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  productive  industry. 

in-dus-tri-al-ism   ('tri-al-izm),  n. 
a  state  of  society  marked  by  the    * 
predominance    of    industrial    pur- 
suits. 

in-dus-tri-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  with 
reference  to  industry  or  industrial- 
ism. 

in  dus-tri  ous  ('tri-us),  adj. 
characterized  by  diligence  or  in- 
dustry ;  hard-working. 

Syn.  active,  busy,  diligent,  em- 
ployed. 

Ant.    (see   lazy). 

in-dus-try  ('dus-tri).  n.  [pi.  in- 
dustries (-triz)],  steady  appli- 
cation to  business  or  labor :  pro- 
ductive labor;  an  industrial  art: 
a  particular  branch  of  work  or 
trade. 

in-e-bri-ate  (-e'bri-at).  vJ.  to 
make  drunk ;  intoxicate ;  intoxi- 
<-afe  mentally  or  emotionally  :  n. 
an  habitual  drunkard. 

in-e-bri-a-tion  (-a'shun).  n.  in- 
toxication. 

in-e-bri-e-ty  (-bri'e-ti).  n.  intoxi- 
cation, especially  habitual  drunk- 
enness. 

in-ef-fa-ble  (-ef'a-bl).  adj.  un- 
speakable; inexpressible;  too 
sacred  for  utterance. 

in-ef-fa-ble-ness  (-nes),  n.  un- 
speakableness. 

in-ef-fa-bly  (-bli),  adv.  unspeak- 
ably. 

in-ef-fect-ive      (-ef-ekt'iv),      adj. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moOn, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ine 


471 


ine 


not  producing   the  desired   effect ; 
ineffectual. 

in  ef  f ect-ive-ly  (-li),  adv.  with- 
out effect. 

in-ef-fec-tu-al  ('Mi-Si),  adj.  not 
producing  the  desired  effect ;  un- 
availing. 

8yn.    vain,    useless,    unavailing, 
fruitless,  abortive,  inoperative. 
Ant.    (see  effective). 

in-ef-fec-tu-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
vain. 

in-ef-fi-ca-cy  (-ef'i-ka-si),  n.  lack 
of  efficacy. 

in-ef-fi-cien-cy  (-ish'en-si),  n.  in- 
competency. 

in-ef-fi-cient  Cent),  adj.  not  pro- 
ducing, or  not  capable  of  produc- 
ing, the  desired  effect ;  incapable. 

in-el-e-gance  (-el'e-gftns),  n.  [pi. 
inelegances  (-gan-sez)],  want  of 
any  quality  required  by  good 
taste ;  something  inelegant. 

in-el-e-gant  ('o-g;\nt),  adj.  of- 
fensive to  good  taste. 

in-el-i-gi-bil-i-ty  (-el-i-ji-bil'i-ti) , 
n.  the  quality  of  being  ineligible. 

in-el-i-gi-ble  ('i-ji-bl),  adj.  un- 
worthy of  choice :  unsuitable ; 
legally  disqualified  for  choice  or 
election. 

in-el-i-gi-bly  (-bli),  adr.  in  an 
ineligible  manner. 

in-ept-ly  (-ept'li),  adv.  unsuit- 
ably ;  foolishly. 

in-e-qual-i-ty  (-e-kwal'i-ti),  n. 
[pi.  inequalities  (-tiz)],  differ- 
ence, especially  of  rank  or 
station  ;  unevenness ;  changeable- 
ness  :  inadequacy ;  deviation  of  a 
planet  or  satellite  from  its  uni- 
form mean  motion. 

Syn.     disparity,     disproportion, 
dissimilarity,  unevenness. 
Ant.    (see  equality). 

in-eq-ui-ta-ble  (-ek'wi-ta-bl) , 

adj.  not  according  to  equity  ;  un- 
just. 

in-eq-ui-ta-bly  (-bli),  adv.  un- 
justly :  unfairly. 

in-eq-ui-ty  ('vvi-ti),  n.  lack  of 
equity  ;  injustice. 

in-ert  (-ert').  adj.  having  no 
power  of  motion  or  action  ;  life- 
less :  sluggish. 

in-er-tia  (-f-r'shi-a).  n.  lack,  of 
activity:  inertness;  sluggishness; 
that  property  of  matter  by  virtue 
of  which  it  tends  to.  remain  at 


rest,  if  resting,  or  to  move  uni- 
formly in  a  straight  line,  if  mov- 
ing (vis  incrtiae) . 

iii-e  s-ti-ma-b  le  ( -es'ti-ina-bl ) , 

adj.  not  to  be  estimated ;  beyond 
measure  or  price ;  incalculable ; 
invaluable. 

in-es-ti-ma-bly  (-bli),  adv.  above 
estimation. 

in-ev-i-ta-bil-i-ty  (-ev-i-ta-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  impossibility  of  being 
avoided.  Also  inevitableness. 

in-ev-i-ta-ble  (-ev'i-ta-bl),  adj. 
not  to  be  evaded ;  unavoidable. 

N#/i.     unavoidable,     not    to    be 
avoided,    certain. 

in-ev-i-ta-bly  (-bli),  adv.  un- 
avoidably. 

in-ex-act  (-egz-akf),  adj.  not 
precise,  correct,  accurate,  or 
punctual. 

in  ex-act-ness  (-nes),  n.  want  of 
precision. 

in-ex-cu-sa-ble  ( -eks-ku-zu-bl ) , 
adj.  incapable  of  being  excused ; 
unpardonable. 

in-ex-cu-sa-bly  (-bli),  adv.  with- 
out excuse. 

in-ex-haust-i-ble  (-egs-awst'i-bl) , 
adj.  not  to  be  exhausted  or  spent ; 
unfailing ;  unwearied. 

in-ex-haust-i-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in 
an  inexhaustible  manner  or  de- 
gree. 

in-ex-o-ra-bil-i-ty  (-eks-o-ra-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  incapability  of  being  moved 
by  prayers.  Also  inexorableness. 

in-ex-o-ra-ble  ('6-ra-bl),  adj.  not 
to  be  moved  by  prayers ;  unyield- 
ing ;  unrelenting. 

in-ex-o-ra-bly  (-bli),  adv.  inflexi- 
bly. 

in-ex-pe-di-en-cy  (-pe'di-en-si ) , 
n.  unsuitableness ;  inadvisability. 
Also  inexpediency. 

in-ex-pe-di-ent  ('di-ent),  adj.  un- 
suitable   to    circumstances;    inad- 
|    visable. 

in-ex-pen-sive       (-pen'siv),      adj. 
j    cheap. 

in-ex-pe-ri-ence     (-pe'ri-ens),    n. 
want    of    experience,    or    of    the 
i    knowledge  that   comes   by   experi- 
ence. 

in-ex-pe-ri-enced  (-enst).  udj. 
lacking  experience  ;  unpractical ; 
anakilled  ;  unversed. 

in-ex-pert  (-i)ert'),  adj.  un- 
skilled ;  lacking  the  knowledge  or 
dexterity  derived  from  practice. 


Ifite,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch.  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Ine 


472 


inf 


in-ex-pi-a-ble  ('pi-u-bl),  adj. 
that  cannot  be  expiated,  atoned 
for,  or  satisfied. 

in-ex-pli-ca-ble  Cpli-ka-bl),  adj. 
not  to  be  explained,  made  plain, 
or  intelligible :  not  to  be  inter- 
preted or  accounted  for. 

in-ex-pli-ca-bly  (-bli),  adv.  so 
as  not  to  be  explained. 

in-ex-plo-sive  (-plo'siv),  adj.  not 
liable  to  explode. 

in-ex-press-i-ble  (-pres'i-bl),  adj. 
incapable  of  being  expressed,  ut- 
tered, or  described. 

in-ex-press-i-bly  (-bli),  adv.  un- 
speakably. 

in-ex-press-ive  (-pres'iv),  adj. 
lacking  expression  or  distinct  sig- 
nificance. 

in-ex-ten-si-bil-i-ty  (-ten-si-bil'i- 
ti).  ro.  the  quality  of  being  inex- 
tcnsihle. 

in-ex-ten-si-ble  ('si-bl),  adj.  that 
cannot  be  extended  or  stretched. 

in-ex-tin-guish-a-ble  (-ting'- 

gwish-A-bl).  adj.  unquenchable. 

in-ex-tin-guish-a-bly  (-bli),  adv. 
so  as  not  to  be  extinguished. 

in-ex-tri-ea-ble  ('tri-ka-bl),  adj. 
not  extricable ;  not  permitting  ex- 
trication ;  not  to  be  freed  from 
intricacy  or  perplexity. 

in-ex-tri-ca-bly  (-bli),  adv.  be- 
yond disentanglement. 

in-fal-li-bil-i-ty  (-bil'i-ti),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  infallible. 

in-fal-li-ble  (-fal'i-bl),  adj.  in- 
capable of  erring  ;  unerring  ;  cer- 
tain ;  unfailing. 

in-fal-li-bly  (-bli),  adv.  without 
error  or  failure. 

infamous  ('fa-mus),  adj.  hav- 
ing a  notoriously  bad  reputation ; 
odious ;  scandalous. 

tiyn.  scandalous,  shameful,  ig- 
nominious, opprobrious,  disgrace- 
ful. 

\nt.    (see  honorable). 

in-fa  mous-ly  (-li),  adv.  shame- 
fully ;  wickedly. 

In-fa-my  ('fa-mi),  n.  infamous 
character ;  public  disgrace ;  ig- 
nominy. 

in  fan  cy  ('fan-si),  n.  the  state 
of  being  an  infant;  early  child- 
hood ;  the  first  age  of  anything ; 
in  law,  the  period  of  life  from 
birth  to  the  age  of  twenty-one. 

infant    ('fant),  n.  &  young  child; 


popularly  a  child  under  two  years  ; 
in  law,  a  person  who  has  not 
attained  his  legal  majority,  or 
the  age  of  twenty-one :  adj.  per- 
taining to  infancy,  or  to  the  legal 
period  of  infancy;  infantile;  in- 
cipient. 

in-f  an  ti  ci  dal  ('ti-si-dal),  adj. 
pertaining  to  infanticide. 

in-fan-ti-cide  Cti-sld),  n.  the 
murder  of  an  infant  born  alive; 
one  who  kills  an  infant. 

in-fan-tile  CfAn-til),  adj.  per- 
taining to  infants  or  infancy ; 
child-like ;  childish. 

in-f  ail-try  ('fAn-tri).  n.  foot 
soldiers,  except  engineers  and 
men  of  the  army  service  corps. 

in-f  are  ('far),  n.  a  housewarm- 
ing. 

in-fat-u-ate  (-fat'fi-at),  v.t.  to 
make  extravagantly  foolish ;  to 
inspire  with  fatuous  passion. 

in-fat-u-a-tion  (-u-a'shun),  n.  ex- 
travagant folly ;  fatuous  pas- 
sion. 

in-fect  (-fekt'),  v.i.  to  communi- 
cate some  (especially  bad) 
quality  to ;  taint,  especially  with 
disease,  physical  or  moral. 

in-fec-tion  (-fek'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  infecting ;  that  which  in- 
fects ;  contaminating  ;  taint ;  com- 
munication of  disease  from  the 
sick  to  the  healthy ;  an  infectious 
disease. 

in-fec-tious  ('shus).  adj.  com- 
municable by  infection ;  sympa- 
thetic ;  communicating  infection  ; 
demoralizing. 

in-fe-cnn-di-ty  (-fe-kun'di-ti),  n. 
barrenness. 

in-fe-lic-i-tous  (-fe-lis'i-tus),  adj. 
unfortunate  ;  unhappy  ;  inappro- 
priate ;  ill-timed. 

in-fe-lic-i-ty  (-lis'i-ti).  n.  \  pi. 
infelicities  (-tiz)].  misfortune; 
unhappiness ;  inappropriateness ; 
an  infelicitous  act  or  expression. 

in-felt  ('felt),  adj.  felt  within; 
heartfelt. 

in-fer  (-feV),  y.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
inferred,  p.pr.  inferring],  to  de- 
rive by  induction  or  deduction ; 
accept  as  a  fact  or  consequence ; 
imply:  v.i.  to  conclude. 

in-fer-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  inferred. 

in  fer-enee    ('fer-ens),  n.  the  act 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  miite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


inf 


473 


im 


of  inferring;   the  conclusion:   de- 
duction ;   induction. 

Syn.   deduction,    corollary,   con- 
clusion, consequence. 

in-fer-en-tial  (-en'shaH.  adj.  hav- 
ing the  nature  of  an  inference ; 
deduced  by  inference. 

in-fer-en-tial-ly  (-li),  adv.  by 
way  of  inference. 

in-fe-ri-or  ('ri-er),  adj.  lower  in 
place,  rank;  or  quality ;  second- 
ary :  subordinate ;  between  the 
earth  and  the  sun ;  below  the 
horizon ;  growing  below  another 
organ :  n.  one  who  ranks  below 
another ;  a  subordinate. 

in-fe-ri-or-i-ty  (-ri-or'i-ti),  n. 
lower  state  or  quality. 

in-fer-nal  (-fer'nal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  Tartarus  of  the  an- 
cients, the  lower  regions,  or  re- 
gions of  the  dead ;  pertaining  to 
or  resembling  hell ;  hellish ;  dia- 
bolical ;  nendish  ;  outrageous. 

Syn.   diabolical,   nendish,   devil- 
ish, hellish. 

in-fer-nal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
infernal  manner. 

in-fer-nal  ma-chine  (mn-shen'), 
n.  an  apparatus  maliciously  de- 
signed to  explode  to  the  destruc- 
tion of  life  or  property. 

in-fer-no  ('no),  n.  [pi.  inferni 
('ne)],  a  place  or  position  of  tor- 
ment. 

infest  (-fesf).  v.t.  to  attack; 
haunt ;  overrun. 

Syn.  annoy,  plague,  harass,  dis- 
turb. 

in-ft-del  ('fi-del),  adj.  rejecting  all 
religion ;  rejecting  a  religion 
which  claims  to  be  divinely  re- 
vealed, especially  the  Christian 
religion ;  manifesting  unbelief : 
n.  one  who  rejects  Christianity 
as  a  divine  revelation ;  formerly, 
a  Mohammedan,  Jew.  or  heathen. 

in-fi-del  i-ty  (-del'i-ti),  n,  [pi. 
Infidelities  (-tiz)l.  disbelief  in  all 
religion,  especially  disbelief  in 
Christianity;  breach  of  trust; 
violation  of  the  marriage  contract 
by  adultery. 

in-field  ('feld),  n.  in  baseball.. the 
space  within  the  base  line.  30 
yds.  X  30  yds. 

in-fil-tra-tion  (-fil-tra'shun).-  n. 
the  act  of  infiltrating  ;  that  which 
infiltrates :  morbid  condition  of 
an  organ  due  to  accumulation  of 


substances  introduced  from  with- 
out. 

in-fi-nite  ('fi-nit).  adj.  indefinitely 
extensive:  immeasurable:  n.  the 
Infinite  Being ;  the  Absolute ;  the 
Unconditioned  ;  a  quantity  greater 
or  less  than  any  assignable  quan- 
tity of  the  same  kind ;  an  inde- 
terminate. 

in-fi-nite-ly  (-li),  adv.  beyond  any 
conceivable  degree ;  vastly. 

in-fi-nite-ness  (-nes),  n.  infinity; 
immensity. 

in-fin-i-tes-i-mal  (-fin-i-tes'i-mal) , 
adj.  infinitely  small :  n.  a  quantity 
less  than  i»ny  assignable  quantity. 

in-fin-i-tes-i-mal-ly  (-li),  adv. 
by  infinitesimals :  in  infinitely 
small  quantities ;  in  an  infinitesi- 
mal degree. 

in-fin-i-tive  (-fin'i-tiv),  adj.  the 
term  applied  t;o  that  verb-form 
which  simply  expresses  the  gen- 
eral sense  of  the  verb  without 
limitation  to  person  or  number : 
n.  the  infinitive  mood;  a  verb 
in  the  infinitive  mood. 

in-fin-i-tnde  ('i-tud),  n.  the  state 
of  being  infinite ;  unlimited  ex- 
tent ;  infinity. 

in-fin-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  [pi.  infinities 
(-tiz)],  the  state  of  being  in- 
finite ;  unlimited  extent  of  time, 
space,  or  quantity ;  absolute  per- 
fection ;  an  infinite  quantity. 

in-firm  (-ferm'),  adj.  feeble  in 
body  or  health ;  weak-minded ; 
vacillating  ;  insecure  ;  debilitated  ; 
irresolute  ;  precarious. 

Syn.   weak,   feeble,   enfeebled. 
Ant.    (see  robust). 

in-fir-ma-ry  ('ma-ri).  n.  [pi.  in- 
firmaries <-riz)],  a  hospital  for 
the  sick  and  injured. 

in-flr-mi-ty  ('mi-ti),  n.  [pi.  in- 
firmities (-tiz)l.  the  state  of  be- 
ing infirm  ;  debility  ;  imbecility  ; 
weakness  of  body  or  of  mind ; 
malady  ;  failing ;  foible. 

in  fix  (-fiks'),  y.t.  to  fix  or  fasten 
in;  implant;  insert:  (in'fiks)  n. 
something  infixed :  an  element 
equivalent  to  a  prefix  or  suffix  In- 
serted in  the  body  of  a  word. 

in  flame  (-flam'),  v.t.  to  set  on 
fire  :  fire  with  passion  ;  ^excite  ; 
provoke;  irritate;  put  into  a 
state  of  inflammation  :  v.i.  to  be- 
come inflamed. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  h§r,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  mo6n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Inf 


474 


inf 


N.//H.  anger,  irritate,  enrage, 
chafe,  incense,  nettle,  aggravate, 
embitter,  exasperate. 

Ant.    (see   allay,   soothe). 

in-flamed  (-flfimd'),  p. adj.  heated; 
exasperated ;  in  heraldry,  repre- 
sented as  burning,  or  decorated 
with  tongues  of  flame. 

in-flam-ma-bil-i-ty  ( -flam-a-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  or  'state  of  be- 
ing inflammable. 

in-flam-ma-ble  (Ti-bl).  adj.  easily 
set  on  flame  ;  combustible  ;  easily 
excited ;  excitable. 

in-flam-ma-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  an 
inflammable  manner. 

in-flam-ma-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  a 
morbid  process,  characterized, 
when  external,  by  pain,  redness, 
heat,  and  swelling. 

in-flam-ma-to-ry  (Ti-to-ri),  adj. 
tending  to  excite-  passion,  tumult, 
or  sedition :  tending  to  produce, 
accompanied  by,  or  indicative  of, 
inflammation. 

in-fla-ta-ble  (-fla'ta-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  inflated. 

inflate  (-fiat'),  v.t.  to  swell,  or 
distend,  with  air  or  gas ;  puff  up ; 
elate ;  expand  or  raise  artificially, 
as  prices. 

in-fla  tion  1st  (-fl~'shun-ist).  n. 
one  in  favor  of  an  increased  issue 
of  paper  money. 

iii-fla,  tor  ('ter),  n.  a  mechanical 
appliance  for  producing  inflation. 

in  flatus  (-fla'tus),  n.  inspira- 
tion ;  afflatus. 

in-fleet  (fleKf),  v.t.  bend;  turn 
from  a  direct  line ;  modulate ; 
vary  the  terminations  of ;  de- 
cline ;  conjugate :  v.i.  to  undergo 
grammatical  change  of  termina- 
tion. 

in-flect-ed  ('ed),  p.adj.  bent  or 
turned  from  a  direct  line  or 
course ;  having  inflections ;  bent 
or  turned  inward  or  downward. 

in  flection  (-flek'shun) ,  n.  a 
bend  or  bending :  modulation  of 
the  voice ;  variation  of  nouns, 
verbs,  &e..  by  declension  and 
conjugation ;  diffraction  of  light 
or  heat.  Also  inflexion. 

in-flec-tion-al  (-al).  adi.  exhibit- 
ing grammatical  inflections.  Also 
inflexional. 

in-flect-ive  (-flekt'iv),  ad),  capa- 
ble of  bending. 


in  flex  (-fleks'),  v.t.  to  inflect; 
curve  inward. 

in  flex. i  bil-i-ty  (-fleks-i-bil'i-ti), 
n.  incapability  of  being  bent; 
stiffness;  obstinacy. 

in-flex-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  not  to  be 
bent ;  rigid ;  stiff ;  not  to  be 
moved  by  prayers ;  inexorable ; 
not  to  be  varied  or  changed ;  un- 
alterable ;  stubborn. 

in-flex-i-ble-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  inflexible. 

in-flex-i-bly  (-bli),  adv.  rigidly; 
inexorably. 

in-flict  (-flikf),  v.t.  to  cause  by, 
or  as  if  by,  striking ;  cause  to  be 
suffered ;  impose  as  a  punish- 
ment. 

in-flo-res-cence  (-flo-res'ens),  n. 
the  mode  or  principle  of  floral 
arrangement  exhibited  by  any 
species  of  plant ;  a  group  of  flow- 
ers arising  upon  a  common  main 
axis. 

in-flu  ence  ( 'flu-ens ),  n.  energy 
or  potency  tending  to  produce 
effects  insensibly  and  invisibly ; 
power  arising  from  character  or 
station  ;  electrical  induction  :  r.t. 
to  exercise  influence  on,  physically 
or  morally. 

X;/».  bias,  sway,  prejudice,  pre- 
possess :  n.  credit,  favor,  reputa- 
tion, character,  weight,  authority, 
sway,  ascendency. 

in-flu-en-tial  (-flu-en'shfil),  adj. 
having  or  exerting  influence. 

in-flu-en-tial-ly  (-li),  adv.  so  aa 
to  influence. 

influenza  (-flii-en'za) ,  n.  an 
epidemic  catarrh  accompanied  by 
fever,  pains,  and  nervous  pros- 
tration. 

in  flux  ('fluks).  n.  an  inflow;  in- 
fusion ;  continuous  importation ; 
the  point  at  which  a  stream  flows 
into  another  or  into  the  sea. 

in -form  (-form'),  v.t.  to  ani- 
mate ;  mold  ;  instruct ;  apprise : 
v.i.  to  give  information. 

in  f  orni-al  ('SI),  adj.  not  accord- 
ing to  form,  custom,  or  rule:  ir- 
regular; unceremonious;  deficient 
in  legal  form. 

in-for-mal-i-ty  (-mal'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
informalities  (-tiz)],  want  of- 
regular,  customary,  or  legal  form. 

in-form-al-ly  (-form-al-i),  adv. 
in  an  informal  manner. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


inf 


475 


inh 


in-form-ant  ('tint),  n.  one  who 
gives  information. 

in-f  or-ma-tion  ( -f 6r-ma'shun ) , 
n.  communicated  knowledge  or 
intelligence ;  a  suit  instituted  on 
behalf  of  the  government ;  a 
declaration  made  before  a  magis- 
trate to  induce  him  to  issue  a 
summons  or  warrant. 

in-form-er  (-form'er),  n.  one 
who  informs  a  magistrate  of  a 
violation  of  the  law,  or  sues  for 
a  penalty  under  some  statute. 

infra,  a  prefix,  meaning  below, 
further  on,  as  infra-axillary, 
situated  below  the  axil. 

in-frac-tion  (-frak'slmn),  n.  a 
violation,  or  breach,  especially  of 
law ;  infringement. 

in-fran-gi-ble  (-fran'ji-bl),  adj. 
that  cannot  be  broken,  separated, 
or  violated ;  inviolable. 

in-fre-quence  (-fre'kwens),  n. 
the  state  of  being  infrequent ; 
rareness.  Also  infrequency. 

in-fre-quent  ('kwent),  adj. 
seldom  occurring. 

in-fringe  (-frinj').  v.t.  to  vio- 
late or  break,  as  a  law  :  v.i.  to  en- 
croach, followed  by  on  or  upon. 
N///I.  invade,  intrude,  contra- 
vene, break,  transgress,  violate. 

in-fringe-ment  ('ment),  n.  vio- 
lation, or  breach,  as  of  a  law, 
patent,  trade-mark,  &c. 

in-fu-ri-ate  (-fii'ri-Fit),  v.t.  to  en- 
rage ;  madden. 

in  fuse  (-fuz'),  v.t.  to  introduce, 
as  by  pouring ;  instil  ;  make  an 
infusion  of. 

in-fu-si-bil-i-ty  (-i-bil'i-ti),  n. 
capability  of  infusion. 

in  f u  si-ble  (-fuz'i-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  infused. 

in-fu-sion  (-ffi'zhun),  n.  a  pour- 
ing in,  or  something  poured  in 
or  mingled :  instillation,  as  of 
good  principles ;  a  liquid  extract 
obtained  by  steeping  a  vegeta- 
ble substance  in  hot  or  cold 
water  without  boiling. 

in-gate  Cgfit),  n.  the  aperture 
in  a  mold  through  which  the 
melted  metal  enters. 

in-gen-ious  (-jen'ius),  adj.  hav- 
ing ingenuity  or  inventive  skill ; 
clever. 

in-ge-nne  (ang-zhfi-noo' ),  n.  [Fr.] 
an  artless  girl  or  young  woman  ; 


an  actress  who  acts  such  a  char- 
acter in  a  play. 

in-ge-nu-i-ty  (in-je-nu'i-ti),  n. 
cleverness  in  contriving  or  invent- 
ing ;  skill. 

in  £eii  u-ous  (in-jen'u-us).  adj. 
frank  ;  open  ;  sincere ;  artless  ; 
candid. 

•S///1.    artless,    candid,    generous, 
open,    frank,    plain,    sincere. 
A itt.    (see  crafty). 

in-glo-ri-ous  (-glo'ri-us).  adj. 
without  glory  ;  disgraceful ;  shame- 
ful. 

in-got  ('got),  n.  a  cast  mass  of 
metal. 

in-grain  (-gran'),  v.t.  to  dye 
with  grain  or  kermes ;  dye  with 
any  deep,  lasting  color ;  impreg- 
nate deeply:  adj.  (in'gran),  dyed 
prior  to  being  manufactured :  «. 
( in'gran ) ,  a  carpet  made  of  tot- 
ton  warps  and  wool  filling. 

in-gra-ti-ate  (-gra'shi-at),  v.t.  to 
insinuate  (one's  self)  into  the 
favor  of  another ;  secure  favor- 
able reception  for  (with  into). 

in-grat-i-tude  (-grat'i-tud),  n. 
absence  of  gratitude ;  insensibility 
to  kindness. 

in-gre-di-ent  (-gre'di-ent),  n.  a 
component  part  of  a  compound 
body-;  part. 

in-gress   ('gres),  n.  entrance. 

iu-gnlf,    same    as    engulf. 

in  habit  (-hab'it),  v.t.  to  dwell 
in  ;  occupy  as  a  place  of  residence  : 
v.i.  to  reside ;  remain. 

in  habit  able  (Mt-a-bl),  adj.  fit 
for  habitation. 

iii-hab-it-ance  ('it-ans),  n.  occu- 
pancy ;  residence.  Also  inhabit- 
ancy. 

in  hab-it-ant  ( 'it-ant),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  inhabits ;  a 
permanent  resident. 

in  hab-i-ta-tion  (-i-ta'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  inhabiting ;  continued 
residence. 

inhalant  (-hfi'lAnt),  n.  an  ap- 
paratus for  inhaling ;  that  which 
is  inhaled. 

in-ha-la-tion  (-la'shun).  n.  the 
act  of  inhaling :  inspiration. 

in-hale  (-hal'),  v.t.  to  draw  into 
the  lungs. 

in  har  mo-ni-oiis  (-har-mo'ni-us) , 
adj.  unmusical ;  discordant. 

in  here    (-her'),  v.i.  to  be  fixed  or 


late,  mar,  maskj  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


inh 


476 


ink 


exist  in  something  else ;  be  an 
essential  part  of. 

in-her-ence  ('ens),  n.  the  state 
of  being  inherent.  Also  inher- 
ency. 

in-her-ent  ('ent),  adj.  existing 
inseparably  in  something  else ; 
innate. 

in-her-it  (-her'it),  v.t.  to  possess 
from  an  ancestor  by  right  of  suc- 
cession ;  receive  by  nature  from 
one's  ancestors ;  become  divinely 
endowed  with :  v.i.  to  come  into 
possession  of  property  as  the  heir. 

in-her-it-ance  (-ans),  n.  the  act 
of  inheriting ;  that  which  is  in- 
herited ;  a  possession. 

inhibit  (-hib'it),  v.t.  to  re- 
strain ;  prohibit ;  interdict ;  pro- 
hibit (a  priest)  from  exercising 
his  spiritual  functions. 

in-hos-pi-ta-ble  ( -hos'pi-ta-bl ) , 
adj.  not  hospitable ;  affording  no 
shelter ;  barren  ;  cheerless. 

in  hu-iuaii  (-hu'man),  adj.  cruel; 
unfeeling. 

Syn.  cruel,  brutal,  savage,  bar- 
barous, ruthless,  merciless,  fero- 
cious. 

Ant.    (see  humane). 

in-hu-man-i-ty  (-man'i-ti),  n. 
[pi.  inhumanities  (-tiz)],  the 
quality  of  being  inhuman ; 
cruelty. 

in  Inline  (-hum'),  v.t.  to  bury; 
inter. 

in-im-i-cal  (-im'i-kal),  adj.  hos- 
tile ;  adverse. 

in-im-i-cal -ly  (-li),  adv.  hostile- 
ly ;  adversely. 

in-im  i  ta-ble  ('i-ta-bl),  adj. 
matchless. 

in-im -i-ta-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  an 
inimitable  manner. 

in-iq-ui-tous  (-ik'wi-tus),  adj. 
wicked ;  unjust. 

in-iq-ui-ty  ('wi-ti),  n.  [pi.  in- 
iquities (-tiz)],  wickedness;  in- 
justice ;  unrighteousness  ;  crime  ; 
evil. 

Syn.  injustice,  wrong,  griev- 
ance. 

in-i-tial  (-ish'al).  adj.  placed  at 
the  beginning ;  incipient :  n.  a 
letter  placed  at  the  beginning  of 
a  word,  &c. :  pi.  the  first  letters  of 
a  person's  name  placed  separate- 
ly :  v.t.  to  mark  with  an  initial. 

in-i-ti-ate    ('i-at),  v.t.  to  instruct 


in  the  first  principles  of  any- 
thing ;  set  on  foot ;  bring  in ; 
acquaint  with  mysteries  or  se- 
crets. 

in-i-ti-a-tion  (-i-a'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  initiating ;  formal  admis- 
sion. 

in-i-ti-a-tive  ('i-a-tiv),  adj.  in- 
troductory :  n.  an  introductory 
or  first  step ;  power  of  com- 
mencing, especially  legislative  proj- 
ects. 

in-i-ti-a-tor  ('i-a-ter),  n.  one 
who  initiates. 

in-i-ti-a-to-ry  ('i-a-to-ri),  adj. 
introductory. 

in-ject  (-jekf),  v.t.  to  throw  or 
cast  in ;  introduce,  as  a  liquid, 
by  mechanical  means. 

in-jec-ta  (-jek'ta),  n.pl.  things 
injected. 

in-ject-or  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  injects,  especially  an 
apparatus  for  filling  the  boilers 
of  steam-engines  with  water. 

in-ju-dici-ous  (-ju-dish'us),  adj. 
not  judicious ;  indiscreet ;  un- 
wise. 

in-junc-tion  (-jungk'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  enjoining ;  that  which 
is  enjoined ;  command,  order,  or 
precept ;  a  writ  of  equity  or 
prohibition  to  restrain  certain 
proceedings. 

in-jure  ('jur),  v.t.  to  hurt; 
harm  ;  damage,  physically  or  mor- 
ally. 

Syn.  damage,  hurt,  deteriorate, 
wrong,  aggrieve,  harm,  spoil,  mar, 
sully. 

Ant.    (see  benefit). 

in-ju-ri-ous  (-joo'ri-us),  adj. 
hurtful,  physically  or  morally ; 
unjust ;  detrimental. 

Syn.     hurtful,     baneful,     perni- 
cious, deleterious,  noxious,  preju- 
dicial, wrongful,  damaging. 
Ant.    (see    beneficial). 

in-ju-ry  ('joo-ri),  n.  [pi.  injuries 
(-iz)],  that  which  occasions  harm 
morally  or  physically  ;  detriment ; 
loss ;  damage. 

in-jus-tice   (-jus'tis),  n.  the  qual- 
ity of  being  unjust ;    violation  of 
another's  rights  ;  injury  ;  wrong. 
Syn.  wrong,  iniquity,  grievance. 
Ant.    (see   right). 

ink  (ingk),  n.  a  fluid  or  viscous 
material  used  for  writing,  print- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrcb,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Ink 


477 


inq 


ing,  &c. :  v.t.  to  spread  ink  upon ; 
color  or  blacken  with  ink. 

ink-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  inky. 

ink-ling  ('ling),  n.  an  intima- 
tion :  hint. 

ink-y  ('i),  adj.  consisting  of,  or 
like,  ink ;  discolored  with  ink ; 
black. 

in-land  (in'land),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  situated  in,  the  interior  of 
a  country  ;  remote  from  the  sea  ; 
not  foreign :  adj.  towards"  the 
interior. 

in-lay  (-la'),  v.t.  Ip.t.  &  p.p.  in- 
laid, p.pr.  inlaying],  to  ornament 
(a  surface)  by  laying  in  pieces 
of  ivory,  wood,  metal,  &c. :  n. 
materials  for  inlaying. 

in-let    (-let'),  v.t.    [p.t.  &  p.p.  in- 
let, p.pr.  inletting],   to  inlay;  in- ! 
sert :   n.    (in'let),   an  entrance;  a 
small  bay  or  creek. 

in-mate  (in'mat),  n.  one  who 
dwells  with  others  in  a  house. 

in-most  ('most),  adj.  deepest 
within.  Also  innermost. 

inn    (in),   n.   a   house  for  the   re- 1 
ception      and      entertainment      of  i 
travelers  ;   tavern  ;  in   England,   a  j 
college  of  common  law  professors 
and  students. 

in-nate  ('nat),  adj.  inborn;  na- 
tive. 

in-ner  ('er),  adj.  internal;  in- 
terior ;  esoteric :  n.  that  part  of 
a  target  which  is  between  the 
outer  and  the  bull's-fyc. 

in-ner-va-tion  (-er-vfi'shun),  n. 
the  arrangement  of  nervous  fila- 
ments in  the  body ;  special  activ- 
ity or  stimulus  in  any  part  of  the 
nervous  system. 

innings  ('ings,),  n.pl.  the  turn 
of  a  side  or  player  to  bat ;  lands 
reclaimed  from  the  sea. 

in-no-cence  Co-sens),  n.  freedom 
from  guilt ;  purity ;  simplicity  of 
heart ;  harmlessness  ;  mental  im- 
becility. Also  innocency. 

in-no-cent  ('6-sent),  adj.  free 
from  guilt  or  wrong-doing; 
blameless ;  pure  in  heart  and 
life ;  weak  in  intellect. 

8yn.     guiltless,     sinless,     harm- 
less,  inoffensive,    innoxious. 
Ant.   (see  guilty). 


in-noc-u-ons  (-nok'u-us),  adj. 
harmless. 

8yn.  harmless,  safe,  innocent. 
Ant.    (see    hurtful). 

in-no-vate  ('o-vat),  v.i.  to  make 
alterations  or  changes  in  some- 
thing already  established ;  intro- 
duce new  things. 

in-no-va-tor  ('6-va-ter),  n.  one 
who  introduces,  or  seeks  to  intro- 
duce, new  things. 

in-iiox-ious  (-nok'shus),  n, 
harmless. 

in-nu-en-do  (-u-en'do),  n.  [pi. 
innuendos,  -does  (-doz)],  an 
oblique  hint  or  insinuation. 

in-nu-mer-a-bil-i-ty  ( -nu-mer-a- 
bil'i-ti),  n.  the  state  of  being  in- 
numerable. Also  innumerable- 
ness. 

in-nu-mer-a-ble  ('mer-a-bl),  adj. 
that  cannot  be  counted ;  very 
numerous. 

in-nn-mer-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  with 
out  number. 

in-nn-tri-tions  (-trish'us),  adj. 
not  affording  nutrition  or  nour- 
ishment. 

in-o-car-pus  (-o-kar'pus),  adj. 
having  fibrous  fruit. 

in-oc-u-late  (-ok'u-lat),  v.t.  to 
communicate  a  disease  to,  by  the 
insertion  of  infectious  matter 
into  the  system ;  graft  on  by  the 
insertion  of  buds :  v.i.  to  practice 
inoculation ;  graft  by  the  inser- 
tion, of  buds. 

in-oc-u -la-tor  ('ter).  n.  one  who 
inoculates. 

in-or-di  nate  (-6r'di-nat),  adj. 
immoderate ;  excessive. 

Syn.  intemperate,  irregular,  dis- 
orderly,  excessive,   immoderate. 
Ant.    (see   moderate). 

in-or-di-nate-ly  (-li),  adv.  im- 
moderately. 

in-or-gan-ic  (-gan'ik),  adj.  des- 
titute of  organs ;  not  produced  by 
living  organisms.  Also  inor- 
ganical. 

in-or-gan-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
without  organs. 

in  quest  Ckwest),  n.  a  coroner's 
inquiry  with  a  jury  into  the 
cause  of  a  sudden  death  from  any 
cause ;  a  judicial  inquiry. 

in  quire  (-kwlr').  v.i.  to  seek  for 
or  after  by  questions ;  make  in- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  he"r,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


inq 


478 


ins 


quiry      (with      for.     into,     after, 
about) . 

in-quir-y  (-kwlr'i).  n.  \pl.  in- 
quiries ('iz)L  the  net  of  inquir- 
ing :  search  by  question ;  investi- 
gation ;  question  ;  resoaroh. 

XJ/H.  investigation,  examination, 
research,  scrutiny,  disquisition, 
question,  query,  interrogation. 

in-qwi-si-tion  (-kwi-zish'un),  n. 
inquiry;  examination;  a  judicial 
inquiry  in  criminal  matters. 

in-quis-i-tive  ( -k\vis'i-tiv) ,  adj. 
given  to  asking  questions ;  pry- 
ing;  curious. 

»\//H.  prying,  peeping,  curious, 
peering. 

in-quis-i-tor  Ci-ter),  n.  one  who 
makes  inquiries  or  investigates. 

in-quis-i-to-ri-al  (-to'ri-fil),  adj. 
pertaining  to  an  inquisitor  or  to 
his  office ;  prying. 

in-read  ('rod),  n.  a  hostile  incur- 
sion. 

in-sane  (-san'),  adj.  mentally  de- 
ranged; mad;  irrational;  very 
foolish. 

Syn.  mad,  deranged,  delirious, 
demented. 

Ant.   (see  sane). 

in-san-i-ty  (-san'i-ti),  n.  derange- 
ment of  mind  or  intellect ;  lunacy  ; 
madness. 

Syn.    madness,    mental    aberra- 
tiofi,    lunacy,    delirium. 
Ant.   (see  sanity). 

in-sa-tia-bil-i-ty  ( -sa-sha-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  in- 
satiable. 

in-sa-tia-ble  ('sha-bl),  adj.  that 
cannot  be  satisfied  or  appeased. 

in-scribe  (-skrib').  v.t.  to  write 
or  engrave  upon ;  address  in  a 
formal  dedication ;  draw  (one 
figure  within  another). 

in-scrip-tion  (-skrip'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  inscribing ;  that  which 
is  inscribed  ;  a  dedicatory  address  ; 
entry  in  a  roll  or  register. 

in  -  scrip  -  tive  ('tiv),  adj.  in- 
scribed. 

in-scrn-ta-bil-i-ty  (-skroo-ta-bil'- 
i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  in- 
scrutable. 

in-scm-ta  ble  ('ta-bl),  adj.  not 
to  be  penetrated  by  inquiry  or 
reason  ;  incomprehensible. 

in-sect  ('sekt),  n.  one  of  a  nu- 
merous class  of  articulate  ani- 


mals, the  Insecta  ;  anything  very 
minute  or  contemptible. 

In-sec-ta  (-sek'tfi),  n.pl.  a  class 
of  articulate  animals  having  3 
pairs  of  logs.  2  pairs  of  wings. 
and  the  body  divided  into  3  seg- 
ments— head,  thorax,  and  abdo- 
men. 

in  -  sec  -  ti  -  cide  ( 'ti-sld) ,  n.  a 
powder  for  destroying  insects. 

in-sen-sate  (-sen'sat),  adj.  desti- 
tute of  sense  or  mental  percep- 
tion ;  soulless  ;  mad  ;  brutish. 

in-sen-si-bil-i-ty  (-si-bil'i-ti).  «. 
the  quality  of  being  insensible ; 
apathy. 

in-sen-si-ble  ('si-bl),  adj.  that 
cannot  be  felt  or  perceived  men- 
tally or  physically  ;  heedless  ;  cal- 
lous ;  senseless. 

in-sert  (-serf),  v.t.  to  place  in  or 
among ;  introduce  into. 

in-ser-tipn  (-ser'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  inserting;  that  which  is 
inserted,  as  lace  or  embroidery  in 
a  garment,  words  in  writing.  &c. 

in-set  ('set),  n.  a  leaf  or  leaves 
inserted  in  a  newspaper,  maga- 
zine, &c. :  v.t.  (in-set'),  to  set  in; 
implant. 

inshore  ('shQr),  adv.  near  or 
towards  the  shore. 

iii-side  CsTd),  adj.  interior:  be- 
ing within :  adv.  &  prep,  within  ; 
in  less  time  or  space:  n.  that 
which  is  within  ;  inner  part :  con- 
tents ;  entrails ;  an  inside  pas- 
senger. 

i  n-s  i  d-i-o  u  s       (-sid'i-us) ,      adj. 

.  treacherous  ;  deceitful ;  operating 
secretly. 

in-sigbt  ('sit),  n.  penetration; 
intuition. 

i  n-s  i  g-n  i-a  (-sig'ni-a),  n.pl. 
badges  of  honor  or  office. 

in-sig-nif-i-cance  (-nif'i-k;\ns) , 
n.  unimportance.  Also  insignifi- 
cancy. 

in-sig-nif-i-cant  ('i-kant),  adj. 
without  importance,  force,  influ- 
ence, or  meaning ;  trivial ;  con- 
temptible. 

insinuate  ('u-at).  v.t.  to  in- 
gratiate, as  into  the  confidence 
or  affections  of;  suggest  or  hint 
indirectly ;  introduce  as  by  a 
winding  motion ;  worm  in :  v.i. 
work  one's  self  into  the  confi- 
dence or  affection  of  another. 


late,  rrn'r  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ins 


479 


ins 


Syn.  hint,  intimate,  suggest, 
infuse,  introduce,  ingratiate. 

in-sin  u-at  ing  (-ing),  p.adj. 
characterized  by  insinuation ; 
gently  gaining  favor ;  hinting 
slyly. 

in-sin-u-a-tion  (-u-a'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  insinuating ;  an  in- 
direct or  sly  hint. 

in  sip-id  (-sip'id),  adj.  without 
flavor ;  tasteless. 

Syn.  dull,   flat,  mawkish,  taste- 
less,  vapid,    inanimate,    lifeless. 
Ant.    (see  bright,  sparkling). 

in-si-pid-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the  qual- 
ity of  being  insipid. 

insist  (-sisf),  v.i.  to  urge  or 
press,  as  a  wish  or  command ;  be 
persistent  or  peremptory. 

in-sist-ence  ('ens),  n.  the  act  of 
insisting.  Also  insistency. 

insistent  ('ent).  adj.  urgent; 
conspicuous ;  entirely  on  the 
ground,  as  the  hind  toe  of  a  bird ; 
supported  by  something  else. 

in-so-bri-e-ty  (-so-bri'i-ti),  n. 
intemperance. 

in-so-lence  ('so-lens),  n.  con- 
temptuous or  overbearing  lan- 
guage or  manner ;  offensive  im- 
pertinence;  insulting  behavior. 

in-so-lent  ('so-lent),  adj.  over- 
bearing or  contemptuously  of- 
fensive to  others ;  insulting ; 
grossly  rude. 

N//H.  rude,  saucy,  pert,  imperti- 
nent, abusive,  scurrilous,  oppro- 
brious, insulting,  offensive. 

lai-sol-u-bil-i-ty  (-sol-u-bil'i-ti), 
n.  the  quality  of  being  insoluble. 

in-sol-u-ble  ('u-bl),  adj.  that 
cannot  be  dissolved  ;  not  soluble ; 
inexplicable. 

in-sol-ven-cy  ('ven-si),  n.  [pi. 
insolvencies  (-siz)]',  the  state  of 
being  insolvent. 

in-solvent  ('vent),  adj.  unable 
to  pay  all  debts;  bankrupt:  n. 
one  who  cannot  pay  all  his  debts ; 
a  bankrupt. 

in-som-ni-a  (-som'ni-a),  n.  sleep- 
lessness. 

in-spect  (-spekf),  v.t.  to  exam- 
ine critically ;  test  officially ; 
superintend. 

in-spec-tion  (-spek'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  inspecting;  careful  or 
critical  scrutiny. 

in-spect-or  ('er).  n.  one  who  in- 
spects or  oversees ;  an  otficial  who 


superintends  some  matter  of  pub- 
lic interest ;  a  police  officer  rank- 

f  ing  next  below  a   superintendent. 

in-spi-ra-tion  (-spi-ra'shun).  n. 
the  act  of  drawing  air  into  the 
lungs ;  creative  influence  of  gen- 
ius; elevating  influence  derived 
from  association  with  great 
minds,  scenery,  &c. ;  the  super- 
natural influence  of  the  Holy 
Spirit  on  sacred  writers  and 
teachers. 

in-spir-a-to-ry  ( -splr'a-to-ri ) , 

adj.  pertaining  to  inspiration. 

iii-spire  (-spir'),  v.t.  to  draw 
(air)  into  the  lungs;  breathe 
into;  imbue  with  ideas;  exhila- 
rate or  enliven  ;  communicate  of- 
ficially :  v.i.  to  inhale  air  or  any 
other  influence. 

X.yn.    animate,    exhilarate,    en- 
liven, cheer,  breathe,  inhale. 

in-spir-it  (-spir'it).  v.t.  to  in- 
fuse spirit  into  ;  animate  ;  exhil- 
arate ;  cheer. 

in-spis-sate  (-spis'at),  v.t.  to 
thicken  by  boiling  or  evaporation. 

in-sta-bil-i-ty  (-sta-bil'i-ti),  n. 
want  of  stability  or  firmness ;  in- 
constancy ;  fickleness. 

Syn.       mutability,       fickleness, 
mutableness,   wavering. 

Ant.    (see  stability,  firmness). 

in-stall  (-stawl'),  v.t.  to  place  or 
instate  in  an  office  or  rank. 

in  stal-la  tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  installing ;  induction  of 
a  minister  of  a  non-episcopal 
church  to  a  charge ;  introduction 
of  machinery  for  use. 

installment  ('ment).  n.  the 
act  of  installing ;  payment  of 
part  of  a  sum  of  money  due ; 
one  of  a  number  of  parts  of  any- 
thing produced. 

in  stance  ('stans),  v.t.  to  refer 
to,  or  offer  as  an  example :  n. 
something  offered  as  an  illustra- 
tion or  example ;  earnest  solicita- 
tion. 

instant  Cstant),  adj.  urgent: 
immediate ;  passing;  current:  n. 
a  particular  moment  of  time ; 
point  of  duration. 

in-stan-ta-ne  ons  (-stan-ta'ne- 
us),  adj.  acting  or  occurring  in 
a  moment ;  position  at  a  particu- 
lar moment. 

in-stan-ter  (-stan'ter),  adv.  im- 
mediately. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ins 


480 


ins 


in-stant-ly  (-stant'li),  adv.  at 
once. 

in-state  (-stfvf),  v.t.  to  put  in 
office  or  rank. 

iii  stead  (-sted'),  adv.  in  room 
or  place :  followed  by  of. 

in-step  ('step),  n.  the  arched 
forepart  of  the  upper  side  of  the 
human  foot ;  that  part  of  a 
horse's  hind-leg  which  reaches 
from  the  ham  to  the  pastern- 
joint. 

in-sti-gate  ('sti-gat),  v.t.  to  pro- 
voke or  urge  on  (in  a  bad 
sense)  ;  incite. 

Syn.  stir  up,  persuade,  animate, 
incite,  urge,  stimulate,  encourage. 

in-sti-ga-tor  (-ga'ter),  n.  one 
who  instigates. 

in-stil  (-stil'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
instilled,  p.pr.  instilling],  to  in- 
sinuate gradually,  as  if  by  drops ; 
pour  in  by  drops. 

Syn.  implant,  inculcate,  infuse, 
insinuate. 

in-stiiict  ('stingkt),  adj.  ani- 
mated ;  stimulated  from  within : 
n.  natural  impulse  in  animals. 

in-stinc-tive  (-stingk'tiy),  adj. 
acting  or  prompted  by  instinct ; 
spontaneous. 

in-sti-tute  ('sti-tut),  v.t.  to  es- 
tablish ;  set  up ;  fix  ;  originate ; 
set  in  operation ;  ordain ;  invest 
with  the  spiritual  part  of  a  bene- 
fice :  n.  established  law ;  a  maxim 
or  principle ;  scientific  or  liter- 
ary society :  pi.  a  book  of  laws 
or  principles,  especially  Roman 
laws. 

in-sti-tu-tion.  (-tu'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  instituting ;  that  which  is 
instituted  or  established ;  a  cor- 
porate body  or  society  for  pro- 
moting a  particular  object ;  the 
building  where  such  a  society 
meets. 

itt-sti-tu-tion-al  (-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  institutions ;  elemen- 
tary. 

in-sti-tu-tor  ('sti-tu-ter),  n.  a 
founder ;  a  cleric  appointed  by 
the  bishop  to  institute  a  clergy- 
man into  a  spiritual  benefice. 

in-struct  (-strukf),  v.t.  to 
teach ;  educate ;  furnish  with  or- 
ders or  directions. 

Syn.     inform,     teach,     educate, 
enlighten,  initiate. 


in-struc-tion  (-struk'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  instructing ;  educa- 
tion ;  an  order,  &c. 

in-struc-tion-al  (-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  instruction. 

in-struct-iye  (-strukt'iv),  adj. 
tending  to  instruct ;  conveying  in- 
struction. 

in-struct-or  ('er),  n.  one  who 
instructs. 

in-stru-ment  ('stroo-ment),  n. 
that  by  which  anything  is  ef- 
fected ;  a  tool  or  implement ;  a 
mechanical  contrivance  for  pro- 
ducing musical  sounds  ;  agent ;  a 
writing  containing  the  terms  of  a 
contract,  as  a  deed. 

in-stru-men-tal  (-men'tal),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  done  by,  an  in- 
strument ;  conducive  to  some 
end ;  helpful. 

Syn.  conducive,  assistant,  help- 
ing, ministerial. 

in-stru-men-tal-i-ty  ( -tal'i-ti ) , 
n.  [pi.  instrumentalities  (-tiz)], 
a  subordinate  or  auxiliary 
agency :  means. 

in-stru-men-ta-tion  (-ta'shun), 
n.  the  arrangement  of  music  for 
a  combination  of  instruments ; 
music  thus  arranged ;  use  or 
method  of  using  an  instrument. 

in-sub-or-di-nate  (-sub-or'di- 

nut),      adj.     not     submitting     to 
authority  ;  mutinous. 

in-sub-or-di-na-tion  (-di-mV- 
shun).  n.  the  state  of  being  in- 
subordinate. 

in-suf -fer-a-ble  ( -suf 'er-a-bl ) , 
adj.  intolerable. 

in-suf -fer-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in- 
tolerably. 

in-su-lar  ('sii-lnr),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  an  island,  or  to  the  in- 
habitants of  an  island,  their  cus- 
toms, &c. ;  isolated  ;  narrow. 

in-su-lar-i-ty  (-lar'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  of  being  insular ;  narrow- 
ness of  opinions,  &c. 

in-su-late  ('su-lat).  v.t.  to  place 
alone,  or  in  a  detached  situation  ; 
separate  by  a  non-conductor  from 
other  conducting  bodies. 

in-su-la-tion  (-la'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  insulating ;  the  state  of 
being  insulated. 

in-su-la-tor  ('ter),  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  insulates ;  a  non- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


«ns 


481 


int 


conductor  of  electricity,   heat,   or 
sound. 

in-sult  ('suit),  n.  an  affront  or 
indignity ;  gross  abuse  in  word 
or  action:  v.t.  ( in-sult')  to  treat 
with  gross  indignity,  contempt, 
or  abuse,  by  word  or  act. 

Syn.  affront,  outrage,  indignity, 
blasphemy. 

Ant.    (see  honor). 

in-su-per-a-ble  ( -su'per-a-bl ) , 
adj.  not  to  be  overcome ;  invin- 
cible. 

in-su-per-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in- 
surmountably. 

in-sur-a-ble  (-shur'a-bl),  adj.  ca- 
pable of  being  insured  against 
loss,  damage,  &c. ;  proper  to  be 
insured. 

in-sur-ance  Cans),  n.  the  act  or 
system  of  insuring  against  loss 
or  damage :  a  contract  entered 
into  to  secure  against  loss  by 
fire,  &c.,  by  the  payment  of  a 
specified  sum  ;  premium  paid. 

in-sure  (-shur'),  v.t.  to  contract 
on  certain  conditions  to  secure 
against  loss  or  damage  by  fire, 
&c. ;  make  sure  or  secure. 

in-sur-gent  (-ser'jent),  adj.  ris- 
ing against  constituted  authority  : 
n.  a  rebel. 

in-sur-rec-tion  (-rek'shun),  n. 
active  or  open  hostility  to  consti- 
tuted authority  ;  rebellion. 

in-sur-rec-tion-a-ry  (-u-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  engaged  in,  in- 
surrection ;  seditious. 

in-tact  (-takf),  adj.  entire;  un- 
injured. 

in-tag-lio  (en-tii'lyo),  n.  [pi.  in- 
taglii,  -glios  (lye,  lyoz)],  a  gem 
or  stone  having  a  design  cut  in 
the  surface :  incised  carving. 

in-te-ger  (in'te-jer),  n.  the  whole: 
a  whole  number :  opposed  to 
fraction. 

in-te-gral  Cte-gnll),  adj.  consti- 
tuting a  whole;  complete;  per- 
taining to  an  integer:  n.  the 
whole  made  up  of  parts. 

i  n-t  e-g  rant  ( 'te-grant ) ,  adj. 
making  part  of  a  whole  ;  necessary 
to  constitute  an  entire  thing. 

in-te-grate  ('te-grat).  v.t.  to 
bring  together  the  parts  of ;  give 
the  sum  total  of :  v.i.  to  pass 
from  a  complex  and  unstable  state 


to     one     relatively     simple     and 
stable. 

in-teg-ri-ty  (-teg'ri-ti),  n.  up- 
rightness ;  virtue  ;  honesty  ;  sound- 
ness ;  unimpaired  or  unbroken 
state  of  anything. 

Xi/«.   uprightness,  honesty,  pro- 
bity,    entirety,     entireness,     com- 
pleteness, rectitude,  purity. 
Ant.  (see  dishonesty). 

in-teg-u-ment  ('u-ment),  n.  an 
external  covering  or  skin. 

in-tel-lect  ('tel-ekt).  n.  the  mind 
or  understanding ;  superior  intel- 
ligence ;  acquired  knowledge. 

Syn.        understanding,        sense, 
brains,  mind,  intelligence,  ability, 
talent,  genius. 
Ant.   (see  body). 

in-tel-lec-tu-al  ('tu-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  apprehended  by, 
the  intelle  t ;  mental  ;  ideal. 

8yn.   mental,    ideal,   metaphysi- 
cal. 

Ant.   (see  brutal). 

in-tel-lec-tu-al-ism  (-izm),  n. 
intellectual  power  or  quality  ;  the 
doctrine  that  all  knowledge  is  de- 
rived from  pure  reason. 

in-tel-lec-tn-al-i-ty  ( -tu-al'i-ti ) ', 
n.  the  'quality  or  state  of  being 
intellectual. 

in-tel-lec-tu-al -ly  ('tu-al-li),  adv. 
by  means  of  the  intellect. 

in-tel-li-gence  (-tel'i-jens),  n. 
intellectual  capacity  :  understand- 
ing :  mind  ;  acquired  knowledge ; 
notification  ;  news. 

in-tel-li-gent  ('i-jent),  adj.  en- 
dowed with  intelligence  or  under- 
standing ;  exhibiting  knowledge ; 
clever  ;  acute  ;  discerning. 

in-tel-li-gi-ble    ('i-ji-bl),   adj.  ca- 
pable of  being  understood ;  clear. 
Syn.   clear,   obvious,   plain,   dis- 
tinct. 

\nf.   (see  abstruse). 

in  -  tel  -  li  -  gi  -  bly  ( -bli ) ,  adv. 
dearly. ' 

in-tem-per-ance  (-tem'per-ans), 
n.  want  of  moderation  or  self  re- 
straint ;  excess,  especially  in  the 
use  of  alcoholic  liquors. 

in  -  tern  -  per  -  ate  ( 'per-at) ,  adj. 
characterized  by  want  of  moder- 
ation or  self  restraint ;  excessive  ; 
Mildicted  to  alcoholic  liquors. 

X//n.       immoderate,      excessive, 
drunken,  nimious,  inordinate. 
Ant.  (see  temperate). 


Ifite.  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he.  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  m55n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Int 


482 


Int 


in-tend    (-tend'),  v.t.  to  purpose; 

mean. 

in-tend-ant  ('ant),  n.  a  superin- 
tendent. 

in-tend-ed  ('ed),  n.  an  affianced 
lover. 

in-tense  (-tens'),  adj.  increased 
to  excess  ;  strained  ;  forced  ;  ar- 
dent ;  vehement. 

fiyn.  ardent,  earnest,  glowing, 
fervid,  burning,  vehement. 

in-ten-si-fy  (-ten'si-fl),  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  intensified,  p.pr.  intensify- 
ing], to  render  more  intense; 
heighten. 

in-ten  si-ty  ('si-ti),  n.  [pi.  inten- 
sities (-tiz)],  the  state  or  quality 
of  being  intense ;  density,  as  of 
a  negative  plate ;  the  force  or 
energy  of  any  physical  agent. 

in-ten-sive  ('siv),  adj.  serving 
to  intensify ;  giving  force  or  em- 
phasis to. 

in-tent  (-tent'),  adj.  having  the 
mind  strained  or  closely  fixed  on 
a  subject;  anxiously  diligent: 
constantly  or  assiduously  directed 
(with  on)  :  n.  purpose;  aim. 

Syn.  design,  purpose,  intention, 
drift,  view,  aim,  purport,  mean- 
ing. 

in-ten-tion  (-ten'shun),  n.  pur- 
pose ;  fixed  design ;  end  or  aim ; 
project. 

in-ten  tioned  ('shund),  adj.  hav- 
ing intentions. 

in-ter  (-ter'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  in- 
terred, p.pr.  interring],  to  bury. 

in-ter,  a  prefix  meaning  between, 
among. 

in-ter-ca-la-ry  (-ter'ka-la-ri),  adj. 
inserted  in  the  calendar,  as  Feb. 
29  in  leap-year. 

intercalate  ('ka-lat),  v.t.  to 
insert  between  or  among. 

in-ter-cede  (-sed').  v.i.  to  medi- 
ate as  a  friend  between  persons 
at  variance;  plead  for.  another; 
interpose. 

in-ter-ceut  (-sept'),  v.t.  to  stop 
and  seize  in  the  way ;  cut  off ;  ob- 
struct ;  include  between  two 
points  of  a  line. 

in-ter-ces-sion  (-sesh'un),  n.  the 
act  of  interceding ;  mediation  ;  a 
prayer  for  persons  of  different 
conditions. 

in-ter-ces-sor  (-ses'§r),  n.  a  medi- 
ator. 


in-ter-course  ('ter-kors),  n.  con- 
nection, correspondence,  or  com- 
munication between  individuals, 
nations,  &c. ;  mutual  exchange ; 
familiarity  ;  fellowship. 

Syn.   commerce,  connection,   in- 
timacy, acquaintance. 
in-ter-dict     (-dikf),    v.t.    to    re- 
strain or  forbid  ;  cut  off  from  the 
spiritual  services  of  the  Church. 

»S'7/n.     forbid,    prohibit,    inhibit, 
proscribe,   debar,  restrain   from. 
Ant.  (see  allow). 

in-ter-est  ('ter-est),  v.t.  to  en- 
gage the  attention ;  awaken  con- 
cern in ;  cause  to  take  a  share 
in:  n.  advantage;  influence;  per- 
sonal concern  ;  benefit ;  profit ; 
premium  paid  for  the  use  of 
money. 

in-ter-est-ing  (-ing),  p.adj.  en- 
gaging the  attention  or  curiosity  ; 
exciting  the  feelings  or  emotions. 

in-ter-fere  (-fer'),  v.i.  to  inter- 
pose or  meddle  in  the  affairs  of 
others ;  oppose ;  come  into  col- 
lision ;  act  reciprocally  so  as  to 
modify  the  result ;  injure  the  fet- 
lock by  striking  it  with  the  op- 
posite hoof. 

in-ter-fer-ence  ('ens),  n.  the  act 
of  interfering. 

in-ter-im  ('ter-im),  n.  interven- 
ing time  or  period :  adv.  in  the 
meanwhile. 

in-te-ri-or  (-te'ri-6r1.  adj.  not  ex- 
terior :  inner :  internal ;  remote 
from  the  coast  or  frontier:  n.  the 
inside ;  the  inland ;  home  depart- 
ment of  a  government. 

in-ter- jec-tipn  (-ter-jek'shun),  n. 
an  exclamation ;  a  word  thrown 
in  to  express  sudden  emotion, 
feeling,  &c. 

in-ter-leave  (-ley),  v.t.  to  insert 
a  leaf  in:  as  to  intcrlrun  a  book 
with  blank  leaves  or  illustrations. 

in-ter-lin-e-ar  (-lin'e-ar).  adj. 
written  or  printed  between  other 
lines,  as  a  translation. 

in-ter-loc-u-tp-ry  ( -lok'u-to-ri ) , 
adj.  conversational ;  intermediate  ; 
not  final. 

in-ter-lo-per  ('ter-16-per).  n.  an 
intruder. 

in-ter-lnde  ('ter-lud),  n.  a  short 
entertainment  given  between  acts 
of  a  play.  &c. ;  a  short  instru- 
mental passage  played  between 


late,  milr,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her,  let:  line,  tin  ;  vote.  pSrch,  lot;  moOn 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


int 


483 


int 


the    stanzas    of    a    hymn,    acts   of 
an  opera,  &c. 

in-ter-me-di-a-ry  ( -me'di-a-ri ) , 
adj.  intervening :  n.  an  agent ;  go- 
between  ;  medium. 

in-ter-me-di-ate  ('di-at).  adj.  ex- 
isting or  lying  in  the  middle  ;  in- 
tervening. 

in-ter-ment    ('ment),  n.  burial. 

in-ter-mez-zo  (-met'zo),  n.  an  in- 
terlude. 

iii-ter-mis-sion  (-mish'un),  n. 
interruption ;  pause ;  temporary 
cessation  between  paroxysms  of 
a  disease. 

in-ter-mit  (-mif).  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
intermitted,  p.pr.  intermitting],  to 
cause  to  cease  for  a  time :  inter- 
rupt ;  suspend. 

in-tern.  (-tern'),  v.t.  to  confine 
within  a  town  or  fortress,  or  in 
the  interior  of  a  country ;  place 
under  arrest. 

in  ter-nal  (-ter'nal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  center ;  interior ;  in- 
ward ;  not  foreign  ;  domestic. 

in-ter-nal-ly   (-li),  adv.  inwardly. 

in-ter-na-tion-al  (-nash'un-al ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  two  or  more  na- 
tions in  common. 

in-ter-ne-cine  (-ne'sin),  adj.  mu- 
tually destructive ;  deadly. 

in-ter-pel-late  (-pel'at),  v.t.  to 
question. 

in-ter-plead-er  (-pled'er),  n.  the 
discussion  of  a  point  incidentally 
occurring  in  law. 

in-ter-po-late  ('po-Iat).  v.t.  to 
insert  in  a  book  or  writing  new 
or  spurious  matter;  corrupt  by 
insertions. 

in-ter-po-la-tor  (-e>),  n.  one  who 
interpolates. 

in-ter  pose  f-poz'),  v.t.  to  place 
between;  thrust  in;  'interrupt: 
v.i.  to  intercede ;  come  between. 

N//H.   intercede,  arbitrate,   medi- 
ate, interfere,  meddle. 

in-ter-pret  ('pret),v.f.  to  explain 
the  meaning  of;  expound;  con- 
strue. 

N///I.    explain,    expound,    eluci- 
date, unfold,  decipher. 

in-ter-pre-ta-tion  (-ta'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  interpreting ;  expla- 
nation. 

in-ter-reg-num  (-reg'num),  n. 
the  period  between  two  reigns, 


governments,  or  ministries ;  time 
of  abeyance. 

in-ter-ro-gate  ('o-gat),  v.t.  to 
question  :  v.i.  to  ask  questions. 

in-ter-ro-ga-tion  (-ga'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  interrogating ;  a  ques- 
tion ;  inquiry;  a  mark  (?)  denot- 
ing a  question. 

in-ter-rog-a-tive  (-rog'a-tiv), 
adj.  denoting  or  containing  a 
question  or  inquiry :  n.  a  word 
used  in  asking  a  question. 

in-ter-rog-a-tive-ly  (-li),  adv. 
by  questions. 

in-ter-ro-ga-tor  ('6-ga-ter),  n. 
one  who  interrogates. 

in-ter-rog-a-to-ry  (-rog'a-to-ri) , 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  expressing, 
a  question  :  n.  a  question  in  writ- 
ing put  to  a  party  to  a  suit. 

in-ter-rupt  (-rupf),  v.t.  to  stop 
or  hinder  by  breaking  in  upon ; 
break  the  continuity  of;  cause  to 
be  delayed  ;  end  suddenly. 

in-ter-rupt-ed  ('ed),  p.adj.  in- 
termitted ;  broken. 

in-ter-rup-tion  ('shun),  n.  the 
act  of  interrupting ;  hindrance ; 
obstruction ;  intervention ;  sud- 
den cessation. 

in-ter-sect  (-sekf),  v.t.  to  cut  or 
divide  mutually :  v.i.  to  cross 
each  other. 

in-ter-sec-tion  (-sek'shun),  n. 
the  act  or  state  of  intersecting ; 
place  of  crossing ;  the  point  or 
line  in  which  two  lines  or  two 
planfes  cut  each  other. 

in-ter-stel-lar  (-stel'ar),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  situated  in, 
space  between  the  stars. 

in-ter-stice  ('ter-stis,  or  -ter'- 
stis),  n.  a  narrow  space  between 
things  closely  set ;  crevice. 

in  ter-sti-tial  (-stish'al),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  containing,  or  ex- 
isting in,  interstices. 

in-ter-ti-dal  (-ti'dal),  adj.  living 
between  high-  and  low-water 
mark. 

in-ter-val  ('ter-val),  n.  time  or 
space  between ;  distance  between 
two  given  musical  sounds. 

in-ter-vale  ( 'ter-val),  n.  a  tract 
of  low  ground  situated  between 
hills,  or  by  the  banks  of  a  river. 

in-ter-vene  (-ven'),  v.i.  to  come, 
or  be  situated,  between ;  inter- 
pose ;  interfere. 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  let ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  Men. 


int 


484 


int 


in-ter-ven-tion  (-ven'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  intervening ;  interposi- 
tion ;  mediation. 

in-ter-view  ('ter-vu),  v.t.  to 
visit,  as  a  notable  personage,  to 
obtain  particulars  respecting 
himself  or  his  opinions :  n.  a  per- 
sonal conference  or  meeting. 

in-tes-ta-cy  (-tos'ta-si),  n.  the 
state  of  dying  without  a  will. 

in-tes-tate  ('tat),  adj.  dying 
without  having  made  a  valid 
will :  n.  one  who  dies  without 
having  made  a  will. 

in-tes-ti-nal  ('ti-nal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  found  in,  the  in- 
testines. 

in-tes-tine  ('tin),  adj.  internal; 
not  foreign :  n.pl.  the  bowels ;  en- 
trails. 

in-ti-ma-cy  ('ti-ma-si),  n.  [pi. 
intimacies  (-six)],  close  or  con- 
fidential friendship. 

in-ti-mate  ('ti-mat),  adj.  close 
in  friendship;  well  acquainted", 
familiar  ;  confidential ;  complete  : 
v.t.  to  indicate ;  make  known. 

Syn.  hint,  suggest,  insinuate, 
express,  signify,  impart,  tell. 

in-ti-mate-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  an 
intimate  manner. 

in-ti-ma  tion  (-ma'shun),  n.  an 
indirect  suggestion  or  hint ;  an- 
nouncement. 

in  tim  i  date  (-tim'i-dat) ,  v.t.  to 
make  afraid. 

>S'j/«.  dishearten,  alarm,  fright- 
en, scare,  appal,  daunt,  cow, 
browbeat. 

Ant.   (see  encourage). 

in-to  ('too),  prep,  noting  passage 
inwards;  inclusion  or  compre- 
hension. 

intolerable  ( -tol'er-a-bl ) ,  adj. 
unbearable. 

N//H.  insufferable,  unbearable, 
insupportable,  unendurable. 

in-tol-er-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  an 
intolerable  manner. 

in-tol  cr-ance  ('er-ans),  n.  want 
of  toleration  of  the  opinions  or 
practices  of  others ;  inability  to 
bear  or  endure. 

in-tol-er-ant  ('er-ftnt),  adj.  big- 
oted ;  unable  to  bear  or  endure 
(with  of). 

in-to-na-tion      (-to-na'shun),     n. 


the  act  or  manner  of  sounding 
musical  notes ;  modulation  of  the 
voice ;  act  of  intoning. 

in-tone  (-ton'),  v.t.  to  recite  in 
monotone. 

in-tox-i-cant  (-toks'i-kant),  n. 
that  which  intoxicates. 

in-tox-i-cate  ('i-kat),  v.t.  to 
make  drunk  by  spirituous  liq- 
uors ;  excite  unduly. 

in-tox-i-ca-tion  (-ka'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  intoxicating ;  extreme 
excitement. 

intra,  a  prefix  meaning  within,  as 
intramural,  within  the  walls  of  a 
city. 

in-trac-ta-bil-i-ty  (-trak-ta-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  or  state  of 
being  intractable. 

in-trac-ta-ble  (-trak'ta-bl),  adj. 
unmanageable. 

in-trac-tile  ('til),  adj.  incapable 
of  being  drawn  out ;  not  exten- 
sible. 

in-tra-dos  (-trfi'dos),  n.  the  in- 
terior and  lower  line  or  curve  of 
an  arch. 

in-tra-mu-ral,    see    under    intra. 

in-tran-si-tive  ('si-tiv),  adj.  not 
passing  over  to  or  requiring  an 
object :  said  of  certain  verbs. 

in-tran-si-tiye-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
an  intransitive  manner. 

in-trep-id  (-trep'id),  adj.  bold; 
fearless. 

Syn.  bold,  brave,  daring,  fear- 
less, dauntless,  undaunted,  coura- 
geous, valorous,  valiant,  heroic, 
gallant,  chivalrous,  doughty. 

Ant.  (see  cowardly,  faint- 
hearted). 

in-tre-pid-i-ty  (-tre-pid'i-ti),  n^ 
fearlessness. 

in-tri-ca-cy  ('tri-ka-si),  n.  [pi. 
intricacies  (-siz)],  the  quality  of 
being  intricate ;  perplexity. 

in-tri-cate  ('tri-kat),  adj.  en- 
tangled or  involved. 

in-trigne  (in-treg').  v.i.  to  carry 
on  a  secret  plot ;  engage  in  clan- 
destine love  affairs :  n.  a  secret 
plot ;  clandestine  love  affair. 

Syn.  plot,  cabal,  conspir- 
acy, combination,  artifice,  ruse, 
amour. 

in-trln-sic  (-trin'sik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  that  which  is  inherent  'f 
real ;  genuine. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  mo5n, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


Int 


485 


inv 


Syn.    real,    true,   genuine,   ster- 
ling, native,  natural. 
Ant.   (see  extrinsic). 

in-trin-sic-al-ly  (-al-15),  adv.  in- 
herently. 

Intro,  a  prefix  meaning  within, 
into,  as  tn^rocession,  a  depression 
or  sinking  of  parts  inwards. 

in-tro-duce  (-tro-dus'),  v.t.  to 
conduct  or  bring  in ;  bring  into 
use  or  notice ;  bring  into  ac- 
quaintance ;  insert. 

in-tro-duc-tion  (-duk'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  introducing ;  presenta- 
tion ;  a  preface. 

in-tro-duc-to-ry  ('to-ri),  adj. 
serving  to  introduce.  Also  intro- 
ductive. 

in-tro-flexed  (-fleksf),  adj.  bent 
inwards. 

in-tro-mis-sion  (-tro-mish'un), 
n.  insertion  ;  introduction. 

in-tro-mit  (-rait'),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  intromitted,  p.pr.  intromit- 
ting],  to  admit;  insert. 

in-tmde  (-triid').  v.i.  to  thrust 
one's  self  in  without  invitation 
or  welcome :  v.t.  force  in. 

in-trn-sion  (-trii'zhun),  n.  the 
act  of  intruding  ;  encroachment ; 
unlawful  entry  into  vacant  lands 
or  tenements. 

in-tu-i-tion  (-tu-ish'un),  n.  in- 
stinctive knowledge  or  feeling; 
immediate  perception. 

In-tu-i-tion-al  (-S1),  adj.  per- 
taining to  intuition. 

in-tu-i-tive  Ci-tiv),  adj.  per- 
ceived immediately  by  the  mind. 

in-tu-i-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  without 
reasoning. 

in-iin-date  (-un'dat),  v.t.  to  fill 
with  an  overflowing  abundance; 
flood. 

in-un-da-tion  (-da'shun),  n. 
overflow ;  flood. 

in  ure  (-fir'),  v.t.  to  habituate, 
or  accustom  ;  toughen. 

in  vac-u-o  Oak'u-6),  in  a  vac- 
uum. 

invade  (-vfid'),  v.t.  to  enter  (a 
country)  with  a  hostile  army  ;  in- 
fringe upon  ;  violate. 

in-val-id  (-val'id),  adj.  of  no 
force  or  authority ;  null  and 
void:  n.  (in'va-lid),  one  who  is 
weak  or  infirm  in  health ;  a  dis- 
abled soldier  or  sailor:  v.t.  to 


register  as  an  invalid ;  affect  with 
disease. 

in-val-i-date  (-val'i-dat),  v.t.  to 
weaken  or  destroy  the  force  or 
validity  of. 

Syn.  quash,   cancel,   overthrow, 
vacate,  nullify,  annul. 

in-va-lid-i-ty  (-lid'i-ti).  n.  want 
of  legal  force  or  argument. 

in-val-n-a-ble  (-val'u-a-bl) ,  adj. 
priceless. 

in-var-i-a-ble  (-var'i-a-bl),  adj. 
constant. 

in-var-i-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  con- 
stantly. 

in-va-sion  (-va'zhun),  n.  the  act 
of  invading ;  hostile  incursion ; 
encroachment. 

Syn.    incursion,     irruption,    in- 
road,  aggression,   raid,   fray. 

in-vec-tive  (-vek'tiv),  n.  a  vio- 
lent utterance  of  censure,  sar- 
casm, or  abuse :  adj.  abusive. 

Syn.    abuse,    reproach,    railing, 
censure,  sarcasm,  satire. 

in-veigh  (-va')(  v.i.  to  rail 
against  persons  or  things  with 
vehemence ;  utter  censure  or  re- 
proach ;  declaim. 

in-vei-gle  (-ve'gl),  v.t.  to  entice; 
seduce. 

in-vent  (-vent'),  v.t.  to  find  out 
by  original  study  or  contrivance ; 
devise  or  contrive ;  originate. 

Syn.    devise,     contrive,     frame, 
find  out.  discover,  design. 

in-ven-tion  (-ven'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  inventing ;  the  thing  in- 
vented ;  discovery ;  creative  fac- 
ulty;  concoction;  fabrication. 

in-vent-iye  ('iv),  adj.  able  to  in- 
vent ;  quick  at  contriving ;  ready 
in  expedients. 

in-vent-ive-ly  (-li),  adv.  by  the 
faculty  of  invention. 

in  vent-ive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
inventive  faculty. 

in-vent-or  ('er),  n.  one  who  in- 
vents. 

in-ven-to-ry  ('ven-to-ri).  n.  [pi. 
inventories  (-riz)],  a  catalogue 
or  list  of  goods,  furniture,  &c. ; 
account :  v.t.  to  draw  up  an  in- 
ventory or  catalogue  of. 

in-verse  (-vers'),  adj.  contrary  in 
tendency,  direction,  or  effect ;  re- 
ciprocal ;  inverted. 

in-verse-ly  Cli).  adr.  in  an  in- 
verse order  or  ratio. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  he"r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p&rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


inv 


486 


inv 


in-ver-sion  (-ver'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  inverting :  the  state  of  be- 
ing inverted  ;  contrary  change  of 
order  or  position. 

in-ver-sive  ('siy),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  causing,  inversion. 

in-vert  (-vert'),  v.t.  to  turn  up- 
side down. 

In-ver-te-bra-ta  (-ver-te-bra'ta) . 
n.pl.  one  of  the  sub-divisions  of 
the  aniinal  kingdom,  including 
those  animals  which  have  no  ver- 
tebrae or  spinal  column. 

in-ver-te-brate  ('te-brat),  n.  one 
of  the  Invertebrata :  adj.  having 
no  backbone ;  having  no  force  of 
character:  weak. 

in-vest  (-vest'),  v.t.  to  place  or 
lay  out,  as  money ;  clothe,  as  with 
office,  authority,  or  dignity ;  sur- 
round :  v.i.  to  make  an  investment. 

in-ves-ti-gate  ('ti-gat),  v.t.  to 
ascertain  by  careful  inquiry ; 
search  :  examine. 

in-ves-ti-ga-tion  (-ga'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  investigating ;  in- 
quiry :  search. 

N//M.    examination,    search,    in- 
quiry,  research,  scrutiny. 

in-ves-ti-ga-tor  ('ter),  n.  one 
who  investigates. 

in-ves-ti-ture  ('ti-tur),  n.  the  act 
or  right  of  giving  legal  possession  ; 
the  ceremony  of  inducting  a 
bishop  into  his  office. 

in-vest-ment  (-vest'ment),  n.  the 
act  of  laying  out  money  produc- 
tively ;  money  so  invested ;  the 
act  of  besieging  or  blockading. 

in-vest-or  (-vest'er),  n.  one  who 
invests. 

in-vet-er-a-cy  (-vet'er-a-si),  n. 
the  state  of  being  inveterate. 

in-vet-er-ate  ('er-at),  adj.  deep- 
rooted  ;  habitual. 

N.y/i.   confirmed,  chronic,  malig- 
nant. 

Ant.   (see  inchoate). 

in-vid-i-ons  (-vid'i-us),  adj.  likely 
to  provoke  ill-will  or  envy ;  un- 
pleasant. 

N//M.    envious,    hateful,    odious, 
malignant. 

in-vig-or-ate  (-vig'or-at).  v.t.  to 
give  vigor  to ;  strengthen ;  ani- 
mate. 

•s'//«.      brace,      harden,      nerve, 
strengthen,  fortify. 
Ant.    (see  enervate). 


in-vin-ci-bil-i-ty  ( -vin-si-bil'i-ti ) , 
n.  the  quality  of  being  invincible. 

in-vin-ci-ble  ('si-bl),  adj.  uncon- 
querable. 

Myn.    unconquerable,    impregna- 
ble, insurmountable. 

iu-vi-o-la-bil-i-ty  (-vl-o-la-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing inviolable. 

in-vi-o-la-ble  ('o-la-bl),  adj.  that 
cannot  be  profaned  or  injured ; 
unbroken.  Inviolate. 

in-vis-i-bil-i-ty  (-viz-i-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  of  being  invisible. 

in-vis-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  that  can- 
not be  seen. 

N.I/H.  unseen,  imperceptible,  im- 
palpable,   unperceivahle. 

in-vi-ta-tion  (-vi-ta'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  inviting;  polite  solici- 
tation ;  the  words  or  document  by 
which  one  is  invited. 

in-vi-ta-to-ry  (-vi'ta-to-ri),  adj. 
containing,  or  using,  invitation. 

in-vite  (-vif),  v.t.  to  ask,  solicit, 
or  summon  ;  request  the  presence 
of;  persuade;  allure. 

X.//H.   ask,  call,  bid,   request,  al- 
lure, attract,  solicit. 

in-vit-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  tempting; 
seductive. 

in-vo-ca-tion  (-vo-ka'shun),  n. 
the  act  or  form  of  invoking. 

in-voice  Cvois),  n.  a  document 
announcing  the  despatch  of  goods 
with  their  prices,  quantity,  &c. : 
v.t.  to  state  or  insert  in  an  in- 
voice. 

in-voke  (-vok'),  v.t.  to  address  in 
prayer  or  supplication ;  solicit 
(aid  or  protection). 

>'//».  invocate,  call  upon,  appeal, 
refer,  implore,  beseech . 

in-vol-un-ta-ri-ly  (-vol'uu-ta-ri- 
li),  adv.  not  willingly. 

in-vol-un-ta-ry  (-vol'un-ta-ri ) , 
adj.  without  will  or  choice;  not 
spontaneous. 

in-vo-lute  ('vo-lut),  adj.  folded 
or  rolled  inwards,  as  certain 
leaves  and  flowers ;  coiled  spi- 
rally :  n.  a  particular  kind  of 
curve  turned  inward  at  the  mar- 
gin. 

in-vo-lu-tion  (-lii'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  involving  or  infolding ; 
complication  ;  return  of  an  organ 
or  tissue  to  its  normal  size  after 
distention  ;  the  process  of  raising 
an  arithmetical  or  algebraical 


Ifitc.  mar,  mSsk,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her.  let:  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon. 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Inv 


487 


iro 


quantity    to    a    given    power,    as 
34  =  81. 

in-volve  (-volv'),  v.t.  to  compli- 
cate ;  entangle ;  surround ;  em- 
broil ;  result  as  a  logical  conse- 
quence ;  multiply  a  quantity  into 
itself  any  given  number  of  times. 

N/m.    implicate,    entangle,    com- 
promise, envelop. 

in-vul-ner-a-bil-i-ty  (-vul-ner-a- 
bil'i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being 
invulnerable. 

in-vul-ner-a-ble  (-vul'ner-a-bl) , 
adj.  that  cannot  be  wounded  or 
injured ;  without  any  weak  point. 

in-ward  ('ward),  adj.  situated 
within ;  in  the  mind :  adv.  inte- 
rior ;  towards  the  center.  Also 
inwards. 

in-ward-ly  C-li),  adv.  in  an  in- 
ward manner ;  secretly. 

in  -  wrought  (-rawf),  p.adj. 
worked  in ;  adorned  with  figures 
or  patterns. 

io    (I'o),  n.  the  peacock  butterfly. 

iod,  a  prefix,  indicating  the  pres- 
ence of  iodine.  Also  iodo. 

i-od-ic  (i-od'ik),  ad;,  pertaining  to, 
or  containing,  iodine. 

i-o-dide  (i'0-dld),  n.  a  compound 
of  iodine. 

i-o-dine  ('6-din),  n.  a  non-metallic 
element,  which,  when  heated, 
gives  off  a  rich  violet  vapor. 

i-o-dize  ('6-dlz),  v.t.  to  treat  with 
iodine. 

i-o-dism  ('o-dizm),  n.  a  morbid 
condition  caused  by  overdoses  of 
iodine. 

i-o-do-form  (-o'do-form),  n.  a 
crystalline  compound  formed  by 
the  action  of  iodine  on  alcohol 
and  potash. 

i-o-dpl  ('6-dol),  n.  an  antiseptic 
specific  used  for  wounds  and 
cutaneous  diseases. 

i-on  ('on),  n.  a  substance  result- 
ing from  the  decomposition  of  a 
body  by  electrolysis. 

I-o-ni-an  ('o-ni-an),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Ionia,  or  its  inhabitants. 
Also  Ionic. 

I-on-ic  or-der  ('ik  dr'der),  n.  an 
order  of  classic  architecture,  char- 
acterized by  the  volute,  or  ram's- 
horn  scroll,  of  its  capital. 

i-o-ta  (-O'ta),  n.  the  Greek  let- 
ter (t) ,  which  from  its  being 
used  under  the  vowels  a  U  &> 


(iota   subscription) ,  denotes   any- 
thing small  or  insignificant. 

ip-e-cac  (ip'e-kak),  n.  ipecacu- 
anha. 

ip  -  e  -  cac  -  u  -  an  -  ha  ( ip-e-kak-u- 
an'a),  n.  the  root  of  a  South 
American  plant :  used  in  medicine. 

ir,  prefix  meaning  not. 

i-ra-de  (i-ra'de),  n.  an  imperial 
decree  [Turkish]. 

i-ras-ci-bil-i-ty  ( I-ras-i-bil'i-ti ) , 
n.  quality  of  being  irascible. 

i-ras-ci-ble  ('i-bl),  n.  easily  ex- 
cited to  anger. 

i-ras-ci-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  an  iras- 
cible manner. 

i-rate  (-rat'),  adj.  angry;  en- 
raged. 

ire   (ir),  n.  anger;  wrath. 

irid,  a  prefix  meaning  eye.  Also 
irido. 

ir-i-des-cence  (ir-i-des'ens),  n. 
the  exhibition  of  colors  like  those 
of  the  rainbow. 

ir-i-des-cent  Cent),  adj.  exhibit- 
ing iridescence. 

i-rid-i-nm  'I-rid'i-um),  n.  a  me- 
tallic element. 

i-ris  ('ris).  n.  [pi.  irises,  irides 
(-sez,  'ri-dez)],  the  pupil  of  the 
eye ;  the  rainbow. 

i-ri -scope  ('ri-skup),  n.  an  ap- 
paratus for  showing  the  prismatic 
colors. 

I-rish  ('rish),  adj.  pertaining  to 
Ireland,  its  inhabitants,  or  lan- 
guage. 

I-rish  ism  (-izm),  n.  an  Irish 
idiom. 

irk  (erk),  v.t.  to  weary:  v.i.  to 
become  tired. 

irksome  ('sum),  adj.  tedious; 
wearisome. 

Syn.  wearisome,  tiresome,  tedi- 
ous, annoying. 

Ant.   (see  pleasant). 

i-ron  (I'ern).  n.  the  most  common 
and  useful  of  the  metals ;  an  in- 
strument made  of  iron  ;  anything 
especially  hard  or  durable :  pi. 
fetters :  adj.  pertaining  to,  re- 
sembling, or  made  of  iron  :  v.t.  to 
smooth  with  an  iron  implement ; 
furnish  with  iron  ;  fetter. 

i-ron  age  (aj),  n.  the  last  pre- 
historic age,  characterized  by  the 
use  of  iron  for  weapons,  &c. ;  the 
last  of  the  four  ages  of  classic 
mythology. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Iro 


488 


iso 


iron-clad  (-klad),  n.  a  warship 
protected  wholly  or  partially  with 
iron  or  steel  plates :  adj.  covered 
or  protected  with  iron  armor. 

i-ron-i-cal  (I-ron'i-kal) ,  adj.  ex- 
pressing one  thing  and  meaning 
another. 

i-ron-i-cal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
ironical  manner. 

i-ron-wood  ('8rn-wood).,  n.  a 
name  for  the  timber  of  trees  of 
exceptional  hardness  and  dura- 

.bility. 

i-ro-ny     ('ro-ni),     n.    subtle    sar- 
casm ;   a  mode  of  speech  convey- 
ing the  opposite  of  what  is  meant. 
Syn.    sarcasm,    satire,    ridicule, 
raillery. 

ir-ra-di-ance  (ir-ra'di-ans) ,  n. 
the  act  of  sending  forth  luminous 
rays;  luster.  Irradiancy. 

ir-ra-di-ant  (-ant),  adj.  emitting 
rays  of  light. 

ir-ra-di-ate  ('di-at),  v.t.  to  shed 
light  upon;  illuminate;  brighten: 
v.i.  emit  rays  of  light. 

ir-rad-i-ca^e  (-rad'i-kat),  v.t.  to 
root  deeply. 

ir-re-spec-tive  (-re-spek'tiv),  adj. 
regardless  (with  of). 

ir  -  re  -  spec  -  tive  -  ly  ( -li ) ,  adv. 
without  regard. 

ir  ri  gate  ('i-gat),  v.t.  to  moisten 
(land)  by  causing  water  to  flow 
over  by  artificial  means. 

ir-ri-ta-bil-i-ty  (-i-ta-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  or  state  of  being  irri- 
table. Irritableness. 

ir-ri-ta-ble  ('i-ta-bl),  adj.  easily 
provoked  to  anger ;  easily  stimu- 
lated to  perform  some  physical 
function. 

Syn.    excitable,    irascible,    sus- 
ceptible,  sensitive. 
Ant.   (see  calm). 

ir-ri-ta-bly  (-bli),  adv.  with  irri- 
tation. 

ir-ri-tant  ('i-tant),  adj.  causing 
irritation :  n.  anything  which 
causes  irritation. 

ir-ri-tate  Ci-tat),  v.t.  to  provoke 
or  make  angry ;  excite  heat  and 
redness  in. 

Syn.    aggravate,    worry,    embit- 
ter, madden,  exasperate. 

ir-ri  ta-tion  (-tfi'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  irritating ;  the  state  of  being 
irritated  ;  exasperation  ;  vexation  ; 
impatience ;  excitement  of  muscu- 
lar action  by  external  agency. 


ir-rup-tion  (-rup'shun),  n.  a 
bursting  or  rushing  in ;  sudden 
invasion. 

is  (in),  3rd  p.,  sing.,  pres.,  indie. 
of  be. 

is,  prefix  meaning  equal.  Also  iso  : 
as  t'santhous,  having  equal  an- 
thers ;  isothermal,  having  the 
same  mean  summer  temperature. 

i-sa  gon  (I'sa-gon),  n.  a  figure 
with  equal  angles. 

Ish  ma-el  ite  (ish'ma-el-it),  n.  a 
descendant  of  Ishmael :  hence  a 
social  out<:ast._ 

i-sin  glass  (fzing-glas),  n.  a 
white  semi-transparent  substance 
prepared  from  the  sounds  or  air- 
bladders  of  the  sturgeon,  cod,  &c. 

Is  lain  (is'lam),  n.  the  Moham- 
medan religion ;  the  whole  body 
of  Mohammedans  and  the  coun- 
tries where  the  religion  of  Mo- 
hammed is  professed. 

island  (I'land),  n.  a  tract  of 
land  surrounded  by  water ;  any- 
thing resembling  an  island. 

isle   (II),  n.  an  island  [Poet.]. 

is-let  (i'let),  n.  a  small  island. 

ism   (izm),  n.  a  system  or  theory. 

iso,  prefix,  see  is. 

i-so-bar  (I'so-biir),  n.  a  line 
which  connects  places  on  the 
earth's  surface  having  the  same 
atmospheric  pressure  at  the  sea 
level. 

i-so-bar-ic  (-bar'ik).  adj.  of  equal 
barometric  pressure ;  pertaining 
to,  or  showing,  isobars.  Also  iso- 
barometric. 

i-so  chro-mat  ic  (-kro-mat'ik) , 
adj.  having  the  same  color. 

i-soch-ro-nous  (-sok'ro-nus),  adj. 
occurring  in  equal  times. 

i-so-cli-nal  (-so-kli'nAI).  adj.  hav- 
ing the  same  dip  or  inclination. 

i  so  dy-iiam  ic  (-dl-nam'ik) ,  adj. 
having  equal  force. 

i-so-ge-o-th.er-mal  ( -  je-6-ther'- 
mal),  adj.  noting  imaginary  lines 
connecting  places  on  the  earth's 
surface  which  have  the  same  mean 
annual  temperature. 

is-o-late  ('o-lat),  v.t.  to  place 
alone ;  place  in  a  detached  situ- 
ation ;  insulate ;  obtain  in  an  un- 
combined  form. 

is-o-la-tion  (-Ifi'shun),  n.  the 
state  of  being  isolated. 

is-o-mer-ic  (-mer'ik),  adj.  having 
the  same  elements  in  the  same 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ISO 


489 


ivy 


proportions,     but     with     different 
physical  characteristics. 

is-o-met-ric  (-met'rik),  adj.  hav- 
ing equality  of  measure. 

is  o  mor-phism  (-mor'fizm),  n. 
the  quality  of  having  the  same 
crystalline  form,  but  formed  of 
different  elements. 

i-sos-ce-les  (-sos'e-lez),  adj.  hav- 
ing equal  sides. 

i-so-therm  ('so-therm).  n.  an  im- 
aginary line  connecting  those 
places  on  the  earth's  surface 
which  have  the  same  mean  tem- 
perature. 

i-so-ther-mal,  see  under  is. 

Is-ra-el-ite  dVra-el-!t),  n.  a 
descendant  of  Israel ;  a  Jew. 

Is-ra-el-it-ish.  ('ish),  adj.  portain- 
ing  to  the  Israelites ;  Jewish. 
Also  Israelitic. 

is-sue  (ish'u),  n.  the  act  of  pass- 
ing or  flowing  out ;  egress ;  that 
which  flows  or  passes  out ;  dis- 
charge ;  flux ;  publication ;  off- 
spring;  lineal  descendants;  prod- 
uce of  the  earth  ;  profits  of  land, 
&c. :  essential  points  in  pleading 
or  debate ;  result :  v.t.  to  send  out ; 
publish  :  put  into  circulation  :  v.i. 
to  come  or  pass  out ;  arise,  as 
from  a  source;  flow;  proceed;  be 
descended ;  end. 

N.VM.  emerge,  rise,  proceed,  flow, 
spring,  emanate :  n.  end,  upshot, 
effect,  result,  offspring,  progeny. 

isth-mi-an  (ist'mi-an),  adj.  per- 
taining to  an  isthmus. 

istli-imis  ('mus),  n.  a  neck  of 
land  connecting  two  larger  por- 
tions. 

I-tal-ian  (i-tal'yan),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Italy,  its  inhabitants,  or 
language. 

I-tal-ic  Cik),  adj.  pertaining  to 
Italy ;  noting  a  slender,  sloping 
kind  of  type  (italic)  :  used  for 
emphasis,  &c. :  n.pl.  italic  type. 

i-tal-i-cize  ('i-slz),  v.t.  to  write 
or  print  in  italics. 


I-tal-i-ote  ('i-6t),  n.  a  Greek  in- 
habitant of  Italy. 

itch,  (ich),  n.  a  parasitic  cutane- 
ous disease  causing  great,  irrita- 
tion ;  a  constant  and  teasing  de- 
sire for  something :  v.i.  to  feel  a 
particular  uneasiness  in  the  skin, 
causing  a  desire  to  scratch  the 
part  affected  ;  have  a  constant  and 
teasing  _ desire  for. 

i-tem  (I'tem),  n.  a  separate  arti- 
cle or  particular ;  a  newspaper 
paragraph  :  adv.  also. 

it-er-ate    (it'er-at),  v.t.  to  repeat. 

it-er-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  repeti- 
tion. 

it-er-a-tive  ('er-a-tiv),  adj.  re- 
peating. 

i-tin-er-a-cy  (I-tin'er-a-si),  n.  the 
practice  of  itinerating. 

i-tin-er-an-cy  ('er-an-si),  n.  a 
passing  from  place  to  place,  espe- 
cially in  the  discharge  of  some  of- 
ficial function,  as  by  a  judge  on 
circuit,  a  preacher,  &c. 

i-tin-er-ant  ('er-antl.  adj.  pass- 
ing from  place  to  place :  n.  one 
who  itinerates. 

i-tin-er-a-ry  ('er-a-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  done  on,  a  journey; 
traveling  from  place  to  place :  n. 
a  traveler's  guide  or  route-book ; 
a  diary  of  a  journey ;  plan  of  a 
projected  excursion. 

i-tin-er-ate   ('er-at),  v.i.  to  travel 

^  from  place  to  place. 

i-vo-ride  ('vo-rid),  n.  a  variety  of 
artificial  ivory. 

i-vo-ry  ('vo-ri),  n.  the  hard,  bony, 
white  dentine  which  forms  th<» 
tusks  of  the  elephant,  walrus,  &c. : 
adj.  made  of,  or  like,  ivory. 

i-vo-ry  palm  (-pam),  n.  the  palm 
from  which  the  ivory  nuts  used  in 
turning  as  an  imitation  for  ivory 
are  obtained. 

i-vo-ry-type  (-tip),  n.  a  particu- 
lar kind  of  photographic  picture 
with  an  ivory-like  surface. 

i-vy  (I'vi),  n.  a  clinging  evergreen 
plant  of  the  genus  Hedera. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


jao 


490 


jar 


jab-ber  ('er),  v.i.  to  talk  rapidly 
and  indistinctly  ;  chatter. 

ja-cinth  (ja'sinth),  n.  hyacinth; 
a  red  variety  of  zircon. 

jack  (jak),  n.  a  pike;  in  bowls,  a 
small  ball  serving  as  a  mark  to  be 
aimed  at ;  the  male  of  some  ani- 
mals ;  a  leather  cup  or  jug ;  tim- 
ber cut  short  of  its  usual  length  ; 
a  flag  used  for  signaling ;  the 
knave  of  cards  ;  a  leathern  coat  of 
mail ;  a  name  applied  to  various 
kinds  of  levers  or  mechanical 
labor-saving  appliances,  as  a  jack- 
screw,  roasting-jack,  &c. :  v.t.  to 
lift  with  a  jack ;  give  up. 

jack-al  ('awl),  n.  a  dog-like  car- 
nivorous animal  which  hunts  in 
packs ;  one  who  does  base  work 
for  another. 

jack-a-napes  Ca-naps),  n.  a  con- 
ceited or  upstart  fellow. 

jack-ass  ('as),  ».  the  male  ass; 
donkey. 

jack-boots  ('bootz),  n.pl.  large 
boots  reaching  above  the  knee. 

jack-daw  ('daw),  n.  a  glossy 
species  of  crow. 

jack-et  ('et),  n.  a  short  tailless 
coat ;  a  covering  to  prevent  radia- 
tion of  heat:  v.t.  to  clothe  with  a 
jacket ;  beat. 

jack-stays  ('stiiz),  n.pl.  ropes 
stretched  along  the  yard  of  a  ship 
to  fasten  the  sails  to. 

jac-o-net  ('o-net).  n.  a  fine  soft 
white  cotton  material  somewhat 
resembling  cambric ;  nainsook. 
Also  jacconet. 

Jac  quarcl  ('kard).  n.  a  loom  for 
weaving  patterns  invented  by  Jac- 
quard,  a  Frenchman. 

jade  (jad),  «,.  a  tired  or  worn-out 
horse ;  a  vicious  woman  ;  a  young 
woman  (contemptuously  or  hu- 
morously) ;  a  silicate  of  magnesia 
and  lime  of  green  color :  formerly 
much  used  for  ornaments,  &c. : 
v.t.  to  tire  by  long-continued  la- 
bor ;  harass. 

Syn.  harass,  weary,  tire,  worry. 

jag  (jag),  n.  a  notch;  projecting 
point ;  denticulation :  a  small 


load  ;  a  condition  of  partial  intoxi- 
cation :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  jagged. 
p.pr.  jagging],  to  cut  into  notches 
or  teeth. 

jag-uar  (jag-war'),  n.  a  fierce  ani- 
mal of  South  America,  resembling 

^the  leopard ;  the  American  tiger. 

jail  (jal),  n.  a  prison;  a  bride- 
well. 

jal-ap  (jal'ap),  n.  the  root  of 
Ipomwa  purga  :  used  medicinally 
as  a  purgative. 

jam  (jam),  n.  a  conserve  of  fruit 
boiled  with  sugar;  a  squeeze; 
block;  crush:  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
jammed,  p.pr.  jamming],  to 
squeeze  or  crush  ;  press  in  tightly  ; 
block  up  by  crowding. 

jamb  (jam),  n.  one  of  the  up- 
right sides  of  a  doorway,  window- 
opening,  or  fireplace. 

Jan-u-a-ry  (jan'u-a-ri),  n.  the 
first  month  of  the  year  in  the 
modem  calendar. 

jan-gle  (jang'gl),  v.i.  to  quarr«>l 
or  wrangle  ;  sound  discordantly  : 
n.  a  discordant  sound ;  wrangle ; 
altercation  ;  chatter. 

X///i.  wrangle,  conflict,  disagree. 

jan-is-sa-ry  (jan'i-sa-ri),  n.  [pi. 
janissaries  (-riz)],  formerly  the 
footguarcl  of  the  Turkish  sultans. 
Also  janizary. 

jan-i-tor  ('i-ter),  n.  a  door- 
keeper. 

ja-pan  (jit-pan'),  n.  work  var- 
nished and  lacquered  after  the 
Japanese  style  of  ornamentation  ; 
a  kind  of  varnish :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
japanned,  p.pr.  japanning],  to 
covor,  varnish,  or  lacquer,  with 
japan ;  make  black  and  glossy. 

Jap-a-nese  (jap-a-noV).  adj.  per- 
taining to  Japan,  its  inhabitants, 
or  language. 

Jap-a-nesqne  (-nesk'1,  arli.  re- 
sembling the  Japanese  style  of 
art. 

ja-pon-i-ca  (-pon'i-kA),  n.  the 
name  of  various  species  of  Japa- 
nese plants. 

jar  (jilr).  n.  an  earthenware  pot 
or  vessel ;  a  shake  produced  by  a 


late.  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin,  then. 


Jar 


491 


jet 


sudden  shock  ;  jolt ;  harsh  sound  ; 
conflict  of  opinion  or  interest : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  jarred,  p.pr.  jar- 
ring], to  cause  to  shake  by  a  sud- 
den shock  ;  jolt :  v.i.  to  interfere 
or  clash  ;  emit  a  harsh  sound. 

jar-di-niere  (zhar-din-yar'),  n. 
an  ornamental  flower-stand  of 
porcelain  or  metal. 

jar-gon  (jar'gon),  n.  confused, 
unintelligible  talk ;  a  mixture  of 
two  or  more  languages ;  the 
peculiar  phraseology  of  a  party, 
sect,  &c. 

jas-hawk  (jas'hawk),  n.  a  young, 

^or  eyas,  hawk. 

jas-mine  ('min),  n.  a  plant  of 
the  genus  Jasminum  with  fra- 
grant flowers. 

jas-per  ('per),  n.  an  opaque, 
many-shaded  variety  of  quartz : 
when  polished  it  is  made  into  a 
variety  of  ornamental  articles. 

j aim-dice  (jan'dis),  n.  a  disease 
characterized  by  yellowness  of 
the  eyeballs,  skin,  &c.,  caused  by 
biliary  derangement :  hence  a 
mental  condition  in  which  every- 
thing appears  in  a  prejudiced 
form. 

jaunt    (jant),   n.    a   short   excur- 
sion  or   ramble :   v.i.   to   roam   or 
ramble ;  take  a  short  excursion. 
N//w.  ramble,  excursion,  trip. 

jaun-ti-ly  Cti-li),  adv.  in  a 
jaunty  manner. 

jaun-ty  ('ti),  adj.  airy;  gay; 
showy. 

Jav-a-nese  (jav'a-nez),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Java,  its  inhabitants, 
or  language. 

jav-e-lin  ('lin),  n.  a  light  spear. 

jaw  (jaw),  n.  the  bones  of  the 
mouth  in  which  the  teeth  are 
placed  ;  mouth  ;  a  mechanical  con- 
trivance for  holding  the  inner  end 
of  a  vessel's  boom. 

jay  (jfi),  n.  a  crow-like,  chatter- 
ing bird  with  handsome  plumage. 

jeal-ons  (jel'us),  adj.  full  of,  or 
characterized  by,  jealousy ;  anx- 
iously suspicious  or  watchful. 

jeal-ons-y  (-i),  n.  suspicious  fear 
or  watchfulness,  especially  tho 
fear  of  being  supplanted  by  a 
rival. 

Syn.  suspicion,  envy. 

jean  (jen),  n.  twilled  undressed 
cotton  cloth. 


jeer  (jer),  v.t.  to  scoff  at;  ridi- 
cule :  v.i.  to  speak  in  a  derisive 
or  sarcastic  manner :  n.  a  scoff ; 
derision :  pi.  tackle  by  which  the 
lower  yards  of  a  vessel  are  hoisted 
or  lowered. 

Je-ho-vah  (je-ho'va),  n.  Lord; 
God  of  the  Hebrews. 

je-lm  ('hu),  n.  one  fond  of  driv- 
ing, especially  fast  driving  (2 
Kings,  ix.  20)  ;  coachman. 

je-june  (-jun'),  adj.  empty;  void 
of  interest. 

je-ju-num  (-ju'num),  n.  [pi.  je- 
juna ('na)],  that  portion  of  the 
small  intestines  between  the  duo- 
denum and  ileum. 

jel-ly  ('i),  n.  [pi.  jellies  ('iz)], 
the  stiffened  gelatinous  juice  of 
fruit,  meat,  &c.,  after  boiling ; 
any  semi-transparent  soft  gluey 
substance:  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  jel- 
lied, p.pr.  jellying],  to  turn  to, 
or  become,  jelly. 

jem-my  ('i),  n.  [pi.  jemmies 
('iz)],  a  short  crowbar  used  by 
burglars.  Also  jimmy. 

jen-net  (jen'et),  n.  a  small  Span- 
ish horse.  Also  genet. 

jen-ny  ('i),  n.  a  machine  for 
spinning ;  used  in  composition  for 
female,  as  jenny-wren,  jenny-ass, 
&c. 

jeop-ard  (jep'ard),  v.t.  to  expose 
to  loss  or  injury ;  hazard.  Also 
jeopardize. 

Syn.  hazard,  peril,  endanger. 

jeop-ard-y   (-i),  n.  hazard;  peril. 

jer-bo-a  (jer-bo'a),  n.  the  leaping 
mouse  of  Africa,  with  long  hind 
legs. 

jer-eed  (-ed'),  n.  a  javelin,  used 
in  Turkey  and  Persia  in  mock 
battles;  a  game  played  with 
jereeds.  Also  jerid. 

jer-e-mi-ad  (-e-mi'ad),  n.  lamen- 
tation, especially  over  modern  de- 
generacy :  from  the  Book  of  Lam- 
entations of  Jeremiah. 

jerk  (jerk),  v.t.  to  give  a  sudden 
pull,  twist,  or  push  to ;  throw 
with  a  sudden  quick  movement ; 
cut  into  long  strips  and  dry  in 
the  sun,  as  beef :  n.  a  sudden 
quick  pull,  twist,  or  push  ;  spas- 
modic movement ;  jerked  beef ; 
charqui. 

jer-kin    ('in),  n.  a  short  coat  or 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Jer 


492 


jacket ;    close    waistcoat ;    gyrfal- 
con ;  young  salmon. 

jer-ry  (jer'i).  adj.  constructed 
hastily,  and  of  bad  materials,  as 
a  jerry-built  house. 

Jer-sey  (jer'zi),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  Isle  of  Jersey,  or  to  its  breed 
of  cattle :  n.  a  close-fitting  thick 
woolen  shirt ;  fine  yarn  wool ;  of 
or  pertaining  to  New  Jersey. 

jess  (jes),  n.  a  leathern  strap 
fastened  to  the  leg  of  a  hawk,  to 
which  the  leash  is  attached. 

jes-se  (jes'e),  n.  a  large  branched 
candlestick  used  in  churches ; 
symbolizing  the  genealogical  tree 
of  Jesse  and  of  Jesus  Christ. 

jest  (jest),  «.  a  joke;  humorous 
pleasantry ;  fun ;  a  laughing- 
stock :  v.i.  to  joke ;  make  merri- 
ment ;  make  game  of. 

Syn.   joke,   sport,   divert,   make 
game  of. 

Jes-u-it  (jez'u-it),  n.  a  member 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Society  of 
Jesus,  founded  by  Ignatius  Loy- 
ola, 1534 ;  an  insidious,  crafty  in- 
triguer. 

Jes-u-it-ic  (-u-it'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  resembling,  the  Jesuits, 
their  principles,  or  practices ;  in- 
sidious ;  disingenuous.  Also  Jes- 
uitical. 

Jes-u-it  ism  ('u-it-izm),  n.  the 
principles,  system,  or  practices  of 
the  Jesuits  ;  subtle  duplicity  ;  dis- 
ingenuousness.  Also  Jesuitry. 

Jes-n-it's  bark  (bark),  n.  cin- 
chona. 

jet  (jet),  n.  a  stream  of  water 
suddenly  emitted ;  a  deep  black 
variety  of  lignite,  black  amber ;  a 
gas  branch ;  tube  for  running 
molten  metal  into  a  mold :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  jetted,  p.pr.  jetting], 
to  spout  out :  v.i.  to  shoot  or  jut 
out. 

jet-sain  ('sam),  n.  that  part  of  a 
ship's  cargo  which  is  thrown  into 
the  sea  to  lighten  the  vessel  in 
case  of  peril :  opposed  to  flot- 
sam. Also  jetsom,  jetson. 

jettison  ('i-sun),  n.  the  act  of 
throwing  goods  overboard  to 
lighten  a  vessel  in  case  of  peril : 
v.t.  to  throw  overboard  to  lighten 
a  vessel. 

jet-ty  ('i),  n.  [pi.  jetties  ('iz)L 
a  structure  extending  into  the 


water,  used  as  a  pier,  mole,  or 
wall,  to  restrain  or  direct  cur- 
rents ;  projection  of  a  building : 
v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  jettied,  p.pr.  jet- 
ting], to  jut  out  or  project. 

Jew  (joo),  n.  an  Israelite;  He- 
brew. Fern.  Jewess. 

jew-el  ('el),  n.  a  valuable  orna- 
ment ;  gem  ;  precious  stone ;  any- 
thing of  great  value  or  dear  to 
one :  v.t.  to  adorn  with,  or  as 
with,  jewels ;  furnish  with  jewels. 

jew-el-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  makes 
or  deals  in  jewels. 

jew-el-ry  ('ri),  n.  jewels  collect- 
ively ;  the  art  or  trade  of  a  jew- 
eler. 

Jew-ish.  ('ish),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  Jews,  their  language,  cus- 
toms, &c. 

Jew-ry  ('ri),  n.  Judaea;  a  dis- 
trict in  '  a  city  inhabited  by 
Jews ;  ghetto. 

jew's-harp  ('harp),  n.  a  small 
lyre-shaped  musical  instrument 
with  a  thin  metal  tongue  which, 
•when  placed  between  the  teeth 
and  vibrated,  emits  a  twanging 
sound. 

jib  (jib),  n.  a  large  triangular 
sail  projecting  beyond  the  bow- 
sprit ;  the  projecting  arm  or  beam 
of  a  crane ;  a  jibbing  horse :  v.i. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  jibbed,  p.pr.  jibbing], 
to  move  restlessly  backwards  or 
sideways :  said  of  a  horse. 

jib-boom  ('boom),  n.  a  spar  be- 
yond the  bowsprit,  on  which  the 
jib  is  set. 

jibe,  another  form  of  gibe. 

jif-fy  (jif'i),  n.  an  instant. 

jig  (jig),  n.  a  quick  lively  dance, 
or  music  for  such  a  dance ;  a  par- 
ticular kind  of  fish-hook :  v.i.  [p.t. 
&  P.P.  Jigged,  p.pr.  jigging],  to 
dance  a  jig :  v.t.  jerk  up  and  down. 

jig-ger  ('er),  n.  one  who  jigs;  a 
name  for  various  mechanical  con- 
trivances and  appliances ;  another 
form  of  chigoe. 

jig- jog  ('jog),  n.  a  jolting  mo- 
tion. 

jill  (jil),  n.  a  young  woman; 
sweetheart ;  the  female  of  a  ferret. 

jilt  (jilt),  n.  a  coquette  or  flirt: 
v.t.  to  encourage  (a  lover)  and 
then  discard  him :  v.i.  to  play  the 
jilt;  practice  deception  in  love. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


lira 


493 


ioi 


jim-my  (jim'i),  n.  a  burglar's 
tool.  See  jemmy. 

jim-son-weed  (jim'sun-wed),  n. 
stramonium. 

jin-gle  (jing'gl),  n.  a.  sharp  tink- 
ling metallic  sound ;  a  little  bell 
or  rattle ;  meaningless  rhyme ;  a 
covered  two-wheeled  Irish  car: 
v.i.  to  sound  with  a  jingle. 

jin-go  ('go),  n.  [pi.  jingoes 
('goz)],  one  of  a  party  of  Con- 
servatives wrho,  at  the  time  of  the 
Russo-Turkish  War  of  1877-7S. 
wished  Great  Britain  to  go  to 
war  with  Russia  :  named  from  a 
popular  song  of  the  day ;  a  mild 
oath  (with  hi/}. 

jin-go-ism  (-izm),  n.  the  jingo 
military  spirit. 

jin-nee  (jin'e),  «.  [pi.  jinn 
(Jin)],  the  good  and  evil  spirits  of 
Mohammedan  mythology  which 
sometimes  assume  human  shape. 
Also  genie,  jin,  jinn,  djinnee. 

jin-rik-i-sha  (-rik'i-sha),  n.  a 
small  Japanese  two-wheeled  car- 
riage, drawn  by  one  or  more  men. 
Also  jinriksha. 

jo    (jo),  «.  a  sweetheart  [Scotch]. 

job  (job).  ».  a  piece  of  work,  es- 
pecially of  a  temporary  or  chance 
nature ;  any  scheme  for  making 
money  or  securing  private  ad- 
vantage at  the  public  expense ; 
any  event  or  circumstance;  a 
sudden  stroke  or  thrust  with  a 
pointed  instrument:  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
•p.p.  jobbed,  p.pr.  jobbing] .  to  let 
out  for  hire;  buy  up  (goods)  and 
retail  them  :  punch  suddenly  with 
a  sharp  instrument :  v.i.  buy  and 
sell,  as  a  stock-broker ;  perform 
job  work;  let  out  or  hire  horses: 
work  for  one's  own  advantage 
under  the  guise  of  public  zeal. 

job-ber  (job'er).  n.  a  middleman, 
especially  one  who  acts  as  agent 
between  a  stock-broker  and  the 
public :  one  who  transacts  public 
business  for  his  own  private  in- 
terests. 

job-ber-y  (7>r-i).  n.  [pi.  jobberies 
(-iz)],  low  intriguing  for  private 
advantage  or  political  ends. 

jock-ey  (jok'i).  n.  [pi.  jockeys 
('iz)],  one  who  rides  a  horse  in  a 
race  ;  groom  ;  a  dealer  in  horses  ; 
cheat :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  jockeyed, 
p.pr.  jockeying],  to  cheat  or  de- 


ceive ;  jostle  against  by  riding  un- 
fairly. 

jo-cose  (jo-kos').  adj.  sportire : 
humorous. 

jp-cos-i-ty  (-kos'i-ti),  n.  the  qual- 
ity of  being  jocose. 

joc-n-lar  (jok'u-lar),  adj.  making 
jokes. 

joc-u-lar-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  merri- 
ment. 

joc-und  ('und).  adv.  jovial ;  sport- 
ive ;  gay. 

jo-cun-di-ty  (-cun'di-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  jocund. 

jog  (jog),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  jogged. 
p.pr.  jogging],  to  push  or  shake 
slightly,  usually  with  the  elbow 
or  hand,  by  way  of  reminder : 
stimulate :  v.i.  to  travel  along 
with  a  slow  trotting  motion :  n. 
a  slight  push  or  shake ;  slow  trot : 
stimulant. 

john-ny-cake  (-kak),  n.  a  flat 
maize  cake,  mixed  with  milk  or 
water,  quickly  prepared  at  an  or- 
dinary fire. 

join  (join),  v.t.  to  unite;  connect: 
associate ;  add  or  annex  :  to  unite 
in  marriage :  v.i.  to  adhere ;  be  in 
contact ;  be  associated  or  in  unity 
with  :  n.  a  joint  or  union. 

join-der  ('der),  n.  in  law,  the 
coupling  of  two  or  more  causes  of 
action  into  the  same  declaration. 

join-er  Cer).  n.  one  who,  or  that 
wnich,  joins,  especially  an  artisan 
who  finishes  the  woodwork  for 
houses,  &c. 

join-er-y  Cer-i),  n.  joiner's  work. 

joint  (joint),  n.  the  place  where 
two  or  more  things  join  ;  articu- 
lation of  limbs ;  node  or  inter- 
node  ;  hinge ;  a  fissure  dividing 
rock  masses  into  blocks ;  one  of 
the  larger  pieces  into  which  a  car- 
cass is  cut  up ;  a  place  of  low  re- 
sort, as  an  opium  joint :  adj.  pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  two  or 
more;  united  in  or  sharing:  v.t. 
to  form  with,  or  unite  by,  joints : 
cut  or  divide  into  joints,  as  meat. 

joint-stock  com-pa-ny  (-stok 
kum'pa-ni).  «.  a  company  the 
stock  or  capital  of  which  is  di- 
vided into  transferable  shares. 

join-ture  ('tur).  n.  landed  es- 
tate or  tenements  settled  on  a 
woman  in  consideration  of  her 
marriage,  to  be  enjoyed  by  her 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  miite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Jol 


494 


Jud 


after  the  death  of  her  husband : 
v.t.  to  settle  a  jointure  upon. 

joist  (joist),  n.  a  horizontal  tim- 
ber to  which  the  boards  of  a  floor 
or  laths  of  a  ceiling  are  fastened : 
v.t.  to  furnish  with  joists. 

joke  (jok).  n.  something  said  or 
done  to  excite  mirth  ;  jest ;  sport : 
v.i.  to  make  jokes :  v.t.  to  cast 
jokes  at ;  rally. 

jok-er  ('er),  n.  a  jester;  an  ex- 
tra card  used  in  the  game  of 
euchre. 

jol-li-fi-ca-tion  ( jol-i-fi-ku'shun) . 
n.  merry-making. 

jol-li-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  .the  state  of 
being  jolly. 

jol-ly  ('i),  adj.  [comparative  jol- 
lier, superlative  jolliest],  full  of 
life  and  mirth;  gay;  inspiring 
mirth;  excellent;  most  remark- 
able ;  companionable :  adv.  exceed- 
ingly :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  jollied,  p.pr. 
jollying],  to  joke  or  rally;  to 
treat  well  for  the  purpose  of 
obtaining  some  advantage. 

jolly-boat  (-bot),  n.  a  ship's 
small  boat. 

jolt  (jolt),  v.t.  to  shake  by  sud- 
den jerks :  v.i.  to  have  a  jerky 
motion  :  n.  a  sudden  jerk. 

jon-quil  ('kwil),  n.  a  bulbous 
plant  with  fragrant  flowers.  Also 
jonquille. 

jo-rum  (jo'rum),n.  a  large  drink- 
ing bowl. 

joss  (jos),  n.  a  Chinese  god  or 
idol. 

jos-tle  ('!),  v.t.  to  push  against; 
elbow. 

jot  (jot),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  jotted, 
p.pr.  jotting],  to  make  a  memo- 
randum of  (with  down)  :  n.  a 
tittle. 

joule  (joul),  n.  the  unit  of  elec- 
trical force  in  the  centimeter- 
gram-second  system. 

jour-nal  (jer'nal),  n.  a  record  of 
news  or  events ;  diary ;  a  book  in 
which  particular  transactions  are 
entered  from  the  day-book;  a 
ship's  log-book;  the  bearing  part 
of  the  shaft  of  a  machine. 

jour-iial-ism  (-izm),  n.  news- 
paper or  periodical  literature :  the 
influence  exercised  by  such  litera- 
ture ;  the  profession  of  a  journal- 
ist. 

journalist    (-ist),   n.   an   editor, 


or  contributor  to  a  journal  or 
newspaper ;  one  who  keeps  a 
journal. 

jour-nal -is-tic  (-is'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  journals,  journalists, 
or  journalism. 

jour-ney  (jer'ni),  n.  passage  from 
one  place  to  another :  a  day's 
work  or  travel :  v.i.  to  travel  from 
one  place  to  another. 

Syn.  travel,  tour,  passage. 

jour-ney-man.  (-man),  n.  [pi. 
journeymen  (-men)],  a  mechanic 
who  has  served  his  apprentice- 
ship. 

joust  (joost),  n.  a  mediaeval 
mock  combat  with  blunted  lances 
between  two  mounted  knights : 
v.i.  to  engage  in  such  a  combat. 

jov-i-al  (jov'i-al),  adj.  convivial; 
merry. 

jpv-i-al-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  convivial- 
ity ;  mirth. 

jo-vi-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  with  jovial- 
ity. 

jowl   (joul),  n.  the  jaw  or  cheek; 

^head  of  a  fish. 

joy  (Joi),  ».  exhilaration  of 
spirits  ;  gaiety  ;  gladness  :  v.i.  to 
rejoice  or  be  glad. 

Syn.  gladness,  mirth,  delight. 
Ant.    (see  srief). 

joy-ful  ('fool),  adj.  full  of  joy. 
Syn.  glad,  rejoicing,  exultant. 
Ant.  (see  mournful). 

jubilant  (joo'bi-lant) .  adj.  ex- 
pressing exultation  ;  triumphant. 

ju-bi-late  ('bi-lat),  v.i.  to  ex- 
press exultation. 

ju-bi-la-tion      (-Ifi'shun),      n.     a 
louting   for   joy ;   declaration   of 
triumph. 

ju-bi-lee  ('bi-le),  n.  a  Jewish 
festival  celebrated  every  50th 
year,  to  commemorate  the  deliver- 
ance of  the  Israelites  from  Egyp- 
tian bondage;  the  50th  anniver- 
sary of  any  event ;  a  year  of 
special  indulgence  granted  by  the 
Pope  every  25th  year. 

Ju-dje-an  (-de'an),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Judaea.  &c. 

Ju-da-ic  (-da'ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  Jews.  Also  Judaical. 

Ju-da-ize  (-Iz),  v.i.  to  conform  to 
the  rites  and  doctrines  of  the 
Jews :  v.t.  bring  into  conformity 
with  Judaism. 

Ju  da-ism  ('da-izm).  n.  the  re- 
ligious rites  and  doctrines  of  the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch.  lot ;  m65n, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


jud 


455 


jun 


Jews ;  conformity  to  Jewish  rites 
and    doctrines. 

judge  (juj),  n.  the  presiding 
official  in  a  court  of  law,  having 
authority  to  hear  and  determine 
civil  and  criminal  causes ;  arbitra- 
tor ;  connoisseur ;  one  of  the  chief 
rulers  of  the  Israelites  from  the 
death  of  Joshua  to  the  kingship 
of  Saul :  v.t.  to  examine  and  pass 
sentence  upon  ;  distinguish  ;  con- 
sider :  v.t.  to  come  to  a  con- 
clusion by  comparison  and  con- 
sideration ;  hear  and  determine  a 
case,  and  pass  sentence. 

Syn.  justice,  referee,  arbitrator. 

judg-ment  ('ment),  n.  the  act  of 
judging ;  a  judicial  decision ; 
mental  faculty  of  deciding  cor- 
rectly by  the  comparison  of  facts 
and  ideas ;  penetration ;  intelli- 
gence ;  criticism  ;  opinion  ;  punish- 
ment inflicted  by  God ;  the  final 
trial  of  mankind  by  God  (with 
the)  ;  judgment-day. 

•S'//H.     discernment,     discrimina- 
tion,   understanding. 

ju-di-ca-ture  Cdi-ka-tur),  n.  a 
court  of  justice ;  power  of  dis- 
ppusing  justice  by  legal  trial  and 
judgment. 

ju-di  cial  (-di'shal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  courts  of  justice  or  to  the 
administration  of  justice;  pro- 
'••i-ding  from,  or  inflicted  by,  a 
court  of  justice :  impartial. 

ju-di-cial-ly  (-11),  adv.  in  a  judi- 
cial manner. 

ju-di-ci-a-ry  ('i-a-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to  courts  of  justice  :  pass- 
ing judgment:  n.  judges  collect- 
ively ;  that  branch  of  a  govern- 
ment concerned  with  the  adminis- 
tration of  civil  and  criminal  law. 

jii-di-cioiis  ('shus),  adj.  prudent; 
discreet. 

jug,  v.t.  to  put  into  a  jug ;  to  cook 
in  a  jug ;  to  imprison :  v.i.  to 
imitate  the  cry  of  a  nightingale; 
to  nestle  together  as  birds :  n.  an  | 
earthenware  vessel  with  a  handle, 
used  to  carry  liquids ;  a  jail  or 
prison. 

jug-gle  (jug'l),  v.t.  to  cheat  by 
artifice :  v.i.  to  conjure :  n.  a 
trick  by  sleight  of  hand ;  impost- 
ure. 

jug-gle-ry     ('ler-i).    n.    [pi.    jug- 


gleries (-iz)],  legerdemain;  im- 
posture. 

jug-n-lar  ('u-lar),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  neck  or  throat  or  jugular 
vein :  n.  a  jugular  vein. 

juice  (joos),  n.  sap;  the  fluid 
parts  of  animal  bodies. 

jui-cy   (joo'si),  adj.  full  of  juice. 

ju-jube  CJoob).  n.  a  kind  of 
lozenge ;  the  edible  fruit  of  a 
shrub. 

ju-lep  ('lep),  n.  a  drink  composed 
of  brandy  or  whisky  sweetened 
and  flavored  ;  a  mixture  of  sugar 
and  water  serving  as  a  vehicle 
for  administering  medicine. 

Ju-liau  ('lian-),  adj.  pertaining 
to  Julius  Ca?sar,  or  to  the  Julian 
calendar  as  adjusted  by  Julius 
Caesar  46  B.C.  :  replaced  by 
the  Gregorian  year  (New  Style) 
in  England,  17-12. 

Ju-ly  (ju-li'),  n.  the  seventh 
month  of  the  year,  so  named  from 
Julius  Caesar. 

jum-ble  (jum'bl),  n.  a  confused 
mass ;  a  kind  of  thin  cake :  v.t.  to 
mix  in  a  confused  mass ;  throw 
together  without  order :  v.i.  to 
mix  or  unite  confusedly. 

jum-bo  Cbo).  n.  a  huge  person 
or  animal. 

jump  (jump),  n.  a  spring  or 
bound ;  the  space  jumped ;  in 
mining,  a  fault:  v.t.  to  cause  to 
spring  or  bound :  leap  over ;  to 
take  possession  of  (a  mining 
claim)  during  the  absence  of  its 
owner :  v.i.  to  spring  upward  or 
forward. 

jump-er  Cer),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  jumps ;  a  name  ap- 
plied to  certain  religious  sects 
who  practice  dancing  under  re- 
ligious excitement ;  a  hooded 
Arctic  fur  jacket. 

junction  ( jungk'shun) .  n.  the 
act.  of  being  joined ;  union ;  a 
point  or  place  of  union. 

junc-ture  Ctiir),  n.  the  point  or 
line  at  which  two  bodies  are 
joined  ;  joint ;  articulation  ;  par- 
ticular or  critical  occasion. 

June  (jun),  n.  the  sixth  month  of 
the  year. 

jnn-gle  (jung'gl).  n.  a  dense 
tropical  thicket  of  forest  trees, 
brushwood,  tall  grasses,  &c. 

jun-ior   (joon'yer),  adj.  younger; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  hf-r.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Jun 


496 


jux 


of  lower  standing;  pertaining  to 
youth  :  n.  the  younger  of  two  ;  one 
of  lower  standing. 

ju-ni-or-i-ty  (-yor'i-ti),  n.  junior 
state. 

ju-ni-per  (joo'ni-per),  n.  a  shrub, 
the  berries  of  which  are  used  in 
flavoring  gin. 

junk  (jungk),  n.  short  pieces  of 
old  cable,  rope,  &c.,  used  for  mak- 
ing mats,  oakum.  &c. ;  hard  salt 
ship  beef ;  a  Chinese  flat-bot- 
tomed vessel  with  a  square  bow 
and  high  stem,  having  the  mast  in 
one  piece. 

jun-ket  (jung'ket),  n.  a  prepara- 
tion of  curds  and  cream  ;  a  va- 
riety of  sweetmeat ;  excursion  ; 
picnic :  v.i.  to  participate  in  an 
excursion  or  picnic. 

jun-ta  (jun'tfi),  n.  a  legislative 
assembly  or  council. 

jnn-to  ('to),  n.  [pi.  juntos 
('toz)],  a  secret  council  of  state; 
faction ;  cabal. 

jn-pon  (joo'pon),  n.  a  petticoat. 
Also  jupe. 

ju-rid-ic-al  f-rid'ik-al).  adj.  per- 
taining to  law,  judicial  proceed- 
ings, or  jurisprudence. 

ju-ris-con-sult  (-ris-kon'sult),  n. 
a  jurist. 

ju-rts-dic-tion  (dik'shun).  n.  le- 
gal authority:  extent  of  power; 
district  over  which  any  authority 
extends. 

ju-ris-pru-dence  (-proo'dens).  n. 
legal  science ;  system  of  laws  of  a 
country. 

ju-rist  ('rist),  n.  one  skilled  in 
legal  science. 

ju-ror   ('rer),  n.  a  juryman. 

jn-ry  ('ri),  n.  a  body  of  men. 
usually  twelve,  selected  according 
to  law  and  sworn  to  inquire  into 
or  decide  on  the  evidence  before 
them  ;  a  committee  of  experts  se- 
lected to  award  prizes,  &c.,  at  a 
public  exhibition,  &c. 

ju  ry-mast  (-mast),  n.  a  tempo- 
rary mast. 


jus  (jus),  n.  a  right  that  may  be 
legally  enforced. 

just  (just),  adj.  conformable  to 
divine  or  human  laws;  upright; 
impartial  :  faithful ;  exact :  regu- 
lar; fair:  adv.  exactly;  barely; 
nearly  ;  almost ;  perfectly. 

jus-tice  (jus'tis),  n.  the  quality 
of  being  just ;  rectitude  in  deal- 
ing with  others;  impartiality;  a 
judge  or  magistrate. 

tiyn.    equity    right.     Justice    is 
right     as     established     by     law ; 
equity    according   to    the    circum- 
stances  of   each    particular   case. 
Ant.   (see  injustice). 

jus-tic-i-a-ry  (-tish'i-a-ri),  n.  \i>l. 
justiciaries  (-riz)],  a  judge. 

jus-ti-fi-a-ble  ('ti-fi-a-bl),  adj.  de- 
fensible. 

jus-ti-fi-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  so  as 
to  be  justifiable. 

jus-ti-fi-ca-tion  (-ka'shun).  n.  the 
act  of  justifying ;  vindication  or 
defense ;  the  act  of  acceptance  of 
a  man  by  God  as  justified  by  the 
merits  of  Jesus  Christ. 

jus-ti-fy  ('ti-fp,  y.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
justified,  p.pr.  justifying],  to  show 
or  prove  to  be  just  or  right ;  vin- 
dicate ;  pardon ;  accept  and  treat 
as  just  on  the  ground  of  faith  and 
repentance :  v.i.  to  conform  to 
each  other  by  proper  spacing,  as 
lines  of  type. 

jut  (jut),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  jutted. 
p.pr.  jutting],  project  beyond  the 
main  body. 

jute  (joot),  n.  the  fiber  of  an 
East  Indian  plant  used  for  ropes, 
bagging,  mats,  &c. 

ju-ve-nes-cence  ( jod-ve-nes'ens ) , 
n.  a  growing  young. 

ju-ve-nes-cen.t  ('ent),  adj.  be- 
coming young. 

ju-ve-nile  ('ve-nil).  ndj.  youth- 
ful; characteristic  of,  cr  suitable 
to,  youth  :  n.  a  young  person. 

ju-ve-nil-i-ty  (-nil'i-ti),  n.  youth- 
fulness. 

jnxta,  a   prefix  meaning  near,  as 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rchv  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


kaa 


497 


kee 


K 


Ka-a-ba  (kii'bfi),  n.  the  shrine  at 
Mecca  towards  which  all  Moham- 
medans turn  when  praying. 

Kaf-fir  (kaf'er),  n.  any  member 
of  one  of  the  Bantu  tribes  of 
South  Africa ;  the  Kaffir  lan- 
guage ;  one  of  a  non-Mohammed- 
an race  of  Northern  Afghanistan  ; 
an  infidel.  Also  Kafir,  Kaffre, 
Caffre. 

kaf-tan  (kaftan),  n.  a  kind  of 
vest  worn  in  Oriental  countries. 
Also  caftan. 

kag-o  (kag'o),  n.  a  Japanese 
palanquin. 

kai-ser  (ki'zer),  n.  the  title  of 
the  emperors  of  Germany  and 
Austria. 

ka-ki  (ka'ke),  n.  the  Japanese 
date-plum. 

kale  (kal),  n.  a  cabbage  with  open 
curled  leaves ;  sea-kale.  Also 
kail. 

ka-lei-do-scope  (ka-H'do-skop) , 
n.  an  optical  instrument  which 
by  an  arrangement  of  mirrors 
causes  objects  viewed  through  it 
to  appear  in  a  variety  of  sym- 
metrical and  beautiful  patterns. 

kal-cn-clar,  kal  ends,  see  cal- 
endar, <ftc. 

ka-li  (ka'le),  n.  a  species  of  glass- 
wort,  the  ashes  of  which  are 
used  in  glass  manufacture ; 
caustic  potash  ;  a  Persian  carpet. 

ka-lif,  same  as  caliph. 

Kal-mnck  (kal'muk),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Western  Mongols, 
or  to  their  language. 

kal-muck,  n.  a  rough  hairy  kind 
of  cloth. 

ka-mi  (kii'rni),  n.  a  Japanese 
title  equivalent  to  English  Lord. 

ka-mis  (-mes'),  n.  a  long  shirt 
worn  by  Mohammedans. 

Ka-na-ka  (ka-na'ka),  n.  a  Sand- 
wich Islander. 

kan-ga-roo  (kang-gS-roo').  n.  a 
herbivorous  marsupial  mammal 
peculiar  to  Australia,  having 
short  fore  legs  and  long  powerful 
hind  legs,  with  which  it  leaps. 


ka-o-lin  (ka'6-lin),  n.  china  or 
porcelain  clay. 

kar-at,  same  as  carat. 

karyo,  a  prefix  meaning  nucleus, 
occurring  in  various  scientific 
words. 

kat-a-ka-na  (kat-a-ka'na),  n.  the 
square  style  of  writing  of  the 
Japanese. 

ka-yak  (ka'yak),  n.  an  Eskimo 
sealskin  canoe.  Also  kaiak,  kajak. 

kea  (ke'a),  n.  a  New  Zealand 
parrot,  which  feeds  on  carrion 
and  attacks  sheep. 

keck-le  (kek'l),  v.t.  to  preserve 
(a  rope,  &c.)  from  chafing  by  a 
covering  of  canvas,  &c. 

kedge  (kej),  n.  a  light  anchor 
used  in  warping :  v.t.  to  warp. 

keel  (kel),  n.  the  chief  and 
lowest  timber  of  a  vessel  extend- 
ing from  stem  to  stern  and  sup- 
porting the  whole  frame:  hence 
a  ship ;  a  low,  flat-bottomed  coal- 
barge  ;  the  lowest  petals  of  the 
corolla  of  a  papilionaceous 
flower ;  carina :  v.t.  to  furnish 
with  a  keel :  v.i.  turn  up  the  keel ; 
give  up. 

keel-boat  Cbot),  n.  a  large 
covered  freight  boat. 

keel-haul  ('hawl),  v.t.  to  drag 
under  water  beneath  the  bottom 
of  a  ship  from  one  side  to  the 
other :  formerly  a  naval  punish- 
ment; reprimand  sternly. 

keel-son  f'sun),  n.  a  beam  or 
timber  laid  on  the  middle  of  the 
floor  timbers  over  the  keel  of  a 
vessel  to  strengthen  it.  Kelson. 

keen  (ken),  adj.  sharp;  eager; 
piercing  ;  bitter ;  acute :  n.  a  shrill 
bitter  wail  [Irish]. 

keep  (kep),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  kept, 
p.pr.  keeping],  to  have  the  care 
of  ;  guard  ;  preserve  ;  maintain  ; 
do  ;  observe ;  fulfil ;  supply  with 
the  necessaries  of  life ;  detain ; 
confine :  v.i.  to  remain  in  any 
state  or  condition  :  n.  subsistence  ; 
the  stronghold  or  donjon  of  a 
mediaeval  castle. 
Syn.  preserve,  save. 
Ant.  (see  abandon). 


Ifite,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  porch,  lot;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


kee 


498 


kid 


keep-ing  ('in?),  n.  care  ;  custody  ; 

charge  ;     subsistence  ;     harmony  ; 

congruity. 
keep-sake     ('sak),    n.    something 

kept  as  a_souvenir  of  the  giver. 
keeve    (kev),    n.    a    large   vat   or 

tub. 

keg  (keg),  n.  a  small  barrel. 
kelp   (kelp),  n.  the  calcined  ashes 

of    sea-weeds,    from    which    iodine 

is  obtained ;    a  large  coarse  sea- 
weed or  wrack. 
kel-pie    (kel'pi),   n.   a  malevolent 

water-sprite,  supposed  to  take  the 

form   of  a   horse. 
Kelt,  same  as  Celt. 
kemp     (kemp),    n.    coarse    rough 

hair  or  wool ;  refuse  of  fur. 
ken    (ken),   n.   view;   knowledge: 

v.t.     [p.t.    &    p.p.    kenned,    p.pr. 

kenning],       to       know:       descry 

[Scotch]. 
ken-dal   ('dal),  n.  a  coarse  green 

cloth. 
ken-nel    ('el),   n.   a   house   for   a 

dog   or   pack  of   hounds ;    lair   of 

a  fox  ;  street  gutter  ;  vile  lodging  : 

v.t.    to  confine   in   a   kennel :    v.i. 

to  live  in  a  kennel. 
ke-no     (ke'no),     n.     a    game     of 

chance  played  with  numbered  balls 

and   care's. 
kep-i    (kep'i).    n.   a   military   cap 

with  a   straight  vizor. 
ker-a-tin       (ker'a-tin),      n.      the 

principal     constituent     of     hair, 

nails,   and  horn. 
ke-rite    (ke'rit),  n.  an  insulating 

material  made  cf  vulcanized  rub- 
ber. 
ker-mes     (ker'mez),    n.  the    dried 

bodies     of     a     cochineal      insect 

(Coccus      ilicis),      furnishing      a 

scarlet    dye :    an    oxysulphide    of 

antimony  of  a  deep  cherry  color; 

a  festival  or  fair. 
kern    (kern),   n.   the  overhanging 

part  of  a  type. 
kernel   Cel).  n.  a  grain  or  seed; 

the  edible  substance  of  a  nut  or 

fruit   stone;   essence. 
ker-o-sene      ('6-sen),     n.     refined 

petroleum. 
Ker-ry    ('i),  n.  an  Irish  breed  of 

rattle. 

ker-sey  ('7.0,  n.  a  coarse  smooth- 
faced cloth. 
ker-sey  mere     (-mer),    n.    cassi- 

mere. 


kes-trel  (kes'trel),  n.  a  kind  of 
hawk. 

ketch  (kech).  n.  a  stoutly-built, 
two-masted,  fore-and-aft  rigged 
vessel. 

ketch-up  ('up),  n.  a  sauce  pre- 
pared from  tomatoes,  mushrooms, 
&c.  Also  catsup  and  catchup. 

ket-tle  (ket'l),  n.  a  metallic  ves- 
sel for  boiling  liquids. 

ket-tle-drum  ('drum),  n.  a  hemi- 
spherical copper  drum ;  afternoon 
tea  party. 

key  (ke),  n.  a  portable  metal  in- 
strument for  operating  a  lock ; 
an  instrument  by  which  something 
is  turned,  secured,  or  operated 
upon  ;  clef  ;  solution  ;  literal  trans- 
lation :  v.t.  fasten  or  connected 
with  a  key. 

key-note  ('not),  n.  the  fundamen- 
tal note ;  ruling  principle. 

key-stone  ('ston),  n.  central  stone 
of  an  arch. 

khaki  (kil'ki),  n.  a  light  drab- 
colored  cloth. 

khan  (kiln),  n.  an  Asiatic  prince, 
chief,  or  governor ;  a  caravan- 
serai. 

khan-ate  ('at),  n.  the  jurisdiction 
of  a  khan. 

khed-ive  (ked-eV),  n.  the  official 
title  of  the  Viceroy  of  Egypt. 

khed-e-vi-ate  (-e'vi-at),  n.  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  khediv. 

kick  (kik).  n.  a  blow  writh  the 
foot ;  a  recoil :  v.t.  to  strike  with 
the  foot :  v.i.  recoil ;  resist. 

kick-shaw  ('shaw),  n.  something 
fanciful  or  out  of  the  way ;  a 
delicacy. 

kid  (kid),  n.  the  young  of  the 
goat,  or  its  soft  skin  used  for 
gloves,  &c. ;  a  child ;  a  small 
wooden  tub  :  adj.  made  of  kid  :  v.i. 
\p.t.  &  p.p.  kidded,  p.pr.  kid- 
ding], to  bring  forth  a  kid:  v.t. 
to  furnish  or  cover  with  kid ; 
humbug. 

kid-die  (kid'l),  n.  a  wicker  fish- 
weir. 

kid-nap  ('nap),  v.t.  to  get  forci- 
ble and  illegal  possession  of  (hu- 
man beings,  especially  children). 

kid-ney  Cni),  n.  [pi.  kidneys 
('niz)],  one  of  two  oblong  flat- 
tened organs  which  separate  the 
urine  from  the  blood ;  anything 
resembling  a  kidney ;  sort  or  kind. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  theu. 


kil 


499 


kit 


kil-erg  (kil'erg),  n.  a  unit  of 
energy  =  1,000  ergs. 

kill  (kil),  v.t.  to  deprive  of  life; 
destroy ;  slay. 

Syn.  assassinate,   murder,   slay. 

kiln  (kil),  n.  a  furnace,  oven,  or 
pile  for  burning,  drying,  or  hard- 
ening. 

kil-o-gramme  ('o-gram),  n. 
1,000  grammes  =  2.2046  Ibs. 

kil-o-li-ter  (-le'tr),  n.  [Fr.]  1.000 
liters  =  220  imperial  gals, 
(about) . 

kil-o-me-ter  (-me'tr),  n.  [Fr.] 
1.000  meters  =  3,280.8  feet. 

kilt  (kilt),  n.  a  short  petticoat  or 
philibeg  of  the  Scottish  High- 
landers :  v.t.  to  form  into  broad, 
flat  plaits;  tuck  up  [Scotch]. 

ki  mo-no  (ki-mo'no),  n.  the  loose 
outer  robe  of  the  Japanese. 

kin  (kin),  n.  consanguinity;  re- 
lationship ;  kindred ;  a  Chinese 
lute. 

kind  (kind),  adj.  benevolent;  in- 
dulgent; affectionate:  sympathet- 
ic :  n.  genus  or  species  ;  quality  ; 
variety  ;  sort. 

kin  -  der  -  gar  -  ten  (kin'der-gar- 
ten),  n.  a  school  for  young  chil- 
dren in  which  they  are  taught  by 
diverting  object  lessons,  &c. 

kin-die  (kind'l).  v.t.  to  set  fire 
to;  inflame. 

kind-li-ness  (kind'li-nes),  n. 
kindly  disposition. 

kind-ly  ('li),  adj.  [comp.  kindlier, 
snpcrl.  kindliest],  benevolent; 
sympathetic  ;  beneficial ;  natural : 
adv.  in  a  kindly  manner. 

kind-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  kind;  a  kind  act. 

kin  dred  (kin'dred),  adj.  of  like 
nature  or  character;  cognate:  n. 
relationship  by  birth  or  mar- 
riage ;  consanguinity. 

N///I.  amnity,  consanguinity,  re- 
lationship. 

kinematics  (kin-e-mat'iks) ,  n. 
tlio  science  of  pure  motion. 

ki-net-ic  (ki-net'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  imparting,  motion  ; 
active :  n.pl.  that  branch  of 
dynamics  which  treats  of  the 
action  of  forces  in  causing  or 
influencing  motion. 

ki-ne-to-graph  ( -nf-'fri-grfif ).  n. 
an  apparatus  for  taking  photo- 
graphs of  moving  objects  and 


afterwards  reproducing  them  on 
a  screen,  as  if  in  actual  motion. 

king  (king),  n.  a  male  sovereign 
or  ruler ;  a  piece  or  card  repre- 
senting a  king  in  a  game ;  one 
who  is  specially  distinguished  in 
the  same  class  or  kind. 

kingdom  Cduinl.  n.  the  terri- 
tory ruled  by  a  king  or  queen ; 
royal  authority ;  sphere  of  in- 
fluence ;  primary  division. 

king-fish-er  (-er).  n.  a  fish-eating 
bird  with  bright  blue  and  green 
or  slate-blue  and  white  plumage. 

king-wood  ('wood),  n.  a  hard 
violet-tinted  wood  imported  from 
IJrazil:  used  in  turnery  and  cab- 
inet-making. 

kink  (kingk).  n.  a  twist  in  a  rope 
or  thread  when  doubled ;  whim : 
r.t.  A  r.i.  to  form  kinks. 

kin-ka-jou  (king'ku-joo).  n.  a 
South  American  carnivorous 
mammal  with  a  long  prehensile 
tail. 

kin-ni-ki-nic  (kin-i-ki-nik'),  n.  a 
kind  of  tobacco  smoked  by  the 
American  Indians,  made  of  the 
leaves  of  the  sumac,  willow,  &c. 

ki-no  (ki'no),  n.  an  astringent 
gum,  used  in  medicine,  tanning, 
&c. 

kins-folk   (kins'fok).  ».  relatives. 

ki-osk  (ki-osk'),  n.  a  Turkish 
open  pavilion  or  summer  house. 

kip  (kip),  n.  the  untanned  skin 
of  a  calf  or  small  cattle. 

kip-per  ('er).  n.  a  salmon  after 
snnwning;  a  salmon,  herring,  &c., 
cut  open,  salted,  and  smoke-dried : 
r.t.  to  cure,  as  a  salmon. 

kirk  (kerk),  n.  a  church;  the 
Church  of  Scotland  (with  the) 
[Scotch]. 

kir-tle  (ker'tl),  n.  an  upper  gar- 
ment ;  petticoat :  v.t.  to  array  in 
a  kirtle. 

kismet  (kis'met).  n.  fate;  des- 
tiny. 

kiss  (kis),  n.  a  salute  or  caress 
with  the  lips:  a  slight  touch:  r.t. 
to  salute  with  the  lips ;  touch 
sliehtly :  v.i.  to  caress  mutually 
with  the  lips. 

kist   (kist),  n.  a  chest  or  box. 

kit  (kit),  n.  a  small  wooden  tub; 
a  small  violin :  traveling  neces- 
saries, outfit,  &c. ;  set:  a  large 
bottle :  a  family  or  brood. 

kit-cat     (kit'kat),    n.    a    portrait 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he",  her.  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


kit 


500 


kno 


l's  x  36  in.  showing  half  the 
length. 

kitch-en  (kich'en),  n.  a  room  set 
apart  for  cooking ;  ship's  galley : 
</(/.;.  pertaining  to  the  kitchen. 

kitch-en-er  (-Or),  n.  a  cooking 
range. 

kite  (kit),  n.  a  rapacious  bird  of 
prey ;  a  light  frame  of  wood  cov- 
ered with  paper  or  linen  for  fly- 
ing in  the  air ;  a  light  lofty  sail ; 
an  accommodation  bill. 

kith    (kith),  n.  acquaintance. 

kit-ten   (kit'n).  «._a  young  cat. 

kit-ti-wake    ('i-wak),    n.    a   gull. 

ki-wi  (ke'wi),  n.  a  New  Zealand 
bird  with  a  long  bill. 

klep-to-ma-ni-a  (klep-to-ma'ni-a) , 
n.  a  form  of  insanity  manifesting 
itself  in  an  irresistible  propensity 
to  steal. 

klep-tp-ma-ni-ac  ('ni-ak),  n.  one 
who  is  under  the  influence  of 
kleptomania. 

knack  (nak),  n.  adroitness;  dex- 
terity. 

knack-er  ('er),  n.  a  horse- 
slaughterer  ;  dealer  in  worn-out 
horses. 

knap-sack  (nap'sak),  n.  a  leath- 
er or  cloth  traveling  case  carried 
on  the  back. 

knap- weed  ('wed),  n.  a  purple- 
flowered  plant ;  bachelor's  button. 

knave  (nav),  n.  a  dishonest  or 
deceitful  person  ;  a  court-card  with 
the  figure  of  a  soldier  or  servant. 

knav-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  [pi.  knaver- 
ies (-iz)],  dishonesty;  fraud;  de- 
ceit. 

knavish  ('ish),  adj.  dishonest; 
mischievous. 

knead  (ned),  v.t.  to  work  into 
a  mass,  as  dough ;  operate  upon  in 
massage ;  mold. 

knee  (ne),  n.  the  articulation  of 
the  log  and  thigh  bones;  anything 
resembling  a  knee :  v.t.  to  connect 
or  strengthen  with  knees. 

knee-breech-es  ('brich-ez),  n.pl. 
breeches  reaching  just  below  the 
knee. 

knee-cap  ('kap),  n.  a  flattened 
<>\;il  bone  on  the  forepart  of  the 
knee-joint ;  patella.  Also  knee- 
pan. 

kneel  (nel),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  knelt, 
p.pr.  kneeling],  to  bend,  or  fall 
upon,  the  knees. 


knell  (nel),  n.  tin-  sound  of  a 
bell  when  struck,  especially  a 
funeral  bell ;  an  ill  omen :  v.t.  & 
r.i.  to  sound  or  toll,  as  a  funeral 
bell. 

knick-er-bock-ers  (nik'er-bok- 
erz),  n.pl.  wide  breeches  gathered 
in  below  the  knee. 

knick-knack  ('nak),  n.  a  little 
ornamental  trifle ;  kickshaw. 

knife  (nif),  n.  [pi.  knives 
(nlvz)],  a  cutting  instrument 
with  a  sharp-edged  blade  set  in  a 
handle  :  v.t.  to  stab  with  a  knife. 

knight  (nit),  n.  one  who  holds 
non-hereditary  rank  next  below 
a  baronet,  entitling  him  to  the 
prefix  *S'(V;  in  mediaeval  times, 
one  of  gentle  birth,  who,  after 
serving  as  an  esquire,  was  ad- 
mitted by  certain  ceremonies  to 
military  rank  ;  a  champion  ;  lover  ; 
one  of  the  pieces  in  chess :  v.t. 
to  confer  the  honor  of  knight- 
hood upon. 

knight-age  ('aj),  n.  knights  col- 
lectively. 

knight-er-rant  (-er'ant),  n.  [/>/. 
knights-errant],  in  the  Middle 
Ages,  a  knight  who  went  in  quest 
of  adventure,  to  show  his  prow- 
ess, chivalry,  &c. 

knight- er-ran-try  (-tri),  n.  the 
practices  or  customs  of  knights- 
errant. 

knight-hood  ('hood),  n.  the 
character,  rank,  or  dignity,  of  a 
knight. 

knit  (nit),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  knitted, 
p.pr.  knitting],  to  tie,  unite,  or 
draw  together ;  weave  together  by 
needles ;  contract. 

knit-ting  ('ing),  n.  the  work  of 
a  knitter ;  the  netted  fabric  thus 
woven  ;  union. 

knob  (nob),  n.  the  rounded  handle 
of  a  door,  &c. ;  round  protuber- 
ance ;  knoll. 

knob-by    ('i),   adj.   full  of  knobs. 

knock  (nok),  n.  a  blow  or  stroke 
with  something  hard  or  heavy : 
rap :  v.t.  to  give  a  blow  to ;  drive 
or  strike  against:  v.i.  to  strike 
a  blow  with  something  hard  or 
heavy. 

knock-out  ('out),  n.  a  mechani- 
cal device  for  throwing  out  fin- 
ished work ;  a  knock-down  blow 
ending  in  a  fight. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


kno 


501 


kro 


knoll  (nol),  n.  a  rounded  hillock; 
hilltop. 

knop  (nop),  «.  an  architectural 
ornament  of  clustered  leaves  and 
flowers ;  button. 

knot  (not),  n.  an  interweaving 
or  tying  of  thread  or  cord.  &c. ; 
anything  resembling  a  kn&t ;  en- 
tanglement ;  difficulty ;  a  hard 
part  in  a  piece  of  wood ;  part  of 
a  tree  where  the  branches  shoot 
out:  a  division  of  a  log-line  (each 
47.42  ft.)  ;  a  nautical  mile  = 
2,025  yds. ;  bond  of  union  ;  group  ; 
the  red-breasted  sand-piper :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  knotted,  p. pr.  knot- 
ting], to  tie  in  a  knot;  unite 
firmly  or  closely :  v .i.  form  knots 
or  joints ;  make  knots  for  fringe. 

knot-ting  ('ing),  n.  a  kind  of 
lace  work ;  a  paint  of  red  lead, 
&c.,  for  protecting  metal. 

knot-ty  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  knottier, 
xnprrl.  knottiest],  full  of  knots; 
rugged ;  difficult. 

knout  (nout),  n.  a  leathern 
whip  formerly  used  as  a  punish- 
ment in  Russia :  v.t.  to  punish 
with  the  knout. 

know    (no),   v.t.    [p.t.   knew,   p.p. 
known,    p.pr.    knowing],    to    per- 
ceive with   the  mind ;   understand 
clearly  ;   have  knowledge  of  ;   dis- 1 
tinguish  :  v.i.  to  be  informed. 

knowing     ('ing),    p.adj.    having  j 
knowledge ;    intelligent ;    shrewd  ; 
cunning ;  stylish. 

knowl-edge  (nol'ej),  n.  clear 
perception  of  a  truth  or  fact ; 
erudition ;  skill  from  practice ; 
acquaintance ;  information. 

Syn.     erudition,     learning,    sci- 
ence. 

Ant.   (see  ignorance). 

knuckle  (nuk'l).  n.  the  project- 
ing joint  of  the  fingers ;  the  knee- 
joint  of  a  calf  or  pig :  v.i.  to  bend 
the  fingers ;  yield  or  submit. 

knur  (ner),  n.  a  hard  knot  or 
protuberance.  Also  knurl. 

ko-a  (ko'a),  n.  a  Hawaiian  tree 
of  the  Acacia  genus  yielding  a 
valuable  timber. 

ko  bold,     (ko'bold),    n.    a    dwarf 
goblin       or      sprite      frequenting  i 
houses,  mines,  and  caves. 

ko-dak      ('dak),     «.     a     portable, 
camera    for   taking   instantaneous , 


photographs :  v.t.  to  take  an  in- 
stantaneous picture  of. 

koff  (kof),  n.  a  Dutch  fishing- 
vessel. 

kohl  (kol).  n.  powdered  an- 
timony, used  in  the  East  for  im- 
parting luster  to  the  eyes. 

kohl-ra-bi  ('ra-bi),  n.  a  variety 
of  cabbage. 

kok-ra-wood  (kok'rft-wood),  n. 
the  wood  of  an  Indian  tree,  used 
for  making  flutes,  &c.,  and  in 
turnery. 

kon-i-scope  (kon'i-skop),  n.  an 
apparatus  for  determining  the 
amount  of  dust  contained  in  the 
air. 

koo-doo  (koo'doo),  n.  the  striped 
antelope  of  South  Africa. 

ko-peck,  same  as  copeck. 

ko-pi  (ko'pi),  n.  an  African 
peasant. 

kop-je  (kop'ye),  n.  a  hillock 
[South  Africa]. 

Ko-ran,  see  Alcoran. 

ko-to  (ko'to),  n.  a  Japanese 
musical  instrument,  somewhat  re- 
sembling the  zither. 

koumiss  (koo'mis),  n.  a  spirit- 
uous beverage  made  by  the  Tar- 
tars from  fermented  mare's  milk. 
Also  kumiss. 

kow-tow  (ko-tou'),  n.  a  Chinese 
form  of  salutation  from  an  in- 
ferior to  a  superior  by  touching 
the  ground  with  the  forehead : 
v.i.  salute  by  the  kowtow.  Also 
kotow. 

kraal  (krawl),  n.  an  African 
village  consisting  of  a  group  of 
huts  surrounded  by  a  palisade ;  a 
single  hut ;  a  sheepfold,  or  cattle- 
pen. 

kra-ken  (kra'ken),  n.  a  sea- 
monster  said  to  have  been  seen 
off  the  Norwegian  coast. 

krem-lin  (krem'lin),  n.  a  Rus- 
sian citadel,  especially  that  of 
Moscow. 

krent-zer  (kroit'ser).  n.  an 
Austrian  copper  coin  =  %  of  a 
cent ;  formerly  a  German  coin  = 
2-3  of  a  cent. 

kreig-spiel  tkreg'spel),  n.  a  mili- 
tary game  with  blocks  to  repre- 
sent the  various  sections  of  an 
army  as  if  in  actual  warfare. 

krone  (kro'nii),  n.  [pi.  kroner 
('ner)],  a  coin  (crown)  current 


late,  mar,  mflsk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moOn, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


kry 


502 


kym 


in  Teutonic  and  Scandinavian 
countries  =  27  cents. 

kryp-ton  (krip'ton),  n.  a  gase- 
ous chemical  element,  recently 
discovered  and  forming  a  very 
minute  constituent  of  the  atmos- 
phere. 

kiim-mel  (kem'el),  n.  a  German 
and  Russian  liqueur,  flavored  with 
caraway  seeds. 


kutch  (kuch),  n.  the  packet  of 
vellum  leaves  in  which  gold  is 
placed  to  be  beaten. 

ky-an-ize  (kfan-Iz),  v.t.  to  im- 
pregnate (wood)  for  preservation 
with  a  solution  of  corrosive  sub- 
limate. 

ky -mo-graph  (-mo'graf),  n.  an 
apparatus  for  determining  the 
pressure  of  blood. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  be,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


la 


503 


lac 


la  (la),  n.  the  sixth  note  of  the 
scale  [  Mus.  ] . 

laa-ger  ('ger),  n.  an  extemporized 
camp  for  defense,  formed  with 
wagons,  &c. :  v.t.  to  protect  by 
a  laager  [South  Africa]. 

la-bel  (la'bel),  n.  a  small  slip  of 
paper,  &c.,  attached  to  anything 
to  indicate  its  destination,  owner- 
ship, &c. ;  codicil ;  a  projecting 
molding :  v.t.  to  mark  with,  or 
affix,  a  label ;  classify. 

la  bi-al  (lu'bi-al),  adj.  formed  by 
the  lips :  n.  a  letter  representing 
a  sound  so  formed. 

la-bi-ate    ('bi-fit),  adj.   lipped. 

la-bi-o-den-tal  (-6-den'tAl),  adj. 
formed  by  the  lips  and  teeth. 

la-bi-o-na-sal  (-nft'z&l),  adj. 
formed  by  the  lips  and  nose. 

la-bi-um  ('bi-um),  n.  [pi.  labia 
(-a)],  a  lip  or  lip-like  organ. 

labor  ('ber),  n.  toil  or  exertion, 
physical  or  mental ;  effort ;  diffi- 
culty ;  pain ;  parturition :  v.t.  to 
cause  to  toil ;  fabricate :  r.i.  to 
exert  muscular  strength ;  use 
mental  efforts ;  be  hard  pressed ; 
take  pains ;  move  slowly ;  pitch 
and  roll  heavily  ;  suffer  the  pains 
of  childbirth. 

Syn.  toil,  work,  effort,  drudgery. 
Ant.    (see  idleness). 

lab-or-a-to-ry  (lab'or-fi-to-ri),  n. 
[pi.  laboratories  (-riz)],  a  place 
where  scientific  experiments  and 
operations  are  carried  on. 

la-bo-ri-ous  (la-bo'ri-us),  adj. 
difficult ;  toilsome. 

lab-ra-dor-ite  (lab'ra-dor-it),  n. 
a  feldspar  displaying  an  irides- 
cent play  of  colors. 

la-brum  (la'brum),  n.  [pi.  labra 
('bra)],  the  lip-like  shield  of  an 
insect's  mouth. 

la-brus  (la'brus),  adj.  thick 
lipped. 

laburnum  (hVber'num),  n.  an 
ornamental  tree  with  pendent 
yellow  flowers. 

lab-y-rinth.  (lab'i-rinth),  n.  a 
series  of  intricate  winding  pas- 
sages :  from  the  structure  made 
in  Crete  by  Daedalus;  a  maze; 


inexplicable  difficulty ;  the  wind- 
ing cavities  of  the  internal  ear;  a 
series  of  troughs  through  which 
ore  slime  is  passed  and  the 
metallic  particles  deposited. 

lac  (lak),  n.  a  resinous  substance 
formed  on  certain  trees  by  an  in- 
sect (Carteria  lacca)  ;  the  inspis- 
sated sap  of  various  trees ;  the 
sum  of  100,000  rupees  =  $500.000 
(about). 

lace  (las),  n.  an  ornamental  fabric 
of  fine  linen,  cotton  thread,  gold 
or  silver,  &c.,  curiously  woven  :  a 
cord  used  for  binding  or  fasten- 
ing :  v.t.  to  fasten  with  a  lace ; 
adorn  with  lace ;  beat. 

lac-er-ate  (las'er-at),  v.t.  to 
rend  ;  wound. 

lac-er-a-tion  (-a'shun).  n.  the  act 
of  rending ;  a  harrowing  of  the 
feelings ;  a  rent. 

lacli-ry-mal  ('ri-mal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  tears. 

lach-ry-mose  ('ri-mos),  adj.  tear- 
ful ;  sad. 

lack  (lak).  v.t.  to  be  destitute 
of :  v.i.  to  be  in  need ;  to  be  defi- 
cient ;  come  short :  n.  want ;  fail- 
ure. 

Syn.   need,   deficiency,   scarcity, 
insufficiency. 

Ant.    (see   plenty). 

lack  a  dai-si  cal  (-a-da'zi-kal), 
adj.  affectedly  pensive  or  senti- 
mental. 

lack-ey  ('i),  n.  a  menial  attend- 
ant ;  footman :  v.t.  to  wait  upon, 
as  a  lackey :  v.i.  act  servilely. 

la-con-ic  (-kon'ik),  adj.  express- 
ing much  in  few  words.  Also  la- 
conical. 

la-con-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  brief- 
ly. 

lac-quer  (lak'er).  n.  a  varnish 
consisting  of  shellac  dissolved  in 
alcohol  and  variously  colored :  v.t. 
to  varnish  with  lacquer. 

la-crosse  (la-kros').  n.  a  Cana- 
dian game  resembling  football, 
but  played  with  a  netted  bat 
(crosse) . 

lact,    a    prefix    meaning    milk,    as 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  mOon, 
cook  ;  mute,   nut ;  thin,  Men. 


lac 


504 


lam 


lactic,  adj.  pertaining  to  inilk. 
Also  lacti,  lacto. 

lac-ta-rine  (lak'ta-rin),  n.  a  prep- 
aration of  casein  or  milk  curds : 
used  extensively  in  calico  print- 
ing. 

lac-ta-tion  (-ta'shun),  n.  secre- 
tion of  milk ;  the  act  or  period 
of  suckling. 

lac-te-al  ('te-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  like,  milk  ;  conveying  chyle  : 
n.pl.  the  lymphatic  vessels  which 
convey  chyle  from  the  intestines 
to  the  thoracic-duct. 

lac-tic,  see  under  lact. 

lac-tic  ac-id  ('tik  as'id),  n.  a 
bitter  acid  contained  in  sour 
milk. 

lac-tom-e-ter  (-tom'e-ter),  n.  an 
instrument  for  ascertaining  the 
specific  gravity  of  milk. 

la-cu-na  (la-ku'na),  n.  [pi.  la- 
cunae ('ne)],  a  blank  space; 
hiatus ;  small  pit  or  hollow. 

la-cus-trine  (-kus'trin),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  lake. 

lad  (lad),  n.  a  boy  or  youth; 
comrade. 

lad-der  ('er),  n.  a  framework  con- 
sisting of  two  parallel  side 
pieces  connected  by  bars,  &c., 
forming  steps  at  suitable  dis- 
tances ;  anything  by  which  one 
climbs  or  ascends. 

lad-die  ('i),  n.  a  lad  [Scotch]. 

lade  (lad),  v.t.  [p.t.  laded,  p.p. 
laded,  laden,  p.pr.  lading],  to 
load  ;  burden  ;  heave  or  throw  out. 

lad-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
loading :  freight. 

la-die  (la'dl),  n.  a  deep  spoon  for 
serving  out  liquids :  v.t.  to  dip  up 
with  a  ladle. 

la-drone  (la-dron'),  n.  a  robber; 
bandit ;  guerrilla. 

la-dy  (la'di),  n.  [pi.  ladies 
('dfx)],  a  well-bred  woman;  the 
title  of  the  wife  of  a  knight  or 
a  superior  in  rank  to  him ;  the 
daughter  of  a  duke,  marquis,  or 
earl ;  mistress  of  a  house. 

la-dy-bird  (-herd),  n.  a  red  cole- 
opterous insect  marked  with  black 
spots. 

la-dy-ship  (-ship),  n.  the  rank 
or  title  of  a  lady  (with  her  or 
your). 

lag  (lag),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  lagged, 
p.pr.  lagging],  to  move  slowly; 


loiter ;  stay  behind :  v.t.  cause  to 
be  arrested  or  punished  :  adj.  long 
delayed ;  last :  n.  retardation  of 
mechanical  movement. 

la-ger  beer  (lii'ger  her),  n.  a 
German  beer  suitable  for  stor- 
ing. 

lag-gard  (lag'erd),  n.  a  slow  per- 
son ;  loiterer :  adj.  backward ; 
slow. 

la-goon  (la-goon'),  n.  a  shallow 
lake  formed  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river  or  near  the  sea ;  marsh  or 
fen. 

Lag-thing  (lag'ting),  n.  the 
Norwegian  Upper  House  of  Par- 
liament. 

la-ic  (la'ik),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  laity. 

laid  (lad),  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  lay; 
marked  with  fine  parallel  ribbed 
lines :  said  of  paper. 

lain,   p.p.   of   lie. 

lair  (lar)»  n.  the  covert  of  a 
wild  beast. 

la-i-ty  (Ifi'i-ti),  n.  the  people,  as 
distinguished  from  the  clergy. 

lake  dak),  n.  a  large  body  of 
water  surrounded  by  land ;  a  pig- 
ment. 

la-ma  (Hi'ma),  n.  a  Tibetan  Bud- 
dhist priest,  monk,  or  nun. 

lamb  (lam),  n.  the  young  of  a 
sheep ;  one  who  is  gentle  or  in- 
nocent ;  an  inexperienced  specu- 
lator :  v.i.  to  bring  forth  lambs. 

lam -bent  ('bent),  adj.  playing 
about ;  flickering ;  touching  lightly. 

lamb-kin   ('kin),  n.  a  little  lamb. 

lam-bre-quin  (lam'bre-kin),  n.  a 
festooned  drapery,  hanging  from 
the  upper  part  of  a  window,  door- 
way, &c. 

lamb-skin  ('skin),  n.  the  skin  of 
a  lamb  dressed  with  the  fleece 
on  and  frequently  colored. 

lambs- wool  ('zwool),  ».  the  wool 
of  lambs ;  a  beverage  composed 
of  ale,  with  nutmeg,  sugar,  and 
the  pulp  of  roasted  apples. 

lame  (lam),  adj.  crippled  or  dis- 
abled in  the  limbs ;  not  sound  or 
efficient :  v.t.  to  cripple  or  dis- 
able. 

la  m el  la  (la^mel'a),  n.  [pi. 
lamellae  ('8)],  a  thin  scale  or 
plate. 

la-mel-lar  (lam'e-lar),  adj.  com- 
posed of  iamellse. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  m5Gn, 
cook ;  rnute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


lam 


505 


Ian 


lamelli,  a  prefix  meaning  a  plate 
or  scale,  found  in  various  scien- 
tific words,  as  lamelliform :  adj. 
scale-like. 

lame-ly  (lam'li),  adv.  in  a  lame 
manner. 

lame-ness  ('nes),  n.  state  of  be- 
ing lame. 

la-ment  (-ment'),  v.t.  to  mourn 
for:  v.i.  to  express  sorrow:  n. 
an  expression  of  sorrow  ;  lamenta- 
tion. 

Syn.  mourn,  grieve,  weep. 
Ant.    (see  rejoice). 

lam-en-ta-ble  (lam'en-ta-bl).  adj. 
to  be  lamented ;  mournful ; 
pitiable. 

lam-en-ta-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  a 
lamentable  manner. 

lam-en  ta  tioii  (-ta'shun),  n. 
grief  audibly  expressed ;  outcry. 

lam-i-na  (lam'i-na),  n.  [pi.  lam- 
ina? (-ne)j,  a  thin  plate  or  scale; 
a  coat  or  layer  lying  over  an- 
other; blade  of  a  leaf  or  petal. 

lam-i-nar  ('i-nar),  adj.  com- 
posed of  thin  plates.  Also  lami- 
nary. 

lam-i-nate  ('i-nfit).  adj.  com- 
posed of,  or  arranged  in,  lamina?. 

lam  i  iia-tion  (-i-na'slmn) ,  n. 
divisibility  or  division  into  thin 
plates. 

lamp  (lamp),  n.  a  vessel  for  burn- 
ing oil,  &c.,  with  a  wick ;  any 
device  for  producing  artificial 
light. 

lamp-black  ('blak),  n.  finely  di- 
vided charcoal  or  soot :  fa.t.  to 
apply  lampblack  to. 

lam-poon  (lam-poon'),  n.  per- 
sonal written  satire  designed  to 
bring  the  subject  of  it  into  con- 
tempt :  v.t.  to  satirize  by  a  lam- 
poon. 

lam-prey  ('pri),  n.  an  eel-like 
fish. 

la-nate  (la'nat),  adj.  woolly. 

lance  dans),  n.  a  long  shaft  of 
wood  with  a  spear  head ;  a  thrust 
with  a  lancet:  v.t.  to  pierce  with 
a  lance ;  cut  open  with  a  lancet. 

lance-let  ('let),  n.  the  amphiox- 
us. 

lan-ce-o-late  (lan'se-o-lat),  adj. 
tapering  to  a  point  at  either  end, 
as  certain  leaves. 

lan-cer     (lan'ser),    n.    a    cavalry 


soldier  armed  with  a  lance :  pi.  a 
kind  of  quadrille. 

lan-cet  ('set),  n.  a  surgeon's 
knife ;  a  lancet-shaped  or  pointed 
window. 

lance-wood  ('wood),  n.  a  tough 
elastic  wood  used  in  coachbuild- 
ing,  &c. 

lan-ci-form  ('si-form),  adj. 
lance-shaped. 

land  (land),  n.  the  solid  portion 
of  the  surface  of  the  globe ;  the 
earth ;  a  country  or  district ;  real 
estate :  v.t.  to  set  on  shore ;  cap- 
ture and  bring  on  shore ;  win : 
v.i.  to  come  or  go  on  shore ;  dis- 
embark. 

lau-dau  ('do),  n.  a  kind  of  car- 
riage. 

land-grab-ber  (land'grab-er),  n. 
one  who  gets  possession  of  pub- 
lic land  by  means  of  fraud ;  in 
Ireland,  one  who  buys  or  occupies 
land  from  which  another  has  been 
evicted. 

land-lord  ('lord),  n.  one  who 
has  tenants  holding  under  him ; 
the  keeper  of  a  hotel  or  inn. 
Fern,  landlady. 

land-lord-ism  (-izm),  n.  the 
action  of  landlords  collectively, 
especially  with  respect  to  their 
landed  interests. 

land-lub"-ber  ('lub-er),  n.  one 
not  a  sailor. 

land-rail  ('nil),  n.  the  corncrake. 

land-scape  ('skap),  n.  the  gener- 
al aspect  of  a  country,  or  a  pic- 
ture representing  it. 

Lands-thing  (lans'ting),  n.  the 
T'pper  House  of  the  Danish 
Parliament  (Rigsdag). 

laud-sturm  (lant'sturm),  n.  the 
last  reserve  of  the  German  army, 
only  called  out  in  time  of  war. 

laud-tag  Ctakh),  n.  the  Parlia- 
ment of  one  of  the  states  com- 
prising the  German  Empire. 

land-wehr  (lant'var),  n.  the 
reserve  or  militia  of  the  German 
army. 

lane  (Ian),  n.  a  narrow  path,  as 
between  hedges,  walls,  &c. ;  nar- 
row street. 

lan-gnage  (lang'gwej),  n.  human 
speech:  the  speech  of  one  nation 
or  race  as  distinguished  from  that 
of  another ;  style  or  expression 
peculiar  to  an  individual. 


late.  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl;  he.  her,  let:  line,  tin;  vote,  pSrch.  lot;  m66n. 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Ian 


506 


lar 


Syn.     dialect,     idiom,     speech, 
tongue. 

lan-gnid  ('gwid),  adj.  wanting 
energy ;  weak. 

lan-guish  ('gwish),  v.i.  to  be- 
come weak  or  spiritless ;  pine 
away ;  look  with  tenderness  or 
wistfulness. 

lank    (lan.uk),   adj.   lean;   slender. 

lank-y    ('i),  adj.   tall  and  thin. 

lan-ner  (lan'er),  n.  a  species  of 
hawk. 

lan-o-lin  ('o-lin).  n.  an  unctuous 
substance  obtained  from  the  wool 
of  sheep,  &c. 

Ian-tern  (lan'tern),  n.  a  trans- 
parent case  for  holding  or  carrying 
a  light;  the  light-room  of  a  light- 
house ;  a  small  tower  on  the  roof 
of  a  building  to  admit  light  and 
air. 

lan-tern-jawed  (jawd),  adj.  hav- 
ing a  long  thin  face. 

lan-tha-nnm  (lan'tha-num),  n.  a 
rare  metallic  element.  Also  lan- 
thanium. 

Ian-yard  ('yard),  n.  a  piece  of  i 
rope,  cord,  &c.,  for  seizing  or  j 
fastening  the  tackle  of  a  ship.  ; 
Also  laniard. 

lap  (lap),  n.  the  loose  part  of  a 
garment  which  may  be  doubled 
at  pleasure ;  part  of  the  body  or 
clothes  from  the  waist  to  the 
knees  of  a  person  seated  ;  a  name 
for  various  pieces  of  mechanism ; 
one  length  of  a  course  which  has 
to  be  passed  over  more  than 
once  in  a  race ;  the  act  of  lap- 
ping: v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  lapped, 
p.pr.  lapping],  to  bend  and  spread 
over ;  lick  up :  v.i.  to  lie  partially 
on  something  else. 

lap-dog  ('dog),  n.  a  small  pet  dog. 

lap-el  (la-pel'),  n.  part  of  a  coat 
which  laps  over. 

lapid,  a  prefix  meaning  stone. 

lap-i-da-ry  (lap'i-da-ri),  n.  [pi. 
lapidaries  (-riz)],  an  artificer 
who  cuts  and  sets  precious  stones  ; 
a  connoisseur  or  dealer  in  gems. 

la-pis  laz-u-li  (la'pis  laz'u-li),  n. 
a  rich  blue  stone  from  which  ul- 
tramarine was  originally  obtained. 

Lapp  (lap),  n.  a  Laplander;  the 
language  of  the  Lapps. 

lap-pet  ('et),  n.  a  little  loose  flap. 

lati-sa-ble  (laps'a-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  lapsing. 


lapse  (laps),  v.i.  to  glide  or  slip 
slowly  away ;  fall  by  degrees ; 
commit  a  slight  fault  or  fail  in 
duty ;  pass  to  another  proprietor 
by  negligence  or  death ;  slide  or 
fall  anew  into  sin :  n.  a  gliding 
or  passing  away  slowly ;  slight 
fault  or  mistake ;  omission  to  pre- 
sent to  a  benefice  within  a  cer- 
tain time. 

lap-sus  ('sus),  n.  a  slip  or  mis- 
take. 

lap-wing  (lap'wing),  n.  a  plover- 
like  bird. 

lar-board  (liir'bord),  n.  the  term 
used  formerly  for  the  port  or  left- 
hand  side  of  a  ship. 

lar  ce-nous  ('se-nus),  adj.  thiev- 
ish. 

lar-ce-ny    ('se-ni),  n.   theft. 

larch,  (larch),  n.  a  coniferous 
tree. 

lard  (lard),  n.  the  fat  of  swine 
melted  down :  v.t.  to  cover  with 
lard ;  insert  strips  of  bacon  in 
before  roasting :  hence  to  mix. 

lar-cla-ceous  (lar-da'shus).  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  resembling,  lard. 
Also  lardy. 

lar-der  ('der),  n.  a  pantry;  house- 
hold provisions. 

large  (liirj),  adj.  great  in  size; 
bulky  ;  wide  ;  extensive  ;  compre- 
hensive. 

8yn.    big.    broad,   huge,    ample, 
bulky. 

Ant.    (see   small). 

large-ly  ('li),  adv.  to  a  large 
extent ;  boastfully ;  before  the 
wind :  said  of  a  vessel. 

large-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  large. 

lar-gess  CJes),  n.  a  gift  or 
bounty. 

lar-i-at  (lar'i-at).  n.  a  rope  or 
lasso,  especially  of  horsehair. 

lark  (lark),  n.  a  noted  song-bird 
of  the  genus  Alauda;  a  frolic. 

lark-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  catching 
larks ;  indulging  in  a  frolic. 

lark-spur  ('sper).  n.  a  plant  with 
showy  blue  spurred  flowers. 

lar-mi-er  (lar'mi-er),  n.  a  corona 
or  dripstone. 

lar-rup  (lar'up),  v.t.  to  beat  »r 
flog. 

lar-va  (liir'va),  n.  [pi.  larva1 
('ve)].  an  insect  in  the  first 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he.  her.  let;  line,  tin  :  vote.  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook;  mflte.  nut;  thin. 


lar 


507 


Lat 


stage   of   its   metamorphosis   after 
leaving  the  egg. 

lar-val  ('val),  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  larva. 

lar-vip-a-rous  (-yip'a-rus),  adj. 
producing  young  in  the  state  of 
larvae. 

lar-yn-ge-al  (lar-in-je'al),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  situated  near,  the 
larynx. 

lar-yn-gec-to-my  (-jek'to-mi),  n. 
the  operation  of  cutting  away  a 
part  of  the  larynx. 

lar-yn-gis-mus  (-jis'mus),  n.  a 
spasmodic  affection  of  the  glottis. 

lar-yn-gi-tis  (-jl'tis),  n.  inflam- 
mation of  the  larynx. 

lar-yn-go,  a  prefix  meaning  lar- 
ynx, as  laryngoscope,  an  instru- 
ment furnished  with  mirrors  for 
inspecting  the  larynx. 

lar-yn-got-o-my  (-got'o-mi),  n. 
the  surgical  operation  of  cutting 
into  the  windpipe. 

lar-ynx  ('ingks),  n.  the  upper 
part  of  the  trachea  or  windpipe. 

las-car  (las-kiir'),  n.  an  East 
Indian  sailor  employed  on  a 
European  vessel. 

las-civ-i-ons  (-siv'i-us),  adj.  lust- 
ful ;  wanton  ;  exciting  lust. 

NI/H.    loose,    unchaste,    lustful, 
lewd,    lecherous. 
Ant.   (see  chaste). 

lash  (lash),  v.t.  to  strike  with  a 
sounding  blow ;  whip ;  scourge 
with  satire ;  fasten  or  bind  with 
a  cord  or  rope :  v.i.  to  apply  the 
whip ;  flog :  n.  the  thong  of  a 
whip ;  a  scourge ;  stroke  with 
anything  pliant ;  sarcasm  or 
satire. 

lash-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  lashes; 
a  weir. 

lash-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  cord,  rope, 
&c.,  to  secure  or  bind  anything ;  a 
whipping. 

lass  (las),  n.  a  young  woman; 
girl. 

las-sie  ('i),  n.  a  lass  [Scotch]. 

las-si-tude  ('i-tud),  n.  weari- 
nc-s;  languor. 

las-so  ('6),  n.  a  rope,  usually  of 
hide,  with  a  noose,  used  for  catch- 
ing wild  horses  and  cattle :  v.t. 
t«.  catch  with  a  lasso. 

last  (liist),  adj.  coming  after  all 
others  in  time,  place,  or  order; 
lowest;  utmost;  least  likely: 
adv.  on  the  last  time  or  occasion ; 


finally :  IM°.  to  remain  in  exist- 
ence or  operation  ;  endure :  n.  a 
wooden  implement  for  shaping 
boots  and  shoes. 

»S(/rt.  final,  latest,  ultimate. 
Ant.   (see  first). 

last-ing  ('ing;,  adj.  durable; 
permanent :  n.  a  twilled  fabric 
used  for  making  women's  shoes. 

last-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  the  last 
place. 

latch  (lach),  n.  a  door  catch: 
v.t.  to  secure  or  fasten  wjth  a 
latch. 

latch-et   ('et),  n.  a  shoe  string. 

late  (liit),  adj.  [comp.  later, 
superl.  latest],  coming  after  the 
usual  time  ;  tardy  ;  long  delayed  ; 
far  in  the  day  or  night ;  recent ; 
recently  deceased :  adv.  after  de- 
lay ;  recently. 

la-teen  (la-ten'),  n.  a  triangular 
sail  used  on  boats  on  the  Mediter- 
ranean, &c. 

late-ly  ('li),  adv.  not  long  ago. 

la-ten-cy  (la'ten-si),  n.  the  state 
of  being  latent. 

la-tent  ('tent),  n.  concealed;  in- 
visible. 

lat-er-al  (lat'er-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  proceeding  from,  or  acting 
upon,  the  side. 

Lat-er-an  ('er-an),  n.  the  Papal 
palace,  and  the  church  of  St. 
John  Lateran  at  Rome,  the 
cathedral  of  the  Pope. 

latero,    a   prefix   meaning   side. 

lath   (lath),  n.  a  strip  of  wood. 

lathe  (lath),  n.  a  machine  for 
turning  and  polishing  articles  of 
wood,  metal,  &c. 

lath-er  (laf/i'er),  n.  froth -made 
by  moistened  soap ;  profuse  sweat- 
ing :  v.t.  to  cover  with  lather. 

Lat-in  (lat'in),  adj.  pertaining  to. 
written,  or  expressed  in,  Latin ; 
pertaining  to  Latium,  ancient 
Rome,  its  inhabitants  or  lan- 
guage, or  the  races  and  languages 
derived  from  Rome ;  Roman ; 
Roman  Catholic:  n.  an  ancient 
Roman ;  the  language  of  ancient 
Rome  and  its  literature. 

Lat-in  cross  (kros),  n.  a  cross 
having  the  lowest  limb  longer 
than  the  two  sides  and  top. 

Lat-in-ize  ('in-iz),  v.t.  to  give 
Latin  terminations,  or  character- 
istics, to;  translate  into  Latin. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  inoon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Lat 


508 


law 


Lai-in-ism  (-izm),  n.  a  Latin 
idiom. 

Lat-iii-ist  (-ist),  n.  a  Latin 
scholar. 

I*a-tin-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  purity  of 
Latin  style  or  idiom. 

lat-i-tude  ('i-tud),  n.  distance  on 
the  earth's  surface  as  measured 
by  derives  north  or  south  from 
tin;  equator;  breadth;  extent; 
freedom  from  rules ;  laxity ; 
rango  or  scope. 

lat-i-tn-di-nal  ( tu'di-ual ) ,  adj. 
pert&ining  to  latitude ;  in  the  di- 
rection of  latitude. 

lat-i-tu-di-na-ri-an  ( -di-na'ri- 
au),  adj.  wide  in  range  or  scope; 
tolerant  in  speculative  religious 
opinions :  n.  one  who  holds  lati- 
tudiuarian  views. 

lat-ten  (lat'en),  n.  metal  in  thin 
sheets. 

lat-ter  ('er),  adj.  the  second  of 
two  things  previously  mentioned  ; 
recent ;  modern. 

lat-tice  ('is),  n.  crossed  open 
work  of  metal  or  wood :  v.t.  to 
furnish  or  cross  with  a  lattice. 

land  (lawd),  v.t.  to  praise  highly  : 
extol :  n.  praise ;  worship  or 
hymn  of  praise. 

land-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  commend- 
able. 

Hijn.    commendable,    praisewor- 
thy. 

Ant.    (see   blamable). 

laud-a-num  ('a-num),  n.  a  prep- 
aration of  opium. 

laml-a  tor  f&-ter),  n.  one  who 
praises. 

land-a-to-ry  '  'fi-to-ri ) ,  adj.  ex- 
pressing praise. 

laugh  (liif),  n.  a  convulsive 
sound  caused  by  merriment :  v.i. 
to  express  merriment,  &c.,  by  a 
laugh  ;  appear  gay,  pleasant,  &c. ; 
.!••'•]•  (with  at):  v.t.  to  express 
or  utter  with  laughter. 

langh  ing-gas  ('ing-gas),  n.  ni- 
trous oxide. 

laugh-ing-stock  (-stok),  n.  ob- 
ject of  laughter. 

laujrli  tor  ('ter),  n.  convulsive 
merriment. 

launch  (liinch),  v.t.  to  move  or 
•  •anso  to  slMo  into  the  water,  as  a 
vessel ;  hurl ;  dart ;  send  forth  :  v.i. 
to  put  to  sea ;  expatiate  in  lan- 
guage;  plunge;  enter  on  a  now 


career :  n.  the  act  of  launching 
a  vessel ;  plunge ;  the  largest  boat 
of  a  man-of-war;  a  largo  open 
pleasure-boat  usually  propelled  by 
steam,  gas,  or  electricity. 

laun-dress  (lawn'dres),  n.  a 
washer- woman. 

laun-dry  Cdri),  n.  [pi.  laun- 
dries ('driz)j,  a  place  where 
clothes  are  washed  and  ironed. 

lau-re-ate  (law're-iit),  adj.  decked 
or  invested  with  laurel :  n.  one 
crowned  with  laurel ;  poet-laure- 
ate. 

lan-rel  ('rel),  n.  an  evergreen 
shrub ;  crown  or  wreath  of  lau- 
rel :  hence  honor ;  distinction. 

lau-reled  ('reld),  adj.  crowned 
with  laurel. 

la-va  (la'va),  n.  molten  volcanic 
matter. 

lav-a-to-ry  (lav'a-to-ri),  n.  [pi. 
lavatories  (-riz)],  a  place  for 
washing ;  retiring-room. 

lave  (lav),  v.t.  &  v.i.  to  bathe 
or  wash. 

lav-en-der  (lav'en-der),  an  aro- 
matic plant. 

la-ver  (la'ver).  n.  a  large  vessel 
for  washing  in,  especially  the 
brazen  laver  of  the  Jewish 
tabernacle  and  temple  used  by 
the  priests ;  an  edible  seaweed. 

lav-ish  (lav'ish),  adj.  profuse; 
extravagant :  v.t.  expend  or 
bestow  with  profusion  ;  squander ; 
waste. 

law  (law),  n.  a  rule  of  action 
established  by  authority ;  edict, 
statute,  or  custom  ;  act  or  enact- 
ment of  a  legislative  body ;  juris- 
prudence ;  judicial  process ;  rule 
or  axiom  of  science  or  art ;  es- 
tablished principle ;  the  Mosaic 
code. 

Syn.  code,  edict,  statute,  decree. 

law-ful  ('fool),  adj.  agreeable 
or  conformable  to  law ;  just ; 
legal. 

8yn.  legal,  legitimate,  licit. 
Ant.    (see  illegal). 

law-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  legally; 
justly. 

law-less  ('les),  adj.  not  obedient 
to  or  controlled  by  law ;  not  ac- 
cording to  law  ;  ungoverned  ;  un- 
ruly. 

lawn  (lawn),  n.  a  plot  of  grass 
kept  closely  mown ;  fine  cam- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  lot ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pCrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


law 


509 


tea 


brie  used  for  the  sleeves  of  a 
bishop's  gown :  hence  the  office 
of  a  bishop. 

lawn-ten-nis  ('ten-is),  n.  an  out- 
door game  played  with  rackets, 
balls,  and  a  _net. 

law-suit  ('sut),  n.  an  action  at 
law. 

law-yer  ('yer),  n.  one  skilled  in 
legal  knowledge ;  one,  especially  a 
solicitor,  who  practices  in  the  law- 
courts  ;  a  skilled  exponent  of  the 
Mosaic  law. 

lax  (laks),  adj.  loose;  vague; 
weak. 

lax-a-tive  ('a-tiv),  adj.  loosening; 
purgative. 

lax-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  lax.  Also  lax- 
ness. 

lay  (la),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  laid, 
p.pr.  laying],  to  put  or  place; 
spread  over ;  cause  to  lie  down ; 
settle ;  calm ;  bring  forward ; 
wager  ;  deposit ;  exercise  ;  set  or 
place  secretly  ;  impose  ;  impute  : 
v.i.  to  produce  eggs :  n.  relative 
arrangement;  particular  business ; 
share  of  profits ;  a  simple  song : 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  people,  as 
distinguished  from  the  clergy ; 
non-professional. 

lay-er  ('er),  n.  a  stratum,  row, 
or  bed,  runner  of  a  plant  fastened 
down  and  covered  with  earA  for 
propagation. 

lay-fig-ure  (-fig-ur),  n.  an  artist's 
jointed  model  for  hanging  drapery 
upon ;  a  mere  puppet. 

lay-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  sitting  of 
eggs ;  the  first  coat  of  plaster. 

lay-man  ('man),  n.  [pi.  laymen 
('men)],  one  of  the  people,  as 
distinguished  from  a  clergyman ; 
a  non-professional  man._ 

laz-a-ret-to  (laz-a-ret'o),  n.  a 
hospital  for  persons  suffering 
with  infectious  diseases ;  a  ship's 
store-room.  Also  lazaret. 

la-zi-ly  (la'zi-li),  adv.  in  a  lazy 
manner. 

laziness  (-nes),  n.  indolence; 
sluggishness. 

laz-u  lite  (laz'u-lit),  «.  an  azure 
blue  mineral. 

la-zy  (la'zi),  adj.  \comp.  lazier, 
superl.  laziest],  idle;  indolent; 
slothful. 

laz-za-ro-ne  (laz-a-ro'ne).  n.  [It.] 


[pi.  lazzaroni  ('ni)],  a  Neapolitan 
loafer  who  does  casual  work. 

lea  (le),  n.  a  meadow. 

leach  (lech),  v.t.  to  pass  water 
through  (ashes)  to  form  lye. 

lead  (led),  n.  a  soft  heavy  ductile 
bluish-grey  metal ;  a  plummet  for 
sounding  depths  at  sea ;  a  thin 
strip  of  type-metal  for  separating 
lines :  a  stick  of  graphite ;  a  sheet 
of  lead  :  adj.  consisting,  wholly  or 
partially,  of  lead :  v.i.  to  furnish 
with  lead. 

lead    (led),    v.t.    [p.t.    &   p.p.    led, 
p.pr.  leading],  to  conduct  with  the 
hand ;     guide     or     conduct ;     pre- 
cede ;    allure ;    induce ;    spend    or 
use :  v.i.  to   take  precedence ;   act 
as   a   leader ;   play   the   first   card 
or  domino :   n.   guidance  :   preced- 
ence ;  the  right  to  play  first. 
Syn.  conduct,  guide. 
Ant.   (see  follow) . 

lead-ed  (led'ed),  p.adj.  separated 
by  leads ;  set  in,  or  covered  with, 
lead. 

lead-en  ('en),  adj.  made  of,  or 
colored  like  lead ;  heavy ;  slug- 
gish. 

lead-er  (led'er),  n.  one  who  leads; 
the  chief  editorial  article  of  a 
newspape-  ;  tendon  ;  the  foremost 
horse  in  a  vehicle. 

lead-er-ette  f-et'),  n.  a  short 
newspaper  leader. 

leaf  (lef),  n.  [pi.  leaves  (levz)], 
one  of  the  thin  flat  parts  of  a 
plant ;  anything  thinly  beaten ; 
something  resembling  a  leaf ; 
part  of  a  book  containing  two 
pages ;  a  valved  part  of  a  table, 
sliutter,  &c. 

leaf -age  ('aj),  n.  leaves  collect- 
ively. 

leaf -let  ('let),  n.  a  small  leaf;  a 
tract  or  folding  circular. 

leaf-y  Ci),  adj.  \comp.  leafier, 
superl.  leafiest],  full  of  leaves. 

league  (leg),  n.  an  alliance  for 
mutual  interests  ;  confederacy  ;  3 
geographical  miles :  v.t.  to  com- 
bine for  mutual  interests :  v.i.  to 
confederate. 

leak  (lek),  n.  a  hole  which  lets 
in  water:  v.i.  to  Jet  water  in  or 
out  through  a  hole,  &c. 

leak-age  Cn.i).  n.  the  state  of  a 
vessel  that  leaks ;  allowance  for 
loss  by  leakage. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mutlL  nut;  thin,  then. 


lea 


510 


lee 


leal  (lei),  adj.  true-hearted 
[Scotch]. 

lean,  (len),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  leaned, 
leant,    p.pr.    leaning],    to    incline 
or  deviate  from  an   upright  posi- 
tion :  v.t.  to  cause  to  lean  ;  rest : 
adj.   thin  ;   sterile. 
Xi/«.   meager. 
Ant.  (see  fat). 

lean-to  ('too),  n.  a  building 
whose  rafters  rest  on  another 
building :  penthouse. 

leap  (lep),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  leaped, 
leapt,  p. pr.  leaping],  to  pass  over 
by  leaping ;  jump  or  spring  over : 
v.i.  to  jump ;  vault :  n.  the  act  of 
leaping ;  jump  ;  spring ;  the  space 
passed  in  leaping. 

leap  year  (yer),  «.  a  year  of  360 
days,  when  February  has  29 
days ;  every  year  divisible  by  4. 
except  those  divisible  by  100 
but  not  by  400. 

learn  (lern),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
learned,  learnt,  p.pr.  learning],  to 
acquire  knowledge  of ;  fix  in  the 
mind :  v.i.  to  gain  or  receive 
knowledge  or  skill. 

learn-ed  ('ed),  p.adj.  erudite; 
skilled. 

Syn.  erudite,  scholarly. 
Ant.   (see  ignorant). 

learn-ing  ('ing),  n.  skill  in 
literature,  languages,  or  science ; 
knowledge  acquired. 

lease  (les),  n.  a  written  contract 
for  the  letting  of  land  or  tene- 
ments for  a  specified  number  of 
years;  period:  v.t.  to  let  by  a 
written  contract ;  take  a  lease  of. 

lease-hold  ('hold),  n.  property 
held  by  lease :  adj.  held  on  lease. 

leash  (lesh).  n.  a  thong  by  which 
a  hawk  or  hound  is  held ;  a  brace 
and  a  half ;  three ;  a  band  by 
which  anything  is  held  :  v.t.  to  tie 
or  bind  by  a  leash. 

least  (lest),  adj.  smallest  in  de- 
gree, size,  value,  importance,  &c. : 
adv.  in  the  lowest  or  smallest  de- 
gree. 

leath-er  HeWer),  n.  the  tanned 
and  curried  skin  of  an  animal  : 
anything  made  of,  or  resembling, 
leather. 

leather  back  ('bak),  n.  the 
soft-shelled  turtle. 

leath-er-ette  (-ef),  n.  imitation 
leather. 


leath-ern  ( 'era ) ,  adj.  made  of, 
or  resembling,  leather. 

leave  (lev),  n.  permission  grant- 
ed ;  departure  ;  farewell :  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  left,  p.pr.  leaving],  to  de- 
part from ;  forsake,  abandon ; 
bequeath  ;  desist  from ;  refer  for 
decision  :  v.i.  to  depart :  go  away. 
Syn.  quit,  relinquish,  liberty, 
permission,  license. 

Ant.    (see  prohibition). 

leav-en  (lev'n),  v.t.  to  produce 
fermentation  in  ;  taint ;  imbue  :  n. 
ferment  mixed  with  a  body  to 
render  it  light ;  any  influence 
working  silently  and  strongly  that 
causes  changes  in  things  or 
opinions. 

lech-er    (lech'er),  n.  a  lewd  man. 

lech-er-y  ('er-i),  «.  lustfulness ; 
lewdness. 

lee-tern  (lek'tern).  n.  the  read- 
ing desk  of  a  church. 

lec-tion  ('shun),  n.  reading;  a 
portion  of  the  Scriptures  to  be 
read  in  the  church  service. 

lec-tion-a-ry  (-a-ri),  n.  a  table 
of  lessons. 

lee-tor  ('ter),  n.  one  of  the  minor 
orders  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  ;  a  reader. 

lec-ture  ('tiir),  n.  a  formal  dis- 
course on  any  subject ;  repri- 
mand :  v.i.  to  deliver  a  lecture : 
v.t.  to  reprimand. 

ledge  (lej),  n.  a  shelf;  ridge; 
layer ;  edge. 

ledg-er  ('er).  n.  the  principal  ac- 
count book  of  a  mercantile  house. 

ledg-er-line  (-lin).  n.  the  line 
either  above  or  below  the  staff 
[Mus.]. 

lee  He),  n.  the  side  or  quarter  to- 
wards which  the  wind  blows ; 
calm  or  sheltered  side. 

leech  (lech),  n.  an  aquatic  worm 
furnished  with  a  sucker,  used  in 
medicine  for  bleeding :  formerly 
the  name  for  a  physician  :  v.t.  to 
bleed  with  leeches. 

leek  (lek),  n.  a  biennial  plant  of 
the  onion  family  with  a  bulbous 
root. 

leer  (ler),  n.  a  sly,  sidelong  look 
indicative  of  malice,  triumph,  or 
lasciviousness :  v.i.  to  look  with 
a  leer. 

lees  (lez),  n.pl.  dregs  of  liquor. 

lee-ward     (le'werd),     n.     in     the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  iot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


lee 


511 


lei 


direction  towards  which  the  wind 
blows :  n.  lee  side. 

lee-way  (le'wa),  n.  the  lateral 
drift  of  a  vessel  to  leeward  of  her 
course ;  arrears. 

left  (left),  adj.  opposite  to  rigid: 
n.  the  side  opposite  to  right:  p.t. 
&  p.p.  of  leave. 

left-hand  ed.  ('hand-ed),  adj. 
using  the  left  hand  with  greater 
strength  or  dexterity  than  the 
right;  awkward;  malicious;  ir- 
regular. 

leg  (leg),  n.  one  of  the  limbs  by 
which  men  and  animals  walK, 
especially  in  man  between  the 
knee  and  the  ankle ;  anything  re- 
sembling a  leg,  especially  if  used 
as  a  support :  a  covering  for  the 
leg ;  one  of  the  fielders  in 
cricket. 

leg-a-cy  ('S-si),  n.  [pi.  legacies 
(-siz)  ],  a  gift  by  will  of  money  or 
property  ;  bequest. 

le-gal  (le'gal),  adj.  pertaining  to 
law ;  permitted  or  authorized  by 
law ;  legitimate. 

le-gal-ize  ('Iz),  v.t.  to  make  law- 
ful ;  sanction. 

le-gal-ism  (-izm),  n.  close  adher- 
ence or  conformity  to  law ;  the 
observance  of  the  strict  letter  of 
the  law  rather  than  its  spirit. 

le-gal-i-ty  Ci-ti),  n.  conformity 
to  law. 

le-gal-ly   Cli),  adv.  lawfully. 

leg-ate  (leg'at).  n.  a  papal  am- 
bassador ;  envoy. 

leg-a-tee  (-a-te'),  n.  a  person  to 
whom  a  legacy  is  bequeathed. 

leg-a-tine  ('u-ten),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  legate. 

le-ga-tion  (le-ga'shun),  n.  an  em- 
bassy ;  ambassador ;  the  official 
residence  of  an  ambassador. 

leg-end  (lej'end),  n.  a  romantic 
or  non-historical  story ;  myth ; 
fable ;  inscription,  as  on  a  coin, 
coat  of  arms,  &c. 

leg-end-a-ry  ('end-a-ri),  adj.  fab- 
ulous :  mythical. 

leg-er-de-main  (-er-de-man'),  n. 
sleight  of  hand. 

legged  (legd  or  leg'ed),  adj.  hav- 
ing logs. 

leg-gings  (leg'ingz),  n.pl.  long 
gaitfrs. 

Leg-horn  (leg'hOrn),  n.  a  bonnet 
or  hat  made  of  finely  plaited  Leg- 


horn straw  ;  a  variety  of  domestic 
fowl. 

leg-i-bil-i-ty  (lej-i-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  of  being  legible.  Also 
legibleness. 

leg-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  capable  of 
being  read ;  clear ;  distinct ;  ap- 
parent. 

leg-i-bly  ('i-bli),  adv.  clearly;  dis- 
tinctly. 

le-gion  (le'jun),  n.  a  division  of 
the  ancient  Roman  army  ;  a  great 
number;  host:  suborder. 

le-gion-a-ry  ('jun-a-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  consisting  of,  le- 
gions ;  innumerable :  n.  a  soldier 
of  a  Roman  legion. 

leg-is-late  (lej'is-lat).  v.i.  to 
make  or  enact  a  law  :  v.t.  to  effect 
by  legislation. 

leg-is-la-tion  (-la'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  making  a  law  or  laws. 

leg-is-la-tive  ('is-la-tiv),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  enacted  by, 
legislation :  having  the  power  to 
legislate:  n.  the  legislature. 

leg-is-la-tor  (-Ifi-ter),  n.  a  law- 
giver :  a  member  of  a  legislative 
assembly. 

leg-is-la-ture  (-la-tur),  n.  that 
body  in  a  state  which  is  invested 
with  the  power  of  enacting  and 
repealing  laws ;  the  legislative 
body  of  a  state  or  territory. 

le-git-i-ma-cy  (le-jit'i-ma-si),  n. 
the  state  of  being  legitimate ;  law- 
fulness of  birth. 

le-git-i-mate  Ci-mfit).  adj.  law- 
ful ;  born  in  wedlock  ;  real ;  logic- 
ally correct :  v.t.  to  make,  or  sanc- 
tion as.  lawful ;  render  legitimate. 
Also  legitimize. 

le-git-i-mate-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a 
j  legitimate  manner. 

le-git-i-ma-tion  (-ma'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  making  legitimate  or 
lawful. 

leg-nine  (leg'yum),  n.  a  two- 
valved  seed-vessel  having  its  seeds 
attached  to  one  side  only,  as  a 
pea-pod. 

le-gn-min  (le-gu'min),  n.  vege- 
table casein. 

lei-po-a  (ll-po'a).  n.  the  native 
pheasant  of  Australia. 

lei-sure  (le'zhur),  n.  spare  time: 
adj.  free  from  business ;  un- 
occupied. 

lei-sured  ('ziiurd).  adj.  having 
leisure. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  h<"-.  her.  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pSrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


lei 


512 


let 


lei-snre-ly  (-li),  adj.  done  at 
leisure ;  deliberate :  adv.  at  lei- 
sure. 

Icni  011  ('un),  n.  the  acid  fruit 
of  Citrus  Limonum ;  the  color  of 
a  lemon:  adj.  pertaining  to,  or 
of  the  color  of,  a  lemon. 

lem-on-ade  (-ad),  n.  a  beverage 
of  sweetened  or  aerated  water 
flavored  with  lemon. 

le-mur  (le'mer).  n.  a  small  noc- 
turnal animal  allied  to  the  mon- 
koys. 

lend  (lend),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  lent, 
p.pr.  lending],  to  grant  to  another 
for  temporary  use  ;  accommodate  : 
v.i.  to  make  a  loan. 

lene    (le'ne),  adj.  unaspi rated. 

length  (length),  n.  the  measure 
of  anything  from  end  to  end  ;  ex- 
tent ;  duration  ;  reach  ;  forty-two 
lines  of  an  actor's  part. 

length-en  ('en),  v.t.  to  make 
long  or  longer :  r.i.  to  grow  longer. 

length -i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  at  great 
length. 

length -wise  ('wiz),  adv.  in  the 
direction  of  the  length. 

length-y  ('i),  adj.  long  and  tire- 
some. 

le-ni-en-cy  (le'ni-en-si),  n.  clem- 
ency. 

le-ni-ent  ('ni-ent),  adj.  mild; 
merciful. 

len-i-tive  (len'i-tiv),  adj.  as- 
suaging ;  emollient. 

len-i-ty  (len'i-ti),  n.  mildness; 
humanity. 

1-  no  (le'no),  n.  a  kind  of  cotton 
gauze. 

lens  (lenz),  n.  a  convex,  or  con- 
cave, glass  adapted  for  changing 
the  direction  of  rays  of  light  and 
thus  magnifying  or  diminishing 
the  apparent  size  of  objects ;  the 
crystalline  humor  of  the  eye. 

Lent  (lent),  n.  a  fast  of  40  days 
(excluding  Sundays),  Ash  Wed- 
nesday to  Easter  eve. 

Lent-en  (lent'en),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Lent. 

len-tic-u-lar  (len-tik'u-lar).  adj. 
doubly  convex. 

len-til  ('til),  n.  a  leguminous 
plant:  /)/.  its  orbicular  seeds, 
used  for  food. 

Le-o-nid  ('6-nid),  n.  one  of  the 
meteors  that  fall  in  showers  dur- 


ing November  of  certain  years, 
their  chief  point  being  in  the 
constellation  Leo. 

le-o-nine  ('6-nIn),  adj.  like  a 
lion  ;  powerful :  kingly. 

leop-ard  (lep'ard),  n.  a  large  cat- 
like beast  of  prey,  with  a  beautiful 
spotted  skin. 

lep-er  ('er),  n.  one  affected  with 
leprosy. 

lep-ro-sy  ('ro-si),  n.  [pi.  lepro- 
sies (-siz)J,  a  chronic  skin  dis- 
ease characterized  by  ulcers  and 
white  scaly  scabs. 

lep-rous  ('rus),  adj.  infected 
with  leprosy ;  covered  with  white 
scales ;  unclean. 

lepto,  a  prefix  meaning  small, 
slender,  delicate,  occurring  in 
various  scientific  words,  as  lepto- 
cephaly,  smallness  and  narrowness 
of  the  skull,  as  in  certain  races. 
Also  lept. 

lese-maj-es-ty  (lez-maj'es-ti),  n. 
a  crime  against  royalty  or  the 
sovereign  power ;  treason. 

le-sion  (le'zhun),  n.  injury;  mor- 
bid change  in  a  function  or  or- 
ganism. 

less  (les),  adj.  (used  as  com- 
parative of  little),  not  so  much; 
smaller :  adv.  in  a  smaller  or 
lower  degree :  n.  a  smaller  quan- 
tity :  suffix  meaning  absence  of 
a  quality,  without,  as  soulless, 
worthless,  &c. 

less-ee  (-e'),  n.  a  person  to 
whom  a  lease  is  granted. 

less-en  ('en),  v.t.  to  make  less; 
reduce. 

less-er  ('er),  adj.  a  double  com- 
parative of  less. 

les-spn  (les'n),  n.  that  which  a 
pupil  learns,  or  repeats,  or  does 
for  a  tutor ;  instruction  or  lecture 
given  at  one  time  ;  exercise  ;  pre- 
cept;  a  portion  of  Scripture  read 
at  divine  service ;  admonition. 

les-sor  ('er),  n.  the  grantor  of  a 
lease. 

lest  (lest),  conj.  that  not;  for 
fear  that. 

let  (let),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  let,  p.pr. 
letting],  to  permit;  grant  to  a 
tenant ;  lease ;  give  out  on  con- 
tract:  v.i.  to  be  hired  or  leased: 
suffer  something  to  be  done  (let 
in  the  imperative  mood  is  used 


Ifite,  milr,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he.  her.  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook ;  miite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


let 


513 


Ley 


to  denote  entreaty,  permission,  or 
command)  :  n.  an  obstacle. 

lethal  (le'thal),  adj.  deadly: 
fatal. 

le-thar-gic  (le-thiir'jik),  adj.  af- 
fected by  lethargy ;  sluggish ; 
drowsy  :  dull. 

le-thar-gic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in 
a  lethargic  manner. 

leth-ar-gy  (leth'ar-ji).  n.  mor- 
bid drowsiness ;  unnatural  pro- 
longed slumber :  apathy. 

Lie-the  (le'the).  n.  in  classic  myth- 
ology, the  stream  of  forgetful- 
ness  of  the  nnder  world,  whose 
waters,  when  drunk,  produced  loss 
of  memory :  hence  oblivion,  for- 
getfulness. 

let-ter    Cer).  n.   a  mark  or  char- 
acter used  to  represent  a  sound 
written  or  printed  communication 
a  printing  type ;  literal  meaning 
a     document     certifying     certain 
privileges,      authority,      &c. :      pi. 
knowledge ;   erudition :  v.t.  to  im- 
press  or   inscribe   letters    upon. 

let-tered  ('erd),  adj.  learned;  in- 
scribed or  marked  with  letters. 

let-ter-ing  I 'ing),  n.  the  act  or 
process  of  inscribing  with  letters  ; 
letters  collectively ;  title ;  in- 
scription. 

let-ters  pat-ent  ('erz  pat'ent). 
n.  a  written  document  under  seal 
of  the  Government,  authorizing  a 
nerson  to  do  some  act  or  enjoy 
some  privilege. 

lenco,  a  prrfi-r  moaning  ichite,  as 
leucocyte,  a  minute  mass  of  pro- 
toplasm found  in  white  blood  cor- 
puscles which  preys  upon  bacteria 
in  the  blood. 

leu-co-ma  (lii-ko'ma),  n.  a  white 
opacity  of  the  cornea  of  the  eye. 

len-cor-rhoe-a  (-re'a),  n.  vaginal 
catarrh. 

Le-vant  (le-vanf).  n.  the  east- 
ern coasts  of  the  Mediterranean. 

le-va-tor  f-vfi'ter).  n.  a  muscle 
that  serves  to  raise  some  part. 

lev-ee  (lev'e),  n.  a  morning  re- 
ception h.,l(l  by  a  sovereign  or 
personage  of  high  rank ;  properly, 
one  attended  by  gentlemen  only  : 
a  river  embankment :  v.t.  to  em- 
bank. 

lev-el  ('el),  n.  a  horizontal  plane 
or  line  :  surface  without  inequali- 
ties ;  state  of  equality;  standard; 


line  of  direction ;  an  instrument 
for  indicating  a  horizontal  line 
or  plane  ;  section  of  a  canal  from 
one  lock  to  another :  adj.  even : 
horizontal  ;  smooth ;  equal  to 
something  else  in  importance:  v.t. 
to  make  even ;  free  from  in- 
equalities ;  bring  to  the  same 
level ;  point  in  taking  aim. 

lev-er  (lev'er  or  le'ver),  n.  a  bar 
of  metal,  &c.,  turning  on  a  sup- 
port (fulcrum)  for  raising  a 
weight. 

lev-er-age  (-aj),  n.  the  mechanic- 
al power  gained  by  using  a  lever ; 
lever  action. 

lev-er-et  (lev'er-et),  n.  a  young^ 
hare. 

lev-i-a-ble  ('i-a-bl),  adj.  that  may 
be  levied  upon  or  seized ;  assessa- 
ble. 

le-vi-a-tian  (le-vl'a-than),  n.  a 
large  unidentified  aquatic  ani- 
mal (Job  xli.  1)  ;  anything  huge, 
as  a  whale,  &c. 

lev-i-gate  (lev'i-gat),  v.t.  to  re- 
duce to  a  fine,  impalpable  powder. 

lev-i-ta-tion  (lev-i-ta'shun),  n. 
lightness ;  buoyancy. 

ley-i-ty  (lev'i-ti),  n.  lightness  of 
disposition,  conduct,  &c. ;  incon- 
sistency ;  trifling  gaiety ;  lightness 
of  weight. 

lev-u-lose  (lev'u-los),  n.  fruit- 
sugar. 

lev-y  ('i).  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  levied, 
p.pr.  levying],  to  raise  or  collect, 
as  an  army  or  tax ;  seize  in  ex- 
ecution :  v.i.  to  make  a  levy :  n. 
the  act  of  raising  money  or  men ; 
amount  or  number  raised. 

lewd  (lud),  adj.  licentious; 
libidinous. 

lex-i-cog-ra-phei  (-kog'ra-fer), 
n.  the  editor  or  compiler  of  a  dic- 
tionary or  lexicon. 

lex-i-cog-ra-pliy  Pra-fi),  n.  the 
art  or  occupation  of  compiling 
dictionaries  or  lexicons. 

lex-i-col-o-gy  C-kol'o-ji),  n.  the 
science  of  the  derivation  and  cor- 
rect meaning  of  words  and  their 
correct  application. 

lox-o-the-ism  (leks-6'the-izm) .  n. 
the  doctrine  that  the  universe  is 
governed  by  natural  law  instead 
of  by  a  personal  supreme  being. 

Ley-den  jar  (li'dn  jiir),  n.  a 
glass  jar,  coated  outside  and  in- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Ha 


514 


He 


side  with  tin  foil,  for  accumulat- 
ing electricity. 

lia-bil-i-ty  (-ft-bil'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
liabilities  (-tiz)],  the  state  of 
being:  liable :  pi.  debts. 

li-a-ble  ( 'u-bl ) ,  adj.  exposed  to 
damage,  danger,  expense,  &c. ; 
contingently  subject. 

li  ai  son  (le-a-zong'),  n.  illicit  or 
secret  intimacy  between  a  man 
and  a  woman. 

li-ar  (li'iir),  n.  one  addicted  to 
lying. 

li-ba-tion  (-ba'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  pouring  wine  or  oil  on  the 
ground,  as  a  sacrifice  to  some 
'deity;  the  liquid  so  poured  out. 

li-bel  Cbel),  n.  defamation  of 
character  or  reputation ;  any 
writing,  print,  publication,  or 
picture  calculated  to  injure  the 
reputation  or  character  of  any- 
one and  bring  him  into  public 
contempt :  v.t.  to  publish  a  libel 
against ;  defame  the  character  of  : 
exhibit  a  charge  against  in  a 
court  of  law. 

li-bel-ous  (-us),  adj.  containing, 
or  of  the  nature  of,  a  libel. 

li-ber  ('her),  n.  the  fibrous  inner- 
most layer  of  the  bark  of  exoge- 
nous plants. 

lib-er-al  (Hb'er-al),  adj.  gener- 
ous; munificent;  plentiful;  free 
from  narrowness  in  ideas  or  doc- 
trines:  n.  an  opponent  of  con- 
servatism ;  one  who  advocates  ox- 
tension  of  freedom  in  political 
institutions. 

lib-er-al-ize  (-Iz),  v.t.  to  free 
from  narrowness  or  prejudice. 

lib-er-al -ism  (-izm),  n.  the 
principles  of  a  liberal  in  politics 
or  religion. 

lib-er-al-i-ty  (-al'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
liberalities  (-tiz),]  the  quality  of 
b(>ing  liberal ;  generosity ;  mac1- 
nanimity;  mental  breadth;  catho- 
licity. 

lib-er-ate  ('er-fit),  v.t.  to  set 
free. 

lib-er-a-tor  (-a-ter),  n.  one  who 
liberatos. 

lib-er-tine  ('er-tin),  n.  a  debau- 
chee :  ndi.  unrestrained,  morally 
or  socially ;  licentious. 

lib-er-tin-ism  (-izm).  «.  debauch- 
ery ;  extreme  freedom  in  religious 
opinions. 


lib-er-ty  ('er-ti),  n.  [pi.  liber- 
ties (-tiz)],  freedom;  special 
privilege  or  exemption ;  immu- 
nity :  permission ;  ungranted  or 
undue  freedom ;  privileged  dis- 
trict. 

8yn.  freedom,   independence,  li- 
cense. 

Ant.        (see       captivity,       con- 
straint). 

li-bid-i-nous  (li-bid'i-nus),  adj. 
lustful. 

li-bra-ri-an  (-bra'ri-an) ,  n.  the 
custodian  of  a  library. 

li-bra-ry  ('brfi-ri),  n.  [pi.  libra- 
ries (-riz)],  an  arranged  collec- 
tion of  books ;  the  building  where 
such  a  collection  is  kept. 

li-bra-tion  (-bra'shun).  n.  the 
act  of  balancing ;  equipoise ;  an 
apparent  irregularity  in  the 
moon's  motion. 

li-bra-to-ry  ( 'bra-to-ri ) ,  adj.  os- 
cillating. 

li-bret-tist  (H-bret'ist),  n.  the 
writer  of  a  libretto. 

li-bret-to  ('to),  n.  a  book  contain- 
ing the  words  of  an  opera, 
oratorio.  &c. ;  the  text  itself. 

lice    (Us),   pi.   of   louse. 

li-cense  (H'sens).  n.  permission; 
leave;  unrestrained  liberty;  legal 
permit  to  do  something  otherwise 
unlawful :  v.t.  to  authorize  by  a 
legal  permit. 

li-cen-ti-ate  (-sen'shi-ftt),  n.  one 
licensed  to  preach  or  practice  a 
profession. 

li-cen-tious  ('shus),  adj.  unre- 
strained morally  or  legally ;  las- 
civious :  dissolute. 

li-chen  (li'ken  or  lich'en),  n.  one 
of  an  order  of  cellular  flowerlcss 
(cryptogamic)  plants  of  fungoid 
nature  growing  parasitic  on 
stones,  algae,  &c. ;  a  kind  of  skin 
eruption. 

lich-gate  (lich'gfit),  n.  the 
roofed  gate  of  a  churchyard,  under 
which  a  bier  may  stand.  Also 
lych-gate. 

He-it    (lis'iO.  adj.  lawful. 

lick  (lik).  v.t.  to  pass  the  tongue 
over:  caress  with  the  tongue;  lap 
up :  vanquish :  chastise :  v.i.  to 
make  a  licking  movement:  n.  the 
act  of  licking ;  quick  or  careless 
stroke ;  superficial  saline  deposit. 


Ifite.  niiir.  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he.  ln~r.  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


lie 


515 


lik 


lick-spit-tle  ('spit-1),  n.  a  servile 
flatterer. 

lic-p-rice  (lik'o-ris).  n.  the  root 
or  inspissated  juice  of  the  licorice- 
plant  (Glycyrrhiza  glabra) . 

lie-tor  ('ter),  n.  a  Roman  official 
who  attended  the  chief  magis- 
trates and  bore  the  fasces. 

lid  (lid),  n.  a  movable  cover  clos- 
ing an  aperture  ;  top  ;  eyelid. 

lie  (II).  v.i.  [p.t.  lay,  p.p.  lain, 
p.pr.  lying!,  to  rest  in  a  recum- 
bent position ;  lean  or  press ; 
rest  or  remain ;  be  situated  or 
placed  ;  be  maintainable  at  law. 

lie  (II),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  lied,  p.pr. 
lying],  to  utter  a  falsehood;  rep- 
resent falsely :  n  a  falsehood ; 
wilful  misstatement. 

lief    (lef_),   adv.   willingly;   rather. 

liege  (lej),  adj.  bound  by  feudal 
service  or  tenure :  n.  a  vassal ; 
liege  lord,  or  sovereign. 

li-en  (le'en,  H'en  or  len),  n.  a 
legal  claim  upon  property ;  se- 
curity for  payment. 

lieu  (lu),  n.  place;  stead. 

lieu-ten-an-cy  (-ten'an-si),  n. 
the  rank  or  authority  of  a  lieu- 
tenant. 

lieu-ten-ant  Cant),  n.  an  officer 
ranking  next  below  a  captain  in 
the  army  and  a  commander  in 
the  navy  ;  a  deputy. 

life  (llf),  n.  animate  existence; 
vitality  ;  union  of  soul  and  body ; 
period  between  birth  and  death. 

8yn.        existence,        animation, 
spirit,   vivacity. 
Ant.    (see   death). 

life-guard  ('gard),  n.  a  body- 
guard. 

lift  (lift),  v.t.  to  raise  from  the 
ground ;  elevate ;  support  in  the 
air;  steal:  v.i.  to  exert  strength 
in  raising:  dissipate  in  the  air: 
n.  the  act  of  lifting ;  elevation ; 
promotion  ;  a  machine  for  raising 
or  lifting. 

Syn.  erect,  elevate,  exalt,  raise. 
Ant.   (see  lower). 

lig-a-ment  (lig'a-ment),  n.  a 
strong  elastic  tissue  connecting 
the  extremities  of  movable  bones ; 
bond  or  tie. 

lig-a-ture  (lig'a-tur),  n.  a  nar- 
row bandage  or  tie ;  two  or  more 
letters  cast  on  one  shank  (fi.  <r »  ; 
a  slur,  or  notes  joined  by  a  slur. 

light    (lit),    n.    the    imponderable 


agent  by  which  objects  are  ren- 
dered visible  by  its  action  on  the 
retina ;  day ;  an  illuminating  or 
enlightening  agent ;  aspect ;  a 
window ;  that  which  emits  light : 
adj.  clear;  bright;  not  heavy 
or  burdensome ;  unencumbered ; 
gay  ;  trifling  ;  unimportant ;  nim- 
ble ;  short  in  weight ;  well  leav- 
ened and  raised ;  graceful ;  un- 
dignified ;  dizzy ;  unchaste :  r.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  lighted,  lit,  p.pr. 
lighting],  to  set  fire  to;  inflame; 
illuminate ;  furnish  with,  or 
guide  by,  a  light :  v.i.  to  receive 
or  reflect ;  rest  or  settle ;  fall 
upon  by  chance ;  happen. 
Syn.  clear,  bright. 
Ant.  (see  dark) . 

light-en  ('en),  v.t.  to  make  light; 
illuminate ;  flash  out ;  render 
less  heavy :  v.i.  to  brighten ; 
shine  out. 

light-er  ('er),  n.  a  large  open 
barge  for  loading  and  unloading 
vessels. 

light-er-age  (-aj),  n.  the  unload- 
ing of  a  cargo  by  lighters ;  charge 
made. 

light-house  ('hous),  n.  a  struc- 
ture furnished  with  a  brilliant 
light  to  indicate  points  of  danger 
to  mariners  at  night. 

light-ning  ('ning),  n.  a  sudden 
flash  of  electricity,  usually  accom- 
panied by  thunder. 

lig-ne-ous   (lig'ne-us),  adj.  woody. 

lig-nin   ('nin),  n.  woody  fiber. 

lig-nite  ('nit),  n.  wood  converted 
into  an  imperfect  kind  of  coal. 

lig-num-vi-tae  ('num-vi'te),  n. 
the  very  heavy  hard  wood  of  a 
South  American  tree  (Guaicinn 
officinale)  or  of  similar  West  In- 
dian and  Australasian  trees. 

like  (lik),  adj.  similar;  resem- 
bling ;  equal  or  nearly  equal ;  dis- 
posed :  adv.  in  •  the  same  manner 
as ;  probably :  v.t.  have  a  taste 
for ;  enjoy :  n.  a  counterpart. 

like-ly  ('li).  adj.  [comp.  likelier. 
superl.  likeliest],  probable;  suit- 
able :  adv.  probably. 

Syn.  apt,  probable,  credible. 
Ant.    (see  doubtful). 

like-n   (lik'n),  v.t.  to  compare. 

like-ness  ('nes),  n.  similarity; 
portrait. 

Syn.  resembling,  similarity. 
Ant.  (see  unlikeness). 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  a\vl  :  he.  her.  let:  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  mo5n, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Ilk 


516 


lin 


liking  ('ing),  n.  preference; 
fondness. 

lilac  (li'lak),  n.  a  shrub  of  the 
genus  Syringa,  with  pale  pinkish 
purple  flowers ;  a  color. 

L,  i  1-1  i-p  u-t  i-a  n  (lil-i-pu'shun), 
adj.  very  diminutive,  from  Swift's 
Gulliver's  Travels.  Also  Lilipu- 
tian. 

lil-y  (lil'i),  n.  a  plant  of  the 
genus  Lilium,  with  bulbous  roots 
and  handsome  flowers :  adj.  un- 
sullied ;  lily-white. 

limb  (lim),  n.  a  jointed  or  articu- 
lated part  of  an  animal  body ; 
branch  of  a  tree ;  edge  or  border ; 
roguish  child ;  leg :  v.t.  to  dis- 
member. 

lim-ber  ('ber),  n.  the  detachable 
forepart  of  a  gun-carriage :  <i<l ./'. 
pliant :  v.t.  to  attach  a  limber  to 
(a  gun-carriage)  ;  make  pliant. 

lim  bus  ('bus),  n.  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  the  place  inter- 
mediate between  heaven  and  hell, 
the  abode  of  departed  souls  prior 
to  the  judgment ;  prison.  Also 
limbo. 

lime  (lim),  n.  a  calcareous  earth 
obtained  by  the  action  of  heat 
upon  limestone ;  bird-lime ;  a  tree 
of  the  orange  kind  yielding  an  edi- 
ble juicy  fruit ;  the  linden  tree : 
v.t.  to  apply  lime  to. 

lime-light  ('lit),  n.  a  brilliant 
light  produced  by  the  action  of 
lighted  hydrogen  and  oxygen  upon 
lime. 

lim-er-ick  (lim'er-ik),  n.  a  verse 
consisting  of  five  lines,  of  which 
the  fifth  is  left  blank,  to  be  sup- 
plied by  competitors.  It  must 
rhyme  with  the  first  two  lines. 

lime-stone  ('ston).  n.  a  rock 
having  carbonate  of  lime  as  its 
basis. 

lim -it  (lim'it),  n.  a  border  or 
boundary  ;  utmost  extent :  v.t.  to 
confine  within  bounds ;  restrict. 

lim-i-ta-tion  (-i-ta'shun),  n.  re- 
striction. 

limn  (lim),  v.t.  to  paint  or  draw; 
illuminate,  as  books  and  manu- 
scripts. 

limousine  (lim-ou-zin'),  n.  the 
liody  of  a  closed  automobile. 

limp  (limp),  adj.  flexible;  flaccid: 
n.  a  halt  in  walking :  v.i.  to  walk 
with  a  halt. 

lim-pet    ('pet),  n.  a  gastropod  of 


the  genus  Patella,  which  adheres 
firmly  to  rocks  by  its  foot  sucker. 

limp-sy  (limp'si),  adj.  flimsy; 
weak. 

lim-y  (lim'i),  adj.  containing,  or 
like,  lime. 

linen-pin  (linch'pin),  n.  the  pin 
which  goes  through  the  end  of  the 
axle  of  a  wheel,  and  keeps  it  in 
its  place. 

lin-den  (lin'den).  n.  a  tree  with 
heart-shaped  leaves,  and  small 
clusters  of  cream-colored  flowers. 
There  are  several  species,  Euro- 
pean and  American. 

line  (Hn),  n.  length  without 
breadth  ;  a  slender  string  or  cord  ; 
fishing-line  ;  extended  row  ;  l-12th 
of  an  inch ;  short  letter ;  occu- 
pation ;  mark  in  the  hand  or  face ; 
outline  ;  verse  ;  extent ;  direction  ; 
regular  infantry ;  equator ;  par- 
ticular class  of  goods  ;  descent : 
v.t.  to  draw  lines  upon ;  place 
along  side  by  side ;  cover  on  the 
inside  ;  strengthen  by  inner  works. 

lin-e-age  (lin'e-aj),  n.  ancestral 
line  of  descent  from  a  common 
progenitor ;  family. 

lin-e-al  ('e-al),  adj.  composed  of 
lines;  in  direct  line  from  an  an- 
cestor. 

lin-e-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  by  direct  de- 
scent. 

lin-e-a-ment  ('e-a-ment),  ».  fea- 
ture ;  outline. 

lin-e-ar  ('e-ar),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  composed  of,  lines ;  having 
a  straight  direction. 

lin-e-ate  ('e-at),  adj.  marked 
with  lines. 

lin-en  ('en),  n.  a  cloth  made  of 
flax  ;  articles  made  of  linen  ;  un- 
derclothing: adj.  made  of,  or  re- 
sembling, linen. 

li-ner  (ll'ner),  n.  a  15ne-of-battle 
ship ;  a  steamship  belonging  to 
a  packet  company ;  one  who 
makes  linings. 

ling  (ling),  n.  an  edible  cod-like 
fish ;  heather. 

linger  ('ger),  v.i.  to  delay; 
loiter;  remain  long  in  any  state. 
Syn.  lag,  loiter,  tarry,  saunter. 
Ant.  (see  hasten). 

lin-ger-ie  (lang-zhe-re'),  n.  un- 
derclothing. 

lin-go  (ling'go),  n.  language;  dia- 
lect. 


late,  mar  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin,  then. 


lin 


517 


11s 


lin-gnal  ('gwal),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  formed  by,  the  tongue :  «. 
a  letter  or  sound,  so  articulated, 
as  s,  th.  &c. 

lin-guist  ('gwist),  n.  one  skilled 
in  languages. 

lin-gnis-tic  Ctik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  linguistics. 

lin-guis-tics  ('tiks),  n.pl.  com- 
parative philology. 

lin-gu-la  Cgii-Ia),  n.  a  genus  of 
brachipodus  mollusks  with  a 
tongue-like  valve. 

lin-gu-late  ('gu-lat),  adj.  tongue- 
shaped. 

lin-i-ment  (lin'i-ment),  n.  a 
medicated  liquid  for  rubbing  into 
the  skin. 

lin-ing  (lin'ing),  n.  an  inside 
covering ;  contents. 

link  (lingk),  n.  a  single  ring  or 
division  of  a  chain ;  anything 
doubled  like  a  link ;  single  part 
of  a  connected  series ;  a  land 
measure  T.U2  inches ;  connection  ; 
torch  made  of  pitch  and  tow  :  pi. 
flat  sandy  soil;  golfing  grounds: 
v.t.  to  connect  by.  or  as  by,  a 
link  :  v.i.  to  be  connected. 

lin-net  (lin'et).  n.  a  British  finch. 

lin-o-lenm  (li-no'le-um),  n.  a 
floor  cloth  composed  of  ground 
cork,  linseed  oil,  and  chloride  of 
sulphur. 

lin-o-type  (lin'o-tip),  n.  a  ma- 
c-hine  for  composing  and  casting 
stereotyped  words  or  lines  for 
printing. 

lin-seed  (lin'sed).  n.  the  seed  of 
flax,  from  which  Unseed  oil  is  ex- 
pressed. 

lin-sey-wool-sey  Czi-wool'zi),  n. 
a  cloth  of  mixed  linen  and  wool. 

lint  (lint),  n.  scraped  linen  used 
for  dressing  wounds. 

lin-tel  din'tel),  n.  the  horizontal 
top  piece  of  a  door  or  window. 

li-on  (H'un),  n.  a  large  powerful 
carnivorous  mammal  of  the  genus 
Felis.  found  in  Africa  and 
Southern  Asia  :  pi.  noted  persons 
or  places:  adj.  (in  composition) 
noble :  majestic ;  courageous. 
Feminine  lioness. 

li-on-ize  (-Iz),  v.t.  to  treat  as  an 
object  of  peculiar  inter* 

li  on's-share  ('unz-shar),  n.  the 
major  part. 

lip    (lip),  n.  one  of  the  two  bor- 


ders of  the  mouth  ;  edge  of  any- 
thing ;  mouth ;  lip-like  organ ; 
speech :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  lipped, 
p.pr.  lipping],  to  touch  with  the 
lips  ;  kiss  ;  utter. 

lipped  (lipf),  adj.  having  lips  or 
rounded  edges :  labiate. 

li-qua-tion  ( li-kwfi'shun),  n.  the 
act  or  process  of  melting. 

liq  -  ue  -  fa  -  cient  ( lik-we-fa'shi- 
ent),  adj.  serving  to  liquefy. 

liq-ue-fac-tion  (-fak'shun),  n. 
the  process  of  liquefying ;  state 
of  being  melted. 

liq-ue-fy  ('we-fi),  v.t.  to  melt  or 
make  liquid  :  r.i.  to  become  liquid. 

li-ques-cent  (-kwes'ent),  adj.  be- 
coming liquid. 

li-queur  (li-ker'),  n.  an  alcoholic 
aromatic  cordial. 

liq-uid  (lik'wid).  adj.  clear;  tear- 
ful ;  not  solid ;  readily  flowing :  n. 
liquid  substance ;  one  of  the  con- 
sonants I,  m,  n,  r. 

liq-ui-date  ('wi-dat),  v.t.  to  pay 
off  as  a  debt ;  arrange,  as  the  af- 
fairs of  a  bankrupt. 

liq-ui-da-tion  (-da'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  liquidating  or  paying  off ; 
the  settlement  of  the  affairs  of  a 
bankrupt's  estate. 

liq-ui-da-tor  Cwi-da-ter),  n.  an 
official  who  winds  up  a  bankrupt's 
estate. 

liq-nor  (lik'er),  n.  an  alcoholic 
beverage ;  a  liquid :  v.t.  to  treat 
with  a  solution :  v.i.  to  take  in- 
toxicating drinks  [slang]. 

liq-nor-ice,  same  as  licorice. 

li-ra  (le'ra),  n.  [pi.  lire  (le're)], 
an  Italian  coin,  the  unit  of  mone- 
tary value  =  19  cents;  the 
Turkish  lira  =  $4.40. 

lisle  (HI),  n.  a  fine  thread  or  lace. 

lisp  (lisp),  v.i.  to  pronounce  s  and 
z  nearly  like  th;  speak:  v.t.  to 
utter  imperfectly  or  affectedly : 
n.  the  imperfect  utterance  of  a 
and  g. 

lis-som  (lis'um),  n.  supple;  lithe- 
some. 

list  (list),  n.  a  catalogue,  roll,  or 
register;  the  edge  or  selvage  of 
cloth ;  strip  of  cloth ;  inclination 
to  one  side  ;  small  square  molding  : 
pi.  an  enclosing  for  a  tournament : 
v.t.  to  catalogue,  register,  or  enrol ; 
cover  with  strins  of  cloth ;  sew 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  h?r.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
rook  :  mfite.  nut :  thin,  then. 


lis 


518 


lit 


together ;  cause  to  tilt  over  to  one 
side ;  listen  to :  v.i.  to  enlist ; 
choose;  careen;  hearken. 

li'-ten  (lis'n),  v.i.  to  attend  to 
closely,  so  as  to  hear ;  hearken ; 
obey. 

Syn.    attend,   hark,    hear,   heed. 
Ant.   (see  ignore) . 

Lis  ter  ism  ( list'er-izm),  n.  the 
antiseptic  method  of  operating  and 
dressing,  introduced  by  Sir  J. 
Lister. 

list-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of  mak- 
ing a  schedule. 

list-less  ('les),  adj.  indifferent; 
languid. 

lit,  p.t.   &  p.p.  of  light. 

lit-a-ny  (lit'a-ni),  n.  a  solemn  re- 
sponsive form  of  supplication. 

li-tchi  (le'che).  n.  a  tree  produc- 
ing a  fruit  (liclii)  much  esteemed 
in  China. 

li-ter  (le'ter),  n.  [Fr.]  in  the 
metric  system,  a  measure  of 
capacity,  =  61.026  cubic  inches. 
or  a  little  more  than  1  quart. 

lit-er-a-cy  (Ht'er-a-si),  n.  the 
state  of  being  able  to  read  and 
write. 

lit-er-al  Cer-al),  adj.  consisting 
of,  or  expressed  by,  letters ;  fol- 
lowing the  exact  words ;  exact ; 
plain. 

lit-er-al -ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a  literal 
sense. 

lit-er-a-ry  ('er-a-ri),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  appropriate  to,  litera- 
ture or  men  of  letters ;  versed  in, 
or  engaged  in,  literature. 

lit-er-ate  ( 'er-at ) ,  adj.  instructed  ; 
learned :  n.  a  literary  man ;  a 
candidate  for  holy  orders  who 
has  not  taken  a  university  de- 
gree. 

lit-er  a  tesque  (-a-tesk'),  adj.  fit 
for  literature. 

lit-e-ra-ti  (-a'tl),  n.pl.  the 
learned. 

lit-e-ra-tim  (-er-a'tim),  adv.  lit- 
erally. 

Ht-er-a-ture  ('er-a-tiir),  n.  the 
written  or  printed  literary  pro- 
ductions of  a  country  or  period ; 
literary  work ;  learning. 

litharge  (lith'arj),  n.  oxide  of 
lead. 

lithe  (\\th),  adj.  supple;  pliant. 

lithe-some  ('sum),  adj.  nimble; 
lissom. 


lith-i-a  (lith'i-£),  n.  oxide  of  lith- 
ium. 

lith-ic  (lith'ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  stone. 

lith-i-um  ('i-um),  n.  a  metallic 
element. 

litho,  a  prefix  meaning  stone,  also 
lith.  as  lithoglyph,  a  carving  on 
a  gem  or  stone  ;  ut&anthrax,  stone- 
coal,  &c. 

lith-o-chro-mat-ics  (lith'6-kro- 
mat'iks),  n.pl.  the  art  or  process 
of  painting  in  oil  upon  stone  and 
then  transferring  it  upon  canvas. 

lith-o-graph  (lith'6-graf ),  n.  a 
print  reproduced  from  a  drawing 
on  stone :  r.t.  to  draw,  or  engrave 
on  stone,  and  transfer  to  paper. 

lith-o-graph-ic  ('ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  lithography.  Also  lith- 
ographical. 

lith-o-graph-ic-al-ly  ( 'ik-al-li ) , 
adv.  by  lithography. 

lith-og-ra-phy  (-og'ru-fi),  n.  the 
art  of  making  a  design  on  stone  so 
that  ink-impressions  can  be  taken 
from  it. 

Ti tli  old  ('oid),  adj.  stone-like;  of 
stone  structure. 

lith-o-tint  ('0-tint).  n.  a  litho- 
graph from  a  drawing  executed 
with  a  camel's-hair  pencil. 

lith-ot-o-my  (-ot'o-mi),  n.  the 
operation  of  cutting  into  the 
bladder  to  remove  stone. 

lith-pt-ri-ty  (-pt'tri-ti),  n.  the 
surgical  operation  of  crushing 
stone  in  the  bladder. 

lit-i-gant  (lit'i-gant),  n.  one  who 
contends  1 1  law :  adj.  engaged  in, 
or  inclined  to.  litigation. 

lit-i-gate  ('i-gfit),  r.t.  to  contest 
in  a  court  of  law:  v.i.  to  engage 
in  a  lawsuit. 

lit-i-ga-tion  (-gft'shun),  n.  the 
act  or  process  of  carrying  on  a 
lawsuit ;  judicial  contest. 

li-tig-ions  (li-tij'us).  ml),  given 
to  carrying  on  lawsuits ;  quarrel- 
some. 

lit-inus  (lit'mus),  n.  a  purple  dye, 
obtained  from  certain  lichens. 

lit-ter  (lifer),  n.  straw,  hav,  &c.. 
used  for  horses'  bedding:  a  frame- 
work with  a  bed,  for  carrying  a 
person  in  a  recumbent  position; 
state  of  confusion  or  untidiness  : 
number  of  young  produced  at 
one  birth,  as  pigs.  &c. :  r.t.  supnly 
with  litter;  cover  with  straw; 


Ifite.  inHr.  mask,  cat,  awl:  he.  her.  let:  line,  tin:  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin,  then. 


lit 


519 


loa 


scatter      about      carelessly :      v.i. 
bring  forth  a  litter  of  young. 

lit-ter-a-teur  (-a-ter'),  n.  a  liter- 
ary man. 

lit-tle  (lit'l),  adj.  [comparative 
less,  superlative  least],  small  in 
size,  quantity,  duration,  or  im- 
portance ;  insignificant ;  young ; 
mean  :  adv.  in  a  small  degree  ;  not 
much :  n.  small  in  size,  quantity. 
&c. 

Syn.  diminutive,  small. 
Ant.    (see  great). 

lit-to-ral  ('o-ral),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  near,  or  living  on.  the  shore ; 
situated  between  high-  and  low- 
\vater  mark  :  n.  country  lying  near 
the  shore  of  a  sea,  lake,  &c. 

li-tur-gic  (li-ter'jik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  liturgy.  Also  litur- 
gical. 

li-tur-gic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  by  a 
liturgy. 

lit-ur-gics  ('jiks),  n.pl.  the 
science  of  liturgies. 

lit-ur-gy  (lit'er-ji),  n.  [pi.  litur- 
gies (-jiz)],  the  prescribed  forms 
or  ritual  for  public  worship. 

live  (liv),  v.i.  to  exist  or  have 
life ;  pass  or  enjoy  life ;  reside ; 
endure;  subsist:  adj.  (liv)  having 
life  ;  quick  ;  effective  ;  ignited  ; 
kept  for  use  ;  energetic. 

livelihood  (Hv'li-hood),  n. 
means  of  living. 

»S;/».    living,    maintenance,   sub- 
sistence, support. 

live-li-ness   (-nes),  n.  briskness. 

live-ly  ('li),  adj.  active;  brisk; 
animated  ;  sprightly  ;  vivid  ;  forci- 
ble. 

•s'.'/».    jocund,    merry,    sportive, 
sprightly,  vivacious. 
Ant.   (see  slow,  languid). 

live-oak  ('6k),  n.  an  American 
oak  valuable  for  shipbuilding. 

liv-er  (liv'er),  n.  one  who  lives; 
a  glandular  organ  secreting  bile. 

liy-er-ied  (-id),  adj.  clothed  in 
livery. 

liv-er- wort  (-wert),  n.  a  name  for 
any  cryptogamous  plant  of  the 
class  Hepaticse. 

liv-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  [pi.  liveries 
(-iz)],  a  particular  costume  worn 
by  servants ;  the  state  of  being 
kept  and  fed  at  a  stipulated  rate, 
as  horses. 

iiv-er-y-man       (-man),      n.       [pi 


liverymen   (-men)],  the  keeper  of 

a  livery-stable. 
liv-er-y- sta-ble     (-sta'bl),     n.    a 

stable  where  horses  are  kept  and 

let  out  for  hire. 
liv-id    ('id),  adj.  black  and  blue; 

discolored    as    by    a    blow ;    ashy 

pale. 
liv-ing   ('ing),  p.adj.  having  life; 

flowing  ;   vigorous  ;   active ;   quick- 
ening :    n.    livelihood ;    a    church 

benefice ;  mode  of  life. 
li-vre    (le'ver),  n.  an  old  French 

money     of     account,     value     19^ 

cents. 
lix-iv-i-ate     (liks-iv'i-at),    v.t.    to 

dissolve    out    the    saline    matter 

from     (wood    ashes)  ;    form    into 

lye. 
liz-ard    (liz'ard),   n.   a   lacertilian 

reptile  having  a   scaly  body,   and 

four    well-developed    limbs,    each 

with  five  toes. 
lla-ma      (la'ma),      n.      a      South 

American     quadruped,     somewhat 

resembling  a  camel. 
lla-ma,  same  as  lama. 
lla-ne-ro    (lya-na'ro).  n.  a  herbs- 
man     of     the     South     American 

llanos. 
lla-nos    ('noz  or  la'noz),  n.pl.  the 

extensive   level    grassy    plains,   or 

steppes  of  South  America. 
lo  (16),  inter j.  behold!  see! 
loach  (loch),  n.  a  small  edible 

freshwater  fish  ;  a  simpleton. 
load  (lod),  v.t.  to  put  on  as  much 

as  can  be  carried  ;  burden  ;  weight 

down  ;         embarrass  ;         freight ; 

charge,   as   a   gun :   n.  a   burden ; 

weight ;     freight ;     encumbrance  ; 

pressure ;  a  weight  of  hay,  straw, 

or  ore. 

Syn.     burden,     cargo,     freight, 

clog,    encumbrance. 
load-ed       ('ed),      p.adj.      laden; 

drunk. 
load-line    ('lin),    n.    the    line    to 

which  a  vessel  sinks  when  loaded 

with  her  full   cargo. 
load-star     ('star),    ».    the    pole- 
star.. 
load-stone    ('ston),    n.    magnetic 

oxide     of     iron ;     magnet.      Also 

lodestone. 
loaf  (I5f),  v.i.  to  idle  away  time: 

n.    [pi.    loaves     (lovz)],    a    large 

cake  of  bread. 

loaf-er   Cer),  n.  an  idler;  cadger. 
loam     (16m),     n.     rich    vegetable 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he>  her.  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


loa 


520 


loc 


mold,  with  day  and  sand :  v.t.  to 
cover  with  loam. 

loan  (Ion),  n.  a  sum  of  money 
lent  for  a  period,  repayable  with 
interest;  something  granted  for 
temporary  use:  v.i.  to  lend 
money. 

loath  (loth),  adj.  unwilling; 
reluctant. 

loathe  (loth),  v.t.  to  regard  with 
abhorrence  or  disgust;  detest: 
r.i.  to  feel  nausea. 

loath-ing  ('ing),  n.  disgust; 
nausea. 

loath-some  ('sum),  adj.  exciting 
loathing. 

lob  (lob),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  lobbed, 
p.pr.  lobbing],  to  toss  gently:  v.i. 
to  bowl  lobs :  n.  a  large  worm, 
used  for  fishing,  the  lugworm ;  a 
slow  ball  bovvled  underhand. 

lo-bate    (lo'bat),  adj.    lobe-like. 

lob-by  (lob'i),  n.  [pi.  lobbies 
('iz)L  a  small  hall  or  waiting 
room ;  passage  opening  before  an 
apartment;  that  part  of  the  hall 
of  a  legislative  chamber  to  which 
the  public  have  access:  v.i.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  lobbied,  p.pr.  lobbying], 
to  solicit  the  votes  of  members  of 
a  legislature  to  carry  a  particular 
measure. 

lob-by-ist  (-ist),  n.  a  person,  not 
a  member,  who  tries  to  influence 
the  votes  of  members  of  a  leg- 
islative _body. 

lobe  (lob),  n.  any  rounded  and 
projecting  part ;  a  subdivision  of 
an  organ. 

lobe-let   ('let),  n.  a  small  lobe. 

Lobelia  (lo-be'lia),  n.  an  ex- 
tensive genus  of  plants  with  hand- 
some flowers,  including  the  Indian 
tobacco  plant.  &c. 

lob-ster  ('ster),  n.  an  edible 
marine  decapod  crustacean. 

lob-ule  ('ul),  n.  a  small  lobe. 

lob  worm,  same  as  lugworm. 

lo-cal  (16'kfU),  adj.  pertaining  to 
place;  restricted  to  a  particular 
place :  n.  a  newspaper  paragraph 
of  local  interest ;  a  suburban,  train. 

locale  (-kal'),  n.  place;  locality 
I  French], 

lo-cal -ism  ('kal-izm),  n.  a  word, 
idiom,  or  custom  restricted  to  a 
particular  locality. 

lo-cal-i-ty  (-kal'i-iti),  n.  [pi.  locali- 
ties (-tiz)J,  existence  in  or  limi- 
tation to  a  place ;  position. 


lo-cal-ize  ('kal-iz),  v.t.  to  limit 
to  a  particular  place. 

lo-cal-ly  (-li),  adv.  with  respect 
to  place. 

lo-cal  op-tion  (op'shun),  n.  the 
restriction  of  the  sale  of  intoxica- 
ting liquors  by  the  majority  of 
the  voters  of  a  district. 

lo-cate  (lo'kat),  v.t.  to  place; 
establish  ;  mark  out  and  determine 
the  position  of :  v.i.  to  settle. 

lo  ca-tion  (-kfi'shun),  n.  place; 
plot  of  Around  marked  out  by 
boundaries. 

lo-ca-tive  (lok'a-tiv),  adj.  noting 
place. 

loch  (lokh),  n.  a  lake  [Scotch]. 

lock  (lok),  n.  a  mechanical  device 
furnished  with  a  spring  and  bolt 
for  fastening  a  door,  &c.,  by 
means  of  a  key ;  anything  that 
fastens ;  enclosure  between  lock- 
gates  for  racing  and  lowering  the 
water  within  them ;  mechanism 
for  firing  a  gun ;  hug  in  wrest- 
ling;  a  tuft  of  hair  or  wool; 
ringlet ;  tress :  v.t.  to  fasten  or  se- 
cure with  a  lock ;  shut  up ;  con- 
fine :  v.i.  to  become  fast  by  a 
lock ;  entwine. 

Syn.  bar,  bolt,  hook,  fastening. 

lock-age  ('aj),  n.  difference  of 
level  of  the  water  between  canal 
locks ;  dues  paid  for  passage 
through  a  lock. 

lock-er  ('er),  n.  a  receptacle  se- 
cured by  a  lock. 

lock  et  ('et),  n.  a  small  gold  or 
silver  case  attached  to  a  neck- 
lace or  chain. 

lock-jaw  ('jaw),  n.  a  spasmodic 
disease  by  which  the  lower  jaw 
is  drawn  up  and  becomes  fixed ; 
tetanus. 

lock-man  ('man),  n.  an  under- 
sheriff  in  the  Isle  of  Man. 

lock-out  ('out),  n.  the  exclusion 
of  workmen  from  a  factory  by  an 
employer  to  compel  them  to  ac- 
cept his  terms :  v.t.  to  close  a 
factory  against. 

lock-up  ('up),  n.  a  temporary 
prison  ;  calaboose  ;  jail. 

lo-co    (lo'ko),  n.  a  name  for  vari 
ous    poisonous    American    plants, 
causing  disease  to  anrmals  eating 
them  ;  also  the  disease  so  caused. 

lo  co  mo-tion    (-mo'shun),  n.   the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he.  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;. moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


foe 


521 


loi 


act  or  power  of  moving  from  place 
to  place. 

lo-co-mo-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  locomotion  ;  not  stationary  : 
n.  a  steam  engine  for  drawing 
railway  cars. 

Ip-co-mo-tor  ('ter),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  locomotion  :  n.  a  motor. 

lo-co-mo-tor  a-tax-y  (a-tak'si), 
n.  want  of  co-ordination  of  the 
movements  of  the  legs. 

lo-cust     ('kust),    n.    a    migratory 
and  destructive  winged  insect  re-  j 
sembling  the  grasshopper ;  a  tree 
of  thf   bean   family. 

lo-cn-tion  (-ku'shun),  n.  speech; 
phrase. 

lode  (lod),  n.  a  vein  containing 
metallic  ore. 

lode-star,  lode-stone,  see  load- 
star, &c. 

lodge  (loj),  v.t.  to  furnish  with  a 
temporary  dwelling:    v.i.  to  reside! 
for  a  time ;  be  deposited  or  fixed :  j 
n.  a  small  house  in  a  park  ;  gate-  j 
keeper's  cottage  :  wild  beast's  den  ;  j 
hut  of  an  American  Indian  ;  place  : 
where  members  of  an  association 
meet,  especially   Freemasons ;   the 
members   themselves. 

lodg-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  resides 
in  lodgings. 

lodg-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  place  of 
temporary  residence :  pi.  a  room 
or  rooms  hired  in  the  house  of 
another. 

lodg-ment  ('rnent).  n.  the  act  of 
lodging ;  the  state  of  being  lodged ; 
accumulation  of  something  de- 
posited ;  occupation  of  a  military 
position. 

loft  (loft),  n.  a  room  directly 
beneath  a  roof. 

loft-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  lofty 
manner. 

loft-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  lofty. 

loft-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  loftier, 
nn perl,  loftiest],  very  high;  proud; 
stately  ;  sublime. 

log  (log),  n.  an  undressed  piece 
of  timber ;  a  log-book ;  a  heavy 
dull  fellow ;  an  instrument  for 
ascertaining  the  rate  of  progress 
of  a  ship:  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  logged. 
p.pr.  logging!,  to  enter  in  a  log- 
book :  v.i.  to  hew  down  and  get 
out  trees. 

log-a-rithin  (Ti-rithm),  n.  the 
exponent  of  the  power  to  which 


a  fixed  number  (the  base)  must 
be  raised  in  order  to  produce  a 
given  number. 

log-a-rith-mic  (-rith'mik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  consisting  of, 
logarithms.  Also  logarithmical. 

log-book  ('book),  n.  a  ship's 
diary,  or  journal,  recording  the 
progress  of  a  vessel,  daily  oc- 
currences, &c. 

log-gan   ('an),  n.  a  rocking-stone. 

log-ger-head  ('er-hed),  n.  a 
blockhead ;  dolt ;  species  of  sea- 
turtle. 

log-gia  (loj'a),  n.  a  covered  gal- 
lery or  portico ;  an  open  balcony 
in  a  ^  theater. 

log-ging  (log'ing),  n.  the  business 
of  cutting  down  timber. 

log-ic  (loj'ik),  n.  the  science  of 
correct  reasoning,  especially  of 
inference. 

log-ic-al  (-al),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  used  in,  logic ;  according  to 
the  rules  of  logic. 

log-ic-al-ly  ('li),  adv.  by  the 
rules  of  logic. 

lo-gi-cian  (lo-jish'un),  n.  one 
skilled  in  logic.' 

lo-gis-tics  (-jis'tiks),  n.pl.  sexa- 
gesimal arithmetic  ;  the  science  of 
moving  and  supplying  armies. 

logo,  a  prefix  meaning  speech, 
word,  ratio. 

log-o-gram  (log'o-gram),  n.  a 
letter  or  sign  standing  for  a  word, 
as  d  for  pence,  &c. ;  a  word-puz- 
zle in  verse. 

log  o  graph  (log'6-graf ),  n.  a 
written  word. 

log-og-ra-phy  (Ipg-og'ra-fi).  n.  a 
method  of  printing  in  which  a 
type  represents  a  word  instead 
of  a  letter. 

log-o-type  (-tip),  n.  a  type  con- 
taining two  or  more  letters,  as  ff. 

log-roll  (log'rol),  v.i.  to  engage 
in  logrolling. 

log-rol-ling  (-ing),  n.  the  act 
of  rolling  logs ;  united  action  in 
carrying  legislative  schemes  for 
mutual  benefit ;  mutual  praise  by 
authors  of  each  other's  books. 

log-wood    ('wood),  n.  a  wood  of 

a  deep-red  color,  used  in  dyeing. 

loin    (loin),  n.  the  lower  part  of 

the  back  of  a  quadruped  or  man  : 

pi.  the  reins. 

loi-ter  (loi'ter),  v.t.  to  hide  (with 


late,  msir,  mSsk,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


lol 


522 


loq 


away)  :   v.i.   to   spend   time   idly ; 
delay ;  linger. 

loll  (lol),  v.i.  to  lounge  at  ease; 
hang  out  the  tongue. 

lone  (Ion),  adj.  solitary;  retired; 
by  one's  self ;  unmarried  or  in 
widowhood. 

lone-li-ness  ('li-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  lonely. 

lone-ly  ('li),  adj.  [comp.  lonelier, 
superl.  loneliest],  deserted;  soli- 
tary ;  unfrequented. 

lone-some  ('sum),  adj.  secluded 
from  society ;  depressed ;  unfre- 
quented ;  drearily  solitary. 

long    ( long ) .   adj.   not   short ;    ex- 
tended in  time,  or  length  ;  drawn 
put ;   slow  ;   tedious  ;   tall ;   linger- 
ing ;    farseeing :    adv.    to    a    great 
length  or  period ;  far  distant ;  for 
a  length  of  time :  n.  anything  that 
is    long:    v.i.    to    desire    eagerly 
(with  for  or  after) . 
Syn.  extended,  extensive. 
Ant.    (see  short). 

long-boat  ('hot),  n.  the  largest 
and  strongest  boat  of  a  ship. 

long-bow  ('bo),  n.  a  long  power- 
ful bow  formerly  used  by  English 
archers. 

long-cloth  ('kl6th),  n.  a  superior 
cotton  fabric. 

long-doz-en  (-duz'n),  n.  thirteen. 

lon-gev-i-ty  (lon-jev'i-ti),  n.  ex- 
tended age. 

long-hand  ('hand),  n.  ordinary 
handwriting,  as  distinguished 
from  shorthand. 

longi,  a  prefix  meaning  long,  as 
longicorn  :  adj.  long-horned. 

long-ing  (long'ing),  n.  earnest  de- 
sire. 

lon-gi-tnde  (lon'ji-tud),  n.  dis- 
tance east  and  west  on  the 
earth's  surface  measured  from  a 
meridian  or  place,  estimated  in 
degrees ;  on  the  ecliptic,  distance 
in  degrees  from  the  vernal  equi- 
nox. 

lon-gi-tn-di-nal  (-tu'di-nal),  adj. 
pertaining  to  longitude,  or  length. 

lon-gi-tn-di-nal-ly  (-li),  adv. 
lenfthwise. 

long-prim-er  ('prim-er) ,  n.  a  size 
of  type  between  small  pica  and 
bourgeois  (see  type). 

long-shore-man  (16ng'sh6r-mSn), 
n.  a  wharf  laborer. 

loo    (loo),   n.   a  card   game. 


loo-by  ('bi),  n.  an  awkward  fel- 
low. 

loof  (loof),  n.  the  fullest  part  of 
a  ship's  bow. 

look  (look),  v.i.  to  direct  the  eye 
to  anything,  in  order  to  view  it ; 
direct  the  mind  or  attention  to ; 
examine  ;  front  or  face  ;  expect ; 
watch  ;  appear :  v.t.  to  search  or 
seek  for ;  turn  the  eyes  upon :  n. 
the  act  of  looking ;  mien  ;  aspect : 
intcrj.  see ! 

Syn.  appear,  seem. 

lool  (lool),  n.  a  vessel  for  receiv- 
ing the  washings  of  ore. 

loom  (loom),  n.  a  frame  or  ma- 
chine for  weaving  cloth  ;  an  oar 
handle :  v.i.  to  rise  gradually  and 
appear  larger  than  in  reality. 

loon  (loon),  n.  the  great  north- 
ern diver. 

loon-y    ( 'i ) ,   adj.   crazed. 

loop  (loop),  n.  a  folding  or  doub- 
ling of  string,  rope,  &c. ;  noose 
through  which  a  cord  may  be 
run:  anything  resembling  a  loop: 
v.t.  to  form  into,  furnish  with, 
or  secure  with,  loops. 

loop-hole  ChOl),  n.  a  narrow 
aperture  for  observation  or  de- 
fense ;  means  of  evasion. 

loop-line  ('lin),  n.  a  railway 
line  running  out  of  and  rejoining 
the  main  line. 

loose  (loos),  adj.  not  fast;  un- 
bound ;  not  fixed  ;  not  tight ;  not 
crowded  together ;  vague ;  un- 
connected ;  lax  in  principles  or 
morals :  n.  the  state  of  being 
loose :  v.t.  to  set  free ;  unbind  ; 
disengage :  relax. 

loos-en  (loos'n),  v.t.  to  free  from 
tightness,  restraint,  or  tension ; 
free  from  costiveness. 

loot  (I65t>.  v.t.  to  pillage  or 
plunder,  especially  a  captured 
city  :  n.  booty  thus  taken. 

lop  (lop),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  lopped, 
p.pr.  lopping],  to  cut  off  (a 
part  of  anything),  especially 
branches  of  a  tree:  cut  off  par- 
tially ;  trim  ;  let  fall :  v.i.  to  hang 
down :  n.  a  hanging  down ;  that 
which  is  lonned,  as  branches. 

lop-si-ded  ('sT-ded),  n.  heavier  on 
one  side. 

lo-qua  cious  (16-kwa'shus) ,  adj. 
talkative. 

lo-quac-i-ty  (-kwas'i-ti).  n.  talka- 
tivoness. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let:  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot;  m65n, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


lor 


525 


lov 


lord  (lord),  n.  a  ruler  or  govern- 
or ;  master ;  one  possessed  of 
supreme  power-  the  owner  of  a 
manor;  a  baron  in  the  British 
peerage ;  the  son  of  a  duke  or 
marquis ;  eldest  son  of  an  earl ; 
title  of  honor  given  to  certain 
officials:  r.t.  to  invest  with  au- 
thority ;  preside  over :  v.i.  to 
domineer. 

lord-li-ness  Cli-nes),  n.  lordly  de- 
gree or  rank  ;  pride  ;  haughtiness. 

lord-ling  ('ling),  n.  a  little  or 
would-be  lord. 

lord-ship  ('ship),  n.  the  state, 
quality,  or  jurisdiction  of  a  lord ; 
title  of  address  (with  his  or 
your)  given  to  noblemen  and 
judges. 

Lord's  Sup-per  ('z  sup'er),  n. 
the  Holy  Communion  or  Eucha- 
rist. 

lore  (lor),  n.  learning;  instruc- 
tion ;  space  between  the  eye  and 
bill  of  a  bird. 

lo-rette  (lo-ref),  n.  a  woman  of 
the  demi-monde  [French]. 

lor-gnette    (lor-nyet'),  n.  a  long- 
handled    opera    glass ;    a    pair    of 
eyeglasses  fixed   to   a   long  handle  j 
into  which  they  shut. 

lor-i-keet  (lor-i-kef),  n.  a 
straight-billed  parrot. 

lo-ris  (lo'ris),  n.  a  nocturnal 
lemur. 

lorn,  (lorn),  adj.  forsaken;  for- 
lorn. 

lor-ry  (lor'i),  n.  [pi.  lorries 
('iz)l,  a  long  four-wheeled  wagon 
without  sides ;  a  miner's  hand- 
cart. 

lo-ry  (lo'ri),  n.  [pi.  lories  ('riz)], 
a  species  of  parrot  with  brilliant 
plumage. 

lose  (luoz),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  lost, 
/*./"'•  losing],  to  be  deprived  of; 
cease  to  have  in  possession  ;  mis- 
lay ;  forfeit;  waste;  squander: 
v.i.  to  fail  of  success ;  yield ;  be 
defeated. 

^!/n.  miss,  forfeit. 
Ant.    (see  gain). 

loss  (Kis),  n.  detriment;  injury; 
privation:  failure;  defeat;  that 
which  is  lost. 

N.I/H.   detriment,   damage,   depri- 
vation. 

Ant.    (see   gain). 


lost  (lost),  p. adj.  missing;  for- 
feited ;  destroyed  ;  perplexed. 

lot  (lot).  H.  fortune:  destiny; 
portion  or  parcel ;  anything  used 
to  determine  chances ;  great 
quantity :  i-.t.  to  separate  into 
lots  :  assign  ;  catalogue. 

Lio-tha-ri-o  (lo-tha'ri-6),  n.  a  gay 
deceiver  or  libertine,  from  Howe's 
The  Fair  Penitent. 

lo-tiqn  ('shun),  n.  a  medicated 
fluid  for  outward  application. 

lot-ter-y  (lot'er-i),  n.  [pi.  lot- 
teries (-iz)],  a  distribution  of 
prizes  by  _chance ;  drawing  of  lots. 

lot-to  ('p) ,  n.  a  parlor  game 
played  with  24  cards  and  wooden 
discs  numbered  1  to  100. 

Lo-tus  (lo'tus),  n.  a  genus  of  the 
water-lily  family,  especially  the 
sacred  lotus  of  the  ancient  Nile ; 
a  name  for  various  trees  or 
shrubs,  the  fruit  of  which  was 
fabled  to  cause  forgetfulness  of 
care  and  induce  a  state  of  dreamy 
indolence. 

lou-chettes  (166-shets'),  n.pl.  col- 
ored spectacles  for  direct  vision 
in  strabismus. 

loud  (loud),  adj.  high-  or  full- 
sounding  ;  noisy ;  ostentatious  in 
dress  or  manner ;  showy ;  having 
an  unpleasant  odor :  adv.  loudly. 
Syn.  clamorous,  high-sounding, 
noisy. 

Ant.    (see  low,  quiet). 

loud-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  loud  man- 
ner ;  ostentatiously. 

lough    (lokh).  n.  a  lake  [Irish]. 

louis  d'or  (loo'i  d6r'),  n.  an  old 
French  coin,  of  varying  value 
(about  $4). 

lounge  (lounj),  v.i.  to  saunter 
about  in  a  lazy  manner ;  loll ; 
live  indolently :  n.  the  act  of 
lounging ;  a  low-backed  couch. 

louse  (lous),  n.  [pi.  lice  (-Us)]. 
a  parasitic  insect  of  various 
species,  especially  thoser  of  the 
genus  Pediculus,  parasitic  on 
man. 

lou-sy  (lou'zi),  adj.  infested  with 
lice. 

lout  (lout),  n.  an  awkward  fel- 
low. 

lon-ver  (IfxYver),  n.  an  open  tur- 
ret or  lantern  on  the  roof  of  a 
building. 

lov-a-ble  (luv'a-bl),  adj.  worthy 
of  love. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


lov 


524 


luc 


lov-a-bil-i-ty  (-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  the 
quality  that  attracts  love. 

love  (luv),  n.  a  strong  feeling  of 
affection,  especially  to  one  of  the 
opposite  sex;  courtship:  de- 
voted affection  for  or  attachment 
to;  parental  care;  a  sweetheart: 
v.t.  to  regard  with  strong  affec- 
tion ;  feel  devotion  towards ;  de- 
light in :  v.i.  to  be  in  love ;  have 
strong  affection. 
N.i/«.  affection. 
Ant.  (see  hatred). 

love-ap-ple  ('ap-1),  n.  the  tomato. 

love-bird  ('herd),  n.  a  small  bird 
of  the  parrot  family. 

love-feast  ('fest),  n.  a  religious 
feast  of  the  nature  of  the  agape. 

love-lies-bleed-ing  ( -liz-bled'- 
ing).  n.  a  species  of  amaranth. 

love-li-ness  Cli-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  lovely. 

love-ly  ('li),  adj.  [comp.  lovelier, 
snperl.  loveliest],  exciting  love  or 
admiration  ;  amiable ;  beautiful ; 
pretty  ;  inviting  ;  delightful :  adv. 
so  as  to  inspire  love  or  admira- 
tion. 

lov-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  loves; 
one  in  love :  said  of  a  man ;  one 
deeply  attached. 

lov-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  devoted;  af- 
fectionate. 

lov-ing-cup  (-kup),  n.  a  wine- 
cup,  usually  with  several  handles, 
passed  round  from  guest  to  guest. 

low  (lo) ,  adj.  not  high  ;  depressed  ; 
shallow ;  not  noisy ;  subdued ; 
near  the  horizon ;  cheap ;  moder- 
ate ;  feeble  or  weak ;  of  less  than 
the  normal  height ;  below  the 
recognized  standard ;  vulgar ; 
abject :  n.  the  bellow  of  cattle : 
adv.  not  on  high  ;  deeply  ;  softly  ; 
quietly ;  meaningly ;  at  a  low 
price ;  in  humble  rank :  v.i.  to  bel- 
low like  cattle. 
Syn.  abject,  mean. 
Ant.  (see  noble). 

low-bell  ('bel),  n.  a  sheep-  or 
cattle-bell. 

Low  Church  (cherch).  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Evangelical  section 
of  the  English  Church,  or  to  its 
doctrines. 

low-er  ('er),  v.t.  to  lessen  or 
bring  down ;  reduce  in  price  or 
value  ;  weaken  ;  humble  ;  change 
to  a  lower  pitch :  v.i.  to  become 


lower;  sink;  fall;  (lou'er)  to  ap- 
pear dark,  gloomy,  or  threaten- 
ing. 

low-er  case  (kas).  n.  that  part 
of  a  compositor's  case  which  con- 
tains the  small  printing  types. 

low-er-ing  (lou'er-ing),  p.atlj. 
overcast  with  clouds ;  threatening 
a  storm ;  gloomy. 

low-er-most  ( Id'er-most ) ,  a  ill 
lowest. 

low-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  bellow  of 
cattle. 

low-land  ('land),  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  low  or  level  country :  n.pl. 
a  level  country. 

Low  Lat  in  (lat'in),  n.  mediaeval 
Latin. 

low-li-ness  ('li-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  lowly. 

low-ly  ('li).  adj.  [comp.  lowlier, 
snperl.  lowliest],  low  in  rank  or 
size ;  humble ;  modest :  adv. 
modestly. 

low  mass  (mas),  n.  mass  said 
without  musical  accompaniment 
and  by  one  priest. 

lox-i-a   (loks'i-a),  n.  wryneck. 

loxo,  a  prefix  meaning  slanting. 

loy-al  (loi'al),  adj.  faithful  in 
allegiance  to  one's  sovereign  or 
country ;  true  to  plighted  faith  or 
duty. 

loy-al-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  who  ad- 
heres to  and  supports  the  au- 
thority of  his  sovereign  or  coun- 
try. 

loy-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  loyal 
manner. 

loz-enge  (loz'enj),  n.  an  oblique- 
angled  parallelogram  ;  a  rhomb  ; 
diamond-shaped  figure  used  in 
heraldry  ;  a  sweetmeat. 

lub-ber  (lub'er),  H.  an  awk- 
ward, clumsy  fellow  :  a  raw  sailor. 

lu-bri-cant  (lii'bri-kant),  n.  a 
substance  for  lubricating. 

lu-bri-cate  (-kat).  v.t.  to  make 
smooth  or  slippery. 

lu-bri-ca-tor  (-er),  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  lubricates,  es- 
pecially a  device  for  oiling  ma- 
chinery. 

lu-cer-nal  (-ser'nal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  lamp,  or  to  artificial 
light. 

lu-cerne  (-sern'),  n.  a  clover-like 
plant  cultivated  for  fodder. 

lu-cid  Csid),  adj.  clear:  readily 
understood  ;  shining  ;  transparent. 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


iuc 


525 


lun 


lu-cid-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the  state  of 
being  lucid. 

Lu-ci-fer  ('si-fer),  n.  Venus,  as 
the  morning  star  ;  Satan. 

lu-ci-fer,  n.  a  match  ignited  by 
friction. 

luck  (luk),  n.  casual  event  or 
accident ;  fortune,  either  good  or 
bad  ;  success. 

luck-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  lucky 
manner. 

luck-y  ('i).  adj.  [comp.  luckier, 
superl,  luckiest],  having  good 
luck  or  fortune;  successful; 
auspicious. 

lu-cra-tive  (lu'kra-tiv),  adj.  prof- 
itable. 

lu-cra-tive-ly  (-H),  adv.  profit- 
ably. 

lu-cu-bra-tion  (-kii-bra'shun),  n. 
a  literary  composition  produced 
as  the  result  _of  protracted  study. 

lu-cu-li  ('ku-li).  n.pl.  bright 
spots  on  the  sun's  surface. 

lu-cu-lite  (-ku'lit).  n.  a  variety 
of  black  marble,  cut  and  polished 
for  ornamental  purposes. 

lu-di-crous  ('di-krus),  adj.  ex- 
citing mirth  ;  comical ;  droll. 

luff  (luf).  n.  the  weather-gauge, 
or  that  part  of  a  ship  towards 
the  wind :  the  act  of  sailing  close 
to  the  wind ;  luff-tackle :  v.i.  to 
steer  nearer  to  the  wind. 

luff-tack-le  (-tak'l),  n.  a  large 
tackle  consisting  of  a  double  and 
a  single  block. 

lug  (lug),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  lugged, 
p.pr.  lugging],  to  pull  or  draw 
along  :  v.i.  to  drag  ;  move  heavily  ; 
pull  laboriously :  n.  the  act  or 
effort  of  lugging ;  something 
difficult  to  move ;  a  projecting 
part ;  the  ear ;  a  lug-sail ;  handle 
of  a  vessel :  pi.  conceited  airs. 

lug-gage  ('aj),  n.  effects  of  a 
traveler ;  baggage. 

lug-ger  Cer),  n.  a  small  vessel 
with  2  or  3  masts  with  a  run- 
ning sprit  and  lug-sails. 

lug-sail  ('sal),  n.  a  square  sail, 
without  boom  or  lower  yard,  bent 
to  a  yard  that  hangs  nearly  at 
right  angles  to  the  mast. 

lu-gu-bri-ous  (-gu'bri-us),  adj. 
mournful. 

lug-worm  ('werm),  n.  a  sand 
worm. 

luke-warm  ('warm),  adj.  moder- 
ately warm. 


lull  (lul),  v.t.  to  soothe  to  sleep; 
quiet :  v.i.  to  become  calm :  «. 
abatement ;  temporary  calm. 

lull-a-by  ('a-lri).  n.  [pi.  lullabies 
(-biz)],  a  cradje-song. 

lum-ba-go  (-ba'go),  n.  rheuma- 
tism of  the  muscles  of  the  loins. 

lum-bar  ('bar),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  loins. 

lum-ber  ('her),  n.  rubbish;  for- 
est timber  sawed  for  market :  r.t. 
to  fill  with  lumber  or  rubbish ; 
heap  together  in  disorder :  v.i.  to 
cut  down  timber  and  prepare  it 
for  market. 

lum-ber-er  ('ber-er),  n.  one  who 
cuts  forest  timber  and  shapes  it 
for  market. 

lum-ber-man.  ('ber-man),  n.  one 
who  is  engaged  in  the  lumber 
trade ;  a  foreman  of  lumberers. 

lu-mi-na-ry  ('mi-na-ri),  n.  [pi. 
luminaries  (-riz)],  a  body  emit- 
ting light,  especially  a  heavenly 
body ;  one  who  enlightens  or  in- 
structs. 

lu-mi-nes-cence  ( lu-mi-nes'ens ) , 
n.  a  power  of  emitting  light  pos- 
sessed by  certain  bodies  that  have 
been  exposed  to  light  or  radiant 
energy. 

lu-mi-nif-er-ous  (-nif'er-us).  adj. 
emitting,  or  transmitting,  light. 

lu-mi-nous  ('mi-nus).  adj.  emit- 
ting or  radiating  light ;  bright ; 
clear ;  perspicuous. 

lump  (lump),  n.  a  small  shape- 
less mass  ;  aggregate ;  gross ;  a 
swelling:  v.t.  to  throw  or  unite 
in  the  gross ;  heap  indiscriminate- 
ly ;  put  up  with. 

lump-er  ('er),  n.  a  docker;  mili- 
tiaman. 

lump-fish  ('fish),  n.  a  thick  ma- 
rine fish  with  horny  spines. 

lump-y    ('i),   adj.   full   of   lumps. 

lu-na-cy  (lu'na-si),  n.  [pi.  luna- 
cies (-siz)],  mental  unsoundness : 
adj.  pertaining  to  lunacy,  or  to 
lunatics. 

Syn.      derangement,      insanity, 
mania,   madness. 
Ant.    (see  sanity). 

lu-nar  Cnar),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
measured  by,  or  influenced  by, 
the  moon :  n.  lunar  distance. 

lu-iiar  month  (munth),  n.  a 
month  measured  by  the  complete 
revolution  of  the  moon  =  29% 
days. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


lun 


526 


lux 


lu-nar  year  (yer),  n.  a  year  of 
twelve  lunar  months  =  354  1-3 
days. 

lunate  ('nat),  adj.  crescent- 
shaped. 

lu-na-tic  ('na-tik),  adj.  affected 
with,  or  characteristic  of,  lunacy  : 
n.  one  who  is  insane. 

lu-na-tion  (-nfi'shun),  n.  a  com- 
plete revolution  of  the  moon. 

lunch  (lunch),  n.  a  light  meal  be- 
tween hreakfast  and  dinner. 
Also  luncheon  :  r.i.  to  take  lunch. 

lu-nette  (Id-net').  1\.  anything 
shaped  like  a  half-moon,  as  in  for- 
tification, &c. ;  a  flattened  watch- 
si  ass. 

lung  (lung),  n.  one  of  two  organs 
of  respiration  in  air-breathing 
vertebrates. 

lunge  (lunj),  n.  a  sudden  thrust 
or  pass  with  the  sword ;  sudden 
lurch :  v.i.  to  make  a  lunge. 

lung-wort  (lung'wert),  n.  a  plant 
with  dark'colored  leaves  spotted 
with  white ;  a  lichen  growing  on 
trees. 

luni,  a  prefix  meaning  moon,  as 
Zunisolar :  adj.  produced  by  the 
united  attraction  of  the  moon  and 
the  sun. 

lu-nu-la  (lu'nu-la),  n.  [pi.  lunulse 
(-le)],  the  white  crescent- 
shaped  part  of  the  nail  near  the 
root. 

ln-p\is  ('pus),  n.  a  chronic  tuber- 
culous disease  which  eats  into 
the  skin,  especially  of  the  face. 

lurch  (lerch),  n.  a  sudden  roll  to 
one  side,  as  of  a  ship  ;  tendency ; 
a  difficult  or  forlorn  position ;  a 
losing  position  in  cribbage :  v.i.  to 
roll  suddenly  to  the  one  side. 

lure  (Itir),  v.t.  to  allure:  n.  any- 
thing used  as  an  enticement ;  bait : 
a  long  carved  trumpet  used  in 
Scandinavia. 

Inr-id  ('id),  adj.  greyish-orange; 
wan  ;  ghastly  ;  pale  ;  gloomy. 

lurk  (lerk).  v.i.  to  lie  in  wait; 
be  concealed. 

lus-cious  (lush'us),  adj.  sweet  to 
excess ;  delightful  to  the  taste 
or  sense ;  fulsome. 

lush  (lush),  adj.  rich  and  juicy  :  n. 
intoxicating  drink. 

lust  (lust),  n.  strong  desire  to 
possess  or  enjoy  ;  concupiscence  : 


v.i.  to  desire  strongly  ;  have  inordi- 
nate desires  (with  after). 

lust-f ul  ( 'fool ) ,  adj.  sensual ;  ro- 
bust. 

lust-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  lust- 
ful manner. 

lust-i-ly  (,'i-li),  adv.  in  a  lusty 
manner. 

lust-i-ness  Ci-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  lusty. 

lus-tral  (lus'tral),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  used  in.  purification. 

lus-tra-tion  (-tra'shun),  n.  puri- 
fication. 

lus-ter  ('ter),  n.  brightness: 
splendor;  brilliancy  of  reflected 
light ;  renown  ;  a  chandelier  orna- 
mented with  cut  glass  pendants : 
a  lustrous  dress-cloth  :  the  quality 
and  intensity  of  light  reflected 
from  the  surface  of  minerals. 

lus-trous  ('trus),  adj.  having  a 
luster. 

lust-wort  ('wert),  n.  the  plant 
sundew. 

lust-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  lustier, 
.v/'/H-rl.  lustiest],  robust;  vigorous; 
healthy. 

lute  (lut).  n.  a  stringed  musical 
instrument  of  the  guitar  family  ; 
a  composition  of  clay,  &c.,  used 
for  making  the  joints  of  vessels 
airtight,  or  protecting  them  from 
the  action  of  fire. 

I*u-ther-an  ('ther-an),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Luther,  the  German 
reformer,  or  to  the  Lutheran 
Church  and  its  doctrines :  n.  a 
member  of  the  Lutheran  Church. 

Ln-ther-an-ism  (-izm),  n.  the 
doctrines  of  Luther  and  the 
Lutheran  Church. 

lux  (Inks),  n.  [pi.  luces  (lil'sez)], 
the  unit  of  intensity  of  electrical 
illumination. 

lux-u-ri-ance  (lug-zu'ri-ans),  n. 
exuberant  in  growth.  Also  luxu- 
riancy. 

lux-u-ri-ant    Cri-ant),   adj.   char- 
acterized   by    luxuriance;    super- 
abundant ;   superfluous. 
Syn.   exuberant. 
Ant.    (see  sparse). 

lux-u-ri-ate  Cri-at),  v.i.  to  grow 
exuberantly  ;  live  luxuriously  ;  in- 
dulge unrestrainedly. 

lux-u-ri-ous  ('ri-iis),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  luxury ;  indulging  in,  or 
administering  to,  luxury. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


lux 


527 


lux-u-ry  (luk'shu-ri),  n.  [pi.  luxu- 
ries (-riz)],  extravagant  indul- 
gence in  the  pleasures  of  the 
senses,  dress,  &c. ;  a  dainty  ;  any- 
thing productive  of  enjoyment. 

ly,  a  suffix  meaning  like,  or  per- 
taining to,  as  womanly,  &c. 

Liy-ce-um  (11-se'um),  n.  [pi.  Ly- 
ceums, Lycea  ('umz,  'a)],  origi- 
nally the  grove  at  Athens  where 
Aristotle  taught. 

ly-ce-um  (se'um),  n.  a  literary 
seminary  ;  an  academy  ;  a  literary 
association  ;  an  intermediate  clas- 
sical school. 

Ly-cur-gan  (-ker'gan),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Lycurgus,  the  Spartan 
lawgiver,  noted  for  the  severity 
of  his  code  of  laws :  hence  re- 
lentlessly severe. 

lyd-dite  (lid'It),  n.  a  powerful 
explosive,  consisting  chiefly  of 
picric  acid. 

Lyd-i-an  (lid'i-an),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  ancient  Lydia  in  Asia 
Minor,  noted  for  its  luxury, 
music,  and  purple  dyes ;  effemi- 
nate ;  voluptuous. 

lye   (II),  n.  an  alkaline  solution. 

ly-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  addicted  to 
falsehood ;  the  state  or  act  of 
being  recumbent :  n.  untruthful- 
ness. 


ly-ing-in  (-in),  adj.  pertaining 
to  childbirth  :  n.  parturition. 

lymph  (lirnf),  n.  a  colorless  alka- 
line nutritive  fluid  in  animal 
bodies. 

lym-phat-ic  (lim-fat'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  conveying,  or  contain- 
ing lymph ;  sluggish :  pi.  the 
minute  ducts  which  convey 
lymph. 

lynch  (linch),  v.t.  to  judge  and 
punish  by  lynch-law. 

lynch-law  ('law),  n.  summary 
punishment  by  private  individuals 
without  the  usual  legal  formal- 
ities. 

lynx  (links),  n.  a  fierce  cat-like 
animal,  proverbial  for  its  keenness 
of  sight. 

ly-rate    (li'rat),   adj.   lyre-shaped. 

lyre  (llr),  n.  a  musical  instru- 
ment of  the  harp  kind :  used  by 
the  ancients  to  accompany  the 
voice. 

lyre-bird  ('herd),  n.  an  Austra- 
lian bird  having  a  tail  shaped  like 
a  lyre. 

lyr-ic  (lir'ik),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  adapted  to  singing  to,  a  lyre : 
n.  a  lyric  composition. 

lyr-ic  po-et-ry  (po'et-ri),  n.  poet- 
ry expressive  of  the  emotion  of 
the  poet. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


528 


mad 


M 


ma  (rna),  n.  contraction  of  mam- 
ma ;  a  Hindu  form  of  respectful 
address  to  a  woman. 

ma-ca-co  (ma-ka'ko),  n.  a  name 
for  the  ruffled  lemur,  and  the  ring- 
tail ed  lemur. 

ma-ca-cus  (-ka'kus),  n.  the  ape- 
baboon. 

mac-ad-am-ize  (mak-ad'am-iz) , 
v.t.  to  cover  (a  road)  with  small 
broken  stone,  so  as  to  form  a 
smooth  hard  rounded  surface. 

mac  a-ro-iii  (-A-ro'ni),  n.  a  paste 
composed  chiefly  of  fine  flour 
and  made  into  long  thin  tubes ;  a 
dandy  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

mac-a-ron-ic  (-ron'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  like,  macaroni,  or  to 
a  burlesque  composition  consist- 
ing of  a  jumble  of  incongruous 
words :  n.  macaronic  verse. 

mac-a-roon  (-rofm'),  n.  a  small 
cake  made  of  flour,  eggs,  almonds, 
and  sugar. 

ma-caw  (ma-kaw'),  n.  a  large 
and  handsome  species  of  parrot 
with  strong  hooked  bill. 

mace  (mas),  n.  a  massive  staff 
usually  surmounted  with  a  crown  ; 
a  heavy  billiard  cue ;  the  second 
covering  of  the  nutmeg. 

mac-er-atc  (mas'er-at),  v.t.  to 
soften  or  separate  the  parts  of 
by  steeping  in  a  fluid ;  mortify  or 
harass. 

ma-che-te  (ma-cha'ta),  n.  a  large 
heavy  knife  used  by  the  inhabit- 
ants of  South  America  for  cut- 
ting through  forests,  &c. 

Mach  i  a  yel  li  an  ( mak-i-a-vel'- 
i-an),  adj.  pertaining  to  Machia- 
velli,  the  Florentine  statesman, 
or  to  his  principles  of  political 
duplicity :  hence  crafty ;  double- 
dealing  :  n.  a  cunning,  unprin- 
cipled politician. 

Mach-i-a-vel-li-an-ism  ( -izm ) , 
n.  the  principles  of  Machiavelli. 

mach-i  na-tion  (-i-na'shun),  n. 
a  plot;  artifice. 

Xy/n.  plot,   intrigue,  cabal,   con- 
spiracy. 

Ant.    (see  artlessness) . 

ma-chine      (ma-shen'),     n.     any 


contrivance  to  increase  and  regu- 
late motive  power  ;  an  engine  ;  a 
light  carriage  or  vehicle ;  one  who 
acts  mechanically  or  at  the  bid- 
ding of  another. 

ma-chin-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  machines 
collectively;  parts  of  a  machine; 
any  combination  by  which  some- 
thins  is  kept  in  action  or  the  re- 
sult desired  is  obtained. 

ma-chin  1st  ('ist),  n.  a  con- 
structor of  machines ;  one  skilled 
in  the  principles  of  machinery ; 
one  who  works,  or  attends  to,  a 
machine. 

mack-er-el  (mak'er-el),  n.  an 
edible  marine  fish,  mottled  with 
green  and  blue. 

mack-iii  tosh  (mak'in-tosh) ,  n. 
an  india-rubber  water-proof  over- 
coat. 

mack-le  ('!),  r.t.  to  blot  or  blur, 
so  as  to  produce  the  impression 
of  double  printing. 

mac-le   ('!),  n.  a  twin-crystal. 

mac-led   ('Id),  adj.  spotted. 

macro,  a  prefix  meaning  large, 
long,  as  macrocephalous,  adj. 
large-headed. 

mac-ro-cosm  (mak-ro'kozm),  n. 
the  universe. 

mac-rom-e-ter  ( mak-rom'e-ter) , 
n.  an  optical  instrument  for  de- 
termining the  distance  or  size  of 
inaccessible  objects. 

mac-rou  (mak'ron),  n.  a  mark 
(-)  over  a  vowel  to  indicate  that 
it  is  long,  as  came. 

mad  (mad),  adj.  [comp.  madder, 
superl.  maddest],  mentally  dis- 
ordered or  distracted  ;  insane  ;  in- 
fatuated ;  furious  with  rage  or 
terror;  inflamed  with  an.ircr. 

Syn.    crazy,    delirious,    insane, 
rabid,  violent,  frantic. 
Ant.   (see  sane,  rational). 

mad  am  ('Sm),  n.  [pi.  mcsdjuncs 
(ma-dam')],  a  complimentary 
title,  or  form  of  courteous  ad- 
dress to  a  lady. 

mad  a  ro-sis  (-a-ro'sis),  n.  loss 
of  the  hair,  especially  that  of  the 
eyelashes. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mad 


529 


mag 


mad-cap  ('kap),  n.  a  wild, 
thoughtless,  eccentric  person. 

mad-den  ('n),  r.t.  to  make  mad 
or  furious :  v.i.  to  become  mad  or 
furious. 

mad-der  ('er),  n.  a  plant  of  the 
genus  Rubia,  from  the  root  of 
which  a  red  dye  and  pigment  is 
extracted. 

mad-ding  ('ing),  adj.  raging; 
furious. 

made  (mad),  adj.  artificially  pro- 
duced or  formed :  p.t.  &  p.p.  of 
make. 

ma-dei-ra  (rnS-de'ra),  n.  a  rich 
wine  made  in  the  island  of 
Madeira. 

mad-em-oi-selle  ( niad-m  wa-zel' ) , 
n.  [Fr.]  a  title  of  courtesy  given 
in  France  to  a  young  lady. 

ma-don-na  (ma-don'na) ,  n.  [pi. 
madonnas  ('naz)],  a  picture  of 
the  Virgin  Mary,  usually  with  the 
infant  Christ. 

ma-dre-perl  (mad're-perl),  n. 
mother-of -pea  rl . 

mad-re-pore  (mad're-por),  n. 
coral. 

mad-ri-gal  ('ri-gal),  n.  a  light 
amorons  song  ;  a  pastoral  poem  ;  a 
part  song  unaccompanied  by 
music. 

mael-strom  (mal'strum),  n.  a 
celebrated  whirlpool  on  the  Nor- 
wegian coast. 

mag-a-zine  (mag-a-zen'),  n.  a 
warehouse;  receptacle  for  military 
stores,  as  ammunition,  &c. ; 
chamber  in  a  gun ;  a  periodical 
literary  or  scientific  publication. 

mag-da-len  ('da-len),  n.  a  re- 
formed prostitute,  from  Mary 
Magdalene  (Luke  vii.  36-50). 

ma-gen-ta  (ma-jen'ta),  n.  a  red 
aniline  dye. 

mag-got  (mag'ot),  n.  the  footless 
larva  of  a  fly  ;  grub  ;  whim. 

mag-got-y  Cot-i),  ad),  full  of 
maggots;  whimsical. 

fMa-gi     (mfi'ji),    n.pl.    among    the 
Lkkadians  and   ancient   Persians 
the  sacerdotal  and   learned  class; 
the  wise  men  of  the  East. 

Ma-gi-an  ('ji-an),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  Magi :  n.  one  of  the 
Magi ;  an  adherent  of  the  Zo- 
roastrian  religion. 

mag-ic  (maj'ik),  n.  the  pretended 
art  of  working  by  the  power  or 


assistance  of  supernatural  be- 
ings ;  sorcery ;  witchcraft ;  en- 
chantment :  adj.  pertaining  to, 
produced  by,  or  exercising,  magic ; 
enchanted ;  necromantic.  Also 
magical. 

mag-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  as  by 
magic. 

ma-gi-cian  (ma-jish'an),  n.  one 
skilled  in  magic. 

uag-ic  Ian-tern  (maj'ik  lan'- 
tern^,  n.  an  optical  instrument 
for  producing  magnified  objects 
on  a  screen. 

mag-ic  square  (skwar),  n.  a 
series  of  numbers  in  parallel  or 
equal  rows  so  arranged  that  the 
perpendicular,  horizontal,  and 
diagonal  columns  shall  give  the 
same  sum. 

ma-gilp  (ma-gilp'),  n.  a  mixture 
of  linseed-oil  and  mastic  varnish. 

mag-is-te-ri-al  ( maj-is-te'ri-al ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  suitable  to, 
a  master  or  magistrate  ;  authorita- 
tive. 

Syn.  august,  dignified,  majestic, 

pompous,  stately. 

mag-is-tra-cy  ('is-tra-si),  n.  [pi. 
magistracies  (-siz)],  the  office  or 
dignity  of  a  magistrate ;  magis- 
trates collectively. 

mag-is-trate  ('is-trat),  n.  a  civil 
officer  invested  with  certain  judi- 
cial and  executive  powers. 

Mag  na  Char-ta  ('na  kar'ta), 
n.  the  Great  Charter,  forming  the 
basis  of  civil  liberty,  granted  by 
King  John  of  England  to  the 
Barons,  1215.  Also  the  Great 
Charter  granted  by  Henry  III. 
and  confirmed  by  Edward  I. 

mag-na-nim  i-ty  (-na-nim'i-ti),  n. 
greatness  of  mind ;  elevation  of 
soul ;  nobility. 

mag-nan-i-mous  (-nan'i-mus), 
adj.  great  of  mind :  elevated  in 
soul  or  sentiment ;  generous ; 
courageous ;  heroic. 

mag-nate  ('nat),  n.  a  person  of 
rank  or  distinction ;  nobleman. 

mag-ne-si-a  (-ne'shi-a),  n.  a 
white  tasteless  earthy  powder,  the 
oxide  of  magnesium. 

mag-ne-si-um  (-urn),  n.  a  metal- 
lic element,  the  base  of  magnesia. 

in ag  110  si  urn  light  (lit),  n.  a 
powerful  and  brilliant  light  pro- 


late, mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moom, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin.  then. 


mag 


530 


Mali 


duced  by  the  combustion  of  metal- 
lic magnesium. 

mag-net  ('net),  n.  the  loadstone; 
a  magnetized  steel  bar. 

mag-net-ic  ('ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  exhibiting,  or  produced  by, 
the  magnet  or  magnetism. 

mag-net-ic  poles  (polz),  n.pL 
the  two  points  in  the  north  and 
south  polar  regions  where  the 
magnetic  needle  is  vertical. 

mag-net-ics  (-net'iks),  jf.  the 
science  of  magnetism. 

mag-net-ism  (-izm),  n.  that 
property  possessed  by  various 
bodies,  as  iron  or  steel,  of  attract- 
ing or  repelling  each  other  ac- 
cording to  certain  physical  laws  ; 
the  science  that  treats  of  such 
magnetic  phenomena  and  laws. 

mag-net-ize  ('net-Iz),  v.t.  to 
communicate  magnetic  properties 
to. 

magneto,  a  prefix  meaning  per- 
taining to,  or  caused  by,  magnet- 
ism, as  wa#ne£o-electricity,  elec- 
tric phenomena  produced  by  mag- 
netism. 

mag-net-o-graph('o-graf),  n.  an 
instrument  for  registering  auto- 
matically terrestrial  magnetism. 

mag-net-om-e-ter  (-om'e-ter) ,  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
intensity  of  magnetic  force. 

mag-nif-i-ca-ble  (-nif'i-ka-bl), 
adj.  capable  of  being  magnified  or 
extolled. 

mag-nif-i-cence  ('i-sens),  n. 
grandeur  of  appearance ;  splen- 
dor ;  pomp. 

mag-nif-i-cent  ('i-sent),  adj. 
grand  in  appearance ;  splendid ; 
pompous ;  sublime. 

mag-nif-i-co  Ci-k5),  n.  formerly 
a  courtesy  title  of  the  noblemen 
of  Venice ;  the  rector  of  a  Ger- 
man university. 

mag-ni-fi-er  ('ni-fi-er),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  magnifies. 

mag-ni-fy  ('ni-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  magnified,  p.pr.  magnifying], 
to  make  great  or  greater :  increase 
the  apparent  dimensions  of ; 
glorify  or  extol. 

mag-nil -o-quent  (-nil'6-kwent) , 
adj.  pompous  in  style  or  speech ; 
bombastic. 

mag-ni-tude     ('ni-tiid),    n.    com- 


parative size  or  bulk ;  extent  of 
dimensions  (length,  breadth,  and 
thickness)  ;  importance. 

mag-no-li-a  (-no'li-a),  n.  a  hand- 
some sweet-scented  flowering 
shrub. 

mag-num  ('num),  n.  a  large 
wine  bottle. 

mag-pie  ('pi),  n.  a  chattering 
bird  of  the  crow  genus.  _ 

ma-gney  ('wa  or  ma-ga'e),  n.  the 
century  plant,  a  species  of  agave 
or  American  aloe. 

Mag-yar  ('yar),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  Hungarian  race  or  lan- 
guage. 

ma  har-mali  (ma-har'ma),  n.  a 
muslin  wrap  worn  by  Turkish 
women  over  the  head  and  across 
the  mouth  and  chin  when  out  of 
doors. 

ma-hat-ma  (ma-hat'ma),  n.  a 
priest  of  the  inner  cult  of  Bud- 
dhism ;  a  theosophist. 

Mali  di  (ma'de),  n.  a  title  given 
to  certain  Mohammedan  spiritual 
leaders ;  applied  especially  to  the 
last  great  millennial,  spiritual  or 
temporal  leader  (imam)  of  the 
Faithful. 

Mali-dism  ('dizm),  n.  the  doc- 
trine of  the  coming  of  the  Mahdi. 

Mah-dist  ('dist).  n.  one  who  en- 
tertains the  belief  that  the  Mahdi 
has  appeared. 

mahl-stick  (mawl'stik),  n.  a  stick 
used  by  painters  as  a  rest  for  the 
hand  while  painting.  Also  maul- 
stick. 

ma-hog-a-ny  (ma-hog'a-ni),  n.  a 
tree  of  tropical  America  yielding 
a  dark  reddish-brown  wood,  used 
for  furniture ;  a  dining-table. 

Ma-hom-e-dan  or  Ma-hom- 
et-an,  see  Mohammedan. 

ma  hoo-lioo  (-hoo'hoo),  n.  the 
white  two-horned  rhinoceros  of 
Africa. 

Ma-ho-ri  (ma'h5-re),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Eastern  Poly- 
nesian race.  , 

ma-hout  (ma-hoof),  n.  an  ele- 
phant driver  or  keeper. 

Man-rat-ta  ('a),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  Mahrattas,  a  people  in- 
habiting part  of  West  and  Central 
India,  or  to  their  language. 

Mah-rat-ti  (-rat'e),  n.  the  lan- 
guage of  the  Mahrattas,  spoken 
in  the  Deccan.  Also  Marathi. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mai 


531 


mai 


maid  (mad),  n.  a  young  unmar- 
ried woman  ;  girl ;  virgin  ;  a  fe- 
male servant. 

maid-en  ('en),  n.  an,  unmarried 
woman  ;  virgin  ;  girl ;  a  washing 
machine ;  a  kind  of  guillotine  for- 
merly used  in  Scotland ;  in 
cricket,  an  over  in  which  no  runs 
are  scored :  adj.  pertaining  to,  or 
like,  a  maiden  ;  pure  ;  innocent ; 
unsullied ;  unused. 

maid-en-hair  (-bar),  n.  a  band- 
some  and  delicate-leafed  fern. 

niaid-en-head  (-bed),  n.  virgin- 
ity. 

maid-en-hood  (-hood),  n.  the 
state  of  being  a  maiden. 

maid-en-li-ness  (-li-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  maidenly ; 
modesty. 

maid-en-ly  (-li),  adj.  like,  or 
suitable  to,  a  maiden ;  modest ; 
gentle :  adv.  in  a  maidenlike  man- 
ner. 

mail  (mai),  n.  defensive  body 
armor  of  steel,  net,  or  plate-work ; 
government  system  for  convey- 
ing letters,  &c. ;  a  receptacle  for 
the  conveyance  of  letters,  &c. ; 
letters,  &c.,  carried  by  post ; 
tribute  formerly  levied  by  free- 
booters :  v.t.  to  clothe  with,  or  as 
with,  mail ;  post,  or  send  by  post. 

mail-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  admissi- 
ble by  post. 

mail-ed  ('d),  adj.  clad  in,  or 
covered  by.  mail ;  spotted ; 
speckled ;  posted. 

maim  (mam),  v.t.  to  deprive  of 
the  use  of  a  limb ;  cripple  or 
mutilate :  n.  an  injury  to  the 
body  by  crippling  or  mutilation. 

main  (man),  adj.  chief;  princi- 
pal ;  leading ;  direct :  n.  the 
ocean. 

main-mast  (man'mast),  n.  the 
principal  mast  of  a  vessel. 

main-sail  (man'sal),  n.  the  prin- 
cipal sail. 

main-sheet  Cshet),  n.  one  of  the 
ropes  by  which  the  mainsail  is  ex- 
tended and  fastened. 

main-stay  ('sta),  n.  the  stay  ex- 
tending from  the  foot  of  the  fore- 
mast to  the  main-top. 

main-tain  (-tan'),  v.t.  to  sup- 
port ;  sustain  ;  defend  ;  vindicate ; 
affirm :  continue. 

main-te  nance        ('te-nans).       n. 


sustenance ;  support ;  vindication  ; 
champerty. 

maize  (maz),  n.  Indian  corn. 

ma-jes-tic  (ma-jes'tik),  adj.  hav- 
ing dignity  of  person  or  mien ; 
stately ;  noble ;  sublime. 

ma-jes-tic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in  a 
majestic  manner. 

maj-es-ty  (maj'es-ti),  n.  [pi.  maj- 
esties (-tiz)j,  sovereignty;  grand- 
eur :  nobility ;  sublimity. 

ma-jol-i-ca  (ma-jol'i-ka),  n.  a  fine 
soft  enameled  kind  of  pottery. 

ma-jor  (ma'jer),  adj.  greater  in 
number,  extent.  or  quality ; 
greater  by  a  semitone  [Mus.]  :  n. 
a  military  officer  next  in  rank 
above  a  captain ;  the  first  prop- 
osition of  a  regular  syllogism  in 
which  the  major  term  is  con- 
tained. 

ma-jor-do-ino  (-do'mo),  n.  the 
steward  of  a  household. 

ma-jor-gen-er-al  (-jen'er-al),  n. 
an  officer  next  in  rank  below  a 
lieutenant-general. 

ma-jor-i-ty  (ma-jor'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
majorities  (-tiz)],  the  state  of 
being  greater;  greater  number; 
more  than  half ;  full  legal  age 
(21)  ;  rank,  &c.,  of  a  major. 

ma- j or  term  (ma'jer  term),  n. 
that  term  of  a  syllogism  which 
forms  the  predicate  of  the  con- 
clusion. 

make  (mak),  v.t.  to  create; 
fashion  ;  fabricate ;  compose  ; 
produce  or  effect ;  prepare  for 
use ;  acquire :  incur ;  force ;  raise 
to  rank  or  dignity  ;  score  ;  keep  or 
hold ;  arrive  near  or  in  sight 
of :  v.i.  to  tend  or  move ;  have 
effect ;  contribute ;  be  active  ;  rise 
or  flow  :  n.  shape  ;  construction. 
Syn.  form,  create,  produce. 
Ant.  (see  destroy). 

make-shift  (manshift),  n.  a 
temporary  expedient. 

make-up  ('up),  n.  the  general 
composition  of  anything ;  artifi- 
cial preparation. 

make-weight  ('wat).  n.  any- 
thing which  is  added  to  make  up 
weight. 

mai,  a  prefix  meaning  ill,  evil. 
Also  male,  as  ma/adroit,  clumsy ; 
malevolent,  malicious,  spiteful, 
&c. 

mal-a-chite  (mal'a-kit),  n.  native 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  he"r,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mal 


532 


mal 


carbonate  of  copper,  of  a  blue  or 
urccn  color. 

inal  a-ilroit,  see   under  mal. 

mal-a-dy  ('a-di),  n.  [pi.  maladies 
(-diz)],  a  disease,  especially  a 
deep-seated  or  lingering  disorder, 
mental  or  physical. 

mal-a-ga  ('a-ga).  n.  a  variety 
of  wine. 

Mal-a-gas-y  ('a-gas-i),  n.  a  na- 
tive of  Madagascar ;  the  language 
of  Madagascar. 

inal-aise  (mal-az'),  n.  a  vague 
feeling  of  uneasiness,  often  as  the 
precursor  of  an  attack  of  illness. 

mal-a-pert  ('a-pert),  adj.  pert; 
saucy. 

mal  a  prop -ism  ('a-prop-izm),  n. 
a  grotesque  misuse  of  fine  words: 
from  Mrs.  Malaprop,  in  Sheri- 
dan's The  Rivals. 

mal-a-pro-pos  (-a-pro-po'),  adv. 
unseasonably. 

ma-lar  (ma'lar),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  cheek  or  cheek-bone. 

ma-la-ri-a  (ma-la'ri-a),  n.  a  nox- 
ious exhalations  from  marshy 
land,  producing  fevers,  &c. ;  dis- 
ease produced  by  such  exhalations 
or  by  the  bite  of  malaria-infested 
mosquitoes ;  chills  and  fever ; 
ague. 

ma  la  ri-al  ('ri-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  producing,  or  infected  by, 
malaria. 

ma-la-ri-tms  ('ri-us),  adj.  full 
of,  or  causing,  malaria. 

Ma-lay  (-la'),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  inhabitants  of  Malay,  or  to 
their  language. 

mal  con-tent  (mal'kon-tent), 
adj.  discontented,  especially  with 
established  authority. 

male  (mal),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  sex  that  begets  young ;  not 
female ;  bearing  stamens ;  suit- 
able to  the  male  sex :  n.  one  of 
the  male  sex. 

mal-e-dic-tion  ( mal-e-dik'shun ) , 
n.  denunciation  of  evil ;  execra- 
tion ;  curse. 

Syn.  anathema,  curse,  impreca- 
tion,  execration. 

mal-e-fac-tor  ('e-fak-ter),  n.  an 
evil  doer ;  criminal. 

mal  ev-o-lence  (mfil-ev'o-lens) , 
n.  spitefulness ;  ill-will. 

mal-ev-o-lent,  see  under  mal. 


Syn.    malicious,    virulent,    ma- 
lignant. 

Ant.   (see  benevolent). 

mal-fea-sance  (mal-fe'zans),  n. 
an  illegal  act  or  deed. 

iiiiil-f  or-ma  tion  (-for-ma'shun), 
n.  faulty  or  abnormal  structure 
of  an  organism. 

ma-lic  (mii'lik),  adj.  derived  from 
fruit,  epecially  from  the  apple. 

mal  ice  (mal'is),  n.  evil  intention 
to  injure  others ;  deliberate  mis- 
chief ;  spite. 

Syn.    spite,    rancor,    ill-feeling, 
grudge,  animosity,  ill-will. 
Ant.   (see  benignity). 

ma-li-cious  (ma-lish'us),  adj. 
bearing  ill-will  or  spite ;  prompted 
by  hatred. 

Syn.  See  malevolent. 

malign  (-lin'),  v.t.  to  speak 
evil  of ;  slander :  adj.  hurtful ; 
pestilential. 

ma-lig-nan-cy  (-lig'nan-si),  n. 
the  state  of  being  malignant ; 
virulence. 

ma-lig-nant  ('nant),  adj.  mali- 
cious ;  pernicious ;  intending  or 
effecting  evil ;  virulent. 

ma-lign-er  (-Hn'er),  n.  one  who 
maligns. 

ma-lig-ni-ty  (-lig'ni-ti),  n.  the 
state  of  being  malignant ;  malice ; 
virulence. 

ma-lin-ger  (-ling'ger),  v.i.  to 
feign  illness  in  order  to  evade 
duty. 

mal-i-son  ('i-zn),  n.  a  curse;  exe- 
cration. 

mall  (mawl),  n.  a  large  heavy 
wooden  mallet  or  beetle ;  a  public 
walk  shaded  by  trees,  originally 
a  place  where  the  game  of  pall- 
mall  was  played. 

mallard  (mal'ard),  n.  a  wild 
duck. 

mal-le-a-bil-i-ty  (-e-a-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  malleable. 

mal-le-a  ble  ('e-a-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  extended  by  hammer- 
ing or  rolling. 

mal-le-o-lar  ('e-o-lar),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  ankle. 

mallet  ('et),  n.  a  wooden  ham- 
mer. 

mal  lc-us  ('e-us),  n.  one  of  the 
three  small  auditory  bones  of  the 
ear. 

mal-low  ('6),  n.  a  plant  of  the 
genus  Malva.  Also  mallows. 


lute,  ma~,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


ma! 


533 


man 


malm-sey  (mam'zi),  n.  a  rich 
variety  of  grape ;  a  strong,  full- 
flavored  s\yeet  wine. 

mal-prac-tice  (mal-prak'tis),  n. 
evil  practice ;  illegal  or  iAmoral 
conduct. 

malt  (mawlt).  n.  barley  or  other 
trrain  steeped  in  water,  fermented, 
and  kiln  dried  for  brewing :  urlj. 
made  with  malt :  v.t.  to  make 
into  malt :  v.i.  to  be  converted 
into  malt. 

Mal-tese  (mawl'tez),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Malta,  or  to  its  in- 
habitants. 

Mal-thu-si-an  ( mal-thii'si-an ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  Mai  thus,  the 
political  economist,  or  his  theory 
that  over-population  should  be 
checked  by  moral  self-control. 

malt-ine  (mawlt'in),  n.  the  fer- 
mentative principle  of  malt ;  a 
medicinal  preparation  in  which 
malt  forms  the  chief  ingredient. 

malt-liq-nor  (mawlt'lik-er),  n. 
an  alcoholic  liquor  made  from 
malt,  as  beer,  ale,  stout. 

malt-ose  ('6s),  n.  sugar  obtained 
from  starch  by  the  action  of 
diastase  or  malt. 

nial-treat  (mal-tref),  V.t.  to 
treat  ill  or  roughly. 

mal-ver-sa-tion  (-ver-sa'shun) , 
n.  fraudulent  practices,  especially 
those  committed  in  an  office  of 
trust. 

ma-ma  (ma-ma'  or  ma'ma),  n. 
familiar  name  for  mother.  Also 
mamma. 

Mam  a-luke  (mam'a-luk),  n.  one 
of  a  body  of  cavalry  constituting 
the  military  force  of  Egypt : 
destroyed  by  Mehemet  Ali  (1811). 
Also  Mameluke. 

mam -ma  (ma-mS,',  or  ma'ma),  n. 
a  family  name  for  mother. 

mam-mae  (mam'e),  n.pl.  the 
breasts. 

mammal  Cal),  n.  one  of  the 
Mammalia. 

Main-ma-li-a  (-fi'li-a),  n.pl.  the 
highest  class  of  the  Vertebrata, 
containing  those  animals  which 
suckle  their  young. 

mani-ma-li-an  Cli-an).  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Mammalia. 

mam-ma-ry  ('u-ri),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  breasts. 

mam-mil-la-ry  Cil-a-ri),  adj.  per- 


taining    to,     or    resembling,     the 
breast    or    nipples. 

mam-mo-dis  ('mo-dis).  n.  coarse 
plain  Indian  muslins. 

mam-mon  (-un),  n.  wealth; 
worldly  gain  :  from  Mammon,  the 
Syrian  god  of  riches. 

main-moth,  ('moth),  n.  an  ex- 
tinct species  of  huge  fossil  ele- 
phants :  adj.  gigantic. 

man  (man),  n.  [pi.  men  (men)]. 
a  human  being ;  an  adult  male  of 
the  human  species ;  mankind ; 
male  servant ;  vassal ;  one  pos- 
sessed of  manly  attributes ;  a  hus- 
band ;  one~x>f  the  pieces  in  chess 
or  draughts:  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
manned,  p.pr.  manning],  to 
furnish  with  men ;  guard. 

man-a-cle  ('a-kl),  n.  a  handcuff: 
v.t.  to  place  handcuffs  upon ; 
shackle. 

Syn.   shackle,    fetter,   chain. 
Ant.    (see  free). 

man-age     ('aj),    v.t.    to    conduct 
or  carry   on ;   govern ;   render  do- 
cile or  tractable  ;  use  cautiously  ; 
wield :  v.i.  to  conduct  affairs. 
Syn.  contrive,   concert  direct. 

man-age-a-ble  ( 'a  j-a-bl ) ,  adj. 
easy  to  be  managed ;  docile. 

man-age-ment    ('aj-ment),  «.  the 

act  or  art  of  managing ;  control ; 

skill   in  direction ;  administration. 

Syn.  direction,  superintendence, 

care,  economy. 

man-a-ger  ('a-jer),  n.  one  who 
directs  or  conducts  anything;  a 
skilful  economist. 

nian.-a-ge-ri.-al  (-je'ri-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  manager  or  to 
management. 

man-a-kin  ('a-kin).  n.  a  dwarf. 

inan-a-tee  (-a-te'),  n.  the  sea-cow. 
Also  manati. 

man-bote  I 'hot),  n.  among  the 
Anglo-Saxons,  the  fine  paid  for 
killing  a  man. 

man-da-mns  (-da'mus)  (Latin 
we  command),  n.  a  writ  issued  by 
a  superior  court  directing  the 
person  or  inferior  court  to  whom 
it  is  issued  to  perform  some  speci- 
fied act. 

man  da-rin  (-da-ren'),  n.  in 
China,  an  official  or  magistrate, 
of  whom  there  are  nine  classes, 
each  being  distinguished  by  a 
particular  kind  of  button  worn 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rcb,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


man 


534 


man 


on  the  cap ;  a  variety  of  orange : 
v.t.  to  dye  (silk,  &c.)  an  orange 
color  produced  by  the  action  of 
dilute  nitric  acid  on  the  fiber. 

man-da-rin-ate  (Tit),  n.  man- 
darins collectively. 

111:111  <la  rin  duck  (duk),  n.  an 
Asiatic  duck  with  handsome 
plumage. 

man-da-ta-ry  ( 'da-ta-ri ) ,  n.  & 
person  to  whom  a  mandate  is 
jriven;  one  to  whom  the  Tope  has, 
by  his  prerogative,  given  a  man- 
date or  order  for  his  benefice. 
Also  mandatory. 

man-date  Cdat).  n.  an  order; 
command :  Papal  rescript. 

man-da-to-ry  ( 'da-to-ri ) ,  adj. 
containing  a  mandate ;  directory. 

mandible  ( 'di-bl ) ,  n.  the  jaw  ; 
in  vertebrates,  the  under  jaw ; 
in  birds,  both  jaws ;  in  insects 
and  crustaceans,  the  anterior 
pair. 

man  do-liii  ('do-lin),  n.  a  musical 
instrument  of  the  guitar  kind. 

man-drake  ('drak),  n.  a  plant 
of  the  nightshade  family  with 
narcotic  properties. 

man-drel  ('drel),  n.  the  shank  of 
a  lathe  on  which  the  work  to 
be  turned  is  placed ;  the  revolv- 
ing arbor  of  a  circular  saw. 
Also  mandril. 

man-drill  ('dril),  n.  the  blue- 
faced  baboon  of  Africa. 

inane  (man),  n.  the  long  hair  on 
the  neck  of  certain  quadrupeds, 
as  the  horse. 

ma-nege  (mu-nazh').  n.  the  art 
of  horsemanship  ;  the  training  of 
horses ;  a  school  for  horseman- 
ship. 

ma  nes  (ma'nez),  n.pl.  the  shades 
of  the  departed ;  the  deities  of  the 
infernal  regions. 

ma-neu-ver,  nia-ncen-vre  (ma- 
noS'ver),  n.  adroit  management  or 
operation  in  military  or  naval 
affairs ;  skilful  or  dexterous  man- 
agement ;  stratagem :  v.i.  to  per- 
form maneuvers  with  troops  or 
war  vessels ;  manage  with  adroit- 
ness or  address. 

man  ful  (man'fool),  adj.  coura- 
geous ;  resolute. 

manfully  (-li),  adv.  bravely; 
resolutely. 

man  Ka  nate  (mang'ga-nat),  n. 
a  salt  of  manganic  acid. 


man-ga-nese  (-nez),  n.  a  grey- 
colored,  hard  and  brittle  metal- 
lic element. 

mange  (manj),  n.  a  cutaneous 
disease  of  do_gs,  cattle,  &c. 

man-ger  (rnan'jer),  n.  a  feeding 
trough  for  horses  or  cattle. 

man-gi-ly  ('ji-li),  adv.  in  a 
mangy  manner. 

man-gi-ness  ('ji-nes),  n.  the 
state  of  being  mangy. 

man-gle  (mang'gl),  v.t.  to  lacer- 
ate ;  mutilate ;  hack ;  to  smooth 
with  a  mangle :  n.  a  machine  for 
smoothing  linen. 

Syn.    tear,    lacerate,    mutilate, 
cripple,  maim. 

man-gler  (mang'gler),  n.  a  meat- 
chopping  machine ;  one  who  man- 
gles. 

man-go     ('go),    n.     \pl.    mangoes 

('goz)],  the  fruit  of  the  mango 
tree. 

man-go-fish  (-fish),  n.  a  hand- 
some yellow-colored  edible  fish  of 
the  Ganges. 

man-go-steen  (-sten),  n.  a  de- 
licious fruit  of  the  size  of  an 
orange  growing  in  Java  and  the 
Moluccas.  Also  mangostan. 

man-grove  (mang'grov),  n.  an 
East  and  West  Indian  tree  yield- 
ing an  edible  fruit:  its  bark  is 
used  in  tanning. 

man-gy  (man-ji),  adj.  affected 
with  the  mange ;  unkept. 

man-hood  ('hood),  n.  human  na- 
ture ;  manliness. 

ma-ni-a    (ma'ni-a),  n.  violent  in- 
sanity;   intense    excitement;    ex- 
cessive or  unreasonable  desire. 
Syn.  madness,  insanity,  lunacy. 

ma-ni-ac  ('ni-ak),  adj.  affected 
with  mania :  n.  a  madman. 

man-i-cure  (man'i-kiir),  n.  the 
care  of  the  hands,  nails,  &c. 

man-i-fest  ('i-fest),  adj.  clear; 
plain ;  apparent :  v.t.  to  make 
manifest ;  place  beyond  doubt :  n. 
the  invoice  of  a  cargo  to  be  ex- 
hibited to  the  custom  house  offi- 
cials. 

Syn.  clear,  plain,  evident,  open, 
apparent,    visible. 
Ant.    (see   hidden). 

man-i-fes-to  (-fes'tS),  n.  [pi. 
manifestos  ('toz)],  a  public  dec- 
laration concerning  political  meas- 
ures or  intentions. 

man-i-fold     ('i-fold),    adj.    vari- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  he"r.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


man 


535 


man 


ous  in  kind  or  quality  ;  numerous  ; 
multiplied ;  complicated :  adv. 
many  times :  v.t.  to  reduplicate  by 
means  of  a  manifold-writer. 

Syn.    several,    sundry,    various, 
divers,  numerous. 

man-i-fold-wri-ter  (ri'ter),  n. 
an  apparatus  for  reduplicating  a 
writing  by  means  of  thin  tracing 
paper. 

man-i-kin  ('i-kin),  n.  a  dwarf; 
a  model  of  the  human  body  for 
anatomical  study. 

ma-nil-a,  ma-nil-la  (ma-nil'a). 
n.  a  kind  of  cheroot  manufactured 
at  Manila  in  the  Philippine 
Islands ;  a  hemp  used  for  ropes, 
matting,  &c.,  made  from  the  fibers 
of  Musa  textilis,  allied  to  the 
banana. 

man-i-oc  (man'i-ok),  n.  a  tropic- 
al plant  from  the  roots  of  which 
tapioca  and  cassava  are  prepared. 

man-i-ple  (man'i-pl),  n.  a  kind 
of  scarf  worn  on  the  left  arm  l»y 
a  priest  at  mass :  a  company  in 
an  ancient  Roman  legion. 

ma-nip-n-late  (ma-nip'u-lat), 

v.t.  to  operate  or  work  by  means 
of  the  hands ;  treat ;  control  the 
action  of,  by  management ; 
falsify :  v.i.  to  use  the  hands,  es- 
pecially in  scientific  operations,  or 
mechanical  processes. 

ma-iiip-u-la-tioii  (-)fi'shun),  n. 
the  act  or  process  of  manipulat- 
ing; manual  dexterity;  falsifica- 
tion. 

ma-nip-u-la-tive  .('u-la-tiv).  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  performed  by, 
manipulation. 

ina-nip-u-la-tor  ('u-la-ter) ,  n. 
one  who  manipulates. 

ma  iiis  (ma'nis),  n.  the  scaly  ant- 
eater. 

Man-i-tou  (man'i-too),  n.  the 
(ii-cat  Spirit  of  the  North  Ameri- 
can Indians. 

man  li  ness  ('li-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  manly. 

man-ly  ('li),  adj.  having  the 
characteristics  of  a  man ;  coura- 
geous ;  noble ;  dignified ;  reso- 
lute :  adr.  like  a  man. 

N///I.  masculine,  vigorous,  coura- 
geous,  brave,   heroic. 
Ant.    (see  effeminate). 

xnan-na  ('a),  n.  a  name  given  by 
the  Israelites  to  the  food  mirac- 
ulously supplied  in  the  wilder- 


ness (Ex.  xvi.  15)  ;  the  sweet 
laxative  juice  exuded  from  certain 
species  of  ash  of  Southern  Europe. 

man-ner  ('er),  n.  method;  mode 
of  action  ;  habit ;  custom  ;  sort  ; 
mien  ;  aspect ;  style ;  fashion  :  pi. 
deportment ;  morals ;  behavior. 

Syn.    habit,    custom,    way,    air, 
look,   appearance. 

man-ner-ism  (-izm),  n.  a 
peculiarity  of  style,  action,  or 
bearing,  especially  if  constrained 
or  affected. 

maii-ner-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  who 
carries  characteristic  peculiarities 
to  excess. 

man-ner-ly  (-H),  adj.  polite; 
complaisant ;  respectful :  adv. 
politely ;  respectfully.  • 

man-nish    ('ish),   adj.   masculine. 

ma-nceu-vre  (ma-noo'ver),  see 
maneuver. 

man-of-war  (man-of-wawr),  n. 
[pi.  men-of-war],  a  large  ship  of 
war. 

ma-nom-e-ter  (ma-nom'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  determining  the 
density  of  the  air  or  other  gas 
from  its  elastic  force. 

man-or  (man'er),  n.  the  district 
over  which  a  feudal  lord  held 
authority,  and  subject  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  his  court-baron ; 
the  land  belonging  to  a  lord,  or 
so  much  as  he  formerly  reserved 
for  his  own  use ;  a  tract  of  land 
occupied  by  tenants  who  pay  a 
free-farm  rent  to  the  owner. 

ma-no-ri-al  (ma-no'ri-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  manor. 

man-sard  roof  (man'sard  r56f), 
n.  a  roof  which  has  on  all  sides 
two  slopes,  the  lower  being 
steeper  than  the  upper. 

manse  (mansO,  n.  the  residence 
of  a  Presbyterian  parochial  min- 
ister [Scotch]. 

mansion  (man'shun),  n.  a  large 
dwelling  house. 

man-slangh-ter  Cslaw-ter),  n. 
the  unlawful  killing  of  a  human 
being,  but  without  malice  or  pre- 
meditation. 

man-tel  Ctel),  n.  a  narrow  orna- 
mental slab  above  a  fireplace. 
Also  mantelpiece. 

man-tcl-et  (-et),  n.  a  kind  of 
movable  parapet  for  the  protec- 
tion of  the  pioneers ;  a  small 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


man 


536 


Mar 


mantel ;  a  besieging  party.  Also 
mantlet. 

man-til -la  (-til'a),  n.  a  lady's 
light  cloak  or  hood. 

man-tie  (man'tl),  n.  a  loose  cloak 
or  cape ;  the  external  fold  of 
the  skin  of  the  body  of  mollusks ; 
a  conical  net-work  that  becomes 
incandescent  when  heated :  used 
over  a  gas  jet,  &c.,  to  increase 
the  brilliancy  of  the  light :  v.t.  to 
cover  with,  or  as  with,  a  mantle  ; 
conceal :  v.i.  expand  or  spread  out. 

man-tu-a-ma-ker  ( 'tii-ii-ma'ker ) , 
n.  a  dress-maker. 

maii-u-al  ('u-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  performed  by,  the 
hands :  n.  a  handy  compendium  ; 
the  service  book  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church ;  the  keyboard 
of  an  organ  or  harmonium. 

man-u-fac-to-ry  (-fak'to-ri),  n. 
[pi.  manufactories  (-riz)L  the 
place  where  goods  are  manufac- 
tured. 

man-u  fac-ture  ('tur),  v.t.  to 
make  or  fabricate  from  raw  ma- 
terials;  produce  artificially:  v.i. 
to  be  occupied  in  manufactures : 
n.  the  conversion  of  raw  mate- 
rials into  articles  for  use ;  the 
thing  manufactured. 

man-n-fac-tur-ing  (-ing),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  used  in,  manu- 
facture. 

man-n-mis-sion  (-u-mish'un),  n. 
the  act  of  liberating  from  slav- 
ery ;  emancipation. 

manumit  (-mif),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  manumitted,  p.pr.  manumit- 
ting], to  set  free  from  slavery. 

ma-nnre  (ma-nur'),  n.  any  fer- 
tilizing substance  used  for  enrich- 
ing the  soil:  v.t.  to  enrich  with 
fertilizing  substances. 

ma-nus    (ma'nus),  n.  the  hand. 

man-n-script  (man'ii-skript),  adj. 
written  :  n.  a  book  or  paper  writ- 
ten by  hand. 

Manx  (mangks),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  Isle  of  Man,  to  its  inhabit- 
ants, or  to  the  old  language  of 
t!i«-  ishuid. 

man  y  (man'i),  adj.  [comp.  more, 
stipal.  most],  numerous;  con- 
sisling  of  a  great  number:  n.  a 
great  number;  multitude;  people. 

Ma-o-ri  (mii'o-ri,  or  mou'ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  Maoris,  or 


aborigines    of    New    Zealand,    or 
to    their   language. 

map  (map),  n.  a  representation 
of  the  earth  or  some  portiou  of 
it  on  a  plane  surface ;  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  heavens :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  mapped,  p.pr.  map- 
ping], to  delineate  or  lay  down 
in  a  map ;  describe  clearly ; 
sketch  or  plan. 

ma  pie  (mfi'pl),  n.  a  triee  of 
several  species  of  the  genus  Acer, 
from  one  of  which  the  rock- 
maple  sugar  is  extracted. 

mar      (mar),     v.t.     [p.t.     &     p.p. 
marred,    p.pr.    marring],    to    dis- 
figure ;  injure  ;  damage  :  n.  a  blem- 
ish  or   disfigurement ;    injury. 
Sy'n.   spoil,    ruin,    disfigure. 
Ant.    (see  improve). 

mar-a-bou  (mar'a-boo),  n.  a 
large  African  stork,  with  hand- 
some feathers. 

marabout  (mar'a-boot),  n.  a 
Mohammedan  saint,  who  professes 
to  cure  diseases  by  supernatural 
power. 

ma-ras-mus  (ma-raz'mus),  n. 
atrophy. 

ma-raud  (-rawd'),  v.i.  to  rove 
in  search  of  plunder. 

mar-ble  (rmir'bl),  n.  a  hard 
limestone  of  various  colors  capable 
of  taking  a  fine  polish ;  anything 
resembling  marble ;  a  small  ball 
of  marble  or  stone :  adj.  made  of, 
or  like,  marble ;  cold ;  hard  ;  un- 
feeling :  v.t.  to  stain  or  vein  like 
marble. 

March  (rniirch),  n.  the  third 
month  of  the  year. 

march  (march),  n.  a  regular, 
measured  walk,  especially  of 
soldiers ;  steady  onward  move- 
ment ;  a  musical  composition  for 
the  accompaniment  of  troops ; 
frontier ;  borderland  :•  v.t.  to  cause 
to  move  in  a  regular  measured 
walk,  as  troops:  v.i.  to  move  witli 
regular  steps,  or  in  military  form. 
8yn.  tramp,  tread,  walk,  step, 
space. 

mar-chion-ess  (mar'shun-es),  n. 
the  wife  or  widow  of  a  marquis. 

mar  -  co  -  ni  -  gram  ( mar-ko'ni- 
gram ) ,  n.  a  message  sent  by 
Marconi's  system  of  wireless  teleg- 
raphy. 

Mar-di    Gras     (mar'de    grii),    n. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


537 


mar 


Shrove  Tuesday,   the  last  day  of 
Carnival. 

mare  (mar),  n.  the  female  of  the 
horse. 

mare's-nest  (marz'nest).  n. 
some  fancied  discovery  which 
proves  to  be  a  hoax. 

mare's-tail  ('tal),  n.  an  aquatic 
plant  of  the  genus  Hippuris ;  a 
cirrus  cloud. 

mar-ga-rine  (mar'ga-rin),  n.  ar- 
tificial butter. 

mar-gin  ('jin),  n.  border;  the 
part  of  a  page  at  the  edge,  not 
printed  upon  ;  reserved  amount ; 
latitude :  v.t.  to  furnish  with  a 
margin  ;  enter  on  the  margin  of 
a  page. 

Syn,    edge,    rim,    border,    brink, 
verge. 

mar-gin-al  (-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  placed  on,  a  margin. 

mar-gi-na-li-a  (-ji-na'li-a),  n.pl. 
marginal  notes. 

mar-gin-ate  ('jin-at),  adj.  having 
a  margin.  Also  marginated. 

mar-go-sa  (-go'sa),  n.  an  East 
Indian  tree  yielding  a  valuable  oil 
and  tonic  bark. 

mar-got  ('got),  n.  a  variety  of 
perch. 

mar-gra-vate  ('grfi-vat),  n.  the 
domain  or  jurisdiction  of  a  mar- 
grave. 

mar-grave  ('grav),  «.  a  German 
title  of  nobility.  Fern,  margra- 
vine. 

mar-i-gold  (laar'i-gold),  n.  a 
plant  with  showy  yellow  flowers 
of  various  genera. 

ma-rine  (ma-ren'),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  living  in,  or  formed  by, 
the  sea  ;  naval ;  near  to  the  sea  : 
used  at  sea :  n.  a  soldier  who 
serves  on  a  warship :  the  navy  of 
a  nation ;  naval  affairs ;  collect- 
ive shipping  of  a  country. 

mar-i-ner  (mar'i-ner),  n.  a 
sailor. 

mar-i-o-nette  (mar-i-o-nef),  n.  a 
puppet  moved  by  strings. 

mar-i-tal  ('i-tal),  adj.  pertaining 
to  marriage. 

mar-i-time  ('i-tlm),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  connected  with,  or  border- 
ing upon,  the  sea ;  naval. 

mar-jo-ram  (mar' jo- ram),  n.  a 
genus  of  aromatic  plants,  con- 
taining the  sweet  marjoram. 


mark  (mark),  n.  a  visible  sign 
by  which  anything  is  known ;  im- 
pression ;  evidence ;  target ;  a 
character  made  as  a  substitute 
for  writing ;  an  old  Scotch  coin 
=  2~i/2  cents ;  a  current  German 
coin  and  monetary  unit  '=•  2414 
cents ;  a  former  European  unit 
of  weight  =  about  8  ounces :  v.t. 
to  make  a  mark  upon ;  notify  by, 
or  as  by,  a  sign ;  distinguish : 
take  notice  of ;  single  out :  v.i.  to 
observe  critically ;  take  note. 

Syn.  sign,  note,  symptom,  tok- 
en, indication,  trace,  vestige, 
track,  badge,  brand. 

mark-ed-ly  ('ed-li),  adv.  distinct- 
ly ;  publicly. 

mark-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  marks ;  a  counter  in 
card-playing ;  one  who  registers 
the  score  at  billiards. 

mar-ket  (mar'ket),  n.  a  public 
place  for  the  sale  or  purchase  of 
commodities  ;  market  place  ;  rate 
or  price :  v.i.  to  deal  in  a  market ; 
buy  or  sell. 

mark-ing  ('ing),  adj.  haying  the 
quality  to  produce  a  mark :  n.  the 
mark  made ;  arrangement  of 
marks  or  coloring. 

marks-man  (marks'man),  n.  Ipl. 
marksmen  ('men)],  one  skilful  in 
shooting. 

marl  (marl),  n.  calcareous  earth 
mingled  with  clay  and  carbonate 
of  lime ;  used  as  a  manure :  v.t. 
to  manure  with  marl ;  to  wind 
with  marlines. 

mar-line  (mar'lin),  n.  a  two- 
stranded  cord  used  for  winding 
round  ropes,  splicing,  &c. 

mar-line-spike  (-spik),  n.  a 
pointed  piece  of  iron  used  for 
opening  the  strands  of  a  rope  in 
splicing.  Also  marling-spike. 

mar-ling  ('ling),  «.  the  act  of 
winding  with  marlines. 

mar-ly  ('li),  adj.  containing,  or 
like,  marl. 

mar-ma-lade  ('ma-lad),  n.  a  con- 
fection made  of  oranges  or  other 
fruit. 

mar-mose  Cmos),  n.  a  species  of 
small  opossum. 

mar-mo-set  ('mo-zet),  n.  a 
species  of  small  American  mon- 
key. 


Jate,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl:  ho.  her.  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pdrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  1 7ien. 


538 


mar 


mar-mot  ('mot),  n.  the  Alpine 
rat ;  prairie  dog. 

ma-ropn  (mu-roon'),  «•  formerly 
a  fugitive  slave  in  the  West  In- 
dies ;  one  who  is  marooned :  v.t. 
to  place  and  abandon  on  a  desert 
island :  adj.  of  a  brownish-crim- 
son color. 

mar-plot  (mar'plot),  n.  one  who 
frustrates  some  plan  by  his 
officious  interference. 

marque  (iniirk).  «•  a  license 
granted  by  a  state  to  a  private 
vessel  to  make  reprisals  at  sea 
on  the  ships  of  another  nation. 

mar-que-try  ('ket-ri),  n.  inlaid 
work. 

mar-qnis  ('kwis),  n.  a  nobleman 
ranking  next  below  a  duke.  Also 
marques.  Feminine  marchioness. 

mar-quis-ate  (-fit),  n.  the  seign- 
iory, dignity,  or  lordship  of  a 
marquis. 

mar-riage  (mar'aj),  n.  the  act  of 
legally  uniting  a  man  and  woman 
in  wedlock ;  marriage  ceremony. 
Syn.  wedding,  nuptials,  matri- 
mony, wedlock. 

mar-riage-a-bil-i-ty  (-a-bil'i-ti) , 
n.  the  state  of  being  marriageable. 

mar-riage-a-ble  (Tij-a-bl),  adj. 
fit,  or  of  an  age,  to  be  married. 

mar-ried  ('id),  p.adj.  united  in 
wedlock;  conjugal. 

mar-row  ('f>),  n.  the  medulla  or 
oily  tissue  which  fills  the  cavities 
of  bones  ;  the  essence  of  anything  ; 
a  vegetable  marrow. 

mar-row-bone  (-bon),  n.  a  bone 
containing  marrow :  pi.  the 
knees. 

mar-row-fat  (-fat),  n.  a  late 
variety  of  pea. 

mar-ry  ('i),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  mar- 
ried, p.pr.  marrying],  to  unite  as 
husband  and  wife ;  wed :  v.i.  to 
enter  into  the  state  of  wedlock : 
interj.  By  Mary !  forsooth  ! 

Mars  (marz),  n.  one  of  the 
planets :  so  named  from  the  Ro- 
man god  of  war. 

Mar-seil-laise  (mar-se-lya'),  adj. 
pertaining  to  Marseilles  or  to  its 
inhabitants :  n.  national  anthem 
of  the  first  French  Revolution : 
composed  by  Rouget  de  1'Isle, 
1792. 

marseilles  (-snlz'),  n.  a  double 
cloth  fabric,  quilted  in  the  loom. 


marsh  (marsh),  n.  a  swampy 
tract  of  land. 

marshal  (mar'shal),  n.  an 
official  of  high  rank  who  super- 
intends and  regulates  state  cere- 
monials ;  a  pursuivant ;  in  the 
French  army,  the  highest  military 
officer :  a  sheriff :  v.t.  to  arrange 
or  dispose  in  order. 

mar-shi-ness  ('shi-nes),  n.  the 
state  of  being  marshy. 

mar-shy  ('shi),  adj.  swampy; 
growing  in  marshes. 

mar-su-pi-al  (-sii'pi-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Marsupialia :  n. 
one  of  the  Marsupialia. 

Mar-su-pi-a-li-a  (-pi-a'li-a),  n.pl. 
a  sub-class  of  mammals  that  carry 
their  young  in  a  marsupium  or 
external  pouch,  as  the  opossum 
and  kangaroo. 

mart  (mart),  n.  a  market;  pur- 
chase and  sale. 

mar-ta-gon  ('tu-gon),  n.  a  variety 
of  lily  with  purple-red  flowers ; 
the  Turk's  cap. 

mar-ten  ('ten),  n.  a  small  car- 
nivorous animal  of  the  weasel 
kind. 

mar-tial    ('shal),    adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  adapted  for,  war;  military. 
Syn.  military,   warlike,   soldier- 
like. 

mar-tial  law  (law),  n.  a  code  of 
regulations  enforced  by  the  mili- 
tary power  and  applicable  to  civ- 
ilians in  time  of  war,  insurrection. 
&c. 

mar-tial-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  mar- 
tial manner. 

mar-tin  ('tin),  n.  one  of  several 
species  of  birds  allied  to  the 
swallow. 

mar-tin-et  (-et),  n.  a  strict  dis- 
ciplinarian :  pi.  small  linos  fast- 
ened to  the  leech  of  a  sail. 

mar-tin-gale  (-gal),  n.  a  broad 
strap  passing  from  the  nose-band 
to  the  girth  of  a  horse,  between 
its  fore  legs,  to  keep  its  head 
down ;  a  lower  stay  for  the  jib- 
boom  or  flying  jib-boom. 

mar-tyr  ('ter),  n.  one  who  testi- 
fies by  his  death  to  his  faith  or 
principles ;  one  who  suffers 
acutely :  v.t.  to  put  to  death  for 
adherence  to  some  belief,  es- 
pecially Christianity ;  persecute ; 
torture ;  destroy. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


539 


mas 


mar-tyr-dom  (-dum),  n.  the 
death  or  sufferings  of  a  martyr. 

mar-tyr-ol-o-gist  (-ol'o-jist),  n. 
a  writer  of  martyrology. 

mar-tyr-ol-o-gy  (-ol'o-ji),  n.  a 
register  or  history  of  martyrs. 

mar-vel  ('vel),  n.  something  ex- 
traordinary and  astonishing ;  a 
prodigy :  r.i.  to  be  struck  with 
astonishment ;  .wonder. 

Syn.    wonderful,    miracle,    prod- 
igy. 

mar-vel-ous  (-us),  adj.  exciting 
wonder ;  incredible. 

Syn.        wondrous,        wonderful, 
amazing,  miraculous. 

mas-cle  (mas'kl),  n.  a  lozenge- 
shaped  scale  of  a  coat  of  armor ; 
in  heraldry,  a  lozenge  perforated. 

mas-cot  ('kot).  n.  a  person  or 
thing  that  brings  good  fortune. 
Feminine  mascotte  [French]. 

mas-cu-line     ('ku-lin),    adj.    per- 
taining   to,    having    the    qualities 
of,  or  suitable  for,  a  man  ;  manly  ; 
powerful ;   robust :  •  coarse  ;  noting 
the   male  gender  in  grammar. 
Syn.  male,  manly,  manful. 
Ant.    (see  female). 

mash  (mash),  n.  a  soft  or  pulpy 
mass;  a  mixture  of  bran  and 
water  for  horses ;  bruised  malt, 
&c.,  steeped  in  hot  water  for  mak- 
ing wort :  v.t.  to  mix  with  hot 
water  (as  malt)  in  brewing;  con- 
vert into  a  mash  or  soft  pulpy 
state ;  to  inspire  love  in. 

mash-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  im- 
pertinently endeavors  to  make 
himself  attractive  to,  or  engage 
the  attention  of,  women. 

mask  (mask),  n.  a  cover  or  partial 
cover  to  conceal  the  face ;  pretext 
or  subterfuge  ;  a  masquerade  :  v.t. 
to  conceal  with,  or  as  with,  a 
mask ;  cover  or  hold  in  check : 
v.i.  to  take  part  in  a  masquerade ; 
be  disguised. 

ma-son  (ma'sn),  n.  a  builder  in 
stone ;  a  Freemason. 

Ma-son-ic  (-son'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Freemasons  or  to  their 
craft. 

ma-son  ry  Csn-ri).  n.  the  art  or 
occupation  of  a  mason  ;  materials 
used  by  masons ;  Freemasonry. 

masque   (mask),  n.  a  masquerade. 

mas-quer-acle  (mas-ker'ful) ,  n.  a 
ball  or  festive  gathering  when- 


masks  are  worn  ;  a  disguise :  v.t. 
to  cover  with  a  mask  or  disguise : 
v.i.  to  take  part  in  a  masquerade. 

mass  (mas),  n.  a  large  quantity; 
lump  ;  body  of  things  collectively  ; 
the  celebration  of  the  Eucharist 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  ;  a 
musical  setting  for  certain  parts 
of  such  a  celebration :  pi.  common 
people  (with  the)  :  v.t.  &  v.i.  to 
collect  into  a  mass  or  body. 

massacre  (';\-kerl.  n.  indiscrim- 
inate slaughter  witii  unnecessary 
cruelty :  v.t.  to  slaughter  indis- 
criminately with  unnecessary 
cruelty. 

N//X.  carnage,  slaughter,  butch- 
ery. 

mas-sage  (Tij  or  ma-sazh').  n.  a 
method  of  medical  treatment  by 
rubbing  or  kneading  the  body. 

mas-se-ter  ('e-ter).  n.  the  short 
thick  muscle  that  raises  the  lower 
jaw. 

mas-seur  (ma-ser'),  n.  one  who 
performs  the  operation  of  mas- 
sage. Feminine  masseuse 
[French]. 

mas-si-cot  (mas'i-kot),  n.  yellow 
oxide  of  lead. 

massive  ('iv),  adj.  weighty; 
heavy  ;  bulky  ;  imperfectly  and  ir- 
regularly crystallized. 

Syn.     bulky,     heavy,     weighty, 
ponderous,   solid,  substantial. 
Ant     (see    flimsy). 

mas-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  mass. 

mas  sive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  massive. 

mass-y   ('i),  adj.  massive. 

mast  (mast),  n.  a  long  round 
piece  of  timber  or  iron  tube, 
either  entire,  or  formed  of  parts, 
raised  vertically  on  the  keel  of  a 
vessel  to  support  the  sails ;  the 
fruit  of  the  oak  and  the  beech. 

mast-ed  ('ed),  adj.  furnished 
with  a  mast. 

masthead  ('bed),  n.  the  top 
part  of  a  mast :  v.t.  to  send  to 
the  masthead  as  a  nautical  pun- 
ishment. 

mast-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  rules 
or  commands  others ;  director ; 
employer ;  owner ;  head  of  a 
household,  college,  school,  &c. : 
an  expert :  commander  of  a  mer- 
chant-vessel;  a  university  degree; 
appellation  given  to  boys ;  a  legal 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  IK",  her.  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


540 


mat 


title :  adj.  pertaining  to  a  master ; 
chief :  v.t.  to  subdue  or  overcome : 
v.i.  excel. 

mast-er-y  (-i),  n.  dominion;  pre- 
eminence; eminent  skill. 

N//').   dominion,    rule,   sway,   as- 
cendancy,   supremacy. 

mas-tic  (mas'tik),  n.  a  resin  ob- 
tained from  the  mastic  tree :  used 
as  a  varnish. 

mas-ti-ca-ble  ('ti-ka-bl),  adj. 
caiiahle  of  being  masticated. 

mas-ti-cate  Cti-kat),  r.t.  to 
grind  with  the  teeth  :  chew. 

mas-ti  cation  (-ka'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  masticating ;  chewing. 

mas-ti-ca-tor  ('ter),  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  masticates;  a  ma- 
chine for  mincin-r  meat  or  cut- 
ting leather,  &c.,  into  small  pieces. 

mas-ti-ca-to-ry  ('i-ka-to-ri),  adj. 
adapted  for  chewing. 

mas-tiff  (mas'tif),  n.  a  large 
variety  of  dog. 

mas-to-don  (mas'to-don),  n.  an 
extinct  genus  of  mammals,  allied 
to  the  elephant. 

mas-toid    ('toid),  adj.  breast-like. 

mas-tur-ba-tion  ( -ter-bfi'shun  ) , 
M.  self-pollution. 

mat  (mat),  n.  a  texture  of  vari- 
ous fibrous  materials,  used  for 
cleansing  the  feet,  &c. ;  a  web 
of  rope-yard ;  an  ornamental 
article  on  which  to  place  things 
at  table :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  matted, 
p.pr.  matting],  to  cover  with 
mats ;  entangle  or  interweave. 

mat-a-dor  (mat-a-dor') ,  n.  the 
man  who  kills  the  bull  in  a  bull- 
fight ;  one  of  the  three  principal 
cards  at  omber  and  quadrille. 
Also  madadore. 

match  (mach),  n.  anything  that 
readily  ignites ;  a  lucifer ;  any- 
thing which  agrees  with  or  suits 
another  thing ;  an  equal ;  game 
or  contest ;  marriage ;  one  to  be 
gained  in  marriage:  v.t.  to  be 
equal  to ;  set  against  or  oppose 
as  an  equal :  v.i.  to  agree  with. 

match-board  ('bord),  n.  a  thin 
plank  used  for  wainscoting,  &c. 

match-lock  ('lok),  n.  an  old 
kind  of  musket. 

match-mak-er  ('mak-er),  n.  one 
who  seeks  to  arrange  marriages. 

mate  (mat),  «.  a  companion  or 
associate ;  an  equal ;  the  male  and 


female  of  animals  associated  for 
propagation ;  an  officer  in  the 
merchant  service  ranking  below 
the  captain ;  checkmate :  v.t.  to 
match ;  be  equal  to ;  marry. 

ma-te  (ma'ta),  n.  a  tea  made  of 
the  dried  leaves  of  Brazilian 
holly :  used  largely  in  South 
America. 

mat-e-lote  (mat'e-lot),  n.  a  dish 
composed  of  various  kinds  of 
fish. 

ma-ter  (ma'ter),  n.  (  Latin  a 
mother)  one  of  the  two  mem- 
branes (dura  mater,  pia  mater) 
covering  the  brain. 

ma-ter-f  a-mil-i-as  (-fa-mil'i-as) , 
n.  the  mistress  of  a  family  or 
household. 

ma-te-ri-a  med-i-ca  (ma-te'ri-a 
med'i-ka),  a  name  for  the  various 
substances  employed  in  medicine. 

ma-te-ri-al  ('ri-al).  adj.  consist- 
ing of  matter ;  not  spiritual ;  cor- 
poreal ;  essential :  n.  the  sub- 
stance of  which  anything  is 
made. 

Syn.  corporeal,  bodily,  physical, 
temporal,  momentous,  important. 
Ant.    (see   spiritual). 

ma-te-ri-al-ism  (-izm),  n.  the 
doctrine  that  all  spiritual  phe- 
nomena are  the  result  of  organ- 
ized matter. 

ma-te-ri-al-izc  (-iz),  v.t.  to  in- 
vest with  material  characteristics. 

ma-te-ri-al-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  who 
holds  the  doctrine  of  materialism. 

ma-te-ri-al-is-tic  (-is'tik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  materialism. 

ma-te-ri-al-i-ty  (-al'i-ti),  n.  ma- 
terial existence. 

ma-te-ri-al-ly  ('ri-al-li),  adv.  es- 
sentially. 

ma-te-ri-el  (-ta-ri-al').  n.  [Fr.] 
the  baggage,  munitions,  provisions 
of  an  army,  &c. 

ma-ter-nal  (-ter'nal),  adj.  moth- 
erly. 

ma-ter-nal-ly  ('li),  adv.  like, a 
mother. 

ma-ter-ni-ty  ( 'ni-ti ) ,  n.  the  char- 
acter or  relationship  of  a  mother. 

math   (math),  n.  a  mowing. 

math-e-mat-ic-al  (e-mat'ik-al), 
<n!j.  pertaining  to,  or  performed 
by,  mathematics :  theoretically 
precise.  Also  mathematics. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


mat 


541 


math-e-mat-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv. 
by  mathematics. 

math-e-ma-ti-cian  (-mtVtish'an) , 
n.  one  who  is  skilled  in  mathe- 
matics. 

math-e-mat-ics  (-mat'iks),  n. 
the  science  of  number  and  space. 

ma-ti-co  (ma-te'ko) ,  n.  a  Peruvian 
plant,  whose  leaves  are  used  as  a 
powerful  styptic. 

mat-iii  (mat'in),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  morning  or  to  matins :  n.pl. 
morning  prayer ;  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  the  first  canoni- 
cal hour. 

mat-i-nee  (-i-na'  or  ma-te-na'),  n. 
a  reception  or  musical  or  dramatic 
performance  held  in  the  daytime. 

mat  ri-ci-clal  (mat'ri-sl-dal),  adj. 
pertaining  to  matricide. 

mat-ri  cide  ('ri-sid),  n.  the  mur- 
der of  a  mother  by  a  son  or 
daughter ;  one  who  murders  one's 
mother. 

ma-tric-u-late  (ma-trik'u-lat), 
v.t.  to  admit  to  the  membership 
of  a  college  or  university  by 
entering  one's  name  in  a  register : 
v.i.  to  be  admitted  as  a  member 
or  student  of  a  college,  &c. 

ma-tric  u-la-tiou  (-la'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  registering  and  admit- 
ting as  a  matriculated  student. 

mat-ri-mo-ni-al  (mat-ri-mo'ni- 
al),  adj.  pertaining  to  marriage; 
nuptial ;  connubial. 

mat-ri-mo-ni-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
a  matrimonial  relation. 

mat  ri-mo-ny  ('ri-mo-ni),  n.  mar- 
riage. 

ma-trix  (mfi'triks),  n.  [pi.  mat- 
rices (mat'ri-sez)],  the  womb; 
the  cavity  in  which  anything  is 
formed  or  cast ;  a  mold ;  the  rock 
in  which  a  fossil  or  mineral  is  em- 
bedded ;  the  five  colors  (black, 
white,  blue,  red,  yellow)  from 
which  all  others  are  formed  in 
dyeing. 

ma-tron  (mfi'tron),  n.  a  married 
woman,  especially  one  who  has 
borne  children  ;  the  lady  superin- 
tendent of  a  hospital  or  institu- 
tion. 

ma-tron-age  (-aj),  n.  matrons 
collectively. 

ma-tron  al  ('tron-Sl),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  suitable  for,  a 
matron. 


ma-tron-ly  (-li),  adv.  matron- 
like  ;  elderly  ;  sedately. 

mat-ro-nym-ic  (mat-ro-nim'ik), 
n.  a  man's  or  woman's  name  de- 
rived from  that  of  a  mother. 

matte  (mat),  n.  metal  imperfectly 
reduced. 

mat-ted  ('ed),  adj.  covered  with 
a  mat ;  closely  tangled  together. 

mat-ter  ('er),  n.  that  which  oc- 
cupies space,  and  is  perceptible  by 
the  senses  ;  body  ;  substance  ;  thing 
of  importance  ;  business  ;  event ; 
indefinite  amount ;  pus ;  set-up 
type :  v.i.  to  signify ;  be  of  im- 
portance. « 

mat-ties  ('iz),  n.pl.  Scotch  her- 
rings of  moderate  size  with  small 
milts  and  roes. 

mat-ting  ('ing),  n.  mats  col- 
lectively ;  material  for  mats ;  ornt- 
mental  mat-work. 

mat-tock  t/ok),  n.  a  pickaxe  hav- 
ing one  of  its  ends  flat. 

mat-tress  ('res),  n.  a  quilted  hair- 
or  straw-stuffed  bed ;  a  spring 
mattress ;  a  mat  made  of  trees  or 
shrubs. 

mat-u-ra-tion  (-u-ra'shun),  n.  the 
process  of  ripening  or  coming  to 
maturity. 

ma-ture  (ma-tur'),  adj.  [compara- 
tive maturer,  superlative  matur- 
est],  ripe;  full-grown;  ready  for 
application  or  use :  v.t.  to  bring 
or  hasten  to  maturity :  v.i.  to  be- 
come ripe. 

ma-ture-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  mature 
manner. 

ma-tnr-i-ty  Ci-ti),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  mature  ;  ripeness  ; 
full  development. 

ma-tu-ti-nal  (ma-tu'ti-nal),  ad/- 
pertaining to  the  morning ;  early. 

maud  (mawd),  n.  a  grey-striped 
Scotch  plaid. 

mand-lin  ('lin),  adj.  easily  moved 
to  tears ;  weakly  >  and  foolishly 
sentimental. 

mau-gre  (maw'ger),  prep,  in 
spite  of. 

maul  (mawl),  n.  a  large  wooden 
hammer :  v.t.  to  wound  or  bruise 
in  a  rough  manner. 

maul-stick,  same  as  mahl-stick. 

man  so-le-um  (maw-so-le'um),  n. 
a  stately  tomb  or  monument, 
especially  that  of  Mausolus,  King 
of  Caria,  erected  by  his  widow 
Artemisia. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  m66n. 
cook  ;  miite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mau 


542 


mea 


mauve  (mOv),  n.  a  soft  lilac  or 
purple  color. 

ma-vis  (mfi'vis),  n.  the  song- 
thrush. 

Tnaw  (maw),  n.  the  stomach  of 
animals :  the  craw  of  a  bird. 

mawk-ish  (mawk'ish),  adj.  loath- 
some; affectedly  sentimental. 

max-il-la  (maks'il-a),  n.  [pi. 
maxilla?  (-e)  ],  the  upper  jawbone. 

max-il-la-ry  ('il-a-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  jaw  or  jawbone. 

max-il-li-form  ('i-form),  adj. 
shaped  like  the  cheek  or  jawbone. 

max-im  ('im),  n.  an  established 
principle  <or  truth ;  proverb ; 
aphorism. 

>'//>(.  adage,  apothegm,  proverb, 
saying,  by-word,  saw. 

max  i-mum  ('i-mum),  n.  the 
greatest  number,  quantity,  or  de- 
gree, attainable. 

May  (ma),  n.  the  fifth  month  of 
the  year. 

may,  «.  the  English  hawthorn. 

may,  v.  aux.  [p.t.  might  (-mit)], 
to  be  able ;  be  allowed. 

may-or  (ma'er),  n.  the  chief 
magistrate  of  a  city  or  borough. 
F(  in  i  nine  mayoress. 

may-or-al-ty  (-al-ti),  n.  the  of- 
fice, or  term  of  office,  of  a  mayor. 

May-pole  ('pol),  n.  a  pole  around 
which  May  festivities  are  held. 

maze  (maz),  n.  bewilderment;  a 
labyrinth :  v.t.  to  bewilder. 

maz-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  mazy 
manner. 

ma-zur-ka  (ma-zer'ka),  n.  a 
lively  Polish  dance  ;  music  set  to 
such  a  dance.  Also  mazourka. 

ma-zy  (ma'zi),  adj.  intricate;  be- 
wildering ;  winding. 

mead  (med),  n.  a  fermented  liquor 
of  honey,  water,  and  spices ;  a 
meadow  [Poet.]. 

mead-ow  (nfed'6),  n.  a  tract  of 
rich  pasture  land ;  land  yielding 
hay ;  low  grass  land  by  the  banks 
of  rivers. 

mead-ow-y  (-i),  adj.  containing 
meadows. 

mea-ger  (me'ger),  adj.  thin; 
scanty ;  poor ;  barren ;  lean ; 
weak. 

Syn.  poor,  lank,  emaciated,  bar- 
ren, dry,  uninteresting. 
Ant.   (see  rich). 


mea-ger-ly  (-H),  adv.  thinly; 
poorly. 

meal  (mel),  n.  edible  ground 
grain  ;  a  repast. 

mealy  ('i),  adj.  consisting  of, 
sprinkled  with,  or  having  the 
qualities  of,  meal. 

meal  -  y  -  mouthed  (-mouMd), 
adj.  using  soft  words ;  unwilling 
to  tell  the  truth  in  plain  words. 

mean  (men),  adj.  [comparative 
meaner,  supcrlutirc  meanest], 
wanting  in  dignity  or  honor ;  vul- 
gar;  inferior;  insignificant;  hum- 
ble ;  sordid  ;  stingy  ;  middle  ;  not 
excessive :  n.  the  middle  point, 
quantity,  value,  or  degree;  aver- 
age :  pi.  resources  ;  property  :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  meant,  p.pr.  meaning], 
to  have  in  the  mind  or  intention ; 
signify :  v.i.  to  have  an  intention. 
Syn.  stingy,  niggardly,  low,  ab- 
ject, vile,  ignoble,  degraded,  con- 
temptible, vulgar,  despicable,  de- 
sign, purpose,  intent,  contemplate, 
signify,  denote,  indicate. 
Ant.  (see  generous). 

me-an-der  (me-an'der),  v.t.  to 
wind  or  flow  round  :  v.i.  to  have  a 
winding  course ;  be  intricate. 

mean-ing  (men'ing),  n.  inten- 
tion ;  sense. 

XI/H.    signification,    import,    ac- 
ceptation, sense,  purport. 

meant,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  mean. 

mean-time  ('tlm),  adv.  in  the 
intervening  time.  Also  mean- 
while. 

mea-sles  (me'zlz),  n.  an  infec- 
tious disease  characterized  by 
fever  and  small  red  spots  on  the 
skin ;  a  disease  of  swine  and  of 
trees. 

mea  s-n  r-a-b  1  e  (mezh'er-a-bl) , 
adj.  capable  of  being  measured. 

meas-ur-a-bly  (-a-bli),  adv.  in  a 
measurable  manner;  in  a  limited 
degree. 

ineas-ure  ('er),  n.  the  standard 
by  which  the  volume  or  extent 
of  anything  is  compared ;  extent 
or  dimensions  of  a  thing ;  propor- 
tion :  a  divisor  leaving  no  re- 
mainder ;  an  instrument  for  meas- 
uring;  musical  time;  meter;  law 
or  statute :  pi.  strata  or  beds :  v.t. 
to  ascertain  the  extent,  size,  or 
volume  of ;  mark  out ;  estimate  ; 
allot ;  determine  by  rule  or  stand- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


-me« 


543 


med 


ard :   v.i.   to   take   measurements ; 
be   equal   or  uniform. 

meas-ured  ('erd),  adj.  determined 
by  a  standard  ;  uniform  ;  steady  ; 
moderated. 

measurement  ('er-ment),  n.  the 
act  of  measuring ;  quantity  ascer- 
tained by  measuring  ;  size  ;  area  ; 
capacity. 

meat    (met),  n.  animal  food. 

me-chan-ic  (me-kan'ik),  n.  a 
skilled  workman :  pi.  the  science 
of  the  laws  of  matter  and  motion, 
especially  the  science  of  ma- 
chinery. 

me-chan-ic-al  (-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  principles  of  mechanics  ; 
pertaining  to,  or  produced  by,  ma- 
chines or  machinery ;  done  auto- 
matically, as  from  force  of  habit. 

me-chan-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
mechanical  manner. 

me-chan-ie-al  pow-ers  (pow'- 
erz),  n.pl.  powers  obtained  by  the 
application  of  a  small  force,  viz., 
the  lever,  inclined  plane,  wheel 
and  axle,  screw,  pulley,  and 
wedge. 

mecn-a-ni-cian  (mek-a-nish'an) , 
one  skilled  in  mechanics  or  ma- 
chinery. 

mech-a-nism  ('a-nizm),  n.  parts- 
of  a  machine ;  mechanical  con- 
struction. 

med-al  (med'al),  n.  a  coin- 
shaped  piece  of  metal  impressed 
with  a  device  or  inscription  to 
commemorate  some  event,  distin- 
guished person,  &c. 

me-dal-lic  (me-dal'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  medals. 

me-dal  lion  ('yun),  ».  a  large 
antique  medal ;  a  round  or  oval 
tablet  with  figures  in  bas-relief. 

med-al  list  (med'al-ist),  n.  an  en- 
graver of  medals ;  one  who  has 
gained  a  medal  as  a  reward  or 
prize. 

mcd  die  (med'l),  v.i.  to  interpose 
or  interfere  officiously. 

med-dler  •  ('ler),  n.  an  officious 
person  ;  busybody. 

med-dle-some  ('1-sum),  adj.  of- 
ficiously intrusive. 

Syn.    intrusive,    officious,    med- 
dling. 

Ant.    (see   unobtrusive). 

me-di  se-val,  same  as  medieval. 

me-di-an  (me'di-an),  adj.  pertain- 


ing to,  or  connected  with,  the  mid- 
dle of  anything. 

me->di-ate  (-at),  v.i.  to  interpose 
as  a  mutual  friend  between  par- 
ties to  effect  a  reconciliation. 

me-di-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  mediating ;  reconciliation. 

me-di-a-tor  ('di-a-ter),  n.  one 
who  mediates ;  an  intercessor. 

me-di -a-to-ri-al  (-a-to'ri-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  mediator  or  media- 
tion ;  intercessory.  Also  media- 
tory. 

me-di-a-to-ri-al-ly  (-li),  adj.  by 
mediation. 

med-i-cal  (med'i-kal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  connected  with, 
medicine. 

med-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  according 
to  medical  rules. 

med-i-ca-ment  ('i-ka-ment),  n.  a 
medicine  or  healing  application. 

med-i-cate  ('i-kat),  v.t.  to  im- 
pregnate or  tincture  with  any- 
thing medicinal. 

me-dic-i-nal  (me-dis'i-nal),  adj. 
having  the  properties  of,  or  used 
in,  medicine. 

me-dic-i-nal-ly  (-nal-ly),  adj. 
medically. 

med-i-cine  (med'i-sin),  n.  the 
science  which  relates  to  the  treat- 
ment and  alleviation  of  disease ; 
a  specific  for  the  cure  of  disease. 

med  -  i  -  cine  -  man  (-man),  n. 
among  certain  tribes,  as  the  North 
American  Indians,  a  conjurer  who 
professes  to  drive  away  evil 
spirits  or  disease  by  magical  arts. 

me-di-e-val  (me-di-e'val),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of, 
the  Middle  Ages  (8th-15th  centu- 
ries A.  D.).  Also  mediaeval. 

me-di-e-val-ism  (-izm),  n.  the 
spirit,  especially  in  religion  and 
art,  characteristic  of  the  Middle 
Ages. 

me-di-o-cre  Cme'di-o-ker),  adj.  of 
medium  excellence  ;  ordinary. 

me-di-oc-ri-ty  (-ok'ri-ti),  n.  of 
moderate  degree ;  a  person  of  or- 
dinary abilities. 

meditate  (med'i-tat).  V.i.  to 
muse  or  ponder ;  think  abstracted- 
ly :  v.t.  to  think  upon ;  design ; 
purpose. 

med-i-ta-tion  (-ta'slmn),  n.  the 
act  of  meditating ;  deep  thought. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rcb,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


med 


544 


met 


med-i-ta-tive  ('i-ta-tiv),  adj.  dis- 
posed to  meditation. 

med-i-ta-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  with 
meditation. 

med-i-ta-tive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  medita- 
tive. 

me-di-nm  (me'di-um),  n.  [pi. 
media,  mediums  (-a,  -umz)],  a 
mean ;  anything  intervening ; 
agency ;  space  or  substance  in 
which  bodies  exist  or  move ;  a  size 
of  paper  24  x  19  inches :  middle 
term  of  a  syllogism ;  a  per- 
son through  whom  communica- 
tions from  the  spirit  world  are 
conveyed  ;  the  liquid  vehicle  with 
which  dry  pigments  are  ground. 

Syn.     ocgan,     channel,     instru- 
ment, means. 

med-ley  ('li),  n.  mixture  or  con- 
fused mass  of  different  ingredi- 
ents. 

Syn.  mixture,  variety,  diversity, 
miscellany. 

me-dul-la  (me-dul'a),  n.  the  mar- 
row of  bones ;  pith  of  plants. 

med-nl-la-ry  ('a-ri),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  consisting  of,  or  like,  mar- 
row or  medulla. 

me-tlul  liu  (-dul'in),  n.  a  variety 
of  cellulose  found  in  the  pith  of 
certain  plants. 

Me-dn-sa  (me-du'sa),  n.  [pi.  me- 
dusae ('se)],  in  classical  mythol- 
ogy, one  of  the  three  Gorgons 
whose  fine  hair  was  changed  into 
snakes,  and  whose  glance  changed 
into  stone  all  who  looked  on  her. 

nie-du-sa,  n.  the  sea-nettle  or 
jelly-fish. 

meed  (med),  n.  recompense;  re- 
ward. 

meek  (mek),  adj.  [comparative 
meeker,  superlative  meekest],  gen- 
tle ;  submissive ;  yielding ;  mild  of 
temper;  humble;  patient. 

Syn.   unassuming,  mild,   gentle. 
Ant.  (see  proud). 

meer  (mer),  n.  a  boundary  or  divi- 
sion. Also  mere. 

niecr-schanm  ('shum),  n.  a  clay- 
like  silicate  of  magnesia  from 
which  pipe-bowls  are  made;  a 
pipe  of  this  material. 
meet  (met),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  met, 
p.pr.  meeting],  to  come  up  to  from 
a  different  direction;  confront; 
encounter;  fall  in  with;  receive; 


satisfy  ;  come  upon  ;  answer :  v.i. 
to  assemble ;  be  united :  n.  a  meet- 
ing of  huntsmen ;  the  place  of 
meeting :  adj.  fit ;  suitable ;  appro- 
priate. 

meet-ing  ('ing),  n.  an  assembling 
or  coming  together ;  junction ;  a 
congregation. 

meg,  a  prefix  meaning  great,  pow- 
erful. Also  mega,  megalo,  as 
megracephalous :  adj.  having  a 
large  head. 

meg-ohm  ('Om),  n.  1.000,000 
ohms :  a  measure  of  electrical  re- 
sistance. 

me-grim  (me'grim),  n.  a  sick  or 
neuralgic  headache,  usually  on  one 
side  of  the  head :  pi.  vertigo  in  a 
horse. 

mel-an-cho-li-a  (mel-an-ko'H-a) , 
n.  a  form  of  insanity  character- 
ized by  great  depression  of  spirits. 

mel-an-chol-ic  (-kol'ik),  adj.  af- 
fected with  melancholy ;  depressed 
in  spirits ;  dejected. 

mel-an-chol-y  ('an-kol-i),  n. 
great  depression  of  spirits  ;  melan- 
cholia :  adj.  depressed  in  spirits; 
hypochondriac. 

Syn.      low-spirited,      dispirited, 
dreamy,  sad. 

Ant.    (see   jolly). 

me-lange  (ma-langzh'),  n.  a  con- 
fused mixture;  medley  [French]. 

mel-a-nin  (mel'a-nin),  n.  the 
black  pigment  cells  of  the  eye  and 
skin. 

mel-an-ite  ('an-It),  n.  a  black  va- 
riety of  garnet. 

mel-an-ism  ('an-izm),  n.  excess 
of  the  coloring  pigment  in  the 
skin. 

me-lee  (ma-la'),  n.  a  hand-to- 
hand  conflict ;  scuffle  ;  affray. 

mel-in-ite  (mel'in-it),  n.  a  power- 
ful explosive. 

mel-i-lot  ('i-lot).  n.  a  species  of 
sweet-scented  trefoil  or  clover. 

meliorate  (mel'yo-rat),  v.t.  to 
improve  or  make  better. 

mel-io  ration  (-ra'shun),  n.  im- 
provement. 

me  1-1  if -In-cut  (mel-if'flu-ent), 
smooth ;  sweetly  flowing.  Also 
mellifluous. 

mel-lig-e-nons  (-ij'e-nus),  adj. 
having  the  qualities  of,  or  produc- 
ing, honey. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mel 


545 


men 


mel-low   ('6),  adj.  fully  ripe;  not 
hard,  harsh,  or  rigid ;  half  tipsy. 
Syn.  ripe,  mature,  soft. 
Ant.    (see  immature). 

mel-low -y  (-i),  adj.  soft;  unct- 
uous; loamy. 

me-lo-de-on  (me-16'de-on),  n.  a 
small  reed  organ  ;  a  music  hall. 

me-lo-di-ons  ('di-us),  adj.  full  of, 
or  produced  by,  melody ;  musical. 

Syn.    tuneful,    musical,    silver, 
dulcet,  sweet. 

Ant.  (see  discordant) . 

mel-o-dist  ('dist),  n.  a  composer 
of  melodies. 

mel-o-dize  ('diz),  v.t.  to  make 
melodious :  v.i.  compose  melodies. 

mel-o-dra-ma  (mel-5-dra'ma),  n. 
a  play  characterized  by  highly 
sensational  or  romantic  incidents. 

mel-o-dra-mat-ic  ( -dra-mat'ik ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  melodrama ; 
highly  sensational. 

mel-o-dy  ('6-di),  n.  [pi.  melodies 
(-diz)],  the  arrangement  of  dif- 
ferent musical  sounds  for  a  single 
voice  or  instrument ;  tune. 

mel -on  ('un),  n.  a  plant  of  the 
cucumber  family  with  its  edible 
fruit. 

mel-o-type  ('5-tip).  n.  a  method 
of  producing  photographs  so  that 
their  development  may  be  de- 
ferred. 

melt  (melt),  v.t.  &  v.i.  to  change 
from  a  solid  to  a  liquid  state ;  dis- 
solve ;  soften  to  love  and  tender- 
ness. 

mel-ton  ('un),  n.  a  kind  of  thick 
broadcloth  with  an  unfinished  sur- 
face. 

mem-ber  (mem'ber),  n.  a  limb  or 
organ  ;  essential  part  of  anything  ; 
one  of  an  association  or  com- 
munity. 

mem-brane  ('bran),  n.  a  thin 
fold  or  layer  of  tissue  forming  the 
covering  of  some  part  or  organ. 

mem-bra-nous  ('bra-mis),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  or 
like,  membranes. 

me-men-to  (me-men'to),  n.  [pi. 
mementos  ('toz)],  a  souvenir; 
memorial. 

mem-oir  (mem'wa'r).  n.  a  history 
written  from  personal  experience 
and  knowledge  ;  a  biography :  pi. 
a  record  of  investigations  on  a 


subject;  transactions  or  journal 
of  a  learned  or  scientific  society. 

mem-o-ra-bil-i-a  (-6-ra-bil'i-a), 
n.pl.  things  worthy  of  remem- 
brance or  record. 

mem  -  or  -  a  -  ble  ( 'or-a-bl ) ,  adj. 
worthy  of  remembrance ;  remark- 
able ;  notable. 

Syn.    signal,    distinguished, 
marked. 

mem-or-a-bly  (-a-bli),  adj.  so  as 
to  be  remembered. 

mem-o-ran-dum  (-o-ran'dum),  n. 
[pi.  memoranda  ('da)],  a  note  to 
assist  the  memory ;  brief  record 
of  something  to  be  remembered ; 
summary  or  outline. 

me-mo-ri-al  (me-mo'ri-al),  adj. 
commemorative ;  preservative  of, 
or  contained  in,  the  memory :  n. 
an  informal  diplomatic  paper ;  a 
written  representation  of  facts  ad- 
dressed to  the  government,  a  pub- 
lic body,  &c. 

Syn.  monument,  memento,  com- 
memoration. 

me-mo-ri-al-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  peti- 
tion by  means  of  a  memorial. 

me-mor-i-al-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  who 
prepares,  signs,  or  presents,  a 
memorial. 

me-mor-i-ter  (-mor'i-ter),  adv. 
from  memory. 

mem-o-ry  (mem'o-ri),  n.  [pi. 
memories  (-riz)],  that  faculty  of 
the  mind  by  which  it  retains  the 
knowledge  of  previous  occurrences, 
facts,  thoughts,  &c.,  and  recalls 
them. 

Syn.  remembrance,  recollection. 

men-ace    (men'as),   n.  a  threat: 
v.t.   to    threaten. 
Syn.  threat. 

men-a-cing-ly  ('a-sing-li),  adv. 
in  a  threatening  manner. 

men-ag-e-rie  (-azh'er-i  or  -aj'e-ri), 
n.  a  place  where  wild  -nimals  are 
kept ;  a  collection  of  wild  animals 
for  exhibition. 

mend  (mend),  v.i.  to  repair  (that 
which  is  broken  or  worn)  ;  make 
good  or  better ;  reform  ;  increase  : 
v.i.  to  grow  better;  improve. 

Syn.  repair,  amend,  correct,  bet- 
ter, ameliorate,  improve,  rectify. 

men-da-cions  (men-da'shus).  adj. 
given  to  falsehood ;  lying ;  false. 

men-dac-i-ty     (-das'i-ti),    n.    [pi. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p8rch,  lot ;  mSon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


men 


546 


mer 


mendacities  (-tiz)],  falsehood; 
habitual  lying. 

men-di-can-cy  ('di-kan-si),  n. 
the  state  of  being  a  beggar ;  beg- 
ging. Also  mendicity. 

xnen-di-cant  (-leant),  ad;,  practic- 
ing beeging ;  reduced  to  beggary  ; 
n.  a  beggar;  a  begging  friar. 

men-ha-den  (-ha'dn),  n.  an 
American  fish  allied  to  the  her- 
ring, yielding  a  valuable  oil. 

me-ni-al  (me'ni-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  retinue  of  servants ;  per- 
taining to,  or  suitable  for,  serv- 
ants ;  mean ;  servile :  n.  a  domes- 
tic servant ;  one  who  performs 
servile  work. 

men-i-lite  (men'i-lit),  n.  a  variety 
of  opal. 

me-nin-ges  (me-nin'jez),  n.pl.  the 
three  membranes  that  envelop  the 
brain  and  the  spinal  cord. 

men-in-gi-tis  (men-in-jl'tis),  n. 
inflammation  of  the  meninges. 

me-nis-cus  (rne-nis'kus),  n.  [pi. 
menisci  ('si),  meniscuses  ('kus- 
ez)],  a  crescent;  a  lens  convex  on 
one  side  and  concave  on  the  other. 

men-ses  (men'sez).  n.pl.  the  cata- 
menial  discharge.  Also  menstrua- 
tion. 

men-stru-al  ('stroo-al),  adj.  oc- 
curring monthly. 

men-stru  iim  (-um) ,  n.  a  solvent. 

men-su-ra-ble  ('shu-ra-bl),  adj. 
measurable. 

men  su-ra-tion  (-ra'shun),  n.  the 
act  or  process  of  taking  the  meas- 
ure or  dimensions  of  anything ; 
measurement. 

men-tal  ('tal),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  mind ;  intellectual. 

men-tal-ly  (-15),  adv.  in  the  mind  ; 
in  thought  or  idea ;  intellectually. 

men-thol  ('thol).  n.  a  crystalline 
substance  resembling  camphor : 
used  as  a  counter-irritant. 

mcn-thyl  ('thil),  n.  the  base  of 
menthol. 

mention  ('shun),  n.  a  brief 
notice  ;  casual  remark  ;  hint :  v.t. 
to  speak  briefly  of ;  notice  casu- 
ally ;  name. 

Kyn.  tell,  name,  communicate, 
impart,  divulge,  reveal,  disclose, 
inform,  acquaint. 

men-tor  ('ter),  n.  a  wise  and 
faithful  counselor:  from  Mentor, 
the  friend  and  tutor  of  Ulysses. 


me  nu   (me-nu'),  n.  a  bill  of  fare, 

Meph-is-to-pne-li-an  ( mef -is-to- 
fe'li-an ) ,  adj.  pertaining  to,  or 
like,  Mephistopheles  :  hence  scoff- 
ing, relentless,  and  cynical. 

me-phit-ic  (me-fit'ik),  adj.  poison- 
ous ;  noxious ;  offensive  to  the 
smell.  Also  mephitical. 

mer-can-tile  (mer'kan-til).  adjr 
commercial. 

mer-ce-na-ri-ly  ('se-na-ri-li),  adv. 
in  a  mercenary  manner. 

mer-ce-na-ry  ('e-na-rp,  n.  [pi. 
mercenaries  (-riz)],  a  soldier 
hired  into  foreign  service;  one 
who  serves  for  pay :  adj.  serving 
for  pay  or  reward  ;  venal ;  sordid. 

mer-cer  ('ser),  n.  a  dealer  in  tex- 
tile fabrics. 

mer-cer-y  (-i),  n.  the  commodities 
in  which  a  mercer  deals. 

mer-cnan-dise  ('chftn-dlz) .  n. 
goods,  wares,  or  commodities, 
bought  and  sold. 

mer-chant  ('chant),  n.  one  who- 
traffics  or  carries  on  trade  on  a 
large  scale,  especially  with  foreign 
countries ;  a  shopkeeper :  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  employed  in,  trade ; 
mercantile. 

mer-chant -man  (-rnftn),  n.  [pi. 
merchantmen  (-men)],  a  trading 
vessel. 

mer-ci-ful  ( 'si-fool),  adj.  full  of, 
or  exercising,  mercy ;  tender- 
hearted ;  compassionate. 

Syn.  compassionate,  lenient,  cle- 
ment,  tender,  gracious,   kind. 
Ant.   (see  cruel) . 

mer-ci-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  with 
mercy  or  compassion. 

mer-ci-less  (-les),  adj.  destitute 
of  mercy;  unfeeling;  cruel. 

Syn.  hard-hearted,  cruel,  un- 
merciful, pitiless,  remorseless,  un- 
relenting. 

Ant.    (see  kind). 

mer-cu-ri-al  (-ku'ri-31),  adj. 
active  ;  volatile  ;  fickle  ;  pertaining 
to,  made  of,  or  caused  by,  mercury. 

Mer-cu-ry  Ckii-ri),  n.  one  of  the 
planets :  from  Mercury,  the  mes- 
senger of  the  gods. 

mer-cn-ry,  n.  quicksilver. 

mer-cy  ('si),  n.  [pi.  mercies 
('siz)],  the  disposition  to  forgive, 
spare,  or  pity  ;  clemency  ;  forbear- 
ance ;  compassion ;  beneficence. 

mere,  same  as  meer. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  mo5n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then.  , 


_ner 


547 


mere  (mer),  adj.  [superlative 
merest],  such  and  no  more; 
simple  ;  entire  ;  absolute. 

mere-ly  (,'li) ,  adv.  simply  ;  purely  ; 
only. 

mer-e-tri-cious  ( mer-e-trish'us ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  prostitutes ; 
lustful ;  alluring  by  false  show ; 
tawdry. 

merge  (merj),  v.t.  to  absorb  or 
swallow  up :  v.i.  to  be  swallowed 
up  or  lost. 

mer-ger  (mer'jer),  n.  the  legal 
consolidation  of  two  estates,  con- 
forming them  into  one  estate ;  the 
placing  of  the  operations  of  two 
or  more  competing  interests  under 
the  control  of  a  single  body. 

mer-i-carp  (rner'i-kiirp),  n.  one 
of  the  carpels  of  an  unbelliferous 
fruit. 

me-rid-i-an  (me-rid'i-an),  adj. 
pertaining  to  mid-day :  n.  mid- 
day ;  noon  ;  highest  point  or  cul- 
mination ;  an  imaginary  great 
circle  of  the  sphere  passing 
through  the  poles  of  the  heavens 
and  the  zenith  and  nadir  of  any 
sriven  place,  and  cutting  the  equa- 
tor at  right  angles. 

me-rid-i-o-nal  ('i-o-nal),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  meridian ; 
southern. 

me-rid-i-o-nal-ly  ('lj),  adv.  in  the 
direction  of  the  meridian. 

me-ringne  (me-rang'),  n.  a  light 
confection  of  eggs,  sugar,  cream, 
or  jam. 

me-ri-no  (me-re'no),  n.  [pi.  me- 
rinos ('noz)J,  a  breed  of  sheep 
with  a  fine  wool ;  the  wool  of  such 
sheep :  adj.  pertaining  to,  or  made 
of,  the  wool  of  the  merino  sheep. 

mer-it  (mer'it),  n.  excellence; 
worth  ;  deserved  reward  :  pi.  essen- 
tial circumstances :  v.t.  to  earn; 
be  entitled  to ;  be  deserving  of. 

mer-i-to-ri-ous  (-i-to'ri-us),  adj. 
having  merit ;  deserving  of  reward 
or  praise. 

merle  (merl),  n.  the  blackbird 
[Poet.]. 

mer-lin  (iner'lin),  n.  a  small 
falcon. 

mer-liag  (mer'ling) ,  «.  the 
whiting. 

mer-lon  ('Ion),  n.  that  part  of  a 
parapet  included  between  two 
embrastuvs. 


mer-maid  (mer'mad),  n.  a  fabled 
marine  creature  having  the  up- 
per part  like  a  woman  and  the 
lower  part  like  a  fish. 

mer-man  ('man),  n.  the  male  of 
the  mermaid. 

mer-ri-ly  (mer'i-li),  adv.  in  a 
merry  manner. 

mer-ri-ment  ('i-ment),  n.  mirth; 
fun  ;  frolic  ;  gaiety.  Also  merri- 
ness. 

Syn.  mirth,  joviality,  jollity, 
hilarity. 

Ant.  (see  sorrow). 

mer-ry  ('i),  adj.  [comparative 
merrier,  superlative  merriest],  full 
of  mirth  and  good  humor ;  gay ; 
sportive  ;  jovial ;  pleasant. 

tiyn.  cheerful,  mirthful,  joyous, 
gay,  lively,  sprightly,  hilarious,  jo- 
vial, blithe,  blithesome,  sportive, 
jolly. 

A nt.  (see  sad). 

mer-ry-an-drew  (-an'droo),  n.  a 
buffoon. 

m  e  r-ry-d  a  n-c  ers  (-dan'serz), 
n.pl.  the  Aurora  Borealis. 

mer  -  ry  -  go  -  round  (mer'-i-go- 
round),  n.  a  circular  frame  fitted 
with  wooden  horses  or  seats,  on 
which  persons  ride  at  fairs,  &c. 

mer-ry-thouglit  (-thawt),  n.  the 
forked  bone  (furcula)  of  a  fowl's 
breast. 

me-sa  (ma'sa),  n.  elevated  table- 
land. 

me-sal-li-ance  (-za-le-angs'),  n. 
marriage  with  one  of  lower  social 
position. 

mesh  (mesh),  n.  an  opening  or  in- 
terstice of  a  net ;  brewer's  grains. 

mes-i-al   (mez'i-al),  adj.  middle. 

mes-jid  (mez'jid),  n.  a  mosque. 

mes-mer-ic  (-mer'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  produced  by,  mes- 
merism. 

mes-mer-ism  ('mer-izm),  n.  the 
art  of  inducing  an  abnormal  state 
of  the  nervous  system  in  which 
the  thoughts  and  actions  of  the 
patient  are  controlled  by  the  will 
of  the  operator ;  animal  mag- 
netism. 

mes-mer  1st  (-ist),  n.  one  who 
practices  the  art  of  mesmerism. 
Also  mesmerizer. 

mes-mer-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  induce 
the  mesmeric  state. 


lute,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  lie.  lu'r.  k-t ;  Ir.ie.  tin;  vote,  porch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mes 


548 


met 


mesiie  (men),  adj.  middle;  inter- 
vening. 

meso,  a  prefix  meaning  middle,  in- 
termediate, as  j/iesoblast,  the  in- 
termediate layer  of  the  blasto- 
derm of  an  ovum ;  mesocarp,  the 
middle  layer  of  a  pericarp. 

mes  o  sperm  (mes'6-sperm),  n. 
the  second  membrane  of  a  seed. 

Mes-o-zo-ic  (-zo'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  Secondary  Age  or  era 
of  reptiles. 

mess  (mes),  n.  a  number  of  per- 
sons who  sit  down  to  table  to- 
gether, especially  soldiers  or  sail- 
ors;  a  state  of  dirt  or  confusion: 
v.i.  to  eat  together :  v.t.  to  furnish 
with  food ;  dirty. 

mes-sage  (Tij),  n.  a  communica- 
tion, written  or  verbal,  sent  from 
one  person  to  another ;  an  of- 
ficial communication. 

mes-sen-ger  ('en-jer),  n.  one  who 
conveys  a  message ;  an  office 
servant  who  carries  messages ;  a 
herald  or  harbinger;  an  official  of 
the  bankruptcy  court. 

Mes  si-ah  (-I'S),  n.  Christ  the 
Anointed  One.  Also  Messias. 

Mes-si-an-ic  (-i-an'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Messiah. 

mes-sieurs  ('yers),  n.pl.  sirs; 
messrs. 

mes-snage  ('waj),  n.  a  dwelling 
house  with  its  adjacent  buildings 
and  land  for  the  use  of  the  house- 
hold. 

mes-tee  (-te'),  n.  the  offspring  of 
a  white  and  a  quadroon. 

mes-ti-zo  (-te'zo),  n.  [pi.  mestizos 
^'zoz)],  the  offspring  of  a  Span- 
iard or  Creole  and  an  Indian. 
Also  mestino. 

met,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  meet. 

meta,  a  prefix  meaning  'between, 
'over,  after,  duplicate,  resembling, 
change  from  one  state  to  another. 

me-tab-a-sis  (me-tab'a-sis),  n. 
transition. 

met-a-bo-li-an  ( met-a-bo'Ii-an ) , 
n.  an  insect  of  the  sub-class  Meta- 
bola  which  undergo  complete  meta- 
morphosis. 

met-a-bol-ic  (-bol'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  undergoing,  change 
or  metamorphosis. 

met-ab  o-lism  (-ab'o-lizm),  n.  the 
continuous  process  by  which  liv- 


ing cells  or  tissues  undergo  chem- 
ical change. 

met-a-car-pal  (met-a-kilr'piil) , 
inlj.  pertaining  to  the  metacarpus. 

met-a-car-pus  ('pus),  n.  that 
part  of  the  hand  which  is  between 
the  wrist  and  the  fingers. 

met-a-cen-ter  (-sen'ter),  n.  that 
point  in  a  floating  body  on  the 
position  of  which  its  equilibrium 
or  stability  depends. 

met-a-gen-e-sis  (-a-jen'e-sis),  n. 
alternation  of  generation. 

met-al  ('al),  n.  an  elementary 
substance  having  certain  physical 
characteristics,  as  luster,  ductility, 
malleability,  insolubility,  is  fusi- 
ble by  heat,  and  a  conductor  of 
electricity ;  molten  glass ;  small 
stone  cubes ;  effective  power  or 
caliber  of  the  guns  of  a  warship : 
pi.  the  rails  of  a  railroad :  v.t.  to 
cover  with  metal. 

met-al-lic  (Mk),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  consisting  of,  or  like,  metal. 

met-al-lic  ox-id e  (oks'id),  n.  a 
compound  of  metal  with  oxygen. 

met-al-lic  salt  (sa\vlt),  n.  a  salt 
which  has  a  metallic  oxide  as  its 
base. 

met-al-lif-er-ous  Hif'er-us),  adj. 
yielding  metal  or  metallic  ores. 

met-al-log-ra-phy  (-og'ra-fi),  n. 
the  science  of  metals ;  a  treatise 
on  metals. 

met-al-loid  (-oid),  «.  a  non- 
metallic  elementary  body :  adj.  re- 
sembling a  metal ;  non-metallic. 

met-al-lur-gic  (-er'jik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  metallurgy.  Also  met- 
allurgical. 

met-al-lur-gist  ('al-er-jist),  n. 
one  who  is  skilled  in  metallurgy. 

met-al-lur-gy  (-ji),  n.  the  art  or 
process  of  working  metals  and  of 
separating  them  from  their  ores. 

met-a-mor-phic  (-a-mfir'fik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  produced  by, 
metamorphism. 

met-a-mor-phism  Cfizm).  n.  the 
process  by  which  stratified  rocks 
under  pressure,  heat,  chemical 
action,  &c.,  have  changed  from 
their  original  structure,  as  lime- 
stone to  marble. 

met  a-mor-phose  ('foz),  v.t.  to 
change  into  a  different  form. 

met-a-mor-pho-sis  ('fo-sis),  n. 
change  of  form,  shape,  or  struc- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pfirch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


met 


549 


met 


ture ;  transformation,  as  of  a 
chrysalis  into  a  butterfly. 

met-a-phor  ('a-fer),  n.  a  figure 
of  speech  by  which  one  word  is 
employed  for  another  of  which  it 
is  the  image ;  a  compressed  simile. 

met-a-phor-ic  (-for'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  comprising,  a  meta- 
phor ;  not  literal ;  figurative.  Also 
metaphorical. 

met-a-plior-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
in  metaphors. 

met-a-pliras-tic  (-fras'tik),  adj. 
close  or  literal  in  translation. 

met-a-phys-ic-al  (-fiz'ik-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  according  to  the 
rules  of,  metaphysics ;  ontological. 

met-a-phys-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  by 
the  rules  of  metaphysical  science. 

met-a-phy-si-cian  ( -fi-zish'un ) , 
n.  one  who  is  skilled  in  meta- 
physics. 

met-a-phys-ics  (-fiz'iks),  n.  men- 
tal philosophy. 

met-ath-e-sis  (-ath'e-sis),  n. 
transposition  of  the  letters  of  a 
word  or  syllable. 

met-em-pir-ic-al  ( -em-pir'ik-al ) , 
adj.  exceeding  the  limits  of  ex- 
perience. 

xuet-emp-sy-cho-sis  (-si-ko'sis), 
».  transmigration  of  the  soul  after 
death  into  the  body  of  another 
man  or  lower  animal. 

me-te-or  (me'te-er),  n.  a  tran- 
sient luminous  body  in  the  sky ; 
falling  or  shooting  star ;  anything 
that  dazzles  or  excites  wonder  for 
the  moment. 

me-te-or-ic  (-or'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  formed  of,  or  like,  a 
meteor. 

me-te-or-ite  ('te-er-it),  n.  a  stone 
or  metallic  body  which,  in  its  pas- 
sage through  space,  has  fallen 
upon  the  earth. 

me-te-or-og-ra-phy  (-er-og'nl-fi ) , 
n.  the  registration  of  meteoro- 
logical phenomena. 

me-te-or-o-log-ic  (-loj'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  atmosphere,  or 
its  phenomena,  or  to  meteorology. 
Also  meteorological. 

me-te-or-pl-o-gist  C-ol'o-jist),  n. 
one  who  is  skilled  in  meteorology. 

me-te-or-ol-o-gy  (-ji),  n.  the  sci- 
ence of  the  atmosphere  and  its 
various  phenomena. 

me-ter   (me'ter),  n.  an  instrument 


for  registering  automatically  the 
amount  measured  by  it. 

Syn.  measure,  rhythm,  verse. 

me-ter,  me-tre  (me'ter),  n.  a 
rhythmic  arrangement  of  syllables 
in  verse ;  unit  of  length  in  the 
decimal  system  —  39.37  inches. 

me-ter-age  (-aj),  n.  measure- 
ment ;  cost  of  measuring. 

me-thinks  (me-thingks') ,  v.i.  [p.t. 
methought],  it  appears  or  seems 
to  me. 

meth-od  (meth'od),  n.  regular  ar- 
rangement of  things ;  system ; 
order ;  classification. 

Syn.  way,  manner,  mode,  proc- 
ess, order,  rule,  regularity,  sys- 
tem. 

meth-od-ic-al  ('ik-al),  adj.  char- 
acterized by,  or  arranged  with  re- 
gard to,  method  ;  systematic.  Also 
methodic. 

meth-od-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
methodical  manner. 

meth-o-dize  ('6-diz),  v.t.  to  re- 
duce to  method ;  systematize. 

Meth-o-dism  ('6-dizm),  n.  the 
doctrines  and  worship  of  the 
Methodists. 

Meth.-o-dist  ('o-dist),  n.  one  of  a 
sect  of  Christians  founded  by  John 
Wesley:  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
Methodists. 

meth-yl  (meth'il),  n.  the  hydro- 
carbon radical  of  methyl  alcohol, 
or  wood  spirit. 

meth-yl-a-ted  (-i-la'ted),  adj. 
mixed  with  or  containing  methyl. 

meth-yl-ene  (-len),  n.  an  inflam- 
mable liquid  obtained  from  the 
distillation  of  wood.  Also  methene. 

meth-yl-ie  (-il'ik),  adj.  derived 
from,  or  containing,  methyl. 

met-on-y-my  (met-on'i-mi),  n.  a 
figure  of  speech  in  which  one  word 
is  used  for  another  related  to  it. 

met-re,  see  meter. 

met-ric  (met'rik).  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  decimal  system  of  weights 
and  measures. 

met-ric-al  (-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to  meter,  measurement,  or  rhythm, 

met-ric-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  met- 
rical manner. 

met-ro-graph  Cro-graf),  «.  an 
apparatus  for  indicating  the  mile- 
age run  by  a  locomotive,  and  the 
number  and  time  of  stoppages  at 
stations,  &c. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  hf-.  her,  let;  line,  tin  :  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  miite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


met 


550 


mic 


met-rol-o-gy  (-rol'o-ji),  n.  the  sci- 
ence of  weights  and  measures. 

met-ro-nome  ('ro-nom),  n.  an  in- 
strument which  beats  musical  time 
by  means  of  a  short  pendulum. 

me-tro-nym-ic  (-nim'ik),  adj.  de- 
rived from  one's  mother  or  female 
ancestor. 

me-trop-o-lis  (me-trop'o-lis),  n. 
the  capital  or  chief  city  of  a  king- 
dom or  country  ;  the  seat  or  see  of 
a  metropolitan. 

met-ro-pol-i-tan  ( -ro-pql'i-tan ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  capital  city 
of  a  kingdom  or  country,  or  to  an 
archbishopric :  n.  the  presiding 
bishop  of  a  country  or  province ; 
an  archbishop. 

met-tle  (met'l).  n.  constitutional 
ardor  or  spirit ;  fortitude. 

met-tle-some  (-sum),  n.  high 
spirited. 

mew  (mu),  n.  the  cry  of  a  cat;  a 
sea-gull :  pi.  stables  for  carriage 
horses:  v.t.  to  shed  or  molt  (the 
feathers)  :  v.i.  to  cry  like  a  cat. 

mez-za  nine  (met'za-nen),  n.  a 
low  intermediate  story  between 
two  higher  ones ;  a  window  in 
such  a  story. 

mez-zo-tint  (-tint),  n.  a  variety 
of  copper  engraving.  Also  mezzo- 
tinto. 

mi-ca  (ml'ka),  n.  a  mineral  di- 
visible into  thin  transparent 
plates. 

mi  ca  ceons  (-ka'shus),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  consisting  of,  or  like, 
mica. 

mice,  pi.  of  mouse. 

mi-co  (mi'ko),  n.  a  small  South 
American  monkey ;  a  Japanese 
solid  oil  or  butter. 

micro,  a  prefix  meaning  small,  as 
microcosm,  a  small  universe  or 
community. 

mi-crobe  (mi'krob),  n.  a  minute 
microscopical  organism  found  in 
the  blood  of  animals,  especially 
those  suffering  from  disease ;  bac- 
terium. 

\  mi  crob  ic  (-ferob'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  caused  by,  a  mi- 
crobe. Also  microbial. 

mi-crob-i-citle  (-krob'i-sid).  n.  an 
agent  for  destroying  microbes  or 
bacteria. 

mi-cro-coc-cus  (-kro-kok'us),  n. 
[pi.  micrococci  ('si)],  a  genus  of 


bacteria,  a  source  of  fermentation 
and  of  zymotic  disease. 

mi-cro-cosm,  see  under  micro. 

mi-cro-cous-tic  (-kous'  or  -koos'- 
tik),  adj.  pertaining  to,  or  serving 
to  increase,  indistinct  sounds :  n. 
an  instrument  for  the  deaf,  to 
augment  faint  sounds. 

mi-cro-critb  (-krith'),  n.  the 
weight  of  an  atom  of  hydrogen. 

mi-cro-cyte  ('kro-sit),  n.  a  minute 
elementary  granule  in  the  blood, 
especially  present  in  disease. 

mi-cro-graph  ('kro-graf ).  n.  a 
kind  of  pantograph  for  executing 
very  minute  engraving  or  writing. 

mi-crog-ra-phy  (-krog'ra-fi),  n. 
the  description  of  microscopic  ob- 
jects. 

mi-crohm  ('krom).  n.  the  1,000,- 
000th  part  of  an  ohm. 

mi-crom-e-ter  (-krom'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring  mi- 
nute distances,  or  apparent  diam- 
eters :  used  with  a  microscope  or 
telescope. 

mi-cro-mil-li-me-ter  (-kro-mil'i- 
mf'-ter),  n.  the  1,000,000,000th 
part  of  a  meter. 

mi-cro-phone  ('kro-fon),  n.  an 
instrument  for  intensifying  very 
minute  sounds. 

mi-cro-pho-tog-ra-pby  ( -f  o-tog'- 
rfi-fi),  n.  photographing  in  minia- 
ture. 

mi-cro-phyte  ('kro-fit).  n.  a 
microscopic  vegetable  growth. 

micro-scope  ('kro-skop),  n.  an 
optical  instrument  for  magnify- 
ing minute  objects  so  as  to  ren- 
der them  visible  for  purposes  of 
investigation. 

mi-crp-scop-ic  (-skop'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  determined  by 
the  aid  of,  a  microscope.  Also  mi- 
croscopical. 

mi-cro-scop-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
by,  or  as  by,  a  microscope. 

mi-cro-scop-ist  (mi'kro-skd-pist 
or  mi-kros'ko-pist),  n.  one  skilled 
in  microscopy. 

mi-cros-co-py  (ml-kros'ko-pi).  n. 
the  use  of  the  microscope ;  micro- 
scopic investigation. 

mi-cro-spore  ('kro-spor),  n.  a 
very  minute  reproductive  spore 
found  in  the  capsules  of  lycopods. 

mi-cro-volt  ('kro-volt),  n.  the 
1.000,000th  part  of  a  volt. 


lute,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  h5r,  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon. 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mic 


551 


mil 


mi-cro-zyme  ('kro-zlm),  n.  a 
minute  organism  occurring  in  the 
air  and  found  in  the  human 
blood,  acting  as  a  ferment  in  pro- 
ducing certain  zymotic  diseases. 

mid  (mid),  adj.  middle:  prefix,  as 
midday :  n.  a  midshipman. 

mid-die  ('!),  adj.  equally  distant 
from  the  extremes ;  mean ;  me- 
dial :  n.  the  point  equally  distant 
from  the  extremes ;  central  part ; 
the  waist. 

Mid-die  Ag-es  (aj'ez),  n.pl.  the 
period  between  the  5th  and  15th 
centuries  A.  D. 

mid-die  most  (-most),  adj.  sit- 
uated in,  or  nearest,  the  middle. 

mid-dling  ('Img),  adj.  of  middle 
rank,  size,  or  'quality  ;  moderate : 
n.pl.  the  coarser  part  of  flour. 

-mid-dy  ('di),  n.  [pi.  middies 
('diz)],  a  midshipman. 

midge   (mij).  n.  a  gnat. 

mid-riff  ('rif),  n.  the  diaphragm 
separating  the  cavity  of  the  chest 
from  the  stomach. 

mid-ship -man  ('ship-man),  n. 
[pi.  midshipmen],  in  the  British 
navy,  a  junior  officer  ranking 
next  above  a  cadet. 

midst   (midst),  n.  the  middle. 

mid-wife  (mid'wif),  n.  [pi.  mid- 
wives  ('wivz)l,  a  woman  who  as- 
sists at  childbirth :  v.t.  to  assist 
in  childbirth :  v.i.  to  serve  as  a 
midwife. 

mid-wif-er-y  ( 'wif-er-i ) ,  n.  ob- 
stetrics. 

mien  (men),  n.  external  appear- 
ance ;  air ;  look  ;  carriage. 

Syn.  air,   look,  manner,  aspect, 
appearance. 

might  (mlt),  n.  power;  strength; 
force :  p.t.  of  may. 

might-i-ly  ('i-Ii).  adv.  with  great 
power  or  strength  ;  vehemently  ; 
in  a  great  degree. 

mightiness  (-nes),  n.  great- 
ness ;  power ;  a  title  of  dignity. 

might-y  ('i),  ad),  [comp.  might- 
ier, siipcrl.  mightiest],  powerful; 
strong ;  influential ;  momentous  ; 
wonderful ;  huge :  adv.  very ;  ex- 
ceedingly. 

mignon  (min-yong'),  adj. 
pretty;  delicate  [French]. 

mi-gnon-ette  (min-yun-ef),  n. 
a  fragrant  annual  with  greenish 


flower     and     orange-colored     sta- 
mens. 

mi-grant  (mi'grant),  adj.  mi- 
gratory. 

mi-gra-to-ry  ('gra-to-ri),  adj. 
removing  or  passing  from  one 
place  of  abode  or  resort  to  an- 
other ;  roving ;  nomad. 

Syn.   roving,   strolling,   wander- 
ing, vagrant. 

Ant.   (see  settled). 

Mi-ka-do  (mi-ka'do),  n.  the  Jap- 
anese emperor,  as  the  spiritual 
and  temporal  head  of  the  empire. 

milch   (milch),  adj.  yielding  milk. 

mild  (mild),  adj.  [comp.  milder, 
stiperl.  mildest],  gentle  in  temper 
and  disposition ;  gentle ;  soft ; 
placid ;  moderate ;  not  sharp, 
sour,  or  bitter  ;  lenitive. 

mil-dew  (mil'du),  n.  a  disease  of 
plants  produced  by  small  fungi ; 
spots  of  mold  on  cloth,  &c.,  caused 
by  damp :  v.t.  to  taint  with  mil- 
dew :  v.i.  be  affected  with  mil- 
dew. 

mile  ( mil ) i ,  n.  a  measure  of  length 
varying  in  different  countries : 
the  English  statute  mile,  in  use 
in  this  country,  contains  1.7GO 
yds.,  the  geographical  or  nautical 
mile  1-GOth  of  a  degree  of  lati- 
tude or  2,025  yds.  (nearly). 

mile-age  ('ajji,  n.  an  allowance 
for  expenses  per  mile ;  length  in 
miles. 

mil-foil  (mil'foil).  n.  a  composite 
plant  with  finely  divided  leaves. 

mil-i-tan-cy  ('i-tan-si),  n.  war- 
fare ;  militarism. 

mil-i-tant  ('i-tant),  adj.  warlike; 
fighting ;  serving  as  a  soldier. 

mil  i  ta-rism  ('i-ta-rizm),  n.  mil- 
itary spirit,  policy,  or  govern- 
ment. 

mil-i-ta-ry  ('i-ta-ri),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  soldiers  or  to  arms ;  war^ 
like ;  martial :  n.  soldiers  collect- 
ively ;  army ;  troops. 

mil-i-tate  ('i-tat),  v.i.  to  be,  or 
stand,  opposed ;  operate  against 
(with  against). 

mi-li-tia  (mi-lish'a),  n.  citizens 
enrolled  and  trained  for  the  in- 
ternal defense  of  a  state. 

milk  (milk),  n.  a  white  fluid  se- 
creted by  the  mammary  glands  of 
female  mammals  for  the  nourish- 
ment of  their  young,  especially 


lute,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mil 


552 


mln 


the  milk  of  the  cow;  the  white 
juice  of  certain  plants:  v.t.  to 
draw  milk  from  ;  supply  with  milk. 

milk-sop  ('sop),  n.  an  effeminate 
weak  person. 

milk-tooth  (-tooth),  n.  the  fore- 
tooth of  a  foal ;  one  of  the 
temporary  first  set  of  teeth  in 
the  young  of  mammals. 

Milk-y  Way  ('i  wa),  n.  a  broad 
luminous  band  in  the  heavens, 
from  horizon  to  horizon,  consist- 
ing of  innumerable  stars. 

mill  (mil),  n.  a  machine  for  grind- 
ing and  reducing  a  substance  to 
small  particles ;  a  manufactory  ; 
a  prize  fight ;  a  money  of  account 
=  l-l,000th  of  a  dollar:  v.t.  to 
reduce  to  fine  particles  in  a  mill ; 
press  or  stamp,  as  the  edges  of 
coins;  full  (cloth);  roll  into 
bars,  as  metal ;  thrash. 

mill-board  ('bord)»  n.  a  kind  of 
thick  pasteboard. 

mil-len-ni-al  (mil-len'ni-al),  adj. 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  millennium. 

mil-len-ni-um  ('i-um),  n.  the 
space  of  1,000  years,  especially 
that  period  during  which  Satan 
will  be  bound  and  Christ  will 
reign  on  earth  (Rev.  xx.  1-4). 

mil'-le-pcd  (mil'e-ped),  n.  an  in- 
sect with  numerous  feet,  belong- 
ing to  the  genus  Julus.  Also 
millepede. 

anil-le-pore  ('e-por),  n.  a  coral 
of  the  genus  Millepora,  having  a 
smooth  surface,  perforated  with 
very  small  pores. 

mil-ler  ('er),  n.  one  who  keeps  or 
works  a  flour  mill. 

mil-let  ('et),  n.  a  grain-bearing 
plant. 

milli,  a  prefix  meaning  1,000*7& 
part  of,  as  miHiampere,  the 
1,000th  part  of  an  ampere. 

mil-Hard  ('i-ard,  or  me-lyaV),  n. 
[Fr.]  one  thousand  millions. 

mil  Her  (me-lya'),  n.  [Fr.]  in  the 
metric  system,  a  ton  =  1,000,000 
grams. 

mil-li-gram  (mil'i-gram),  n.  [Fr.] 
the  1,000th  part  of  a  gram  =r 
.0154  grain  English.  Also  milli- 
gramme. 

mil-li-li-ter('i-li-ter),«.  [Fr.]  the 
1,000th  part  of  a  liter  =  .06102 
cubic  in. 

mil-li-me-ter  ('i-me-ter),  n.  [Fr.] 


the   1,000th   part  of  a   meter  - 
.03937  in. 

milliner  ('i-ner),  n.  one  who 
makes  women's  bonnets,  hats, 
headdresses,  &c. 

mil-li-ner-y  ('i-ner-i),  n.  the  ar- 
ticles made  and  sold  by  a  milliner. 

mill-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
grinding  in,  or  passing  through,  a 
dressing  mill ;  the  process  of 
making  a  serrated  edge  on  a  coin, 
&c. 

mil-lion  ('yun),  n.  the  number  of 
ten  hundred  thousand  ;  an  indefi- 
nitely large  number. 

mil-lion-aire  (-ar'),  n.  a  person 
who  is  worth  a  million ;  one  very 
rich. 

millionth  ('yunth),  adj.  being 
one  of  a  million :  n.  one  of  1,000,- 
000  parts. 

mill-pond  ('pond),  n.  a  reservoir 
of  water  for  driving  a  mill. 

mill-race  ('ras),  n.  a  current  of 
water  that  drives  a  mill. 

mill-stone  ('ston),  n.  one  of  two 
flat  cylindrical  stones  for  grinding 
grain. 

milt  (milt),  n.  the  spleen;  tfce 
spermatic  organ  of  a  male  fish : 
v.t.  to  impregnate  the  ova  of  ij(a 
female  fish). 

mime  (mim),  n.  a  kind  of  drama 
among  the  Greeks  and  Romans  in 
which  real  persons  and  events 
were  represented  in  a  ludicrous 
manner;  an  actor  in  a  mime. 

mi-met-ic  (mi-met'ik),  adj.  imita- 
tive. Also  mimetical. 

miiu-e-tism  ( mi m'e-tizm ),  n.  mim- 
icry. 

mim-ic  ('ik),  adj.  inclined  to  imi- 
tate ;  imitative :  n.  one  who  mim- 
ics or  imitates :  v.t .  to  imitate,  or' 
ridicule  by  imitation. 

Syn.  imitate,  ape,  mock. 

mim-ick-er  (-er),  n.  a  mimic. 

mim-ic-ry  (-ri),  n.  ludicrous  imi- 
tation for  sport  or  ridicule ;  close 
external  likeness. 

min-a-ret  (min'a-ret),  n.  a  tall 
slender  turret  attached  to  a 
mosque  surrounded  with  several 
balconies  from  which  the  muezzin 
calls  the  people  to  prayers. 

min-a-to-ry  ('a-to-ri),  adj.  threat- 
ening. 

mince  (mins),  v.t.  to  cut  or  chop 
into  minute  pieces ;  extenuate  or 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moou. 
<x>ok  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


min 


553 


min 


suppress :  v.i.  to  talk  with  affected 
elegance ;  walk  with  short  steps 
or  in  a  prim  manner. 

jnince-meat  ('met),  n.  meat 
chopped  very  fine,  especially  with 
suet,  raisins,  lemon  peel,  &c. 

mine-ing  ('ing),  adj.  affectedly 
elegant. 

mind  (mind),  n.  the  intellectual 
or  rational  faculty  in  man ;  the 
understanding  or  intellect ;  soul  ; 
memory  :  intention  ;  opinion  :  v.t. 
to  attend  to  ;  heed ;  obey. 

mind-eel  ('ed),  p.adj.  having  a 
mind  ;  disposed  or  inclined. 

mind-ful  ('fool),  adj.  bearing  in 
mind  :  observant ;  attentive. 

8yn.  observant,  attentive,  heed- 
ful,  thoughtful. 

Ant.   (see  heedless). 

mine  (mm),  prow,  belonging  to 
me :  n.  an  excavation  in  the  earth 
from  which  minerals,  precious 
stones,  &c.,  are  extracted ;  crude 
ironstone ;  a  tunnel  under  an 
enemy's  works  to  blow  them  up ; 
a  rich  source  of  wealth :  v.i.  to 
carry  on  mining  operations ;  prac- 
tice secret  methods :  v.t.  to  under- 
mine or  sap. 

min-er-al  (min'er-al),  n.  any  in- 
organic body  found  on  the  surface 
or  in  the  earth :  adj.  pertaining  to, 
consisting  of,  or  impregnated  with, 
a  mineral. 

min-er-al-ize  (-Iz),  v.t.  to  con- 
vert into  a  mineral :  impregnate 
with  mineral  matter :  r.i.  to  make 
excursions  to  collect  minerals. 

min-er-al-o-gist  (-al'o-jist),  n. 
one  skilled  in  the  knowledge  of 
minerals. 

min-er-al-o-gy  (-al'o-ji),  n.  the 
science  of  minerals. 

mingle  (ming'gl),  v.t.  to  inter- 
mix :  join  or  combine ;  blend ; 
compound :  v.t.  to  be  mixed  or 
united  with. 

min-i-a-tnre  (min'i-a-tur),  n.  a 
very  small  painting,  especially  a 
portrait  on  ivory.  &c. :  adj.  done 
on  a  very  small  scale ;  diminu- 
tive :  minute. 

minim  Cim).  n.  the  smallest 
liquid  nifnsure  :  a  single  drop:  a 
musical  note  =  2  crotchets:  one 
of  an  order  of  mendicant  friars 
founded  by  St.  Francis  of  Paola, 
15th  century  ;  a  small  fish. 


min-i-mize  (-Iz),  v.t.  to  reduce  to 
a  minimum. 

min-i-mnm  ('i-mum),  n.  [pi.  min- 
ima (-ma)],  the  least  quantity; 
trifle. 

min-ing  (mm'ing),  p.adj.  pertain- 
ing to  mines ;  burrowing  in  the 
earth :  n.  the  act  of  making  mines 
or  working  them. 

min-ion  (min'yun),  n.  a  size  of 
type  intermediate  between  non- 
pareil and  brevier  (see  type)  ;  a 
servile  flatterer  or  dependent. 

min-is-ter  ('is-ter),  n.  a  servant; 
one  subordinate  to  another ;  agent : 
one  intrusted  with  the  direction  of 
affairs  of  state;  ambassador;  a 
clergyman  or  pastor  of  a  church 
authorized  to  preach  and  admin- 
ister the  sacraments :  v.t.  to  sup- 
ply ;  administer :  v.i.  to  serve  in 
some  office,  clerical  or  lay ;  sup- 
ply things  necessary. 

min-is-te-ri-al  (-te'ri-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  ministry  or  service, 
official  or  clerical ;  pertaining  to  a 
minister  of  the  state  or  of  religion. 

min-is-te-ri-al-ist  ( -te'ri-al-ist ) , 
n.  a  supporter  of  the  ministry  in 
office. 

min-is-te-ri-al -ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a 
ministerial  manner. 

min-is-trant  ('is-trant),  adj. 
serving  as  a  minister. 

min-is-tra-tion  (-tra'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  ministering ;  adminis- 
tration ;  service. 

min-is-try  Cis-tri),  n.  [pi.  min- 
istries (-triz)],  the  agency  or  serv- 
ice of  a  minister  of  religion ;  the 
office,  duties,  or  functions  of  a 
minister  of  state ;  ministers  of 
state  collectively ;  term  of  min- 
isterial office. 

min-i-nm  ('i-um),  n.  red  oxide  of 
lead. 

min-i-ver  ('i-ver),  n.  the  Siberian 
squirrel  or  its  fur.  Also  minever. 

mink  (mingk).  n.  a  carnivorous 
mammal  allied  to  the  weasel, 
yielding  a  valuable  fur. 

min-now  (min'o),  n.  a  fresh- 
water  fish  of  small  size. 

minor  (mi'ner).  adj.  smaller; 
less:  Inconsiderable;  less  by  a 
semitone  [Music]  :  n.  one  of  either 
sex  who  is  vnder  the  age  of  21  ; 
in  logic,  the  term  or  premise 
containing  the  subject  of  the  con- 
clusion. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


min 


554 


mis 


mi-nor-i-ty  (mi-nor'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
minorities  (-tiz)],  the  smallest 
number :  opposed  to  majority  ;  the 
state  of  being  a  minor. 

min  o-taur  (min'6-tawr) ,  n.  in 
classic  mythology,  a  monster  with 
the  head  of  a  bull  and  the  body 
of  a  man. 

min-ster  (-ster),  «.  the  church  of 
a  monastery ;  a  cathedral  church. 

min-strel  ('strel),  n.  in  medieval 
times,  one  of  an  order  of  men  who 
traveled  from  place  to  place  sing- 
ing their  musical  compositions  to 
the  accompaniment  of  a  harp ;  a 
poet  or  musician. 

min-strel-sy  (-si),  #.  the  art  or 
occupation  of  minstrels  ;  minstrels 
collectively ;  a  collection  of  bal- 
lad poetry. 

mint  (mint),  n.  the  place  where 
money  is  coined  by  government 
authority :  source  of  unlimited 
supply ;  place  of  invention  or  fab- 
rication ;  an  odoriferous  plant 
yielding  a  pungent  essential  oil: 
v.t.  to  coin  or  stamp  (money)  ; 
invent. 

mint-age  ('aj),  n.  coin,  &c.,  pro- 
duced in  a  mint ;  duty  paid  to  the 
mint  for  coining  gold  or  silver. 

mint  ju-lep  (jfi'lep),  n.  a  drink 
compounded  of  brandy,  sugar,  and 
pounded  ice,  flavored  with  mint. 

min-u-end  (min'ii-end),  n.  that 
number  from  which  another  num- 
ber is  to  be  subtracted. 

min-u-et  ('u-et),  n.  a  slow  grace- 
ful dance  ;  music  for  such  a  dance. 

mi-nus  (ml'nus),  n.  the  sign  ( — ) 
of  subtraction. 

min-ute  (-nut'),  adj.  very  small; 
precise:  n.  (min'it)  l-60th  part  of 
an  hour  or  of  a  degree ;  an  official 
note ;  memorandum. 

Syn.  little,  exact,  precise,  small. 
Ant.   (sea  ample,  huge). 

mi-nute-ly  (mi-nut'li),  adv.  in  a 
minute  manner ;  exactly. 

mi-nute  ness  ('nes),  n.  the  qual- 
ity of  being  minute  ;  exactness. 

mi-mi  -ti-ae  (mi-nu'shi-e),  n.pl. 
smaller  or  minor  details  or  par- 
ticulars. 

minx  (mingks),  n.  a  pert,  wan- 
ton girl. 

Mi-o-cene  (ml'6-sen),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  middle  division  of 
the  Tertiary  formation. 

mir-a-cle    (mir'a-kl),  n.  a  super- 


natural occurrence  or  act ;  wonder 
or  marvel. 

mi-rac-u-lons  (mi-rak'u-lus),  adj. 
performed  supernaturally ;  won- 
derful. 

mi-rage  (mi-razh'),  «.  an  optical 
atmospheric  illusion  by  which  the 
image  of  a  distant  object  is  seen 
as  if  inverted. 

mire  (mir),  n.  deep  mud;  wet 
clayey  earth :  v.t.  to  soil  with 
mire ;  plunge  and  fix  in  mud :  v.i. 
to  sink  in  mud. 

mir-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state  of 
being  miry. 

mir-ror  (mir'er),  n.  a  looking- 
glass  ;  speculum  ;  pattern  :  v.t.  to 
reflect  as  in  a  mirror. 

mirth  (merth),  n.  noisy  gaiety; 
social  merriment ;  hilarity  ;  jollity. 

mirtn-fiil  ('fool),  adj.  merry; 
festive. 

mirth-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
mirthful  manner. 

mi-ry  ('ri),  adj.  abounding  in,  or 
covered  with,  mire. 

mir-za  (mer'za),  n.  a  Persian  title 
equivalent  to  prince. 

mis,  prefix  meaning  wrona.  wrong- 
ly, ill.  error,  divergence. 

mis-ad-ven-tnre  ( mis-ad-ven'tur ) , 
n.  an  unlucky  accident ;  misfor- 
tune. 

mis-al-li-ance  (-a-h'ans),  n.  an 
improper  alliance  by  marriage, 
especially  with  one  of  lower  social 
status ;  see  also  mesalliance. 

mis-an-thro-pe  Can-throp),  n.  a 
hater  of  mankind. 

mis-an-throp-ic  (-throp'ik).  adj. 
hating  mankind.  Also  misan- 
thropical. 

mis  -  an  -  thro  -  py  ( 'thro-pi ) .  n. 
hatred  of  mankind. 

mis-ap-pre-hend  (-ap-re-hend'), 
v.t.  to  misunderstand ;  miscon- 
ceive. 

mis-ap-pro-prl-ate  (-pro'pri-at), 
v.t.  to  apply  to  a  wrong  use  or 
purpose,  as  trust-money,  &c. 

mis-car-riage  (-kar'aj),  n.  fail- 
ure; misbehavior;  premature  par- 
turition. 

mis-carry  (-kar'i),  v.i.  \p.t.  & 
p.p.  miscarried,  p.pr.  miscarry- 
ing], to  go  wrong;  be  unsuccess- 
ful :  bring  forth  young  prema- 
turely. 

mis-cel-la-ne-a    (-e-la'ne-a),   n.pl. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mis 


555 


mis 


a  collection  of  miscellaneous  mat- 
ters, or  things. 

mis-cel-la-ne-ous  ('ne-us),  adj. 
consisting  of  several  kinds  mixed 
together ;  promiscuous. 

tiyn.     promiscuous,     indiscrimi- 
nate,   mixed. 

mis-cel-la-ny  ('e-la-ni),  n.  [pi. 
miscellanies  (-niz)],  a  mixture 
of  various  kinds ;  a  book  contain- 
ing a  variety  of  literary  composi- 
tions. 

mis-chance  (-chans'),  n.  misfor- 
tune :  mishap. 

mis-chief     ('chif),    n.    harm;    in- 
jury ;   hurt ;   damage  ;   misfortune. 
8yn.  injury,  harm,  damage,  evil, 
hurt,  ill. 

Ant.    (see  benefit). 

mis-chie-vous  ('chi-vus),  adj. 
producing  injury  or  damage ; 
hurtful ;  inclined  to  mischief. 

mis-ci-ble  ('si-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  mixed. 

mis-con-ceive  (-kon-sev'),  v.t.  to 
conceive  wrongly  ;  misjudge  ;  mis- 
apprehend. 

mis-con-cep-tion  (-sep'shun),  n. 
false  opinion ;  misapprehension. 

mis-cre-ant  ('kre-ant).  «.  an  un- 
scrupulous villain  ;  vile  wretch  : 
adj.  unscrupulous. 

Syn.  caitiff,  villain,  ruffian. 

mis-demean  (-de-men'),  v.t.  to 
behave  improperly ;  conduct 
(one's  self)  badly. 

mis-de  mean-ant  (-de-men 'ant) , 
n.  one  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor. 

mis-de-mean-or  ('er),  n.  evil 
conduct ;  a  crime  less  than  a 
felony. 

mi-ser  (mi'zer),  n.  a  covetous 
man  who  denies  himself  the  com- 
forts of  life  to  hoard  up  money. 

mis-er-a-ble  (miz'er-a-bl),  adj. 
wretched  ;  very  unhappy  ;  worth- 
less ;  despicable ;  very  mean  or 
poor. 

N//H.    unhappy,     wretched,    dis- 
tressed,   afflicted. 
A nt.   (see  happy). 

mis-er-a-hly  (-bli),  adv.  in  a  mis- 
erable manner. 

mis-er-y  (  Y-r-i ) .  n.  extreme  pain, 
distress,  or  misfortune ;  great  un- 
happiness. 

N/y/i.    wretchedness,    woe,    desti- 
tution, penury,  privation,  beggary. 
Ant.   (see  happiness). 


mis-fea-sance  (-fe'zans),  n.  legal 
trespass ;  wrong  performance. 

mis-fit  (mis'fit),  n.  non-fitting 
clothing ;  colloquially  applied  to 
indicate  a  person  in  a  position  for 
which  he  is  unfitted. 

mis-lay  (mis-la'),  v.t.  to  lose. 

mis-le,  another  form  of  mizzle. 

mis-ly  (miz'li),  adj.  raining  in  mi- 
nute drops. 

mi-sog-y-nist  (mi-soj'i-nist),  «.  a 
woman-hater. 

mi-sog-y-ny  ('i-ni),  n.  hatred  of 
women. 

mis-place  (-pins'),  v.t.  to  put  in 
a  wrong  place ;  place  on  an  im- 
proper or  undeserving  object. 

mis-pri-sion  (-prizh'un),  n.  in 
law,  a  high  offense  under  the  de- 
gree of  a  capital  one,  but  bor- 
dering upon  it. 

mis-pri-sion  of  fel-o-ny  (fel'o- 
ni),  n.  concealment  of  a  felony 
by  one  who  is  cognizant  thereof, 
but  without  consenting  to  it. 

mis-rep-re-sent  (-rep-re-zent'), 
v.t.  to  represent  falsely  or  incor- 
rectly, wilfully,  or  through  care- 
lessness. 

Miss  (mis),  n.  [pi.  misses  ('ez)], 
a  title  of  address  prefixed  to  the 
name  of  an  unmarried  lady. 

miss,  n.  a  young  unmarried  girl 
or  woman ;  failure  to  hit,  reach, 
perceive,  or  obtain :  v.t.  to  fail 
to  hit,  &c. ;  omit  or  pass  by ;  do 
without;  feel  the  want  of:  v.t.  to 
fail  to  hit ;  fly  wide  of  the  mark. 
•S/yyi.  omit,  lose,  fail,  miscarry. 

mis-sal  ('al),  n.  the  book  contain- 
ing the  order  of  service  for  the 
Roman  Catholic  Mass. 

mis-sel  (miz'l),  n.  the  mistle- 
thrush. 

mis-sile  (mis'il),  n.  a  weapon  or 
thing  thrown^  or  designed  to  be 
thrown,  to  injure  another. 

miss-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  lost;  want- 
ing. 

mis  sioii  (mish'un),  n.  the  act  of 
sending,  or  state  of  being  sent 
with  certain  powers,  especially  to 
propagate  religion ;  embassy ; 
delegation  ;  commission  ;  a  series 
of  special  religious  services. 

mis-sion-a-ry  (-a-ri),  n.  [pi.  mis- 
sionaries (-riz)],  a  person  who  is 
sent  to  propagate  religion,  espe- 
cially in  foreign  parts :  adj.  per- 


late,  ruiir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mis 


556 


moa 


taining  to  missions  or  mission- 
aries. 

mis  sion-er  (-er),  n.  a  mission- 
ary ;  one  who  has  charge  of,  or 
conducts,  a  mission. 

mis-give  ('iv),  n.  a  letter  or  mes- 
sage :  adj.  sent  specially. 

mist  (mist),  n.  visible  watery  va- 
por in  the  atmosphere,  at  or  near 
the  earth's  surface  ;  fog ;  anything 
that  dims  or  obscures  the  vision : 
v.t.  to  cover  with,  or  as  with, 
mist :  v.i.  to  rain  in  minute  drops. 

mis-tak-a-ble  (mis-tak'a-bl),  adj. 
liable  to  be  mistaken. 

mis-take  (-tak'),  v.t.  [p.t.  mis- 
took, p.p.  mistaken,  p.pr.  mistak- 
ing], to  misunderstand;  miscon- 
ceive ;  misjudge :  v.i.  to  err  in 
judgment  or  opinion  :  n.  an  error 
in  judgment ;  misconception  ;  fault. 

Mis-ter  ('ter),  n.  a  title  of  ad- 
dress prefixed  to  a  man's  name : 
abbreviated  in  writing  Mr. 

mis-ti-ly  ('ti-li),  adv.  obscurely; 
darkly. 

mis-ti-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  misty ;  obscurity ;  dim- 
ness. 

mis  tie-toe  (miz'l-to),  n.  an  ever- 
green plant  parasitic  on  apple 
trees,  &c.,  and  less  commonly  on 
the  oak. 

mis-tress  (mis'tres),  n.  a  woman 
who  exercises  authority  or 
governs ;  the  female  head  of  a 
family,  school,  &c. ;  a  woman  well 
skilled  in  anything ;  a  woman 
courted  and  beloved  ;  sweetheart ; 
a  kept  woman. 

Mis-tress  (mis'tres),  n.  a  title  of 
address  prefixed  to  the  name  of 
a  married  woman ;  abbreviated 
Mrs.  (mis'is). 

mist-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  mistior, 
superl.  mistiest],  characterized  by, 
or  obscured  with,  mist ;  dim  ;  ob- 
scure ;  clouded. 

m  i  s-u  n-d  e  r-s  t  a  n  d  ( -un-der- 
stand'),  v.t.  to  take  in  a  wrong 
sense ;  misconceive. 

mis  un  tier  stand  ins  ('ing),  n. 
misconception ;  disagreement. 

mite  (mit),  n.  a  minute  insect 
of  the  division  Acarida ;  a  small 
coin  formerly  current ;  a  very 
small  object  or  quantity. 

mi-ter,  mi-tre  (mi'ter),  n.  the 
headdress  of  the  high  priest  of  the 


Jews ;  a  kind  of  crown  cleft  in 
the  middle,  worn  by  archbishops, 
bishops,  and  sometimes  by  abbots 
on  special  occasions ;  the  dignity 
of  a  bishop ;  the  junction  of  mold- 
ings at  an  angle  of  45°  :  v.t.  to 
adorn  with  a  miter;  join  at  45°. 

mit-i-gate  (mit'i-gat),  v.t.  to  ren- 
der less  severe  or  rigorous  or 
painful ;  soften  ;  alleviate. 

Syn.  alleviate,  relieve,  diminish, 
abate. 

Ant.   (see  aggravate). 

mit-i-ga-tion  (-ga'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  mitigating:  alleviation. 

mit-i-ga-tive  (mit'i-ga-tiv),  adj. 
alleviating. 

mit-i-ga-tor  (-ter),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  ^which,  mitigates. 

m  i  t-i-g  a-t  o-r  y  ( mit'i-ga-to-ri ) , 
adj.  tending  to  mitigate. 

mi-trail-leuse  ( me-tra-Iyez' ) ,  n. 
a  breech-loading  gun  formed  of. 
many  barrels  fitted  together,  and 
capable  of  being  fired  simultan- 
eously. 

mi-tral  (ml'trfil),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  shaped  like,  a  miter. 

mi-tri-f  orm  ( 'tri-form ) ,  adj. 
shaped  like  a  miter ;  concial. 

mit-ten  ('n),  n:  a  fingerless  win- 
ter glove ;  a  fingerless  cover  for 
the  hand  or  wrist. 

mit-ti-mus  (mit'i-mus),  (Latin 
we  send),  n.  a  warrant  of  com- 
mitment to  prison ;  a  writ  trans- 
ferring a  record  out  of  one  court 
to  another.  ' 

mix  (miks),  v.t.  to  unite  or  blend 
into  one  mass  or  compound  ;  join  : 
v.i.  to  become  united  in  a  com- 
pound ;  associate ;  mingle. 

mixture  ('tiir),  n.  the  state  of 
being  mixed ;  a  compound  or  mass 
formed  by  mixing,  especially  one 
in  which  the  particles  of  each  in- 
gredient retain  their  property. 

miz-zen  (miz'n),  n.  the  hindmost 
of  the  fore-  and  aft-sails  of  a 
vessel. 

miz-zle  (']),  v.i.  to  rain  in  very 
minute  drops;  to  take  one's  self 
off:  11.  fine  rain. 

miz-zly  ('li),  adj.  drizzling  ;  misty. 

mne-mon-ic  (ne-mon'ik),  adj.  as- 
sisting the  memory. 

mne-mon  ics  ('iks),  n.pl.  the  art 
or  science  of  assisting  the  memory. 

moan    (rnon),  v.i.  to  Utter  a  low 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


moa 


557 


mod 


sound  from,  or  as  from,  pain  or 
sorrow :  n.  a  low  prolonged  ex- 
pression of  sorrow  or  pain. 

moat  (mot),  n.  a  ditch  round  a 
fortress,  &c. :  v.t.  to  surround 
with  a  moat. 

mob  (mob),  n.  the  populace;  a 
rude  disorderly  crowd ;  riotous 
assembly  ;  rabble  :  v.t.  to  attack  in 
a  disorderly  crowd ;  crowd  about 
and  annoy. 

mob-cap  ('kap),  n.  a  woman's 
plain  headdress  or  cap. 

mo  -  bile  (mo'bil),  adj.  easily 
moved. 

mo-bil-i-ty  (-bil'i-ti),  n.  suscep- 
tibility of  motion. 

mo-bil-i-za-tion  (-i-za'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  mobilizing. 

mo-bil-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  call 
(troops)  into  active  service. 

mob-oc-ra-cy  (mob-ok'rfi-si),  n. 
the  rule,  or  ascendency,  of  the 
mob. 

moc-ca-sin  (mok'a-sin),  n.  a  deer- 
skin sandal  or  shoe  worn  by  the 
North  Americn  Indians ;  a  poi- 
sonous American  snake. 

mo-cha  (md'kii),  n.  a  kind  of  cof- 
fee from  Mocha,  a  seaport  of 
Arabia. 

mock  (mok),  v.t.  to  ridicule; 
mimic  in  sport,  contempt,  or  de- 
rision ;  deride ;  disappoint  the 
hopes  of  ;  tantalize  :  n.  derision  ; 
ridicule  :  adj.  false  ;  counterfeit. 

anock-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  derision; 
ridicule  ;  delusion  ;  imitation. 

mock-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  derisive; 
mimicking. 

mock-ing  bird  (berd),  n.  an 
American  thrush  noted  for  mim- 
icry of  the  notes  of  other  birds. 

modal  (mo'dal),  adj.  pertaining 
to  mode  or  form  ;  indicating  some 
mode  of  expression. 

mo-dal-i-ty  (-dal'i-ti).  n.  the  fact 
of  being  a  mode ;  in  law,  the 
quality  of  being  suspended  by  a 
condition. 

mode  (mod),  n.  form;  custom; 
fashion ;  manner ;  variety  of  a 
syllogism. 

mod -el  (mod'el),  n.  a  pattern  of 
something  to  be  made,  or  repro- 
duced ;  example  for  imitation ; 
standard  copy;  a  person  who 
poaes  as  a  subject  for  a  painter 
or  sculptor :  adj.  serving  as  a 


pattern  or  model :  v.t.  to  form 
after  a  model,  especially  in  some 
plastic  material :  v.i.  to  practice 
modeling. 

Kyn.  copy,  design,  mold,  stand- 
ard. 

mod-el-er  (-er),  n.  one  who 
models. 

mod-el-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  act  or 
art  of  making  a  model,  especially 
of  a  work  of  art  in  some  plastic 
material. 

mod-er-ate  (mod'er-at),  v.t.  to 
keep  within  bounds ;  lessen  :  qual- 
ify :  v.i.  to  become  less  violent  or 
intense  ;  preside  as  a  moderator  : 
adj.  kept  within  bounds ;  not  ex- 
treme or  excessive ;  restrained ; 
frugal ;  calm  ;  reasonable  ;  mild. 

Syn.      temperate,      abstemious, 
sober,   abstinent. 

Ant.    (see  immoderate). 

mod-er-ate-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
moderate  manner. 

mod-er-a-tion  (-fi'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  moderating ;  the  state  of 
being  moderate ;  freedom  from 
excess ;  equanimity. 

mod-er-a-tor  (mod'er-a-ter),  n. 
one  who,  or  that  which,  moderates 
or  restrains ;  the  presiding  officer 
in  a  church  meeting. 

mod-ern  ('ern),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  present  time ;  recent :  n.pl. 
people  of  modern  times. 

mod-ern-ize  (-Iz),  v.t.  to  render 
modern  in  usage  or  taste. 

mocl-est  ('est),  adj.  restrained  by 
a  due  sense  of  propriety ;  diffi- 
dent ;  decent ;  chaste. 

Syn.   chaste,   virtuous,    bashful, 
reserved. 

Ant.   (see  immodest). 

mod-es-ty  ('es-ti),  n.  the  quality 
or  state  of  being  modest ;  propri- 
ety of  behavior  or  manner ;  chas- 
tity ;  diffidence ;  moderation. 

mod-i-cum    ('i-kum),   n.  a   little. 

mod-i-fi-ca-tion  (-i-fi-kii'shun) , 
n.  the  act  of  modifying ;  the  state 
of  being  modified ;  slight  change 
in  form. 

mod-i-fy  ('i-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
modified,  p.pr.  modifying],  to 
change  slightly  in  form ;  vary ; 
qualify ;  reduce. 

mo-diste  (mo-desf),  n.  a  fashion- 
able dressmaker. 

mod-u-late     (mod'u-lat),    v.t.    to 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mod 


558 


Mol 


vary  the  sound  of ;  change  the 
key  or  mode  of :  v.i.  to  pass  from 
one  musical  key  to  another. 

mod  u-la-tion  (-la'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  modulating ;  the  state  of 
being  modulated._ 

mod-u-la-tor  ('ii-la-ter),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  modulates ; 
in  the  tonic  sol-fa  system,  a  chart 
to  indicate  its  modulations. 

Mo-gnl  (mo-gul'),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  Mongolians :  n.  a  person  of 
the  Mongolian  race.  The  Em- 
peror of  Delhi  is  called  the  Great 
Mogul. 

mo-hair  ('bar),  n.  a  fabric  made 
from  the  hair  of  the  Angora 
goat ;  an  imitation  of  such  a 
fabric. 

Mo-ham-me-dan  (-ham'e-dan), 
adj.  pertaining  to  Mohammed,  or 
to  Mohammedanism :  n.  an  ad- 
herent of  Mohammedanism.  Also 
Mahometan.  Mahomedan,  Mussul- 
man, Moslem. 

Mo-ham  me  dan  ism  (-izm),  n. 
the  religion,  doctrines,  or  institu- 
tions founded  by  Mohammed. 

moi-e-ty  (moi'e-ti),  n.  one  of  two 
equal  parts  or  shares ;  half. 

moil    (moil),  v.i.  to  toil;   drudge. 

moire    (mwar),  n.  watered  silk. 

moire-an-tique  (an-tek'),  n.  a 
superior  variety  of  watered  silk. 

moist  (moist),  adj.  containing 
water  or  other  liquid ;  humid ; 
damp. 

Syn.   wet,   damp,   dank,   humid. 
Ant.    (see  dry). 

mois-ten  (mois'n),  v.t.  to  make 
moist. 

mois-ture  (moist'iir),  n.  a  mod- 
erate degree  of  dampness ;  slight 
wetness. 

moke   (mok).  n.  a  donkey. 

mo-lar  (mo'ler).  n.  a  double  tooth 
or  grinder :  adj.  used  for,  and 
capable  of,  grinding. 

mo  las  ses    C-las'ez),  n.  treacle. 

mold,  mould  (mold),  n.  a  fine 
soft  soil,  rich  in  decayed  matter; 
substance  of  which  anything  is 
composed ;  a  minute  fungoid 
growth  of  decaying  animal  or 
vegetable  matter ;  the  matrix  in 
which  anything  is  cast  or  shaped ; 
character :  v.t.  cover  with  mold  ; 
cause  to  become  moldy ;  fashion 


in,  or  as  in,  a  mold :  v.i.  to  be- 
come moldy. 

mold  er,  moulder  ('er).  v.t.  to 
turn  into  dust  by  natural  decay  : 
v.i.  to  crumble  to  mold ;  waste 
away  by  degrees :  n.  one  who 
molds. 

mold-i-ness,  mould-i-ness  ( 'i- 
nes)(>n.  the  state  of  being  moldy. 

mold-ing,  mould-ing  ('ing),  n. 
the  act  of'  molding;  anything 
made  in  or  by  a  mold  ;  ornamental 
strip :  used  on  a  wall,  picture 
frame,  &c. 

mold-y,  mould-y  ('i).  adj.  cov- 
ered with  or  having  mold. 

mole  (mol),  n.  a  dark-colored 
mark  or  small  protuberance  on 
the  skin  ;  a  small  soft-furred  bur- 
rowing animal  with  small  eyes  of 
the  genus  Talpa  ;  a  pier  or  break- 
water. 

mo-lec-u-lar  (mo-lek'u-lur),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  pro- 
duced by,  or  existing  between, 
molecules. 

mo-lec-u-lar-i-ty  (-lek-u-lar'i-ti) , 
n.  molecular  state. 

mol-e-cule  (more-kill),  i\.  the 
smallest  quantity  of  an  element 
or  compound  which  can  exist 
separately. 

mole-skin  (mol'skin),  n.  a  twilled 
fustian  cloth  with  a  soft  surface 
resembling  a  mole's  fur. 

mo-lest  (mo-lest'),  v.t.  to  annoy, 
or  interfere  with  ;  trouble  ;  vex. 

mol-es-ta-tion  (mol-es-tfi'shun) , 
n.  the  act  of  molesting ;  interfer- 
ence ;  annoyance. 

mol-li-fi-er  ('i-fi-er),  n.  one  who 
mollifies. 

mol-li-fy  ('i-fl),  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p. 
mollified,  p.pr.  mollifying],  to 
calm  ;  soften  ;  assuage. 

mol-lusk  ('usk),  n.  one  of  the 
Mollusca. 

Mpl-lus-ca  (mo-lus'ka),  n.pl.  a 
division  of  the  Invertebrata  com- 
prising animals  with  a  soft  fiVsliy 
body,  and  covered  more  or  loss 
with  a  calcareous  shell,  as  the 
snail,  &c. 

mol-lus-can  ('kan),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  Mollusca.  Also  mol- 
luscous. 

Mo-loch  (mo'lok),  n.  the  fire-god 
of  the  ancient  Phoenicians  and 
Ammonites  to  whom  human  sac- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mol 


559 


mon 


rifices  were  offered.  Also  Mo- 
lech. 

molt,  moult  (molt),  v.i.  to  cast 
the  feathers,  hair,  skin,  &c. 

mol-ten  (molt'en),  adj.  melted; 
made  of  melted  metal. 

mo-lyb-de-num  (mo-lib'de-num), 
n.  a  rare  metallic  element. 

m  o  -  m  e  n  t  (  uio'ment) ,  n.  the 
smallest  possible  portion  of  time ; 
an  instant ;  importance ;  value ; 
the  product  of  a  force  and  the 
perpendicular  of  its  line  of  action 
from  the  point  on  which  it  acts. 

mo-men-ta-ri-ly  (-ta-ri-li),  adv. 
for  a  moment ;  from  moment  to 
moment. 

mo-men-ta-ry  ('men-ta-ri),  adj. 
lasting  only  for,  or  done  in,  a  mo- 
ment. 

mo-men-tous  (-men'tus),  adj. 
very  important. 

mo  men -turn  (-men'tum),  n.  im- 
petus ;  the  product  of  the  mass 
by  the  velocity  of  a  moving  body. 

mon-a-chism  (mon'a-kizm),  n. 
monastic  life  or  system.  Also 
monasticism. 

mon-ad  ('ad),  n.  an  ultimate 
atom  ;  a  simple  primary  constitu- 
ent of  matter;  one  of  the  smallest 
flagellate  Infusoria ;  an  elemen- 
tary organism  or  cell ;  a  univalent 
atom  or  radical. 

mon-arch  ('ark),  n.  a  supreme 
ruler ;  sovereign  ;  the  chief  of  its 
class  or  kind :  adj.  supreme. 

mon-ar  chic  (-iir'kik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  monarch  or  to  mon- 
archy ;  vested  in  a  monarch.  Also 
monarchical. 

mon-arch  ism  ('ark-izm),  n.  the 
principles  of  monarchy;  prefer- 
ence for  monarchy. 

mon-arch-ist  (-ist),  n.  an  advo- 
cate for,  or  supporter  of,  mon- 
archy. 

mon-arch-y  Park-i),  n.  [pi.  mon- 
archies (-iz)],  government  in 
\vliich  tlii-  supreme  power,  either 
absolute  or  limited,  is  vested  in  a 
monarch,  kingdom,  or  empire. 

mon-as-te-ri-al  (-as-te'ri-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  monastery,  or  to 
monastic  life. 

mon-as-ter-y  ('fis-ter-i),  n.  [pi. 
monasteries  (-iz)],  a  home  for  re- 
Jigious  retirement  for  men. 

mon-as  tic   (mon-as'tik).  adj.  per- 


taining    to     monasteries,     monks, 
their  rules,  &c.     Also  monastical. 

mon-as-tic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in 
a  monastic  manner. 

mon-as-ti-cism  ('ti-sizm),  «». 
monachism. 

mon  -  daine  (mon-dan),  n.  a 
woman  of  fashion. 

Mon-day  (mun'da),  n.  the  second 
day  of  the  week. 

mon-e-ta-ry  (mun'e-ta-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to  money. 

mon-e-ta-ry  u-nit  (u'nit),  n.  the 
standard  of  tiie  currency  of  a  na- 
tion, as  the  pound  in  England,  or 
the  dollar  in  the  United  States. 

mon-e-ti-za-tion  ( -e-ti-za'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  monetizing. 

mon-e-tize  ('e-tiz),  v.t.  to  con- 
vert into  money ;  give  a  standard 
or  current  value  to. 

mon-ey  ('i),n.  [pi.  moneys  ('iz)], 
coin ;  specie ;  gold,  silver,  or  other 
metal  stamped  by  legal  authority 
and  used  as  currency ;  any  cur- 
rency used  as  money ;  wealth. 

Syn.  coin,  currency,  gold,  notes, 
bullion. 

mon-ey ed  ('id),  adj.  possessed  of 
money ;  wealthy. 

mon-ger   (mung'ger),  n.  a  dealer. 

Mon-gol  (mong'gol),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Mongolia,  or  to  its  inhab- 
itants, or  to  one  of  the  great  divi- 
sions of  mankind,  of  which  the 
Mongols  and  Chinese  are  the 
type :  n.  a  member  of  the  Mongol 
race.  Also  Mongolian. 

mon-goose,  another  form  of  mun- 
goose. 

mon-grel  (mung'grel),  adj.  of  a 
mixed  breed  or  kind :  n.  anything 
of  mixed  breed  or  kind,  as  a  dog, 
&c. 

mon-ism  (mon'izm),  n.  the  doc- 
trine of  the  unity  of  substance ; 
the  identity  of  matter  and  mind. 

moii  ist  ('ist),  n.  a  supporter  or 
advocate  of  monism. 

mo-nis  tic  (mo-nis'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  monism. 

mo-ni-tion  (mo-nish'un),  n.  ad- 
monition ;  warning ;  notice. 

mon-i-tive  (mon'i-tiv),  adj.  ad- 
monitory. 

mon-i-tor  ('i-ter),  n.  one  who 
warns  or  admonishes ;  a  senior 
pupil  selected  to  instruct  the 
younger  scholars ;  heavily-armed 


late,  rniir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  h?,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mon 


560 


mon 


turreted  iron-clad ;  a  genus  of 
large  lizards. 

moii  i  to-ri  al  (-to'ri-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  performed  by,  a 
monitor. 

mon-i-to-ri-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
monitorial  manner. 

mon-i-to-ry  ('i-to-ri),  adj.  giving 
monition. 

mon-i -tress  ('i-tres),  n.  a  female 
monitor. 

monk  (mungk),  n.  a  man  who  de- 
votes himself  exclusively  to  a  re- 
ligious life  and  lives  in  com- 
munity with  others  similarly 
bound  by  vows  to  chastity,  obedi- 
ence, and  poverty. 

mon-key  ('ki),  n.  [pi.  monkeys 
('iz)]f  a  quadrumanous  mammal, 
of  the  species  Simiida? ;  a  name 
for  various  mechanical  contriv- 
ances ;  a  name  of  contempt,  espe- 
cially for  one  of  mischievous  pro- 
pensities. 

mon-key-boat  (-bot),  n.  a  small 
dock-boat. 

mon-key- jack-et  (-jak'et),  n.  a 
short  closely  fitting  thick  jacket. 

monk-hood  ('hood),  n.  the  char- 
acter or  condition  of  a  monk ; 
monks  collectively. 

monk-isli  ('ish),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  resembling,  a  monk ;  mon- 
astic. 

monks  hood  ('s-hood),  n.  aco- 
nite. 

mono,  a  prefix  meaning  one, 
single,  alone.  Also  mon,  as  mono- 
basic: adj.  having  only  a  single 
atom  or  equivalent  of  base,  mono- 
cle, an  eyeglass  for  one  eye. 

mo-noc-ii-lar  (mo-nok'u-h\r),  adj.. 
adapted  for  use  for  one  eye ;  with 
one  eye  only. 

mon-o-dy  (mon'o-di),  n.  a  plain- 
tive poem  or  song  for  one  voice. 

mo-npg-a-my  (mo-nog'a-mi),  n. 
marriage  of  one  wife  only ;  mar- 
rying only  once;  pairing  with  a 
single  mate,  as  the  dove. 

m  o  n-o-g  e  n-e-s  i  s  (mon-o-gen'e- 
sis),  n.  a  sexual  reproduction 
from  a  single  cell. 

m  o  n-o-g  r  a  m  ('o-gram),  n.  a 
cipher  or  character  formed  by  the 
interweaving  of  two  or  more 
letters. 

mon-o-graph.  ('6-graf),  n.  a  pa- 
per or  treatise  written  on  one  par- 


ticular subject  or  some  branch  of 
it. 

mon-o-lith  ('o-lith),  n.  a  pillar 
or  column  formed  of  a  single 
stone. 

mon-o-logue  ('6-log),  n.  a  dra- 
matic scene  in  which  one  person 
only  speaks ;  soliloquy. 

m  o  n-o-m  a-n  i-a  (-ma'ni-a),  n. 
mental  derangement  in  regard  to 
one  subject  only. 

mon-o-ma-ni-ac  (-mfi'ni-ak),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  affected  with, 
monomania :  n.  one  affected  with 
monomania. 

mon-o-met-al-lism  (-met'al-izm), 
n.  the  legalized  use  of  one  metal 
only  as  currency. 

mon-o-plane  (mon'6-plan),  n.  an 
aeroplane  with  a  single  plane  or 
gliding  board. 

mo-nop-o-list  (mo-nop'6-list),  n. 
one  who  has  a  monopoly,  or  mo- 
nopolizes. 

mo-nop-o-lize  ('6-lIz),  v.t.  to  ac- 
quire the  possession  of  so  as  to 
be  the  only  seller;  to  engross  the 
whole  of. 

mon-o-rail  (mon'o-ral),  n.  a  sys- 
tem of  railway  in  which  only  one 
rail  is  used,  the  cars  being  kept 
erect  by  the  sustaining  force  of 
swiftly  revolving  gyroscopes. 

monotheism  ( mon'6-the-izm ) , 
n.  the  doctrine  of,  or  belief  in,  the 
existence  of  one  God. 

mon-p-tne-is-tic  (-is'tik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  monotheism. 

mou-o-tone  ( mon'6-ton ) ,  n.  reci- 
tation on  a  single  note  or  key : 
v.t.  to  recite  (as  prayers)  on  a 
single  note. 

mo  not  0-11  ous  (mo-not'o-nus) , 
adj.  continued  in  the  same  un- 
varying tone ;  wearisome. 

mo-not-o-ny  ('o-ni),  n.  dull  uni- 
formity of  tone ;  unvarying  or  irk- 
some sameness. 

mon-o-type  (mon'6-tlp),  n.  a 
type-setting  machine  that  sets 
single  letters,  instead  of  words 
and  lines,  as  in  the  linotype  ma- 
chine. 

mon-sei-gneur  ( mong-sa-nyer' ) , 
n.  [Fr.]  [pi.  messeigneurs  (ma-sfi- 
nyer')],  formerly  a  title  in 
France  given  to  persons  of  high 
birth  or  rank,  especially  to  the 
dauphin ;  a  title  of  French 
bishops. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mon 


561 


moo 


mon-sieur  (mo-sye').  n.  [Fr.] 
[pi.  messieurs  (me-sye)  ],  a  French 
title  of  courtesy,  equivalent  to  Sir 
or  Mr.;  formerly  the  title  of  the 
eldest  brother  of  the  King  of 
France. 

mon-si-gnor  (mon-se-nyor),  n. 
[It.]  [pi.  monsignori  ('re)],  an 
ecclesiastical  title  conferred  by 
the  Pope  on  prelates  of  the  papal 
household,  equivalent  to  Lord.  _ 

mon-soon  (-soon'),  n.  a  periodical 
wind  in  the  Indian  Ocean  blow- 
ing from  the  southwest  from 
April  to  October,  and  from  the 
northeast  during  the  other  part 
of  the  year. 

mon-ster  ('ster),  n.  anything  out 
of  the  usual  course  of  nature ; 
prodigy ;  something  greatly  de- 
formed ;  a  person  remarkable  for 
extreme  wickedness,  cruelty,  &c. : 
adj.  of  unusual  size. 

mon-stros-i-ty  (-stros'i-ti),  n. 
[pi.  monstrosities  (-tiz)],  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  mon- 
strous ;  an  unnatural  production. 

mon-strous  ('strus),  adj.  out  of 
the  common  course  of  nature ; 
wonderful ;  huge  ;  horrible  ;  enor- 
mous. 

Syn.   shocking,   dreadful,   horri- 
ble, huge,  immense. 

mon-te  (mon'ta),  n.  a  gambling 
game  played  with  dice  or  cards  by 
the  Spaniards. 

month  (munth),  n.  one  of  the 
twelve  divisions  of  the  year, 
either  calendar  or  lunar. 

month-ly  ('li),  adj.  continued, 
performed,  or  happening,  in  a 
month :  adv.  once  each  month :  n. 
a  magazine  or  periodical  published 
each  month. 

mon-u-ment  (mon'u-ment),  n. 
anything  that  perpetuates  the 
memory  of  a  person  or  event. 

Syn.  memorial,    record,   remem- 
brancer, cenotaph. 

mon-ii-men-tal  ('tal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  serving  as,  a  monu- 
ment ;  lastine. 

mon-n-men-tal-ly  (-H),  adv.  by 
way  of  a  monument  or  memorial. 

moo  (moo),  v.i.  to  make  the  noise 
of  a  cow ;  low :  n.  the  lowing  of 
a  cow. 

mood  (mood),  n.  style;  manner; 
temper  of  mind ;  variation  in  the 


form  of  a  verb  to  express  the 
manner  of  action  or  being ;  in 
logic,  the  form  of  a  syllogism 
with  regard  to  the  quantity  and 
quality  of  the  three  propositions 
by  which  it  is  formed  ;  in  music, 
the  same  as  mode. 

Syn.    humor,    disposition,    vein, 
temper. 

mood-i-ly  ('Mi),  adv.  in  a 
moody  manner. 

mood-i-ness  (-nes),  n.  moody 
disposition. 

mood-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  mood- 
ier, siiperl.  moodiest],  abstracted 
and  pensive ;  out  of  temper ;  sad ; 
gloomy. 

moon  (moon),  n.  the  satellite 
that  revolves  round  the  earth ; 
satellite  of  a  planet ;  a  month ;  a 
crescent-shaped  outwork :  v.i.  to 
wander  and  look  about  in  an  ab- 
stracted and  listless  manner. 

moon-sail  ('sal),  n.  a  sail  car- 
ried above  a  skysail.  Also 
moonraker. 

moon-shine  ('shin),  n.  moon- 
light ;  show  without  reality ; 
smuggled  spirits. 

moon-shin-er  (-er),  n.  a  distiller 
of  illicit  whisky;  a  smuggler  of 
whisky. 

moon-stone  ('ston).  n.  a  trans- 
lucent stone  of  yellowish  or  yel- 
low-white color  exhibiting  beauti- 
ful pearly  reflections. 

moon-struck  ('struk),  adj.  lu- 
natic. 

moon-wort  ('wert),  n.  a  fern 
with  crescent-shaped  fronds. 

moon-y  ('i),  adj.  crescent-shaped; 
weakly  sentimental ;  intoxicated. 

Moor  (moor),  n.  one  of  a  dark 
race  dwelling  in  Barbary  in 
Northern  Africa. 

moor  (moor),  n.  an  extensive 
tract  of  waste  land  covered  with 
heather,  &c.,  sometimes  marshy 
or  peaty:  v.i.  to  secure  (a  ship) 
by  a  cable  and  anchor :  v.i.  to  be 
secured  by  a  cable  and  anchor. 

moor-age  ('aj),  n.  a  mooring 
place. 

moor-cock  ('kok),  n.  the  male 
of  the  red  grouse.  Also  moor- 
fowl. 

moor-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
securing  a  vessel  to  a  particular 
place ;  the  cables,  anchors,  &c., 
laid  at  the  bottom  of  a  harbor, 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  lot ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


moo 


562 


mor 


&c.,  to  which  a  vessel  is  moored  : 
pi.  the  place  where  a  vessel  is 
moored. 

moor-stone  ('ston),  n.  a  variety 
of  Cornish  granite,  used  for  build- 
ing. 

moose  (moos),  n.  a  large  North 
American  deer  resembling  the 
European  elk. 

moot  (moot),  v.t.  to  propose  for 
discussion :  v.i.  to  argue  or  plead 
on  a  supposed  case :  «.  a  discus- 
sion on  a  supposed  case :  adj.  sub- 
ject or  open  for  discussion  or  de- 
bate. 

mop  (mop),  n.  an  instrument  for 
washing  floors,  decks,  &c.,  con- 
sisting of  a  bundle  of  cloth,  rags, 
&c.,  fastened  to  the  end  of  a  long 
handle ;  a  fair  at  which  servants 
are  hired :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
mopped,  p.pr.  mopping],  to  rub  or 
dry  with  a  mop. 

mope  (mop),  v.i.  to  be  silent, 
dull,  or  dispirited. 

mo-quette  (mo-kef),  n.  a  Brus- 
sels or  tapestry  carpet  with  a 
short  valvety  pile. 

mo-ra  (mo'ra),  n.  a  South  Ameri- 
can tree  the  wood  of  which  is 
used  for  shipbuilding  and  furni- 
ture, and  its  bark  for  tanning: 
an  Italian  game  of  guess  played 
with  the  fingers. 

mo-raine  (mo-ran'),  n.  a  line  of 
rocks  and  gravel  at  the  edges  and 
base  of  glaciers. 

mor-al  (mor'al),  adj.  pertaining 
to  morality  or  morals ;  conformed 
to  right ;  subject  to,  or  influenced 
by,  the  moral  law  ;  virtuous  ;  prac- 
tically sufficient ;  serving  to  teach 
a  moral :  n.  inner  meaning :  pi. 
moral  philosophy  or  ethics ;  con- 
duct of  life ;  behavior. 

mo-rale  (mo-ral').  n.  moral  con- 
dition ;  that  mental  state  which 
renders  a  man  capable  of  endur- 
ance and  of  exhibiting  courage  in 
the  presence  of  danger. 

mor-al  1st  (mor'a-list),  n.  one 
who  moralizes ;  one  who  teaches 
or  practices  the  duties  of  life. 

mor-al-ize  (mor'al-iz),  v.t.  to  ap- 
ply or  explain  in  a  moral  sense ; 
render  moral :  v.i.  to  make  re- 
flections on  good  or  evil. 

mo-ral-i-ty  (mo-ral'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
moralities  (-tiz)],  the  doctrine 


or  practice  of  the  duties  of  life ; 
ethics;  virtue;  formerly  a  kind  of 
allegorical  play. 

mor-al -ly  ( mor'al-i ) ,  adv.  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  of  morality ; 
ethically  ;  virtuously  ;  practically. 

mor-al  phil-os-o-phy  (fil-os'o-fi), 
n.  ethics. 

mo-rass  'mo-ras'),  n.  a  swamp; 
fen. 

Mo-ra-vi-an  (-ra'vi-an).  adj.  per- 
taining to  Moravia,  or  to  a  Prot- 
estant sect,  the  Moravians  or 
United  Brethren. 

mor-bid    (mor'bid),    adj.   pertain- 
ing to  disease  ;  sickly  ;  unhealthy. 
Syn.    sick,    ailing,    sickly,    dis- 
eased, corrupted. 

Ant.    (see   normal,    sound). 

mpr-bid-i-ty  (-bid'i-ti),  n.  a  mor- 
bid state. 

mor-bif-ic  (-bif'ik),  adj.  produc- 
ing disease. 

mor-cean  (-so'),  n.  a  small  piece 
[French]. 

mor-dant  ('dant),  adj.  biting  into 
or  fixing  colors ;  sarcastic ;  caus- 
tic :  n.  a  substance  that  has  a 
chemical  affinity  for  coloring  mat- 
ter, and  serves  to  fix  certain  col- 
ors in  dyeing ;  a  substance  to 
make  gold-leaf  adhere. 

more  (mor),  adj.  [comp.  of 
many  and  much,  supcrl.  most], 
greater  in  number,  quality,  ex- 
tent, &c. ;  additional ;  longer :  adv. 
to  a  greater  degree,  &c. ;  again ; 
besides :  n.  a  greater  quantity, 
number,  &c. ;  something  further 
or  additional. 

mo-reen  (mo-ren'),  n.  a  stout 
woolen  embossed  or  figured  fabric. 

mor-el  (mor'el),  n.  a  small  fun- 
gus used  for  food  and  flavoring. 
Also  inoril. 

mo-rel-lo  (mo-rel'o),  n.  a  dark- 
red  cherry :  used  for  making 
cherry-brandy. 

more-o-ver  (mor-o'ver),  adv.  be- 
sides ;  further. 

Mo-resque  (mo-resk'),  adj.  Moor- 
ish or  Arabesque :  n.  such  decora- 
tion or  architecture. 

mor-ga-nat-ic  (mor-ga-nat'ik), 
adj.  noting  the  marriage  of  a 
man  of  royal  rank  with  a  woman 
of  inferior  degree,  whose  children 
are  legitimate  but  cannot  inherit 
their  father's  rank  or  possessions. 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  he"r  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mor 


563 


mor 


morgue  (morg),  n.  a  place  where 
the  bodies  of  persons  unknown 
found  dead  are  exposed  for  identi- 
fication. 

mor  i-bund  (mor'i-bund),  adj.  dy- 
ing. 

mo-rin-ga  (ino-ring'ga),  n.  a 
highly  scented  East  Indian  tree, 
yielding  the  ben-nut  and  ben-oil. 

mo-ri-on  (mo'ri-un),  n.  an  open 
helmet  without  beaver  or  vizor. 

Mo-ris-co  (mo-ris'ko) ,  n.  a  Moor; 
the  Moorish  language. 

Mor-moo.  (mOr'mun),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  sect  founded  in  1830 
by  Joseph  Smith,  who  professed 
to  have  found  the  Book  of  Mor- 
mon. The  sect,  called  also  Lat- 
ter Day  Saints,  formerly  prac- 
ticed polygamy,  and  has  its  head- 
quarters in  Utah,  U.  S.  A. 

Mor-mon-ism  (-izrn),  n.  the  doc- 
trines and  practices  of  the  Mor- 
mons. 

morn-ing  (morn'ing),  n.  the  early 
part  of  the  day :  Poet,  morn : 
adj.  pertaining  to,  occurring,  or 
performed,  in  the  morning. 

morn-ing  •watch  ( woch ) ,  n. 
watch  on  shipboard  from  4  a.  m. 
to  8  a.  m. 

mp-roc-co  (mo-rok'o),  n.  a  fine 
kind  of  grained  leather  of  goat- 
skin or  sheepskin  ;  first  prepared 
at  Morocco,  Africa. 

mo-rone  (-ron'),  n.  a  dark  crimson 
color. 

mo-rose  (-ros'),  adj.  sullen; 
austere ;  gloomy. 

tiyn.      gloomy,      sullen,      surly, 
fretful,  crabbed,  crusty. 
Ant.   (see  joyous). 

mo-rose-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  morose 
manner. 

mo-rose-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  morose. 

mor-phi-a  (m6r'fi-a),  n.  the  nar- 
cotic principle  of  opium.  Also 
morphine. 

mor-phin-ism  ('fin-izm),  n.  a 
morbid  state  occasioned  by  the 
excessive  use  of  morphia. 

mor-pho-log-ic-al  ( -f  o-lo  j'ik-al ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  morphology. 
Also  morphologic. 

mor-phol-o-gy  (-fol'o-ji),  n.  the 
science  of  the  forms  in  the  organ- 
isms of  animals  and  plants. 

mor-ris  (mor'is),  n.  a  Moorish 
dance  with  tambourines,  bells, 


castanets,  &c.,  common  in  Old 
English  pageants  and  revels ;  an 
old  game  played  with  men  and 
counters  on  squares.  Also  mor- 
rice. 

mor-row  ('6),  n.  the  next  day. 

morse  (rnors),  n.  the  walrus;  a 
clasp  for  fastening  a  cope. 

mor-sel  (mor'sel),  n.  a  small 
piece. 

mort  (mOrt),  n.  a  salmon  in  its 
third  year ;  a  note  or  notes 
sounded  on  a  hunting  horn  to 
notify  the  death  of  game. 

mor-tal  (mor'tal),  adj.  subject  to 
death  ;  causing  death  ;  fatal ;  pun- 
ishable with  death  ;  violent ;  ex^ 
treme  ;  tedious  ;  pertaining  to  hu- 
man beings :  n.  a  human  being ; 
man,  as  subject  to  death. 
Syn.  deadly,  fatal,  human. 

mpr-tal-i-ty  (tal'i-ti),  n.  the  con- 
dition of  being  mortal ;  mankind  ; 
frequency  or  number  of  deaths 
in  ratio  to  population. 

mor-tal-ly  ('tal-li),  adv.  so  as  to 
cause  death  ;  fatally  ;  extremely. 

mor-tar  Cter),  n.  a  vessel  in 
which  substances  are  pounded 
with  a  pestle ;  a  short  piece  of 
ordnance  used  for  throwing  shells 
at  high  angles  of  elevation ;  a 
building  cement  of  lime,  sand,  and 
water :  v.t.  to  plaster  or  secure 
with  mortar. 

mort-gage  (mor'gaj),  n.  a  deed 
conveying  property  to  a  creditor 
as  security  for  the  payment  of  a 
debt ;  the  deed  by  which  such  con- 
veyance is  made :  v.t.  to  convey 
or  make  over  to  a  creditor  as  se- 
curity ;  pledge. 

mort-ga-gee  (-ga-je'),  n.  the  per- 
son to  whom  a  mortgage  is  made 
or  given. 

mort-ga-ger  ('ga-jer),  n.  the 
person  who  grants  a  mortgage. 
Also  mortgagor. 

mor-ti-fi-ca-tion  (-ti-fi-ka'shun) , 
n.  the  act  of  mortifying;  gan- 
grene ;  subjugation  of  the  pas- 
sions and  appetites  by  abstinence  ; 
humiliation  ;  vexation  ;  chagrin. 

mor-ti-fy  ('ti-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
mortified,  p.pr.  mortifying],  to 
destroy  the  vital  functions  of ; 
produce  gangrene  in ;  subdue  by 
penance  or  austerities ;  humble ; 
depress ;  chagrin :  v.i.  to  be  sub- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pCrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mor 


564 


mot 


dued ;  practice  austerities ;  be- 
come gangrenous. 

mor-ti-fy-ing  (-ing),  adj.  tend- 
ing to  mortify  ;  humiliating  ;  vexa- 
tious. 

mor-tise  ('tis),  n.  a  hole  made 
in  wood  to  receive  a  tenon :  v.t. 
to  cut  or  make  a  mortise  in. 

juort-main  ('man),  n.  alienation 
of  lauds  or  tenements  to  any 
corporate  body. 

mor-tu-a-ry  ('u-a-ri),  n.  [pi.  mor- 
tuaries (-riz)],  a  building  for 
the  dead  pending  burial :  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  burial  of  the  dead. 

Mo-sa-ic  (uio-za'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Moses,  to  the  Law,  insti- 
tutions. &c.,  given  through  him, 
or  to  his  writings. 

mo-sa-ic  (-zfi'ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  consisting  of,  mosaic  work  : 
n.  a  design,  or  form  of  artistic 
work,  formed  by  the  union  of 
very  minute  pieces  of  glass,  stone, 
&c.,  of  various  colors,  inlaid  in  a 
ground  of  stucco  or  metal. 

Mo-sclle  (mo-zel'),  n.  a  light 
white  wine. 

Mos-lem  (mos'lem),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Mohammedans :  n.  a  Mo- 
hammedan or  Mussulman. 

mosque  (niosk),  n.  a  Mohamme- 
dan temple. 

mos-qui-to  (mus-ke'to).  n.  an  in- 
sect of  the  genus  Culex,  the  fe- 
males of  which  puncture  the  skin 
of  men  and  animals,  causing 
great  cutaneous  irritation  and 
pain. 

moss  (m6s),  n.  soft  peaty  moor- 
land ;  a  natural  order  of  cryptog- 
amous  bog  plants,  the  musci, 
with  simple  narrow  leaves  and  of 
cellular  structure ;  a  lichen. 

moss-rose  ('roz),  n.  a  fragrant 
variety  of  rose  with  a  moss-like 
calyx. 

most  (most),  adj.  [superl.  of 
more],  greatest  in  number,  quan- 
tity, or  degree :  n.  the  greatest 
number,  part,  quantity,  or  value. 

mot  (mo),  n.  a  witty  saying 
I  French]. 

mote  (mot),  n.  a  popular  assem- 
bly for  the  discussion  and  man- 
agement of  affairs ;  a  very  small 
particle. 

mo-tet  (mo-tef),  «.  a  short  vocal 
composition  of  a  sacred  charac- 
ter ;  anthem. 


moth  (moth),  n.  a  lepidppterous 
insect  or  its  larvae,  which  lV<-d 
upon  cloth,  fur,  &c. ;  anything 
that  gradually  gnaws  away. 

motli-er  (muth'er) ,  n.  female 
parent,  especially  one  of  the  hu- 
man race ;  one  who  has  given 
birth  to  a  child  ;  origin  or  source  ; 
the  female  superior  of  a  religious 
house ;  a  thick  slimy  substance  or 
film  concreted  in  liquids :  adj.  na- 
tive ;  producing  others :  v.t.  to 
adopt  as  a  son  or  daughter. 

iuotii-er-iii-law  (-in-law),  n.  the 
mother  of  one's  husband  or  wife. 

moth.-er-of -pearl  (-perl),  n.  the 
hard,  silvery  internal  layer  of 
various  kinds  of  shells. 

mo-tion  (mo'shun),  n.  the  act, 
process,  or  state  of  moving ;  pas- 
sage of  a  body  from  one  place  to 
another ;  animal  life  and  action ; 
impulse,  desire,  or  passion ;  in- 
ternal activity ;  a  proposition 
made  in  a  deliberative  assembly ; 
evacuation  of  the  bowels :  v.i.  to 
make  a  significant  movement  or 
gesture. 

Syn.       proposition,       proposal, 
movement. 

mo-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  causing  mo- 
tion ;  able  or  tending  to  move :  n. 
that  which  moves  or  excites  to 
action  ;  inducement ;  reason  ;  stim- 
ulus ;  in  art,  leading  idea,  or  con- 
ception. 

mo-tive  pow-er  (pou'er),  n.  any 
natural  agent,  as  wind,  water, 
steam,  electricity,  &c.,  employed 
to  produce  motion  in  a  machine. 

mo-tiv-i-ty  (-tiv'i-ti),  n.  the 
power  of  producing  motion. 

mot-ley  (mot'li),  adj.  covered 
with  parts  of  various  colors ;  het- 
erogeneous. 

mot-mot  ('mot),  n.  any  one  of 
various  species  of  beautiful  jay- 
like  South  American  birds :  so 
named  from  the  note. 

mo-tor  (mo'ter),  n.  that  which 
produces  motion,  or  power,  espe- 
cially a  machine  which  performs 
mechanical  work ;  a  machine  for 
transmuting  some  other  form  of 
energy  into  mechanical  motion : 
as  an  electric  motor:  adj.  impart- 
ing motion. 

mo-tor  boat  (bot),  n.  a  boat 
propelled  by  a  gasoline  or  other 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pdrcb,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  invite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mot 


565 


mou 


small    engine    like    those   used    in 
automobiles. 

mo-tor-cy-cle  (-sl-kl),  n.  a  bi- 
cycle propelled  by  a  motor. 

mo-tor  car  (kar),  n.  a  vehicle 
propelled  by  means  of  petroleum, 
electricity,  &c. 

mo-tor-man  (-man),  n.  one  who 
operates  a  motor  car. 

mot-tie  (mot'l),  v.t.  to  mark 
with  spots  of  various  colors ;  va- 
riegate. 

mot-to  ('o),  n.  [pi.  mottoes 
('6z)](  a  concise  sentence  added 
to  a  device,  or  prefixed  to  any- 
thing, suggesting  some  guiding 
principle,  &c. 

mouf-lon  (moof'lon),  n.  the  wild 
large-horned  sheep  of  Corsica 
and  Sardinia.  Also  moufflon. 

mou-jik  (moo-zhek'),  n.  a  Rus- 
sian peasant. 

mould,  see  mold. 

mou-lin  (moo-lang'),  n.  a  deep 
crack  intersecting  a  glacial  rivu- 
let [French]. 

mou-lin-age  Clin-aj),  n.  the 
process  of  reeling  off  silk  in  its 
raw  state  and  dressing  it  prior  to 
dyeing. 

mou-li-net  ( Mi-net),  n.  a  kind  of 
turnstile :  the  drum  or  capstan 
of  a  machine  for  hoisting. 

moult,  see  molt. 

mound  (mound),  n.  an  artificial 
bank  of  earth  or  stone,  originally 
for  defensive  purposes  ;  hillock  ;  a 
small  globe  surmounted  by  a 
cross,  symbolical  of  empire :  v.t. 
to  furnish,  or  fortify,  with  a 
mound. 

Mound  Build  -  ers  (bild'erz), 
n.pl.  a  prehistoric  race  formerly 
dwelling  in  the  valley  of  the 
Mississippi,  who  erected  large 
earthen  mounds,  &c. 

mount  (mount),  n.  a  hill  or 
mountain  ;  a  rocky  mass  or  eleva- 
tion rising  above  the  level  of  the 
surrounding  land ;  a  mound  for 
defense  or  attack ;  rampart ; 
cardboard  on  which  a  drawing  is 
fixed :  v.t.  to  raise  on  high ; 
climb  ;  ascend  ;  bestride  ;  furnish 
with  horses ;  prepare  for  use  by 
fixing  on.  or  in,  something  else: 
r.i.  to  rise  up;  project;  tower; 
get  on  horseback. 

t'-'.j/H.    arise,    rise,    ascend,   soar, 
tower,  climb,  scale. 


moun-tain  ('in),  n.  a  large  mass 
of  rock  or  earth  rising  above  the 
level  of  the  adjacent  country : 
usually  over  2,000  feet ;  anything 
very  large. 

moun-tain-eer  (-er'),  n.  one  who 
dwells  among,  or  climbs,  moun- 
tains :  v.i.  to  climb  mountains. 

monn-tain-ous  (-us),  adj.  full 
of,  or  resembling,  mountains. 

mount-e-bank  ('e-bank),  n.  a 
quack-doctor ;  boastful  pretender. 

monnt-ed  ('ed),  p.adj.  seated  or 
serving  on  horseback ;  placed  on 
a  suitable  support. 

mount-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
mounting,  embellishing,  or  equip- 
ping. 

mourn  (morn),  v.i.  to  grieve;  la- 
ment ;  be  sorrowful :  wear  mourn- 
ing :  v.t.  to  grieve  for ;  bewail. 

Syn.    bemoan,    grieve,    lament, 
sorrow. 

Ant.    (see  rejoice). 

monrn-er  ('er),  n.  one  who 
mourns ;  one  who  attends  a  fu- 
neral. 

mourn-ful  ('fool),  adj.  causing, 
or  expressing,  sorrow ;  doleful ; 
sad. 

Syn.  sad,  sorrowful,  lugubrious, 
grievous,  doleful,  heavy. 
Ant.    (see  happy). 

mourn-ful-ly  (Mi),  adv.  in  a 
mournful  manner. 

mourn-ing  ('ing),  n.  expression 
of  grief ;  lamenting ;  the  dress  of 
a  mourner. 

mouse  (mous),  n.  [pi.  mice 
(mis)],  a  small  rodent  of  the 
genus  Mus,  that  infests  houses, 
granaries,  &c. :  v.i.  (mouz)  to 
watch  for,  or  catch,  mice ;  watch 
for  something  in  a  sly  manner; 
pry  curiously:  v.t.  to  tear,  as  a 
cat  tears  a  mouse. 

mous-se-line-de-laine  (moo-se- 
len-de-lan'),  n.  a  very  light  text- 
ured woolen  dress  material. 

mons-tache,  see  mustache. 

month  (mouth),  «.  the  opening 
in  the  head  of  an  animal  by  which 
it  receives  food  and  utters  sounds ; 
entrance  or  opening ;  exit ;  instru- 
ment of  speaking ;  grimace  :  v.t. 
(mouth)  to  utter  with  an  af- 
fected swelling  or  pompous  voice : 
v.i.  make  grimaces. 

month-ful  ('fool),  n.  [pi.  mouth- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mou 


566 


muf 


fuls  (-foolz)],  as  much  as  can 
be  put  into  the  mouth  at  one 
time ;  small  quantity. 

month-piece  ('pec),  n.  that  part 
of  an  instrument  which  is  held  in 
or  applied  to  the  mouth ;  a 
spokesman. 

mov-a-bil-i-ty  (mopv-a-bil'i-ti) , 
n.  the  state  or  quality  of  being 
movable. 

moy-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  capable  of 
being  moved  or  conveyed ;  chang- 
ing from  one  time  to  another :  ». 
pi.  goods,  wares,  or  furniture. 

mov-a-ble  feasts  (fests),  n.pl. 
certain  Church  festivals,  the  date 
of  which  is  determined  by  Easter. 

mov-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  so  as  to  be 
moved. 

move  (moov),  v.t.  to  cause  to 
change  place  or  position ;  impel ; 
set  in  motion ;  rouse  to  action ; 
influence ;  propose  formally  :  v.i. 
to  change  place  or  position ;  go 
from  place  to  place;  stir;  take 
action  ;  change  residence :  n.  the 
act  of  moving ;  right  to  move ; 
movement ;  artifice  or  scheme. 

Syn.  actuate,  impel,  induce, 
prompt,  instigate,  persuade,  stir, 
agitate,  propel,  push. 

move-ment  ('ment),  n.  the  act 
or  manner  of  moving ;  change  of 
place  or  position  ;  motion  ;  excite- 
ment ;  emotion ;  agitation ;  the 
going  mechanism  of  a  watch  or 
clock ;  any  single  part  in  a  mu- 
sical composition. 

moving  ('ing),  p. adj.  causing 
motion,  or  change  of  position ; 
stirring  the  passions  or  affec- 
tions ;  pathetic :  n.  the  act  of 
changing  one's  residence. 

mow  (mo),  v.t.  [pt.  mowed,  p.p. 
mowed,  mown,  p.pr.  mowing],  to 
cut  down  with,  or  as  with,  a 
scythe :  v.i.  to  cut  grass  with  a 
scythe. 

mow  (mpu),  n.  a  heap  of  hay,  &c., 
stowed  in  a  barn ;  the  compart- 
ment in  a  barn  where  hay,  etc., 
are  stored:  v.t.  to  stow  in  a  mow. 

mow-ing  (mo'ing),  n.  the  act  of 
cutting  grass  with  a  scythe; 
meadow  land. 

mown,  p.p.  of  mow. 

much  (much),  adj.  [comparative 
more,  superlative  most],  great  in 
quantity  or  amount ;  long  in  dura- 


tion ;  many  in  number :  adv.  to  a 
great  degree  or  extent ;  often  or 
long  ;  nearly  :  n.  a  great  quantity  ; 
something  considerable  or  un- 
usual. 

mu-ci-lage  (mu'si-laj),  n.  a 
gummy  or  gelatinous  substance ; 
gum  of  plants. 

mu-ci-lag-i-nons  (-laj'i-nus),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  resembling,  or  se- 
creting, mucilage  or  gum. 

mnck  (muk),  n.  moist  dung;  any- 
thing filthy  or  vile :  v.t.  to  ma- 
nure with  dung. 

muck-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  mucky. 

muck-worm  ('worm),  n.  a  grub 
or  larva  bred  in  manure ;  a  miser. 

muck-y  ('i),  adj.  consisting  of 
muck  ;  miry  ;  nasty  ;  filthy. 

mu-cous  (mu'kus),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  resembling,  or  secreting, 
mucus ;  viscous  or  slimy. 

mu-cous  mem-brane  (mem'- 
brfm),  n.  the  moist,  glandular 
lining  of  the  cavities  and  canals 
of  the  human  body. 

mu-cus  ('kus),  ft.  the  viscid  fluid 
secreted  by  the  mucous  mem- 
brane ;  a  gummy  or  slimy  sub- 
stance found  in  certain  plants. 

mud  (mud),  n.  soft  wet  earth; 
mire. 

mud-die  ('!),  v.t.  to  make  a  mesa 
of  or  confuse ;  cloud  or  stupefy ; 
make  partially  drunk;  squander: 
n.  a  confused  state ;  intellectual 
dulness  or  bewilderment. 

muff  (muf),  n.  a  warm  soft  cylin- 
drical cover  of  fur,  &c.,  to  keep 
the  hands  warm  in  cold  weather; 
a  stupid,  spiritless  fellow ;  failure 
to  hold  a  ball  when  catching  it: 
v.t.  to  handle  awkwardly ;  fail  to 
hold  (a  ball)  when  catching  it. 

muf-fe-tee  (-e-te'),  n.  a  fur  or 
worsted  wristband. 

muf -fin  ('in),  «.  a  soft  light 
spongy  round  cake. 

muf-fle  ('!),  v.t.  to  wrap  up 
closely  and  warmly ;  cover  or  con- 
ceal the  face  of ;  cover  up  so  as 
to  deaden  sound :  v.i.  to  speak  in- 
distinctly :  n.  a  semi-cylindrical 
earthenware  oven  used  in  assay- 
ing metals. 

muf-fler   ('ler),  n.  a  wrapper. 

muf-ti  ('ti),  n.  [pi.  muftis  ('tiz)L 
n.  a  doctor  or  official  expounder 
of  Mohammedan  law ;  civilian 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mug 


567 


mum 


dress  worn  by  a  naval  or  mili- 
tary officer  when  off  duty. 

mug  (mug),  n.  an  earthenware  or 
metallic  drinking  vessel ;  the 
face. 

mug-gi-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  muggy. 

nrug-gy  ('i),  adj.  warm,  damp, 
and  close ;  moldy. 

mng-wump  ('wump),  n.  an  in- 
dependent member  of  the  Republi- 
can party. 

Mu-ham-me-dan,  same  as  Mo- 
hammedan. 

nm-lat-to  (mu-lat'6),  n.  [pi.  mu- 
lattoes  ('oz)],  the  offspring  of 
negro  and  white  parents.  Femi- 
nine mulattress. 

mul-ber-ry  (mul'ber-i),  n.  [pi. 
mulberries  (-iz)L  the  tree  or 
fruit  of  the  genus  Morus ;  dark 
purple. 

mulch  (mulch),  n.  half  rotten 
straw,  litter,  &c.,  usetl  to  protect 
the  roots  of  trees,  plants,  &c. :  r.t. 
to  cover,  or  protect,  with  mulch. 

mulct  (mulkt),  r.t.  to  punish 
with  a  fine:  n.  a  fine,  especially 
for  some  misdemeanor. 

mule  (mul),  n.  the  offspring  of  a 
male  ass  and  a  mare ;  a  stubborn 
obstinate  person ;  a  machine  for 
spinning  cotton,  &c. 

mul-e-teer  (-e-ter'),  n.  a  mule 
driver. 

mulish  (mul'ish),  adj.  like  a 
mule ;  stubborn. 

mull  (mul),  n.  a  headland  or 
cape ;  a  snuff-box  made  of  the  end 
of  a  horn  ;  a  very  thin  soft  kind 
of  muslin ;  an  inferior  kind  of 
madder;  dust  or  rubbish;  failure: 
v.t.  to  warm,  spice,  and  sweeten 
(wine,  ale,  &c.). 

mul-lein  (mul'in),  n.  a  coarse 
herbaceous  plant. 

mnl-ler  ('er),  n.  a  flat-bottomed 
pestle  used  for  grinding  pigments 
or  drugs. 

mul-let  Cet),  an  edible  marine 
fish,  much  esteemed  for  the  table. 

mul-lion  ('yun),  n.  an  upright 
bar  or  division  between  the  lights 
of  windows,  screens,  &c.,  in  a 
Gothic  arch  :  v.t.  to  furnish  with, 
or  divide  by,  mullions. 

mulse  (muls),  n.  wine  boiled  and 
mixed  with  honey. 

mult,     mnlti,     prefixes    meaning 


many :  as,  mwttangular,  having 
many  angles,  multiflorous,  having 
many  flowers. 

mnl-ti-ple  (mul'ti-pl),  adj.  con- 
sisting of  many  parts ;  repeated 
many  times :  n.  a  number  or  quan- 
tity which  contains  another  an 
exact  number  of  times  without  a 
remamder. 

mul-ti-plex  ('ti-pleks),  adj.  mani- 
fold. 

mul-ti-pli-cand  (-pli-kand') ,  n. 
the  number  or  quantity  to  be  mul- 
tiplied. 

mul-ti-pli-cate  ('ti-pli-kat),  adj. 
consisting  of  many. 

mul-ti-pli-ca-tion  (-ka'shun),  n. 
the  act  or  process  of  multiplying ; 
rule  or  operation  by  which  any 
given  number  or  quantity  is  mul- 
tiplied. 

mul-ti-plic-i-ty  (-plis'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  of  being  manifold ;  a  great 
number. 

mul-ti-pli-er  ('ti-pll-er),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  multiplies  or 
increases  ;  the  number  or  quantity 
by  which  another  is  multiplied. 

mul-ti-ply  ('ti-pli),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  multiplied,  p.pr.  multiplying], 
to  cause  to  increase  in  number ; 
make  more  by  natural  generation, 
production,  or  addition ;  repeat 
(any  given  number  or  quantity) 
as  often  as  there  are  units  in 
another  number  or  quantity :  v.i. 
to  increase  in  number  or  extent. 

mul-ti-tude  ('ti-tiid),  n.  a  great 
number ;  crowd  ;  assembly  ;  pop- 
ulace (with  the). 

Syn.  crowd,  throng,  host,  mob, 
swarm. 

mul-ti-tu-di-nous  ( -tu'di-nus ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  consisting 
of,  a  multitude ;  numerous. 

mul-tuni  ('turn),  n.  a  mixture  of 
the  extracts  of  quassia  and  liquor- 
ice used  for  adulterating  beer. 

mum  (mum),  ad/. , silent :  n.  si- 
lence ;  a  kind  of  strong  ale :  in- 
ter j.  be  silent ! 

mum-hie  Cbl),  v.t.  &  v.i.  to  mut- 
ter or  speak  indistinctly ;  chew 
gently  with  closed  lips. 

mum-bo- jnm -bo  Cbo-jum'bo),  n. 
a  West  African  idol  or  object  of 
superstitious  reverence  or  dread ; 
vulgar  bugbear. 

muiniu  (mum),  v.i.  to  mask  or 
disguise  one's  self  for  sport. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mum 


568 


iiium-mer  ('er),  n.  one  who 
makes  sport  in  disguise ;  a 
masker ;  actor. 

muiii-mer-y  ('er-i),  n.  masquer- 
ading ;  buffoonery ;  hypocritical 
parade  or  disguise. 

mum-mi-form  ('i-form),  adj.  like 
a  mummy. 

mum- my  ('i),  n.  [pi.  mummies 
Ciz)],  a  dead  body  embalmed 
after  the  manner  of  the  ancient 
Egyptians ;  a  kind  of  wax  used  in 
grafting  trees ;  a  rich  brown  color 
from  bitumen. 

mump  (mump),  v.i.  &  v.t.  to 
move  the  lips  with  the  mouth 
nearly  closed ;  nibble ;  cheat ; 
whine  or  sulk;  play  the  beggar; 
to  mutter ;  impose  upon. 

mump-er  ('er),  n.  a  begging  im- 
postor. 

mumps  ('s),  n.  a  contagions  feb- 
rile disease  characterized  by  the 
swelling  of  the  glands  of  the 
neck  :  pi.  the  sulks. 

mump-ish    ('ish),  adj.  sulky. 

munch  (munch),  v.t.  &  v.i.  to 
chew  with  an  audible  crunching 
noise. 

mun-dane  (mun'dan),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  world. 

mini  clil  ('dil),  n.  a  richly  em- 
broidered turban. 

m tin  RODS  (mung'goos),  n.  an 
ichneumon  that  preys  on  snakes. 
Also  mongoos. 

mu-nic-i-pal  (nm-nis'i-pal),  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  city,  corporation, 
state;  or  local  self-government. 

mu-nic-i-pal  law  (law),  n.  the 
common  law  of  a  city  or  country. 

mu-nic-i-pal-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
municipalities  (-tiz)],  a  corpo- 
rate town  or  city ;  a  division  of 
the  country  [France]. 

mu-nic-i-pal-ly  ('i-pal-i),  adv.  in 
a  municipal  manner. 

mu-nif-i-cence  (-nif'i-sens),  n. 
the  quality  or  state  of  being  mu- 
nificent ;  liberality. 

m  u-n  i  f-i-c  cut  ('i-sent) ,  adj. 
characterized  by  great  liberality 
in  giving;  bountiful. 

mu-ni-ment  (mu'ni-ment),  n.  a 
stronghold  or  fortification ;  a  legal 
record  defending  a  title ;  title- 
deed  or  charter. 

mu-ni-tions  (-nish'unz),  n.pl. 
military  stores  or  material. 


mural  ('ral),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
growing  on,  or  resembling,  a  wall. 

mur-der  (mer'der),  n.  homicide 
with  malice  aforethought :  v.t.  to 
kill  with  premeditated  malice ; 
mangle ;  mar  or  ruin. 

8yn.      kill,     assassinate,      slay, 
massacre,  dispatch. 

mur-der-er  (-er),  h.  one  who  is 
guilty  of  murder.  Feminine  mur- 
deress. 

mur-^der-ous  (-us),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  guilty  of,  or  attended  with, 
murder. 

mu-ri-ate  (mu'ri-at),  n.  a  salt  of 
muriatic  acid. 

mu-ri-at-ic  (-at'ik),  adj.  derived 
from  sea  salt. 

mu-riiie  ('rin),  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  mouse  or  mice. 

murk    (merk),  n.  darkness. 

murk-i  ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  murky. 

murk--*  ly   ('i-li),  adv.  darkly. 

murk-y  ('i),  adj.  dark;  gloomy; 
obscure. 

mur-mur  (mer'mer),  n.  a  low  in- 
distinct sound,  as  of  a  running 
stream ;  a  complaint  in  a  low 
muttering  tone :  v.i.  to  make  a 
low  continued  noise  like  the  hum 
of  bees ;  mutter  in  discontent ; 
grumble. 

mur-ra  ('a),  n.  a  delicate  kind  of 
handsome  ancient  ware  made  of 
fluor-spar. 

mur-rain  (mur'an),  n.  an  infec- 
tious and  fatal  disease  among 
cattle. 

mur-rey    ('i),  n.  dark  red. 

mns-car-dine  (mus'kar-din),  n. 
a  fungus  which  causes  fatal  dis- 
ease in  silk-worms. 

mus-ca-tel  ('kfi-tel),  n.  a  variety 
of  rich  wine ;  the  grapes  which 
produce  it ;  a  sweet  fragrant  pear. 
Muscadel,  muscadine. 

mus-cle  ('!),  n.  a  highly  con- 
tractile organ  of  fibrous  tissue  by 
which  movement  in  an  animal 
body  is  effected ;  muscular 
strength. 

mus-cled  ('Id),  adj.  having  mus- 
cles. 

Mus-co-vite  ('ko-vlt),  n.  a  Rus- 
sian. 

mus-co-vy  duck  (-vi  duk),  n.  a 
large  duck  of  tropical  America. 

mus  cu-lar     ('ku-lar),     adj.     per- 


late,  mar,  mS^k,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


mus 


569 


mus 


taming  to,  consisting  of,  or  per- 
formed by,  muscles  ;  strong  ;  vig- 
orous :  brawny. 

mus-cu-lar-i-ty  (-lar'i-ti),  n.  the 
quality  or_state  of  being  muscular. 

Muse  (muz),  n.  any  one  of  the 
nine  classical  goddesses  who  pre- 
sided each  over  one  of  the  nine 
liberal  arts. 

muse  (muz),  r.i.  to  study  in 
silence ;  meditate ;  be  absent- 
minded  :  v.i.  to  meditate  on. 

Syn.  meditate,   contemplate,   re- 
flect, think,  cogitate,  ponder. 

mu-sette  (mu-zef),  n.  a  small 
bagpipe;  a  soft  melodious  air. 

mu-se-um  (-ze'um),  n.  a  collec- 
tion of  natural,  scientific,  or  lit- 
erary curiosities,  or  of  works  of 
art ;  the  building  containing  such 
a  collection. 

mush  (mush),  n.  boiled  Indian 
maize  meal. 

mush-room  ('room),  n.  an  edible 
fungus  Afjaricus  campestris,  or 
similar  edible  fungi ;  an  upstart : 
uflj.  made  from,  or  resembling, 
mushrooms  ;  upstart ;  ephemeral. 

mu-sic  (mu'zik),  n.  the  art  or 
science  of  harmonic  sounds ;  har- 
mony or  melody ;  musical  score  or 
composition. 

Syn.     harmony,     melody,     sym- 
phony. 

mu-sic-al  ('zik-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  producing,  or  consisting 
of,  music ;  harmonious ;  melo- 
dious. 

Syn.    tuneful,    melodious,    har- 
monious,  dulcet,   sweet. 

mu-sic-ale  (-zik-al'),  n.  a  social 
musical  party. 

mu-sic-al-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a 
musical  manner. 

mu-sic-al-ness  (-nes),  n.  musical 
quality. 

mu-si-cian  (-zish'an),  n.  one 
skilled  in  the  science  of  music; 
one  who  sings,  or  plays  on  a  mu- 
sical instrument. 

inn-sing  (muz'ing),  n.  medita- 
tion :  adj.  meditative. 

musk  (musk),  n.  a  strong-scented 
substance  obtained  from  the  male 
musk-deer;  a  small  plant  with  a 
musk-scented  perfume. 

musk-deer  ('der),  n.  a  small 
hornless  doer  which  yields  musk. 

musk-duck  Cduk),  n.  the  Mus- 
covy duck  ;  an  Australian  duck. 


mus-ket  (mus'ket),  n.  the  firearm 
formerly  used  by  infantry. 

mus-ket-eer  (-er'),  n.  a  soldier 
armed  with  a  musket. 

mus-ket-oon  (-oon),  n.  a  short 
musket. 

mus-ket-ry  (-ri),  n.  firearm  prac- 
tice. 

musk-ox  (musk'oks),  n.  an  Arc- 
tic bovine  animal. 

musk-rat  (musk'rat),  n.  an 
aquatic  rodent  of  North  America 
which  emits  a  musky  secretion. 
Also  musk-beaver,  musquash. 

mus-lin  (muz'lin),  n.  a  fine  thin 
cotton  cloth  or  fabric:  adj.  made 
of  muslin. 

mus-lin-et  (-ef),  n.  a  coarse 
muslin. 

inns-quash,  same  as  muskrat. 

mns-qui-to,  same  as  mosquito. 

muss  (mus),  n.  a  confused  strug- 
gle ;  disorder :  v.t.  to  disorder,  as 
clothing. 

mns-sel  ('el),  n.  a  marine  edible 
bivalve. 

Mus-snl-man  ('ul-man),  n.  [pi. 
Mussulmans  (-manz)],  a  Moham- 
medan, or  Moslem. 

mus-sy  (mus'i),  adj.  disordered. 

must  (must),  n.  unfermented  ex- 
pressed grape  juice :  v.t.  to  make 
moldy  and  sour :  v.i.  to  be  obliged 
morally  or  physically. 

mus-tache  (mus-tash'),  n.  hair 
worn  on  a  man's  upper  lip.  Also 
moustache. 

mus-tang  ('tang),  n.  the  small, 
hardy,  semi-wild  horse  of  the 
prairies. 

mus-tard  ('terd),  n.  a  plant  and 
its  seed  of  the  genus  Sinapis ;  a 
condiment  made  from  the  ground 
seed. 

mus-tee  (-te'),  n.  the  offspring  of 
a  white  and  a  quadroon. 

mus-ter  ('ter),  n.  an  assembly  of 
troops  for  review  or  active  serv- 
ice ;  register  of  troops  mustered ; 
assemblage ;  collection  :  v.t.  to  as- 
semble, as  troops  for  review  or 
active  service :  v.i.  to  meet  in  one 
place. 

must-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  musty 
condition. 

must-i-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  musty. 

must-y  ('i),  adj  [comp.  mustier, 
xn />crl.  mustiest],  spoiled  with 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  f/ien. 


mut 


570 


myr 


damp,    mold,    or   age ;    spiritless ; 
antiquated. 

mu-ta-bil-i-ty  (mu-ta-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  subject  to 
change ;  instability. 

mu-ta-ble  ('ta-bl),  adj.  suscepti- 
ble of  change. 

mn-ta-ble-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  or  state  of  being  muta- 
ble. 

mu-ta-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  a  muta- 
ble manner. 

mu-ta-tion  (mu-ta'shun),  n. 
alteration ;  change. 

mute  (mut),  adj.  silent;  dumb; 
not  pronounced  or  sounded :  n. 
one  who  is  dumb  or  remains  si- 
lent ;  an  undertaker's  assistant 
who  stands  before  the  door  of  a 
house  a_t  a  funeral ;  a  consonant 
which  is  not  pronounced,  or  in- 
tercepts the  sound ;  a  contrivance 
to  deaden  or  soften  the  sound  of 
a  musical  instrument. 

8yn.  dumb,   silent,  speechless. 

mute-ly  ('li),  adv.  silently. 

mute-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  quality 
or  state  of  being  mute. 

mu-ti-late  (mu'ti-lat),  v.t.  to  cut 
off  a  limb  or  essential  part  of ; 
render  imperfect ;  maim. 

Syn.  maim,  cripple,  disable,  dis- 
figure. 

mu-ti-la-tion  (-la/shun),  n.  the 
act  of  mutilating. 

mu-ti-la-tor  ('ti-la-ter),  n.  one 
who  mutilates. 

mu-ti-neer  (ti-ner'),  n.  one  who 
is  guilty  of  mutiny :  v.i.  to  mu- 
tiny. 

mu-ti-nous  ('ti-nus),  adj.  dis- 
posed to,  or  guilty  of,  mutiny ; 
seditious. 

Syn.    insurgent,    seditious,    tu- 
multuous, turbulent,  riotous. 
Ant.   (see  obedient). 

mu-ti-ny  ( 'ti-ni ) .  n.  insurrection 
against,  or  forcible  resistance  to, 
constituted  authority,  especially 
of  soldiers  or  sailors  against  their 
officers :  v.i.  [  p.t.  &  p.p.  mutinied. 
ji.pr.  mutinying],  to  rise  against 
constituted  authority. 

mn-tism  ('tizm),  n.  the  state  or 
habit  of  being  mute. 

mu-to-scope  (mu'to-skop).  n.  a 
form  of  kinetoscope,  worked  by 
hand. 

mut-ter  (mut'er),  v.i.  to  utter 
words  in  a  low  voice  with  com- 


pressed lips  ;  murmur :  v.t.  to  ut- 
ter indistinctly :  ».  indistinct  ut- 
terance ;  murmur. 

nint-ton  ('n),  n.  the  flesh  of 
sheep. 

mn-tu-al  (mu'tu-al),  adj.  recipro- 
cal. 

Syn.     reciprocal,    interchanged, 
correlative. 

Ant.  (see  solitary). 

mu-tu-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  recipro- 
cally. 

mu-tu-al-i-ty  (-al'i-ti),  n.  recip- 
rocation. 

mu-tu-al-ism  (-izm),  n.  the  eth- 
ical doctrine  of  mutual  depend- 
ence in  social  development. 

muz-zle  (muz'l),  n.  the  projecting 
mouth,  lips,  and  nose  of  an  ani- 
mal ;  snout ;  the  mouth  of  a  gun, 
&c. ;  a  fastening  or  cover  for  the 
mouth  of  a  dog,  &c.,  to  prevent 
biting :  v.t.  to  secure  the  mouth  of 
with  a  muzzle. 

muz-zy  ( 'i ) ,  adj.  absent-minded  ; 
muddled. 

my  (mi),  pass.  pron.  belonging 
to  me. 

my-al-gi-a  (-al'ji-a),  n.  stiffness 
or  cramp  in  the  voluntary  mus- 
cles. 

my-co-derm  ('ko-derm).  n.  a 
cryptogamic  plant  which  forms  on 
the  surface  of  fermenting  liquids. 

my-col-o-gy  (-kol'o-ji),  n.  the 
branch  of  botany  that  treats  of 
fungi  or  mushrooms. 

my-el-i-tis  (-el-i'tis),  n.  inflam- 
mation of  the  spinal  cord. 

my-lo-don  (mi'lo-don),  n.  a  huge 
extinct  fossil  edentate  animal. 

myn-heer  (min-har'),  n.  sir 
[Dutch]  ;  a  Dutchman. 

myo,  a  prefix  meaning  muscle,  as 
wj/odynamics,  the  science  of  mus- 
cular action. 

my-ol-o-gy  (ml-ol'o-ji),  n.  a  de- 
scription of  the  muscles. 

my-o-pi-a  (-o'pi-a),  n.  short- 
sightedness. 

myr-i-ad  (mir'i-ad),  n.  the  num- 
ber of  10,000 ;  a  very  large  num- 
ber :  adj.  innumerable. 

myr-i-a-gram,  myr-i-a-gramme 
Ci-a-gram).  n.  [Fr.]  in  the  metric 
system.  10,000  grams. 

myr-i-a-li-ter,  myr-i-a-li-tre 
C-le-ter).  n.  [Fr.]  in  the  metric 
system  10,000  liters. 


'iate,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  miite,  nut :  thin,  tliou. 


myr 


571 


myx 


myr-i-a-me-ter,     myr-i-a-me-tre 

(-me-ter),  n.   LFr.]   in  the  metric 
system  10,000  meters. 

myr-i-are  ('i-ar),  n.  [Fr.]  in  the 
metric  system  10,000  ares. 

Myr-iiii-don  ('mi-don),  n.  one  of 
a  tribe  of  Thracian  warriors  who 
accompanied  Achilles  to  the  Tro- 
jan war. 

myr-mi-don,  n.  a  brutal  or  un- 
principled follower  or  subordi- 
nate. 

myrrh  (mer),  n.  the  aromatic 
gummy  resin  of  Balsamodcndron 
myrrha,  growing  in  Arabia  and 
Abyssinia. 

myr-tle  (mer'tl),  n.  a  fragrant 
evergreen  shrub  of  the  genus 
Myrtas. 

my-self  (mi-self),  pron.  [pi.  our- 
selves (our-selvz')  ],  I  or  me  in 
person :  used  emphatically  or  re- 
flexively. 

mys-ta-gogue  (mis'ta-gog),  n. 
an  initiator  into,  or  interpreter 
of.  mysteries ;  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  one  who  keeps 
and  exhibits  relics. 

mys-te-ri-ous  (-te'ri-us).  adj.  not 
dear  to  the  understanding ;  ob- 
scure ;  incomprehensible. 

Syn.     dark,     obscure,     hidden, 
secret,    dim,    mystic,    enigmatical, 
unaccountable. 
Ant.  (see  open). 

mys-ter-y  (ter-i),  n.  [pi.  myster- 
ies (-iz)],  something  secret,  ob- 
scure, or  unexplained  ;  that  which 
is  beyond  human  comprehension  ; 
formerly  a  trade  or  handicraft : 
pi.-  among  the  ancients,  sacred 
rites  and  ceremonies  to  which 
the  initiated  only  were  admitted  ; 
religious  dramas  or  miracle  plays. 

mys-tic  ('tik),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  containing,  mystery  or  mysti- 
cism ;  allegorical ;  emblematical ; 
obscure  ;  occult.  Also  mystical : 
n.  a  believer  in  mysticism. 

mys-tic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in  a 
mystic  manner. 


mys-ti-cism  ( 'ti-sizm ) ,  n.  the 
doctrines  of  the  Mystics,  who 
professed  a  pure,  sublime,  and 
disinterested  devotion,  and  who 
aspired  to  a  more  direct  inter- 
course with  God,  through  the  in- 
ward perception  of  the  mind,  than 
is  afforded  by  revelation ;  ob- 
scurity of  thought  or  teaching. 

mys-ti-fl-ca-tion  (-fi-ka'shun).  n. 
the  act  of  mystifying ;  the  state 
of  being  mystified. 

mys-ti-fy  ('ti-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
mystified,  p.pr.  mystifying],  to 
involve  in  mystery;  obscure;  be- 
wilder ;  puzzle. 

Syn.  confuse,  perplex,  puzzle. 
Ant.  (see  clear). 

myth  (mith),  «.  a  legend;  poetic 
fiction ;  a  fabulous  narrative 
founded  on  some  event,  especially 
in  the  early  existence  of  a  people, 
and  embodying  their  ideas  as  to 
their  own  origin,  their  gods,  natu- 
ral phenomena,  &c. 

myth-ic  Cik),  adj.  pertaining  to 
myths.  Also  mythical. 

myth-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in  a 
mythical  manner. 

myth-o-log-ic-al  (-o-loj'ik-al), 
adj.  pertaining  to  mythology ; 
mythical. 

myth-o-log-ic-al -ly  (-li),  adv. 
according  to  mythology. 

myth-ol-o-gist  (-ol'o-jist),  n.  a 
student  of,  or  one  skilled  in, 
mythology. 

myth-ol-p-gy  ('o-ji),  n.  [pi. 
mythologies  (-jiz)],  the  collected 
body  or  system  of  the  traditions 
or  legends  of  a  people  in  which 
are  embodied  their  beliefs  concern- 
ing their  origin,  gods,  heroes,  &c. ; 
the  science  of  myths ;  a  treatise 
on  myths. 

myx-o-my-ce-tes  (miks-o-ml-se'- 
tez),  n.pl.  organisms  forming  a 
network  of  creamy  filaments  on 
decaying  wood,  leaves,  &c. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


nab 


572 


nap 


N 


nab  (nab),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  nabbed, 
p.pr.  nabbing],  to  catch  or  seize 
unexpectedly.  _ 

na-bee  (nu-be'),  n.  a  powerful 
poison  prepared  in  the  East  In- 
dies from  the  root  of  Aconitum 
ferox. 

na-bob  (na'bob),  n.  in  India,  a 
deputy  or  administrator  under  the 
Mogul  Empire ;  one  who  has 
amassed  wealth  in  India ;  a  very 
wealthy  man. 

nac-a-rat  (nak'a-rat),  n.  a  pale 
red  color ;  fine  linen  or  crape 
dyed  such  color. 

na-cre  (na'ker),  n.  mother-of- 
pearl. 

na-cre-ous  ('kre-us),  adj.  having 
an  iridescent  luster;  resembling 
mother-of-pearl. 

na-crite  ('krit),  n.  a  mineral 
with  a  pearly  luster. 

na-dir  (na'der),  n.  that  part  of 
the  heavens  directly  under  our 
feet,  or  directly  opposite  to  the 
zenith. 

nae-vose   ('vos),  adj.  freckled. 

nae-vus   (ne'vus),  n.  a  birth-mark. 

nag  (nag),  «.  a  small  saddle- 
horse  :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  nagged, 
p.pr.  nagging],  to  scold  or  find 
fault  with  continually :  v.i.  to 
find  fault  constantly. 

nag-gy  (nag'i),  adj.  disposed  to 
nag. 

na-hoor  (na-hoor'),  n.  a  species 
of  wild  Nepaul  sheep. 

Na-iad  (na'yad),  n,  a  water- 
nymph. 

na-if  (na-ef),  adj.  noting  an  un- 
cut jewel  with  a  natural  luster, 
as  a  naif  gem. 

nail  (nal),  n.  the  horny  substance 
at  the  ends  of  the  human  fingers 
and  toes ;  the  claws  of  a  bird  or 
other  animal :  2*4  inches ;  a 
pointed  piece  of  metal  usually 
furnished  with  a  head  for  fasten- 
ing woodwork,  &c. :  v.t.  to  fasten 
with  nails  ;  to  secure  or  make  cer- 
tain ;  to  hold  down  tightly,  as  to 
an  argument ;  to  expose,  as  to  nail 
a  lie. 


nain-sook  (nan'sook),  n.  a  thick 
kind  of  muslin. 

na-ive  (nu-eV),  adj.  artless;  in- 
genuous ;  unaffectedly  simple. 

na-ive-te  (na-ev-ta'),  n.  natural, 
unaffected  simplicity  or  ingenu- 
ousness. 

na-ked  (na'ked),  adj.  unclothed; 
bare  ;  unarmed  ;  defenseless  ;  ex- 
posed to  view  ;  plain  ;  without  ad- 
dition or  ornament ;  without 
glasses. 

Syn.     nude,     bare,     uncovered, 
rude,  unclothed,  rough,  simple. 
Ant.   (see  covering). 

naiu-ay-cusli  (nam'a-kush),  n. 
the  great  American  trout. 

nam-by-pam-by  (nam'bi-pam'- 
bi ) ,  adj.  weakly  sentimental  or 
affectedly  pretty  or  fine. 

name  (nam),  n.  that  by  which  a 
person  or  thing  is  called ;  desig- 
nation ;  character ;  reputation ; 
fame ;  authority :  v.t.  to  give  an 
appellation  or  designation  to ; 
nominate ;  specify ;  mention  by 
name. 

Syn.  appellation,  designation, 
denomination,  title,  cognomen, 
reputation,  character,  fame,  cred- 
it, repute,  denominate,  entitle, 
style,  designate,  term,  call, 
christen. 

name-less  ('les),  adj.  without  a 
name ;  unknown ;  not  fit  to  be 
mentioned. 

name  ly   ('li),  adv.  that  is  to  say. 

name-sake  ('suk),  n.  one  having 
the  same  name. 

nan-keen  (nan-ken'),  n.  a  buff- 
colored  cotton  cloth,  originally 
from  China. 

nap  (nap),  n.  a  short  slumber; 
doze  ;  a  game  at  cards  ;  the  woolly 
substance  on  the  surface  of  cloth ; 
pile ;  downy  covering  of  plants ; 
top  of  a  hill :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  i>.p. 
napped,  p.pr.  napping],  to  doze. 

nape  (nap),  n.  the  back  of  the 
neck. 

nap-er-y  (nap'er-i),  n.  table- 
linen  ;  linen  underclothing. 

naph-tha  ('tha),  n.  a  clear,  vola- 
tile, inflammable,  bituminous, 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


nap 


573 


nat 


liquid  hydrocarbon  exuding  from 
the  earth,  or  distilled  from  coal- 
tar.  &c. ;  rock-oil. 

naph-thal-ic  (-thal'ik),  adj.  pro- 
duced from  naphtha. 

nap-kin  (nap'kin),  n.  a  small 
cloth,  specifically  one  used  at 
table  for  wiping  the  hands,  &c. 

na-po-le-on  (na-po'le-on),  n.  a 
gold  coin  formerly  current  in 
France,  value  20  francs. 

nap-py  (nap'i),  adj.  covered  with 
nap  or  pile ;  drowsy. 

nar-ce-ine  (ncar'se-in),  n.  an  alka- 
loid obtained  from  opium. 

Nar-cis  sws  (-sis'us),  n.  a  genus 
of  ornamental  bulbous  plants 
with  handsome  fragrant  flowers, 
including  the  daffodils. 

nar-cis-sns,  n.  a  plant  of  the 
genus  Narcissus. 

nar-co-sis  (-ko'sis),  n.  stupefac- 
tion from  the  effects  of  a  narcotic. 

nar-cot-ic  (-kot'ik),  adj.  produc- 
ing coma  or  torpor :  n.  a  medi- 
cine to  alleviate  pain  and  produce 
sleep,  and  in  excessive  doses  caus- 
ing death. 

nar-co-tine  Cko-tin),  n.  the  act- 
ive narcotic  principle  of  opium. 

nar-co-tism,  same  as  narcosis. 

nard  (nard),  n.  spikenard;  an 
aromatic  unguent  prepared  from 
it. 

nard  ine  ('in),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  like,  nard. 

nar-rate  (nar-raf),  v.t.  to  tell; 
recite;  give  an  account  of;  write, 
as  a  story. 

Syn.  tell,  relate,  detail,  recount, 
describe,  enumerate,  rehearse,  re- 
cite. 

nar-ra-tion  (-ra'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  narrating ;  statement,  written 
or  verbal. 

nar-ra-tive  ('ra-tiv),  adj.  per- 
taining to  narration  :  n.  recital  of 
a  story  or  event ;  tale. 

nar-ra-tor  (-ra'ter),  n.  one  who 
narrates. 

narrow  (nar'o),  adj.  of  little 
breadth  or  extent ;  limited  ;  strait- 
ened ;  contracted  in  mind ;  big- 
otorl ;  ungenerous;  within  a  lit- 
tle distance :  v.t.  to  lessen  the 
breadth  or  extent  of ;  confine  or 
contract ;  restrict ;  v.i.  to  become 
narrow;  not  to  take  ground 
enough  :  said  of  a  horse :  n.pl.  a 


strait  or  narrow  passage  between 
two  seas. 

nar-whal  (nar'hwal),  n.  a  ceta- 
ceous mammal  allied  to  the  whale, 
with  a  large  projecting  tusk  ;  the 
sea  unicorn.  Also  narwal,  nar- 
whale,  narval. 

na-sal  (naz'al),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
affected  by,  or  pronounced 
through,  the  nose :  n.  a  letter  pro- 
nounced through  the  nose. 

nas-cent  (nas'ent),  adj.  begin- 
ning to  grow  or  exist. 

nas-ti-ly  ('ti-li),  adv.  in  a  nasty 
manner ;  filthily  ;  disagreeably. 

nas-ti-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  quality 
or  state  of  being  nasty. 

Nas-tnr-ti-um  (-ter'shi-um),  n.  a 
genus  of  plants,  including  the 
watercresses. 

nas-tur-ti-nm,  n.  a  plant  of  the 
geranium  family,  having  aromatic 
flower-buds. 

nas-ty  ('ti),  adj.  [cotnp.  nastier, 
supcrl.  nastiest],  dirty;  nauseous; 
filthy  ;  obscene  ;  foul ;  serious. 

8yn.  filthy,  foul,  dirty,  unclean, 
indecent,  impure,  gross,  vile. 

na-tal  (na'tal),  adj.  pertaining 
to  one's  birth  or  birthday ;  in- 
digenous. 

na-tant  ('tant),  adj.  swimming; 
in  heraldry,  floating  on  the  sur- 
face :  said  of  fish. 

na-ta-tion  (-ta'shun),  n.  the  act 
or  art  of  swimming. 

na-ta-to-ri-al  (na-ta-t5'ri-al),  adj. 
swimming,  or  adapted  for  swim- 
ming. Also  natatory. 

na-tion  (na'shun).  n.  the  inhabit- 
ants of  one  country  or  united 
under  the  same  government ; 
people  ethnologically  or  linguist- 
ically allied. 

t  Ryn.  people,  community,  realm, 
state. 

na-tion-al   (na'shun-fll),  adj.  per- 
taining    to     a     nation ;     public ; 
I    general ;  attached  to  one's  country. 

na-tion-al-ism     (-51-izm),    n.    the 
i    state  of  being  national ;   national 
idiom,  characteristic,  or  independ- 
ence. 

na-tion-al-i-ty  Ci-ti),  n.  nation- 
al character;  patriotism;  nation. 

na-tion-al-ize  (-al-iz),  v.t.  to 
render  national. 

na-tion-al -ly  (-H),  adv.  as  a 
nation. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  aw]  ;  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  m55n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


nat 


574 


nau 


na-tive  (na'tiv),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  time  and  place  of  birth  ; 
produced  by  nature ;  not  ac- 
quired ;  innate :  n.  one  who  is 
born  in  a  certain  country  or 
place ;  an  oyster  cultivated  artifi- 
cially. 

Syn.    indigenous,    inborn,    ver- 
nacular. 

na-tiv-ism  (-izm),  n.  in  philos- 
ophy, the  doctrine  of  innate 
ideas ;  the  advocacy  of  the  claim 
of  natives,  as  opposed  to  that  of 
naturalized  citizens. 

na-tiv-i-ty  (-tiv'i-ti),  n.  time, 
place,  and  manner  of  birth ;  as- 
trological representation  of  the 
position  of  the  heavenly  bodies  at 
the  time  of  one's  birth. 

Na-tiv-i-ty,  n.  the  birth  of  Christ 
(with  the). 

na-tro-lite  (na'tro-llt),  n.  a  hy- 
drated  silicate  of  aluminum  and 
soda. 

na-tron  ('tron),  n.  native  carbo- 
nate of  soda. 

nat-ter-jack  (nat'er-jak),  n.  the 
yellow-backed  rush  toad,  remark- 
able for  its  deep  voice. 

nat-ti-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  tidily; 
neatly. 

nat-ti-ness  Ci-nes),  n.  the  quality 
of  being  natty. 

nat-ty  ('i),  adj.  tidy;  neat;  smart. 

nat-n-ral  (nat'fi-ral),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  produced  by,  or  in  the 
course  of,  nature ;  inborn ;  not 
artificial ;  occurring  in  the  ordi- 
nary course  of  things ;  treating 
of  mind  and  matter ;  not  revealed, 
as  religion ;  true  to  life ;  unas- 
sumed ;  affectionate  by  nature ; 
illegitimate  ;  unconverted  ;  accord- 
ing to  the  usual  diatonic  scale  of 
C  [Music]  :  n.  an  idiot ;  a  sign 
(10  used  to  correct  the  previous 
power  of  a  sharp  or  flat  [Mu- 
sic]. 

Ryn.   original,   regular,   normal. 
Ant.  (see  unnatural). 

nat-n-ral  his-to-ry  (his'to-ri).  n. 
the  scientific  description  of  the 
earth  and  its  various  productions, 
especially  the  animal  kingdom. 

nat-ii  ral  ism  (-izm),  n.  mere 
state  of  nature  ;  natural  religion  ; 
the  denial  of  supernatural  inter- 
ference with  natural  laws. 

nat-n-ral -ist  (-ist).  n.  one  skilled 


in  natural   history ;   one  who  be- 
lieves in  naturalism. 

nat-u-ral-is-tic  (-is'tik),  adj. 
realistic. 

nat-u-ral-i-za-tion  ( -i-za'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  investing  a  foreigner 
with  the  rights  and  privileges  of 
a  natural-born  citizen. 

nat-u-ral-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  make 
natural;  acclimatize;  invest  (a 
foreigner)  with  the  privileges  of 
a  natural-born  citizen  or  subject. 

nat-u-ral-ly  (-li),  adv.  according 
to  nature ;  spontaneously. 

nat-u-ral-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  of  being  natural ;  conformity 
to  truth  or_  reality. 

ma-ture  (na'cher  or  nat'ur),  n. 
the  universe;  essential  qualities; 
species  ;  natural  order  of  things  ; 
constitution ;  personal  character 
or  natural  disposition ;  natural 
affection  ;  nudity. 

naught  (nawt),  n.  nothing: 
adj.  worthless:  adv.  in  no  degree. 

nangh-ti-ly  ('ti-li),  adv.  in  a 
naughty  manner. 

nangh-ti-ness  ('ti-nes),  n.  the 
state  of  being  naughty ;  misbe- 
havior. 

naugh-ty  ( 'ti ) ,  adj.  bad  ;  per- 
verse or  mischievous. 

nau-se-a  ('shi-a),  n.  a  strong  sen- 
sation of  sickness  ;  sea-sickness  ; 
loathing  or  disgust. 

nan-se-ate  ('shi-at),  v.t.  to  affect 
with  nausea ;  loathe :  v.i.  to  feel 
disgust ;  be  inclined  to  vomit. 

nan  se  a-tioii  (-a'shun),  n.  the 
aft  of  nauseating ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing nauseated. 

nau-seous  ('shus),  adj.  loath- 
some ;  abhorrent. 

nautch  (nawch),  n.  in  India,  a 
dance  performed  by  girls ;  dancing 
exhibition. 

nan-ti-cal  (naw'ti-kal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  ships,  sailors,  or  navi- 
gation ;  maritime.  Also  nautic. 

Syn.      marine,      naval,      ocean, 
maritime. 

nau-ti-cal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
nautical  manner. 

nan -ti -Ins  Cti-lus),  n.  [pi.  nau- 
tili], any  member  of  a  genus  of 
cephalopoda,  including  those  fur- 
nished with  a  chambered  spinal 
univalve  shell ;  a  kind  of  diving- 
bell. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


nav 


575 


nee 


na-val  (nu'val),  adj.  pertaining 
to  ships  or  a  navy  ;  consisting  of 
ships ;  maritime. 

nave  (nav),  n.  the  middle  or 
body  of  a  church,  extending  from 
the  chancel  to  the  principal  en- 
trance ;  the  center  of  a  wheel  in 
which  the  spokes  are  inserted. 

nav-el  ('el),  n.  the  depression  in 
the  center  of  the  lower  part  of 
the  abdomen,  indicating  where  the 
umbilical  cord  was  joined  to  the 
foetus. 

nav-i-ga-bil-i-ty  Cnav-i-ga-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  or  state  of  be- 
ing navigable. 

nav-i-ga-ble  ('i-ga-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  navigated. 

nav-i-ga-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  a 
navigable  manner. 

nav-i-gate  ('i-gat),  v.i.  to  pass  on 
the  water  by  a  ship  or  vessel  ; 
sail :  v.t.  to  pass  over  in  a  ship  or 
boat;  steer  or  manage  in  sailing. 

nav-i-ga-tion  (-gfi'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  navigating ;  the  science  of 
navigating  ships. 

nav-i-ga-tor  ('i-ga-ter),  n.  one 
who  navigates;  one  skilled  in  the 
science  of  navigation. 

nav-vy  (nav'i),  n.  a  laborer  em- 
ployed in  constructing  railways, 
canals,  &c. 

na-vy  (nfi'vi),  n.  the  ships  of  war 
belonging  to  a  nation,  or  their 
officers  and  men. 

nay  (nfi),  adv.  no;  not  only  so, 
but :  n.  a  refusal  or  denial. 

Naz-a-rene  (naz-a-ren'),  n.  a 
native  of  Nazareth :  applied  to 
Jesus  Christ,  His  followers,  and 
the  early  Christians  as  a  term 
of  contempt ;  in  the  Early  Church, 
one  of  a  sect  of  Judaizing  Jews. 

Naz-a-rite  ('a-rit),  n.  a  Jew  de- 
voted by  vow  to  God  to  a  life  of 
purity  (Num.  vi.). 

neap  (nep),  adj.  low:  applied  to 
the  tides  which  occur  in  the  begin- 
ning of  the  second  and  fourth 
quarters  of  the  moon. 

neaped  (nept),  adj.  left  aground 
by  the  tide :  said  of  a  ship. 

Ne-a-pol-i-tan  (ne-a-pol'i-tan ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  Naples  or  its 
inhabitants. 

near  (ner),  adj.  [comp.  nearer, 
suprrl.  nearest],  not  far  distant 
in  time,  place,  or  degree ;  close ; 


intimate;  dear;  familiar;  literal; 
narrow  ;  parsimonious  ;  on  the  left 
side :  adv.  at  a  little  distance ; 
almost :  prep,  close  to :  v.t.  to  ap- 
proach ;  come  near  to. 

X.y/i'.    nigh,    neighboring,    close, 
adjacent,    contiguous,    intimate. 
Ant.    (see  distant). 

neat  (net),  n.  cattle  of  the  bo- 
vine genus :  adj.  pertaining  to 
bovine  animals ;  tidy ;  trim  and 
clean  ;  simple  and  elegant ;  chaste  ; 
unadulterated. 

N//H.  clean,  nice,  prim,  spruce. 
AnL    (see  slovenly). 

neatsYoot  ('z-foot),  n.  the  foot 
of  an  ox  or  cow. 

neb  (neb),  n.  a  bird's  beak; 
mouth ;  nose  or  snout. 

neb-u-la  ('ii-la),  n.  [pi.  nebulae 
(-16)],  a  faint  misty  patch  of  light 
in  the  heavens  produced  by  groups 
of  stars  too  remote  to  be  seen 
singly,  or  by  masses  of  diffused 
gaseous  matter ;  a  slight  white 
spot  on  the  cornea. 

neb-u-lar  ('u-lar),  adj.  pertaining 
to  nebulae. 

neb-u-los-i-ty  (-los'i-ti),  «.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  nebulous. 

neb-u-lous  (Ti-lus),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  resembling,  a  nebula; 
cloudy  ;  hazy  ;  perplexed. 

nec-es-sa-ri-ly  (nes-e-sa'ri-li) , 
adv.  by  necessity. 

nec-es-sa-ri-ness  ( 'e-sn-ri-nes ) , 
n.  the  state  of  being  necessary. 

nec-es-sa-ry  ('e-sa-ri),  adj.  that 
cannot  be  otherwise ;  essential ; 
indispensable:  n.  [pi.  necessaries 
(-riz)],  things  requisite. 

Syn.   needful,   expedient,   essen- 
tial, requisite,  indispensable. 
Ant.  (see  useless). 

ne-ces-si-tate     (ne-ses'i-tat),    v.t. 
to    make  necessary  ;  compel ;  ren- 
der unavoidable ;   constrain. 
Syn.  compel,   force,   oblige. 

ne-ces-si-tous  ('i-tus),  adj.  very 
poor ;  destitute  ;  needy. 

ne-ces-si-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the  state 
of  being  necessary  ;  that  which  is 
unavoidable ;  compulsion ;  ex- 
treme poverty :  pi.  things  neces- 
sary for  human  life. 

Syn.    need,    occasion,    exigency, 
emergency,   urgency,   requisite. 

neck  (nek),  n.  that  part  of  the 
body  between  the  head  and  trunk ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


nee 


576 


neg 


a  long  narrow  part,  as  of  land  or 
a  vessel. 

neck-lace  ('las),  n.  a  string  of 
beads  or  ornaments,  as  pearls, 
&c.,  worn  round  the  neck. 

nec-ro-log-ic-al  (-ro-loj'ik-al) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  a  register  of 
deaths. 

nec-rol-o-gy  (-rol'o-ji),  n.  a  regis- 
ter, or  account,  of  the  dead. 

nec-ro-man-cer  ('ro-man-ser),  n. 
one  who  practices  necromancy ; 
a  conjurer. 

nec-ro-man-ey  (-si),  n.  the  pre- 
tended art  of  predicting  future 
events  by  communication  ^th  the 
dead. 

nec-ro-man-tic  (-man'tik).  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  done  by,  nec- 
romancy. 

nec-rop-o-l-s  (-rop'o-lis),  n.  a 
cemetery. 

nec-ro-sis  (-rd'sis),  n.  mortifica- 
tion and  death  of  a  bone ;  a  dis- 
ease in  plants,  characterized  by 
small  black  spots. 

nee-tar  (nek'tar),  n.  in  classic 
mythology,  the  wine  of  the  gods ; 
the  honey  of  plants ;  any  delicious 
beverage. 

nec-ta-ri-al  (-ta'ri-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  containing,  or  like, 
nectar. 

nec-ta-re-ous  ('re-us),  adj.  pro- 
ducing, or  sweet  like,  nectar. 

nec-ta-rine  ('ta-rin),  'n.  a  variety 
of  peach. 

nec-ta-ry  ('ta-ri),  n.  that  part  of 
a  flower  which  secretes  a  sac- 
charine fluid.  Nectarium. 

nee  (na),  ad},  by  birth:  often 
placed  before  the  maiden  name  of 
a  married  woman. 

need  (ned),  n.  necessity;  urgent 
want ;  exigency  ;  poverty  :  v.t.  to 
want :  v.i.  to  be  necessary  or 
wanted. 

8yn.  necessity,  distress,  poverty, 
indigence,  want,  penury,  require, 
lack. 

need-ful  ('fool),  adj.  necessary; 
needy. 

need-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  necessarily. 

nee-die  ('!),  n.  a  small  sharp- 
pointed  steel  instrument  furnished 
with  an  eye  to  hold  thread ;  any- 
thing resembling  a  needle ;  the 
polarized  steel  of  a  mariner's 
compass. 


nee-dle-gun  (-gun),  n.  a  breech- 
loading  gun,  the  cartridge  of 
which  is  exploded  by  a  needle. 

needs  (nedz),  adv.  necessarily; 
indispensably. 

need-y  (ned'i),  adj.  very  poor; 
necessitous. 

ne'er  (nar),  adv.  contraction  of 
never. 

ne-far-i-ous  (ne-far'i-us),  adj.  ex- 
tremely wicked  ;  vile  ;  infamous. 

ne-ga-tion  (ne-ga'shun),  n.  de- 
nial ;  absence  of  certain  qualities. 

neg-a-tive  (neg'a-tiv),  adj.  im- 
plying negation  ;  denying ;  refus- 
ing ;  having  the  power  of  veto ; 
noting  a  quantity  to  be  sub- 
tracted :  n.  a  proposition  by  which 
something  is  denied ;  a  word  ex- 
pressing denial ;  right  of  veto ;  a 
photograph  in  which  the  lights 
and  shades  of  the  object  are  the 
opposite  of  those  in  nature :  v.t. 
to  prove  the  contrary  of ;  dis- 
miss or  reject  by  vote. 

neg-a-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
negative  manner. 

neg-lect  (-lekf),  n.  omission; 
habitual  negligence ;  disregard ; 
carelessness :  v.t.  to  omit  by  care- 
lessness or  design ;  slight ;  dis- 
regard. 

Syn.  omission,  failure,  default, 
negligence,  remissness,  careless- 
ness, slight,  disregard,  omit,  over- 
look. 

neg-lect-ful  ('fool),  adj.  indicat- 
ing, or  accustomed  to,  neglect ; 
careless. 

neg-lect-ful -ly  (-li),  adv.  with 
neglect. 

neg-li-gee  (-li-zha'),  n.  a  loosely 
fitting  dress  or  gown ;  easy  and 
unceremonious  dress  in  general : 
adj.  carelessly  arranged  or  attired. 

neg-li-gence  ('li-jens),  n.  care- 
lessness. 

neg-li-gent  ('li-jent),  adj.  care- 
less. 

neg-li-gi-ble  ('li-ji-bl),  adj.  that 
may  be  neglected ;  of  little  ac- 
count or  value. 

ne-go-ti-ate  (ne-go'shi-at),  v.t.  to 
treat  with  others  in  business  or 
private  affairs ;  hold  intercourse 
respecting  a  treaty,  &c. :  v.t.  to 
conclude  by  treaty,  bargain,  or 
agreement ;  sell. 

ne-go-ti-a-bil-i-ty    (-go-shi-a-bil'i- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  thea. 


neg 


577 


Nep 


ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being 
negotiable. 

ne-go-ti-a-ble  ('shi-a-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  negotiated,  trans- 
ferred, or  exchanged. 

ne-go-ti-a-tipn  (-a'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  negotiating  or  transacting 
business ;  treaty. 

ne-go-ti-a-tor  ('shi-a-ter),  n.  one 
who  negotiates. 

ne-go-ti-a-to-ry  (-to-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to  negotiation. 

ne-gril-lo  (ne-gril'o),  n.  a  young 
negro. 

Ne-gri-to  (-gre'to),  n.  one  of  a 
diminutive  negro-like  race  of  the 
Malay  Archipelago. 

ne-gro  ('gro),  n.  [pi.  negroes 
Cgroz)],  an  African  black. 
Fein,  negress :  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  characteristic  of,  negroes. 

ne-groid  ('groid),  adj.  of  the 
negro  type. 

ne-gns  ('gus),  n.  a  beverage  of 
hot  water  and  wine,  sweetened 
and  spiced. 

Ne-gus,  n.  the  title  of  the  ruler 
of  Abyssinia. 

neigh  (na),  v.i.  to  utter  the  cry, 
or  whinny,  of  a  horse :  n.  the  cry 
of  a  horse. 

neigh-bor  (nfi'ber),  n.  one  who 
dwells  near  to  another ;  an  in- 
timate:  adj.  near  to  another; 
adjacent :  v.l.  to  adjoin :  v.i.  to 
be  neighborly  or  friendly. 

neigh  bor  hood  (-hood),  n.  ad- 
jacent district ;  vicinity ;  the 
state  of  being  neighbors. 

Syn.     environs,     vicinity,     ad- 
jacency,  nearness,   proximity. 

neighbor-ing  (-ing),  adj.  living 
or  being  near. 

neigh  box  li  ness  ('ber-li-nes), 
n.  the  state  of  being  neighborly. 

neigh-bor-ly  (-li).  adj.  like,  or 
Incoming,  a  neighbor;  social; 
civil ;  friendly  :  adv.  in  the  man- 
ner of  a  neighbor. 

neigh -ing  ('ing),  n.  the  cry  of 
a  horse. 

nei-ther  (ne'  or  ni'/Mr),  pron.  & 
f-onj.  not  either. 

Ne-mae-an  (ne-me'an),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Xemsea,  or  to  the  an- 
cient games  held  by  the  Greeks  at 
Nemaea. 

nnm-e-sis  ('e-sis),  n.  retributive 
vengeance :  from  Nemesis,  the 
avenging  deity  of  the  Greeks. 


ne-o,  a  prefix  meaning  neic, 
young,  recent,  as  weoplastic,  re- 
cently formed. 

ne-o-dym-i-um  (ne-o-dim'i-um), 
n.  a  metallic  element  found  in 
cerite. 

Ne-o-lith-ic  (-6-lith'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characteristic  of, 
the  later  or  polished  Stone  Age. 

ne-o-lo-gian,  same  as  neologist. 

ne-ol-o-gism  (-ol'o-jizm),  n.  a 
new  word  or  phrase  introduced 
into  a  language ;  new  religious 
doctrines. 

ne-ol-o-gist  ('o-jist),  n.  an  in- 
novator in  language  or  religion, 
especially  one  who  holds  doctrinal 
views  opposed  to  the  orthodox  in- 
terpretation of  revealed  religion. 

ne-ol-o-gize  (-jiz),  v.i.  to  intro- 
duce new  words,  phrases,  or  re- 
ligious doctrines. 

ne-ol-o-gy  (-ol'o-ji),  n.  neologism; 
doctrines  or  rationalistic  theo- 
logical interpretation  at  variance 
with  orthodox  belief. 

ne-on  (ne'on),  n.  a  recently  dis- 
covered element  existing  in  a 
very  minute  proportion  in  at- 
mospheric air. 

ne-on-tol-o-gy  (-tol'o-ji),  n.  the 
scientific  study  of  existing  species. 

ne-o-phyte  ('6-fit),  n.  a  novice; 
one  recently  baptized  ;  a  convert : 
adj.  recently  entered. 

ne-o-plasm  ('o-plazm),  n.  tissue 
growth  more  or  less  distinct  from 
that  in  which  it  occurs. 

ne-o-plas-tic  (-plas'tik),  adj. 
newly  formed. 

ne-o-plas-ty  (-plas'ti),  «.  the 
restoration  of  tissue  by  granula- 
tion, or  autoplasty. 

ne-o-ter-ic  (-o-ter'ik),  adj.  recent 
in  origin. 

nep   (nep),  n.  catmint. 

ne-pen-the  (ne-pen'the),  n.  a  drug 
supposed  by  the  ancient  Greeks  to 
have  the  power  of  causing  for- 
getfulness  of  sorrow. 

neph-ew  (nev'u),  n.  the  son  of 
a  brother  or  sister. 

ne-phri-tis  (ne-fri'tis),  n.  inflam- 
mation of  the  kidneys. 

nep-o-tism  (nep'o-tizm),  n.  a 
preference  shown  in  bestowing 
patronage  to  one's  relatives  in 
the  church  or  public  service. 

Nep-tun-i-an  (nep-tun'i-an),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  classic  deity 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


iNer 


57S 


neu 


Neptune,  or  to  the  sea  ;  deposited 
by  the  agency  of  the  sea. 

Ne-re-id  (ne're-id),  n.  a  sea 
nymph. 

ner-o-li  (ner'6-le),  n.  the  essential 
oil  of  orange  flowers. 

ner-va-tion  (-vfi'shun),  n.  ar- 
rangement of  nerves. 

nerve  (nerv),  n.  one  of  the  grey 
fibers  which  convey  sensation 
from  all  parts  of  the  body  to  the 
brain  and  originate  motion ; 
tendon  ;  sinew  ;  strength  ;  manli- 
ness ;  the  strong  vein  of  a  leaf : 
v.t.  to  invigorate  or  strengthen. 

ner-vine  (ner'vin),  n.  a  tonic  for 
the  nerves. 

ner-vous  ('vus),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  composed  of,  nerves ;  hav- 
ing weak  nerves  ;  easily  agitated  ; 
vigorous  in  style. 

Syn.  timid,  timorous,  shaky. 

nest  (nest),  n.  the  bed  or  dwell- 
ing chosen  by  a  bird  for  incuba- 
tion, and  the  rearing  of  its 
young ;  the  place  where  eggs  are 
laid  and  hatched ;  a  cozy  resi- 
dence ;  a  number  of  boxes  one 
fitting  inside  another :  v.i.  to  build 
and  occupy  a  nest. 

nest-egg  ('eg),  n.  an  egg  left  in 
a  nest  to  keep  the  hen  from  for- 
saking it ;  money  forming  a 
nucleus. 

nes-tle  (nes'l).  v.i.  to  lie  close 
and  snug ;  take  shelter :  v.t.  to 
cherish. 

nest-ling  ('ling),  n.  a  young  bird 
in  the  nest  or  just  taken  from  it : 
adj.  recently  hatched. 

net  (net),  n.  an  instrument  of 
twine  knotted  into  meshes  for 
catching  birds,  fish,  &c. ;  anything 
resembling  or  made  like  a  net ;  a 
snare :  adj.  clear  of  all  charges 
or  deductions :  opposed  to  gross : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  netted,  p.pr.  net- 
ting], to  make  into  a  net  or  net- 
work ;  take  with  a  net ;  snare ; 
produce  as  clear  profit :  v.i.  to 
form  network. 

netn-er  (nef/i'er),  adj.  lying  be- 
neath ;  lower ;  belonging  to  the 
regions  below. 

net-tie  (net'l).  n.  a  stinging  plant 
of  the  genus  Urtica :  v.t.  to  pro- 
voke or  irritate. 

net-tle-rash  (-rash),  n.  a  cuta- 
neous eruption  resembling  the 
effects  of  a  nettle  sting. 


neural  (nu'rai),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  nerves. 

neu-ral-gi-a  (-ral'ji-a),  n.  acute 
pain  in  a  nerve. 

neu-ral-gic  ('jik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  neuralgia. 

neu-ras-tne-ni-a  (-ras-the'ni-a) , 
n.  brain  and  nerve  exhaustion, 
as  from  influenza.  &c. 

nen-ra-tion  (-ra'shun),  n.  the 
venation  of  the  wings  of  an  in- 
sect ;  nerve  distribution. 

neu-ri-lem-ma  (-ri-lem'a),  n.  the 
fibrous  sheath  of  a  nerve. 

neu-rine  ('rin),  n.  nerve  matter. 
Also  neurin. 

neu-ri-tis  (-ri'tis),  n.  inflam- 
mation of  a  nerve. 

neuro,  a  prefix  meaning  nerve,  as 
newrography,  a  treatise  on  the 
nerves. 

neu-rog-li-a  (-rog'li-a),  ».  the 
delicate  connective  tissue  between 
the  nerve-fibers  of  the  brain  and 
spinal  cord. 

neu-rol-o-gy  f-rol'o-ji),  ».  a 
scientific  description  of  the  nerves. 

neu-ro-ma  (-ro'mA),  n.  a  fibrous 
tumor  occurring  in  a  nerve  trunk. 

neu-ro-path-ic  (-path'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to.  or  suffering  from, 
nervous  disease ;  affecting  the 
nerves. 

neu-ro  sis  (-ro'sis),  n.  nervous 
disease. 

neu-rot-ic  (-rot'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  seated  in,  or  affecting,  the 
nerves ;  characterized  by  a  mor- 
bid hysterical  style :  n.  a  nerve 
tonic. 

neu-rot-o-my  ('fl-mi),  n.  dissec- 
tion of  the  nerves. 

neu-ter  ('ter),  adj.  of  neither  sex  ; 
Intransitive :  n.  a  flower  having 
neither  pistil  nor  stamens ;  a 
sterile  sexless  insect,  especially 
the  working  bee. 

nen-tral  ('tral),  adj.  unbiased; 
indifferent ;  taking  no  part  on 
either  side  in  a  contest ;  neither 
very  good  nor'  very  bad :  neither 
acid  nor  alkaline :  said  of  chemi- 
cal salts. 

neu-tral-i-ty    ('i-ti),  n.  the  state 

of  being  neutral. 
neu-tral-ize      ('tral-Iz).     v.t.     to 

make   neutral :   render  inactive. 
neu-tral-ly     ('tral-i),    adv.    in    a 
neutral  manner. 


late,  mSr,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let:  line,  tin  :  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


579 


nig 


neu-tral  tint  (tint),  n.  a  dull 
grey. 

neve  (nu-va'),  n.  the  granular 
compressed  snow  which  forms 
glacier  ice. 

nev-er  (nev'er),  adv.  not  at  any 
time ;  in  no  degree. 

never-the-less  (-t)ie-les'),  adv. 
notwithstanding;  in  spite  of  that. 

new  ( nil  ) ,  adj.  recent  in  origin  ; 
modern ;  novel ;  lately  made,  pro- 
duced, invented,  or  discovered ; 
recently  entered  upon  or  com- 
menced ;  not  previously  used ; 
fresh. 

Syn.    fresh,    modern,   novel,    re- 
cent. 

Ant.   (see  old) . 

new-el  ('el),  n.  in  a  winding  stair- 
case, the  central  upright  pillar 
around  which  the  steps  turn. 

new-fang-led  (-fang'gld),  adj. 
new-fashioned. 

New-found-land  (-found'Iand), 
n.  a  large  variety  of  dog,  original- 
ly from  Newfoundland. 

news  (niiz),  n.  recent  intel- 
ligence. 

Syn.     tidings,     intelligence,     in- 
formation. 

news-pa-per  ('pa-per),  n.  a  pa- 
per published  periodically,  usually 
daily  or  weekly,  containing  the 
most  recent  intelligence. 

new  style  (stll),  n.  the  Grego- 
rian or  present  style  of  comput- 
ing the  calendar :  opposed  to  the 
former  or  Julian  method. 

newt  (nut),  n.  an  eft;  sala- 
mander. 

New-to-ni-an  (nu-to'ni-an).  adj. 
pertaining  to,  discovered  by,  or 
invented  by,  Sir  Isaac  Newton, 
the  philosopher,  or  to  his  system. 

next  (nekst),  adj.  [superl.  of 
nigh],  nearest  in  time,  place,  de- 
gree, or  rank :  adv.  immediately 
succeeding. 

nex-ns  (neks'us),  n.  a  connection 
or  tie. 

nib  (nib),  n.  a  bird's  beak;  the 
point  of  anything,  especially  a 
pen. 

nibbed  ('d),  adj.  furnished  with 
a  nib. 

nib-ble  ('!),  v.t.  &  v.i.  to  bite  by 
little  at  a  time;  continue  to  bite 
at  gently  and  quickly,  as  a  fish  : 
n.  a  small  bite ;  a  seizing  to  bite. 


nib-lick  (nib'lik),  n.  a  heavy  iron 
round-headed  golf  club. 

nic-o-lite  (nik'6-lit),  n.  arsenical 
nickel  ore. 

nice  (nis),  adj.  fastidious;  pre- 
cise ;  squeamish ;  minutely  dis- 
criminative ;  delicate  ;  refined  ;  so- 
cially agreeable ;  pleasing  to  the 
palate ;  scrupulously  exact. 

Ny/«.  exact,  accurate,  good,  par- 
ticular, precise,  fine,  delicate. 
Ant.   (see  careless). 

nice-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  nice  man- 
ner. 

nice-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  nice ;  delicacy  of 
perception  or  touch. 

ni-ce-ty  ('e-ti),  n.  delicate  man- 
agement ;  fastidious  delicacy ;  pre- 
cision ;  minute  accuracy :  pi.  table 
delicacies. 

niche  (nich),  n.  a  recess  in  a 
wall  for  a  statue. 

Nick  (nik),  n.  an  evil  water 
spirit;  the  Devil  (with  old). 

nick  (nik),  n.  exact  or  critical 
point  of  time ;  winning  throw  at 
dice :  v.t.  to  cut  in  nicks  or 
notches ;  touch  at  the  lucky  mo- 
ment ;  cheat ;  steal. 

nick-el  ('el),  n.  a  greyish-white 
ductile  metal ;  a  five-cent  coin, 
made  of  nickel  and  copper  alloy. 

nick-el-green  (-gren),  n.  the 
apple-green  colored  arseniate  of 
nickel. 

nick-el-sil-ver  (-sil'ver),  n.  an 
alloy  of  nickel,  copper,  and  zinc. 

nick-name  ('nam),  n.  a  name 
given  in  derision  or  familiarity : 
v.t.  to  give  a  nickname  to ;  call 
by  an  opprobrious  name. 

nic-o-tine  Co-tin),  n.  an  acrid, 
poisonous  alkaloid  extracted  from 
tobacco.  Also  nicotin. 

nidge  (nij),  v.t.  to  dress  (stones) 
with  a  pick. 

nid-i-fi-ca-tion  ( nid-i-fi-ka'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  building  a  nest,  rear- 
ing young.  &c. 

ni-dns  (m'dus),  n.  a  nest  or 
hatching  place. 

niece  (nes),  n.  the  daughter  of  a 
brother  or  sister. 

ni-el-lo  (ni-el'6),  n.  a  kind  of  or- 
namental engraving  on  brass.  &c. 

nig-gard  (nig'ard),  adj.  meanly 
covetous;  parsimonious;  miserly. 
Also  niggardly :  n.  one  who  is 
meanly  covetous ;  a  miser. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


nig 


nit 


nig-gard-li-ness  (-li-nes),  n.  the 
state  of  being  niggardly ;  stingi- 
ness. 

nig-gard-ly  (-11),  adv.  like  a  nig- 
gard. 

nigh  (nl),  adj.  near  in  time  or 
place  ;  adjacent ;  closely  allied  by 
blood  or  friendship:  adv.  near; 
almost :  prep,  near  to. 

nigh-ness  ('nes),  n.  nearness; 
proximity. 

night  (nit),  n.  the  time  from  sun- 
set to  sunrise;  period  of  dark- 
ness ;  death ;  intellectual  or  moral 
darkness. 

night-in-gale  ('in-gal),  n.  a 
small  bird  which  sings  with  a 
sweet  note  at  night ;  philomel. 

night-mare  ('mar),  n.  a  dread- 
ful dream  accompanied  with  op- 
pression on  the  chest  and  a  feel- 
ing of  helplessness  ;  an  incubus. 

ni-hil-isiu  (m'hil-izm),  n.  scepti- 
cism which  denies  that  anything, 
even  existence,  can  be  known  ;  an 
extreme  socialist  movement  in 
Russia  to  destroy  existing  insti- 
tutions and  found  -a  new  order  of 
things,  with  communistic  rights 
of  land  and  property. 

ni-hil-ist  (-ist),  n.  a  supporter  of 
nihilism. 

ni-hil-ist -ic  ('ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  nihilism. 

nil   (nil),  «.  nothing  [Latin]. 

nim-ble  (nim'bl),  adj.  quick  and 
active  ;  alert ;  lively  ;  brisk. 

Syn.  active,  brisk,  lively,  alert, 
quick,  agile,  prompt. 
Ant.   (see  awkward). 

nim-bus  (nim'bus),  n.  in  art,  the 
halo  or  cloud  of  light  surround- 
ing the  heads  of  divinities,  saints, 
and  sovereigns ;  a  rain-cloud. 

nine  (nin),  adj.  containing  one 
more  than  eight :  n.  the  sum  of 
1  and  8. 

nine-fold  ('fold),  adj.  nine  times 
repeated. 

nine-pins  ('pinz).  n.pl.  a  game  in 
which  nine  pins  or  pegs  of  wood 
are  set  up  to  be  bowled  at  with 
wooden  bowls  or  balls. 

nine-teen  ('ten),  adj.  consisting 
of  9  and  10 :  n.  the  sum  of  9  and 
10. 

nine-teenth  ('tgnth),  adj.  being 
one  of  19  equal  parts :  n.  a  nine- 
teenth part. 


nine-ti-eth  ('ti-eth),  adj.  next 
after  89th :  n.  a  ninetieth  part. 

nine-ty  ('ti),  adj.  containing  9 
ten  times :  n.  the  number  contain- 
ing 9  times  10 ;  the  symbol 
(xc.  90)  expressing  such  a  num- 
ber. 

nin-ny    (nin'i),  n.   a  simpleton. 

nin-th  (nln'th),  adj.  the  ordinal 
of  9 :  n.  one  of  9  equal  parts. 

ni-o-bite  (ni'o-bit),  n.  a  black 
mineral. 

ni-o-bi-nm  ('bi-um),  n.  a  metallic 
element  present  in  niobite. 

nip  (nip),  n.  a  pinch,  as  with  the 
nails  or  teeth  ;  a  blast  as  by  cold  ; 
a  small  drink  of  spirits :  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  nipped,  p.pr.  nipping],  to 
pinch ;  cut  off  the  end  of ;  check 
the  growth  or  vigor  of,  especially 
by  frost ;  blast  or  destroy. 

nip-per  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  nips ;  one  of  the.  four 
foreteeth  of  a  horse ;  a  small  boy : 
pi.  small  pincers. 

nip-ping-ly   ('ing-li),  adv.  keenly. 

nip-pie  (nip'l),  «.  that  part  of 
the  breast  of  a  woman  from  which 
milk  is  drawn  by  a  child ;  a  teat. 

Nir-va-na  (ner-vii'na),  n.  in  Bud- 
dhism, the  highest  religious  state, 
when  all  desire  of  existence  and 
worldly  good  is  extinguished,  and 
the  soul  is  absorbed  into  the 
Deity. 

nit  (nit),  n.  the  egg  of  any  small 
insect. 

ni-ter,  ni-tre  (ni'ter),  n.  nitrate 
of  potash  or  saltpeter. 

ni-trate  (ni'trat),  n.  a  salt  of 
nitric  acid. 

ni-trate  of  sil-ver  (sil'ver),  n. 
silver  dissolved  in  nitric  acid. 

ni-tra-ted  ('tra-ted),  adj.  com- 
bined with  nitric  acid. 

ni-tre,  see  niter. 

ni-tric  ('trik),  adj.  contained  in 
nitrogen. 

ni-tric  ac-id  (as'id),  n.  a  powerful 
acid  used  in  chemistry,  the  arts, 
and  medicine,  composed  of  nitro- 
gen and  oxygen,  obtained  by  the 
action  of  sulphuric  acid  upon  ni- 
trate of  potash  ;  aquafortis. 

ni-tride  ('trid),  n.  a  compound  of 
nitrogen  with  a  metal,  also  with 
phosphorus,  silicon,  or  boron. 

ni-trif-er-ous  (-trif'er-us),  adj. 
producing  niter. 

ni-tri-fi-ca-tion     (-tri-fi-ka'shun) , 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch;  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


alt 


581 


nol 


n.  the  process  of  converting  into 
niter. 

ni-tri-fy  ('tri-fi),  v.t.  to  form 
into  niter. 

mi -trite  ('trit),  n.  a  salt  of  ni- 
trous acid. 

nitro,  a  prefix  meaning  containing 
nitrogen,  as  mfro-hydrochloric 
acid  or  aqua  regia. 

ni-tro-glyc-er-ine  (-glis'er-in) , 
n.  a  highly  explosive,  oily  liquid, 
prepared  by  the  action  of  nitric 
and  sulphuric  acids  upon  glycer- 
ine. Also  nitro-glycerin,  nitro- 
leum. 

ni-tro-gen  (ni'tro-jen),  w.  a  gas 
which,  with  argon,  constitutes 
4-5ths  by  volume  of  the  atmos- 
phere, and  constitutes  the  basis 
of  nitric  acid. 

ni-tro-gen-ize  (-troj'en-iz) ,  v.t. 
to  impregnate  with  nitrogen. 

ni-trog-en-ous  ('en-iis),  adj.  per- 
taining  to,  or  containing  nitrogen. 

ni-trous  ('trus),  adj.  resembling, 
obtained  from,  or  impregnated 
with,  niter. 

ni-trous  ac-id  (as'id),  n.  a  com- 
pound of  four  volumes  of  nitrogen 
and  one  of  oxygen. 

ni-trous  ox-ide  (oks'id),  n.  a 
compound  of  one  volume  of  oxy- 
gen and  two  volumes  of  nitrogen  ; 
laughing-gas. 

niv-e-ous  (niv'e-us),  adj.  snow- 
like. 

nix  (niks),  n.  in  Teutonic  myth- 
ology, a  water-sprite ;  a  kelpie 
[Scotch]. 

no  (no),  adv.  a  word  of  denial  or 
refusal :  opposed  to  yes :  adj. 
none. 

nob  (nob),  n.  a  knob;  the  head; 
a  fop. 

nob-by  ('i),  adj.  capital;  spruce; 
stylish. 

no-bil-i-ty  (no-bil'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  noble ; 
noble  birth;  grandeur;  dignity; 
nobles  collectively. 

>>'///» .       aristocracy,       greatness, 
grandeur,  peerage. 

no-ble  (uo'bl).  nili.  high  in  excel- 
lence or  worth;  illustrious;  mag- 
nanimous :  generous ;  exalted  in 
rank ;  of  ancient  lineage :  n.  peer 
or  nobleman. 

Syn.     exalted,     elevated,     illus- 
trious, great,  grand,  lofty. 
Ant.    (see  low). 


no-ble-man  (-man),  n.  a  peer. 
Fern,  noblewoman, 

no-ble-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  noble. 

no-bly  ('bli),  adv.  in  a  noble  man- 
ner; of  noble  rank. 

no-bod-y  ('bod-i),  n.  no  one;  a 
person  of  no  importance  or  in- 
fluence. 

no-cent   ('sent),  adj.  harmful. 

noc-tur-nal  (nok-ter'nal),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  done,  or  happening 
at,  night. 

noc-tur-nal -ly  (-li),  adv.  by  or  in 
the  night. 

noc-turne  ('tern),  n.  a  picture 
of  a  night  scene ;  a  musical  com- 
position appropriate  to  the  night ; 
a  lullaby. 

nod  (nod),  n.  a  quick  inclination 
of  the  head ;  a  command :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  nodded,  p.pr.  nod- 
ding], to  signify  by  a  nod;  in- 
cline or  bend  :  v.i.  to  give  a  quick 
forward  motion  of  the  head ;  bend 
the  head  in  toktn  of  assent,  or  as 
a  salute  ;  be  drowsy. 

no-dal  (no'dal),  adj.  pertaining  to 
nodes. 

no-da-ted   ('da-ted),  adj.  knotted. 

nod-der  (nod'er),  n.  one  who 
nods :  a  drowsy  person. 

nod-die   ('!),  n.  the  head. 

nod-dy  ( 'i ) ,  n.  a  simpleton ;  a 
seafowl. 

node  (nod),  n.  a  knot;  knob;  one 
of  the  two  points  at  which  the 
orbit  of  a  planet  intersects  the 
ecliptic ;  the  points  of  the  stem 
of  a  plant  from  which  a  leaf 
springs ;  the  plot  of  a  poem  or 
play ;  a  tumor  of  tha  periosteum, 
the  bones,  or  tendons. 

no-dose  (no'dos),  adj.  having 
knots  or  nodes. 

nod-u-lar  (nod'u-lerl,  adj.  per- 
taining to.  or  like,  a  nodule. 

nod-ule  ('ul),  n.  a  little  knot  or 
irregular  rounded  lump. 

nog-gin  (nog'in),  n.  a  small  cup 
or  mug ;  a  liquid  measure  =  1 
gill. 

nog-ging  ('ing),  n.  a  partition 
formed  of  timber  scantlings  filled 
up  with  bricks. 

noise  (noiz),  n.  sound;  clamor; 
outcry ;  frequent  or  public  con- 
versation :  v.t.  to  spread  abroad 
by  rumor :  v.i.  to  sound  loud. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he.  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moOn, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


DOl 


582 


noo 


Syn.   cry,   outcry,   clamor,   row, 
din,  uproar,  tumult. 
Ant.   (see  silence) . 

noise-ful  ('fool),  adj.  clamorous; 
loud. 

nois-i-ly   Ci-li),  adv.  with  noise. 

nois-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  noisy. 

noi-some  (noi'sum),  adj.  injuri- 
ous to  health  ;  noxious  ;  disgust- 
ing. 

nois-y  (noiz'i),  adj.  full  of  noise; 
turbulent. 

nom-ad  (nom'ad),  n.  one  of  a 
tribe  that  wanders  about  in 
search  of  game,  pasture,  &c. :  adj. 
nomadic. 

no  -  mad  -  ic  (no-mad'ik),  adj. 
wandering ;  pastoral. 

no-men-cla-ture  (uo'men-kla- 

tur),  n.  the  words,  terms,  or  lan- 
guage used  in  any  art  or  science. 

no-mi-al  ('mi-al),  n.  in  algebra, 
a  single  term. 

nom-i-nal  (nom'i-nal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  containing,  names  ; 
existing  only  in  name. 

nom-i-nal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  name 
only. 

nom-i-nate  ('i-nat),  v.t.  to  pro- 
pose for  an  office ;  appoint. 

nom-i-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  nominating ;  the  state  of 
being  nominated. 

nom-i-na-tive  ('i-na-tiv),  adj. 
noting  in  grammar  the  case  of  the 
subject :  n.  the  case  of  the  sub- 
ject. 

nom-i-na-tor  ('i-na-ter),  n.  one 
who  nominates. 

nom-i-nee  (-i-oe').  n.  one  who  is 
proposed  for  an  office. 

non,  prefix  meaning  not. 

non-age  (non'aj),  n.  minority. 

non-a-gen-a-ri-an  (-a-jen-a'ri- 
an),  n.  a  person  90  years  old. 

non-a-ges-i-mal  (-jes'i-mal),  adj. 
pertaining  to  90,  or  to  a  nonagesi- 
mal :  n.  that  point  of  the  ecliptic 
which  is  highest  above  the  hori- 
zon. 

non-a-gon  ('a-gon),  n.  a  plane 
figure  with  9  sides  and  9  angles. 

non-cha-lance  (nong-sha-langs') , 
n.  coolness  ;  indifference  [French]. 

non-cha  lant  (-lang'),  adj.  cool; 
indifferent. 

non-de-script  (non'de-skript).  n. 
a  person  or  thing  that  cannot  be 


easily  described  or  classed :  adj. 
abnormal ;  novel ;  odd. 

none  (nun),  adj.  not  any;  not 
one :  n.  &  pron.  no  one ;  nothing. 

non-en-ti-ty  (non-en'ti-ti ),  n.  [pi. 
nonentities  (-tiz)],  a  thing  not 
existing ;  a  person  of  no  impor- 
tance or  influence. 

nones  (nonz),  n.pl.  in  the  ancient 
Roman  calendar  the  ninth  day  be- 
fore the  ides,  reckoned  inclusively  ; 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  Breviary, 
the  devotional  office  for  the  ninth 
hour  or  3  p.  m. 

non-il-lion  (non-il'yun),  n.  in 
the  English  system  of  numeration, 
the  number  denoted  by  1  followed 
by  54  ciphers  ;  in  the  French  sys- 
tem, in  use  in  this  country,  the 
number  denoted  by  1  followed  by 
30  ciphers. 

non-pa-reil  (-pa-rel'),  adj.  with- 
out an  equal :  n.  unequaled  excel- 
lence ;  a  kind  of  printing-type 
(see  type)  ;  a  variety  of  apple. 

non-plus  ('plus),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
nonplussed,  p.pr.  nonplussing],  to 
throw  into  complete  perplexity ; 
puzzle :  n.  an  insuperable  diffi- 
culty ;  puzzle. 

non-sense  ('sens),  n.  language 
without  meaning ;  anything  ab- 
surd :  inter j.  absurd  ! 

non-sens-ic-al  ('ik-al),  adj.  ab- 
surd ;  unmeaning. 

non-sens-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  ab- 
surdly. 

non  seq-ni-tur  (sek'wi-ter),  n. 
in  logic,  a  conclusion  or  inference 
which  does  not  follow  from  the 
premises. 

non-snit  ('sut),  n.  the  with- 
drawal of  a  suit  during  trial 
either  voluntarily  or  by  judgment 
of  the  court  on  the  discovery  of 
error  or  defect  in  the  pleadings : 
v.t.  to  subject  to  a  nonsuit. 

nood-le  (nood'l),  n.  a  simpleton; 
a  strip  of  dried  dough,  served  in 
soup  or  as  a  baked  dish. 

nook  (nook),  n.  a  small  recess  or 
secluded  retreat ;  a  corner. 

noon  (noon),  n.  the  middle  of  the 
day,  12  o'clock ;  height :  adj.  per- 
taining to  noon. 

noon-day  ('da>,  adj.  pertaining 
to  noon,  or  midday :  n.  noon. 
Also  noontide. 

noose  (noos),  n.  a  running  knot 
which  binds  the  closer  the  more 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


nor 


583 


not 


tightly  it  is  drawn  :  v.t.  to  catch 
or  tie  in  a  noose  ;  ensnare. 

nor  (nor),  con;,  a  negative  parti- 
cle correlative  to  neither  or  not. 

nor-mal  ('mal),  adj.  according 
to  rule  ;  regular ;  perpendicular. 

Syn.    usual,    natural,    common, 
ordinary. 

nor-mal  school  (skool),  n.  a 
school  for  the  training  of  teachers 
for  elementary  schools. 

Nor-man  ('man),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  Normans,  Normandy, 
or  to  a  style  of  architecture  in- 
troduced into  England  by  the 
Normans,  characterized  by  the 
rounded  arch  and  massive  square 
towers. 

Norse  (nors).  adj.  pertaining  to 
ancient  Scandinavia,  its  language, 
and  its  people. 

north,  (north),  n.  one  of  the  four 
cardinal  points ;  the  point  oppo- 
site to  the  south :  adj.  pertaining 
to,  situated  in,  or  coming  from, 
the  north  :  ailv.  to  the  north. 

nor-ther  (nor'f/ier),  n.  a  strong 
gale  which  prevails  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  from  September  to  March. 

nor-thern  ('them),  adj.  in,  from, 
or  towards,  the  north.  Also 
northerly. 

nor-thern  lights  (lits),  n.pl.  the 
Aurora  Borealis. 

north-ing  (north'ing),  n.  dis- 
tance northward. 

Nor-we-gi-an  (nor-we'ji-an),  adj. 
pertaining  to  Norway,  its  lan- 
guage, or  inhabitants. 

nose  (noz),  n.  the  organ  of  smell ; 
scent ;  a  snout ;  nozzle  ;  anything 
resembling  a  nose :  v.t.  to  smell 
or  scent. 

nose-gay   Cgn),  n.  a  bouquet. 

no-sol-o-gy  (-sol'o-ji),  n.  the  sys- 
tematic classification  of  the  dis- 
eases of  animals  and  plants. 

nos-tal-gi-a  (nos-tal  ji-a),  n. 
homesickness. 

nos-tril  ('tril).  n.  one  of  the  two 
openings  in  the  nose. 

nostrum  ('trum),  n.  a  quack 
medicine. 

not  (not),  adv.  a  word  expressive 
of  denial  or  refusal. 

no-ta-bil-i-a  (nOta-bil'i-a),  n.pl. 
things  worthy  of  note. 

no-ta-bil  i-ty  (-ta-bil'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
notabilities  (-tiz)],  a  person  of 
note ;  the  quality  of  being  notable. 


no-ta-ble    (no'ta-bl),   adj.   worthy 
of  notice  ;  memorable  ;  notorious  ; 
remarkable  ;   industrious  ;   thrifty  : 
n.  a  person  or  thing  of  distinction. 
Syn.  plain,  evident,  remarkable, 
signal,  striking,  rare. 
Ant.   (see  obscure). 

no-ta-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  a  notable 
manner. 

no-ta-ri-al  (no-ta'ri-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  done  by,  a  notary. 

no-ta-ry  ('ta-ri),  n.  [pi.  notaries 
(-riz)],  an  official  authorized  to 
attest  deeds,  protest  bills  of  ex- 
change, &c. 

no-ta-tion  (-ta'shun),  n.  the  act 
or  practice  of  recording  by  marks 
or  symbols ;  a  system  of  signs  or 
symbols. 

notch  (noch),  n.  a  small  hollow 
cut ;  indentation  :  v.t .  to  cut  into 
small  hollows. 

note  (not),  n.  a  memorandum; 
reputation ;  brief  explanation ; 
short  letter ;  a  diplomatic  com- 
munication ;  a  mark  or  sign  rep- 
resenting a  sound ;  the  sound  it- 
self [Music]  ;  a,  paper  acknowledg- 
ing a  debt  and  promising  pay- 
ment :  pi.  a  summary  of  a  speech : 
v.t.  to  make  a  note  of ;  mark ; 
show  respect  or  attention  to. 

Syn.  token,  symbol,  mark,  sign, 
indication,  remark,  comment. 

not-ed  ('ed),  p.adj.  well-known; 
celebrated ;  remarkable. 

Syn.  distinguished,   remarkable, 
renowned,  eminent. 
Ant.   (see  obscure). 

noth-ing  (nuth'ing),  n.  not  any- 
thing ;  a  thing  of  no  value,  use,  or 
importance ;  a  cipher :  adv.  in  no 
degree. 

noth -ing-ness  (-nes),  n.  non- 
existence  ;  worthlessness. 

no-tice  (no'tis),  n.  mental  or  vis- 
ual observation ;  attention ;  re- 
mark ;  advice  ;  information  ;  warn- 
ing ;  public  intimation ;  press  crit- 
icism :  v.t.  to  see  or  observe ;  re- 
gard ;  attend  to ;  make  remarks 
upon. 

Syn.  advice,  notification,  intel- 
ligence, information,  mark,  note, 
observe,  attend  to,  regard,  heed. 

no-tice-a-ble  (-a-bl),  adj.  worthy 
of  observation ;  remarkable. 

no-ti-fi-ca-tion  (-ti-fi-ka'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  giving  notice ;  notice 


late,  nulr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


not 


584 


iii-.d 


given ;  document  by  which   infor- 
mation is  communicated. 

no-ti-fy  ('ti-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
notified,  p.pr.  notifying],  to  give 
notice  to  ;  make  known. 

Syn.  publish,  acquaint,  apprise, 
inform,  declare. 

notion  ('shun),  n.  an  idea  or 
conception  ;  opinion  ;  belief  ;  incli- 
nation ;  a  clever  contrivance. 

Syn.     conception,     idea,     belief, 
opinion,  sentiment. 

no  tion-al  (-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  conveying,  a  notion ;  ideal ; 
imaginary. 

no-to-ri-e-ty  (-to-ri'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  of  being  notorious.  Also  no- 
toriousness. 

no-to-ri-ous  (-to'ri-us),  adj.  pub- 
licly known ;  usually  in  a  bad 
sense. 

Syn.  conspicuous,  open,  obvious, 
ill-famed. 

Ant.  (see  unknown). 

no-tor-nis  (-tQr'nis),  n.  the  gi- 
gantic short-winged  coot  of  New 
Zealand. 

No-tus  (no'tus),  n.  the  south 
wind. 

not  -  with.  -  stand  -  ing  (--with- 
stand'ing),  prep,  in  spite  of:  conj. 
although :  adv.  however ;  yet. 

non-gat  (noo-ga'),  n.  a  confec- 
tion of  almonds,  pistachio  nuts, 
sugar,  and  paste. 

nought,  same  as  naught. 

no-n-men-on  (no-56'me-non),  n. 
[pi.  noumena  (-na)],  essence; 
the  substance  or  reality  existing 
under  the  phenomenal. 

noun  (noun),  n.  the  name  of  any- 
thing ;  a  substantive. 

nour-ish  (nur'ish),  v.t.  to  feed  or 
bring  up ;  support ;  maintain ; 
educate :  v.i.  to  promote  growth. 

Syn.    nurture,    cherish,    foster, 
supply. 

Ant.   (see  starve). 

nour  ish-ment  (-ment),  n.  that 
which  nourishes. 

Syn.     food,     diet,     sustenance, 
nutrition. 

nons  (nous),  n.  intellect;  clever 
common-sense. 

noy-el  (nov'el),  adj.  of  recent 
origin  or  introduction ;  new ; 
strange  or  unusual :  n.  a  fictitious 
tale  or  romance. 


Syn.    modern,    new,    fresh,    re- 
cent, unused,  strange,  rare. 
Ant.   (see  old). 

nov-el-ette  (-ef),  n.  a  short 
novel. 

nov-el-ist  ('el-ist),  n.  a  writer  of 
novels. 

nov-el-ty  ('el-ti),  n.  newness; 
something  new. 

No-veni-ber  (no-vem'ber),  n.  the 
eleventh  month  of  the  year. 

nov-ice  ('is),  n.  a  beginner;  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  one 
who  has  entered  a  religious  house 
but  has  not  yet  taken  the  vow. 

no-vi-ti-ate  (no-vish'i-at).  n.  the 
state  of  a  novice ;  time  of  proba- 
tion as  a  novice ;  a  house  or  re- 
treat for  novices. 

now  (nou),  adv.  at  the  present 
time ;  quite  recently. 

now-el  ('el),  n.  the  inner  part  of 
a  large  loam  foundry  mold. 

no-wise  (no'wlz),  adv.  not  in  any 
manner  or  degree. 

nox-ious  (nok'shus).  adj.  harm- 
ful ;  pernicious ;  deadly.  , 

Syn.  hurtful,  deadly,  poisonous, 
deleterious,  baneful. 
Ant.  (see  beneficial). 

nozzle  (noz'l),  n.  a  projecting 
mouthpiece. 

nub-bin  (nub'in),  n.  a  small  or 
imperfect  ear  of  maize. 

n  u-b  i  1  o  u  s  (nu'bi-lus) ,  adj. 
cloudy. 

nu-cle-ar  ('kle-Sr),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  connected  with,  a  nu- 
cleus. 

nu-cle-ate  ('kle-at),  adj.  having 
a  nucleus. 

nu-cle-o-lus  ('5-lus),  n.  a  minute 
body  inside  a  nucleus. 

nu-clc-us  ('kle-us),  n.  the  central 
mass  around  which  matter  ac- 
cretes or  grows ;  the  head  of  a 
comet. 

nude  (nud),  adj.  bare;  naked;  in 
law,  made  without  consideration  ; 
void;  in  art,  the  undrapod  body 
(with  the). 

mule  ly    ('li),  adv.  nakedly. 

nude-ness  ('nes),  n.  nakedness. 
Also  nudity. 

nudge  (nuj),  v.t.  to  touch  gently, 
as  with  the  elbow ;  n.  a  gentle 
touch,  as  with  the  elbow. 

nu-di-ty  (nu'di-ti),  n.  nakedness: 
pi.  naked  parts. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  m56n, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


nug 


585 


nut 


nu-ga-to-ry  ('ga-to-ri),  adj.  tri- 
fling ;  useless. 

nug-get  (nug'et),  n.  a  lump  or 
mass  of  metal,  especially  of  gold 
in  auriferous  soil. 

jmi-sance  (nu'sans),  n.  anything 
offensive,  injurious,  vexatious,  or 
annoying. 

null  (nul),  adj.  of  no  legal  force; 
void. 

nul-li-fi-ca-tion  (-i-fi-ka'shun), 
n.  the  act  of  nullifying. 

nul-li-fi-er  ('i-fi-er),  n.  one  who 
nullifies. 

nul-li-fy  ('i-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
nullified,  p.pr.  nullifying],  to  an- 
nul or  render  void. 

Syn.    annul,   vacate,   invalidate, 
repeal,  quash,  cancel. 
Ant.    (see  affirm). 

nul-li-ty  ( 'i-ti ) ,  n.  want  of  exist- 
ence, force,  or  validity. 

numb  (nurn).  adj.  deprived  of 
sensation  or  motion ;  torpid :  v.t. 
to  benumb. 

num-ber  ('ber),  n.  a  unit;  one, 
or  more  than  one;  multitude;  one 
of  a  series ;  a  collection  of  things ; 
sounds  distributed  into  harmo- 
nies ;  poetry ;  meter,  or  verse 
(usually  pi.)  :  v.t.  to  count;  mark 
with  a  number. 

nu-mer-al  (nfi'mer-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  consisting  of,  or  denot- 
ing, number :  n.  a  symbol  or  word 
expressing  a  number. 

nu-nier-a-ry  ('mer-a-ri),  adj.  be- 
longing to  a  certain  number. 

nu-mer-ate  (-at),  v.t.  to  reckon 
or  enumerate ;  point  or  read,  as 
figures. 

nu-mer-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the 
act  or  art  of  numbering,  or  of 
reading  and  writing  numbers. 

nn-mer-a-tor  ('mer-a-ter),  n.  one 
who  numbers ;  the  figure  or  fig- 
ures above  the  line  in  fractions 
which  indicate  how  many  parts  of 
a  unit  are  taken. 

nu-mer-ons  ('mer-us),  adj.  con- 
sisting of  a  groat  number. 

nu  mis  mat  ic  (-mis-mat'ik) ,  adj. 
nertaining  to  coins  or  medals : 
n.pl.  the  science  and  study  of 
coins  and  medals.  Also  numis- 
matology. 

nn-mis-nia-tist  ('mA-tist),  n. 
one  skilled  in  numismatics.  Also 
numismatologist. 


num-skull  ('skul),  n.  a  block- 
head. 

mm  (nun),  n.  a  female  devoted  to 
a  religious  life  and  seclusion 
under  a  vow  of  chastity ;  a  vari- 
ety of  pigeon  ;  the  blue  titmouse. 

xmn-ci-o  ('shi-6),  n.  a  papal 
ambassador. 

nun-cn-pa-tive  ( nung'ku-pa-tiv ) , 
adj.  verbal ;  nominal.  Also  nun- 
cupatory. 

nun-ner-y  (nun'er-i),  n.  [pi.  nun- 
neries (-i*)),  a  religious  house 
for  nuns. 

nup-tial  (nup'shal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  constituting,  marriage : 
n.pl.  a  marriage ;  marriage  cere- 
mony. 

nurse    (ners),    n.    a   woman   who 

'  has  the  care  of  infants,  or  of  the 
child  of  another  person  ;  one  who 
tends  the  sick  or  infirm  ;  one  who, 
or  that  which,  protects  or  fosters : 
v.t.  to  tend  or  suckle,  as  an  in- 
fant ;  bring  up ;  tend  in  sick- 
ness ;  promote ;  economize. 

nurs-er-y  ('er-i).  n.  [pi.  nurseries 
(-iz)],  an  apartment  for  young 
children ;  a  place  or  garden  for 
rearing  young  plants ;  a  race  for 
two-year-old  horses. 

nurs-ling    ('ling),  n.  an  infant. 

nur-ture  (ner'tur),  n.  that  which 
nourishes  ;  diet ;  food  ;  education  : 
v.t.  to  bring  up ;  educate ;  nour- 
ish. 

nut  (nut),  n.  the  fruit  of  certain 
trees,  containing  a  kernel  inclosed 
in  a  hard  shell ;  a  piece  of  metal 
grooved  for  screwing  on  to  the 
end  of  a  bolt :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
nutted,  p.pr.  nutting],  to  gather 
nuts. 

nu-tant  (nu'tant),  adj.  having 
the  top  bent  downward. 

nu-ta-tion  (-tn'shun),  n.  the  per- 
iodical vibratory  movement  of  the 
axis  of  the  earth. 

nut-meg  (nut'meg),  n.  the  aro- 
matic kernel  of  the  fruit  of  an 
East  Indian  tree. 

nn-tri-a  (nii'tri-a).  n.  the  com- 
mercial name  for  the  fur  or  skin 
of  the  coypou. 

nu-tri-ent  ('tri-ent),  adj.  promot- 
ing growth. 

n  n-t  r  i-m  e  n  t  ('tri-ment),  n. 
nourishment. 

nu-tri-tion     (-trish'un),    n.    that 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


nut 


586 


nym 


which  nourishes  :  food  ;  the  action 
of  promoting  growth  or  repairing 
waste  in  organic  bodies. 

Byn.      food,      diet,      nutriment, 
nourishment. 

nn-tri-tious  ('us),  adj.  affording 
nutrition. 

am-tri-tive  ('tri-tiv),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  having  the  quality 
of,  nutrition. 

uu-tri-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  by  nu- 
trition. 

nut-ty  (nut'i),  adj.  abounding  in, 
or  tasting  like,  nuts. 

nnx  vom-i-ca  (nuks  vom'i-ka).  n. 
the  fruit  of  an  East  Indian  plant 


(Strychnos  Nux  vomica)  which 
yields  the  deadly  poison  strych- 
nine. 

miz-zle  ('!),  v.t.  to  root  up  with 
the  nose,  as  swine  :  v.i.  to  nestle. 

nye  (nl),  n.  a  brood  of  pheasants. 

nyl-ghau  (nil'gaw).  n.  a  large 
Indian  antelope.  Also  nylgau. 

nymph  (nimf).  n.  in  classic 
mythology,  a  goddess  of  nature  in- 
habiting the  moiintains,  woods, 
streams,  &c. ;  a  light,  handsome, 
graceful  young  woman. 

nyiu-pha  (nim'fa),  n.  the  pupa 
or  chrysalis  of  an  insect. 

iiym-pho-ma-ni-a  (-fo-ma'ni-a) , 
n.  erotic  insanity  in  females. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he.  her/let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pdrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


587 


obj 


O 


O  (5),  interj.  an  exclamation  of 
wonder,  pain,  &c. :  p.  [pi.  o's 
(oz)].  a_ring,  cipher,  or  naught. 

o-a-dal  (o'a-dal),  n.  a  tree  of  the 
cola-nut  family. 

oaf  (of),  n.  a  changeling;  dolt. 

oaf-ish  ('ish),  adj.  simple;  silly; 
doltish. 

oak  (6k),  n.  a  tree  of  many 
species,  especially  the  common 
oak  (Quercus  robur),  valued  for 
its  timber. 

oak-ap-ple  ('ap-1),  n.  a  spongy 
excrescence  growing  on  the  leaves 
or  young  branches  of  the  oak. 

oak-en  ('en),  adj.  made  of,  or 
consisting  of,  oak. 

oak-uni  ('um),  n.  old  ropes  un- 
twisted and  pulled  into  loose  hemp. 

oar  (or),  n.  a  light  pole  with  a 
broad  blade,  for  rowing  a  boat : 
v.t.  &  v.i.  to  row. 

o-a-sis  (6-a'sis),  -n.  [pi.  oases 
('sez)],  a  fertile  spot  in  a  bar- 
ren sandy  desert. 

oast  (ost),  n.  a  kiln  for  drying 
hops  or  barley. 

oat  (ot),  n.  a  grassy  plant  of  the 
genus  Avena,  the  grain  of  which 
is  used  as  food  [usually  in  pi.}. 

oat-en   ('en),  adj.  made  of  oats. 

oath  (oth),  n.  a  solemn  declara- 
tion of  truth-telling  with  an  ap- 
peal to  God  as  witness. 

Syn^.    vow,    blasphemy,    cursing, 
swearing. 

ob,  a  prefix  meaning  "before, 
against,  towards,  in  front  of,  re- 
versed. 

ob-bli-ga-to     (ob-li-ga'to),    n.    an 

.  indispensable  instrumental  part 
or  accompaniment  written  espe- 
cially for  the  instrument  named 
[Music]. 

ob-du-ra-cy  ('du-ra-si),  n.  ob- 
durate conduct  or  quality. 

ob-du-rate  Cdu-rat),  adj.  hard- 
ened in  heart  or  feelings,  espe- 
cially against  moral  influence. 

Syn.    hard,    callous,    hardened, 
unfeeling,  insensible. 
Ant.   (see  yielding). 

ob-du-rate-ly  (-li),  adv.  stub- 
bornly. 


ob-du -rate-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  or  state  of  being  ob- 
durate. 

o-be-di-ence  (o-be'di-ens),  n. 
submission  to  authority ;  dutiful- 
ness. 

o-be-di-ent  ('di-ent),  adj.  sub- 
missive to  authority  ;  dutiful. 

Syn.  compliant,  submissive,  du- 
tiful, respectful. 

Ant.    (see  obstinate). 

o-bei-sance  (-ba'sans),  n.  a  bow 
or  curtsey ;  act  of  reverence. 

ob-e-lisk  (ob'e-lisk),  n.  a  lofty, 
four-sided  stone  pillar  gradually 
tapering  as  it  rises,  and  terminat- 
ing in  a  pyramidal  top ;  a  refer- 
ence mark  (f). 

ob-e-lus  ('e-lus),  n.  a  mark  ( — 
or  -T-  or  f)  used  in  old  MSS.  to 
indicate  a  doubtful  or  spurious 
reading ;  in  modern  writing,  a 
break  (— ). 

o-bese   (o-bes'),  adj.  corpulent. 

Syn.     corpulent,     fat,     adipose, 
fleshy. 

Ant.   (see  attenuated). 

o-bes-i-ty  (-bes'i-ti),  n.  excessive 
corpulence,  especially  of  an  un- 
healthy kind.  Also  obeseness. 

o-bey  (-ba'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
obeyed,  p.pr.  obeying],  to  submit 
to  the  rule  or  authority  of ;  com- 
ply with  the  orders  or  instruc- 
tions of :  v.i.  to  yield ;  do  as  bid- 
den. 

Syn.  conform,  comply,  submit. 
Ant.  (see  disobey). 

ob-fus-cate  (ob-fus'kat),  v.t.  to 
bewilder. 

o-bi  (o'bi),  n.  among  the  West 
Indian  natives  and  negroes  of 
Africa  a  system  of  secret  sorcery 
or  magical  rites  ;  a  charm  ;  a  kind 
of  sash  worn  by  Japanese  women. 

o-bit-u-a-ry  (o-bit'u-a-ri),  n.  [pi. 
obituaries  (-riz)l,  a  register  of 
deaths ;  an  account  of  a  deceased 
person :  adj.  pertaining  to,  or  re- 
cording, deaths. 

ob-ject  (ob-jekf),  v.t.  to  urge 
against ;  oppose  :  v.i.  to  make  ob- 
jections :  n.  (ob'jekt)  anything 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


obj 


obs 


placed  before  the  mind  or  senses ; 
motive  ;  end  ;  aim. 

Syn.  aim,  end,  purpose,  design, 
mark,     butt,    oppose,     except    to, 
contravene,  impeach,  deprecate. 
Ant.  (see  assent). 

object-glass  ('ject-glas) ,  n.  the 
lens  of  a  microscope  or  telescope 
nearest  to  the  object  to  be  ob- 
served and  forming  the  image. 

ob-jec-tion  (-jek'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  objecting ;  adverse  reason ; 
difficulty  raised. 

ob-jec-tion-a-tle  (-a-bl),  adj.  li- 
able or  open  to  objection ;  repre- 
hensible. 

ob-jec-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  pertaining 
to  an  object ;  external  to  the 
mind ;  in  grammar,  noting  the 
case  which  follows  a  transitive 
verb  or  a  preposition  and  is  gov- 
erned by  it :  n.  the  accusative 
case  ;  an  objective  point. 

ob-jec-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
objective  manner. 

ob-jec-tiv-ism  ('tiv-izm),  n.  the 
philosophical  doctrine  that  the 
knowledge  of  the  non-ego  is  an- 
terior to  that  of  the  ego;  in  art 
and  literature,  the  representation 
of  persons  and  incidents  as  they 
really  appear. 

ob-jec-tiy-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  objective. 
Also  objectiveness. 

ob-jur-gate  (-jer'gat),  v.t.  to 
chide  or  reprove. 

ob-jur-ga-tion  (-ga'shun),  n.  re- 
proof. 

ob- jur-ga-to-ry  ( 'ga-to-ri ) ,  adj. 
containing  reproof  or  censure. 

ob-late  (-laf),  adj.  depressed  or 
flattened  at  the  poles ;  orange- 
shaped  ;  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  noting  a  secular  priest 
who  has  devoted  himself  and  his 
property  to  the  monastery  he  has 
entered. 

ob  la  tioii  (-Ifi'shun),  n.  an  offer- 
ing or  sacrifice ;  anything  pre- 
sented in  religious  worship. 

ob-li-ga-tioxi  (-li-ga'shun),  n.  the 
binding  power  of  a  vow,  promise, 
or  contract ;  the  state  of  being 
indebted  for  a  favor ;  in  law,  a 
bond  to  which  a  penalty  is  an- 
nexed on  failure  of  due  perform- 
ance. 

ob-li-ga-to-ry  (ob'li-ga-to-ri),  adj. 
morally  or  legally  binding. 


o-blige  (o-bllj'),  v.t.  to  constrain 
by  force,  morally,  legally,  or 
physically  ;  bind  by  some  favor  or 
kindness  rendered ;  render  a  favor 
to  ;  gratify. 

ob-li-gee  (ob-li-je'),  n.  one  to 
whom  a  bond  is  given. 

o-blig-ing  (o-blij'ing),  p.adj. 
complaisant :  civil  or  courteous. 

o-blig-er  ('er),  n.  one  who 
obliges. 

ob-li-gor  (ob'li-gor),  n.  one  who 
is  bound  by  a  bond. 

ob-lique  C-lek'),  adj.  deviating 
from  a  right  line ;  not  parallel ; 
not  direct  or  straightforward. 

ob-lique  an-gle  (ang'gl),  n.  an 
angle  greater  or  less  than  a  right 
angle. 

ob-lique  case  (kas),  n.  in  gram- 
mar, any  case  except  the  nomina- 
tive. 

ob-lique-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  an  ob- 
lique manner  or  direction. 

ob-lique-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  oblique  ;  slant- 
ing direction ;  moral  error.  Also 
obliquity. 

ob-lit-er-ate  '(-lit'er-at),  v.t.  to 
efface  or  wear  out ;  destroy  by  the 
effects  of  time  or  o_ther  means. 

ob-lit-er-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  obliterating ;  effacement. 

ob-liv-i-on  (-liv'i-un),  n.  the 
state  of  being  blotted  out  from 
memory ;  forgetfulness. 

ob-liv-i-ous  ('i-us),  adj.  forgetful. 

ob-long  ('long),  adj.  longer  than 
broad :  n.  a  geometrical  figure  of 
such  shape. 

ob-lo-quy  ('lo-kwi),  n.  reproach- 
ful language  ;  calumny  ;  slander  ; 
reproach. 

ob  uox-ious    (-nok'shus).   adj.  de- 
serving of  censure  or  disapproval ; 
hateful;  offensive;   unpopular. 
Ryn.  offensive. 
Ant.  (see  agreeable). 

o-bo-e  (6'bo-e).  n.  a  musical  wind 
instrument  of  the  reed  class ; 
hautboy  ;  an  organ  stop. 

ob-o-lus  (ob'o-lus),  n.  an  ancient 
Greek  coin,  value  lJ/4  farthings ; 
an  Attic  weight  =  1-Gth  of  a 
drachma. 

ob-o-vate  (-6'vat),  adj.  inversely 
ovate. 

oh  scene  (-sen'),  ad),  offensive  to 
chastity ;  impure  in  language  or 
action  ;  indecent ;  filthy. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


obs 


589 


obt 


ob-scene-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  an  ob- 
scene manner. 

ob-scene-ness  ('nes),  n.  impurity 
in  language  or  action ;  indecency. 
Also  obscenity. 

ob-scure  (-skur'),  adj.  without 
light  or  distinctness :  dark ;  not 
easily  understood ;  illegible ;  se- 
cluded ;  humble :  v.t.  to  darken  or 
dim ;  disguise ;  render  less  visible 
or  intelligible ;  tarnish ;  make 
mean. 

NJ/H.  undistinguished,  unknown. 
Ant.   (see  distinguished). 

ob-scure-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  an  ob- 
scure manner. 

ob-scure-ness  ('nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  obscure. 
Also  obscurity. 

ob-se-crate  ('se-krat),  v.t.  to  im- 
plore. 

ob-se-cra-tion  (-kra'shun),  n.  en- 
treaty. 

ob-se-qtiies  ('se-kwiz),  n.ftl.  fu- 
neral rites. 

ob-se-qui-ous  (-se'kwi-us),  adj. 
servile ;  compliant  to  excess. 

ob-serv-a-ble  (-zerv'a-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  observed ;  worthy 
of  observation  ;  remarkable. 

ob-serv-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  remark- 
ably. 

ob-serv-ance  ('ans).  n.  the  act 
of  observing ;  performance  of 
rites ;  rule  of  practice. 

ob-serv-ant  ('ant),  adj.  taking 
notice  ;  attentive  ;  mindful. 

ob-ser-va-tion  (-va'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  observing ;  attention  ;  that 
which  is  observed ;  remark ;  note. 

ob-ser-va-tion-al  ('shun-;\l),  adj. 
consisting  of,  or  containing,  ob- 
servations. 

ob-serv-a-to-ry  ('a-to-ri),  n.  \pl. 
observatories  (-riz)],  a  building 
fitted  up  for  astronomical  re- 
search. 

ob-serve  (-zerv').  v.t.  to  keep  in 
view  ;  take  notice  of ;  celebrate  ; 
practice  ceremonially ;  mention : 
v.t.  to  make  observations. 

ob-serv-lng  ('ing),  p.adj.  giving 
particular  attention  to.  Also  ob- 
servant. 

ob-sid-i-an  (-sid'i-Sn).  n.  volcanic 
lava  of  a  glassy  appearance. 

ob-so-les-cence  (-so-Ios'ens),  n. 
the  state  of  becoming  obsolete. 


ob-so-les-cent  ('ent),  adj.  becom- 
ing obsolete. 

ob-so-lete  ('so-let),  adj.  gone  out 
of  date ;  disused ;  imperfectly  de- 
veloped. 

ob-so-lete-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  of  being  obsolete. 

ob-sta-cle  <  ob'sta-kl  i.  n.  an  ob- 
struction ;  an  impediment. 

ob-stet-ric  (-stet'rik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  midwifery :  n.pl.  the 
science  of  midwifery. 

ob-stet-ri-cian  (-stet-rish'an),  n. 
an  accoucheur. 

ob-sti-na-cy  ('sti-na-si),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  obsti- 
nate ;  stubbornness. 

ob-sti-nate  ('sti-nat),  adj.  perti- 
naciously adhering  to  one's  opin- 
ion or  purpose ;  stubborn. 

8yn.  contumacious,   headstrong, 
stubborn,  obdurate. 
Ant.    (see  yielding). 

ob-sti-nate-ly  (-15),  adv.  in  an 
obstinate  manner. 

ob-strep-er-ous  (-strep'er-us) .  adj. 
clamorously  noisy ;  turbulent. 

ob-struct  (-strukt').  v.t.  to  block 
up  or  impede ;  hinder  from  pass- 
ing ;  interrupt. 

ob-struc-tion  (-struk'shun),  n. 
an  impediment. 

ob-strnc-tion-ist  (-ist),  n.  a 
member  of  a  legislative  assembly 
who  makes  use  of  its  rules  to  de- 
liberately hinder  the  progress  of 
public  business. 

ob-struct-ive  ('rv),  adj.  causing 
obstruction. 

ob-tain  (-tan'),  v.f.'toget  posses- 
sion of ;  gain  ;  acquire  ;  win  ;  pro- 
cure :  v.i.  to  be  established  in 
practice  or  use. 

ob-tain-ment  ('ment),  n.  the  act 
of  obtaining. 

obtrude  (-trood'),  v.t.  to  thrust 
in  or  upon :  urge  or  offer  with 
unreasonable  importunity :  v.i.  to 
enter  uninvited. 

obtrusion  (-trSo'zhun),  n.  the 
act  of  obtruding. 

ob-tru-sive  ('siv),  adj.  inclined 
or  apt  to  intrude. 

ob-tm-siye-ly  (-li),  adv.  by  way 
of  obtrusion. 

ob-tuse  (-tus').  adj.  not  pointed 
or  acute;  greater  than  a  right 
angle;  dull. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


ont 


590 


oct 


ob-tnse-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  an  ob- 
tuse manner. 

ob-tuse-ness  ('nes).  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  obtuse ;  blunt- 
ness  :  mental  dulness. 

ob-verse  (-vers'),  adj.  bearing  the 
head :  said  of  a  coin  or  medal ; 
narrower  at  the  base  than  the 
top  :  said  of  a  leaf  or  radicle :  n. 
('vers)  the  side  of  a  coin  or 
medal  having  the  face  or  head 
upon  it :  opposed  to  reverse. 

ob-verse-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  an  ob- 
verse form. 

ob-vert  (-vert'),  v.t.  to  turn  to- 
wards ;  face. 

ob-vi-ate  ('vi-at),  v.t.  to  remove, 
as  difficulties  or  objections. 

ob-vi-ous    ('vi-us),  adj.  evident. 

ob-vo-lute  ('vo-lut),  adj.  ar- 
ranged so  as  to  overlap,  as  the 
margins  of  an  organ  or  part  of 
a  plant. 

o-ca  (o'ka),  n.  a  South  American 
plant  with  a  tuberous  root  resem- 
bling the  potato. 

oc-ca-sion  (ok-ka'zhun),  n.  oc- 
currence ;  state  or  position  of  af- 
fairs; opportunity;  incidental 
cause  or  need ;  exigence :  v.t.  to 
cause  or  influence  directly  or  in- 
directly ;  give  rise  to. 
Syn.  opportunity. 

oc-ca-sion-al  (-al),  adj.  inci- 
dental or  casual. 

oc-ca-sion-al -ly  (-li),  adv.  inci- 
dentally or  casually. 

Oc-ci-dent  (ok'si-dent),  n.  the 
West ;  the  countries  west  of 
Asia  and  the  Turkish  dominions. 

Oc-ci-den-tal  (-si-den'tal),  adj. 
of  or  belonging  to  the  Occident : 
n.  a  native  of  the  Occident. 

oc-cip-i-tal  (-sip'i-tal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  occiput. 

oc-ci-put  ('si-put),  n.  the  hinder 
part  of  the  skull  or  head. 

oc-cult  (-kulf),  adj.  hidden;  se- 
cret ;  invisible. 

oc-cul-ta-tion  (-kul-ta'shun),  n. 
temporary  disappearance  or  ob- 
scuration:  said  of  one  heavenly 
body  when  another  conceals  it 
from  sight. 

oc-cult-ed  (-kult'ed).  adj.  hidden 
from  the  vision,  as  a  star,  &c. 

oc- cult-ism  ('izm),  n.  Eastern 
theosophy. 


oc-cult-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  an  occult 
manner. 

oc-cult  sci-en-ces  (si'en-sez),  n. 
pi.  magic,  alchemy,  and  astrology. 

oc-cu-pan-cy  ('u-pan-si),  n.  the 
act  of  taking  and  holding  in  pos- 
session. 

oc-cu-pant  ('u-pant),  n.  one  who 
has  possession. 

oc-cu-pa-tion  (-pa'shun).  n.  the 
act  or  state  of  occupying ;  busi- 
ness, employment,  or  calling. 

oc-cu-pi-er  ('u-pi-er),  n.  one  who 
occupies. 

oc-cu-py  ('u-pi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
occupied,  p.pr.  occupying],  to 
take  possession  of ;  hold  or  keep 
in  possession,  as  for  use ;  fill  or 
cover  ;  employ  :  v.i.  to  traffic. 

oc-cur  (-ker'),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  oc- 
curred, p.pr.  occurring],  to  hap- 
pen or  take  place ;  come  to  the 
mind ;  be  found  or  met  with. 

oc-cur-rence  (-kur'ens).  n.  an 
accident,  event,  or  incident. 

o-cean  (d'shun),  n.  the  vast  ex- 
panse of  salt  water  covering  more 
than  3-5ths  of  the  globe ;  any  one 
of  its  chief  divisions ;  an  immense 
expanse :  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
great  expanse  of  salt  water. 

o-ce-an-ic  (-she-an'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to.  occurring  in,  or  pro- 
duced by,  the  ocean. 

o-ce-lot  ('se-lot),  n.  the  Mexican 
cat. 

o-chre  ('ker).  n.  a  fine  yellow-  or 
brown-colored  clay :  used  as  a  pig- 
ment. 

octa,  a  prefix  meaning  eight.  Also 
octo,  as  octachord,  an  instrument 
of  8  strings ;  a  system  of  8 
sounds ;  orfodecimo,  a  book  with 
18  leaves  to  the  sheet  (18mo.). 

oc-ta-gon  (ok'ta-gon).  n.  a  plane 
figure  of  8  sides  and  8  angles. 

oc-tag-o-nal  (-tag'o-nal).  adj. 
having  8  sides  and  8  angles. 

oc-ta-he-dral  (-ta-he'dral),  adj. 
having  8  equal  sides. 

oc-ta-ne-dron  ('drun).  n.  a  solid 
figure  contained  by  8  equal  equi- 
lateral triangles. 

oc-tan-gu-lar  (-tang'gu-lar),  adj. 
having  8  angles. 

octant  Ctant),  n.  the  8th  part 
of  a  circle. 

oc-tave  ('tav).  n.  an  eighth  or  an 
interval  of  12  semitones ;  the  8th 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  m5on, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


oct 


591 


off 


day  after  a  church  festival,  the 
festival  itself  being  included ;  a 
small  cask  of  wine  =  l-8th  of  a 
pipe :  adj.  consisting  of  8. 

oc-ta-vo  (-ta'vo),  n.  a  sheet  of 
printing  paper  folded  in  8  leaves 
or  16  pages  (8vo.)  :  adj.  having  8 
leaves  or  16  pages  to  the  sheet. 

oc-ten-ni-al  (-ten'i-al),  adj.  re- 
curring every  8th  year;  continu- 
ing 8  years. 

oc  til-lion  (ok-til'yun),  n.  in 
French  and  American  numeration 
the  number  represented  by  1  fol- 
lowed by  27  ciphers ;  in  English 
numeration  1  followed  by  48 
ciphers. 

Oc-to-ber  (oc'to-ber),  n.  the  tenth 
month  of  the  year. 

oc-to-dec-i-mo  (-to-des'i-mo),  adj. 
consisting  of  18  leaves  or  36 
pages  to  a  sheet :  n.  a  book  of 
such  size  (18mo.). 

oc-to-ge-na-ri-an  (-to-je-nfi'ri- 
an ) ,  n.  one  who  is  80  years  old : 
adj.  80  years  old. 

oc-to-pod  ('to-pod),  n.  an  animal 
with  8  feet. 

oc-to-pus  ('to-pus),  n.  [pi.  octo- 
puses (-ez)],  a  genus  of  Ceph- 
alopods  having  8  arms,  containing 
the  cuttlefish. 

oc-tp-roon  (-to-roon'),  n.  the  off- 
spring of  a  white  person  and  a 
quadroon. 

oc-tu-ple    Ctu-pl),  adj.  eight-fold. 

oc-u-lar  ('u-lar),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  depending  on,  or  formed  by, 
the  eye ;  known  from  actual  sight. 

oc-u-li-form  ('u-li-form).  adj. 
eye-shaped. 

oc-u-list  ('u-list),  n.  one  who  is 
skilled  in  the  treatment  of  eye 
diseases. 

odd  (od),  adj.  not  paired  or 
matched  with  another ;  not  even  ; 
not  exactly  divisible  by  2 ;  un- 
usual ;  peculiar ;  eccentric. 

Odd  Fel-low  ('fel-6),  n.  a  mem- 
ber of  the  order  of  the  benevolent 
society  of  Odd  Fellows. 

od-di-ty  ( 'i-ti ) .  n.  a  person  or 
thing  that  is  peculiar ;  eccentric- 
ity ;  strangeness. 

odds  (odz),  n.pl.  inequality;  ad- 
vantage ;  superiority ;  excess  of 
either  compared  with  the  other ; 
probability ;  more  than  an  even 
wager. 


ode  (od),  n.  a  short  song;  lyric 
poem. 

o-di-ous  (o'di-us),  adj.  offensive; 
unpopular. 

o-di-nm  ('di-um),  n.  hatred;  dis- 
like. 

o-dom-e-ter  (o-dom'e-ter),  n.  an 
instrument  for  registering  the 
number  of  revolutions  of  a  car- 
riage-wheel, to  which  it  is  at- 
tached. 

o-don-toid  (-don'toid),  adj.  tooth- 
like. 

o-don-tol-o-gy  (-tol'o-ji),  n.  den- 
tal science ;  a  treatise  on  the 
teeth. 

o-dor-if-er-ous  (-der-if'er-us), 
adj.  diffusing  fragrance. 

o-dor-ous  ('der-us),  adj.  emitting 
an  odor  or  scent ;  fragrant. 

o-doT  ('der),  n.  a  scent;  estima- 
tion. 

o-'er,  same  as  over. 

03-soph-a-gus.     See  esophagus. 

of  (ov),  prep,  from;  out  of;  be- 
longing to  ;  according  to ;  proceed- 
ing from. 

off  (of),  adj.  most  distant;  noting 
the  right-hand  side  in  driving,  or 
the  left-hand  side  of  the  bowler 
at  cricket :  adv.  away  from  :  prep. 
not  on ;  distant  from :  inter j.  be- 
gone ! 

of-fal  (of'al),  n.  refuse;  waste 
meat. 

of -fend  (-fend'),  v.t.  to  displease 
or  make  angry  ;  molest  or  annoy  ; 
pain  or  shock  :  v.i.  to  transgress ; 
do  anything  displeasing. 

of-fense  (-fens'),  n.  any  cause  of 
anger  or  displeasure ;  insult ;  in- 
jury ;  assault. 

8yn.    affront,    misdeed,    misde- 
meanor,  transgression,  trespass. 

of-fen-sive  (-fen'siv),  adj.  caus- 
ing displeasure ;  annoying ;  dis- 
agreeable ;  disgusting ;  used  in  at- 
tack :  n.  the  act  of  attacking 
(with  the). 

Syn.    insolent,    abusive,    obnox- 
ious. 

Ant.  (see  inoffensive). 

of-fen-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
offensive  manner. 

of-fen-sive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  offensive. 

of-fer  ('er),  v.t.  to  present  for 
acceptance  or  refusal ;  proffer ; 
present  in  worship  or  sacrifice ; 
bid  as  a  price  or  reward :  v.i.  to 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin :  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  m50n, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  t Aen. 


off 


592 


ole 


be  ready ;  express  a  willingness ; 
attempt  or  make  an  attempt :  n. 
a  proposal  made ;  price  offered ; 
first  advance. 

of-fer-ing  (-ing),  n.  that  which 
is  offered ;  a  sacrifice ;  oblation. 

of -flee  (of  is),  n.  public  or  pri- 
vate business  ;  employment ;  func- 
tion ;  act  of  worship ;  formulary 
of  devotion  ;  act  of  kindness  ;  serv- 
ice ;  apartment  for  the  trans- 
action of  business :  pi.  the  outly- 
ing buildings  of  a  mansion ; 
apartments  of  a  house  in  which 
domestics  discharge  their  duties. 
ttyn.  charge,  function,  place. 

of-fi-cer  ('i-ser),  n.  a  person  com- 
missioned to  perform  a  certain 
public  duty :  v.t.  to  furnish  with 
officers. 

of-fi-cial  (-fish'al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  an  office  or  public  duty ; 
from  the  proper  authority :  n.  one 
who  holds  a  civil  office. 

of  fi  cial-isrn  Oizm),  n.  govern- 
ment by  officials :  official  routine. 

of-fl-cial-ly  (-H),  adv.  by  the 
proper  officer ;  in  an  official  man- 
ner. 

of-fi-ci-ate  ('i-at),  v.i.  to  perform 
the  duties  of  an  office. 

of-fic-i-nal  (-fis'i-nal),  adj.  noting 
drugs  officially  recognized  by  the 
pharmacopoeia. 

of-fi-cious  (fish'us),  adj.  too  for- 
ward in  offering  services ;  med- 
dling. 

off-ing  (of 'ing),  n.  that  part  of 
the  sea  with  deep  water  off  the 
shore. 

off-scour-ing  ('skour-ing),  n. 
refuse. 

off-scum   ('skum),  n.  dregs;  filth. 

off -set  ('set),  n.  a  young  shoot  or 
bud ;  a  sum  or  account  placed  as 
an  equivalent  for  another ;  in 
surveying,  a  perpendicular  let 
fall  from  the  main  line  to  an  out- 
lying point. 

off-side  ('sid),  n.  the  side  to  the 
right  hand  of  the  driver. 

off-spring  ('spring),  n.  children; 
descendants. 

tfi/n.  issue,  progeny. 

oft-en  ('en),  adv.  many  times; 
frequently. 

o-gee  (6-je'),  n.  a  wave-like  mold- 
ing, one  side  convex  the  other 
concave ;  a  cyma. 


o-gle  ('gl),  v.t.  to  look  fondly  at 
with  a  side  glance :  n.  a  side 
glance. 

o-gre  (p'ger),  n.  an  imaginary 
man-eating  monster  or  giant. 

o-gre-ish   (-ish).  adj.  like  an  oszre. 

oh  (o),  intcrj .  an  exclamation  of 
wonder,  pain,  or  anxiety. 

ohm  (6m),  n.  the  unit  of  electri- 
cal resistance. 

oil  (oil),  n.  a  highly  inflammable 
fatty  liquid  obtained  from  various 
animal  and  vegetable  substances : 
v.t.  to  lubricate  with  oil. 

oil-cake  ('kak),  n.  the  substance 
that  remains  after  the  oil  has 
been  expressed,  as  from  flaxseed. 

oil-cloth  "klSth),  n.  painted  can- 
vas for  floor  covering. 

oil-col  or  ('kul-er),  n.  a  pigment 
made  by  grinding  a  coloring  sub- 
stance in  oil ;  a  painting  executed 
in  oil-colors. 

oil-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  oily  quality; 
greasiness. 

oil-y  ('i),  adj.  containing,  or  like, 
oil ;  greasy  ;  unctuous  :  flattering. 

oint-ment  (oint'ment),  n.  an 
unctuous  substance  applied  to  a 
wound  or  injured  part. 

o-ka-pi  (6-ka'pi),  n.  a  recently 
discovered  animal  of  western 
Africa.  It  is  allied  to  the  giraffe. 

ok-ra  (ok'rfi),  n.  a  \Vest  Indian 
plant,  the  pods  of  which  are  used 
in  soups,  &c.  Okro,  ochra. 

old  (old),  adj.  [com p.  older,  su- 
pcrl.  oldest],  aged;  decayed  by 
time ;  ancient ;  out  of  date ;  long 
practiced. 

<S»/H.        aged,        superannuated, 
ancient,    antique,    antiquated,    ob- 
solete, old-fashioned. 
Ant.   (see  young). 

old-en  (old'en),    adj.  ancient;  by- 

Sone. 
d-ish     (old'ish),    adj.    somewhat 
old. 

old  style  (stil),  n.  the  old  mode 
of  reckoning  time  according  to 
the  Julian  year  of  3t>.~)1/1  d.-iys. 

o-le-ag-i-nous  (o-le-aj'i-nus),  adj. 
oily ;  unctuous. 

o-le-an-der  (-an'der),  n.  an  ever- 
green shrub  with  handsome  fra- 
grant flowers. 

o-le-as-ter  (-as'ter),  n.  the  wild 
olive. 

o-le-fi-ant  ('e-fi'ant),  adj.  noting 
a  gas  formed  by  heating  2  vol- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ole 


593 


OD 


umes  of  sulphuric  acid  with  1 
volume  of  alcohol. 

o-le-fi-ant  gas  (gas),  n.  heavy 
carburetted_  hydrogen. 

o-le-fine  (6'le-fm),  n.  a  hydro- 
carbon containing  2  atoms  of  hy- 
drogen and  1  atom  of  carbon. 

o-le-ic  (;le-ik),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  obtained  from,  oil. 

o-le-ic  ac-id  (as'id),  n.  an  oily 
acid  obtained  from  the  saponifi- 
cation  of  linseed  and  other  oils, 
or  in  the  makincr  of  soap. 

o-le-if-er-ons  (-le-if'er-us),  adj. 
producing  oil. 

o-le-ine  ('le-in),  n.  the  pure  liquid 
part  of  oil  or  fat.  Also  olein. 

oleo,  a  prefix  meaning  oily,  per- 
taining to  oil,  or  oil  11. 

o-le-o-graph.  ('le-o-graf),  n.  a 
lithograph  m  oil-colors. 

o-le-o-mar-gar-ine  (-o-miir'gar- 
in),  M.  imitation  butter  made 
from  milk  and  animal  fat,  &c. 

o-le-om-e-ter  (-om'e-ter),  n.  an 
instrument  for  testing  and  de- 
termining the  relative  density  of 
oils. 

o-le-o-oil  (-oil),  n.  oil  obtained 
from  animal  fat. 

ol-fac-tp-ry  (ol-fak'to-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  used  in,  smell- 
ing: n.  organ  of  smell  (usually 
pi). 

o-lib-a  mini  (o-lib'a-num).  n.  a 
gum  resin ;  the  frankincense  of 
the  ancients.  Also  oliban. 

ol-i-garch  (ol'i-gilrk),  n.  one  of 
an  oligarchy. 

ol-i-gar-chal  (-51),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  an  oligarchy. 

ol-i-gar-chy  Ci-gar-ki),  n.  [pi. 
oligarchies  (-kiz)],  government  in 
which  the  supreme  power  is  in 
the  hands  of  a  few ;  a  state  so 
governed. 

ol-ive  ('iv),  n.  a  plant  of  the 
genus  Olea,  or  its  oily  fruit ;  a 
tawny  yellow  color:  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  resembling,  the  olive. 

ol-ive -branch  (-branch),  n.  the 
branch  of  the  olive :  the  emblem 
of  peace. 

ol-i-vet  Ci-vet),  n.  an  imitation 
pearl  made  for  traffic  with  savage 
races. 

ol-iv-il  ('iv-il).  n.  a  crystalline 
substance  obtained  from  the  gum 
of  the  olive  tree. 


ol-iv-ine  ('iv-in),  n.  a  variety  of 
chrysolite. 

O-lym-pi-ad  (5-Iim'pi-ad).  n.  in 
ancient  Greece,  the  interval  (4 
years)  between  the  celebration  of 
the  Olympic  games :  a  system  of 
chronology  reckoning  from  the 
first  Olympiad.  776  B.  C. 

O-lym-pic  ('pik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  Olympia  in  Elis,  where  the 
Olympic  games  were  celebrated. 
Also  Olympian:  n.pl.  the  Olympic 
games  of  ancient  Greece,  cele- 
brated every  four  years  in  honor 
of  Zeus  of  Mt.  Olympus. 

om-ber,  om-bre  (om'ber),  n.  a 
card  game. 

om-brom-e-ter  (-brom'e-ter),  n. 
a  rain-gage. 

o-me-ga  (o-me'ga),  n.  the  last  let- 
ter of  the  Greek  alphabet :  hence 
the  last ;  end. 

om-e-let  (om'e-let),  n.  a  kind  of 
pancake  of  eggs,  &c. 

o-nien  (5'men),  n.  a  sign  of  some 
future  event :  v.t.  to  portend  or 
prognosticate. 

>'.</».  presage,  prognostic. 

om-i-nous  (pm'i-nus),  adj.  fore- 
boding evil ;  inauspicious. 

omission  (6-mish'un),  n.  neg- 
lect or  failure  to  do  something 
required  ;  something  omitted. 

O-mit  (-mif),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
omitted,  p.pr.  omitting],  to  leave 
out ;  neglect ;  fail  to  mention. 

onmi,  a  prefix  meaning  all,  en- 
tirely, as  omnipresent. 

om-ni-bus  (om'ni-bus),  n.  a  pub- 
lic four-wheeled  carriage  for  pas- 
senger traffic. 

om-nip-o-tence  (-nip'o-tens),  n. 
unlimited  power. 

om-nip-o-tent  ('o-tent),  adj.  hav- 
ing unlimited  power. 

Om-nip-o-tent,  n.  God  (with 
the). 

om  ni-pres-ence  (-ni-prez'ens), 
n.  universal  presence. 

om-nis-cient  (-nish'ent),  adj. 
knowing  all  things ;  infinitely 
wise. 

om-niv-o-rous  (-niv'er-us),  adj. 
feeding  upon  animal  and  vege- 
table food ;  all-devouring. 

on  (on),  prep,  upon;  in  contact 
with  the  upper  part;  at;  near: 
f/'/r.  forward  :  onward  :  adj.  noting 
the  side  to  the  right  of  the  bats- 
man in  cricket :  inter  j.  go  on ! 


late,  mar,  mAsk,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ona 


594 


ope 


on-a-ger  (on'a-jer),  n.  the  wild 
ass. 

o  nan-ism  (6'nan-izm),  n.  mas- 
turbation. 

once  (wuns),  adv.  at  one  time; 
formerly ;  one  time. 

one  (wun),  adj.  single  in  num- 
ber; some  way;  individual:  n. 
[pi.  ones  (wunz)],  the  number 
one  or  its  symbol ;  an  individual. 

on-er-ous  (on'er-us),  adj.  burden- 
some ;  weighty  ;  oppressive. 

on-ion  (un'yun),  n.  a  bulbous- 
rooted  plant  of  the  genus  Allium  : 
used  in  cookery. 

on-ly  (on'li),  adj.  single;  one  and 
no  more  :  adv.  singly  ;  merely. 

on-o-mat-o-po3-ia  (on-6-mat-o- 
pe'ya),  n.  the  formation  of  words 
to  resemble  the  sounds  made  by 
the  thing  signified,  as  whiz;  the 
use  of  words  so  formed,  or  the 
word  itself. 

on-o-mat-o-po-et-ic  ( -po-et'ik ) , 
adj.  formed  by  onomatopceia. 
Also  onomatopoeic. 

on-set  ('set),  n.  an  assault;  at- 
tack. 

on-slaught  ('slawt),  n.  a  furious 
attack. 

on-to-gen-e-sis  (-to-jen'e-sis),  n. 
the  history  of  the  evolution  of  in- 
dividual organisms.  Also  ontog- 
eny. 

o  n-t  o-l  o  g-i  c-a  1  (-to-Ioj'ik-al ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  ontology ;  meta- 
physical. 

on-tol-o-gist  (-tol'o-jist),  n.  a 
metaphysician. 

on-tol-o-gy  ('o-ji).  n.  the  logic  of 
pure  being;  metaphysics. 

o-nns  (6-nus),  n.  a  burden;  duty; 
obligation. 

oil-ward  (on'werd),  adj.  advanc- 
ing; progressing:  adv.  in  advance. 
Also  onwards  :  inter j.  forward  ! 

on-yx  (on'iks),  n.  a  variety  of 
agate. 

o-b-lite  (o'o-lit),  n.  a  limestone 
composed  of  grains  like  the  roe 
of  a  fish. 

o-o-lit-ic  (-lit'ik).  adj,  pertaining 
to,  composed  of,  or  like,  oolite. 

o-iJl-o-gy  (-ol'o-jn.  n.  a  treatise 
on  birds'  eggs ;  the  scientific 
study  of  birds'  eggs. 

oo-long  (oo'long),  n.  a  Chinese 
black  tea,  the  flavor  of  which  re- 
sembles green  tea.  Also  oulong. 


oo  mi  ak  ('mi-ak),  n.  an  Eskimo 
fishing  and  transport  boat.  Also 
oomiac,  umiak. 

o-o-sperm  (6'o-sperm),  n.  a  fer- 
tilized ovum. 

o-o-the-ca  (-the'ka),  n.  the  egg- 
case  of  certain  mollusks  and  in- 
sects containing  the  eggs. 

ooze  (66z),  n.  soft  mud  or  slime; 
gentle  flow ;  liquor  of  a  tan  vat : 
v.i.  to  flow  gently ;  percolate. 

o-pae-i-ty  (6-pas'i-ti),  n.  opaque- 
ness. 

o-pah    Cpu),  n.  the  king-fish. 

o-pal  ('pal),  n.  a  precious  stone 
of  milky  hue,  exhibiting  a  play 
of  various  colors. 

o-pal-esce  (-es'),  v.i.  to  exhibit 
a  play  of  various  colors  like  the 
opal. 

o-pal-es-cence  ('ens),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  opalescent. 

o-pal-es-cent  Cent),  adj.  re- 
sembling opal  in  its  reflection  of 
light. 

o-pa-line  ('pa-lin),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  resembling,  the  opal. 

o-paque    (-pak'),   adj.  not   trans- 
parent. 
Syn.  dark. 
Ant.    (see  transparent). 

o-paque-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  qual- 
ity or  state  of  being  opaque. 

ope  (op),  v.  &  adj.  same  as  open 
[Poet.]. 

op-en  ( 'n ) ,  adj.  not  shut ;  unfast- 
ened ;  clear  of  trees ;  expanded ; 
uncovered  ;  unsealed  ;  not  frozen 
nor  frosty ;  clear ;  unreserved ; 
public  ;  generous  ;  frank  ;  sincere  ; 
enunciated  without  closing  the 
mouth :  v.t.  to  make  open ;  ex- 
plain ;  begin ;  expand ;  break  the 
seal  of:  v.i.  to  unclose  itself; 
commence;  begin  to  appear;  bark 
in  view  or  the  scent  of  game : 
said  of  a  dog. 

Syn.   candid,   unreserved,   clear, 
fair. 

Ant.  (see  hidden). 

o-pen-ing  (-ing),  n.  an  aperture; 
beginning;  opportunity:  adj.  first 
in  order. 

op-er-a  (op'er-a),  n.  a  musical 
drama. 

op-er-a-bonffe  (-boof),  n.  a 
comic  opera. 

op-er-a-cloak  (-klok).  n.  a 
lady's  evening  dress  cloak  worn 
at  an  opera,  theater,  &c. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  mo5n, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ope 


595 


opp 


op-er-a-glaas  (-glas),  n.  a  small 
binocular  glass  used  in  operas, 
theaters,  &c. 

op-er-am-e-ter  (-er-am'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  recording  the 
number  of  revolutions  made  by 
the  shaft  or  wheel  of  a  machine. 

op-er-ate  ('er-at),  v.i.  to  work; 
produce  a  certain  effect ;  perform 
a  surgical  operation  :  t'.t.  to  cause 
to  perform  certain  work :  as,  to 
operate  a  machine. 

op-er-at-ic  (-at'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  opera. 

op-er-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  operating  ;  agency  ;  effect ; 
manipulation ;  surgical  perform- 
ance with  instruments ;  a  series 
of  movements  of  an  army  or 
fleet. 

Syn.    action,    force,    execution, 
effect. 

Ant.    (see  inaction). 

op-er-a-tive  ('er-a-tiv) .  adj.  hav- 
ing the  power  of  acting ;  effica- 
cious ;  vigorous  :  n.  an  artisan  or 
skilled  workman. 

op-er-a-tor  Cer-a-ter),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  operates. 

op-er-et-ta  (op-er-et'sl) ,  n.  a  light 
musical  drama. 

o  p  h-i-c  1  e  i  d  e  (of'i-klid),  n.  a 
large  brass  keyed  musical  instru- 
ment of  the  horn  class. 

O-ph.id-i.-a  (6-fid'i-a),  n.pl.  an 
order  of  reptiles,  including  the 
serpents. 

0-phid-i-an  ('i-an),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  Ophidia  ;  snake-like : 
n.  one  of  the  Ophidia. 

oph-i-o-log-ic-al  (of-i-o-loj'ik-al) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  ophiology. 

oph-i-ol-o-gy  (-ol'o-ji),  n.  that 
branch  of  natural  history  which 
treats  of  serpents. 

oph-thal-mi-a  (of-thal'mi-a),  n. 
inflammation  of  the  eye  or  eye- 
ball. Also  ophthalmitis. 

oph-thal-niic  ('mik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  eye. 

oph-thal-mol-o-gist  (-mol'o- 

jist),  n.  one  who  is  skilled  in  dis- 
eases of  the  eye. 

oph-thal-mol-o-gy  ('o-ji),  n.  the 
science  that  treats  of  the  eye  and 
its  diseases. 

oph-thal  mo-scope  ( 'mo-skop ) , 
n.  an  instrument  for  examining 
the  interior  of  the  eye. 


oph-thal-mos-co-py  (-mos'ko-pi), 
n.  examination  of  the  eye. 

o-pi-ate  (6'pi-at),  n.  a  medicine 
compounded  with  opium  to  induce 
sleep  or  rest ;  narcotic ;  anything 
that  soothes  :  adj.  narcotic  ;  sooth- 
ing ;  inducing  sleep  or  quiet. 

o-pine  (6-pin'),  v.i.  to  think;  be 
of  opinion. 

o-pin-ion   (-pin'yun),  n.  belief  or 
judgment ;  estimation  ;  persuasion. 
•S//H.  notion,  view,  judgment,  be- 
lief, sentiment. 

o-pin-ion-a-ted  (-fi-ted),  adj. 
firm  or  obstinate  in  one's  opin- 
ions. 

$yn.  conceited,  egotistical. 
Ant.   (see  modest). 

o-pin-ion-a-tive  (-a-tiv),  adj. 
fond  of  preconceived  ideas ;  self- 
conceited. 

o-pin-ion-a-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  ob- 
stinately. 

o-pi-um  (o'pi-um),  n.  the  dried 
juice  of  the  capsules  of  the  white 
poppy. 

op-o-bal-sam  (op-o-bawl'sam),  n. 
balm  of  Gilead. 

op-o-del-doc  (-del'dok),  n.  a  soap 
liniment :  used  for  sprains,  &c. 

o-pos-sum  (o-pos'um),  n.  an 
American  and  Australian  mar- 
supial carnivorous  mammal. 

op-po-nent  (op-po'nent),  adj.  op- 
posite ;  adverse  ;  antagonistic  :  n. 
one  who  opposes,  especially  in 
argument  or  debate  ;  adversary. 

op-por-tune  (-per-tun'),  adj. 
well-timed  ;  seasonable. 

op-por-tune-ly  ('li),  adv.  season- 
ably. 

op-por-tnne-ness  ('nes),  n.  sea- 
sonableness. 

op-por-tun-ism  ('izm),  «.  sacri- 
fice of  principle  to  circumstances, 
especially  in  politics. 

op-por-tun-ist  ('ist),  n.  one  who 
takes  advantage  of  circumstances 
to  promote  the  political  interests 
of  his  party. 

op-por-tu-ni-ty  (-tu'ni-ti),  n.  con- 
venient time  or  occasion. 

op-po-sa-ble  (-poz'a-bl),  adj. 
that  may  be  opposed. 

op-pose      (-poz'),      v.t.      to      act 
against ;     contend     with  ;     resist ; 
place  as  an  obstacle;  check. 
NI/H.  resist,  withstand,  thwart. 
Ant.   (see  give  way). 

op-po-site  ('po-zit).  adj.  placed  or 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


opp 


596 


ora 


standing  in  front ;  contrary ;  ad- 
verse ;  antagonistic. 

op-po-site-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  front; 
adversely. 

opposite-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  opposite. 

op-po-si-tion  (-zish'un),  «.  the 
act  or  state  of  opposing ;  hostile 
resistance;  contrariety;  obstacle; 
the  situation  of  two  heavenly 
bodies  when  their  longitudes  differ 
by  180°  ;  the  collective  body  of 
opponents  to  the  existing  adminis- 
tration or  government. 

op-po-si-tion-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  of 
the  party  that  opposes  an  admin- 
istration or  government. 

op-press  (-pres'),  v.t.  to  burden; 
crush  by  hardship  or  severity  ;  lie 
heavily  upon. 

op-pres-sion  (-presh'un),  n.  the 
act  of  oppressing ;  state  of  being 
oppressed  ;  hardship  ;  calamity  ; 
injustice  ;  lassitude  ;  dulness. 

op-press-ive  (-pres'iv),  adj.  un- 
reasonably burdensome ;  unjustly 
severe  ;  tyrannical ;  overpowering  ; 
heavy. 

op-press-ive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  an 
oppressive  manner. 

op-press-ive-ness  (-nes).  «.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  op- 
pressive. 

op-press-or  ('er),  «.  one  who  op- 
presses. 

op-pro-bri-ous  (-pro'bri-us),  adj. 
expressive  of  opprobrium ;  re- 
proachful and  contemptuous ;  dis- 
graceful. 

op-pro-bri-um  ('bri-um),  n.  re- 
proach with  disdain  or  contempt ; 
ignominy. 

op-si-om-e-ter  (-si-om'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
limits  of  distinct  vision. 

op-ta-tive  ('ta-tiv),  adj.  express- 
ing desire  or  wish. 

op-tic  ('tik),  adj.  pertaining  to 
vision.  Also  optical :  n.pl.  the 
science  of  the  properties  of  light 
and  vision. 

op-tic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  by  op- 
tics or  vision. 

op-ti-cian  (-tish'un),  n.  one 
skilled  in  optics ;  one  who  makes 
or  sells  optical  instruments. 

op-ti-graph  ('ti-graf),  n.  a  kind 
of  camera  for  copying  landscapes. 

op  ti-iiiism      ('ti-mizm),     n.     the 


doctrine  that  everything  in  the 
present  state  of  existence  is  for 
the  best. 

op-ti-mist  ('ti-mist),  n.  one  who 
holds  the  doctrine  of  optimism. 

op-ti-mis-tic  (-mis'tik),  adj. 
characterized  by  optimism ;  san- 
guine. 

op-ti-mis-tic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
hopefully. 

op-tion.  ('shun),  n.  power  or 
right  of  choice  ;  wish  ;  selection  ; 
on  the  Stock  Exchange,  the 
liberty  to  sell  or  buy  stock  in  a 
time  bargain  at  a  stated  price. 
N.i/n.  choice. 

op-tion-al  (-al),  adj.  left  to  one's 
wish  or  choice. 

op-tion-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  at  one's 
own  option. 

op-tom-e-ter,  same  as  opsiometer. 

op-u-lence  ('u-lens),  n.  wealth. 
Also  opulency. 

op-u-lent  (Ti-lent),  adj.  wealthy; 
rich. 

o-pus  (6'pus),  n.  [pi.  opera 
(-op'er-a)  ],  a  work ;  musical 
composition. 

op-us-cule  ('kul),  n.  a  little 
work ;  brochure. 

or  (or),  conj.  the  correlative  of 
either. 

or-a-cle  (or'a-kl),  n.  among  the 
ancients,  the  response  of  a  deity 
or  inspired  priest  to  some  in- 
quiry ;  the  deity  who  gave  the 
answer ;  the  place  where  a  deity 
might  be  consulted ;  the  Jewish 
temple ;  a  prophetic  declaration  ; 
a  prophet  or  person  of  reputed 
wisdom. 

o-rac-u-lar  (6-rak'ii-lar),  adj.  of 
the  nature  of  an  oracle ;  uttering 
oracles  ;  dogmatically  magisterial ; 
ambiguous ;  venerable. 

o-ral   ('rfil).  adj.  verbal. 

o-ral-ly    (-li),  adv.  verbally. 

or-ange  (or'enj),  n.  a  tree  (Citrus 
Aurantium)  with  a  deep  golden- 
colored  and  juicy  fruit ;  the  color 
of  such  fruit :  adj.  pertaining  to 
an  orange ;  orange-colored. 

oxvange-ade  (-fid'),  n.  a  beverage 
made  from  orange-juice. 

or-ange-mau  (-man),  n.  [pi. 
orangcmen  (-men)],  a  member  of 
a  political  society  of  Irish  Protest- 
ants :  named  from  William  III., 
Prince  of  Orange. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ora 


597 


ord 


or-ange-ry  (-ri),  n.  a  place  for 
the  cultivation  of  oranges. 

o-rang-ou-tang  (o-rang'oo-tang) , 
n.  the  great  anthropoid  ape  of 
the  Eastern  Archipelago. 

o-ra-tion  (-ra'shun),  n.  a  formal 
public  speech  delivered  on  an  oc- 
casion of  special  importance ; 
harangue. 

or-a-tor  (or'a-ter),  n.  one  who 
makes  an  oration ;  an  eloquent 
speaker. 

or-a-tor-ic-al  (-tor'ik-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  an  orator  or  to  ora- 
tory ;  rhetorical. 

or-a-tor-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
rhetorical  manner. 

or-a-to-ri-o  (-to'ri-o),  n.  a  musical 
composition  having  a  sacred  theme 
as  its  subject. 

or-a-to-ry  ('a-to-ri),  n.  the  art 
of  an  orator ;  eloquence :  n.pl. 
oratories,  a  small  chapel,  espe- 
cially one  for  private  devotion. 

orb  (Orb),  n.  a  circular  body; 
sphere  ;  the  eye  ;  circuit. 

orbed  (orbd),  adj.  spherical.  Or- 
biculate. 

or-bic-u-lar  (-bik'u-lar),  adj. 
orb-shaped. 

or-bit  ('bit),  n.  the  bony  cavity  of 
the  eye ;  the  path  described  by  a 
heavenly  body  during  its  periodical 
revolution. 

or-bit-al  (-al),  adj.  pertaining  to 
an  orbit. 

or-chard  ('cherd),  n.  an  inclosure 
of  fruit  trees. 

or-clies-tra  ('kes-tra),  n.  in  the 
ancient  Greek  theater  the  place 
where  the  chorus  danced ;  in  a 
modern  theater,  &c.,  the  place  oc- 
cupied by  the  musicians ;  the  par- 
quet ;  the  body  of  musicians. 

or-ches-tral  (-tral),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  suited  to,  or  performed 
by,  an  orchestra. 

or-ches-tra-tion  (-tra'shun),  n. 
musical  arrangement  or  instru- 
mentation for  an  orchestra. 

or-chid  ('kid),  n.  a  handsome 
flower,  often  of  fantastic  shape, 
of  the  genus  Orchis. 

Or-chis  ('kis),  n.  a  genus  of 
plants  with  curiously-shaped  roots 
and  flowers. 

or-cin  ('sin),  n.  a  coloring  sub- 
stance obtained  from  lichens. 

or-dain.    (-dan'),  v.t.   to  appoint; 


institute ;   invest  with  ministerial 
or  priestly  functions. 

or-deal  ('de-al),  n.  an  ancient 
method  of  trial  by  fire,  water, 
combat,  &c.,  to  determine  the 
guilt  or  innocence  of  an  accused 
person :  hence  a  severe  trial  or 
test. 

or-der  ('der),  n.  method  or  regu- 
lay  arrangement ;  settled  mode  of 
procedure  ;  rule  ;  regulation  ; 
command  ;  class  ;  rank  ;  degree  ;  a 
religious  fraternity ;  an  asso- 
ciation of  persons  possessing  a 
common  honorary  distinction ;  a 
division  intermediate  between  a 
class  or  sub-class  and  a  family ; 
in  architecture,  a  system  of  con- 
structing and  ornamenting  col- 
umns, comprising  the  Tuscan, 
Doric,  Ionic,  Corinthian,  and 
Composite :  pi.  the  three  orders 
(bishop,  priest,  deacon)  of  the 
Christian  ministry  in  an  Episco- 
pal Church  (Holy  Orders)  :  v.t. 
to  regulate  or  manage  ;  command  ; 
conduct ;  direct :  v.i.  to  give,  a 
command  or  order. 

Syn.      method,      rule,      system, 
regularity. 

Ant.    (see  disorder). 

or-der-ing  ('der-ing),  n.  arrange- 
ment, distribution. 

or-der-ly  ('der-li),  adj.  well  regu- 
lated ;  methodical ;  performed  in 
good  order ;  peaceable ;  on  mili- 
tary duty :  n.  a  soldier  who  at- 
tends upon  an  officer  to  carry  his 
orders :  adv.  methodically. 

or-din-al  ('din-Si),  adj.  noting 
order :  n.  a  number  noting  order ; 
a  book  containing  the  form  of 
service  for  ordination. 

or-di-nan.ce  ('di-nans),  n.  an  es- 
tablished rule,  rite,  or  law. 

or-di-na-ri-ly  ('di-na-ri-li),  adj. 
according  to  established  rule  or 
method ;  usually. 

or-di-na-ry  ('di-na-ri),  adj.  ac- 
cording to  established  order; 
usual ;  customary  ;  commonplace  ; 
mediocre ;  plain ;  a  meal  for  all 
comers  at  fixed  charges ;  an  ec- 
clesiastical judge ;  a  prison  chap- 
lain ;  in  heraldry,  that  part  oi 
the  escutcheon  contained  between 
straight  and  other  lines. 

or-di-nate  ('di-nat).  n.  a  straight 
line  in  a  curve  terminated  on  both 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


ord 


598 


ori 


sides  by  the  curve  and  bisected 
by  the  diameter. 

or-di-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  conferring  holy  orders ; 
the  state  of  being  ordained  or  ap- 
pointed. 

ard-nance  (ord'nans),  n. 
artillery. 

ore  (or),  n.  metal  as  extracted 
from  the  earth  in  its  natural 
state  or  combined  with  some 
other  substance. 

o-re-ad  (6're-ad),  n.  a  mountain 
nymph. 

or-gan  (Or'gan),  n.  an  instru- 
ment ;  means  of  communication 
or  conveyance ;  that  part  of  a 
living  structure  by  means  of 
Avhich  some  function  is  discharged 
or  work  performed ;  a  wind  in- 
strument. 

or-gan-ic  (-gan'ik).  adj.  pertain- 
ing to.  composed  of,  containing, 
or  produced  by,  organs ;  instru- 
mental. Also  organiral. 

or-gan-ic -al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in 
an  organic  manner ;  with,  or  by 
means  of,  organs. 

or-gan-ic-al-ness  (-nes),  n.  or- 
ganic quality. 

or-gan-ism  ('gun-izm),  n.  organ- 
ical  structure. 

or-gan-ist  ('ist),  n.  a  performer 
on  the  organ. 

or-gan-i-za-tion  (-i-za'shun),  n. 
organic  structure ;  the  act  of 
organizing ;  a  political  combina- 
tion. 

or-gan -ize  ('g:\n-iz),  v.t.  to  form 
or  furnish  with  organs ;  to  ar- 
range or  distribute  into  parts 
with  the  proper  officials  so  as  to 
work  or  carry  out  a  scheme  effi- 
ciently. 

or-gan-og-e-ny  ('oj-e-ni),  n.  or- 
ganic development. 

or-gan-og-ra-phy  (-og'ra-fi),  n. 
a  scientific  description  of  the  or- 
gans of  animals  or  plants. 

or-gan-ol-o-gy  (-ol'o-ji),  n.  that 
branch  of  physiology  which  treats 
of  animal  organs. 

or-ga-non  ('ga-non),  «.  a  body  of 
rules  for  regulating  scientific  or 
philosophical  investigation. 

or-gan-o-plas-tic  (-6-plas'tik). 
adj.  producing,  or  evolving,  or- 
ganic tissue. 

or-gan -zine   ('gan-zin),  n.  thrown 


silk  of  very  fine  texture ;  a  fabric 
made  fror>  it. 

or-gasm  ('gazm),  n.  immoderate 
excitement  or  action. 

orgues  (6rgz),  n.pl.  pieces  of 
timber  pointed  and  shod  with 
iron ;  an  arrangement  of  gun- 
barrels  in  parallel  order  for  firing 
simultaneously. 

or-gy  ('ji),  n.  a  drunken  revel, 
especially  at  night :  pi.  secret 
rites  in  the  worship  of  Dionysus 
(Bacchus)  distinguished  by  wild 
revelry. 

o-ri-el  (5'ri-el),  n.  a  large  bay 
window. 

O-ri-ent  ('ri-ent),  adj.  Oriental: 
n.  the  East. 

o-ri-ent  ('ri-ent),  v.t.  to  define 
the  position  of  with  reference  to 
the  East. 

O-ri-en-tal  (-en'tal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  situated  in,  the  East ; 
proceeding  from  Asia  or  the  East: 
n.  an  inhabitant  of  Asia  or  the 
East. 

o-ri-en-tal  (-en'tal),  adj.  pre- 
cious ;  pure ;  valuable :  said  of 
gems. 

O-ri-en-tal-ism  (-izm),  n.  an 
idiom  or  custom  characteristic  of 
the  East. 

O-ri-en-tal-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  who 
is  skilled  in  Oriental  languages, 
subjects,  &c. 

o-ri-en-tate  (-tat),  v.t.  &  v.i.  to 
turn  towards  the  East. 

o-ri-en-ta-tion  (-ta'shun),  n.  the 
determination  of  the  position  of 
the  east ;  eastward  position ;  the 
faculty  possessed  by  certain  birds 
of  finding  their  way  home  from 
long  distances. 

or-i-fice  (or'i-fis),  n.  a  mouth  or 
aperture. 

or-i-flamme  ('i-flam),  n.  the  an- 
cient royal  standard  of  France,  a 
red  flag  split  at  one  end  and  form- 
ing flame-shaped  streamers. 

or-i-gin  ('i-jin),  n.  beginning; 
first  existence  ;  source ;  cause  ;  der- 
ivation. 

Syn.  cause,  occasion,  source,  be- 
ginning. 

Ant.   (see  end). 

o-rig-i-nal  (6-rij'i-nal),  adj.  first 
in  order;  having  power  to  origi- 
nate ;  not  copied :  n.  that  from 
which  anything  is  copied.  &c. ;  the 
language  in  which  a  work  is  writ- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  lot :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


orl 


599 


ort 


ten ;  archetype ;  an  eccentric  per- 
son. 

o-rig-i-nal-i-ty  ('i-ti).  n.  origi- 
nal state  or  quality. 

o-rig-i-nal-ly    (-li),   adv.  at  first. 

o-rig-i-nal  sin  (sin),  n.  the  in- 
herent tendency  of  mankind  to 
sin,  derived  from  Adam  and  im- 
puted to  his  descendants. 

o-rig-i-nate  (-rij'i-nat),  v.t.  to 
bring  into  existence :  v.i.  to  rise ; 
commence. 

o-rig-i-na-tion.  (-na'shun),  n. 
first  production  ;  source  ;  method 
of  production. 

o-rig-i-na-tor  ('i-nu-ter),  n.  one 
who  originates. 

o-ri-ole  (o'ri-6l),  n.  the  golden- 
thrush. 

or-lop  (or'lop),  «.  the  lowest 
deck  of  a  ship. 

or-mo-lu  ('mo-lop),  n.  bronze  or 
copper  gilt  in  imitation  of  gold. 

or-na-ment  ('na-ment),  n.  any- 
thing that  adorns  or  beautifies ; 
embellishment :  v.t.  to  adorn, 
beautify,  or  decorate. 

or-na-ment-al-ly  ('ul-li),  adv.  so 
as  to  adorn. 

or-na-ment-a-tion.  (-a'shun),  n. 
decoration. 

or-nate    (-naf),  adj.  ornamented. 

or-nate-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  an  or- 
nate manner. 

ornitli,  a  prefix  meaning  lird. 
Also  ornitho,  as  ornitholite,  the 
remains  of  a  bird  in  a  fossil  state. 

or-ni-tho-log-ic-al  (-ni-tho-loj'ik- 
al),  adj.  pertaining  to  ornithol- 
ogy. 

or-ni-tliol-o-gist  (-thol'o-jist),  n. 
one  who  is  skilled  in  ornithology. 

or-ni-thol-o-gy  ('o-ji),  n.  the 
scientific  study  of  birds. 

or-ni-thpp-ter  (or-ni-thop'ter ) . 
n.  a  flying  machine  with  propel- 
lers resembling  in  action  the 
wings  of  a  bird. 

or-o-grapli-ic  (or-o-graf'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  orography.  Also 
orographical. 

o-rpg-ra-phy  (o-rog'ra-fi),  n.  the 
science  that  treats  of  mountains, 
mountain  systems,  their  height, 
&c.  Also  orology. 

o-ro-ide  (o'ro-Id),  n.  an  alloy  of 
tin  and  copper  resembling  gold. 

o-ro-tund  (o'ro-tund),  adj.  charac- 
terized by  fullness,  clearness, 


strength,  and  smoothness :  said  of 
the  voice  or  manner  of  utterance : 
n.  a  quality  of  voice  thus  charac- 
terized. 

or-phan  (or'fan),  n.  a  child  bereft 
of  one  or  both  parents :  adj. 
bereft  of  parents. 

or-phan-age  (-aj),  n.  the  state  of 
an  orphan ;  an  institution  for  or- 
phans. 

or-phaned  ('fand),  adj.  bereft  of 
parents. 

Or-phe-an  ('fe-an),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Orpheus,  the  celebrated 
bard  of  classic  mythology ;  hence 
melodious,  enchanting.  Also  Or- 
phic. 

or-plirey  ('fri),  n.  an  embroidered 
band  or  bauds  of  gold  or  silver 
on  the  front  of  an  ecclesiastical 
vestment  from  the  neck  down- 
wards, especially  on  a  cope. 

or-pi-ment  ('pi-ment),  «.  yellow 
sulphuret  of  arsenic ;  king's  yel- 
low. 

or-pin.  ('pin),  n.  a  yellow  color 
of  various  shades  of  intensity. 

or-pine  ('pin),  n.  a  succulent 
plant  with  fleshy  leaves :  so 
named  from  its  yellow  color. 

or-re-ry  (or'e-ri),  n.  an  apparatus 
to  illustrate  by  balls  mounted  on 
rods  the  motions,  magnitudes, 
and  positions  of  the  planets  of 
the  solar  system. 

or-ris  ('is),  n.  gold  or  silver  lace; 
the  iris. 

or-ris-root  (-root),  n.  the  dried 
roots  of  the  Florentine  orris : 
used  as  a  perfume. 

or-thite  (or'thit),  n.  a  variety 
of  allanite. 

ortho,  a  prefix  meaning  straight, 
right,  true. 

or  tho-clase  (or'tho-klaz),  n. 
potash  feldspar. 

or-tho-di-o-graph.        ( 6r-tho'di-6- 
graf),  n.  a  device  for  taking  X-. 
ray   pictures    of   the   internal   or- 
gans of  the  human  body. 

or  tho-clox  ('tho-doks),  adj.  hold- 
ing, or  in  accordance  with,  the 
received  or  established  belief  or 
doctrine,  especially  as  taught  in 
the  formularies  of  a  particular 
church. 

or-thp-dox-y  (-dok-si),  n.  con- 
formity to  orthodox  belief  or 
opinion ;  soundness  of  belief  or 
doctrine. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  f/ten. 


ort 


600 


ost 


or-tho-e-py  (-tho'e-pi),  n.  cor- 
rect pronunciation. 

or-thog-o-nal  (-thog'o-nal),  adj. 
rectangular. 

or-thog-ra-plier  ('ra-fer).  n.  one 
skilled  in  orthography.  Also  or- 
thographist. 

or-tho-graph-ic  (-tho^graf'ik) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  orthography ; 
correctly  spelt.  Also  orthograph- 
ic;1.1. 

or-tlio-graph-ic-al-ly  (-al-li), 
<i<lr.  according  to  the  rules  of 
orthography. 

or-tb.og-ra-pliy  (-thog'ra-fi),  «. 
the  art  of  spelling  and  writing 
words  correctly. 

or-th.o-pae-di.-a  (-tho-pe'di-a),  n. 
the  prevention  and  cure  of  de- 
formities, especially  in  children. 

or-to-lan  ('to-lan).  n.  a  small 
bird,  allied  to  the  bunting;  much 
esteemed  for  its  flesh. 

os  (os),  n.  (Latin),  [pi.  ossa 
('a)],  a  bone;  the  mouth  (pi. 
ora). 

os-cil-late  ('i-lat),  v.i.  &  v.t.  to 
swing  backwards  and  forwards ; 
vibrate. 

os-cil-la-tion  «(-la'shun),  n.  a 
swinging  backwards  and  for- 
wards ;  vibration. 

os-cil-la-tor  (os'i-la-ter).  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  oscillates ;  a 
device  for  producing  electric  cur- 
rents of  a  constant  period,  in- 
dependently of  variations  in  its 
driving  force. 

os-cil-la-to-ry  (os'i-la-to-ri),  adj. 
swinging ;  vibrating. 

os-cu-late  ('ku-lat),  v.t.  &  v.i.  to 
kiss ;  touch. 

os-cu-la-tipn  (-la'shun),  n.  kiss- 
ing; touching. 

os-cu-la-to-ry  ('kit-la- to- ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to  kissing:  n.  a  taWet 
or  board  on  which  the  picture  of 
Christ  or  the  Virgin  Mary  is 
painted  for  worshipers  to  kiss. 

o-sier  (o'zher),  n.  a  willow,  the 
twigs  of  which  are  used  in  bas- 
ket-making ;  matter  in  muscular 
liber  containing  those  constituents 
to  which  its  taste  when  cooked 
is  due. 

os  iui-um  (os'mi-um),  n.  a  metal- 
lic element  in  platinum  ore. 

os-mose  ('mos),  n.  the  process  of 
attraction  by  which  gases  and 


fluids  pass   through   a   separating 
membrane. 

os-muud  Cmund),  n.  the  flower- 
ing fern  of  the  genus  Osmunda. 

os-na-burg  ('na-berg),  n.  a 
coarse  linen. 

os-prey  (os'pra),  n.  the  fish- 
hawk.  Also  ossifrage. 

os  se-in  ('e-in),  n.  gelatinous  tis- 
sue in  bone. 

os-se-ous  ('e-us),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  consisting  of,  or  like,  bone. 

os-se-ter  ('e-ter),  n.  a  species  of 
sturgeon,  yielding  a  fine  kind  of 
isinglass. 

os-si-cle  ('i-kl),  n,  a  little  bone: 
pi.  a  hard  structure  of  small 
size,  as  the  calcareous  plates  of 
the  starfish. 

os-sif-er-ous  (-if'er-us),  adj.  pro- 
ducing, or  containing,  bone. 

os-si-fi-ca-tion  (-fi-ka'shun),  n. 
conversion  of  soft  animal  tissue 
into  bone. 

os-si-fy  ('i-fl).  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  os- 
sified, p.pr.  ossifying],  to  convert 
into  bone  or  into  a  bone-like  sub- 
stance ;  harden :  v.i.  to  become 
bone. 

os-ten-si-bil-i-ty  (-ten-si-bil'i-ti), 
n.  the  state  or  quality  of  being 
ostensible. 

os-ten-si-ble  ('si-bl),  adj.  appar- 
ent ;  held  forth  to  view ;  plausible. 

os-ten-si-bly  ('si-bli),  adv.  in 
appearance. 

os-ten-siye  ('ten-sive),  adj.  show- 
ing ;  exhibiting. 

os-ten-ta-tion.  (-ta'shun),  n.  out> 
ward  show  or  appearance ;  ambi- 
tious or  vain  display. 

Syn.      display,      boast,      pomp, 
flourish,   parade. 
Ant.  (see  modesty). 

os-ten-ta-tious  ('shus),  adj.  fond 
of  show ;  intended  for  vain  dis- 
play ;  gaudy. 

os-te-o-den-tine  (-te-o-den'tin),  n. 
a  substance  forming  the  teeth 
of  vertebrate  animals  and  struct- 
urally intermediate  between  bone 
and  dentine. 

os-te-o-gen-e-sis  (-jen'e-sis),  n. 
bone  formation. 

os-te-pl-o-gist  (-ol'o-jist),  n.  one 
who  is  skilled  in  osteology. 

os-te-ol-o-gy  ('o-ji),  n.  that  part 
of  anatomy  treating  of  bones, 
their  structure,  &c. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  Let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  m56n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ost 


601 


out 


os-te-o-path-ic  (-o-patli'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  osteopathy. 

Os-te-op-a-thist  (-op'a-thist),  n. 
one  skilled  in,  or  who  practices, 
osteopathy. 

os-te-op-a-tliy  (-op'A-thi),  n.  a 
system  of  therapeutics  in  which 
the  treatment  is  by  manipulation 
of  the  bones,  muscles,  and  nerve 
centers. 

»ks-te-o-sar-co-ma  (-o-sar-ko'ma) , 
n.  softening  of  the  bones. 

os-ti-tis  (-tl'tis),  «.  inflammation 
of  the  bones. 

os-tler  (os'ler),  n.  a  man  who  at- 
tends to  horses  at  an  inn. 

os  tra-cism  ('tra-sizm),  n.  banish- 
ment by  ostracizing. 

os-tra-cize  ('tra-slz),  v.t.  to 
banish  by  popular  vote :  from  the 
ancient  custom  in  Athans  of  ban- 
ishing a  citizen  by  throwing  a 
shell,  Inscribed  with  the  name  of 
the  person  to  be  banished,  into  an 
urn ;  exclude  from  public  or 
private  favor. 

os-trich  ('trich),  n.  a  swift  run- 
ning African  bird,  valued  for  its 
feathers. 

Os-tro-gotli  ('tro-goth),  n.  an 
Eastern  Goth. 

oth-er  (utfi'er),  adj.  noting 
something  besides  ;  different ;  con- 
trary. 

otn-er-wise  (-wlz),  adv.  in 
another  manner ;  in  other  re- 
spects :  conj.  else. 

o-to-scope  (o'to-skop),  n.  an  in- 
strument for  examining  the  in- 
terior of  the  ear. 

Ot-ter  (ot'er),  n.  an  amphibious 
mammal  of  the  weasel  family, 
which  feeds  on  fish. 

ot-to,  another  form  of  attar. 

Otto-man  (ot'o-man),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characteristic  of, 
the  Turks  or  their  government :  n. 
a  Turk. 

ot-to  man  ('o-mfm),  n.  a  cushioned 
sent ;  a  movable  cushioned  foot- 
iv*  t. 

ought   (awt),  v.i.  to  be  under  ob- 
ligation ;     be     fit,     necessary,     or 
proper :  n.  anything. 
Syn.  should. 

ounce  Conns),  n.  a  weight  1-1  Oth 
of  a  pound  avoirdupois;  l-12th 
of  a  pound  troy ;  a  carnivorous 
animal  resembling  the  leopard. 


our  (our),  pron.  pertaining  to, 
or  belonging  to,  us. 

our-selves  (our-selvz'),  pron.pl. 
we  or  us,  not  others. 

ou-sel,  ou-zel  (oo'zel),  n.  the 
European  blackbird. 

oust  (oust),  v.t.  to  eject. 

out      (out),     adv.     without;     not 
within  or  at  home ;  abroad ;  gone 
forth ;    not    in    office    or    employ-    < 
ment ;  in  a  state  of  extinction  ;  to    : 
the   end ;   at  a   loss ;    without   re- 
straint ;   not   actively   engaged   in 
a    game ;    in    an    error ;    loudly : 
inter j.    begone ! :    n.    one    who    is 
not  in  office. 

out-and-out,  adj.  thorough :  adv. 
completely  ;  thoroughly. 

out-break  (out'brak),  n.  a  break- 
ing out ;  an  eruption. 

out-cast  ('kast),  adj.  cast  out; 
rejected :  n.  one  who  is  cast  or 
driven  out :  an  exile. 

out-crop  ('krop),  n.  the  exposure 
of  strata  at  the  earth's  surface : 
v.i.  to  crop  out  at  the  surface. 

out-cry  ('kri),  n.  clamor;  tumult. 

out-fall  ('fawl),  n.  the  lower  end 
of  a  water-course ;  point  of  dis- 
charge. 

out-go  (-go'),  v.t.  [p.t.  outwent, 
p.p.  outgone,  p.pr.  outgoing],  to 
go  beyond ;  surpass. 

out-go-ings,  ('ings),  n.pj.  ex- 
penses. 

out-her-od  (-her'od),  v.t.  to  ex- 
ceed the  cruelty  or  violent  char- 
acter of  (Herod  the  Great)  : 
hence  to  exceed  in  any  evil. 

out-land-ish  (-land'ish),  ad}, 
foreign  ;  extraordinary  ;  vulgar. 

out-law  ('law),  n.  one  who  is 
deprived  of  legal  benefits  and  pro- 
tection :  v.t.  to  deprive  of  legal 
benefits  and  protection. 

out-line  ('1m),  n.  a  line  bound- 
ing or  defining  a  figure ;  first 
sketch  :  v.t.  to  sketch  out. 

out-port  ('port),  n.  a  port  or 
harbor  at  some  distance  from  the 
chief  port. 

out -rage  Criij),  n.  open  and  ex- 
cessive violence ;  wanton  abuse  or 
mischief :  v.t.  to  commit  an  out- 
rage upon  ;  insult  indecently  :  r.i. 
to  act  in  an  outrageous  manner. 

ont-rage-ons  ('us),  adj.  violent: 
excessive ;  exceeding  all  bounds. 

ou-tre  (66-tra'),  adj.  over- 
strained ;  exaggerated. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


out 


602 


ove 


out-ri-der  (out'ri-der),  n.  a  serv- 
ant on  horseback  who  rides  in  ad- 
vance of  a  carriage. 

out-rig-ger  ('rig-er),  n.  a  pro- 
jecting spar  or  beam  for  extend- 
ing sails  or  ropes ;  a  boat  with 
projecting  row-locks. 

out-right  ('rlt),  adv.  completely; 
at  once. 

•out-side  ('sid),  n.  the  external 
part  of  anything ;  superficies ;  ut- 
most ;  a  passenger  on  the  top  of 
a  bus,  &c. :  pi.  the  exterior  sheets 
of  a  ream  of  paper :  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  situated  upon,  the  out- 
side ;  exterior. 

out-spo-ken  ('spo-kn),  adj.  can- 
did. 

out-stand-ing  (-stand'ing),  adj. 
projecting ;  unpaid. 

out- ward  ('werd),  adj.  external; 
to  or  from  the  exterior ;  visible ; 
extrinsic. 

Syn.  external,  outside,  exterior. 
Ant.    (see  inner). 

out-ward-bound  (-bound),  adj. 
sailing  to  foreign  parts. 

out-wards  ('werdz),  adv.  towards 
the  outside ;  to  foreign  parts. 
Also  outward. 

out-went,  p.t.  of  outgo. 

out-wit  (-wit'),  v.t.  to  over- 
reach, or  defeat,  by  superior  skill 
or  cunning. 

out-work  ('werk),  n.  a  defense 
constructed  beyond  the  main 
body  of  a  fort,  &c. 

ou-zel,  see  ousel. 

o-va,  pi.  of  ovum. 

o-val  (6'val),  adj.  shaped  like  an 
egg ;  elliptical :  n.  anything  egg- 
shaped. 

o-va-ri-an  (-va'ri-an),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  ovary. 

o-va-ri-tis  (-rl'tis),  n.  inflam- 
mation of  the  ovaries. 

o-va-ry  ('va-ri),  n.  [pi.  ovaries 
(-riz)],  the  organ  in  a  female 
animal  in  which  the  ova  or  first 
germs  of  future  life  are  formed ; 
the  hollow  seed-case  of  a  plant. 

o-vate    ('vat),    adj.   egg-shaped. 

o-vate-ob-long  (ob'16ng),  adj. 
longer  than  oval. 

o-va-tion  (-va'shun).  «.  among 
the  ancient  Romans,  a  minor 
triumph  of  a  general  for  an  in- 
ferior victory  at  which  sheep  were 


sacrificed ;  an  enthusiastic  demon- 
stration of  public  esteem. 

ov-en  (uv'n),  «.  a  place  or  ap- 
paratus for  baking  or  heating. 

o-ver  (o'ver),  prep,  superior  in 
position,  authority,  dignity,  ex- 
cellence, or  value ;  above ;  upon  ; 
across ;  covering ;  more  than : 
adv.  from  beginning  to  end ;  from 
one  to  another ;  from  side  to  side ; 
in  excess ;  on  the  surface ; 
throughout :  adj.  beyond ;  supe- 
rior: n.  in  cricket,  the  number  of 
balls  delivered  by  one  bowler. 

o-ver-alls  (-awlz),  n.pl.  loose 
trousers  worn  to  protect  others. 

o-ver-haul  (-hawl),  v.t.  to  ex- 
amine thoroughly  ;  overtake ;  gain 
upon :  said  of  a  ship. 

o-ver-plus    ('ver-plus),  n.   excess. 

o-ver-pow-er  (-pou'er),  v.t.  to 
bear  down  or  crush  by  superior 
force ;  vanquish. 

o-ver-pro-duc-tion  (-pro-duk'- 
shun),  n.  supply  in  excess  of  the 
demand. 

o-ver-seer  (-ser'),  n.  the  super- 
intendent of  some  department  of 
a  business ;  a  parochial  official 
who  superintends  the  poor. 

o-ver-shot  wheel  ('ver-shot 
hwel),  n.  a  water  wheel  which  is 
driven  by  water  flowing  over  its 
top. 

o-vert    ('vert),  adj.  open;  public. 

o-ver-take  (o-ver-tak'),  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  overtook,  p.pr.  overtakingl, 
to  catch  by  pursuit ;  come  upon 
as  a  punishment ;  take  by  sur- 
prise. 

o-ver-throw  (-thro'),  v.t.  to  turn 
upside  down  ;  demolish  ;  vanquish  ; 
destroy:  n.  ('ver-thro),  ruin;  de- 
feat ;  in  cricket,  a  ball  missed  by 
the  wicket-keeper  when  returned 
to  him. 

o-ver-tones  ('ver-tonz),  n.pl.  har- 
monics. 

o-ver-ture  ('ver-tur),  n.  an  offer 
or  proposal ;  opening ;  an  intro- 
ductory symphony  before  the  com- 
mencement of  an  opera,  &c.  f~ 

o-ver-ween-ing  (-wen'ing),  adj. 
conceited. 

o-ver-whelm  (-hwelm'),  v.t.  to 
crush  or  destroy  utterly. 

Syn.  crush,  defeat,  vanquish. 

o-ver- wise  (-wiz'),  adj.  affectedly 
wise. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ovl 


603 


ozo 


o-vic-u-lar  (-vik'u-lar),  adj.  per- 
taining to  an  egg ;  oviform. 

o-vip-a-rons  (-vip'a-rus),  adj.  pro- 
ducing young  by  eggs. 

o-void  ('void),  adj.  egg-shaped. 
Also  ovoidal. 

o-vo-lo  ('vo-16),  n.  a  round  or 
convex  egg-shaped  molding. 

o-vo-plasm  ('vo-plazm),  n.  the 
protoplasmic  substance  or  yolk  of 
an  egg. 

o-vp-vi-vip-a-rous  (-vi-vip'a-rus) , 
adj.  producing  eggs  containing 
the  young  in  a  living  state,  as 
certain  animals. 

o-vnle  ('vul),  n.  the  germ  borne 
by  the  placenta  of  a  plant,  and 
subsequently  developing  into  a 
seed. 

o-vnm  ('vum),  n.  [pi.  ova  ('va)], 
the  germ  or  body  in  the  ovary 
which,  when  impregnated,  de- 
velops in  the  foetus ;  an  egg- 
shaped  ornament. 

owe  (6),  v.t.  to  be  indebted,  or 
under  obligation  to  ;  be  obliged  to 
pay :  v.i.  to  be  in  debt. 

ow-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  due  as  a 
debt ;  ascribable  to  ;  imputable  to. 

owl  (oul),  n.  a  raptorial  noctur- 
nal bird  characterized  by  its  hoot : 
v.i.  to  smuggle. 

owl-et  ('et).  n.  a  young  owl. 

own  (on),  adj.  belonging  to;  pe- 
culiar or  proper  to :  v.t.  to  pos- 
sess or  hold  by  right ;  concede  or 
acknowledge. 

own-er  ('er),  n.  lawful  proprietor. 

own-er-ship  ('er-ship),  n.  right- 
ful possession. 

ox  (oks),  n.  [pi.  oxen  ('n)l,  an 
animal  of  the  bovine  genus,  es- 
pecially a  castrated  bull. 

ox-a-late  ('a-lat),  n.  a  salt  of 
oxalic  acid. 

ox-al  ic  (-al'ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  derived  from,  oxalis.  a  genus 
of  plants  with  a  bitter  taste,  con- 
taining the  wood-sorrel. 

ox-al-ic  ac-id  (as'id),  n.  a  poison- 
ous acid  obtained  from  sawdust. 

ox-id-a-bil-i  ty  (-id-a-bil'i-ti),  n. 
capability  of  being  converted  into 
an  oxide. 

ox-i-da-ble  ('i-da-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  converted  into  an  oxide. 

ox-i-date,  same  as  oxidize. 

ox-i-da-tion     (-da'shun),    n.    the 


operation  of  converting  into  an 
oxide. 

ox-ide  ('Id),  n.  a  compound  of 
oxygen  and  a  base. 

ox-i-dize  ('i-dlz),  v.t.  to  convert 
into  an  oxide :  v.i.  to  be  converted 
into  an  oxide.  Also  oxidate. 

ox-lip  ('lip),  n.  a  variety  of 
primula. 

oxy,  a  prefix  occurring  in  various 
scientific  words,  meaning  the 
presence  of  oxygen. 

ox-y-gen  ('i-jen),  n.  a  colorless 
inodorous  gas,  which  with  nitro- 
gen and  argon  constitutes  l-5th 
by  volume  of  the  atmosphere,  and 
in  combination  with  hydrogen 
forms  water. 

ox-y-gen-ate  ('i-jen-at),  v.t.  to 
combine  with  oxygen.  Also  oxy- 
genize. 

ox-y-gen-a-tion,  same  as  oxida- 
tion. 

ox-y-hy-dro-gen  ( -hi'dro-jen ) , 
adj.  consisting  of  a  mixture  of 
oxygen  and  hydrogen,  as  in  the 
oxyhydrogen-blowpipe  by  which  an 
intense  heat  is  produced  by  the 
combination  of  the  two  gases. 

ox-y-tone  ('i-ton),  adj.  having  an 
acute  sound  :  having  the  last  sylla- 
ble accented  :  n.  an  acute  sound. 

o-yer  (6'yer),  n.  a  hearing  or  trial 
of  legal  causes. 

o-yer  and  ter-min-er  (ter'min- 
er),  n.  a  court  constituted  by  com- 
mission to  hear  and  determine 
specified  causes. 

o-yes  ('yes),  inter j.  the  intro- 
ductory cry  of  an  official  or  public 
crier  demanding  silence.  Also 
oyez. 

oys-ter  (ois'ter),  n.  a  bivalve 
mollusk  of  the  genus  Ostrea, 
much  esteemed  as  a  delicacy. 

oys  ter-plant  (-plant),  n.  a  plant 
whose  root,  when  cooked,  has  the 
flavor  of  oysters;  salsify. 

o-zone  ('zon),  n.  an  allotropie 
form  of  oxygen  present  in  the 
atmosphere,  especially  after  elec- 
trical disturbance,  with  a  char- 
acteristic odor. 

o-zo-nize  ('zo-mz),  v.t.  to  charge 
with  ozone. 

o-zo-nom-e-ter  (-nom'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  determining  the 
presence  and  amount  of  ozone  in 
the  atmosphere. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pa 


604 


Pag 


pa   (pa),  n.  abbreviation  of  papa. 

pab-u-lum  (pab'u-lum),  n.  food; 
nourishment. 

pac-a  (pak-a),  n.  a  small  South 
American  rodent  of  a  dark-brown 
color  spotted  with  white. 

pace  (pus),  n.  a  step;  manner  of 
walking ;  length  of  one's  move- 
ment of  the  foot  in  walking ;  a 
linear  measure,  varying  from  30 
in.  to  GO  in. ;  rate  of  progress ; 
an  amble :  v.t.  to  measure  by 
steps  or  paces :  v.i.  to  walk  slow- 
ly or  deliberately ;  amble. 

paced  (past),  p. adj.  having  a 
particular  manner  of  walking. 

pa-cha,  same  as  pasha. 

pack-y-car-pous  (pak-i-kiir'pus), 
adj.  having  a  very  thick  pericarp. 

pach-y-dac-tyl  (-dak'til),  n.  an 
animal  with  thick  toes. 

pach-y-der-ma-tous  (-der'rnu- 
tus),  adj.  thick-skinned. 

pa-cif-ic  (pa-sif'ik),  adj.  peace- 
making ;  conciliatory ;  mild ; 
peaceful ;  tranquil. 

pa-cif-i-ca-tion  (-i-ka'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  peace-making ;  con- 
ciliation. 

pa-cif-i-ca-tor  (-sif'i-ka-ter),  n. 
a  peacemaker. 

pac-i-fi-er  (pas'i-fi-er),  n.  one 
who  pacifies. 

pac-i-fy  ('i-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
pacified,  p.pr.  pacifying],  to  calm 
or  appease ;  reconcile. 

pack  (pak),  n.  a  large  bundle 
tied  up  for  carriage ;  load ;  bur- 
den ;  set  of  playing-cards ;  great 
number  or  quantity ;  gang ; 
weight  of  wool  =  240  Ibs. ; 
number  of  dogs  kept  for  hunting : 
v.t.  to  bind  and  press  together, 
as  goods  for  carriage ;  load ;  dis- 
miss summarily  or  unceremoni- 
ously ;  select  and  put  together 
for  an  unjust  object :  v.t.  to  be- 
come firmly  pressed ;  depart  or 
remove  in  haste. 

pack-age  (Tij),  n.  a  bundle  or 
bale  of  goods. 

pack-et  ('et),  n.  a  small  pack, 
or  parcel ;  a  vessel  sailing  be- 
tween two  or  more  ports  for  the 


conveyance  of  passengers,  mails, 
and  merchandise  at  regular  inter- 
vals. 

pa-co  (pa'ko),  n.  the  alpaca;  an 
earthy  brown  oxide  of  iron  con- 
taining small  quantities  of  native 
silver. 

pact  (pakt),  n.  an  agreement. 

pad  (pad),  n.  a  soft  cushion;  a 
thick  mass  of  sheets  of  blotting 
paper  for  writing  upon  ;  a  slow- 
paced  horse :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  pad- 
ded, p.pr.  padding],  to  travel 
slowly :  v.t.  stuff  with  padding. 

pad -ding  ('ing),  n.  material  used 
for  stuffing ;  the  act  of  impregnat- 
ing cloth  with  a  mordant ;  in- 
serted matter  for  filling  out  a 
newspaper  or  magazine  article,  &c. 

pad-die  ('!),  v.i.  to  row  slowly; 
play  in  the  water :  v.t.  to  propel 
by  paddle  or  oar ;  to  spank :  n. 
a  short  broad  oar ;  an  oar  blade ; 
one  of  the  floats  for  propelling  a 
steamship. 

pad-die- wheel  ('hwel),  n.  a 
wheel  with  floats  for  propelling  a 
steamship. 

pad-dock  ('uk),  n.  a  small  field 
or  enclosure  adjacent  to  a  stable 
for  horses,  &c. ;  a  large  toad  or 
frog. 

pad-lock  (pad'lok),  n.  a  lock  with 
a  link  to  pass  through  a  staple 
or  eye :  v.t.  to  fasten  with  a  pad- 
lock. 

pa-dro-ne  (pa-dro'na),  n.  a  per- 
son, usually  an  Italian,  who  owns 
barrel  organs  and  lets  them  out 
on  hire ;  in  Italy,  a  contractor 
for  labor. 

pae-an  (pe'an),  n.  a  triumphal 
song. 

pae-do-bap-tism  (-do-bap'tizm), 
n.  infant  baptism.  Also  pedobap- 
tism. 

pse-o-ny,  sa_me  as  peony. 

pa-gan  ( pa'gan ) ,  n.  a  heathen  j> 
idolater :  adj.  heathen  ;  idolatrous. 

paganish  (-ish),  adj.  heathen- 
ish. 

pa-gan-ism  (-izm),  n.  heathen- 
ism ;  idolatry. 

page   (paj),  n.  a  boy  attending  on 


late,  mar,  musk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pag 


605 


pal 


a  person  of  distinction  ;  a  boy  in 
livery ;  a  male  attendant  on  a 
legislative  body ;  one  side  of  the 
leaf  of  a  book  ;  a  book  or  writing  ; 
episode :  v.t.  to  mark  or  number 
in  pages. 

pag-eant  (paj'ent),  n.  a  theatri- 
cal show  or  spectacle ;  anything 
merely  showy. 

pag-eant-ry  (-ri),  n.  ostentatious 
display. 

pag-i-nal  ('i-nal),  adj.  consisting 
of  pages. 

pag-i-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n.  the 
marking,  numbering,  or  making, 
into  pages.  Also  paging. 

pa-go-da  (pa-go'da),  n.  a  Bud- 
dhist temple ;  a  Hindu  idol  tem- 
ple ;  an  idol ;  a  gold  or  silver  coin 
current  in  India. 

paid,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  pay. 

pai  -  dpi  -  o  -  gy  (pa-dol'o-ji).  n. 
scientific  child  study. 

pail  (pal),  n.  an  open  vessel  of 
wood  or  metal  furnished  with  a 
handle  for  carrying  water,  &c. 

pail-ful  ('fool),  n.  the  quantity 
that  a  pail  will  hold. 

pain  (pan),  n.  physical  or  mental 
suffering ;  penalty :  pi.  diligent 
effort ;  throes  of  parturition :  v.t. 
to  cause  physical  or  mental  suf- 
fering ;  render  uneasy. 

Syn.     suffering,     qualm,     pang, 
agony,  anguish. 

Ant.   (see  pleasure). 

pain  ful  ('fool),  adj.  full  of,  or 
causing,  pain. 

pain-fnl-ly  (-li),  adv.  so  as  to 
cause  pain. 

pain-f nl-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  painful. 

paint  (pant),  v.t.  to  represent  by 
delineation  and  colors ;  depict ; 
besmear  or  cover  with  color ;  dye : 
v.i.  to  practice  painting ;  rouge : 
n.  a  coloring  substance  or  pig- 
ment ;  rouge. 

paint-er  ('er),  n.  one  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  paint ;  an  artist 
who  is  skilled  in  depicting  sub- 
jects in  colors ;  a  rope  for  fasten- 
ing a  boat. 

paint-er's-col-ic  ('erz-kol'ik),  n. 
Icml-poisoning. 

paint-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act,  art, 
or  occupation  of  laying  on  colors ; 
the  representation  of  objects  by 
delineation  and  colors;  a  picture; 
vivid  verbal  description. 


pair  (par),  n.  two  things  of  a 
kind,  similar  in  form,  suited  to 
each  other,  and  used  together ; 
couple ;  married  couple :  v.t.  to 
join  in  couples :  v.i.  to  be 
joined  in  couples ;  suit  or  be 
adapted  to  each  other ;  in  a  legis- 
lative body,  to  offset  votes,  or 
agree  to  a  pair-off. 

pair-off  ('of),  n.  an  agreement 
by  two  members  on  opposing  sides 
of  a  measure  to  abstain  from 
voting  when  the  votes  if  cast 
would  neutralize  each  other. 

pa-ja-mas  (pa-ja'maz),  n.pl.  loose 
trousers  of  silk,  &c. ;  a  kind  of 
sleeping  costume. 

pal  (pal),  n.  an  intimate  friend; 
accomplice. 

pal-ace  (pal'as),  n.  the  residence 
of  a  sovereign  or  bishop ;  a  mag- 
nificent house  or  building. 

pal-a-din  ('a-din),  n.  a  knight- 
errant,  especially  one  of  the 
knights  of  Charlemagne  or  Ar- 
thur. 

pal-se-o,  a  prefix  meaning  ancient, 
as  ^xzZceolithic,  adj.  noting  the 
earliest  division  of  the  Stone 
Age. 

pa-lae-on-tol-o-gy,  same  as  pale- 
ontology. 

pa-lse-o-zo-ic,  same  as  paleozoic. 

pa-laes-tra,  same  as  palestra. 

pal-an-quin  (pal-an-ken'),  n.  in 
India  and  China,  a  covered  con- 
veyance for  one  passenger  borne 
on  the  shoulders  of  men. 

pal-a-ta-ble  ('a-td-bl),  adj. 
agreeable  to  the  taste ;  savory. 

pal-a-tal  ('a-tal),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  uttered  by  means  of,  the 
palate :  n.  a  letter  pronounced  by 
means  of  the  palate. 

pal-ate  ('at),  n.  the  roof  of  the 
mouth  ;  taste  or  relish. 

pa-la-tial  (pa-la'shal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  suitable  to,  a  pal- 
ace ;  royal. 

pa-lat-i-nate  (-lat'i-nat),  n.  the 
province  or  dignity  of  a  palatine. 

pal-a-tine  ('a-tin),  adj.  invested 
with  royal  privileges  and  rights, 
as  certain  counties :  n.  one  who 
is  thus  invested. 

pa-la-ver  (pa-18/ver),  n.  a  pub- 
lic conference  [African]  ;  super- 
fluous or  idle  talk ;  chatter :  v.t. 
to  talk  over;  deceive  by  words: 
v.i.  to  confer ;  chatter. 


lute,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch.  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut:  thin.  then. 


pal 


606 


pal 


pale  (pal),  adj.  not  of  a  fresh  or 
ruddy  complexion  ;  wan  ;  wanting 
in  color ;  of  a  faint  luster :  n.  a 
narrow  board  used  in  fencing ;  a 
pointed  stake ;  space  inclosed  by 
rails  ;  limit ;  district  or  territory  : 
v.i.  to  turn  pale :  v.t.  to  inclose 
with,  or  as  with,  pales. 

pa-le-pn-tol-o-gist  ( pa-le-on-tol'- 
o-jist),  n.  one  who  is  skilled  in 
paleontology. 

pa-le-on-tol-o-gy  ('o-ji),  n.  that 
branch  of  geology  which  treats 
of  fossil  remains. 

Pa-le-o-zo-ic  (-o-zo'ik),  adj.  not- 
ing the  fossiliferous  strata  in 
which  the  earliest  forms  of  life 
appear. 

pa-les-tra  (pa-les'tra),  n.  a  place 
for  wrestling  or  gymnastic  exer- 
cises. 

pal-ette  (pal'et),  n.  a  thin  oval 
wood  or  porcelain  plate  for  mix- 
ing and  holding  colors. 

pal-frey  (pawl'fri),  n.  a  small 
saddle-horse  for  a  lady's  use. 

Pa-li    (pa'le),   n.   the  sacred   lan- 

faage  of  the  Buddhists,  allied  to 
anskrit. 

pal-imp-sest  (pal'imp-sest),  n. 
a  parchment  manuscript  which, 
after  the  writing  upon  it  has 
been  partially  erased,  is  used 
again,  the  former  writing  being 
more  or  less  discernible. 

pal-iii-drome  ('in-drom),  n.  a 
word,  verse,  or  sentence  which 
reads  the  same  backwards  or 
forwards,  as  "Able  was  I  ere  I 
saw  Elba." 

pal-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  fence  con- 
structed of  pales ;  materials  for 
a  fence  of  pales. 

p  a  1-i  n-g  e  n-e-s  i  a  (pal-in-jen'i- 
sis),  n.  new  birth  or  regenera- 
tion ;  inherited  evolution. 

pal-i-sade  (-i-sad'),  n.  a  fence 
or  fortification  formed  of  stakes 
driven  into  the  ground  and 
pointed  at  the  top :  v.t.  to  inclose 
or  fortify  with  stakes. 

pal-ish  (pal'ish),  adj.  somewhat 
pale. 

pall  (pawl),  n.  a  cloak  or 
mantle ;  a  kind  of  scarf  of  lamb's 
WTOO!  sent  by  the  Pope  to  an  arch- 
bishop on  his  consecration  (also 
pallium)  ;  a  coffin  covering:  v.i. 


to  become  insipid ;  lose  strength : 
v.t.  to  make  insipid. 

palladium  (pal-a-di'um) ,  n. 
any  safeguard  of  a  liberty,  or 
privilege :  from  the  statue  of  Pal- 
las at  Troy,  said  to  have  fallen 
from  heaven,  and  on  the  preser- 
vation of  which  depended  the 
safety  of  the  city ;  a  rare  greyish 
metal  found  with  platinum. 

pal-let  ('et),  n.  a  palette;  a 
name  for  various  tools  used  in 
gilding,  pottery,  horology,  &c. ;  a 
small  piece  of  the  mechanism  of 
a  watch ;  a  small  rough  bed. 

pal-li-ate  ('i-at),  v.t.  to  excuse 
or  cover  over ;  extenuate ;  lessen 
or  abate. 

Syn.  cover,  extenuate,  mitigate, 
screen. 

pal-li-a-tion  (-Fi'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  palliating ;  extenuation ; 
mitigation. 

pal-li-a-tive  ('i-a-tiv),  adj.  tend- 
ing to  lessen  or  mitigate. 

pal-lid    ('id),   adj.  pale;   wan. 
Syn.    pale,    wan. 
Ant.    (see   florid). 

pal-li-um,  see  under  pall. 

pall-mall  (pel-mel'),  n.  a  game 
formerly  played  with  a  ball 
which  was  driven  through  an 
iron  ring  by  a  mallet. 

pal-lor    (pal'er),  n.  paleness. 

palm  (piim),  n.  the  inner  part 
of  the  hand ;  a  linear  measure  of 
varying  length  (from  3  to  4  in.)  ; 
a  tree  of  various  species  of  the 
order  Palma? ;  a  palm  branch 
symbolical  of  victory  or  rejoic- 
ing :  v.t.  to  conceal  in  the  palm 
of  the  hand ;  impose  upon  by 
fraud  (with  off). 

pal-mate  (pal'mat),  adj.  resem- 
bling a  hand  with  the  fingers  out- 
stretched ;  web-footed. 

palm-er  (pam'er),  n.  a  pilgrim 
to  the  Holy  Land  who  carried  a 
palm  branch  as  a  token  of  his 
pilgrimage. 

pal-m  et-to  (pal-met'o),  n.  a 
species  of  palm-tree,  the  cabbage- 
tree  palm. 

pal-mist  (pal'mist),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  palmistry. 

pal-mister  (-er),  n.  one  who 
professes  palmistry. 

pal-mis-try  ('mis-tri),  n.  the 
pretended  art  of  foretelling  the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mfite,  nut :  thin,  then. 


pal 


607 


pan 


future  by  examination  of  the 
lines  and  marks  of  a  person's 
hand. 

pal-mi-tin  ('mi-tin),  n.  a  solid 
fatty  substance  obtained  from 
vegetable  oils,  &c. 

Palm  Sun-day  (pam  sun'da),  n. 
the  Sunday  next  before  Easter, 
held  in  commemoration  of  Christ's 
triumphal  entry  into  Jerusalem. 

palm-y  (pam'P,  adj.  abounding 
in  palms  ;  flourishing  ;  prosperous. 

pal-pa-bil-i-ty  (pal-pa-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  pal- 
pable. Also  palpableness. 

pal-pa-ble  ('pa-bl),  adj.  easily 
perceived  ;  obvious. 

pal-pa-bly  ('pa-bli),  adv.  obvi- 
ously. 

pal-pi-tate  ('pi-tat),  v.i.  to  beat 
or  throb. 

pal-pi-ta-tion  (-ta'shun),  n.  ab- 
normal beating  or  throbbing  of  the 
heart. 

pal-sied  (pawl'zid),  p.adj.  af- 
fected with  palsy. 

pal-sy  ('zi),  n.  paralysis:  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  palsied,  p.pr.  palsy- 
ing], to  paralyze. 

pal-ter  Cter),  v.i.  to  trifle;  act 
insincerely. 

pal-try  Ctri),  adj.  worthless; 
contemptible. 

pam-pas  (pam'paz),  n.pl.  in 
South  America,  vast  treeless 
plains  covered  with  luxuriant 
pasture. 

pam-per  ('per),  v.t.  to  feed  lux- 
uriously ;  satiate. 

pam-pe-ro  (-pfi'ro),  n.  a  strong 
southwest  wind  that  blows  across 
the  pampas  of  South  America. 

pam-phlet  ('flet),  n.  a  small  un- 
bound book,  usually  on  some  cur- 
rent topic,  of  one  or  more  sheets 
stitched  together. 

pam-phlet-eer  (-er'),  n.  a  writer 
of  pamphlets :  v.i.  to  write  pam- 
phlets. 

pan,  a  prefix  meaning  all,  univer- 
sal, as  pan-Anglican :  n.  a  broad 
shallow  vessel ;  that  part  of  an 
old  flintlock  which  held  the  prim- 
ing. 

pan-a-ce-a  (pan-a-se'a),  n.  a  uni- 
versal remedy  or  medicine. 

pa-na-da  (pa-na'da),  n.  a  bread 
pulp ;  bread  soaked  in  sweetened 


boiled  water  and  flavored  with 
nutmeg. 

pan-cake  ('kak),  n.  a  thin  cake 
of  batter  fried. 

pan-crat-ic  (-krat'ik),  adj.  ex- 
celling in  gymnastic  exercises : 
from  an  athletic  contest  (pan- 
cratium) of  the  ancient  Greeks. 

pan-cre-as  ('kre-as),  n.  a  large 
fleshj-  gland  (the  sweetbread)  sit- 
uated under  and  behind  the  stom- 
ach secreting  a  fluid  that  assists 
in  the  process  of  digestion. 

pan-cre-at-ic  (-at'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  secreted  by,  the 
pancreas. 

pan-cre-a-tin  ('kre-a-tin),  n.  an 
albuminoid  principle  in  the  fluid 
of  the  pancreas. 

pan-da  ('da),  n.  the  Himalayan 
bear-cat. 

Pan-de-an  (-de'an),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  god  Pan,  the  tutelary 
deity  of  shepherds. 

Pan-de-an-pipes  (-pips),  n.pl. 
a  musical  wind  instrument  con- 
sisting of  short  reeds  of  varying- 
length  blown  by  the  breath.  Also 
Pan's-pipes. 

Pan-dect  ('dekt),  n.  the  digest  of 
the  Roman  or  civil  law. 

pan-de-mo-ni-um  (-de-mo'ni-um), 
n.  a  place  or  abode  of  general 
disorder. 

pan-der  ('der),  v.i.  to  act  as  an 
agent  for  the  gratification  of  the 
passions. 

pan-dit,  another  form  of  pundit. 

pane  (pan),  n.  a  square  of  glass; 
a  piece  in  variegated  work. 

pan-e-gyr-ic  (-e-jir'ik),  n.  an 
ovation  or  eulogy  in  praise  of 
some  person  or  event ;  encomium. 

pan-e-gyr-ize  ('e-jir-iz),  v.t.  to 
praise  or  commend  highly :  v.i.  to 
bestow  praise. 

pan-el  ('el),  n.  a  piece  of  board, 
the  edges  of  which  are  inserted 
in  a  frame ;  a  thin  board  on  which 
a  picture  is  painted ;  a  schedule 
containing  the  names  of  persona 
summoned  to  serve  as  jurors ;  the 
jury ;  in  Scots  law,  the  prisoner 
at  the  bar :  v.t.  to  form  with 
panels. 

pang  (pang),  n.  a  violent  sudden 
pain  ;  agony,  mental  or  physical. 

pan-ic  ('ik),  n.  a  sudden  fright; 
a  kind  of  millet :  adj.  suddenly  and 
violently  alarming :  said  of  fear. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pan 


608 


pap 


pan-ni-er  ('ni-gr),  n.  one  of  two 
baskets  suspended  across  the  back 
of  a  horse,  for  carrying  market 
produce. 

pan-o-plied  ('6-plid),  adj.  fur- 
nished with  a  complete  suit  of 
armor. 

pan-o-ply  ('6-pli),  n.  a  complete 
suit  of  armor. 

pan-op-ti-con  (-op'ti-kon),  n.  a 
prison  so  arranged  tha,t  the 
warder  on  duty  can  see  all  the 
prisoners  without  himself  being 
visible ;  a  kind  of  polytechnic ;  a 
room  for  the  exhibition  of  novel- 
ties, &c. 

pan-o-ram-a  (-o-rilm'a),  n.  a 
picture,  viewed  from  a  central 
standpoint,  of  several  scenes  un- 
rolled and  made  to  pass  before 
the  spectator. 

pan-p-ram-ic  (-ram'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  like,  a  panorama. 

Pan-slav-ic  (-slav'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  all  the  Slavic  races  or 
Panslavism. 

Pan-slav-ism  ('izm),  n.  a  Rus- 
sian movement  for  the  political 
union  of  all  the  Slavic  races. 

pan-sy    ('zi),  n.  the  heart's-ease. 

pant  (pant),  v.i.  to  breathe  rap- 
idly; desire  ardently  (with  for  or 
after)  :  n.  rapid  breathing :  pi. 
abbreviation  for  pantaloons. 

pan-ta-graph,  same  as  panto- 
graph. 

pan-ta-lettes  (pan-ta-lets'),  n.pl. 
loose  drawers  for  women  or  chil- 
dren. 

pan-ta-loon  ('a-loon),  n.  a  buffoon 
in  a  pantomime:  pZ.  a  pair  of 
tight  trousers. 

pan-ta-morph-ic  (-mSr'fik),  adj. 
taking  all  shapes. 

pan-the-ism  ('the-izm),  n.  the 
doctrine  that  the  universe  in  its 
totality  is  God. 

pan-the-ist  (-ist),  n.  a  believer 
in  pantheism. 

pan-the-is-tic  (-is'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  pantheism. 

Pan-the-on  ('the-on),  n.  a  tem- 
ple dedicated  to  all  the  Gods,  es- 
pecially that  of  ancient  Rome 
dedicated  to  Mars  and  Jupiter. 

paii-ther  ('ther),  n.  a  fierce 
feline  carnivorous  animal.  Fern. 
pantheress. 

pan-tile   ('til),  n.  a  curved  tile. 


pan-to-chro-nom-e-ter  (-to-kro- 
nom'e-ter),  n.  an  instrument 
which  combines  the  sun-dial,  com- 
pass, and  a  time-dial. 

pan-to-graph  ('to-graf),  n.  an 
instrument  for  copying  drawings, 
designs,  &c.,  on  an  enlarged  or 
reduced  scale.  Also  pantagraph. 

pan-tol-o-gy  (-tol'6-ji),  n.  uni- 
versal knowledge. 

pan-tom-e-ter  (-tom'e-ter),  n.  an 
instrument  for  measuring  angles, 
elevations,  distances,  &c. 

pan-to-mime  Cto-mlm),  n.  a 
representation  in  dumb  show ;  a 
popular  Christmastide  theatrical 
entertainment  •  with  music,  danc- 
ing, &c. 

pan-tp-mim-ic  (-mim'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  pantomime.  Also 
pantomimical. 

pan-to  mini  ist  ('to-mim-ist),  n. 
one  who  acts  in  pantomime. 

pan- try  ('tri),  n.  a  provision 
closet. 

pap  (pap),  n.  soft  food  for  in- 
fants ;  a  nipple,  teat,  or  breast ; 
pulp  of  fruit. 

pa-pa  (pu-pii',  or  pa'pa),  n.  a 
word  of  endearment  for  father. 

pa-pa-cy  (pa'pa-si),  n.  the  office, 
dignity,  or  authority  .of  the  Pope  ; 
popes  collectively ;  Roman  Cath- 
olic religion. 

pa-pal  ('pal),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  Pope,  or  the  Church  of  Rome. 

pa-paw  (-paw'),  n.  an  East  In- 
dian fruit  tree. 

pa-per  (pu'per),  n.  a  thin  flexible 
substance  made  of  various  ma- 
terials, as  linen,  straw,  &c.,  used 
for  writing  or  printing  upon ;  a 
piece  of  paper ;  newspaper ;  an 
essay  or  literary  contribution ; 
written  instrument ;  bank-notes 
or  bills  of  exchange :  adj.  made  of 
paper ;  thin :  v.t.  to  cover  with, 
or  wrap  in.  paper. 

pap-e-terie  (pap'e-tre),  n.  a  case 
containing  paper  and  writing  ma- 
terials. 

pap-ier-ma-che  (pap-ya'ma-sha') , 
n.  paper  pulp  molded  and  made 
into  trays,  &c.,  and  japanned. 

pa-pil-la  (-pil'a),  n.  [pi.  papillae 
('e)J,  a  small  nipple:  pi.  minute 
elevations  on  the  tongue,  &c. 

pap-il-la-ry  (pap'il-er-i).  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  nipple  or  the 
papillae ;  covered  with  papilla?. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


pap 


609 


par 


pap-oose  (-6os')»  n.  a  young 
child  [North  American  Indian]. 

pap-pus  (pap'us),  n.  the  feathery 
substance  on  the  seed  of  certain 
plants ;  the  calyx  of  a  composite 
flower. 

pap-py   ('i),  adj.  resembling  pap. 

pa-py-rus  (pa-pfrus),  n.  [pi. 
papyri  ('rl)J,  a  species  of  Egyp- 
tian reed,  from  which  the  ancients 
made  paper ;  a  manuscript  on 
papyrus. 

par  (par),  n.  state  of  equality; 
nominal  and  market  value. 

para,  a  prefix  meaning  beyond, 
beside,  divergence,  as  paracentric. 

par-a-ble  (par'a-bl),  n.  an  alle- 
gorical method  of  conveying  in- 
struction by  means  of  a  fable  or 
short  fictitious  narrative ;  a  com- 
parison or  similitude. 

par-ab-o-la  (-ab'6-la),  n.  one  of 
the  conic  sections  formed  by  the 
intersection  of  the  cone  by  a  plane 
parallel  to  one  of  its  sides. 

par-a-bol-ic  (-a-bol'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to.  or  formed  like,  a 
parabola  ;  allegorical.  Also  para- 
bolical. 

par-ab-o-loid  (par-ab'o-loid) ,  «. 
a  solid  generated  by  the  revolution 
of  a  parabola  on  its  axis. 

par-a-cbute  ('a-shoot),  n.  an  um- 
brella-shaped apparatus  for  de- 
scending from  a  balloon. 

Par-a-clete  ('a-klet),  n.  a  title 
of  the  Holy  Ghost,  the  Comforter, 
and  Advocate. 

pa-rade  (pa-rad'),  n.  ostentatious 
display;  show;  military  display; 
place  of  assembly  for  exercising 
troops :  v.t.  to  marshal  in  military 
order ;  make  a  display  of :  v.i.  to 
exhibit,  or  walk  about  ostenta- 
tiously. 

par-a-digm  (par'a-dim).  n.  an 
example  or  model ;  example  of  the 
grammatical  inflection  of  a  word. 

par-a-dise  Cfi-dls),  n.  the  garden 
of  Eden  ;  any  place  of  happiness  ; 
heaven. 

par  a  dox  ('ft-doks),  n.  something 
apparently  absurd  or  incredible, 
yet  true  ;  a  tenet  contrary  to  re- 
ceived opinions. 

par-a-dox-ic-al  ('ik-al),  adj.  of 
the  nature  of  a  paradox. 

par-a-dox-ic-al-ly  (-H),  adv.  in 
a  paradoxical  manner. 


par-af-fln  fa-fin),  n.  a  white 
crystalline  substance  obtained  by 
distillation  from  wood,  shale,  &c. 

par-a-go-ge  (-go'je),  n.  the  addi- 
tion of  a  letter  or  syllable  to  the 
end  of  a  word. 

par-a-gon  ('a-gon),  n.  something 
of  extraordinary  excellence  ;  model 
or  pattern  of  perfection :  v.t.  to 
equal  or  compare. 

par-a-grapb  Ca-graf),  n.  a  small 
subdivision  of  a  connected  dis- 
course ;  a  short  passage ;  a  refer- 
ence mark  (ff)  ;  an  item  of  news- 
paper intelligence. 

par-a-grapb-ic  ('ik),  adj.  con- 
sisting of  paragraphs.  Also  para- 
graphical. 

par-a-grapb-ist  ('a-graf-ist),  n. 
a  writer  of  newspaper  paragraphs. 

par-al-lax  ('al-laks),  n.  the  ap- 
parent angular  shifting  of  an  ob- 
ject caused  by  change  in  the  posi- 
tion of  the  observer,  especially 
the  difference  in  the  apparent 
position  of  a  heavenly  body  and 
its  true  place. 

par-al-lel  ( 'al-lel ) ,  adj.  lying  side 
by  side ;  extended  in  the  same  di- 
rection and  equidistant  at  all 
points ;  having  the  same  direction 
or  tendency;  corresponding:  n.  a 
line  equidistant  at  all  points  from 
another  line  ;  resemblance  or  like- 
ness :  pi.  trenches  in  front  of  a 
fortified  place  parallel  to  the  de- 
fenses :  v.t.  to  place  so  as  to  be 
parallel ;  correspond  to  ;  equal. 

par-al-lel-ism  (-izm),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  parallel ; 
correspondence. 

par-al-lel-o-gram  ('6-gram),  n. 
a  plane  4-sided  figure  whose  op- 
posite sides  are  parallel  and  equal. 

par-al-lel-e-pip-ed  (-e-pip'ed),  n. 
a  regular  solid  figure  bounded  by 
6  parallelograms,  of  which  the 
opposite  pairs  are  equal  and  par- 
allel. 

pa-ral-y-sis  (pa-ral'i-sis),  n.  loss 
of  the  power  of  sensation  of  one 
or  more  parts  of  the  body ;  palsy. 

par-a-lyt-ic  (par-a-lit'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  affected  by,  or  in- 
clined to,  paralysis :  n.  one  who 
is  affected  with  paralysis. 

par-a-lyze  ;'a-liz),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
paralyzed,  p.pr.  paralyzing],  to 
affect  with  paralysis ;  unnerve ; 
render  useless  or  ineffective. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


par 


610 


par 


par-a-mount  (par'a-rnount),  adj. 
superior  to  all  others ;  eminent  or 
chief :  n.  the  highest  in  rank  or 
authority. 

par-a-pet  ('a-pet),  n.  a  wall 
breast-high  ;  a  rampart  to  protect 
troops  from  the  fire  of  an  enemy. 

par-a-noi-a  (par-a-noi'a),  n.  a 
form  of  monomania. 

par-a-noi-ac  (par-a-noi'ak),  n. 
one  affected  with  paranoia ;  a 
monomaniac. 

par-a-plier-na-li-a  (-fer-na'li-ti) , 
n.pl.  the  apparel,  jewels,  &c.,  of  a 
wife  which  she  possesses  over  and 
above  her  dowry ;  ornaments  of 
dress  generally  ;  equipment ;  trap- 
pings. 

par-a-phrase  ('a-frnz),  n.  a  free 
translation  or  explanation ;  a 
hymn  based  on  some  Scriptural 
passage :  v.t.  make  a  free  trans- 
lation of  ;  explain  in  many  words  : 
v.i.  to  make  a  paraphrase. 

par-a-phras-tie  (-fras'tik),  adj. 
free  or  clear  in  explanation ;  of 
the  nature  of  a  paraphrase. 
Also  paraphrastical. 

par-a-phras-tic-al-ly  ( -al-li ) ,  adv. 
in  a  paraphrase. 

par-a-ple-gi-a  (-ple'ji-a),  n.  pa- 
ralysis of  the  lower  half  of  the 
body. 

par-a-site  ('a-sit),  n.  one  who 
frequents  the  table  of  a  rich  man 
and  gains  his  favor  by  flattery ; 
a  hanger-on  ;  an  animal  or  plant 
nourished  by  another  to  which  it 
attaches  itself. 

par-a-sit-ic  (-sit'ik),  adj.  of  the 
nature  of  a  parasite ;  meanly  ser- 
vile or  fawning ;  living  at  the 
expense  of  anothe,r  animal  or 
plant.  Also  parasitical. 

par-a-sit-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
like  a  parasite. 

par-a-sit-ism  ('a-sit-izm),  n.  the 
state  or  behavior  of  a  parasite. 

par-a-sol  ('a-sol),  n.  a  lady's  sun- 
shade. 

par-a  tax  is  (-a-taks'is) ,  n.  a 
loose  arrangement  of  sentences : 
opposed  to  syntax. 

pa  rath  e  sis  (pa-rath'e-sis),  n. 
apposition ;  in  printing  or  writ- 
ing, bracketed  matter. 

par-boil  (piir'boil),  v.t.  to  boil 
partially. 

par-buck-le  ('buk-1),  n.  a  rope 
formed  into  a  double  sling  for 


hoisting  casks,   &c. :   v.t.   to  hoist 
by  means  of  a  parbuckle. 

Par-cae  ('se),  n.pl.  in  classic  my- 
thology, the  three  Fates,  Clotho, 
Lachesis.  and  Atropos,  who  con- 
trolled the  destiny  of  every  mor- 
tal. 

par-eel  ('sel),  n.  a  small  bundle 
or  package;  little  part:  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  parceled,  p.pr.  parceling], 
to  divide  into  parts. 

par-cel-ing  (-ing),  n.  long  nar- 
row strips  of  tarred  canvas  to 
prevent  friction. 

par-cen-a-ry  ('sen-a-ri),  n.  co- 
heirship. 

par-cen-er   ('sen-er),  n.  a  co-heir. 

parch,  (parch),  v.t.  to  scorch; 
burn  slightly ;  dry  to  excess. 

parch-ment  ('ment),  n.  the  skin 
of  a  sheep,  goat,  &c.,  dressed  and 
prepared  for  writing  upon ;  a 
deed :  adj.  made  of,  or  like,  parch- 
ment. 

pard  (pard),  n.  a  leopard;  any 
spotted  beast. 

par-don  (par'dn),  v.t.  to  forgive; 
absolve :  n.  forgiveness ;  absolu- 
tion ;  official  remission  of  a  pen- 
alty. 

Syn.      forgiveness,      absolution, 
mercy,  acquittal. 
Ant.   (see  penalty). 

par-don-er  (-er),  n.  one  who  par- 
dons ;  formerly,  a  cleric  who  was 
licensed  to  sell  papal  indulgences. 

pare  (par),  v.t.  to  cut  away  lit- 
tle by  little ;  reduce  or  diminish. 

par-e-gor-ic  (par-e-gor'ik),  n.  a 
tincture  of  opium  to  assuage 
pain  :  adj.  mitigating  pain. 

par-ei-ra  (par-a'ra),  n.  the  root 
of  a  Brazilian  plant,  used  in  medi- 
cine. 

par-en.-ch.y-ma  (-eng'ki-ma),  n. 
the  soft  cellular  tissue  or  pith  of 
plants ;  the  soft  tissue  of  the 
glandular  organs  of  the  body. 

par-eii  chy-mous  ('ki-mus),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  like,  paren- 
chyma :  soft ;  spongy.  Also  pa- 
renchymatous. 

par-ent  (pfir'ent),  ».  a  father  or 
mother ;  origin. 

par-ent-age  (-aj),  n.  extraction; 
birth. 

pa-ren-tal  (-ren'tal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  becoming,  parents ; 
fond. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pCrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


par 


611 


par 


pa-ren-tal-ly    (-li),    adv.    like    a 

parent. 

pa-ren-the-sis  (p:Vren'the-sis),  n. 
[pi.  parentheses  (-sez)],  an  ex- 
planatory word  or  clause  inserted 
in  a  sentence,  which  is  grammati- 
cally complete  without  it :  indi- 
cated by  the  marks  ( ) . 

par-en-thet-ic-al  ( par-en-thet'ic- 
Al),  adj.  expressed  in  a  paren- 
thesis ;  using  parentheses. 

par-en-tliet-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
a  parenthetical  manner. 

par-e-sis  (par'e-sis),  n.  insanity 
\\ith  general  motor  paralysis ; 
softening  of  the  brain. 

par-he-li-on  (par-he'li-on),  n.  a 
mock  sun ;  a  bright  light  seen 
near  the  sun. 

pa-ri-ah  (pa'ri-a),  n.  one  of  the 
lowest  class  of  Hindus  without 
caste :  hence  an  outcast. 

Pa-ri-an  (pa'ri-an),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  found  in,  the  Isle  of 
Paros,  famed  for  its  marble :  «. 
a  fine  porcelain  used  for  statu- 
ettes, &c. 

pa-ri-e-tal  (pa-ri'e-tal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  wall  or  side ;  forming 
the  wall  or  side  :  said  of  the  large 
lateral  bones  of  the  head  ;  growing 
from  the  wall  or  side  of  another 
organ. 

par-ish  (par'ish),  n.  an  ecclesi- 
astical district  under  the  particu- 
lar charge  of  priest,  clergyman, 
or  minister :  a  district  having  its 
own  officers  for  the  care  of  the 
poor  of  such  a  district ;  a  congre- 
gation :  adj.  pertaining  to,  or 
maintained  by,  a  parish. 

par-ish-ion-er  ('on-er),  n.  one 
who  belongs  to  a  parish. 

Pa-ris-i-an  ( pa-riz'i-an ) ,  n.  a  na- 
tive or  inhabitant  of  Paris. 

pari,  a  prefix  meaning  equal. 

par-i-syl-lab-ic  (par-i-sil-ab'ik) , 
adj.  having  an  equal  number  of 
syllables. 

par-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  equality;  like- 
ness. 

park  (park),  n.  a  large  inclosed 
piece  of  ground  surrounding  a 
mansion,  or  used  as  a  public  place 
for  recreation  ;  the  train  of  artil- 
lery belonging  to  an  army  divis- 
ion ;  an  artillery  encampment :  v.t. 
to  inclose,  or  collect,  in  a  park ; 
compact. 


par-lance  (par'lans),  n.  conver- 
sation ;  idiom  of  conversation. 

par-ley  ('li),  n.  a  conference,  es- 
pecially with  an  enemy :  v.i.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  parleyed,  p.pr.  parleying], 
to  hold  a  conference,  especially 
with  an  enemy  with  a  view  to 
peace. 

Par-lia-ment  ('li-ment),  n.  the 
supreme  legislative  assembly  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  consist- 
ing of  the  Sovereign,  the  House 
of  Lords,  and  the  House  of  Com- 
mons. 

par-lia-men-ta-ri-an  ( 'men-ta'ri- 
an),  n.  one  who  is  versed  in  par- 
liamentary law  and  usages. 

par-lia-men-ta-ry  ('ta-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  enacted  by,  or  in 
accordance  with  the  usages  of, 
Parliament. 

par-lpr  ('ler),  n.  reception  room; 
drawing  room. 

Par-iias -sian  (-nas'i-an),  adj. 
pertaining  to  Mt.  Parnassus  in 
Greece,  the  abode  of  the  Muses ; 
of  or  pertaining  to  poetry. 

pa-ro-chi-al  (pa-ro'ki-al),  ad}. 
pertaining  to  a  parish ;  narrow- 
minded. 

par-o-dist  (par'6-dist),  n.  one 
who  parodies. 

par-o-dy  ('o-di),  n.  [pi.  parodies 
(-diz)],  a  burlesque  imitation  of 
a  serious  poem :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
parodied,  p.pr.  parodying],  to  con- 
vert into  a  parody. 

pa-role  (pa-rol'),  n.  a  word  of 
honor,  especially  one  given  by  a 
prisoner  of  war  that  in  return  for 
conditional  freedom  he  will  re- 
turn to  custody  on  a  specified  day  ; 
the  daily  password  in  a  camp  or 
garrison. 

par-o-nym  (par'6-nim),  n.  a  par- 
onymous  word. 

par-on-y-mous  (-on'i-mus),  adj. 
of  the  same  derivation,  but  differ- 
ent in  spelling  and  meaning. 

par-o-quet,  same  as  parrakeet. 

par  ox-ysm  ('oks-izm),  n.  a  sud- 
den spasm,  or  fit  of  acute  pain ; 
sudden  action  or  convulsion. 

par-ox-ys-mal  (-iz'mal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  occurring  in,  par- 
oxysms. 

par-quet,  parqnette  (par-kef), 
n.  the  floor  space  of  a  theater 
between  the  orchestra-rail  and 
dress-circle. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


par 


612 


par 


par-quet-ry  ('ket-ri),  n.  mosaic 
woodwork  for  floors. 

parr   (par),  n.  a  young  salmon. 

par-ra-keet  (par'a-ket),  n.  a 
small  long-tailed  parrot.  Also 
paraquet,  paroquet. 

par-ri-ci-dal  (-i-si-dal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  parricide. 

par-ri-cide  ('i-sld),  n.  the  mur- 
derer of  a  father  or  mother;  mur- 
der of  a  parent. 

par-rot  ('ot),  n.  a  tropical  bird 
with  a  hooked  bill,  characterized 
by  its  brilliant  pluma.se  and  its 
power  of  imitating  the  human 
voice. 

par-rot-fish  (-fish),  n.  a  brilliant 
lined  fish  of  the  tropical  seas. 

par-ry  ('i),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  par- 
ried, p.pr.  parrying],  to  ward  off. 
as  a  blow. 

parse  (pars),  v.t.  to  resolve  by 
grammatical  rules  a  sentence  into 
its  component  parts,  and  show 
the  relation  of  the  various  parts 
of  speech. 

Par-see  (par'se),  n.  a  descendant 
of  the  old  Persians,  holding  the 
Zoroastrian  faith,  and  now  living 
in  India.  Also  Parsi. 

Par-see-ism  (-izm).  n.  the  re- 
ligion of  the  Parsees.  Also  Par- 
siism. 

Par-si,  same  as  Parsee. 

par-si-mo-ni-ous  ( -si-mo 'ni-us ) , 
adj.  frugal  to  excess ;  miserly ; 
penurious. 

par-si-mo-ny  ('si-mon-i).  n.  close- 
ness in  expenditure ;  niggardli- 
ness. 

pars-ley  (piirs'li),  n.  a  culinary 
herb. 

pars-nip  ('nip),  n.  an  edible 
plant  with  a  carrot-like  root. 

par-son  (piir'sn),  n.  the  incum- 
bent of  a  parish:  a  clergyman. 

par-son-age  (-nj),  n.  an  ecclesi- 
astical benefice ;  the  residence  of 
an  incumbent. 

part  (piirt).  n.  something  loss 
than  the  whole:  piece;  portion: 
proportional  quantity ;  ingredi- 
ent ;  share;  member  or  organ: 
side  or  party:  concern;  business; 
portion  of  a  work  issued  in  num- 
bers at  stated  intervals:  any  one 
of  the  characters  of  a  play ;  one 
of  the  melodies  in  a  harmony  :  pi. 
faculties,  qualities,  or  accom- 


plishments; regions;  quarters: 
v.t.  to  divide  into  two  or  more 
pieces;  distribute;  separate:  v.i. 
to  be  separated  or  divided ;  take 
leave. 

N//n.    division,     portion,    share, 
fraction. 

Ant.    (see  whole). 

par-take  (par-tak'),  v.i.  [p.t.  par- 
took, p.p.  partaken,  p.pr.  partak- 
ing], to  take  a  part  or  share  in 
common  with  others. 

par-terre  (-tar'),  n.  a  series  of 
flower  beds  arranged  ornamen- 
tally, with  intervening  spaces  of 
gravel  or  turf. 

par-then-o-gen-e-sis  (-then-o- 
jen'e-sis),  n.  reproduction  of  ani- 
nials  or  plants  by  means  of  un- 
impregnated  germs  or  ova. 

Par-tne-non  ('the-non),  n.  the 
temple  of  Athene  (Minerva)  at 
Athens. 

par-tial  ('shal),  adj.  inclined  to 
favor  one  side  or  party ;  biased. 

par-tial-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  partial 
manner. 

par-ti-al-i-ty  (-shi-al'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  partial. 

par-tic-i-pant  (-tis'i-pant),  adj. 
sharing :  n.  one  who  shares  or 
partakes. 

par-tic-i-pate  ('i-pat),  v.i.  to 
partake :  v.t.  to  have  part  of ; 
share. 

par-tic-i-pa-tipn  (-pa'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  sharing  something  with 
others;  division  into  shares;  com- 
panionship. 

par-tic-i-pa-tor  ('i-pa-ter),  n. 
one  who  partakes  with  another. 

par  ti-cip-i-al  (-ti-sip'i-al).  adj. 
having  the  nature  of  a  participle. 

par-ti-ci-ple  Cti-si-pl),  n.  a  word 
which  partakes*  of  the  nature  of 
a  verb  and  of  an  adjective. 

par-ti-cle     ('i-kl).    n.    an     atom; 
the    smallest    part    into    which    a 
body  can  be  divided  :  a  word  non- 
inflected,    or    not    used    alone;    a 
crumb  of  consecrated  bread. 
•S'.»/M,.  atom,  grain,  mite,  scrap. 
.\  at.    (see  mass). 

par-ti-col-ored  ( piir'ti-kul-grd) , 
adj.  having  various  colors. 

pnr-tic-u-lar  (-tik'ii-lar).  adj. 
distinct  from  others  ;  individual ; 
peculiar  or  special ;  character- 
istic ;  exclusive  ;  exact ;  minute. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


par 


613 


pas 


Xyn.    exact,    distinct,    singular, 
odd,  strange. 

Ant.  (see  general). 

par-tic-u-lar-i-ty  (-lar'i-ti),  n. 
circumstantiality. 

par-tic-u-lar-ize  ('ii-lar-iz),  v.t. 
to  give  the  particulars  of :  v.i.  be 
attentive  to  single  things  or  de- 
tails. 

par-tic-u-lar-ly  ('u-lar-li),  adv. 
especially. 

part-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  separat- 
ing ;  given  when  separating :  n. 
division ;  separating ;  a  taking 
leave :  a  division  in  strata. 

par-ti-saii  (par'ti-zan),  n.  an  ad- 
herent of  a  party  or  faction ;  a 
kind  of  halberd :  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  biased  in  favor  of,  a  party, 
&c. 

par-ti-san-ship  (-ship),  n.  the 
state  of  being  a  partisan. 

par-tite  ('tit),  adj.  divided  al- 
most to  the  base. 

par-ti-tion  (-tish'un),  n.  the  act 
or  state  of  being  divided ;  sepa- 
ration ;  distribution ;  a  dividing 
wall ;  part  where  separation  is 
made :  v.t.  divide  into  shares ;  di- 
vide by  walls. 

par-ti-tive  ('ti-tiv),  adj.  noting 
a  part :  n.  a  word  that  denotes  a 
part  or  expresses  partition. 

part-ly    (part'li),  adv.  in  part. 

part-ner  ('ner),  n.  one  who  is  as- 
sociated with  another,  especially 
in  a  business,  &c. ;  an  associate ; 
one  who  dances  with  another ;  a 
husband  or  wife. 

part-ner-ship  (-ship),  n.  the 
state  of  being  a  partner ;  union  of 
two  or  more  persons  in  the  same 
business  or  profession. 

par-took,  p.t.  of  partake. 

par-tridge  (par'trij),  n.  a  well- 
known  gallinaceous  bird  of  the 
genus  Perdix,  preserved  as  game. 

par-tu-ri-tion  (-tu-rish'un),  n. 
the  act  of  bringing  forth  young. 

par-ty  Cti),  n.  [pi.  parties 
Ctiz)],  a  number  of  persons 
united  together  for  a  particular 
purpose ;  faction  ;  one  concerned 
in  an  affair;  cause  or  side:  a  se- 
lect company ;  single  individual 
spoken  of. 

par-ty-wall  (-wawl),  n.  a  com- 
mon wall  separating  two  tene- 
ments. 


pas-clial  (pas'kal).  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  feast  of  the  Passover 
or  Easter. 

pa-sha  (pa-shaw'),  n.  a  Turkish 
title  given  to  high  officials.  Also 
pacha. 

pa-sha-lic  (-lik),  n.  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  a  pasha.  Also  pachalic. 

pas-quin-ade  (pas-kwin-ad'),  n. 
a  lampoon  or  rude  satire :  v.t.  to 
lampoon  or  satirize. 

pass  (pas),  v.i.  to  move  from  one 
place  or  state  to  another ;  be  pro- 
gressive ;  change  by  degrees ;  dis- 
appear ;  be  enacted  ;  be  current : 
v.t.  to  go  beyond,  or  through,  or 
by  ;  cause  to  move  onward  ;  omit ; 
disregard ;  give  authority  to ; 
transfer ;  void ;  utter  or  pro- 
nounce :  n.  a  narrow  passage,  ave- 
nue, or  entrance  ;  defile  ;  license  or 
permission  ;  state  of  extremity ;  a 
thrust. 

pass-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  that  may 
be  passed,  traveled,  or  navigated ; 
capable  of  bearing  inspection ; 
tolerable. 

pass-age  (Tij),  n.  the  act  of  pass- 
ing ;  course  or  journey  :  entrance 
or  exit;  right  of  passing;  legal 
enactment ;  single  clause  or  por- 
tion of  a  book  ;  migratory  habits. 

pass-book  ('book),  n.  a  book 
which  passes  between  a  merchant 
and  his  customer  and  contains  the 
entries  of  goods  sold  on  credit ; 
a  bank-book  held  by  the  depositor. 

pass-en-ger  ('en-jer),  n.  one 
who  travels  in  or  on  a  convey- 
ance^ one  who  passes. 

pas-se  (-a'),  adj.  past;  worn  out 
or  faded  [French]. 

pas-ser-ine  C'er-in),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  Passeres,  the  order  of 
birds  which  includes  the  swal- 
lows and  sparrows. 

pass-ing  (pAs'ing).  p.adj.  depart- 
ing: adv.  exceedingly:  n.  the  act 
of  going  by :  transit. 

pass-ing-bell  (-bel),  n.  a  bell 
tolled  immediately  after  the  death 
of  a  person. 

pas-sipn  (pash'un).  n.  violent 
agitation  of  mind  in  anger ;  strong 
deep  feeling  or  excitement ;  love ; 
ardor:  intense  desire. 

Pas-sion,  n.  the  sufferings  of 
Christ  in  his  last  agonies. 

pas-sion-ate  (-at),  adj.  moved  by 
passion  ;  angry  ;  excitable. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  theu. 


pas 


614 


pat 


pas-sion-ate-ly  (-li),  adv.  with 
passion. 

pas-sion-flow-er  (-flou-er),  n. 
a  flower  of  the  genus  Passiflora. 

Passion  play  (pla),  n.  a  dra- 
matic representation  of  the  Pas- 
sion of  the  Saviour. 

Passion  Sun-day  (sun'du),  n. 
the  5th  Sunday  in  Lent. 

Pas-sion  week  (wek),  n.  the 
week  following  Passion  Sunday. 

pas-sive  ('iv),  adj.  suffering  with- 
out resisting ;  not  acting ;  sub- 
missive ;  quiescent. 

pas-sive  verb  (verb),  n.  that 
form  of  a  verb  in  which  the  ob- 
ject of  the  active  verb  becomes 
the  subject. 

Pass-o-ver  (pfis'o-ver),  n.  a  Jew- 
ish feast  commemorative  of  the 
passing  of  the  destroying  angel 
over  the  houses  of  the  Israelites 
when  he  slew  the  first-born  of  the 
Egyptians. 

pass-port  ('port),  n.  a  license  to 
travel  in  a  foreign  country. 

pass- word  ( 'wercl ) ,  n.  a  word  by 
means  of  which  friends  are  dis- 
tinguished from  strangers  or  ene- 
mies. 

past  (past),  p. adj.  having  for- 
merly been  ;  gone  by  ;  completed  : 
n.  the  time  gone  by :  adv.  along : 
prep,  beyond. 

paste  (past),  n.  a  mixture  of 
flour,  &c.,  with  water,  used  as  a 
cement ;  dough  prepared  for  pies, 
&c. :  a  composition  for  making 
artificial  gems:  v.t.  to  fasten  with 
paste. 

paste-board  ('bord),  n.  thick 
stiff  paper;  a  board  on  which 
dough  is  rolled. 

pas-tel  (pas'tel),  n.  a  colored 
crayon. 

pas-ter  (pas'ter),  n.  strip  of 
gummed  paper  with  printed  mat- 
ter on  it,  for  covering  over  other 
printed  matter,  &c. 

pas  teur-ize  (pas'tur-Tz) ,  v.t.  to 
inoculate  with  the  bacillus  which 
produces  a  specific  disease. 

pas-til  ('til),  n.  a  small  cone  of 
aromatic  paste  used  for  fumigat- 
ing a  room  ;  a  medicated  lozenge. 
Also  pastille  (pas-tel'). 

pas-time  (pas'tim),  n.  diversion; 
sport. 

pas-tor   ('ter),  n.  a  clergyman  or 


minister  having  spiritual  charge 
of  a  church  and  congregation. 

pas-tor-al  (-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to  shepherds,  or  to  the  care  of  a 
church ;  rural ;  addressed  to  the 
clergy  of  a  diocese  by  its  bishop : 
n.  a  kind  of  dramatic  poem,  delin- 
eating incidents  in  rural  life;  a 
bishop's  pastoral  letter. 

pas-tor-ate  ('ter-iit),  n.  the  office 
or  jurisdiction  of  a  pastor.  Also 
pastorship. 

pas-try  (pfis'tri),  n.  articles  of 
food,  as  pies,  &c.,  made  of  light 
puffy  dough. 

pas-tur-a-ble  (pfis'tur-a-bl),  adj. 
suited  for  pasturing. 

pas-tur-age  ('tiir-fij),  n.  the  busi- 
ness of  grazing  cattle ;  pasture. 

pas-ture  ('tur),  n.  land  under 
grass  for  grazing  cattle ;  grass 
for  grazing :  v.t.  to  supply  with 
grass  or  pasture :  v.i.  to  graze. 

past-y  (pfist'i),  adj.  like  paste;  a 
small  pie  of  crust  raised  without 
a  dish. 

pat  (pat),  n.  a  light  quick  blow 
with  the  hand ;  a  small  lump  of 
butter  made  up :  adj.  apt ;  exact : 
adv.  fitly :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  patted, 
p.pr.  patting],  to  strike  gently 
and  quickly  with  the  fingers  or 
hand. 

patch  (pach),  n.  a  piece  applied 
to  cover  a  hole  or  rent ;  a  piece 
inserted  in  variegated  work ;  a 
plot  of  ground :  v.t.  to  put  a 
patch  on  :  mend  clumsily. 

pa-tchou-li  (pa-ch<56'li),  n.  an 
Indian  plant,  from  the  dried  roots 
of  which  a  strong  odoriferous 
perfume  is  made. 

pate  (pat),  n.  the  head;  crown  of 
the  head. 

pat-en  (pat'en).  n.  the  plate  used 
for  the  bread  at  the  Eucharist. 

pat-ent  (pat'ent,  or  pfi'tent ).«'/.;. 
apparent ;  open  to  the  perusal  of 
all ;  secured  by  letters  patent : 
spreading  widely :  n.  a  privilege 
granted  by  letters  patent,  as  a 
title  of  nobility,  or  the  sole  right 
in  an  invention  :  v.t.  to  grant  or 
secure  by  letters  patent. 

pat-en-tee  f-e'),  n.  one  who  has 
secured  a  patent. 

pat-ent-leath-er  (-lef/i-er),  n.  a 
varnished  or  japanned  leather. 

pat-ent-yel-low     (-yel-o)',    n.    a 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pat 


615 


pat 


pigment  or  paint  composed  of  ox- 
ide and  chloride  of  lead. 

pat-er-a  (pat'er-a),  n.  a  shallow 
circular  dish ;  a  flat  ornament  on 
a  frieze. 

pa-ter-f a-mil-i-as  ( pa-ter-f a-mil'- 
i-as),  n.  the  father  of  a  family. 

pa-ter-nal  ('ter-nal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  exhibiting  the  char- 
acteristics of,  a  father;  heredi- 
tary. 

pa-ter-nal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  pa- 
ternal manner. 

pa-ter-ni-ty  (-ter-ni-ti),  n.  pater- 
nal relation  ;  authorship. 

pa-ter-nos-ter  (pa-ter-nos'ter),  n. 
the  Lord's  Prayer ;  a  rosary ; 
every  llth  bead  in  a  rosary. 

path  (path),  n.  a  road;  footway; 
track ;  course  of  conduct  or  action. 

pa-thet-ic  (pa-thet'ik),  adj.  af- 
fecting the  emotions  or  passions ; 
touching.  Also  pathetical. 

pa-thet-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in 
a  pathetical  manner. 

path-o-gen-et-ic  ( path-o-jen-et'- 
ik),  adj.  producing  disease. 

pa-thog-e-ny  (pa-thoj'e-ni),  n. 
the  science  of  the  origin  of  dis- 
eases. 

path-o-log-ic-al  (path-o-loj'ik-al) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  patholos.:. 

pa-thol-o-gist  (pa-thol'6-jist),  n. 
one  skilled  in  pathology. 

pa-thol-o-gy  ('o-ji),  n.  the  science 
of  diseases. 

pathos  (pa'thos),  n.  expression 
of  deep  feeling ;  that  which  ex- 
cites the  mental  emotions. 

pa  tience  ('shens),  n.  the  quality 
of  being  patient  or  calmly  endur- 
ing. 

pa-tient  ('shent).  adj.  suffering 
pain,  hardship,  affliction,  insult, 
&c.,  with  calmness  and  equanim- 
ity ;  continuance  of  labor ;  perse- 
vering;  waiting  with  calmness:  n. 
a  person  under  medical  treatment. 
8yn.  passive,  submissive,  meek. 
Ant.  (see  obdurate). 

pat-i-na  (pat'i-na),  n.  the  fine 
green  rust  with  which  coins, 
ancient  bronzes,  &c.,  become  cov- 
ered by  age.  &c. 

pat-ness  ('nes),  n.  appropriate- 
ness. 

pa-tois  (pa-twa1'),  n.  provincial 
dialect. 

pa-tri-arch.  (pa'tri-iirk),  n.  the 
founder  or  head  of  a  family  ;  an 


aged  man ;  in  the  Greek  Church, 
a  metropolitan  dignitary  of  the 
highest  rank. 

pa-tri-arcli-ate  (-at),  n.  the 
office,  rank,  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
patriarch. 

pa-tri-cian  (pa-trish'an),  n.  one 
of  the  senators  of  ancient  Rome ; 
a  nobleman :  adj.  senatorial ; 
noble. 

pat-ri-mo-ni-al  ( pat-ri-mo'ni-al ) , 
adj.  inherited  from  ancestors. 

pat-ri-mo-iii-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  by 
inheritance. 

pat-ri-mo-ny  ('ri-mo-ni),  n.  an 
estate  or  right  inherited  from  a 
father  or  one's  ancestors ;  an  ec- 
clesiastical endowment  or  estate. 

pa-tri-ot  (pa'tri-  or  pat'ri-ot),  n. 
one  who  loves,  and  is  devoted  to, 
his  native  country  and  its  wel- 
fare. 

pa-tri-ot-ic  (-ri-ot'ik),  adj.  char- 
acterized by  patriotism. 

pa-tri-ot-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
like  a  patriot. 

pa-tri-ot-ism  ('ri-ot-izm),  n.  love 
of  one's  country. 

pa-tris-tic  (pa-tris'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  theology  and  writ- 
ings of  the  fathers  of  the  Chris- 
tian Church.  Also  patristical. 

pa-trol  (pa-trol'),  n.  a  corporal's 
guard  that  marches  round  at 
night  to  preserve  order ;  a 
mounted  policeman :  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  patrolled,  p.pr.  patrolling], 
to  go  round  as  a  patrol. 

pa-tron  (pa'tron),  n.  a  guardian 
or  protector ;  one  who  has  the 
gift  of  a  benefice.  Fern,  patron- 
ess :  adj.  giving  aid  or  exercising 
guardianship ;  tutelary. 

pat-roii  age  (pat'ron-aj) ,  n. 
special  support ;  guardianship  or 
protection ;  right  of  conferring  a 
benefice. 

pat-rpn-al  ('ron-al),  adj.  per- 
forming the  office  of  a  patron. 

pat-ron-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  act  as  a 
patron  towards ;  support  or  pro- 
tect ;  frequent  as  a  customer. 

pat-ro-nym-ic  ( pat-ro-nim'ik ) , 
adj.  derived  from  the  name  of  an 
ancestor :  n.  a  name  derived  from 
an  ancestor. 

pa-troon  (pS-troon'),  ».  a  landed 
proprietor  with  manorial  rights. 

pat-ten    (pat'en),     n.    a    wooden 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon* 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pat 


616 


pea 


shoe  with  an  iron  ring  worn  un- 
der the  soles  by  women  as  a  pro- 
tection against  damp ;  the  base  of 
a  column. 

pat-ter  ('er),  v.i.  to  strike  with 
a  quick  succession  of  light 
sounds,  as  hail :  n.  the  dialect  of 
a  class. 

pat-ter-ing  (-ing),  p.adj.  making 
a  quick  succession  of  light  blows. 

pat-tern  ('eru),  n.  a  model,  sam- 
ple, or  specimen ;  anything  cut 
out  or  formed  into  shape  to  be 
copied. 

pat-ty    ('i),  M.  a  small  pie. 

pau-ci-ty  (paw'si-ti),  n.  small- 
ness  of  number  or  quantity. 

paunch  (panch,  or  pawuch),  n. 
the  belly ;  the  first  and  largest 
stomach  of  a  ruminant. 

pau-per  (paw'per),  n.  a  poor  per- 
son ;  one  who  is  supported  by  the 
poor  rates. 

pau-per-ism  (-izm).  n.  the  state 
of  being  a  pauper. 

pau-per-ize  (-lz),  v.t.  to  reduce 
to  pauperism. 

pause  (pawz),  n.  cessation;  tem- 
porary stop ;  a  break  in  writing 
indicated  by  the  mark  [ — ]  ;  a 
mark  of  cessation  in  speaking;  a 
mark  [i^]  in  music,  indicating 
the  continuance  of  a  note  or  rest : 
v.i.  to  make  a  short  stop ;  wait ; 
hesitate. 

pave  (pav),  v.t.  to  cover  or  lay 
with  stones,  bricks,  &c. :  as,  to 
pave  a  street. 

pave-nieiit  (pav'ment),  n.  a 
paved  roadway  or  floor. 

pa-ver  (pa'ver),  n.  one  whose 
occupation  is  to  lay  pavements. 

pa-vil-ion  (pa-vil'yun),  n.  an  or- 
namental dome-shaped  building ; 
a  large  tent ;  a  temporary  movable 
habitation ;  summer-house. 

pa-ving  (pa'ving),  n.  pavement. 

pav-o-nine  (pav'o-nin),  adj.  re- 
sembling the  tail  of  a  peacock ; 
iridescent :  said  of  certain  ores. 

paw  (paw),  n.  the  foot  of  an 
animal  with  claws  ;  the  •  hand  : 
v.t.  to  scrape  with  the  forefoot ; 
handle,  as  with  paws ;  caress,  as 
a  dog. 

pawl  (pawl),  n.  a  short  bar  to 
prevent  the  recoil  of  a  windlass. 

pawn  (pawn),  n.  something  given 
as  security  for  the  redemption  of 


a    pledge ;     a    common    piece    at 
chess :  v.t.  to  give  in  pledge. 

pawn-bro-ker  ('bro-ker),  n.  one 
who  lends  money  on  the  security 
of  goods  pawned  with  him. 

paw-paw  (paw'paw),  n.  a  tree 
of  the  custard-apple  family,  com- 
mon in  the  southwestern  United 
States. 

pax  (paks),  n.  a  small  crucifix, 
or  a  crucifix  engraved  on  a  small 
metal  plate  kissed  by  worship- 
pers. 

pax- wax  ('waks),  n.  the  strong 
tendon  in  the  neck  of  animals. 

pay  (pa),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  paid, 
p.pr.  paying],  to  discharge  a  debt 
to  ;  give  an  equivalent  for ;  com- 
pensate;  reward;  fulfil;  smear 
with  tar,  pitch,  &c. :  n.  money 
given  for  service  rendered. 

pay-ee  (-e'),  n.  one  to  whom 
money  is  paid. 

pay-mas-ter  ('mas-ter),  n.  one 
who  pays  or  from  whom  wages 
are  received,  especially  an  officer 
in  the  army  or  navy  whose  duty 
is  to  pay  the  officers  and  men. 

pea  (pe),  n.  [pi.  peas,  or  pease 
(pez)],  a  leguminous  plant  of 
the  genus  Pisum  and  its  edible 
seed. 

peace  (pes),  n.  a  state  of  rest  or 
tranquillity  ;  calm  ;  freedom  from 
war  or  disturbance. 

tiyn.  calm,  quiet,  tranquillity. 
Ant.   (see  war). 

peace-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  disposed 
to  peace  ;  calm  ;  quiet. 

Syn.   pacific,   peaceful,   quiet. 
Ant.   (see  riotous). 

peace-a-ble-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  peace- 
able. Also  peacefulness. 

peace-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  without 
agitation  or  tumult. 

peace-fnl  ('fool),  adj.  full  of 
peace  ;  pacific  ;  quiet. 

peace-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  peace- 
ful manner. 

peace-of-fi-cer  (-of'i-ser),  n.  a 
justice  of  the  peace  or  a  police- 
officer. 

peach,  (pech),  n.  a  tree  with  its 
downy  edible  fruit :  v.i.  to  betray 
one's  accomplices. 

pea-cock  (pe'kok),  n.  a  gallina- 
ceous bird  with  handsome  plum- 
age :  adj.  iridescent  like  the 
feathers  of  the  peacock. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pea 


617 


ped 


pea-hen  ('hen),  n.  a  female  pea- 
fowl, homologous  to  the  peacock. 

pea-jack-et  ('jak-et),  n.  a  sea- 
man's heavy  jacket. 

peak  (pek).  «..  the  sharp-pointed 
summit  or  jutting  part  of  a 
mountain  or  hill ;  pointed  end  ;  the 
leather  projection  in  front  of  a 
cap ;  the  upper  outer  corner  of  an 
extended  sail :  v.i.  to  look  pale  and 
wan:  v.t.  to  raise  (a  sail)  ob- 
liquely to  the  mast. 

peak  ish.  ('ish),  adj.  having  pale 
thin  features. 

peak-y  ('i),  adj.  having,  or  re- 
sembling, a  peak. 

peal  (pel),  n.  a  loud  sound,  as  of 
thunder,  bells,  &c. ;  a  set  of  musi- 
cal bells,  or  the  changes  rung  by 
them :  v.i.  to  give  forth  loud  or 
solemn  sounds. 

pean,  same  as  psean. 

pea-nut  (pe'nut),  n.  the  ground- 
nut. 

pear  (par),  n.  the  juicy  edible 
fruit  of  the  pear-tree  (Pyrus  com- 
munis) . 

pearl  (perl),  n.  a  hard,  smooth, 
greyish-white  iridescent  gem  found 
in  the  mother-of-pearl  oyster; 
anything  resembling  a  pearl  or 
very  precious ;  a  white  speck  in 
the  eye ;  a  small  size  of  type 
(see  type)  :  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  formed  of,  pearls :  v.t.  to  set 
or  adorn  with  pearls. 

pearl-ash  ('ash),  n.  an  impure 
carbonate  of  potash. 

pearl-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  qual- 
ity of  being  pearly. 

pearl-y  ('i),  adj.  resembling,  or 
containing,  pearls;  clear;  trans- 
parent. 

peas-ant  (poz'Ant),  n.  a  country- 
man: rustic  laborer:  adj.  rural; 
rustic. 

peas-ant-ry  (-ri),  n.  peasants 
collectively. 

pease  (pez),  n.pl.  peas  collect- 
ively. 

pea-stone    ( ix'-'ston),  n.  pisolite. 

peat  (pet),  n.  decayed  vegetable 
matter  resembling  turf  cut  out  of 
bogs :  used  as  fuel. 

peb-ble  (peb'l),  n.  a  roundish 
stone ;  transparent  rock  crystal 
used  for  spectacles.  &c. 

peb-bly   CM),  adj.  full  of  pebbles. 

pec-ca-bil-i-ty  (pek-a-bil'i-ti).  n. 
the  state  of  being  subject  to  sin. 


pec-ca-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  liable  to 
sin. 

pec-ca-dil-lo  (-dil'o),  n.  a  trifling 
fault. 

pe-can  (pe-kan'),  n.  a  species  of 
North  American  hickory  and  its 
fruit. 

pec-can-cy   ('an-si),  n.  sinfulness. 

pec-ca-ry  ('a-ri),  n.  a  South 
American  mammal  allied  to  the 
hog. 

pec-ca-vi  (a'vl),  (Latin,  I  have 
sinned),  a  word  in  colloquial 
use,  expressive  of  contrition  for 
the  commission  of  a  fault. 

peck  (pek),  n.  l-4th  of  a  bushel; 
quick  sharp  stroke  with  the  beak  : 
v.t.  to  strike  with  the  beak  ;  pick 
up  with  the  beak  ;  eat. 

peck-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  pecks; 
a  woodpecker. 

pec-tic  ac-id  ('tik  as'id),  n.  an 
acid  found  in  various  fruits. 

pec-tin  ('tin),  n.  the  gelatinizing 
principle  of  certain  ripe  fruits. 

pec-tin-ate  ('tin-at),  adj.  shaped 
like  the  teeth  of  a  comb.  Also 
pectinated. 

pec-to-ral  ('to-ral),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  good  for,  or  worn  on,  the 
chest :  n.  the  breastplate  of  the 
Jewish  high-priest ;  a  medicine 
for  chest  complaints ;  a  pectoral 
fin. 

pec-u-late  (Ti-lat),  v.i.  to  ap- 
propriate public  money  to  one's 
own  use ;  embezzle. 

pec-u-la-tion  (-la'shun).  n.  the 
act  of  appropriating  public  money 
to  one's  own  use. 

pec-u-la-tor  ('u-Ia-ter),  n.  one 
who  peculates. 

pe-cul-iar  (pe-kul'yar),  adj.  one's 
own  ;  appropriate  ;  individual ; 
strange :  n.  a  church  or  parish 
exempted  from  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  diocese  to  which  it  belongs. 

pe-cu-li-ar-i-ty  (-li-ar'i-ti).  n.  \p1. 
peculiarities  (-tiz)],  something 
peculiar  or  characteristic. 

pe-cul-iar-ly  ('yar-li).  adv.  in  a 
peculiar  manner. 

pe-cu-ni-a-ri-ly  ('ni-A-ri-Ii).  adv. 
as  regards  money. 

pe-cn-ni-a-ry  ('ni-a-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  consisting  of,  money  ; 
monetary. 

ped-a-gpg-ic  (ped-a-goj'ik).  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  pedagogue  or  to 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ped 


618 


pel 


the  science  of  teaching.  Also 
pedagogical. 

ped-a-gog-ics  ('iks),  n.  the  sci- 
ence of  teaching. 

ped-a-gog-ism  ('a-gog-izm),  n. 
the  occupation  or  manners  of  a 
pedagogue. 

ped-a-gog-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  who 
treats  of  pedagogics. 

ped-a-gogue  ('a-gog),  n.  a  school- 
master ;  pedant. 

ped-a-go-gy  ('a-go-ji),  n.  peda- 
gogics. 

ped-al  (ped'al),  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  foot :  n.  a  key  or  lever  at- 
tached to  a  musical  instrument 
and  moved  by  the  foot,  to  modify 
the  swell  or  tone. 

ped-ant  ('ant),  n.  one  who  makes 
an  ostentatious  display  of  his 
learning. 

pe-dan-tic  (pe-dan'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characterized  by, 
pedantry.  Pedantical. 

pe-dan-tic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
like  a  pedant. 

ped-an-try  ('an-tri),  n.  ostenta- 
tious display  of  learning. 

ped-ate  ('at),  adj.  palmate,  with 
the  two  lateral  sections  length- 
ened and  lobed. 

ped-dle  ('!),  v.i.  to  travel  about 
selling  small  wares  ;  be  busy  about 
trifles :  v.t.  to  retail  in  small 
quantities. 

ped-dler,  ped-ler,  ped-lar  ('ler), 
n.  one  who  peddles. 

ped-dling    ('ling),  adj.  trifling. 

ped-es-tal  ('es-tal),  n.  the  base 
of  a  column,  statue,  &c. 

pe-des-tri-an  (pe-des'tri-an),  adj. 
going  on  foot ;  walking :  n.  one 
who  journeys  on  foot ;  profession- 
al walker. 

pe-des-tri-an-ism  (-izm),  n.  the 
art  or  practice  of  walking ;  racing 
on  foot. 

ped-i-cel  (ped'i-sel),  n.  a  small 
short  foot-stalk. 

ped-i-cure  ('i-kiir),  n.  the  care 
of  the  feet ;  a  chiropodist. 

ped-i-form  ('i-f6rm),  adj.  foot- 
shaped. 

ped-i-gree  ('i-gre),  n.  lineage; 
genealogy. 

ped-i-ment  ('i-ment),  n.  the  tri- 
angular or  circular  ornament 
over  the  entablature,  &c.,  of  a 
building. 

ped-ler,  see  peddler. 


pe-do-bap-tism,  same  as  paedo- 
baptism. 

ped-om-e-ter  (ped-om'e-ter),  n.  a 
watch-shaped  instrument  for  re- 
cording paces  and  distances  in 
walking. 

ped-un-cle  (-ung'kl),  n.  a  flower- 
stalk. 

ped-un-cu-lar  ('ku-lar),  adj.  of 
or  pertaining  to  a  peduncle. 

ped-un-cu-late  ('ku-lat),  adj. 
having,  or  growing  upon,  a  ped- 
uncle. Also  pedunculated. 

peel  (pel),  v.t.  to  strip  the  skin, 
bark,  or  rind  from :  v.i.  to  un- 
dress :  n.  skin  or  rind ;  a  baker's 
long  flat  wooden  shovel ;  a  con- 
trivance for  hanging  up  printed 
sheets  to  dry. 

peel-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  peels;  a 
pillager ;  a  policeman :  from  Sir 
Robert  Peel. 

peen  (pen),  n.  the  point  of  a 
mason's  hammer. 

peep  (pep);  v.i.  to  chirp  or  cry, 
as  young  birds ;  to  look  through 
a  crevice  or  hiding  place ;  look 
slyly ;  begin  to  appear :  n.  the 
cry  of  a  chicken ;  a  sly  look ;  a 
beginning  to  appear. 

peer  (per),  n.  one  of  the  same 
rank ;  an  equal  ;  associate ;  a 
nobleman  ;  a  member  of  the  House 
of  Lords :  v.i.  to  appear ;  look 
narrowly. 

peer-age  (Tij),  n.  the  rank  or 
dignity  of  a  peer;  peers  col- 
lectively ;  a  book  giving  informa- 
tion respecting  the  nobility. 

peer-ess  ('es),  n.  a  peer's  wife; 
a  lady  of  noble  rank. 

peer-less  ('les),  adj.  without  an 
equal. 

peev-ish.  (pev'ish),  adj.  fretful; 
difficult  to  please. 

pee-wit    (pe'wit),  n.  the  lapwing. 

peg  (peg),  n.  a  small  pointed 
wooden  pin ;  a  piece  of  wood  serv- 
ing as  a  nail :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
pegged,  p.pr.  pegging],  to  fasten 
or  mark  out  with  pegs. 

pel-age  (pel'aj),  n.  the  hair  or 
similar  covering  of  a  mammal. 

pe-lag-ic  (-laj'ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  ocean. 

pel-er-ine  (pel'er-in),  n.  a  lady's 
long  cape  with  tapering  ends. 

pelf  (pelf),  n.  money;  wealth: 
used  in  a  bad  sense. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin.  //ten. 


t>19 


pen 


pel-i-can  (pel'i-kan),  n.  a  large 
aquatic  bird  with  a  huge  axe- 
shaped  bill ;  a  dentist's  instru- 
ment. 

pe-lisse  (pe-les'),  n.  a  lady's  silk 
habit. 

pell  (pel),  n.  a  skin  or  hide;  a 
roll  of  parchment. 

pel-let   ('et),  n.  a  little  ball. 

pel-li-cle  ('i-kl),  n.  a  thin  skin 
or  film. 

pel-li-to-ry  ('i-to-ri),  n.  a  peren- 
nial plant  of  the  nettle  family, 
growing  on  old  walls. 

pell-mell  ('mel),  adv.  with  con- 
fused violence. 

pel-lu-cid  (-u'sid),  adj.  perfectly 
clear ;  transparent. 

pelt  (pelt),  n.  a  raw  hide;  a  blow 
from  something  thrown :  v.t.  to 
strike  by  throwing  something :  v.i. 
to  fall  heavily,  as  rain. 

pel-try  (pel'tri).  n.  skins  of 
furred  animals  collectively. 

pelt-wool  (pelf  wool),  n.  wool 
from  dead  sheep. 

pel-vie  (pel'vik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  pelvis. 

pel-vis  ('vis),  n.  the  bony  cavity 
in  the  lower  part  of  the  abdomen. 

pem-mi  can  (pem'i-kan),  n.  lean 
meat,  dried,  pounded,  and  pressed 
into  cakes. 

pen  (pen).  «.  a  small  inclosure ; 
coop";  an  instrument  for  writing : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  penned,  p.pr.  pen- 
ning], to  shut  up  or  confine  in  a 
small  iuclosure ;  write. 

pe-nal  (pe'nal),  adj.  enacting,  in- 
flicting, or  incurring  punishment 
for  crime ;  punitive. 

pe-nal-ly  (-li),  adv.  by  way  of 
punishment. 

pen-al-ty  (pen'Al-ti),  n.  legal  pun- 
ishment either  on  the  person  or 
by  a  fine ;  fine  or  forfeit ;  an  ex- 
tra weight  carried  by  a  race-horse. 

pen-ance  (pen'ans),  n.  self-im- 
posed suffering,  as  an  expression 
of  contrition  for  sin;  repentance; 
in  the  Homan  Catholic  Church 
one  of  the  sacraments  by  which 
sins  are  pardoned  after  con- 
fession and  satisfaction. 

pe  nates  (pe-na'tez),  n.pl.  the 
household  gods  of  the  ancient 
Romans. 

pence,  j>l.  of  penny. 

pen-chant     (pang-sliang'),    n.    a 


strong    inclination    or    taste 
[French]. 

pen-cil  (pen'sil),  n.  a  small  fine 
brush  used  by  artists ;  a  pointed 
instrument  of  black  lead,  colored 
chalk,  &c. ;  a  collection  of  rays 
of  light  converging  to  a  point :  v.t. 
to  write,  sketch,  paint,  or  mark 
with  a  pencil. 

peu-ciled  ('sild),  p. adj.  written, 
drawn,  or  painted,  with  a  pen- 
cil ;  radiating. 

pen-cil-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  art  of 
writing,  sketching,  or  painting 
with  a  pencil. 

pend-aut  (pend'ant),  n.  anything 
hanging  for  ornamentation ;  an 
ear-ring  or  locket;  a  pennant. 

pend-en-cy  ('en-si),  n.  suspense; 
indecision.  Also  pendence. 

peud-eut  ('ent),  adj.  hanging; 
projecting ;  swinging. 

pend-ing  ('ing),  adj.  undecided; 
hanging  in  suspe_nse. 

pen-du-lous  ('du-lus),  adj.  hang- 
ing ;  oscillating. 

pen-du-lum  ('du-lum),  n.  a 
heavy  body  suspended  so  that  it 
may  vibrate  backwards  and  for- 
wards about  a  fixed  point  by  the 
force  of  gravity,  as  in  a  clock. 

pen-e-tra-bil-i-ty  ( -e-tra-bil'i-ti ) , 
n.  the  susceptibility  of  being  en- 
tered or  passed  through  by  an- 
other body. 

pen-e-tra-ble  ('e-tra-bl),  adj. 
that  may  be  penetrated ;  suscep- 
tive of  impression. 

pen-e-tra-li-a  (-tra'li-a),  n.pl.  the 
inner  part  of  a  temple,  house,  &c. ; 
mysteries. 

pen-e-trant  ('e-trant),  adj.  pene- 
trating ;  subtile ;  acute. 

pen-e-trate       ('e-trat),      v.t.      to 
pierce   into ;   enter ;    bore   or  per- 
forate ;    reach    the    mind ;    affect 
deeply ;  reach  the  interior. 
Syn.  bore,  pierce,  perforate. 

pen-e-tra-ting  (-ing),  p.adj. 
piercing ;  sharp  ;  discerning.  Also 
penetrative. 

pen-e-tra-tion  (-tra'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  penetrating ;  mental  acute- 
ness. 

Syn.  acuteness,  sagacity. 
Ant.   (see  dulness). 

pen-e-tra-tive-ness  (-Mv-nes),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  penetrative. 

pen-fish  ('fish),  n.  a  kind  of  eel 
pout. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  lot :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrcb,  lot ;  moon. 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pen 


620 


pen 


pen-guin  ('gwin),  n.  a  large  sea- 
fowl  with  rudimentary  wings. 

pen-in-su-la  (pen-in'su-lu),  n.  a 
portion  of  jutting  land  nearly 
surrounded  by  water,  and  con- 
nected with  the  mainland  by  an 
isthmus. 

pen-in-su-lar  ('su-lnr),  adj.  per- 
taining to.,  or  shaped  like,  a  penin- 
sula. 

pen-i-tence  (pen'i-tens),  n.  sor- 
row for  sin ;  state  of  being  peni- 
tent. 

pen-i-tent  ('i-tent),  adj.  repent- 
ant :  n.  one  who  is  penitent ;  one 
under  ecclesiastical  censure,  but 
admitted  to  penance ;  one  who  is 
under  the  direction  of  a  confessor. 

pen-i-ten-tial  (-ten'shal),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  expressing, 
penitence ;  of  the  nature  of  pen- 
ance :  n.  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  a  book  treating  of  the 
rules  and  degrees  of  penance. 

pen-i-ten-tia-ry  ( -ten'sha-ri ) , 

adj.  pertaining  to  penance :  n.  a 
penitent ;  a  house  of  correction  :  a 
state  prison ;  a  home  for  fallen 
women ;  an  office  at  the  papal 
court,  that  grants  dispensations, 
absolutions,  &c. ;  the  official  who 
presides  over  such  a  court. 

pen-knife  ('nlf),  n.  a  small  pock- 
et-knife. 

pen-man  ('man),  n.  an  author; 
one  who  writes  a  good  hand. 

pen-man-snip  (-ship),  n.  the  art, 
or  style,  of  writing. 

pen-nant  ('ant),  n.  a  long  nar- 
row strip  of  bunting  at  the  mast- 
heads of  men-of-war. 

pen-nate,  same  as  pinnate. 

pen-ni-less  (pen'i-les),  adj.  with- 
out money ;  destitute. 

pen-non  ('on),  n.  a  small  swal- 
low-tailed flag  ox  streamer. 

pen-iiy  (-5),  n.  [pi.  pennies  ('iz) 
(denoting  number),  pence  (pens), 
(denoting  amount  or  value)],  a 
bronze  coin  =  1-12  of  a  shilling, 
or  2  cents,  (English). 

pen-ny-roy-al  (-roi'al),  n.  an 
aromatic  herb  of  the  mint  family. 

pen-ny- weight  (-wfit),  n.  a 
weight  —  24  grains  troy. 

pe-no-log-ic-al  ( pe-no-lo  j'ik-Sl ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  penology. 

pe-nol-o-gist  (-nol'o-jist),  n.  a 
student  of  penology. 


pe-nol-o-gy  (-nol'o-ji),  n.  the 
scientific  study  of  punishments, 
prison  management,  &c. 

pen-sile    ('sil),  adj.   hanging. 

pen-sion  ('shun),  n.  a  stated  al- 
lowance paid  for  past  services,  as 
to  the  state,  &c. ;  money  paid  in- 
stead of  tithes ;  a  continental 
boarding  house  or  school  (piing- 
si-ang')  :  v.t.  to  grant  a  pension 
to. 

pen-sion-a-ry  ('shun-a-ri),  <tdj. 
consisting  of,  or  maintained  by,  a 
pension :  n.  a  person  in  receipt 
of  a  pension. 

pen-sion-er  ('shun-er),  n.  one 
who  receives  a  pension,  especially 
a  discharged  soldier. 

pen-sive  ('sLv),  adj.  thoughtful; 
sad. 

pen-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  pen- 
sive manner. 

pen-sive-ness  (-nes),  n.  thought- 
fulness  ;  melancholy. 

pent,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  pen  (to  shut 
up). 

penta,  a  prefix  meaning  five,  as 
pentachord,  an  instrument  with 
5  strings ;  musical  scale  of  5 
sounds.  Also  pente. 

pen-tad  (pen'tad),  n.  an  element 
which  combines  with  or  replaces 
a  monad. 

pen-ta-gon  (pen'ta-gon),  n.  a 
figure  of  5  sides  and  5  angles. 

pen-ta-ne-dral  (-he'dral),  adj. 
having  5  sides. 

pen-ta-he-dron  ('drpn),  n.  a 
solid  figure  having  5  sides. 

peii-ta-hex-a-he  clral  (-heks-a- 
he'dral),  adj.  exhibiting  5  ranges 
of  faces,  one  above  another,  each 
range  containing  6  faces. 

peii-taiii-e-rous  (-tam'e-rus),  adj. 
consisting  of  5  parts. 

pen-tam-e-ter  ('e-ter),  n.  a  verse 
consisting  of  5  feet. 

pen-ta-style  ('ta-stil),  n.  a  build- 
ing with  5  columns  in  front. 

Pen-ta-teuch  ('ta-tuk),  n.  the 
first  5  books  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment. 

Pen-te-cpst  ('te-kost),  n.  a  Jew- 
ish festival  kept  the  50th  day 
after  the  second  day  of  the  Pass- 
over ;  Whitsuntide,  commemora- 
tive of  the  descent  of  the  Holy 
Ghost. 

pen-te-cost-al  (-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Pentecost. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  Hue,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


pen 


621 


per 


pent-house  ('hous),  n.  a  shed 
with  a  slanting  roof  projecting 
from  a  main  wall  or  building. 

pe-nult  (pe-nult'),  n.  the  last 
syllable  of  a  word  but  one. 
Also  penultima. 

pe-nult-i-mate  ('L-mat),  adj.  last 
but  one. 

pe-num-bra  (-num'bra),  n.  a 
partial  shadow  on  the  exterior  of 
the  perfect  shadow  of  an  eclipse ; 
the  boundary  of  light  and  shade 
in  a  picture. 

pe-nu-ri-ous  (-nu'ri-us),  adj. 
miserly ;  sordid. 

pen-n-ry  (pen'u-ri),  n.  want  of 
the  necessities  of  life ;  poverty. 

pe-on  (pe'on),  n.  a  Mexican 
laborer ;  an  Indian  native  soldier 
or  constable  ;  a  pawn  at  chess. 

pe-o-ny  ('6-ni),  n.  a  perennial 
plant  with  handsome  flowers  of 
the  genus  Pa?onia.  Also  pseony. 

peo-ple  Cpl),  n.  [pi.  people, 
peoples  ('plz)j.  persons  gen- 
erally: community;  inhabitants; 
race,  kindred,  or  family  ;  the  com- 
monalty :  v.t.  to  stock  with  people 
or  inhabitants. 

•S'j//i.   nation,  persons,   folks. 

pep-per  (pep'er),  n.  a  hot  pungent 
spice  made  of  the  ground  seeds 
of  Piper  nigrum. 

pep-per-corn  (-kOrn),  n.  the 
small  berry  of  the  pepper-plant : 
hence  anything  insignificant. 

pep-per-mint  (-mint),  n.  an 
aromatic  herb ;  the  cordial  pre- 
pared from  it. 

pep-per-wort  (-we"rt),  n.  a  cress. 

pep-per-y  (-i),  adj.  like  pepper; 
fiery  ;  pungent. 

pep-sin  ('sin),  n.  a  nitrogenous 
ferment  contained  in  gastric 
juice ;  a  preparation  from  the 
stomach  of  a  pig  used  in  medicine 
to  aid  digestion.  Also  pepsine. 

pep-tic  Ctik),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  promoting,  digestion :  n.  a 
medicine  to  aid  digestion :  pi.  the 
science  of  digestion. 

pep-tones  ('tonz),  n.pl.  the  prod- 
ucts of  the  action  of  pepsin. 

per,  a  prefix  meaning  thronf/h. 
over  the  whole  extent,  by,  very, 
as  perambulate,  to  walk  over ;  per 
diem,  by  the  day,  &c. 

per-ad-ven-ture  (per-ad-ven'tur) , 
adv.  by  chance. 


per-am-bu-la-tion  (-am-bu-la'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  passing 
through  ;  a  survey  made  by  travel- 
ing ;  the  annual  survey  of  a  parish 
boundary. 

per-am-bu-la-tor  ('bu-lii-ter),  n. 
one  who  perambulates ;  a  baby 
carriage ;  an  instrument  for  meas- 
uring road  distances. 

per-cale  (-kal'),  n.  cotton  fabrics 
with  a  linen  finish. 

per-ceiv-a-ble  (-se'va-bl),  adj. 
discernible  by  the  mind. 

per-ceiv-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  per- 
ceptibly. 

per-ceive  (-seV),  v.t.  to  obtain 
knowledge  of  by  the  senses ;  un- 
derstand ;  discern. 

Ni///.  note,  observe,  discern,  dis- 
tinguish. 

per  cent,   (-sent'),  by  the  hundred. 

per-cent-age  (-sent'aj),  n.  pro- 
portional allowance  per  cent. 

per-cep-ti-bil-i-ty  ( -sep-ti-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  per- 
ceptible. 

per-cep-ti-ble  ('ti-bl),  adj.  that 
may  be  perceived. 

per-cep-ti-bly  (-bli),  adv.  so  as 
to  be  perceived. 

per-cep-tion  (-sep'shun),  n.  the 
act,  state,  or  faculty  of  receiving 
knowledge  of  external  things  by 
the  medium  of  the  senses ;  idea, 
notion,  or  conception. 

Syn.  conception,   notion,   idea. 

per-cep-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  having 
the  faculty  of  perceiving. 

per-cep-tiv-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the 
power  of  perception  or  thinking. 

perch  (perch),  n.  a  fresh-water 
fish ;  a  measure  of  length  =  5*£ 
yards,  1-40  of  a  rood  ;  anything  on 
which  birds  sit  or  roost :  v.i.  to  sit 
or  roost :  v.t.  to  place  on  a  perch. 

per-chance  (per-chans'),  adv. 
perhaps. 

per-chlo-rate  (-klo'rat),  n.  a 
compound  of  perchloric  acid  and 
a  base. 

per-chlo-ric  Crik),  adj.  noting 
an  acid  having  7  equivalents  of 
oxygen  to  2  of  chlorine. 

per-chlo-ride  ('rid),  n.  a  com- 
pound of  an  excess  of  chlorine 
with  a  base. 

per-cip-i-ence  (-sip'i-ens),  n.  the 
act  of  perceiving. 

per-cip-i-ent  (M-ent),  adj.  per- 
ceiving :  n.  one  who  perceives. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


per 


622 


per 


per-co-late  ('ko-lat),  v.i.  to  pass 
through  small  spaces. 

per-co-la-tion  (-la'shun),  n. 
filtration. 

per-co-la-tor  ('ko-lfi-ter),  n.  a 
filtering  machine  or  vessel ;  a 
coffee-pot  fitted  with  a  filter. 

per-cus-sion  (-kush'un),  n..  vio- 
lent collision ;  shock  produced  by 
the  collision  of  bodies ;  impres- 
sion of  sound  on  the  ear ;  the 
medical  examination  of  a  part 
of  the  body  by  tapping  it  gently 
so  as  to  determine  its  condition 
by  the  sound  produced. 

per-cus-sion-cap  (kap),  n.  a 
small  copper  cap  containing  ful- 
minating powder,  which,  placed 
on  the  nipple  of  a  gun,  explodes 
the  powder  when  struck  by  the 
lock. 

per-cus-sive  (-kus'iv),  adj.  strik- 
ing against. 

per-di-tion  (-dish'un),  n.  total 
destruction ;  ruin ;  utter  loss  of 
the  soul  or  of  happiness  in  a 
future  state. 

per-du  (-du'),  adj.  forlorn;  hid- 
den :  n.  one  lying  in  ambush : 
adv.  in  ambush  or  a  post  of 
danger. 

per-e-grin-a-tion  (-e-grin-a'- 

shun),  n.  the  act  of  traveling 
about. 

per-e-grin-a-tor  ('e-grin-a-ter), 
n.  a  traveler. 

per-emp-to-ri-ly  ('emp-tor-i-li) , 
adv.  in  a  peremptory  manner. 

per-emp-to-ri-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  peremp- 
tory. 

per-emp-to-ry  ('emp-tor-S),  adj. 
positive  ;  final ;  decisive  ;  preclud- 
ing discussion  or  hesitation. 

per-en-ni-al  (-en'i-al),  adj.  last- 
ing through  the  year ;  perpetual ; 
noting  plants  that  continue  more 
than  2  years. 

per-en-ni-al-ly  (-H),  adv.  so  as 
to  be  perennial ;  perpetually. 

per-f  ect  ('fekt),  adj.  complete; 
without  defect  or  blemish ;  blame- 
less ;  pure  ;  possessing  every  moral 
excellence ;  fully  skilled  or  ac- 
complished ;  in  grammar,  the 
tense  that  expresses  completed 
action  :  v.t.  to  make  perfect ;  com- 
plete or  finish. 


Syn.     correct,     entire,     sinless, 
complete. 

Ant.    (see  faulty). 

per-f  ect-i-bil-i-ty  ( -f  ekt-i-bi  1'i- 
ti ) ,  n.  the  capacity  for  becoming 
perfect. 

per-f  ect-i-ble  (-fekt'i-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  made  perfect. 

per-f  ec-tion  (fec'shun),  n.  the 
state  of  being  perfect ;  supreme 
excellence. 

per-fid-i-ous  (-fid'i-us).  adj.  false 
to  trust ;  treacherous  ;  faithless. 

per-fi-dy  ('fi-di),  n.  violation  of 
a  trust  reposed ;  breach  of  faith. 

per-f  o-rate  ('fo-rat),  v.t.  to 
pierce  or  bore  through ;  make  a 
hole  through. 

per-f o-ra-tipn  (-ra'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  piercing  or  boring  through ; 
a  hole  bored  through. 

per-f o-ra-tor  ('fo-ra-ter),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  perforates. 

per-force  (-fors'),  adv.  by  force; 
violently. 

per-forxn  (-form'),  v.t.  to  do  or 
carry  out ;  execute ;  achieve ; 
fulfil :  v.i.  to  act  a  part. 

per-f orm-ance  (Tins),  n.  the  act 
of  performing ;  execution ;  com- 
pletion ;  deed  or  feat ;  an  enter- 
tainment. 

per-fume  (-ffim'),  v.t.  to  impreg- 
nate with  a  pleasant  odor ;  scent : 
«.  a  sweet-smelling  scent. 

per-f  u-xuer-y  ('er-i),  n.  perfume* 
in  general. 

per-f  unc-to-ri-ly  (-fungk'to-ri- 
li),  adv.  carelessly. 

per-f  unc-to-ri-ness  (-nes),  n. 
carelessness. 

per-f unc-to-ry  ('to-ri),  adj.  done 
carelessly  or  negligently  with  the 
purpose  of  getting  rid  of  the 
duty ;  negligent. 

per-haps   (-haps'),  adv.  possibly. 

pe-ri  (pe'ri),  n.  in  Persian  myth- 
ology, a  descendant  of  a  fallen 
spirit  excluded  from  paradise ;  a 
fairy:  (per'i),  a  prefix,  meaning 
around,  as  peribolos,  a  wall  or 
court  surrounding  a  temple. 

per-i-antli  (per'i-anth),  n.  a  floral 
envelope. 

per-i-cartp-di-ac  (-kiir'di-ak).  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  pericardium. 
Also  pericardial. 

per-i-car-di-tis  (-dl'tis),  n.  in- 
flammation of  the  pericardium. 

per-i-car-di-nm     (-kar'di-um),    n. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


per 


623 


per 


the  membrane  that  surrounds  the 
heart. 

per-i-carp  ('i-karp),  n.  the  seed- 
vessel  of  a  plant. 

per-i-car-pi-al  (-kiir'pi-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  pericarp. 

per-i-clase  ('i-klaz),  n.  a  mag- 
nesian  mineral. 

per-i-cli-nal  (-kli'nal),  adj.  dip- 
ping on  all  sides  from  a  central 
axis. 

per-i-cra-ni-nm  (-kra'ni-um),  n. 
the  membrane  that  surrounds  the 
cranium. 

per-i-gee  (-je),  n.  that  point  in 
the  orbit  of  the  moon,  or  of  a 
planet,  nearest  the  earth. 

per-i-he-li-on  (-he'li-on),  n.  [pi. 
perihelia  (-a)],  that  point  in 
the  orbit  of  a  planet,  or  a  comet, 
nearest  the  sun. 

per-il     ('il),    n.    exposure    to    in- 
jury ;     danger ;     jeopardy ;     risk : 
v.t.  to  expose  to  danger  or  risk. 
Syn.   danger,   pitfall,   snare. 
Ant.  *(see  safety). 

per-il-ons  (-us),  adj.  full  of  peril ; 
hazardous ;  dangerous. 

pe-rim-e-ter  (pe-rim'e-ter),  n. 
the  outer  boundary  of  a  plane 
surface. 

pe-ri-od  (pe'ri-od),  n.  a  circuit  or 
cycle ;  interval  of  time ;  the  time 
taken  by  a  planet  to  revolve 
round  the  sun ;  length  of  dura- 
tion;  conclusion;  a  dot  [.]  to 
mark  the  end  of  a  sentence ;  in 
rhetoric,  a  complete  sentence. 

pe-ri-od-ic-al  ('ik-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  period,  or  to  period- 
icals ;  occurring  at  regular  inter- 
vals. Also  periodic :  n.  a  publica- 
tion issued  at  stated  intervals,  as 
a  magazine. 

pe-ri-od-ic-al-ly  (-H),  adv.  at 
stated  intervals. 

pe-ri-o-dic-i-ty  (-o-dis'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  pe- 
riodical. 

per-i-os-te-al  (per-i-os'te-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  periosteum. 

per-i-os-te-um  ('te-um),  n.  the 
vascular  nervous  membrane  which 
covers  the  bones. 

per-i-os  ti-tis  (-ti'tis),  n.  in- 
flammation of  the  periosteum. 

Per-i-pa-tet-ic  (-pa-tet'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  philosophy  of 
Aristotle,  who  instructed  his  dis- 


ciples while  he  walked  about  the 
Lyceum  :  n.  a  disciple  of  Aristotle. 

per-i-pa-tet-ic  (-pa-tet'ik),  adj. 
walking  about :  n.  one  who  is  ac- 
customed or  compelled  to  walk. 

per-iph-er-al  ( per-i  f'er-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  periphery. 

per-iph-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  [pi. 
peripheries  (-ii)L  the  circumfer- 
ence of  a  circle,  ellipse,  or  similar 
figure. 

per-iph-ra-sis  (-if'ra-sis),  n.  cir- 
cumlocution. 

per-i-phras-tic  (per-i-fras'tik), 
adj.  circumlocutory.  Also  peri- 
phrastical. 

per-i-phras-tic-al-ly  (-al-H),  adv. 
by  periphrasis. 

per-i-scope  (per'i-skop),  n.  an  in- 
strument for  seeing  over  inter- 
vening objects :  used  in  guiding 
submarine  boats. 

per-i-scop-ic  (per-i-skop'ik),  adj. 
viewing  all  round,  and  so  con- 
structed as  to  increase  the  dis- 
tinctness of  objects  when  viewed 
at  an  oblique  angle.  Also  peri- 
scopical. 

per-ish.  ('ish),  v.i.  to  lose  life  or 
vitality ;  decay  or  die :  be  de- 
stroyed or  come  to  nothing. 

per-isli-a-bil-i-ty  (-a-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  of  being  perishable. 
Also  perishableness. 

per-ish-a-ble  (per'ish-a-bl),  adj. 
liable  to  perish  ;  mortal. 

per-i -sperm  ('i-sperm),  n.  albu- 
men of  a  seed. 

per-i-stal-tic  (-stal'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  peculiar  worm-like 
movement  of  the  intestines  by 
which  their  contents  are  forced 
onward. 

per-i-style  ('i-stil),  n.  an  open 
court  in  the  interior  of  a  house 
surrounded  by  a  row  of  columns. 

per-i-sys-to-le  (-sis'to-le),  n.  the 
interval  that  ensues  on  the  con- 
traction of  the  heart  before  the 
dilation  (diastole)  which  follows. 

per-i-to-ne-al  (-to-ne'al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  peritoneum. 

per-i-to-ne-um  ('um),  n.  a  thin 
serous  membrane  which  covers  the 
abdominal  viscera. 

per-i -to-ni-tis  (-m'tis),  n.  inflam- 
mation of  the  peritoneum. 

per-i- wig  (per'i-wig),  n.  a  small 
wig. 

per-i-win-kle     (-wing'kl),    «.    a 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


per 


624 


per 


perennial  creeping  plant ;  a  small 
univalve  mollusk. 

per-jure  (per'jur),  v.i.  to  swear 
falsely. 

per-jur-y  (-i),  n.  the  act  of  swear- 
ing falsely  when  on  oath. 

perk  (perk),  v.t.  to  make  trim  or 
smart :  v.i.  to  hold  up  the  head 
in  a  smart  or  saucy  manner ;  peer. 

perk-y  ('i),  adj.  jaunty;  smart. 

per-ma-nence  ('ma-nens),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  perma- 
nent ;  duration.  Also  permanency. 

per-ma-nent  (-nent),  adj.  last- 
ing ;  durable ;  continuing  in  the 
same  state. 

per-me-a-bil-i-ty  ( -me-a-bil'i-ti ) , 
n.  the  state  or  quality  of  being 
permeable. 

per-me-a-ble  ('me-a-bl),  adj.  that 
may  be  passed  through. 

per-me-ate  ('me-at),  v.t.  to  pene- 
trate and  pass  through  the  pores 
or  interstices  of. 

per-me-a-tion  (-a/shun),  n.  the 
act  of  permeating. 

per-mis-si-ble  (-mis'i-bl),  adj. 
that  may  be  permitted. 

per-mis-sion    (-mish'un),    n.    the 
act  of  permitting  ;  leave  :  license. 
Si/n.  consent,  permit,  leave. 
Ant.    (see  refusal). 

per-mis-sive  (-mis'iv),  adj.  grant- 
ing permission  or  license ;  not 
forbidding. 

per-mis-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  by  per- 
mission. 

per-iuit  (-mit'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
permitted,  p.pr.  permitting],  to 
allow  without  command ;  consent 
to;  tolerate:  n.  (per'mit),  a  writ- 
ten license  from  an  officer  of  cus- 
toms to  remove  dutiable  goods ; 
permission. 

Syn.  allow,  tolerate. 
Ant.    (see  forbid). 

per-mit-ter  ('er),  n.  one  who  per- 
mits. 

per-mn-ta-ble  (-mu'ta-ble),  adj. 
interchangeable. 

per-mu-ta-tion  (-mu-ta'shun),  n. 
the  exchange  of  one  thing  for 
another ;  the  arrangement  of  any 
determinate  number  of  things  or 
letters,  in  all  possible  orders,  one 
after  the  other. 

per-ni-cious  (-nish'us),  adj. 
highly  injurious  or  hurtful ;  de- 
structive. 


per-nick-e-ty  (-nik'i-ti),ad/.  trim ; 
attentive  to  trifles;  overnice ; 
fussily  particular. 

per-o-ra-tion  (-o-ra'shun),  n.  the 
concluding  part  of  an  oration. 

per-ox-ide  (-oks'id),  n.  the  oxide 
of  a  base  which  contains  the  larg- 
est proportion  of  oxygen. 

per-ox-i-dize  ('i-diz),  v.t.  to  oxi- 
dize to  the  greatest  degree. 

per-pen-dic-u-lar  (-dik'u-lar). 
adj.  standing  at  right  angles  to 
a  given  line  or  surface ;  per- 
fectly upright :  n.  a  perpendicular 
line. 

per-pe-trate  ('pe-trat),  v.t.  to 
commit;  perform  (in  a  bad 
sense). 

per-pe-tra-tion  (-tra'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  perpetrating. 

per-pe-tra-tor  ('pe-tra-ter),  n, 
one  who  perpetrates. 

per-pet-u-al  (-pet'u-al),  adj. 
never  ceasing ;  not  temporary. 

per-pet-u-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  con- 
tinually. 

per-pet-u-ate  ('u-at),  v.t.  to 
make  perpetual ;  preserve  from 
extinction  or  oblivion. 

per-pet-u-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  perpetuating. 

per-pe-tu-i-ty  (-pe-tii'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  of  being  perpetual ;  endless 
duration. 

per-plex  (-pleks'),  v.t.  to  make 
difficult  to  be  understood ;  make 
anxious ;  puzzle ;  embarrass  or 
confuse. 

per-plex-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  embarrass- 
ment ;  doubt ;  intricacy. 

Syn.    confusion,    bewilderment, 
embarrassment. 

per-qui-site  ('kwi-zit),  n.  a  gift 
or  allowance  in  addition  to  regu- 
lar wages  or  salary ;  that  which 
is  gained,  as  distinct  from  that 
which  is  inherited. 

per-ron  ('on),  n.  a  staircase  out- 
side a  building  leading  to  the 
first  floor. 

per-ry  ('i),  n.  the  fermented 
juice  of  pears. 

per-se-cute  ('se-kut),  v.t.  to 
harass  or  ill-treat,  especially  for 
ri'liuious  opinions  ;  annoy  with  im- 
portunity. 

per-se-cu-tion  (-ku'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  persecuting ;  the  state  of 
being  persecuted. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook:  mute,  nut:  thin,  then 


per 


625 


per 


per-se-cu-tor  (-ter),  n.  one  who 
persecutes. 

per-se-ve-rance  (-ve'rans),  n. 
the  act  or  state  of  persevering ; 
continuance  in  grace. 

per-se-vere  (-se-ver'),  v.i.  to  per- 
sist in  any  enterprise  or  business 
undertaken  ;  continue  steadfastly. 

Per-sian  (,'shan),  adj.  pertaining 
to  Persia,  to  its  inhabitants,  or 
to  its  language :  n.pl.  sculptured 
draped  male  figures  used  as 
columns. 

per-sim-mon  (-sim'un),  n.  an 
American  plum-like  fruit ;  the 
tree  yielding  it. 

per-sist  (-sisf),  v.i.  to  continue 
steadily  in  any  course  commenced  ; 
persevere. 

per-sist-ence  (-sist'ens),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  persist- 
ent ;  obstinacy.  Also  persistency. 

per-sist-ent  Cent),  adj.  continu- 
ing ;  constant ;  persevering ;  not 
falling  off. 

per-son  ('sn),  n.  a  human  being 
or  individual ;  consisting  of  body 
and  soul ;  one's  self ;  one  of  the 
three  states  of  a  subject  or  ob- 
ject of  a  verb,  as  speaking, 
spoken  to,  or  spoken  of. 

per-son-age  (-aj),  n.  a  man  or 
woman,  especially  one  of  dis- 
tinction. 

per-son-al  (-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to  men  or  women ;  relating,  or 
peculiar,  to  a  person  and  his 
private  affairs :  pertaining  to  the 
external  appearance ;  done  in  per- 
son ;  denoting  the  person ;  mov- 
able :  opposed  to  real :  n.  mov- 
able property  or  goods :  opposed 
to  lands  and  tenements  (real 
estate). 

per-son-al-i-ty  (-al'i-ti),  n.  that 
which  constitutes  distinction  of 
person  :  application  of  remarks 
(usually  offensive)  to  some  in- 
dividual. 

per-son-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  per- 
son :  particularly ;  individuallv. 

per-son-al-ty  (-fil-ti),  n.  personal 
estate,  or  all  kinds  of  movable 
property. 

per-son-ate  (-sit).v.t.  to  represent 
by  an  assumed  character ;  coun- 
terfeit :  assume  the  character  of 
for  fraudulent  purposes,  as  in 
voting. 


per-son-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the 
counterfeiting  of  the  person  and 
character  of  another. 

per-son-a-tor  (-ter),  n.  one  who 
assumes  the  character  of  another. 

per-son-i-fi-ca-tion  ( -son-i-fi-ka'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  personifying. 

per-son-i-fy  ('i-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  personified,  p.pr.  personify- 
ing] ,  to  represent  as  endowed  with 
personal  qualities. 

per-son-nel  (per-son-el'),  n.  the 
persons  employed  in  any  public 
service,  especially  the  army  and 
navy,  as  distinguished  from  the 
materiel,  arms,  stores,  &c. 

per-spec-tive  (per-spek'tiv),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  in  accordance 
with,  the  art  of  perspective:  n. 
a  vista  or  view  ;  the  art  of  rep- 
resenting objects  on  a  plane  sur- 
face as  they  appear  to  the  eye. 

per-spec-tive-ly  (-15),  adv.  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  of  perspective. 

per-spec-to-grapli  ('to-graf),  n. 
an  optical  instrument  for  draw- 
ing mechanically  the  points  and 
outlines  of  objects. 

per-spi-ca-cions  (-spi-ka'shus), 
adj.  mentally  acute  ;  quick-sighted. 

per-spi-cac-i-ty  (-kas'i-ti),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  perspicacious ; 
acuteness  of  sight  or  discernment. 

per-spi-cu-i-ty  (-ku'i-ti),  n.  free- 
dom from  obscurity  ;  mental  clear- 
ness ;  lucidity. 

per-spic-u-ons  (-spik'u-us),  adj. 
mentally  clear ;  easily  understood  ; 
evident ;  clear. 

per-spir-a-ble  (-spir-a-bl),  adj. 
that  may  be  perspired. 

per-spi-ra-tion  (-spi-ra'shun),  n. 
excretion  by  the  pores  of  the 
skin  ;  sweat. 

per-spire  (-spir'),  v.i.  to  excrett 
by  the  pores  of  the  skin  ;  sweat. 

per-suade  (-swad'),  v.t.  to  in- 
fluence by  argument,  advice,  en- 
treaty, &c. ;  draw  or  incline  the 
will  of ;  exhort,  induce ;  prevail 
upon. 

Syn.  allure,  entice,  prevail  upon. 

per-sna-si-bil-i-ty  ( -swa-si-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  capability  of  being  per- 
suaded. Also  persuasibleness. 

per-sua-sion  ('zhun),  n.  the  act 
or  art  of  persuading ;  the  state 
of  being  persuaded. 

per-sna-sive     ('siv),    adj.    having 


late,  mar, 


1;'.,  cat,  awl  ;  he.  her,  let  ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pCrch,  lot  ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut  ;  thin,  then. 


per 


626 


pet 


the  power  to  persuade ;  influenc- 
ing the  will  or  passions :  n.  an 
incitement. 

per-sua-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  so  as 
to  persuade. 

per-sua-sive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  persuasive. 

pert  (pert),  adj ._ saucy  ;  forward. 

per-tain  (per-tan'),  v.i.  to  be- 
long, or  have  relation. 

per-ti-na-cious  (-ti-n;Vshus),  adj. 
unyielding  ;  obstinate ;  resolute  ; 
tenacious. 

per-ti-nac-i-ty  (-nas'i-ti),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  pertinacious. 

per-ti-nence  ('ti-uens),  n.  suit- 
ableness ;  fitness.  Also  perti- 
nency. 

per-ti-nent  ('ti-nent),  adj.  fit- 
ting or  appropriate ;  relevant. 

per-turb  (-terb'),  v.t.  to  agitate; 
disturb ;  disquiet. 

per-tur-ba-tion  (-ter-ba'shun) ,  n. 
mental  agitation  or  disquietude ; 
an  irregularity  or  deviation  in  the 
movement  of  a  heavenly  body  in 
its  orbit. 

per-uke  (per-ook'),  n.  a  wig. 

pe-ru-sal  ( pe-roo'zal ) ,  n.  the  act 
of  perusing ;  study  or  examina- 
tion. 

pe-ruse  (-rooz'),  v.t.  to  read  with 
care  and  attention  ;  examine. 

Pe-ru-vi-an  (roov'i-an),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Peru. 

pe-ru-vian  bark  (bark),  n.  cin- 
chona. 

per-vade  (per-vad'),  v.t.  to  pene- 
trate; extend  or  be  diffused  all 
over ;  permeate. 

per-va-sion  (-va'zhun),  n.  the  act 
of  pervading. 

per-verse  (-vers'),  adj.  obstinate; 
untractable ;  petulant. 

Syn.   contrary,   fractious,   petu- 
lant, stubborn. 

Ant.    (see  compliant). 

per-verse-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  per- 
verse manner. 

per-verse-ness  ('nes),  n.  the 
quality  or  state  of  being  perverse ; 
disposition  to  thwart  or  annoy. 
Also  perversity. 

per-ver-sion  (-veYshun),  n.  the 
act  of  perverting;  the  state  of 
being  perverted ;  a  turning  from 
truth  or  propriety ;  misapplica- 
tion. 

per-ver-si-ty,  same  as  perverse- 
ness. 


per-ver-sive  (-veVsiv),  adj.  tend- 
ing to  pervert. 

per-vert  (-vert'),  v.t.  to  turn 
from  the  true  end  or  proper  pur- 
pose;  misapply:  n.  (per'vert)  one 
who  has  been  perverted,  especial- 
ly from  truth  to  error. 

per-vi-ous  ('vi-us),  adj.  admit- 
ting passage ;  permeable. 

pe-sade  (pe-zad'),  n.  the  motion 
of  a  horse  when  he  raises  or  lifts 
up  his  fore  quarters  without  ad- 
vancing. 

pes-ky  (pes'ki),  adj.  troublesome; 
annoying. 

pe-so  (pa'so),  n.  a  dollar  [Span- 
ish]. 

pes-si-niism  (pes'i-mizm) ,  n.  the 
doctrine  that  the  present  state  of 
existence  is  essentially  evil ;  the 
tendency  to  exaggerate  in  thought 
the  evils  of  life :  opposed  to  opti- 
mism. 

pes-si-mist  (-mist),  n.  one  who 
holds  the  doctrine  of  pessimism  ; 
one  who  looks  on  the  worst  side 
of  everything. 

pes-si-mis-tic  (mis'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characterized  by, 
pessimism  ;  gloomy. 

pest  (pest),  n.  a  fatal  epidemic 
disease ;  plague ;  anything  very 
mischievous,  annoying,  or  in- 
jurious. 

pes-ter  (pes'ter),  v.t.  to  annoy. 

pes-tif-er-ous  (-tif'er-us).  adj. 
conveying  pestilence ;  physically 
or  morally  noxious. 

pes-ti-lence  ('ti-lens),  «.  an  in- 
fectious or  contagious  disease. 

pes-ti-lent  ('ti-lent),  adj.  nox- 
ious to  health,  morals,  or  society. 

pes-ti-len-tial  (-len'shal),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  producing,  a  pes- 
tilence ;  pernicious ;  destructive. 

pes-tle  (pes'l),  n.  an  instrument 
for  pounding  substances  in  a 
mortar. 

pet  (pet),  n.  any  person  or  ani- 
mal that  is  fondled :  a  sudden  fit 
of  peevishness  or  slight  passion : 
adj.  favorite :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
petted,  p.pr.  petting],  to  fondle 
or  indulge. 

pet-al  ('al),  n.  one  of  the  sepa- 
rate parts  of  the  corolla  of  a 
flower ;  a  flower-leaf. 

pet-aled  ('aid),  adj.  having 
petals.  Also  petalous. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pet 


627 


Pha 


pe-tard  (pe-tard'),  n.  a  bell- 
shaped  explosive  machine  used 
for  bursting  open  gates,  &c. 

pe-ter-sham  ('ter-sham),  n.  a 
thick  shaggy  cloth  :  used  for  over- 
coats, &c. 

pet-i-ole  (pet'i-ol),  n.  the  foot- 
stalk of  a  leaf  connecting  the 
blade  with  the  stem. 

pet-it  ('it.  adj.  small;  inconsider- 
able [French].  Feminine  petite 
(pe-tet'). 

pe-ti-tion  (pe-tish'un) ,  n.  an 
earnest  supplication  or  prayer ;  a 
formal  supplication  from  an  in- 
ferior to  a  superior ;  a  paper  or 
document  containing  a  written 
request:  v.t.  to  solicit  earnestly; 
present  a  petition  to. 

pe-ti-tion-a-ry  (-u-ri),  adj.  con- 
taining a  petition. 

pet-it  ju-ry  (pet'i  joo-ri),  n.  a 
trial  jury  as  distinguished  from  a 
grand  jury.  Also  petty  jury. 

pet-it-mai-tre  (pet'i-ma'tr),  n.  a 
fop  who  affects  women's  society. 

pet-rel  ('rell,  n.  a  web-footed, 
strong-winged,  oceanic  bird,  that 
appears  in  its  flight  to  walk  upon 
the  water. 

pe-tres-cence  (-tres'ens),  n.  the 
act  of  becoming  converted  into 
stone. 

pet-ri-fac-tion  (-ri-fak'shun),  «. 
the  process  of  changing  animal 
or  vegetable  substance  into  stone ; 
a  fossil. 

pet-ri-fac-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  having 
power  to  petrify. 

pet-ri-fy  ('ri-fl),  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p. 
petrified,  p.pr.  petrifying],  to 
change  into  stone ;  fix  in  silent 
amazement  or  fear;  render  cal- 
lous, obdurate,  or  hard  :  v.i.  to  be- 
come stone  or  of  a  stony  hardness. 

pe-tro-le-um  (-tro'le-um).  n.  an 
inflammable  dark  yellowish- 
brown  bituminous  liquid  issuing 
from  certain  rocks ;  mineral  oil. 

pe-trol-o-gy  (pe-trol'o-ji),  n.  the 
scientific  study  of  rocks,  and  their 
mineral  and  chemical  composition. 

pet-ti-coat  C'i-kot),  n.  a  woman's 
loose  underskirt. 

pet-ti-fog-ger  ('i-fog-er),  n.  a 
lawyer  who  practices  in  petty 
cases. 

pet-ti-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  petty 
manner. 


pet-ti-ness  ('i-nes).  n.  smallness ; 
unimportance. 

pet-tish  ('ish),  adj.  fretful; 
petulant. 

pet-ty  ('i),  adj.  trifling;  small; 
inconsiderable  ;  unimportant ;  con- 
temptible. 

pet-ty  ju-ry,  same  as  petit  jury. 

pet-u-lance  ('u-lans),  n.  peevish- 
ness ;  caprice.  Also  petulancy. 

pet-u-lant  ('u-lant),  adj.  peev- 
ish ;  capricious. 

Pe-tn-ni-a  ( pe-tu'ni-a),  n.  a 
South  American  genus  of  orna- 
mental plants  with  handsome 
flowers. 

pe-tu-ni-a,  n.  a  plant  of  the  genus 
Petunia,  or  its  flower. 

pew  (pu),  n.  an  inclosed  seat  in 
a  church :  v.t.  to  furnish  with 
pews. 

pe-wit  (pe'wit),  n.  the  lapwing. 
Also  peewit. 

pew-ter  (pu'ter),  n.  an  alloy  of 
tin,  lead,  antimony,  &c. :  adj.  made 
of  pewter. 

pf en-nig  (fen'ig),  n.  a  small  cop- 
per coin  of  Germany  —  %  cent. 

pha-e-ton  (fa'e-ton),  n.  an  open 
four-wheeled  carriage. 

pha-lan-ges,  pi.  of  phalanx. 

pha-lanx  (fa'langks),  n.  [pi. 
phalanges  (-lan'jez)],  among  the 
ancient  Greeks,  a  square  battal- 
ion of  heavy-armed  infantry 
drawn  up  in  close  rank :  hence 
any  close  compact  body :  pi.  the 
small  bones  of  the  fingers  and 
toes. 

phaii-tasm  (fan'tazm),  n.  a 
vision  or  specter. 

phan-tas-ma-go-ri-a  (-taz-ma- 
go'ri-a),  n.  a  magic  lantern. 

phaii-tom  ('torn),  n.  an  appari- 
tion ;  spirit ;  fancied  vision. 

phar-i-sa  ic  (far-i-sa'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characteristic  of, 
the  Pharisees  ;  formally  religious  ; 
hypocritical.  Also  Pharisaical. 

phar-i-sa-isni  ('i-sa-izm),  n.  the 
doctrines  and  practices  of  the 
Pharisees. 

Fhar-i-see  C'i-se),  n.  one  of  a 
religious  sect  among  the  Jews 
characterized  by  their  strict  ob- 
servance of  the  letter  of  the  law, 
and  rites  and  ceremonies ;  one  who 
observes  the  letter  rather  than 
the  spirit  of  the  law  ;  a  mere  form- 
alist. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  </ien. 


pha 


628 


phi 


phar  ma  cen  tic  (far-ma-su'tik) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  pharmaceutics. 
Also  pharmaceutical :  n.pl.  phar- 
macy. 

phar-ma-ceu-tist  ('tist),  n.  one 
who  prepares  medicines.  Also 
pharmacist. 

phar-ma-col-o-gy  (-ma-kol'o-ji), 
n.  a  treatise  on  pharmacy. 

phar-ma-co-pce-ia  (-ko-pe'ya) :  «• 
an  official  publication  containing 
the  list  of  drugs  of  the  Materia 
.Modica,  and  directions  for  the 
preparation  of  medicines,  &c. 

phar-ma-cy  ('ma-si),  n.  the  art 
of  preparing  and  compounding 
medicines ;  a  drug-store. 

pha-ros  (fa'ros),  n.  a  light- 
house. 

pha-ryn-ge-al  (fa-rin'je-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  pharynx. 

phar-ynx  (far'ingks),  n.  the 
muscular  or  membranous  sac  at 
the  upper  part  of  the  esophagus. 

phase  (faz),  n.  [pi.  phases 
(fa'sez)],  the  illuminated  sur- 
face shown  by  a  planet,  or 
the  moon  ;  aspect ;  appearance ; 
transparent  green  quartz.  Also 
phasis. 

pheas-ant  (fez'ant),  n.  a  galli- 
naceous bird  with  brilliant  plum- 
age, and  preserved  for  sport. 

pheas-ant-ry  (-ri),  n.  a  place 
where  pheasants  are  bred  and 
preserved. 

phe-nix  (fe'niks),  n.  a  fabulous 
bird,  said  to  live  500  years  in 
the  Arabian  desert,  and  to  rise 
rejuvenescent  from  its  ashes 
after  immolating  itself  on  a  fu- 
neral pyre :  hence  the  emblem  of 
immortality.  Also  phoenix. 

phe-nol   (fe'nol),  n.  carbolic  acid. 

phe  nom-en-al  (-nom'en-fil),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  consisting  of, 
phenomena. 

phe-nom-en-al-ism  (-izm),  n. 
the  metaphysical  doctrine  that 
visible  things  are  really  phenom- 
ena. 

phe  nom-en-ist  ('en-ist),  n.  a 
believer  in  phenomenalism. 

phenomenon  ('en-on),  n.  [pi. 
phenomena  ('e-na)],  an  appear- 
ance, especially  one  of  unusual 
occurrence;  something  as  it  is 
perceived  by  experiment  or  ob- 
servation. 


phe-nyl  (fe'nil),  n.  the  hydro- 
carbon radical  of  phenol. 

phi  nl  (fl'al),  n.  a  small  glass 
bottle  or  vessel :  v.t.  to  put  or 
keep  in  a  phial.  Also  vial. 

phil-an-throp-ic  ( fil-an-throp'- 
ik),  adj.  loving  mankind;  benevo- 
lent. Also  philanthropical. 

phil-an-throp-ic-al-ly  (-al-li), 
adv.  benevolently. 

phil  -  an  -  thro  -  pist  ( 'an-thro- 
pist),  n.  one  who  loves  and  seeks 
to  benefit  mankind. 

phil-an-thro-py  (-pi),  n.  love 
of  mankind  ;  benevolence. 

phi-lat-e-list  (fi-lat'e-list),  n.  a 
collector  of  postage  stamps :  adj. 
pertaining  to  philately. 

phi-lat-e-ly  ('e-li),  n.  the  syste- 
matic collection  of  postage  stamps. 

phil-har-mon-ic  (-har-mon'ik) , 
adj.  loving  harmony ;  noting  a 
musical  society. 

phi-lip-pic  (fi-lip'ik),  n.  a 
speech  of  vehement  invective : 
from  one  of  the  three  orations  of 
Demosthenes  against  Philip  of 
Maoedon. 

Phil-is-tine  ( (iris-tin  or  -is'tin), 
n.  an  ancient  inhabitant  of  the 
southwestern  coast  of  Palestine ; 
in  Germany,  a  non-academical  per- 
son ;  an  uncultured  person  or 
one  of  narrow  views :  adj.  per- 
taining to.  or  characteristic  of, 
the  Philistines  ;  uncultured  ;  nar- 
row-minded ;  prosaic. 

Phil-is-tin-ism  (-izm),  n.  the 
manners  or  modes  of  thought  of 
a  modern  Philistine. 

phil-o-lpg-ic-al  (-o-loj'ik-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  philology. 

phil-ol-o-gist  (-ol'o-jist),  n.  one 
skilled  in  philology.  Also  phil- 
ologer. 

phil-ol-o-gy  (-ol'o-ji),  n.  the 
scientific  study  of  languages  and 
their  structure  and  mutual  rela- 
tion. 

phil-o-mel  ('o-mel),  n.  the  night- 
ingale. 

phil-p-pro-gen-i-tive-ness  ( -f>- 
pro-jen'i-tiv-nes),  n.  the  instinct- 
ive love  of  offspring. 

phil-os-o-pher  (-os'o-fer),  n.  a 
student  of  philosophy  ;  one  noted 
for  calm  judgment  and  practical 
wisdom. 

phil-o  soph-ic       (-o-sof'ik),      <i<1j. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
-  <  cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  iften. 


phi 


629 


pho 


pertaining  to,  or  in  accordance 
with,  philosophy;  rational;  wise; 
calm.  Also  philosophical. 

phil-o-spph-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
in  a  philosophic  manner. 

phil-os-o-phize  (-os'o-fiz),  v.i.  to 
reason  like  a  philosopher. 

phil-os-o-phy  ('6-fi),  n.  the 
knowledge  of  the  causes  of  all 
phenomena  both  of  mind  and 
matter;  a  particular  philosophic 
system  ;  calmness  of  temper. 

phil-ter,  phil-tre  ('ter),  n.  a 
love  charm  or  potion. 

phiz,  abbreviation  of  physiognomy. 

phle-bot-o-my  (fle-bot'6-mi),  n. 
the  act  or  practice  of  opening  a 
vein  to  let  blood. 

phlegm  (flem),  n.  mucus  secreted 
in  the  air  passages  of  the  throat ; 
coldness ;  sluggishness. 

phleg-mat-ic  (fleg-rnat'ik),  adj. 
abounding  in  phlegm ;  sluggish ; 
dull.  Phlegmatical. 

phleg-mat-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
in  a  phlegmatic  manner. 

Phlox  (floks),  n.  a  genus  of  North 
American  bright-colored  flowering 
plants. 

phlox,  n.  any  plant  of  the  genus 
Phlox. 

Phoe-bus  (fe'bus),  n.  Apollo;  the 
sun. 

Phce-ni-cian  (fe-nish'an),  adj. 
pertaining  to  ancient  Phoenicia, 
or  to  its  inhabitants. 

phoe-nix,  same  as  phenix. 

pho-net-ic  (fo-net'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  voice  or  sounds ; 
representing  the  simple  elemen- 
tary sounds.  Also  phonetical : 
n.pl.  the  science  of  sounds,  espe- 
cially of  the  human  voice. 

pho  net-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  by 
sounds. 

phon-ics  (fon'iks),  n.pl.  the  sci- 
ence of  sounds ;  acoustics. 

pho-no-gram  (fo'no-gram),  n. 
articulate  sound  as  recorded  by 
the  phonograph  ;  a  written  char- 
acter representing  a  particular 
sound. 

pho-no-graph  ('no-graf),  n.  a 
letter  or  character  indicating  a 
distinct  spoken  sound  ;  an  instru- 
ment to  record  or  reproduce  artic- 
ulate speech  or  sounds. 

pho-no-graph-ic  ('ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  representing,  articu- 
late sounds,  or  to  phonography. 


pho-nog-ra-phy  (-nog'ra-fi),  n. 
a  description  of  sounds  uttered 
by  the  human  voice ;  a  system 
of  shorthand,  by  which  every 
sound  is  represented  by  a  sepa- 
rate character  or  mark. 

php-nol-o-gy  (-nol'o-ji),  n.  the 
science  of  articulate  sounds. 

pho-no-scope  ('no-skop),  n.  an 
instrument  which  by  means  of 
electricity  translates  vibrations  of 
sounds  into  visible  figures. 

pho-no-type  ('no-tip),  n.  a  pho- 
netic type. 

pho-no-ty-py  ('no-ti-pi),  n.  a 
method  of  printing  each  vocal 
sound  by  a  distinct  type. 

phor-mi-nm  (for'mi-um),  n.  New 
Zealand  flax. 

phos-phate  (fos'fat),  n.  a  salt  of 
phosphoric  acid. 

phos-phide,  same  as  phosphuret. 

phos-phite  ('fit),  n.  a  salt  of 
phosphorous  acid. 

phos-pho-rate  ('fo-rat),  v.t.  to 
combine  with  phosphorus. 

phos-pho-resce  (-fo-res'),  v.i.  to 
emit  light  like  phosphorus. 

phos-pho-res-cence  ('ens),  n. 
emission  of  light  under  certain 
conditions  by  substances  at  com- 
mon temperatures ;  faint  light. 

phos-pho-res-cent  ('ent).  adj. 
luminous. 

phos-phor-ic  (-for'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  like,  or  obtained  from, 
phosphorus.  Phosphorous. 

phos-pho-rons  ac-id  ('for-us 
as'id),  n.  an  acid  formed  by  the 
union  of  1  atom  of  phosphorus 
and  3  atoms  of  oxygen. 

phos-phor-us  ('for-us),  n.  a  yel- 
lowish, wax-like,  inflammable,  non- 
metallic  element,  luminous  in  the 
dark. 

phos-phu-ret  ('fu-ret),  n.  a 
combination  of  phosphorus  with 
a  metallic  base. 

phos-phu-ret-ted  ('ed),  adj.  com- 
bined with  phosphorus. 

photo,  a  prefix  meaning  light.     <• 

pho -to  (fo'to),  n.  a  photograph. 

pho-to-chro-my  (fo'to-kro-mi), 
n.  the  art  or  process  of  photo- 
graphing in  colors. 

pho-to-gen  Cto-jen),  n.  an  in- 
flammable hydro-carbon  ;  paraffin. 

pho-tog-ly-phy  (-tog'li-fi),  n.  a 
process  of  engraving  by  which 


milr,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he.  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pho 


630 


phy 


photographs  are  etched  into 
metal  plates  by  the  action  of  light 
and  chemicals. 

pho-to-graph.  ('to-graf),  n.  a 
photographic  picture :  v.t.  to  take 
a  picture  of  by  means  of  pho- 
tography. 

plio-to-graph-ic  (-graf'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  produced  by, 
photography. 

pho-tog-ra-phy  (-tog'ra-fi),  n. 
the  art  or  process  of  producing 
pictures  by  the  action  of  light  on 
certain  substances  sensitized  by 
various  chemical  processes. 

pho-to-gra-vure  ( -td-grfi-vur' ) ,  n. 
the  process  of  producing  by  pho- 
tography on  a  sensitized  surface 
an  incised  engraved  metal  plate 
from  which  impressions  may  Ir, 
printed :  v.t.  to  produce  by  such 
a  process. 

pho-to-he-li-o-graph.  (-he'li-o- 
graf),  n.  a  photographic  telescope 
or  camera  moved  by  clockwork, 
for  depicting  solar  spots,  transits, 
&c. 

pho-to-phone  ('to-fon),  n.  an 
instrument  for  communicating 
sounds  by  the  agency  of  light. 

pho-top-si-a  (-top'si-a),  n.  a  mor- 
bid affection  of  the  eyes  in  which 
confiscations  of  light  appear  to 
play  before  them.  Als_o  photopsy. 

pho-to-sphere  ('to-sfer),  n.  the 
luminous  envelope  of  the  sun. 

pho-to-type  ('to-tlp),  n.  a  block 
produced  by  photography  from 
which  engravings,  &c.,  can  be 
printed ;  the  process  itself. 

pho-to-zin-cog-ra-phy  ( -zing-kog'- 
ra-fi),  n.  a  process  by  which  zinc 
blocks  are  prepared  for  printing 
from. 

phrase  Cfraz),  n.  a  part  of  a 
sentence  :  brief  pithy  expression  ; 
idiom;  style  or  manner:  v.t.  to 
style ;  express  in  peculiar  words. 

phras-e-ol-o-gy  (-e-ol'o-ji),  n. 
style,  manner,  or  peculiarity,  of 
expression ;  a  collection  of 
phrases. 

phren-ic  (fren'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  diaphragm. 

phren-i-tis  (fren-I'tis),  n.  inflam- 
1'iatioi!  <>f  tin'  brain. 

phren-o-log-ic-al  (fren-o-loj'ik- 
al),  adj.  pertaining  to  phre- 
nology. 


phren-p-log-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv. 
according  to  phrenology. 

phre-nol-o-gist  ( f  re-nol'o-jist ) ,  n. 
one  who  believes  in,  or  is  skilled 
in,  phrenology. 

phre-nol-o-gy  Co-ji),  n.  the  sci- 
ence of  the  human  mind  or  brain, 
as  connected  with  the  moral,  in- 
tellectual, and  sensual  dispositions 
of  the  individual,  which  are  sup- 
posed to  be  indicated  by  the  un- 
dulations, or  "bumps,"  on  the 
cranium. 

pithis-ic  (tiz'ik),  n.  asthma; 
phthisis. 

phtliis  ic-al  (-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  caused  by,  phthisic  or 
phthisis. 

phtlii-sis  (thi'sis),  n.  pulmonnry 
consumption. 

phy-col-o-gy  (fl-kol'o-ji),  n.  the 
study  of  the  algae  or  seaweeds. 

pliy-lac-ter-y  (fi-lak'ter-i),  n. 
[pi.  phylacteries  (-iz)L  a  small 
square  box  containing  a  •  thin 
strip  of  parchment  upon  which 
certain  texts  from  the  law  are 
inscribed,  worn  by  pious  Jews 
upon  the  forehead  and  left  wrist. 

phyl-lox-e-ra  (-loks-e'ra),  n.  an 
insect  ( Pl\  i/JJoxcra  vastatri.r) 
which  punctures  the  roots  and 
leaves  of  vines  and  causes  their 
destruction. 

phy-se-ter  (fi-se'ter),  n.  the 
sperm  whale. 

phys-ic  (fiz'ik),  n.  the  science  of 
medicine,  or  the  art  of  healing ; 
medicine:  a  cathartic:  v.t.  \p.t. 
&  p.p.  physicked,  p.pr.  physick- 
ing], to  administer  medicine  to; 
cure. 

phys-ic-al  (Mk-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to  nature,  or  to  material  things; 
perceptible  to  the  senses ;  pertain- 
ing to  physics ;  medicinal. 

Ny/'/.  corporeal,  bodily,  material. 
Ant.  (see  mental). 

phy-si-cian  (fi-zish'an),  n.  one 
legally  qualified  to  prescribe  rem- 
edies for  diseases. 

phys-i-cism  (fiz'i-sizm),  n.  mate- 
rialism. 

phys-i-cist  Ci-sist),  n.  a  student 
of  natural  science. 

phys-i-co,  a  prefix,  meaning  of,  or 
pertaining  to,  nature,  as  physico- 
theology,  theology  illustrated  by 
natural  philosophy. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl:  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin;  vote,  pdrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin.  then. 


phy 


631 


pic 


phys-ics  ('iks),  n.pl.  physical 
science  or  natural  philosophy. 

phys-i-og-no-mist  (-i-og'no-mist), 
n.  one  who  is  skilled  in  physiog- 
nomy. 

ph.ys-i-og-n.o-my  (-mi),  n.  the 
science  of  discerning  the  character 
of  the  mind  from  the  features  of 
the  countenance ;  the  face ;  out- 
ward appearance. 

ph.ys-i-0-log-ic-al  ( -i-o-loj'ik-al ) , 
<nlj.  pertaining  to  physiology. 

phys-i-ol-o-gist  (-i-ol'6-jist),  n. 
one  who  is  skilled  in  physiology. 

phys-i-ol-o-gy  (-ol'o-ji),  n.  the 
science  that  treats  of  the  vital 
functions  performed  by  the  or- 
gans of  animals_and  plants. 

phy-siqne  (fi-zek'),  n.  physical 
organization. 

pi,  pie  (pi),  n.  disarranged  or 
jumbled  type :  v.t.  to  jumble  or 
throw  into  disorder,  as  printing 
type. 

pi-ac-u-lar  (pi-ak'u-lar),  adj.  ex- 
piatory ;  requiring  sacrifice ;  atro- 
cious. 

pi-a  ma-ter  (pl'a  mfi'ter),  n.  a 
delicate  vascular  membrane  which 
invests  the  brain  and  spinal  cord. 

pi-an-ist  (pi-an'ist),  n.  a  per- 
former on  the  piano. 

pi-an-o    (pi-an'o),  n.  a  pianoforte. 

pi-an-o-for-te  (-for-te).  n.  a 
stringed  musical  instrument,  the 
notes  of  which  are  produced  by 
hammers  acted  upon  by  keys. 

pi-as-ter,  pi-as-tre  (pi-as'ter), 
n.  a  coin  of  varying  value,  cur- 
rent in  Turkey.  Egypt,  Spain,  &c. 

pi-az-za  (-az'u),  n.  an  open 
square  surrounded  by  buildings 
or  colonnades ;  a  walk  under  a 
roof  supported  by  pillars. 

pib-corn.  (pib'korn),  n.  a  Welsh 
musical  pipe. 

pi-brpch  (pe'brokh),  n.  the  wild 
martial  music  •  of  the  Scottish 
bagpipe ;  a  bagpipe. 

pi-ca  (pl'ka),  n.  a  size  of  type, 
used  as  a  standard  of  measure- 
ment in  printing  (see  type)  ;  a 
vitiated  appetite  for  unnatural 
kinds  of  substances,  as  coal,  sand, 
chalk,  &c. 

pic-a-dor  (pik-a-dor'),  n.  [Sp.] 
the  horseman  who  incites  the  bull 
in  a  Spanish  bull  fight  by  attack- 
ing it  with  a  lance. 


pic-a-roon  (-roon'),  n.  a  robber, 
pirate,  or  marauder. 

pic-a-yune  (-yoon'),  n.  a  small 
silver  coin  =  6%  cents. 

pic-ca-lil-li  ('a-lil-i),  n.  a  kind 
of  pickle. 

pic-ca-nin-ny  ('a-nin-i),  n.  [pi. 
piccaninnies  (-iz)],  a  negro  baby 
or  child. 

pic-co-lp  ('o-lo),  n.  a  small  flute 
having  its  notes  an  octave  higher 
than  the  ordinary  flute. 

pick  (pik),  n.  a  sharp  pointed 
iron  tool ;  choice  or  selection  :  v.t. 
to  strike  with  a  sharp  instru- 
ment, or  with  the  beak  ;  pierce ; 
open  by  an  instrument ;  pluck  or 
gather ;  separate  with  the  fingers ; 
choose  or  select ;  clean  ;  rob  :  v.i. 
to  eat,  or  do  anything,  leisurely 
and  fastidiously  ;  pilfer. 

pick-a-back  ('fi-bak),  adv.  on 
the  shoulders  like  a  pack. 

pick-ax,  pick-axe  ('aks),  n.  an 
excavating  tool,  pointed  at  one 
end  and  broad  at  the  other. 

pick-er-el  ('er-el),  n.  a  small 
pike. 

pick-et  ('et),  n.  a  pointed  stake 
used  in  fortification ;  pale  of  a 
fence ;  a  stake  to  which  a  horse 
is  fastened ;  a  military  guard  to 
give  notice  of  the  approach  of  an 
enemy,  or  to  bring  in  deserters ; 
one  or  more  appointed  by  a 
trades-union  to  watch  a  factory, 
&c.,  where  non-unionist  men  are 
employed  during  a  strike :  v.t.  to 
place  as  a  picket ;  fasten  to  a 
picket. 

pick-le  ('!),  n.  a  mixture  of  brine 
and  water,  &c.,  for  preserving 
food ;  vegetables,  &c.,  preserved 
in  pickle ;  embarrassment  or  dif- 
ficulty ;  a  mischievous  or  trouble- 
some child :  v.t.  to  preserve  in, 
or  as  in,  pickle. 

pick-lock  ('lok),  n.  an  instru- 
ment for  picking  locks  ;  a  thief. 

pic-nic  ('nik),  n.  a  short  excur- 
sion into  the  country,  &c.,  by  a 
pleasure  party  carrying  their  own 
provisions ;  a  kind  of  biscuit. 

pic-ric  ac-id  ('rik  as'id),  n.  an 
intensely  bitter  acid  formed  by 
the  action  of  nitric  acid  on  in- 
digo ;  carbazotic  acid. 

pic-ro-mel    ('ro-mel),  n.  a  green- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  mooa 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pic 


632 


ish-yellow    sweet-bitter    substance 
found  in  bile. 

pic-ro-tox-in  (-toks'in),  n.  the 
poisonous  bitter  principle  found 
in  the  berries  of  Cocculus  indicus. 

pic-to-ri-al  (pik-to'ri-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  illustrated  by, 
pictures. 

pic-ture  ('tur),  n.  a  painting  or 
drawing  representing  a  person  or 
thing ;  vivid  representation  or  de- 
scription. 

Syn.  engraving,  print,  represen- 
tation, illustration,  image. 

pic-tur-esque  ( -esk' ) ,  adj.  giv- 
ing vivid  impression  of  nature  or 
reality ;  graphic ;  wild  and  beau- 
tiful ;  romantic :  n.  that  which  is 
picturesque. 

pie  (pi),  n.  the  magpie;  printer's 
type  confusedly  mixed ;  meat  or 
fruit  covered  with  crust  and 
baked. 

pie-bald  ('bawld),  adj.  having 
patches  of  different  colors. 

piece  (pes),  n.  a  part  of  any- 
thing ;  certain  quantity ;  literary 
or  artistic  composition ;  separate 
performance  ;  coin  ;  gun  ;  person 
(used  contemptuously)  :  v.t.  to 
enlarge  by  adding  a  piece ;  patch  : 
v.i.  to  join  ;  unite  by  coalescence 
of  parts. 

piece-meal  ('mel),  adj.  made  of 
pieces  or  parts ;  single :  adv.  in 
pieces  or  parts. 

pied  (pld),  adj.  variegated  or 
spotted. 

pier  (per),  n.  a  mass  of  masonry 
supporting  an  arch,  bridge,  &c. ; 
timbers  of  a  bridge  or  other  build- 
ing ;  mole  or  jetty  ;  wharf ;  a  land- 
ing place  projecting  into  the  sea. 

pierce  (pers),  v.t.  to  penetrate, 
especially  with  a  pointed  instru- 
ment ;  affect  deeply ;  explore ; 
dive  into :  v.i.  to  enter. 

pierce  able  ('a-bl),  adj.  that 
may  be  pierced. 

pierc-ing  ('ing),  adj.  penetrat- 
ing ;  keen. 

pier  glass  (per  glas),  n.  an  orna- 
mental mirror,  especially  one  be- 
tween windows. 

pi-e-ty  (pl'e-ti),  n.  the  quality  of 
being  pious ;  reverence  for,  and 
duty  towards,  God ;  reverence  to 
parents. 

(pig),  n.  the  young  of  swine; 


a  swine ;  pork ;  an  oblong  mass 
of  unforged  metal :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
pigged,  p.pr.  pigging],  to  bring 
forth  pigs ;  be  huddled  together. 

pig-eon  (pij'un),  n.  a  bird  of  the 
genus  Columba  ;  a  simpleton  ;  one 
who  is  easily  imposed  upon  or 
swindled. 

pigeon-breasted  (-brest'ed), 
adj.  having  a  narrow  breast  like 
a  pigeon. 

pig-eon  English  (ing'glish),  n. 
a  jargon  of  English  used  in  com- 
mercial dealings  with  the  Chinese. 
Also  pidgin  English. 

pig-eon-nole  (-hoi),  n.  a  com- 
partment for  papers,  &c. 

pig-eon-toed  (-tod),  adj.  having 
the  toes  turned  inwards. 

pig-ger-y  (pig'er-i),  n.  a  place 
for  pigs. 

pig-gin  ('in),  n.  a  small  drinking 
vessel. 

pig-head-ed  ('hed-ed),  adj.  stu- 
pidly obstinate. 

pig-mean   (-me'an),  adj.  dwarfish. 

pig-ment  ('ment),  n.  paint; 
coloring  matter. 

pig-my,    same   as   pygmy. 

pig-nons  (pin'yunz),  n.pl.  the 
edible  seeds  of  various  pine  cones. 

pig-nut  (pig'nut),  n.  the  sweet- 
ish-bitter nut  of  a  species  of 
hickory ;  the  ground  chestnut. 

pig-sty    ('stl),  n.  a  pen  for  pigs. 

pig-tail  ('tan,  n.  the  tail  of  a 
pig ;  hair  twisted  into  the  form 
of  a  long  queue  and  hanging  down 
the  back  of  the  head  ;  tobacco  in 
long  twists. 

pig-widg-eon  (-wij'un),  n.  a 
fairy ;  anything  very  diminutive. 

pike  (pik),  n.  a  weapon  with  a 
shaft  and  spearhead  ;  a  voracious 
fresh-water  fish  with  a  narrow, 
elongated,  pointed  head. 

pi-las-ter  (pi-las'ter),  n.  a  square 
column  or  pillar,  inserted  partly 
in  a  wall. 

pil-chard  (pil'chard),  n.  a  marine 
edible  fish,  resembling  the  herring, 
found  chiefly  on  the  coasts  of 
Devon  and  Cornwall. 

pile  (pil),  n.  a  large  beam  driven 
into  the  ground  to  make  a  firm 
foundation ;  mass  or  heap ;  ac- 
cumulation ;  large  building  ;  a  se- 
ries of  plates  arranged  to  produce 
an  electric  current ;  nap  of  cloth ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pit 


633 


pin 


a  fortune  :  pi.  hemorrhoids  :  v.t.  to 
heap  up ;  collect  in  a  mass ;  ac- 
cumulate ;  lay  on  ;  drive  piles  into. 

pil-fer  (pil'fer),  v.t.  to  steal  in 
small  quantities. 

pil  gar-lick  (-gar'lik),  n.  one 
who  has  lost  his  hair  by  disease ; 
a  wretched  sneaking  fellow. 

pil-grim  ('grim),  n.  a  traveler; 
one  who  travels  from  a  distance 
to  visit  some  sacred  place  or 
shrine. 

pil-grim-age  (-SJ),  n.  a  journey, 
especially  to  some  sacred  place. 

pill  (pil),  n.  a  small  ball  of  some 
medicinal  substance  to  be  swal- 
lowed entire ;  something  disagree- 
able that  must  be  accepted :  v.t. 
to  reject  by  black  balls  in  a  club 
ballot. 

pil-lage  ('aj),  n.  the  act  of  plun- 
dering ;  spoil :  v.t.  to  plunder  or 
spoil :  lay  waste. 

pil-lar  ('iir),  n.  a  column  to  sup- 
port a  structure ;  monument ; 
something  resembling  a  pillar,  or 
affording  support. 

pil-lion  ('yun),  n.  a  cushion  for 
a  woman  to  ride  on  horseback 
behind  a  horseman ;  a  soft  low 
saddle. 

pil-lo-ry  ('or-i),  n.  [pi.  pillories 
(-iz)],  a  wooden  frame  supported 
by  an  upright  post,  having  holes 
through  which  the  head  and 
hands  of  a  person  exposed  to  dis- 
grace were  passed  and  secured : 
v.t.  to  place  in  a  pillory  ;  expose 
to  public  disgrace  or  abuse. 

pil  low  ('o),  n.  a  case  filled  with 
feathers,  &c.,  to  support  the  head 
of  a  person  reposing ;  the  block 
on  which  the  inner  end  of  a  bow- 
sprit is  supported :  adj.  noting  a 
kind  of  lace:  v.t.  to  place  on  a 
pillow. 

pi-lose  (pi'los),  adj.  hairy.  Also 
pilous. 

pi-lot  ('lot),  n.  one  who  conducts 
a  vessel  in  or  put  of  a  harbor  or 
where  navigation  is  difficult  or 
dangerous ;  a  guide :  v.t.  to  guide 
or  direct  as  a  pilot. 

pi-lot-age  (-aj).  n.  the  act  of 
piloting;  skill  of  a  pilot;  pilot's 
dues. 

pi-lot-cloth  (-kloth),  n.  a  stout 
thick  cloth. 

pi-lot-en-gine      (-en'jin),     n.     a 


locomotive  sent  on  in  front  to 
clear  the  line. 

pi-men-tp  (pi-men'to),  n.  allspice. 

pimp  (pimp),  n.  a  procurer:  v.i. 
to  procure  immoral  women  for 
others. 

pim-per-nel  (pim'per-nel),  n.  a 
name  for  various  plants  of  the 
genus  Anagallis. 

pim-ple    ('pi),  n.  a  small  pustule. 

pirn-pled  ('pld),  adj.  having,  or 
full  of,  pimples.  Also  pimply. 

pin  (pin),  n.  a  short  piece  of  wire 
sharpened  at  one  end  and  having 
a  head  at  the  other,  used  for 
fastening  articles  together ;  any- 
thing driven  to  hold  parts  to- 
gether ;  bolt  or  peg ;  linchpin ; 
cylindrical  wooden  roller ;  any- 
thing of  small  value :  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  pinned,  p.pr.  pinning],  to 
fasten  with,  or  as  with,  a  pin ; 
inclose. 

pi-iia-cloth  (pe'nya-kl6th),  n.  a 
fine  cloth  made  in  Manila  from 
the  fibers  of  the  pineapple  leaf. 

pin-a-fore  (pin'a-for),  n.  a  loose 
apron  or  covering  to  protect  chil- 
dren s  dresses. 

pi-nas-ter  (pi-nas'ter),  n.  the 
clusterpine  of  Southern  Europe. 

pin-cers,  same  as  pinchers. 

pinch  (pinch),  v.t.  to  squeeze  or 
nip ;  oppress  or  distress :  v.i.  to 
bear  hard :  be  straitened ;  be 
mean  or  niggardly :  n.  a  squeeze 
or  nip,  as  with  the  fingers  and 
thumb ;  distress,  or  difficulty. 

pinch-beck  ('bek),  «.  a  yellow 
alloy  of  5  parts  of  copper  and  1 
of  zinc:  adj.  noting  jewelry  of  in- 
ferior make. 

pinch-era  (pinch'erz),  n.  an  in- 
strument for  drawing  out  nails, 
&c. ;  nippers.  Also  pincers. 

pine  (pin),  n.  a  cone-bearing  tree 
of  the  genus  Pinus ;  timber  of  the 
pine :  v.i.  to  waste  away  from 
distress,  anxiety,  &c. 

pin-e-al  (pin'e-al),  adj.  shaped 
liue  a  pine-cone. 

pine-ap-ple  (pin'ap-1),  n.  a  trop- 
ical plant  aqd  its  cone-shaped 
fruit. 

pin-foot-ed  (pin'foot-ed),  adj. 
having  the  toes  or  feet  bordered 
by  a  membrane. 

pin-ion  Cyun).  n.  the  last  joint 
of  a  bird's  wing;  a  wing;  the 
smaller  of  two  geared  wheels :  v.t. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her.  let:  line,  tin  :  vote,  pSrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thiu,  then. 


634 


pis 


to  bind  or  secure,  as  by  binding 
the  arms ;  confine  or  fetter. 

pink  (pingk),  n.  a  shade  of  light- 
red  color ;  a  flower  with  sharp- 
pointed  leaves  of  the  genus  Dian- 
thus ;  a  narrow-sterued  vessel ; 
anything  of  supreme  excellence : 
adj.  of  the  color  of  a  pink  ;  v.t.  to 
stab  ;  pierce  or  punch  with  small 
round  holes  or  small  scallops ; 
work  in  eyelet  holes. 

pink-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  method  of 
ornamenting  dress  materials  or 
leather  by  scalloping  the  edges. 

p  i  n-m  o  n-e  y  (pin-mun'i),  n. 
money  allowed  to  a  wife  by  her 
husband  for  her  private  expenses  : 
originally  for  buying  pins. 

pin-nace  (pin'as),  n.  a  small 
light  schooner-rigged  vessel  with 
oars ;  an  eight-oared  man-of-war's 
boat. 

pin-na-cle  ('a-kl),  n.  a  small  po- 
lygonal turret  or  elevation  above 
the  rest  of  the  building;  a  high 
point  like  a  spire :  v.t.  furnish 
with  pinnacles. 

pin-nate  ('at),  adj.  shaped  like  a 
feather;  divided  into  leaflets. 
Also  pinnated. 

pin-o-cle  (pin'o-kl),  n.  a  game 
of  cards. 

pint    (pint),  n.  l-8th  of  a  gallon. 

pin-tail  (pin'tal),  n.  a  duck  with 
a  pointed  tail. 

pin-tie  Ctl),  n.  a  bolt;  the  hook 
which  attaches  the  rudder  to  the 
stern  of  a  vessel. _ 

pi-o-neer  (pi-o-ner').  n.  a  soldier 
or  person  whose  business  it  is  to 
clear  and  repair  roads,  &c.,  be- 
fore an  army,  sink  mines,  and 
throw  up  fortifications ;  one  who 
goes  before  to  prepare  the  way 
for  another :  v.i.  act  as  a  pioneer. 

pi-ous  ('us),  adj.  dutiful  to  God, 
or  to  parents;  religious;  devout; 
proceeding  from,  or  actuated  by, 
religious  feeling. 

pip  (pip),  n.  the  seed  of  certain 
fruit ;  a  disease  in  fowls ;  a  spot 
on  a  playing  card:  v.i.  \p.t.&p.n. 
pipped,  p.pr.  pipping],  to  cry  like 
a  chicken  or  small  bird, 

pipe  (pip),  n.  any  long  hollow 
tube ;  a  tube  of  clay,  wood.  &c., 
with  a  bowl  at  one  end  for  smok- 
ing tobacco ;  a  wine  measure  — 
2  hogsheads,  or  105  imperial  gal- 
lons, or  126  wine-gallons :  v.t.  to 


play  on.   or  call  by,   a   pipe :   v.i. 
to  whistle ;  emit  a  shrill  sound. 

pi-per-ine  (pl'per-in),  n.  the  act- 
ive principle  of  black  pepper. 

pip-ing  ('ing),  adj.  feeble;  weak; 
shrill ;  playing  upon  a  pipe ;  hot 
like  boiling  water:  n.  corded  trim- 
ming for  dresses. 

pip-kin  (pip'kin),  n.  an  earthen 
pot  glazed  on  the  inside. 

pip-pin  ('in),  n.  a  variety  of 
apple. 

pi-quan-cy  (pe'kan-si),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  piquant. 

pi-quant  ('kant),  adj.  pungent; 
severe. 

pique  (pek),  n.  slight  anger  or 
resentment ;  wounded  pride  ;  punc- 
tilio :  v.t.  to  wound  the  pride  of ; 
irritate  ;  displease  ;  pride  or  value 
(one's  self). 

Syn.  offence,  resentment,  grudge. 
Ant.    (see  approval). 

pi-que  (pe-ka'),  n.  a  French  cot- 
ton material,  usually  with  some 
geometrical_  pattern. 

pi-quet   (pe-kff),  n.  a  card  game. 

pi-ra-cy  (pl'ra-si),  n.  the  act  or 
crime  of  a  pirate;  infringement 
of  copyright. 

pi-rate  ('rat),  n.  a  robber  on  the 
high  seas ;  one  who  infringes  the 
law  of  literary  or  artistic  copy- 
right: v.t.  to  take  without  per- 
mission or  compensation :  v.i.  to 
practice  piracy. 

pi-rogue  (pi-rog'),  n.  a  canoe 
consisting  of  the  hollowed  trunk 
of  a  single  tree ;  a  North  Ameri- 
can narrow  ferry-boat. 

pir-ou-ette  (pir-oo-ef),  n.  a 
whirling  or  turning  about  on  one 
toe ;  turning  of  a  horse  on  the 
same  ground :  v.i.  to  execute  a 
pirouette. 

pis-ca-ry  (pis'ka-ri),  n.  right  or 
liberty  of  fishing. 

pis-ca-to-ri-al  (-to'ri-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  fishing.  Also  pisca- 
tory. 

pis-ci-cul-tu-ral  (-i-kul'tii-rAl) . 
adj.  pertaining  to  pisciculture. 

pis-ci-cul-ture  ('i-kul-tur).  n. 
the  artificial  breeding  and  rearing 
of  fishes. 

pish  (pish),  inter],  a  contemptu- 
ous exclamation :  v.i.  to  express 
contempt. 

pis-mire   (nis'mir),  n.  an  ant. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat.  nwl  :  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  :  vote.  p3rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin.  //ion. 


pis 


635 


pit 


pis-til  ('til),  n.  the  seed-bearing 
organ  in  the  center  of  a  flower. 

pis-til-late  (-at),  adj.  having  a 
pistil. 

pis-tol  ('tol),  n.  a  small  hand- 
gun :  v.t.  to  shoot  with  a  pistol. 

pis-tole  (-tol'),  n.  a  Spanish  gold 
coin  of  varying  value :  usually 
about  $3.60. 

pis-ton  ('tun),  n.  a  small  solid 
cylinder  of  metal  or  wood,  fitting 
exactly  and  moving  up  and  down 
the  barrel  of  a  pump,  or  the 
cylinder  of  a  steam-engine. 

pis-ton-rod  (-rod),  n.  the  rod 
moving  the  piston  and  connecting 
it  with  the  external  machinery. 

pit  (pit),  n.  a  deep  hole  in  the 
earth  ;  an  abyss  ;  shaft  of  a  mine  ; 
a  hole  used  for  trapping  wild  ani- 
mals ;  area  for  cock-fighting ; 
ground  floor  of  a  theater ;  a  hol- 
low part  of  the  body,  as  the  stom- 
ach ;  indentation  left  by  small- 
pox;  Hades  (with  the)  :  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  pitted,  p.pr.  pitting],  to 
mark  with  small  hollows  or  de- 
pressions ;  set  in  competition ; 
place  in  a  pit. 

pit-a-cal  ('a-kfil),  n.  a  substance 
obtained  from  wood-tar. 

pit-a-pat  (-a-paf),  adv.  with 
quick  beating :  n.  a  palpitation ; 
a  light  quick  step. 

pitch  (pich),  n.  the  solid  black 
resinous  substance  obtained  from 
boiled  tar ;  a  casting  forward  or 
down  ;  degree  or  rate ;  slope ;  the 
degree  of  acuteness  or  graveness 
of  a  musical  note ;  distance  be- 
tween the  center  of  two  gearing 
teeth  ;  at  cricket,  the  distance  be- 
tween the  wickets :  v.t.  to  smear 
with  pitch ;  throw ;  cast  head- 
long ;  set  to  a  key-note ;  order 
regularly;  fix  in,  or  on,  the 
ground :  v.i.  to  settle ;  fall  head- 
long ;  encamp ;  rise  and  fall ;  fix 
the  choice  (with  upon). 

pitch-blende  ('blend),  n.  a  black 
oxide  of  uranium  :  used  in  color- 
ing glass  a  pale  sea-green ;  it  is 
the  chief  source  of  radium. 

pitched  bat-tie  ('t  bat'l),  n.  a 
battle  in  which  the  opposing 
forces  have  taken  up  a  regular 
position. 

pitch-er  ('er).  n.  one  who 
pitches ;  an  earthen  vessel  for 


holding  water ;  an  instrument  for 
piercing  the  ground. 

pitch-er-plant  (-plant),  n.  an 
Eastern  plant,  the  vase-like  leaves 
of  which,  furnished  with  lids, 
hold  water. 

pitch-fork  ( 'fork ) ,  n.  a  pronged 
fork  for  pitching  hay,  straw,  &c. : 
v.t.  to  lift  or  throw  with,  or  as 
with,  a  pitchfork. 

pitch-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  pitchy. 

pitch  -  wheel  (-hwel),  n.  a 
toothed  wheel  that  works  in 
another. 

pitch-y  ('i),  adj.  like,  or  smeared 
with,  pitch. 

pit-e-ous  (pit'e-us),  adj.  exciting 
pity  ;  sorrowful ;  sad. 

Syn.  doleful,  woful,  rueful. 
Ant .   ( see  joyful ) . 

pit-fall  ('fawl),  n.  a  pit  lightly 
covered  so  that  wild  beasts  may 
fall  into  it ;  a  trap. 

pith  (pith),  n.  the  soft  spongy 
substance  in  the  center  of  plants ; 
marrow  ;  quintessence  ;  energy  or 
force. 

pith-i-ly  (pith'i-Ii),  adv.  in  a 
pithy  manner. 

pith -i -ness  ('i-nes),  n.  concen- 
trated force. 

pith-y  ('i),  adj.  of  the  nature  of, 
or  full  of.  pith  ;  forcible. 

pit-i-a-ble  (pit'i-a-bl),  adj.  de- 
serving pity. 

pit-i-a-bly  ('i-a-bli),  adv.  in  a 
pitiable  manner. 

pit-i-f  ul  ( 'i-f  ool ) ,  ad'j.  moving 
compassion ;  insignificant. 

pit-i-f ul-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  piti- 
ful manner. 

pit-i-less      ('i-les),     adj.     without 
pity  or  compassion  ;  merciless. 
Syn.   ( see  merciless ) . 

pit-saw  ('saw),  n.  a  two-handled 
saw. 

pit-tance  Cans),  n.  a  small  al- 
lowance, especially  of  money. 

pit-ted  ('ed),  p.adj.  marked  with 
indentations  or  small  hollows. 

pit-y    ('i),  n.   sympathy   with  dis- 
tress ;    compassion ;    a    subject   of 
pity    or    grief:    v.t.    [p.t.    &    p.p. 
pitied,    p.pr.    pitying],    to    sympa- 
thize with  :  v.i.  to  be  compassion- 
ate, or  affected  with  pity. 
Syn.  compassion,  sympathy, 
Ant.    (see  cruelty). 


iate,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


piv 


636 


pla 


piv-ot  (piv'ot),  n.  the  short  shaft 
on  which  anything  turns ;  the 
soldier  who  is  stationary  at  the 
Hank  while  the  company  drilling 
wheels  round :  v.t.  to  place  on  a 
pivot. 

pix,  another  form  of  pyx. 

pix-y  (piks'i),  n.  [pi.  pixies 
('iz)L  a  fairy.  Also  pixie. 

pla-ca-bil-i-ty  (pla-ka-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  placable. 
Also  placableness. 

pla-ca-ble  ('ka-bl).  adj.  that  may 
be  appeased  or  pacified ;  forgiv- 
ing. 

plac-ard  (plak'ard),  n.  a  bill 
placed  on  a  wall,  &c.,  as  an  ad- 
vertisement:  v.t.  (pla-kard'),  to 
advertise  by  a  placard. 

place  (plas),  n.  a  special  spot  or 
locality ;  broadway  or  square ; 
situation  ;  site  ;  residence  ;  office  ; 
city  or  town ;  room  ;  existence  ; 
duty ;  passage  in  writing  or  a 
book  ;  fortified  post ;  precedence  : 
v.t.  to  put  in  any  place,  office, 
&c. ;  ascribe  ;  settle  ;  establish  ;  in- 
vest ;  put  out  at  interest. 

Syn^    spot,    site,    position,    post, 
situation,  station,  order,  dispose. 

place-man  ('man),  n.  a  govern- 
ment official. 

pla  cen-ta  (pla-sen'ta) ,  n.  the 
vascular  organ  that  connects  the 
fetus  in  the  womb  with  the 
mother,  the  after-birth ;  that  part 
of  the  carpel  of  a  plant  to  which 
the  ovules  or  seeds  are  attached. 

pla-cen-tal  ('tal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  having,  a  placenta :  n.  a 
mammal  with  a  placenta. 

plac-et  (plas'er).  n.  a  mineral 
deposit  which  is  not  a  vein. 

plac-id  (plas'id),  adj.  calm; 
peaceful ;  mild. 

pla-cid-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  placid. 

plack-et  (plak'et),  n.  a  petticoat; 
a  slit  in  a  skirt  or  petticoat;  a 
woman's  pocket. 

pla-gi-a-rism  (phYji-a-rism),  n. 
the  act  of  plagiarizing. 

pla-gi-a-rist  (-rist),  n.  one  who 
steals  from  the  writings  of 
another  and  passes  them  off  as 
his  own  production ;  literary 
theft.  Also  plagiary. 

pla-gi-a-rize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  steal 
from  the  writings  of  another. 

plague     (plag),    n.    a    malignant 


epidemic ;  anything  very  trouble- 
some or  annoying :  v.t .  to  infest 
with  disease ;  trouble  or  annoy 
greatly. 

pla-gui-ly  (pla'gi-li),  adv.  so  as 
to  plague. 

pla-guy   ('gi),  adj.  vexatious. 

plaice  (plus),  n.  an  edible  flat- 
fish. 

plaid  (plad),  n.  a  checkered 
woolen  cloth,  originally  worn  as  a 
garment  by  the  Highlanders  of 
Scotland. 

plain  (plan),  adj.  level;  flat; 
even  ;  smooth  ;  clear  ;  evident ; 
easily  understood  ;  not  luxurious  ; 
devoid  of  beauty,  or  ornament ; 
homely :  n.  level  ground ;  any 
flat  expanse. 

Syn.  open,  manifest,  evident. 
Ant.   (see  secret). 

plaint  (plant),  n.  lamentation; 
a  mournful  song ;  the  exhibiting 
of  an  action  in  writing  by  a 
plaintiff. 

plain-tiff  (nlan'tif),  n.  one  who 
commences  a  suit  in  a  court  of 
law. 

plain-tive  Ctiv),  adj.  expressing 
grief  or  sorrow  ;  sad. 

plain-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
plaintive  manner. 

plain-tive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  plain- 
tive. 

plait  (plat),  n.  a  flat  fold;  braid: 
v.t.  to  fold  or  braid ;  interweave. 
Also  pleat. 

plan  (plan),  n.  a  drawing  on  a 
flat  surface,  as  of  a  building,  &c. ; 
scheme  or  project :  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  planned,  p.pr.  planning],  to 
make  a  plan  or  sketch  of,  on  a 
flat  surface ;  form  in  design  ;  out- 
line. 

plan-chet  ('chet),  n.  a  flat  piece 
of  metal  prepared  for  coining. 

plan-chette  (plang-shef),  n.  a 
heart-shaped  board  fitted  with 
wheels  and  a  pencil  which  traces 
marks  as  it  moves  the  hand  by 
some  supposed  mysterious  agency. 

plane  (plan),  adj.  flat;  level; 
even ;  without  elevations  or  de- 
pressions :  n.  a  flat  or  even  sur- 
face ;  in  geometry,  an  even  super- 
ficies ;  a  level  surface  parallel  to 
the  horizon ;  a  carpenter's  tool 
for  smoothing  wood  :  v.t.  to  make 
level ;  make  smooth  with  a  plane. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pla 


637 


pla 


plane-tree  ('tre)^  n.  a  large  tree 
with  broad-spreading  leaves. 

plaii-ei  (plan'et),  n.  a  heavenly 
body  revolving  round  the  sun. 

plan-e-ta-ri-um  (-a'ri-um),  n.  a 
machine  to  exhibit  the  planets, 
their  motions  round  the  sun,  and 
their  relative  distances  and  mag- 
nitudes. 

plan-et-a-ry  ('et-a-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  consisting  of,  or  pro- 
duced by,  planets ;  erratic. 

plan-et-oid  ('et-oid),  n.  any  one 
of  the  small  planets  revolving  in 
the  space  between  Mars  and 
Venus ;  minor  planet. 

plan-isli  (plan'ish),  v.t.  to  polish 
or  smooth  by  hammering. 

plan-i-sphere  ('i-sfer),  n.  a 
sphere  or  globe  projected  on  a 
plane  surface. 

plank  (plangk),  n.  a  long  broad 
piece  of  sawn  timber  thicker  than 
a  board ;  an  item  in  a  political 
program  or  policy :  v.t.  to  cover 
with  planks;  pay  (with  down). 

plan-ner  (plan'er),  n.  one  who 
plans ;  a  projector. 

piano,  a  prefix  meaning  flat,  as 
p?ano-concave :  adj.  flat  or  plane 
on  one  side,  concave  on  the  other. 

plant  (plant),  n.  any  vegetable 
organism ;  sprout  or  sapling ;  the 
tools,  machinery,  or  fixtures  of 
any  trade  or  business ;  a  swindle : 
v.t.  to  put  into  the  ground  for 
growth,  as  seed ;  fix  in  the  mind ; 
establish. 

Syn.  seed,  set,  sow. 
Ant.    (see   uproot). 

plan-tain  ('tan),  n.  a  tropical 
broad-leaved  tree  yielding  an  edi- 
ble fruit  similar  to  the  banana. 

plau-ta-tion  (-ta'shun),  n.  a 
place  planted  with  trees ;  a  large 
cultivated  estate  for  cotton,  su- 
gar, &c. ;  a  new  settlement  or 
colony. 

plant-er  ('er),  n.  one  who 
plants ;  the  owner  of  a  plantation. 

plan-ti  grade  (M-grfid),  n.  walk- 
ing on  the  sole  of  the  foot ;  a  car- 
nivorous animal,  as  the  bear,  of 
the  section  plantigrade. 

plant  rile  ('ul),  n.  an  embryo  of 
a  plant. 

plaque  (plak),  n.  a  metal  or 
terra-cotta  plate  upon  which 


flowers,  figures,  &c.,  are  enameled 
or  painted. 

plash,  (plash),  n.  a  puddle;  pond: 
v.t.  to  splash  or  dash  with  water ; 
interweave  the  branches  or  twigs 
of :  as,  to  plash  a  hedge. 

plasm  (plazm),  n.  a  mold  or  ma- 
trix. 

plas-ma  (plaz'ma),  n.  the  color- 
less fluid  of  the  blood  in  which 
the  red  corpuscles  float ;  proto- 
plasm ;  a  grass-green  variety  of 
chalcedony. 

plas-ter  (ter),  n.  calcined  gyp- 
sum used  for  castings,  &c.  (plas- 
ter of  paris)  ;  a  composition  of 
lime,  sand,  and  water,  for  coating 
walls ;  a  medicinal  application 
for  external  use :  adj.  made  of 
plaster :  v.t.  to  overlay  or  cover 
with,  or  as  with,  plaster. 

plas-tic  ('tik),  adj.  capable  of 
being  formed  or  molded ;  giving 
form. 

plas-tic-i-ty  (-tis'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  plastic. 

plat,  same  as  plait. 

plate  (plat),  n.  a  thin  piece  of 
metal ;  a  small  shallow  vessel  used 
at  table  for  eating  from ;  an  en- 
graved piece  of  metal ;  household 
articles  of  gold  or  silver ;  a  prize 
given  at  a  race :  v.t.  to  coat  with 
a  more  valuable  metal ;  to  beat 
into  lamina?  or  thin  plates. 

pla-teau  (pla-to'),  n.  [pi.  pla- 
teaux (-toz')L  elevated  broad  flat 
land ;  table-land ;  a  large  orna- 
mental center-dish. 

plate-glass  (plat'glas),  n.  a  fine 
kind  of  glass  cast  in  thick  plates : 
used  for  mirrors,  &c. 

plate-mark,    same   as   hall-mark. 

plat-en  (plat'en),  n.  the  flat  part 
of  a  printing-press  by  which  the 
impression  is  made. 

plat-form  ('form),  n.  a  flat  floor 
of  wood,  stone,  &c.,  raised  above 
the  level  of  the  ground ;  the  place 
where  guns  are  mounted  on  a 
fortress  or  battery ;  political  pro- 
gram or  policy,  of  which  each 
item  is  called  a  plank. 

pla-ti-na,  another  form  of  plati- 
num. 

plat-ing  (plat'ing),  n.  the  art  of 
overlaying  or  covering  anything 
with  a  metallic  plate. 

plat-i-nize  (plat'i-mz),  v.t.  to 
coat  with  platinum. 


late.  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pQrch,  Jot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pla 


638 


pie 


plat-i-noids  ('i-noidz),  n.pl. 
metals  fouud  associated  with 
platinum. 

plat-i-nous  (-nus),  adj.  contain- 
ing platinum. 

plat-i-num  ('i-num),  n.  a  grey- 
ish-white metal  very  hard  and 
ductile,  the  heaviest  of  the  known 
metals.  Also  platina. 

plat-i-tude  ('i-tiid),  n.  insipidity; 
dulness ;  a  weak,  empty,  trite  re- 
mark. 

Pla-ton-ic  (pla-ton'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Plato,  the  ancient 
Greek  philosopher,  or  to  his  philos- 
ophy, &c.,  or  school ;  pure  and 
untainted  with  carnal  desires. 

platoon  (-toon'),  n.  t\vo  files  of 
soldiers  forming  a  subdivision. 

plat-ter  (plat'er),  n.  a  large  flat 
dish. 

platy,  a  prefix  meaning  broad  or 
flat,  as  platypus,  the  ornithorhyn- 
cus, from  its  flat,  duck-like  bill. 

plat-y-rhine  ('i-rin),  adj.  broad- 
nosed  :  noting  American  monkeys, 
thus  characterized. 

plau-dit    (plaw'dit),  n.  applause. 

plau-di-to-ry  ('di-to-ri),  adj.  ap- 
plauding. 

plau-si-bil-i-ty  (-zi-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being 
plausible ;  speciousness.  Also 
plausibleness. 

plau-si-ble  ('zi-bl),  adj.  specious; 
superficially  pleasing. 

plau-si-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  a  plausi- 
ble manner. 

play  (pla),  n.  any  exercise  or  oc- 
cupation for  amusement ;  exer- 
tion of  powers  ;  diversion ;  pas- 
time ;  drama,  tragedy,  or  comedy ; 
gaming ;  scope ;  practice ;  man- 
ner of  dealing;  style:  v.i.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  played,  p.pr.  playing],  to  en- 
gage in  some  exercise  for  amuse- 
ment ;  sport  or  frolic ;  perform 
upon,  as  a  musical  instrument ; 
personate  a  character;  gamble. 
Syn.  game,  snort,  amusement. 
Ant.  (see  work). 

play-ful  (pla'fool),  adj.  sportive; 
lively. 

play-ful-ly  (-15),  adv.  in  a  play- 
ful manner. 

play-f ul-ness  (-nes),  n.  playful 
state  or  disposition. 

pla-za  (pKl'zu),  n.  an  open  square 
or  market  place. 


plea  (pie),  M.  an  excuse  or  apol- 
ogy ;  the  defendant's  answer  to 
the  plaintiff's  declaration  in  a 
lawsuit ;  urgent  entreaty. 

plead  (pled),  v.i.  to  argue  or 
reason  in  support  of  a  cause 
against  another ;  argue  before  a 
court  of  law ;  supplicate  earnest- 
ly :  v.t.  discuss  or  defend  by  ar- 
guments ;  offer  as  an  excuse. 

Syn.     urge,     beseech,     beg,     en- 
treat,   advocate. 

plead -ings  ('ingz),  n.pl.  the 
written  statements  of  the  two 
parties  in  a  lawsuit. 

pleas-ant  (plez'ant),  n.  grateful 
to  the  mind  or  senses  ;  delightful ; 
agreeable  ;  cheerful ;  facetious. 

pleas-ant-ry  (-ri),  n.  merriment; 
lively  talk ;  gaiety ;  a  laughable 
trick  or  joke. 

please      (plez),     v.t.     to    gratify; 
give   pleasure    to ;    gain    approba- 
tion from  :  v.i.  to  afford  pleasure 
or  gratification  ;  like  or  choose. 
Syn.  gratify,  pacify. 
Ant.    (see  displease). 

pleased    ('d),  p.adj.  gratified. 

pleas-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  affording 
pleasure ;  agreeable. 

pleas-u-ra-ble  (plezh'u-ra-bl), 
adj.  gratifying ;  delightful. 

pleas-u-ra-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  a 
pleasurable  manner. 

pleas-nre  ('iir).  n.  gratification; 
agreeable  emotions,  mental  or 
physical ;  transient  enjoyment ; 
sensual  gratification. 

Kyn.  charm,  delight,  joy. 
Ant.    (see'  pain) . 

pleat,  another  form  of  plait. 

ple-be-ian  (ple-be'an),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Plebs  or  Roman 
commonalty ;  pertaining  to  the 
common  people :  hence  common  or 
vulgar:  n.  one  of  the  common 
people. 

ple-be-ian-ism  (-izm),  n.  vul- 
garity. 

pleb-i-scite  (pleb'i-sit),  n.  a  vote 
taken  of  the  entire  male  com- 
munity by  universal  suffrage  on 
some  special  matter  submitted ; 
the  decree  founded  on  such  a 
vote. 

pledge  (plej).  n.  anything  placed 
as  a  security  or  guarantee  ;  pawn  ; 
hostage ;  a  health  in  drinking :  v.t. 
to  give  as  security  or  guarantee ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pie 


639 


pin 


deposit    in    pawn ;    drink    to    the 
health  of. 

pledg-et  Cet),  n.  a  flat  piece  of 
lint  placed  over  a  wound. 

Plei-a-des  (pll'a-dez).  n.pl.  the 
cluster  of  7  stars  in  the  constel- 
lation Taurus :  from  the  7  daugh- 
ters of  Atlas  and  Pleione, 
changed  after  death  into  stars. 

ple-na-ry  (ple'na-ri),  adj.  full; 
complete. 

plen-i-po-ten-ti-a-ry  (plen-i-po- 
ten'shi-u-ri),  adj.  having  full 
power :  n.  an  ambassador  to  a 
foreign  court  invested  with  full 
powers. 

ple-nist  (ple'nist),  n.  one  who 
holds  the  theory  that  all  space  is 
filled  with  matter. 

plen-i-tude  (plen'i-tud),  n.  ful- 
ness. 

plen-te-ons  ('te-us),  adj.  abun- 
dant :  amply  sufficient. 

plen-ti-ful  ('ti-fool),  adj.  yield- 
ing abundance  ;  copious. 

Syn.  abundant,  ample,  copious, 
plenteous. 

Ant.    (see  scarce). 

plen-ti-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  abun- 
dantly. 

plen-ty    ('ti),  n.  abundance. 

ple-o-iiasm  (ple'6-nazm) ,  n.  use 
of  more  words  than  necessary  in 
speaking  or  writing. 

ple-o-nas-tic  (-nas'tik),  adj.  re- 
dundant. 

ple-o-nas-tic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
redundantly. 

plet  (plet),  n.  a  kind  of  birch- 
rod,  used  in  Russian  prisons. 

pleth-o-ra  (pleth'o-ra),  n.  excess- 
ive fulness  of  blood ;  overabun- 
dance. 

ple-thor-ic  (ple-thor'ik),  adj. 
having  excess  of  blood. 

pleu-ra  (ploo'ni),  n.  [pi.  pleurae 
('re)],  a  delicate  serous  mem- 
brane covering  the  interior  of  the 
thorax  and  each  lung. 

plen-ral  ('ral),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  pleura. 

pleu-ri-sy  ('ri-si),  n.  inflamma- 
tion of  the  pleura. 

pleu-rit-ic  (-rit'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  affected  with,  pleurisy. 
Also  pleuritical. 

pleuro,  a  prefix  meaning  rib  or 
tsiilf.  as  /il(iirodyn\a,  rheumatism 
of  the  chest  walls. 


pleu-ro-pneu-mo-ni-a  (ploo-ro- 
nu-mo'ni-a),  n.  inflammation  of 
the  pleura  and  lungs. 

plev-in   (plev'in),  n.  a  warrant. 

plexus  (plek'sus),  n.  a  network 
of  veins,  nerves,  &c. 

pli-a-bil-i-ty  (pli-a-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  pli- 
able. Also  pliableness. 

pli-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  easily  bent; 
flexible ;  easy  to  be  persuaded. 

pli-a-bly  ('a-bli),  adv.  in  a  pli- 
able manner. 

pli-an-cy  ('an-si),  n.  pliant  qual- 
ity. 

pli-ant  ('ant),  adj.  flexible;  easily 
bent ;  yielding  to  moral  suasion. 

pli-cate  ('kat).  adj.  plaited; 
folded  in  the  form  of  a  fan.  Also 
plicated. 

pli-ers  ('erz),  n.  a  kind  of  small 
pinchers  for  seizing  and  bending, 
especially  small  articles. 

plight  (plit),  n.  a  dangerous  or 
distressed  condition  ;  predicament ; 
pledge  ;  promise  :  v.t.  to  pledge,  as 
one's  faith. 

plinth  (plinth),  n.  the  lowest 
square-shaped  part  of  the  base  of 
a  column,  pedestal,  &c. ;  the  pro- 
jecting face  at  the  bottom  of  a 
wall. 

plod  (plod),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  plod- 
ded, p.pr.  plodding],  to  travel  la- 
boriously ;  drudge  or  toil ;  study 
closelj'. 

plot  (plot),  n.  a  complicated 
scheme,  conspiracy,  or  plan ;  in- 
trigue ;  chain  of  incidents  in  a 
play,  novel,  &c.,  gradually  devel- 
oped :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  plotted, 
p.pr.  plotting],  to  devise;  make 
a  plan  of :  v.t.  to  conspire ;  form 
a  plan  against  another. 

plov-er  (pluv'er),  n.  a  wading 
bird  of  various  species. 

plow,  plough  (plou),  n.  an  agri- 
cultural implement  for  turning  up 
the  soil;  a  grooving-plane :  v.t.  to 
turn  up  with  a  plow  ;  furrow. 

plow_-  share,  plough  -  share 
('shfir),  n.  the  iron  part  of  a  plow 
that  cuts  the  soil. 

pluck  (pluk),  v.t.  to  pull  off,  out, 
or_  up ;  snatch  :  pick  or  gather ; 
reject  as  a  candidate  in  an  exami- 
nation :  n.  a  pull ;  the  heart,  liver, 
and  lungs  of  an  animal ;  courage. 

pluck-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  coura- 
geously. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  hr-r,  lot ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  mSOn, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


plu 


640 


pne 


pluck-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  pluckier, 
mi  perl,  pluckiest],  having  cour- 
age or  pluck. 

plug  (plug),  n.  a  piece  of  wood, 
&c.,  used  for  stopping  a  hole : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  plugged,  p.pr. 
plugging],  to  stop  with  a  plug. 

plum  (plum),  n.  a  tree,  Prunus 
dumcstica,  or  its  well-known 
fruit ;  a  raisin  ;  £100,000  :  hence 
a  large  fortune. 

plum-age  (plum'aj),  n.  a  bird's 
feathers. 

plumb  (plum),  n.  a  heavy  boJy, 
usually  of  lead,  suspended  at  the 
extremity  of  a  line  to  indicate  the 
perpendicularity  of  work  done,  as 
a  wall,  &c. :  adj.  perpendicular : 
adv.  perpendicularly :  v.t.  to  ad- 
just by  a  plumb-line ;  make  per- 
pendicular;  sound  (the  depth  of 
water)  by  a  plummet. 

pluiu-ba-go  (-ba'go),  n.  a  min- 
eral of  carbon  and  iron,  used  for 
lead  pencils ;  a  form  of  carbon. 

plnmb-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  is  en- 
gaged in  the  business  of  plumbing. 

plumb-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  art  or 
occupation  of  putting  into  build- 
ings the  pipes,  traps,  &c.,  for  the 
conveyance  of  water,  gas,  and 
sewage. 

plumb-line  ('Hn),  n.  a  line  at- 
tached to  a  mass  of  lead  to  indi- 
cate the  perpendicular ;  perpen- 
dicular line. 

plume  (ploom),  n.  a  feather;  a 
feather  worn  as  an  ornament ; 
crest :  v.t.  to  pick  and  adjust  the 
feathers  of ;  adorn  with  plumes ; 
boast;  pride  (used  reflexively). 

plum-met  (plum'et),  n.  a.  leaden 
weight  attached  to  a  string  used 
for  sounding  depths,  &c. 

plump  (plump),  adj.  round  and 
sleek  with  fulness  of  flesh ;  in 
good  condition ;  downright ;  un- 
qualified :  adv.  with  a  sudden  or 
heavy  fall :  v.i.  to  grow  plump ; 
fall  or  sink  down  ;  to  vote  for  a 
single  candidate  when  one  has 
the  right  to  vote  for  two  or  more : 
v.t.  to  make  plump ;  fatten. 

plu-my    (ploo'mi),  adj.  feathered. 

plun-der  (plun'der).  n.  booty; 
pillage :  v.t.  to  take  by  open 
force  ;  spoil ;  rob. 

plun-der-age  (-fij),  n.  the  embez- 
zlement of  goods  on  board  ship. 

plunge    (plunj),  v.t.  to  put  sud- 


denly into  water  or  any  other 
liquid  ;  immerse ;  baptize  by  im- 
mersion :  v.i.  to  sink,  fall,  or 
rush,  as  into  water ;  dive ;  throw 
the  body  forward  and  the  legs  up, 
as  a  horse ;  bet  heavily  and 
thoughtlessly  :  n.  the  act  of  plung- 
ing ;  sudden  fall. 

plung-er  ('er),  n.  one  who 
plunges ;  a  diver ;  the  long  solid 
cylinder  or  piston  of  a  pump ;  one 
who  bets  heavily  and  thought- 
lessly. 

plu-per-fect  (ploo'per-fekt),  adj. 
noting  an  event  or  action  occur- 
ring prior  to  some  other  event  or 
action. 

plu-ral  ('ral).  adj.  consisting  of 
more  than  one :  n.  that  form  of 
a  word  that  expresses  more  than 
one. 

plu-ral-i-ty  (ploo-ral'i-ti).  n.  the 
majority  ;  the  greatest  of  three  or 
more  numbers ;  the  excess  of 
votes  cast  for  any  one  candidate 
over  the  candidate  who  receives 
the  next  largest  number  of  votes 
at  an  election  where  there  are 
three  or  more  candidates  for  the 
same  office. 

plu-ral -ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  make 
plural. 

plus  (plus),  n.  the  sign  (4-)  used 
to  denote  addition:  adj.  more  (by 
a  certain  amount)  ;  increased  (l>y 
a  sp Deified  addition)  ;  above  zero. 

plush  (plush),  n.  a  kind  of  shaguy 
cloth  with  a  pile ;  woolen  velvet. 

plu-toc-ra-cy  (ploo-tok'ra-si),  n. 
rule  or  government  by  the  rich. 

plu-to-crat  (ploo'to-krat),  n.  one 
who  exercises  political  power  or 
influence  by  virtue  of  his  wealth. 

Plu-to-ni-an  (-to'ni-an),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Pluto,  the  god  of  the 
lower  world,  or  to  the  lower 
regions  of  fire ;  igneous.  Also 
Plutonic. 

Plu-ton-ic  rocks  (roks),  n.pl. 
igneous  rocks. 

plu-vi-al   ('vi-al),  adj.  rainy. 

ply  (pli),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  plied, 
p.pr.  plying],  to  work  on  closely; 
practice  diligently  or  earnestly ; 
urge  or  solicit :  v.i.  to  run  regu- 
larly between  two  ports ;  work 
against  the  wind. 

pneu-mat-ic  (nu-mat'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  consisting  of,  con- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pne 


641 


poi 


taming,  like,  or  moved  by,  air. 
Also  pneumatical. 

pneu-mat-ic-tire,  n.  a  hollow  rub- 
ber cylinder  inflated  with  air, 
forming  the  circumference  of  a 
bicycle  or  automobile  wheel ;  also 
used  on  carriage  wheels. 

pneu-mat-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
by  air. 

pneu-mat-ics  ('iks),  n.pl.  the 
science  that  treats  of  the  mechan- 
ical properties  of  air  and  similar 
elastic  fluids. 

pneu-ma-tol-o-gy  ( -ma-tol'o-  ji ) , 
n.  pneumatics ;  the  science  of 
mind  or  spiritual  existences  or 
essences  and  their  operation. 

piieuiuo,  a  prefix  meaning  lung. 

pneu-mo-nia  (-mo'ni-3.),  n.  acute 
inflammation  of  the  lungs. 

pneu-mon-ic  (-mon'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  lungs. 

poach  (poch),  v.i.  to  trespass 
upon  preserves  to  shoot  or  steal 
game :  v.t.  to  steal  game  from ; 
plunder  by  stealth;  cook  (eggs) 
by  breaking  them  into  boiling 
water. 

poach-y  ('i),  adj.  swampy; 
marshy. 

poch-ard  ('3rd),  n.  the  sea- 
duck. 

pock  (pok),  n.  a  pustule  on  the 
skin  containing  eruptive  matter. 

pock-et  ('et),  n.  a  small  bag  in- 
serted in  a  garment  for  carrying 
small  articles ;  a  small  netted  bag 
in  a  billiard  table  for  the  recep- 
tion of  the  balls ;  a  small  quan- 
tity. 

pod  (pod),  n.  the  pericarp  or  the 
covering  of  the  seed  of  certain 
plants,  as  the  pea,  &c. :  v.i.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  podded,  p.pr.  podding],  to 
swell  or  fill,  as  a  pod ;  produce 
pods. 

podge   (poj),  n.  a  puddle. 

podg-y   ('i),  adj.  short  and  fat. 

po-di-um  (po'di-um),  n.  a  low 
wall,  usually  with  a  plinth  and 
cornice,  in  the  front  of  an  edifice 
to  support  pillars;  that  part  of 
an  amphitheater  which  projects 
over  the  arena  :  a  balcony. 
pod o  carp  (pod'o-karp),  n.  the 
stem  which  supports  the  fruit  of 
a  pi 'Tit. 

pod-o-phyl-lin  (-5-fil'in).  n.  a 
purvfitive  resin  obtained  from  the 
root  of  the  May-apple. 


poe  (po'e),  n.  a  food  made  from 
the  roots  of  the  taro  plant  by 
the  natives  of  Hawaii. 

poe  bird  ( berd  ) ,  n.  the  parson 
bird  of  New  Zealand,  with  a 
plumage  of  a  dark  metallic  hue. 

po-em  ('em),  n.  a  metrical  or 
poetical  composition  ;  a  poetic  con- 
ception. 

po-e-sy  ('e-si),  n.  the  art  of  com- 
posing poems. 

po-et  ('et),  n.  the  author  of  a 
poem ;  one  gifted  in  writing 
poetry ;  one  who  is  strongly 
imaginative.  Feminine  poetess. 

po-et  lau -re-ate  (law're-at),  n. 
a  court  poet. 

po-et-ic  (-et'ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  suitable  to.  or  expressed  in, 
poetry  ;  sublime.  Also  poetical. 

po-et-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in  a 
poetic  manner. 

po-et-ry  ('et-ri),  n.  a  metrical 
composition  produced  or  embel- 
lished by  creative  imagination ; 
utterance  in  song ;  poems  col- 
lectively. 

Syn.    meter,    numbers,    rhyme, 
verse. 

Ant.    (see  prose). 

poi,  same  as  poe. 

poign-an-cy  ('nan-si),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  poign- 
ant. 

poign-ant  ('nant),  adj.  stimulat- 
ing to  the  palate  ;  irritating  ;  very 
painful. 

poin-set-ti-a  (-set'i-a),  n.  a  Mexi- 
can plant  with  handsome  flowers. 

point  (point),  n.  the  sharp  end 
of  any  instrument ;  mark  or  dot ; 
indivisible  part ;  mark  in  punctua- 
tion ;  that  which  has  position  but 
no  magnitude  ;  a  spot ;  exact  place  ; 
critical  moment ;  expression  or 
force ;  sting  of  an  epigram ;  aim  ; 
act  of  aiming ;  small  cape  or  prom- 
ontory ;  lace  wrought  with  the 
needle ;  railway  switch ;  unit  of 
measurement  for  type-bodies  = 
.0138  inch,  or  one-twelfth  of  a 
pica :  v.t.  to  sharpen  ;  give  a  point 
to ;  direct  or  aim ;  mark  with 
points;  fill  the  joints  of  (ma- 
sonry) with  mortar  and  smooth 
them  with  a  trowel :  v.i.  to  indi- 
cate ;  show  clearly. 

point-blank  Cblangk).  adj.  hori- 
zontal ;  straight  forward  to  the 
mark  ;  direct. 


late.  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  he"r,  let :  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook :  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pol 


642 


pol 


point-ed  ('ed),  p.adj.  sharpened; 
having  a  sharp  point ;  direct ; 
telling  ;  personal ;  epigrammatic  ; 
Gothic. 

point-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  points ;  a  variety  of 
dog  trained  to  point  game. 

point-ing  ('ing),  n.  punctuation; 
the  act  or  operation  of  filling  in 
the  crevices  of  masonry  with 
mortar. 

poise   (poiz),  n.  weight;  balance; 
equilibrium :      v.t.      to      balance ; 
weigh  ;  ascertain  or  examine :  v.i. 
to  be  in  a  state  of  equilibrium. 
Syn.  balance. 

poi-son  (poi'zn),  n.  anything 
noxious  or  destructive  to  life, 
health,  or  morality ;  venom :  v.t. 
to  infect  with,  or  kill  by,  poison  ; 
administer  poison  to  ;  corrupt. 

poi-son-ous  (-us),  adj.  having 
the  qualities  of  poison ;  deadly ; 
injurious  to  health. 

poke  (pok),  n.  a  thrust  or  push; 
a  bag  or  sack :  v.t.  to  thrust  or 
push  against,  especially  with 
something  pointed  ;  thrust  at  with 
the  horns :  v.i.  to  grope  or  feel 
about  in  the  dark ;  search. 

pok-er  ('er),  n.  a  metal  bar  for 
stirring  fires;  a  card  game. 

pok-ing  ('ing),  adj.  servile; 
drudging. 

po-ky  (po'ki),  adj.  lacking  spirit 
or  interest ;  slow  ;  stupid. 

po-lar  ('lar),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  situated  near,  either  of  the 
poles,  especially  the  North  Pole ; 
pertaining  to  the  magnetic  poles. 

po-lar-i -scope  (-lar'i-skop),  n.  an 
instrument  for  exhibiting  polar- 
ized light. 

po-lar-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the  property 
possessed  by  certain  bodies,  as  in 
electrified  or  magnetized  bodies, 
by  which  they  arrange  themselv  s 
in  certain  directions  or  tend  to 
given  poles. 

po-lar-i-za-tion  (-i-za'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  polarizing ;  the  state 
of  being  polarized. 

po-lar-ize  (-!z),  v.t.  to  communi- 
cate polarity  to. 

pole  (pol),  n.  a  long  staff;  a 
measure  =  5^  yards;  a  square 
measure  =r  SO1/*  yards ;  a  measur- 
ing instrument ;  one  of  the  extremi- 
ties of  the  imaginary  axis  of  the 


earth ;  one  of  the  two  points  in 
a  magnet  in  which  the  attractive 
or  repellent  force  is  concentrated  ; 
that  on  which  anything  revolves ; 
the  extreme  opposite. 

pole-cat  ('kat),  n.  a  small  car- 
nivorous animal  which  emits  a 
strong  offensive  odor. 

po-leni-ic  (po-lem'ik),  n.  a  con- 
troversialist :  pi.  the  art  of  con- 
troversy ;  controversial  writings, 
especially  those  on  religious  sub- 
jects. 

po-lem-ic-al  ('ik-al),  adj.  contro- 
versial. 

po-lem-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  con- 
troversially. 

pole-star  (pol'star),  n.  the  north 
star  (Polaris)  situated  in  Ursa 
Minor,  within  IV-j  degrees  of  the 
true  pole ;  a  guide. 

po-lice  (po-les'),  n.  in  a  city, 
town,  or  district,  an  organized 
force  of  civil  officers  for  preserv- 
ing order. 

po-lice-man  ('man),  n.  a  mem- 
ber of  a  police  force. 

pol-i-cy  (pol'i-si),  n.  [pi.  policies 
(-siz)],  the  art  or  method  of 
government ;  management  of  pub- 
lic affairs ;  system  of  regulative 
measures ;  sagacity  in  manage- 
ment ;  course  of  conduct ;  pru- 
dence ;  cunning ;  a  document  given 
to  insurers  containing  a  contract 
of  insurance  ;  a  warrant  for  money 
in  the  public  funds ;  a  gambling 
game. 

pol-ish  ('ish),  v.t.  to  make  smooth 
or  glossy  by  friction  ;  make  polite 
or  refined  :  v.i.  to  become  polished  : 
n.  a  smooth,  glossy  surface ;  a 
preparation  for  imparting  a 
polish  ;  refinement  or  elegance  of 
manners. 

Po-lish  (po'lish).  adj.  pertaining 
to  Poland,  its  language,  or  to  its 
inhabitants. 

po-lite  (-lit'),  adj.  well-bred:  re- 
fined in  manner ;  courteous  or 
obliging. 

Syn.  gracious,  polished,  obliging, 
courteous,  courtly. 
Ant.    (see  impolite). 

po-lite-ness  ('nes),  n.  good- 
breeding;  courtesy. 

po-lite-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  polite 
manner. 

pol-i-tesse  (pol-i-tes'),  n.  over- 
acted politeness. 


Into,  mar,  mftsk,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mfite.  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pol 


643 


pol 


pol-i-tic  ('i-tik),  adj.  shrewd; 
specious  ;  sagacious  :  especially  in 
policy ;  adapted  to  promote  the 
welfare  of  the  state:  n.pl.  the 
art  of  government  or  the  adminis- 
tration of  public  affairs ;  political 
opinions;  party  management  or 
control. 

po-lit-i-cal  (po-lit'i-kal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  politics,  or  to  a  nation 
or  staie ;  derived  from  govern- 
ment. 

po-lit-i-cal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
political  manner. 

po-lit-i-cal  e-con-o-my  (e-kon'o- 
mi),  n.  the  science  that  treats 
of  wealth,  its  nature,  production, 
distribution,  and  consumption,  and 
the  laws  which  regulate  and 
govern  these. 

pol-i-ti-cian  ('i-tish-un),  n.  one 
who  is  skilled  in  politics ;  a  states- 
man. 

pol-i-tics,  see  under  politic. 

pol-i-ty  ( 'i-ti ) ,  n.  the  form  or  con- 
stitution  of   the   civil   government 
of  a  state  ;  constitution. 
8yn.  constitution,  policy. 

pol-ka  (poTka),  n.  a  dance  of 
Bohemian  origin,  performed  by 
two  persons ;  music  suitable  for 
such  a  dance. 

poll  (pol),  n.  the  head,  especially 
the  back  part  of  it ;  a  register 
of  persons,  especially  those  en- 
titled to  vote  at  elections ;  an 
election  ;  number  of  votes  recorded 
at  an  election  ;  place  where  votes 
are  cast :  v.t.  to  lop ;  clip  or 
shear;  enroll  in  a  register;  bring 
to  the  poll,  as  a  voter ;  to  cast 
or  deposit  in  a  ballot  box  ;  to  poll 
a  jury  is  to  examine  each  mem- 
ber individually  as  to  his  con- 
currence in  the  verdict. 

pol-lack  (pol'ak),  n.  a  species  of 
codfish. 

pol-lard  ('ard),  n.  a  tree  lopped 
or  polled  ;  a  stag  that  has  cast  its 
horns ;  a  mixture  of  bran  and 
meal ;  the  chub-fish. 

pol-len  ('en),  n.  the  fertilizing 
powder  in  the  cells  of  the  anthers 
of  flowers. 

pol-li-na-tion  (-i-na'shun),  n.  the 
conveyance  of  pollen  from  the 
anther  to  the  stigma  of  a  flower. 

pol-lock,    same    as    pollack. 

poll-tax  (pol'taks),  n.  a  capita- 
tion tax. 


pol-lute  (pol-luf),  v.t.  to  defile; 
render  unclean  ,  taint  with  guilt ; 
corrupt ;  violate. 

pol-lu-tion  (-lu'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  polluting ;  the  state  of  being 
polluted ;  defilement ;  k-gal  or 
ceremonial  uncleannes?. 

po-lo  (po'16),  n.  a  game  similar  to 
hockey,  played  on  horseback. 

po-lo-naise  (po-lo-BfiZ7),  n.  a 
dress,  body  and  skirt  made  in  one ; 
a  Polish  air  or  dance. 

po-lo-ni-um  (po-lo'ni-um),  n.  a 
radio-active  substance,  discovered 
in  the  experiments  which  led  to 
the  discovery  of  radium. 

pol-troon  (pol-troon'),  n.  a 
coward. 

poly,  a  prefix  meaning  many, 
much. 

pol-y-an-dry  (pol-i-an'dri),  K,,  the 
practice  of  a  woman  having  more 
than  one  husband  at  the  same 
time  :  opposed  to  polygamy. 

pol-y-an-thus  (-an'thus).  n.  a 
handsome  flower;  a  cultivated 
variety  of  the  oxlip  primrose. 

pol-y-chro-mat-ic  (-kro-maf  ik) , 
adj.  exhibiting  a  play  of  colors. 

pol-y-chrome  ('i-krom),  adj.  hav- 
ing many  colors :  n.  a  work 
executed  in  many  colors. 

po-lyg-a-mist  (p5-lig'a-mist),  n. 
one  who  practices  or  upholds 
polygamy. 

po-lyg-a-mous  ('f.-mus),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  practicing,  polyg- 
amy. 

po-lyg-a-my  ('a-mi),  n.  the  prac- 
tice of  having  more  than  one  wife 
at  the  same  time. 

pol-y-glot  (pol'i-glot),  adj.  con- 
taining many  languages :  n.  a 
book,  especially  an  edition  of  the 
Bible,  in  several  languages. 

pol-y-gon  ('i-gon),  n.  a  figure 
having  many  angles. 

pol-y-graph  ('i-grfif),  n.  a  mani- 
fold writer. 

pol-y-he-dral  (-he'dral),  adj.  hav- 
ing many  sides  or  faces.  Also 
polyhedrons,  polyhedric. 

pol-y-he-dron  ('dron),  n.  a  solid 
having  many  sides  or  faces ;  a 
polyscope. 

pol-yp  C'ip),  n.  an  extensive 
group  of  radiated  animals  includ- 
ing the  hydra,  sea-anemone,  &c. 
Also  polype,  polypus. 

pol-y-png     ('pus),    n.    [pi.    polypi 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


pol 


644 


poo 


(-pi)],  a  fleshy  tumor  in  the  nose 
or  uterus ;  a  polype. 

ppl-y-scope  ('skop),  n.  a  multiply- 
ing lens. 

pol-y-style  ('stll),  n.  a  building 
with  many  columns. 

pol-y-syl-lab-ic  (-sil-ab'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  consisting  of, 
three  or  more  syllables.  Also 
polysyllabical. 

pol-y-syl-la-ble  ('a-bl),  n.  a  word 
consisting  of  three  or  more  sylla- 
bles. 

pol-y-tech-nic  (-tek'nik),  adj. 
noting,  including,  or  giving  in- 
struction in,  the  arts  and  sciences  : 
n.  a  school  for  imparting  instruc- 
tion in  the  arts  and  sciences. 

pol-y-the-ism  ('i-the-izm),  n.  the 
doctrine  of  a  plurality  of  gods, 
each  taking  a  part  in  the  govern- 
ment of  the  world. 

pol-y-the-ist  ('ist),  n.  a -believer 
in  polytheism. 

pol-y-the-is-tic  (-is'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  consisting  in,  poly- 
theism. 

pol-y-type  (-tip),  n.  a  facsimile 
in  metal  of  an  engraving  on  wood, 
&c. 

pomade  (po-mad'),  n.  a  per- 
fumed ointment  for  dressing  the 
hair.  Also  pomatum. 

pom  e  gran-ate  (pom'gran-at),  n. 
a  tree  (Punica  Granatum)  yield- 
ing an  orange-like,  edible  fruit 
with  a  thick  rind  and  numerous 
seeds. 

pommel  (pum'el),  n.  the  knob 
on  a  sword-hilt ;  the  high  part  of 
a  saddle-bow :  v.t.  to  beat  with 
anything  thick  or  bulky  ;  bruise. 

pom-mel-ing  (-ing),  n.  a  beat- 
ing. 

po-mol-o-gy  (pp-mol'o-ji).  n.  the 
science  of  cultivating  fruit  and 
fruit-trees,  especially  apples ;  a 
treatise  on  fruits. 

pomp  (pomp),  n.  ostentatious  dis- 
play ;  grandeur ;  parade. 

pom  pon  (pom'pon),  n.  a  tufted 
ornament ;  a  variety  of  chrysan- 
themum. 

pom-pos  i-ty  (-pos'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  of  being  pompous.  Also 
pompousness. 

pompous  (pom'pus),  adj.  state- 
ly :  grand  ;  self-important ;  osten- 
tatious. 

pon-cho    (pon'cho),   n.   a  sort   of 


cloak  or  loose  woolen  garment 
worn  in  Spanish  America. 

pond  (pond),  n.  a  pool  of  stand- 
ing water. 

pon-der  (pon'der),  v.t.  to  weigh 
mentally :  v.i.  to  deliberate. 

pon-der-a-bil-i-ty  (-a-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  of  being  ponderable. 
Also  ponderableness. 

pon-der-a-ble  ('der-a-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  weighed. 

pon-der-os-i-ty  (-os'i-ti),  n. 
weight. 

pon-der-ons  ('der-us),  adj.  very 
heavy  ;  weighty  ;  important ;  dull. 

pone  (pon),  n.  bread  made  of 
maizemeal,  milk,  &c. 

pon-gee  (pon-je'),  n.  an  inferior 
kind  of  silk. 

pon  lard  (pon'yard),  n.  a  small 
dagger :  v.t.  to  stab  with  a  pon- 
iard. 

pon-tiff  ('tif),  n.  a  high  priest; 
the  Pope. 

pon-tif-ic-al  ('ik-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  pontiff,  high  priest, 
or  pope ;  papal :  n.  a  book  con- 
taining ecclesiastical  rites  and 
ceremonies :  pi.  the  full  dress 
worn  by  an  officiating  priest  or 
bishop. 

pon-tif-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
.ontifical  manner. 

pon-tif-i-cate  ('i-kat).  n.  the 
office  or  dignity  of  a  high  priest 
or  pope  :  the  reign  of  a  pope. 

pon  toon  (pon-toon'),  n.  a  buoy- 
ant, flat-bottomed  structure  sup- 
porting a  floating  military  bridge; 
a  bridge  of  boats ;  a  lighter. 

po-ny  (po'ni).  n.  [pi.  ponies 
('niz)],  a  small  horse;  a  very 
small  glass  of  beer  or  liquor; 
student's  key  to  translation  of 
Latin  or  Greek  lessons ;  often 
used  adjectively  to  denote  some- 
thing small  of  its  kind,  as  a  pony 
engine. 

pool  (pool),  n.  a  small  body  of 
water ;  a  variety  of  play  at  bil- 
liards ;  the  stakes  in  certain 
games  or  the  receptacle  for  them : 
v.t.  to  unite  or  aggregate  together, 
as  in  mercantile  risks,  railway 
traffic,  &c. 

poop  (poop),  n.  the  stern  of  a 
ship ;  the  raised  deck  in  the  stern 
of  a  vessel :  v.t.  to  strike  the  stern 
of ;  break  heavily  over  the  stern 
of:  said  of  waves. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  thcu. 


poo 


645 


por 


pooped  (poopt),  p. adj.  having  a 
poop ;  stuck  on  the  poop  by  a 
heavy  sea. 

poop-ing  (poop'ing),  n.  a  break- 
ing of  a  heavy  sea  over  the  taffrail 
of  the  poop ;  the  action  of  a 
vessel  running  her  stern  against 
the  stern  of  another. 

poor  (poor),  adj.  necessitous; 
having  little  or  no  means ;  desti- 
tute of  riches ;  without  strength, 
beauty,  or  dignity ;  dejected ; 
spiritless;  insignificant;  humble; 
lean  ;  without  fertility  ;  an  expres- 
sion of  tenderness,  compassion,  or 
disdain. 

poor-ly  ('li),  adv.  without  ade- 
quate means  ;  with  scant  success  : 
adj.  somewhat  ill ;  delicate  in 
health. 

pop  (pop),  n.  a  short,  smart, 
quick  sound :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
popped,  p.pr.  popping],  to  thrust 
suddenly ;  pawn :  v.i.  to  make  a 
short,  smart,  quick  sound ;  move 
quickly  ;  dart ;  come  suddenly  into 
view :  adv.  suddenly. 

pop-corn  ('kdrn),  n.  any  variety 
of  Indian  corn  or  maize  having 
small  ears  and  small,  hard  grains. 
The  grains  "pop"  and  expand 
when  exposed  to  heat  of  a  fire. 

pope  (pop),  n.  the  bishop  of 
Rome  and  head  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  ;  a  title  of  priests 
of  the  Greek  Church ;  a  variety 
of  perch. 

pope-dom  ('dum),  n.  the  office, 
dignity,  or  jurisdiction  of  the 
Pope. 

pop-in-jay  ('in-ja),  n.  a  parrot; 
fop. 

pop-lar  (pop'lar),  n.  a  tree  of 
rapid  growth,  with  a  white  soft 
wood. 

pop-lin  Clin),  n.  a  fabric  of  silk 
and  worsted. 

pop-pet  ('et),  n.  one  of  the 
timbers  that  support  a  ship  in 
launching  ;  a  term  of  endearment. 

pop-py  ('i),  n.  any  plant  of  the 
genus  Papaver,  with  bright  showy 
flowers ;  from  one  species  ( Pa- 
pnrcr  sornnifcrum)  opium  is  ob- 
tained. 

pop-u-lace  ('u-las).  n.  the  com- 
mon people. 

pop-u-lar  ('u-lar).  adj.  pertaining 
to,  suitable  for,  or  pleasing  to, 


the  common  people ;  easily  un- 
derstood ;  plebeian. 

pop-u-lar-i-ty  (-lar'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  popular ; 
general  esteem. 

pop-u-lar-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  render 
popular. 

pop-u-late  ('u-lat),  v.t.  to  furnish 
with  inhabitants. 

pop-u-la-tion  ( la'shun ) .  n.  the 
inhabitants  of  a  country,  place, 
town,  &c.,  collectively. 

Pop-u-list  (-list),  n.  a  member 
of  a  political  party  in  the  United 
States  known  as  the  Populist  or 
People's  party. 

pop-u-lous  ('u-lus),  adj.  thickly 
peopled. 

porce-lain  (pors'lan  or  pors'lan), 
n.  a  fine  white,  thin,  semi-trans- 
parent kind  of  earthenware :  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  made  of,  porce- 
lain. 

porch  (porch),  n.  a  vestibule  sup- 
ported by  pillars ;  portico. 

por-cine  (por'sin),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  swine. 

por-cu-pine  ('ku-pin),  n.  a  rodent 
covered  with  spines,  of  the  genus 
Hystrix. 

pore  (por),  n.  a  minute  hole  in  the 
skin  through  which  perspiration 
passes  to  the  surface ;  an  opening 
between  the  molecules  of  a  body  : 
v.i.  to  look  with  close  and  steady 
attention,  as  on  a  book. 

por-gee  (por'je),  n.  a  coarse  kind 
of  silk. 

por-gy  ('ji),  n.  a  marine  fish  much 
esteemed  for  food. 

pork  (pork),  n.  the  flesh  of  swine 
either  fresh  or  salted. 

pork-er   Cer),  n.  a  pig. 

pork-ling  ('ling),  n.  a  young 
pig. 

por-os-i-ty  (por-os'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  porous. 
Also  porousness. 

por-ous    ('us),  adj.  having  pores. 

por-phy-rit-ic  (poT-fi-rit'ik),  adj. 
having  the  appearance,  or  texture 
of.  porphyry. 

por-phy-ry  ('fi-ri),  n.  originally  a 
reddish  igneous  rock  found  in 
Egypt,  with  enclosed  crystals  of 
feldspar;  now  applied  to  any  rock 
having  a  feldspathic  base  with 
feldspar  crystals. 

por-phy-ry-shell     (-shel),    n.    a 


late.  mar.  mAsk,  cat,  awl  ;  he.  her.  let;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


por 


646 


pos 


univalve  shell  of  the  genus  Murex, 
yielding  a  purple  dye. 

porpoise  (por'pus),  n.  a  ceta- 
ceous mammal  of  the  genus 
Phocsena ;  the  sea-hog. 

por-ridge  (por'ij),  n.  oatmeal 
boiled  slowly  in  water  until  it 
thickens. 

por-ring-er  ('in-jer),  n.  a  small 
dish  for_  porridge,  &c. 

port  (port),  n.  a  harbor;  harem; 
deportment  or  carriage ;  the  left 
side  of  a  ship ;  porthole ;  gate ;  a 
dark  colored  Portuguese  wine : 
v.t.  to  turn  to  the  port  or  left 
side  of  a  ship :  as,  to  port  the 
helm. 

port-a-bil-i-ty  (-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  of  being  portable.  Also  porta- 
bleness. 

port-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  that  may 
be  easily  carried  by  hand  or  about 
the  person. 

port-age  ('aj),  n.  carriage;  cost 
of  carriage ;  a  break  in  a  chain 
of  water  communication  over 
which  goods,  boats,  &c.,  have  to 
be  carried. 

port-al  ('al),  n.  a  gate  or  en- 
trance ;  an  arch  over  a  gateway  or 
door. 

port-cul-lis  (-kul'is),  n.  a  strong 
harrow-shaped  grating  hung  over 
the  doorway  of  a  fortified  place 
and  capable  of  being  let  down  to 
defend  the  gate. 

Porte  (port),  n.  the  Turkish 
government  and  court :  so  called 
from  the  gate  of  the  Sultan's 
palace  where  justice  was  admin- 
istered. 

porte-mon-naie  ('mon-a),  n.  a 
purse  [French]. 

por  tend  (por-tend'),  v.t.  to  indi- 
cate in  advance ;  presage ;  fore- 
bode. 

por-tent   ('tent),  n.  an  omen,  es- 
pecially of  ill. 
por-ten-tous  ('us),  adj.  ominous; 

foreshadowing  evil ;  wondrous. 
por-ter    (por'ter),    n.    a    door-   or 
gate-keeper;    a   dark-colored    malt 
beer;  one  who  carries  parcels,  &c., 
for  hire.     Feminine  porteress. 
por-ter-age       (-Aj),      n.      money 
charged  for  carriage  by  a  porter. 
port-fire     (port' fir),    n.    a    paper 
tube  filled  with  powder.  &c.,  for- 
merly used  for  firing  guns. 


port-fo-li-o  (-fo'li-6),  n.  a  porta- 
ble case  for  loose  papers,  draw- 
ings, &c. ;  the  office  and  functions 
of  a  minister  o_f  state. 

port-hole  ('hoi),  n.  a  window- 
shaped  hole  in  the  side  of  a  ship, 
especially  of  a  man-of-war. 

por-ti-co  (por'ti-ko),  n.  [pi.  por- 
ticos (-koz)],  a  walk  covered  by  a 
roof  supported  on  columns ;  a 
columned  porch. 

por-tiere  (-tiar'),  n.  a  door- 
curtain  [French], 

por-tion  ('shun),  n.  a  piece  or 
part;  allotment;  dividend;  final 
state ;  dowry ;  part  of  an  estate 
descending  to  an  heir:  v.t.  to 
divide ;  allot ;  endow  with  a  fort- 
une. 

Kyn.  lot,  parcel,  part,  share. 

port-li-ness  ('li-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  portly. 

port-ly  ('li),  adj.  stately  of  mien; 
corpulent. 

port-man-teau  (-man'to),  n. 
[pi.  portmanteaux  ('toz)],  a  bag 
or  trunk  for  carrying  clothes  or 
traveling  necessities. 

por-toise  (por'tiz),  n.  a  ship's 
gunwale. 

por-trait  ('trat),  n.  a  picture  or 
representation  of  an  individual  or 
face  drawn  from  life ;  a  vivid 
graphic  description  in  words. 

por-trai-ture  ('tra-tur),  n.  the 
art  or  practice  of  drawing  or 
painting  portraits ;  vivid  delinea- 
tion in  words. 

por-tray  (-tnY),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
portrayed,  p.pr.  portraying],  to 
paint  or  draw  the  likeness  of ; 
describe  in  words. 

por-tray-al   ('al).  n.  description. 

Por-tu-guese  (por-tii-gez').  adj. 
pertaining  to  Portugal,  its  in- 
habitants, or  language. 

pose  (poz),  n.  attitude  or  position  : 
v.i.  to  assume  an  attitude :  v.t. 
to  puzzle  or  perplex ;  cause  to 
be  at  a  loss. 

pos-er  (poz'er),  n.  a  puzzling 
question  ;  one  who,  or  that  which, 
poses  or  puzzles. 

po-si-tion  (po-zish'un),  n.  the 
state  of  being  set  or  placed ; 
situation:  attitude:  principle  laid 
down  ;  office ;  social  status. 

pos-i-tive  (poz'i-tiv).  adj.  clearly 
expressed ;  actual ;  direct ;  ex- 


late,  mur,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut :  thin.  £7ien. 


pos 


647 


pos 


plicit ;  overconfident ;  dogmatical ; 
settled  by  arbitrary  appointment ; 
having  power  to  act  directly  ;  not- 
ing the  simple  form  of  an  adjec- 
tive (positive  degree)  ;  affected  by 
the  sign  -f-  (positive  quantity)  : 
n.  that  which  may  be  affirmed ; 
reality  ;  a  word  which  affirms  or 
asserts  existence ;  a  photograph 
with  the  natural  lights  and  shades 
restored. 

*S.i/«.    absolute,   peremptory,   de- 
cided,  certain. 

Ant.    (see  negative). 

pos-i-tive-ly  (-11),  adv.  absolutely; 
expressly. 

pos-i-tive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  positive. 

pos-i-tiv-ism  ('i-tiv-izm),  n.  a 
French  philosophical  and  religious 
system  originated  by  Auguste 
Comte  (1798-1S57),  called  also 
Comtism,  and  the  Religion  of  Hu- 
manity. 

pos-i-tiv-ist  (-ist),  n.  an  adherent 
of  positivism. 

pos-se  (pos'e),  n.  an  improvised 
force  of  men. 

pos-se  coni-i-ta-tus  (kom-i-ta'- 
tus),  [L.]  the  force  of  citizens 
which  the  sheriff  of  a  county  is 
empowered  to  raise  to  quell  a  riot, 
&c. 

pos-sess  (po-zes'),  v.t.  to  have 
as  an  owner ;  be  master  of ;  oc- 
cupy ;  seize. 

pos-sessed  (-zest'),  p.adj.  owned; 
mad. 

pos-ses  sion  (-zesh'un),  n.  the 
having,  holding,  or  detention  of 
property ;  the  thing  possessed ; 
property  or  estate. 

pos-sess-ive  (zes'iv),  adj.  noting 
possession. 

pos-sess-or  ('er).  n.  owner;  one 
who  possesses. 

Syn.  owner,  proprietor. 

possessory  ('o-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to  possession. 

pos  set  (pos'et),  n.  milk  curdled 
with  wine,  &c. 

pos-si-bil-i-ty  (-i-bil'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  of  being  possible ;  contin- 
gency. 

pos-si-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  that  may 
happen  or  exist. 

•S'l/n.  practical,   practicable. 
Ant.    (see   impossible). 


pos-si-bly  ('i-bli),  adv.  by  pos- 
sibility ;  perhaps. 

pos  sum,  same  as  opossum. 

post  (post),  n.  a  piece  of  timber, 
&c.,  set  erect,  usually  to  support 
something  else ;  a  messenger  or 
postman ;  established  system  of 
conveying  and  delivering  letters ; 
the  mail ;  a  ppstoffice ;  a  relay  of 
horses ;  situation  or  office ;  a  size 
of  paper  double  that  of  common 
note-paper ;  military  station  :  r.f. 
set  or  station  ;  transmit  by  post ; 
carry  to  the  ledger ;  inform  fully  : 
v.i.  to  travel  with  speed  or  a  relay 
of  horses :  adv.  speedily ;  with 
despatch. 

post,  a  prefix  meaning  after,  as 
postdate. 

post-age  ('aj),  n.  the  fee  for  the 
conveyance  of  letters  by  post. 

post-al  ('al),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  postoffice  or  mail  service. 

post-di-lu-vi-al  (-di-lu'vi-al),  adj. 
taking  place  after  the  deluge. 

post-er  ('er),  n.  a  large  advertis- 
ing bill. 

pos-te-ri-or  (pos-te'ri-er),  adj. 
subsequent  in  time  or  place ; 
hinder:  n.pl.  the  hinder  parts  of 
an  animal. 

pos-ter-i-ty  (-ter'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
posterities  (-tiz)],  succeeding 
generations ;  descendants. 

pos-tern  (pos'tern),  n.  a  small 
gate  or  door ;  private  entrance ; 
vaulted  passage  beneath  the  para- 
pet and  through  the  rampart  of  a 
fortification  :  adj.  behind  ;  private. 

post  fac-to  (post  fak'to),  done 
after  the  act ;  retrospective. 

post-fix    ('fiks),   v.t.   to   affix. 

pos  tlm-mous  (pos'tu-mus).  adj. 
born  after  the  death  of  the  father ; 
published  after  the  death  of  an 
author. 

pos-til-ion  (pos-til'yun),  n.  the 
rider  on  the  near  leader  in  a 
carriage. 

post  mas-ter  (post'mas-ter),  n. 
the  superintendent  of  a  postoffice  ; 
one  who  supplies  post-horses.  » 

post-mas-ter-gen-er-al  (jen'e"r- 
31),  n.  the  chief  officer  of  the  post- 
office  department. 

post-me-rid-i-an  (-me-rid'i-an), 
adj.  after  noon. 

post-pone  (pon'),  v.t.  to  delay; 
defer. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pos 


648 


pou 


post  pone  meiit  ('ment),  n.  the 
act  of  deferring  to  a  future  time; 
temporary  delay. 

post-script  ('skiipt),  n.  a  para- 
graph added  to  a  letter  after  the 
writer's  signature ;  appendix  to 
a  book. 

pos-tu-late  (pos'tu-lat),  v.t.  to 
assume  without  proof;  solicit:  n. 
a  self-evident  problem  ;  a  position 
assumed  as  s_elf-evident. 

pos-ture  ('tur),  n.  attitude;  plac- 
ing or  position  of  parts  of  the 
body ;  state :  v.i.  to  place  the 
body  in  particular  postures. 

po-sy  (po'zi),  n.  a  bunch  of 
flowers,  originally  a  motto  or 
verse  sent  with  a  bouquet. 

pot  (pot),  n.  a  metal  vessel  for 
holding  or  boiling  liquids,  &c. ; 
a  mug  for  liquor ;  a  quart ;  a 
vessel  of  earthenware,  &c.,  for 
holding  plants ;  a  size  of  paper 
12y2  X  15  inches ;  a  large 
amount :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  potted, 
p.pr.  potting],  to  preserve,  put 
into,  or  plant  in  pots ;  shoot. 

po-ta-ble  (po'ta-bl),  adj.  drink- 
able. 

po-tance  (po'tans),  n.  the  stud 
in  which  the  lower  pivot  of  the 
verge  of  a  watch  is  placed. 

pot-ash  (pot'ash),  n.  a  powerful 
alkali  obtained  from  the  ashes  of 
certain  plants.  Also  potass,  pot- 
assa. 

po  tas-si-mu  (po-tas'i-um) ,  n.  a 
monad  element,  the  metallic  base 
of  potash. 

po  ta-tion.  (po-ta'shun),  n.  drink- 
ing bout ;  a  draught  or  drink. 

po-ta-to  (-ta'to),  n.  [pi.  potatoes 
(-toz)],  the  edible  tuber  of  a 
South  American  plant,  widely 
cultivated ;  the  plant  itself. 

po-ten-cy  ('ten-si),  n.  power, 
physical  or  mental. 

po-tent  ('tent),  adj.  powerful; 
having  great  authority  or  in- 
fluence. 

po-ten-tate  ('ten-tat),  n.  one 
who  possesses  great  power;  sov- 
ereign or  monarch. 

po-ten-tial  (-ten'shal),  adj.  ex- 
isting in  possibility,  not  in  real- 
ity ;  latent ;  in  grammar,  express- 
ing power,  possibility,  liberty,  or 
obligation. 

po-ten-ti-al-i-ty  (-shi-al'i-ti),  n. 
possibility  without  reality. 


po-ten-ti-al-ly  ('shal-li),  adv.  in 
a  potential  manner. 

poth-er  (pot/t'er),  n.  confusion; 
bustle:  v.i.  to  make  a  stir:  v.t.  to 
confuse ;  tease. 

pot-house  (pot'hous),  n.  a  low 
public  house 

po-tion  (po'shun),  n.  a  draft; 
dose. 

pot-pour-ri  ( po-poo-re' ) ,  n.  a 
medley,  especially  of  musical  airs ; 
a  dish  composed  of  various  kinds 
of  meats  and  vegetables. 

pot-sherd  (pot'sherd),  n.  a  frag- 
ment of  a  broken  pot. 

pot-tage   (Tij),  n.  a  kind  of  soup. 

pot-ter  ('er),  n.  a  maker  of  pot- 
tery. 

pot-ter-y  ('er-i),  n.  [pi.  potteries 
(-iz)],  earthenware  of  all  kinds; 
the  place  where  it  is  manufac- 
tured. 

pot-tie  (pot'l),  n.  a  liquid  meas- 
ure =  4  pints ;  a  small  conical 
basket  for  holding  fruit. 

pot-to-roo  (-6-roo'),  n.  the  kan- 
garoo rat  of  Australia.  Also  po- 
toroo. 

pouch  (pouch),  n.  a  small  bag; 
pocket ;  bag  or  sack  of  an  ani- 
mal ;  cartridge-box ;  protuberant 
stomach. 

poulp  (poolp),  n.  the  octopus. 
Also  poulpe. 

poult  (p51t),  n.  a  pullet;  a  young 
chicken,  turkey,  partridge,  &c. 

poul-ter-er  (pol'ter-er),  n.  a 
dealer  in  poultry. 

poul-tice  ('tis),  n.  a  soft  prepara- 
tion of  bread,  meal,  &c.,  applied 
to  a  sore  or  inflamed  part  of  the 
body  ;  a  cataplasm :  v.t.  to  apply 
a  poultice  to. 

poul-try  ('tri),  n.  domestic  fowls. 

pounce  (pouns),  n.  a  fine  powder 
formerly  used  for  drying  ink  on 
paper,  now  chiefly  used  for  sprink- 
ling into  holes  in  paper  in  pat- 
tern-making; the  talon  or  rlaw 
of  a  bird  of  prey  :  v.t.  to  sprinkle 
with  pounce :  v.i.  to  fall  upon  and 
seize  with,  or  as  with,  the  claws. 

pound  (pound),  n.  a  standard 
weight  =  16  ounces  avoirdupois, 
or  12  ounces  troy ;  a  monetary 

"unit    =    20    shillings,    or    about 

.  $4.86 ;  an  inclosure  for  confining 
stray  cattle:  v.t.  to  shut  in  or 
confine  in  a  pound ;  beat ;  pul- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let:  line,  tin;  vote,  porch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pou 


649 


pra 


verize    as    in    a    mortar :    v.i.    to 
plod. 

pound-age  ('aj),  n.  an  allowance 
of  so  much  in  the  pound. 

pour  (por),  v.t.  to  empty,  as  a 
liquid,  out  of  a  vessel ;  discharge 
in  a  continuous  stream ;  send 
forth ;  give  vent  to  ;  utter :  v.i.  to 
stream  ;  rush  tunmltuously. 

pour-par-ler       (poor-par'la),      n. 
[pi.  pourparlers    ('laz)],  a  diplo- 
matic consultation  preliminary  to 
*  a  treaty. 

pout  (pout),  n.  a  thrusting  out 
of  the  lips ;  fit  of  sullenness ;  a 
kind  of  codfish :  v.i.  to  thrust 
out  the  lips  in  sullenness,  con- 
tempt, or  displeasure ;  look  sulky. 

pout-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  pouts; 
a  variety  of  pigeon  with  inflated 
breast. 

pov-er-ty  (pov'er-ti),  n.  the  state 
of  being  poor ;  indigence ;  neces- 
sity ;  penury ;  deficiency  or  defect, 
as  of  words,  &c. 

Syn.    penury,    indigence,    need, 
want. 

Ant.    (see   wealth). 

pow-an  (pou'an),  n.  a  fish  similar 
to  the  herring,  found  in  Loch 
Lomond. 

pow-der  ('der),  n.  any  dry  sub- 
stance in  fine  particles ;  gun- 
powder ;  facepowder ;  a  medicinal 
preparation :  v.t.  to  reduce  to,  or 
sprinkle  with,  powder ;  salt. 

pow-er  (pou'er),  n.  the  faculty  of 
doing  or  performing  something ; 
ability  ;  energy  ;  force  ;  strength  ; 
rule  or  authority  ;  dominion  ;  gov- 
ernment ;  influence ;  mental  ca- 
pacity ;  legal  authority ;  ruler  or 
sovereign  ;  state  or  nation  ;  super- 
natural being  or  agent ;  force 
tending  to  produce  motion  ;  mag- 
nifying power  of  a  lens ;  the  prod- 
uct arising  from  the  multiplica- 
tion of  a  number  or  quantity  into 
itself. 

Ryn.  authority,  force,  strength, 
dominion. 

pow-er-ful     (-fool),    adj.    having 
great    power ;    mighty ;    forcible ; 
strong ;  efficacious. 
Syn.  mighty,  potent. 
Ant.   (see  weak). 

pow-er-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
powerful  manner. 

pow-wow  (pou'wou),  n.  a  North 


American  Indian  priest  or  con- 
jurer ;  an  incantation  accom- 
panied with  noise  and  dancing 
for  the  cure  of  disease ;  a  noisy 
political  meeting  :  v.i.  to  conjure  ; 
frolic  noisily. 

pox  (poks),  n.  an  eruptive  disease 
characterized  by  pustules ;  syphi- 
lis. 

poz-zu-o-la-na  ( potz-oo-o-la'nfi ) , 
n.  volcanic  ashes  used  in  hydraulic 
or  Roman  cement. 

praam  (pram),  n.  a  flat-bottomed 
boat  or  lighter  used  in  Holland 
and  the  Baltic. 

prac-ti-ca-bil-i-ty  ( prak-ti-ka- 
bil'i-ti),  n.  the  state  of  being  prac- 
ticable. 

prac-ti-ca-ble  ('ti-ka-bl),  adj. 
that  may  be  done,  used,  or  passed 
over  ;  feasible  ;  possible. 

prac-ti-ca-bly  ('ti-ka-bli),  adv. 
so  as  to  be  practicable. 

prac-ti-cal  ('ti-kal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  action  or  use  ;  useful ;  capa- 
ble of  applying  knowledge  or 
theory  to  practice ;  derived  from, 
or  reduced  to,  practice. 

prac-ti-cal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
practical  manner. 

prac-tice  (prak'tis),  n.  frequent 
or  customary  action ;  dexterity 
acquired  by  habit ;  use ;  exercise 
of  any  profession ;  systematic  ex- 
ercise ;  a  rule  in  arithmetic :  v.t. 
to  do  habitually  or  repeatedly ; 
perform ;  exercise,  as  a  profes- 
sion :  v.i.  to  form  a  habit ;  exer- 
cise a  profession. 

prac-ti-tion-er  (-tish'un-er),  n. 
one  who  is  engaged  in  the  exercise 
of  any  profession,  especially  medi- 
cine or  law. 

prse,  see  pre. 

prsec-i-pe  (pres'i-pe),  n.  a  writ  re- 
quiring something  to  be  done,  or 
the  reason  why  it  is  not  per- 
formed. 

prse-no-men  (pre-no'men)  n.  a 
name  prefixed  to  the  family  name. 

prse-tor  ('ter),  n.  a  Roman 
magistrate  ranking  next  to  con- 
sul. 

prag-mat-ic  (prag-mat'ik),  adj. 
meddling ;  officious ;  assuming 
business  airs.  Also  pragmatical. 

prai-rie  (pra'ri),  n.  an  extensive 
treeless  tract  of  level  or  slightly 
undulating  land  covered  with  tall 
coarse  grass. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pra 


650 


pre 


prai-rie-dog  (-dog),  n.  a  small 
burrowing  rodent  that  lives  in 
communities  on  the  prairies. 

praise     (praz),     n.    approbation; 
commendation ;    tribute    of    grati- 
tude   for    benefits ;    renown ;    ap- 
plause ;  object  or  reason  of  praise  : 
v.t.      to      bestow      commendation 
upon  ;  honor ;  worship  ;  glorify. 
Syn.  commend,  extol,  laud. 
Ant.    (see  blame) . 

prance  (prans),  n.  a  spring  or 
bound :  v.i.  to  spring  or  bound ; 
ride  ostentatiously  ;  strut  about  in 
a  lively  or  bellicose  manner. 

prank  (prangk),  n.  a  freak  or 
frolic ;  mischievous  trick :  v.t.  to 
dress  up  in  a  showy  style ;  dec- 
orate. 

prate  (prat),  v.i.  to  prattle;  talk 
idly ;  be  loquacious :  v.t.  to  utter 
without  sense  or  meaning :  n.  tri- 
fling talk.  Also  prating. 

pra-tique  (pra-tek'),  n.  a  license 
to  a  ship  to  trade  after  quaran- 
tine, or  after  a  certificate  has 
been  given  that  the  vessel  has  not 
come  from  an  infected  port. 

prat-tie  (prat'l),  n.  childish  or 
empty  talk  :  v.i.  to  talk  much  and 
lightly ;  chatter. 

prawn  (prawn),  n.  a  small 
marine  crustacean,  allied  to  the 
shrimp. 

prax-is  (prak'sis),  n.  an  example 
or  series  of  examples  for  exercise. 

pray  (pra),  v.t.  &  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
prayed,  p.pr.  praying],  to  ask 
earnestly  ;  address  or  petition  ;  ask 
with  humility  and  reverence ; 
supplicate. 

Syn.    entreat,    implore,    invoke, 
petition,  plead. 

prayer  (prar),  n.  a  solemn  ad- 
dress to  the  Supreme  Being ;  en- 
treaty ;  a  formula  of  worship ; 
that  part  of  a  petition  which 
specifies  the  request  or  desire. 

Syn.  entreaty,  petition,  request, 
suit. 

prayer-fid  ('fool),  adj.  using 
prayer ;  devotional. 

prayer-ful-ly  (-15),  adv.  in  a 
prayerful  mariner ;  devoutly. 

prayer-book  (-book),  n.  a  man- 
ual of  public  or  private  devotion, 
containing  forms  of  prayer. 

pre,  a  prefix,  meaning  before,  prior 
in  time,  space,  or  degree. 


preach  (prech),  v.i.  to  pronounce 
a  public  discourse  on  a  sacred 
subject,  especially  from  a  text  of 
Scripture ;  give  advice  in  an  of- 
fensive or  obtrusive  manner  on 
religious  or  moral  grounds :  v.t . 
to  teach  publicly. 

pre-am-ble  (pre'am-bl),  n.  an  in- 
troduction or  preface ;  the  open- 
ing clauses  of  a  statute  setting 
forth  the  reasons  and  object  of 
the  act :  commencing  with  the 
word  whereas. 

pre-au-di-ence  (-aw'di-ens),  n. 
the  right  of  previous  audience ; 
precedence  at  the  bar. 

preb-end  (preb'end),  n.  the 
stipend  granted  to  a  canon  out  of 
the  estate  of  a  cathedral  or  col- 
legiate church. 

pre-ca-ri-ous  (pre-kfi'ri-us),  adj. 
depending  upon  the  will  or  pleas- 
ure of  another ;  uncertain ;  held 
by  a  doubtful  tenure. 

Syn.    risky,    doubtful,    dubious, 
perilous. 

Ant.   (see  steady). 

pre-cau-tion  (pre-kaw'shun),  n. 
caution  taken  beforehand  ;  preven- 
tive measure. 

pre-cau-tion-a-ry  (-a-ri),  adj. 
containing,  or  proceeding  from, 
precaution. 

pre-cede  (pre-sed'),  v.t.  to  go  be- 
fore in  time,  place,  rank,  or  im- 
portance. 

pre-ce-dence  (-se'dens).  n.  the 
act  of  going  before  in  time,  rank, 
&c. ;  priority ;  relative  rank  in 
social  etiquette.  Also  precedency. 

pre-ce-dent  ('dent),  adj.  going  be- 
fore; anterior:  n.  (pres'e-dent) 
something  previously  said  or  done, 
serving  as  an  example  to  be  fol- 
lowed ;  a  parallel  case  in  the 
past. 

pre-ce-ding  (pre-sed'ing),  p.adj. 
going  before  ;  antecedent ;  former. 

pre-cen-tor  (-sen'ter),  n.  the 
leader  of  a  cathedral  choir,  &c. ; 
the  leader  of  the  psalmody  in  a 
Presbyterian  church. 

pre-cept  (pre'sept).  n.  an  au- 
thoritative command  :  rule  of  ac- 
tion or  moral  conduct ;  maxim  ; 
written  mandate. 

pre-cep-tor  ('ter),  n.  an  instruc- 
tor or  teacher.  Fern,  preceptress. 

pre-cep-to-ry      (-sep'to-ri),      adj. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  mo3n 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pre 


651 


prc 


giving,  or  containing,  precepts :  n. 
a  college  or  religious  house  of 
the  Knights  Templars. 

pre-ces-sion  (-sesh'un),  n.  a  go- 
ing forward,  especially  the  slow 
but  continual  shifting  of  the 
equinoctial  points  along  the  eclip- 
tic from  east  to  west  (precession 
of  the  equinoxes). 

pre-cinct  (pre'singkt),  n.  an  put- 
v  ard  limit  or  boundary;  minor 
territorial  district. 

pre-cious  (presh'us),  adj.  of 
great  price  or  value  ;  costly  ;  highly 
esteemed;  worthless  (in  irony). 

prec-i-pice  (pres'i-pis),  n.  a  steop 
descent,  especially  one  nearly  or 
quite  perpendicular. 

pre-cip-i-tance  (pre-sip'i-tans), 
n.  haste  in  resolving  or  carrying 
out  a  purpose.  Also  precipitancy. 

pre-eip-i-tant  ('i-tant),  adj.  fall- 
ing headlong ;  hasty :  n.  any 
chemical  substance  that  causes 
something  held  in  solution  by  a 
liquid  to  fall  down  in  a  solid  state. 

pre-cip-i-tate  (-sip'i-tiit),  v.t.  to 
throw  headlong ;  urge  on  vio- 
lently ;  hurry  on  rashly,  thought- 
lessly, or  unexpectedly  ;  throw  to 
the  bottom  of  a  vessel :  v.i.  to  fall 
to  the  bottom  of  a  vessel :  adj. 
headlong  ;  over  hasty  ;  rash  ;  fall- 
ing, flowing,  or  rushing  headlong : 
n.  a  substance  precipitated. 

pre-cip-i-tate-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
precipitate  manner. 

pre-cip-i-ta-tion.  (-tii'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  precipitating ;  rash 
haste ;  that  which  is  precipitated. 

pre-cip-i-tous  ('i-tus),  adj.  very 
steep  ;  headlong  ;  rash  ;  hasty. 

pre-cise  (pre-sis'),  adj.  exact; 
strict ;  accurate  ;  definite  ;  adher- 
ing rigidly  to  rule ;  punctilious. 

pre-cise-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  pre- 
cise manner. 

pre-cise-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  qual- 
ity of  being  precise. 

pre-ci-sian  (-sizh'an),  n.  a  punc- 
tilious or  over  precise  person. 

pre-clude  (-klood'),  v.t.  to  shut 
out ;  hinder  from  access  ;  obviate  ; 
prevent. 

pre-clu-sion  (-kloo'zhun),  n.  the 
act  of  precluding ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing precluded. 

pre-clu-sive  ('siv),  adj.  preclud- 
ing or  tending  to  preclude. 


pre-clu-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
preclusive  manner. 

pre-co-cious  (-ko'shus),  adj.  pre- 
maturely ripe  or  developed  ;  pertly 
forward. 

pre-coc-i-ty  (-kos'i-ti).  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  preco- 
cious ;  premature  development. 
Also  precociousness. 

pre-cog-ni-tion  (-kog-nish'un),  n. 
previous  knowledge  or  thought. 

pre-cur-sor  (-ker'ser),  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  precedes ;  forerun- 
ner ;  omen. 

pre-cur-so-ry  ('so-ri),  adj.  indi- 
cating something  that  is  to  hap- 
pen or  follow. 

pre-da-cious  (du'shus),  adj.  liv- 
ing by  prey. 

pred-a-to-ry  (pred'a-to-ri),  adj. 
rapacious  ;  plundering  ;  pillaging. 

pre-de-ces-sor  (pre-de-ses'er),  n. 
one  who  has  preceded  another  in 
the  same  office,  business,  posi- 
tion, &c. ;  an  ancestor. 

pre-des-ti-na-ri-an.  ( -des-ti-na'ri- 
an),  adj.  pertaining  to  predestina- 
tion :  n.  one  who  believes  in  the 
doctrine  of  predestination. 

pre-des-ti-nate  Cti-nat),  v.t.  to 
ordain  beforehand  by  an  unchange- 
able purpose. 

pre-des  ti  iia-tion  (-na'shun).  n. 
the  act  of  foreordaining ;  the 
doctrine  that  God  has  from  all 
eternity  decreed  whatever  conies 
to  pass,  especially,  by  an  un- 
changeable purpose,  the  eternal 
life  or  death  of  man. 

Syn.  fate,  necessity,  foreknowl- 
edge. 

Ant.    (see  chance). 

pred-i-ca-bil-i-ty  ( pred-i-ka-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing predicable. 

pred-i-ca-ble  ('i-kS-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  predicated :  n.  in 
logic,  a  term  that  can  be  pred- 
icated of  others,  and  noting 
genus,  species,  difference,  property, 
or  accident. 

pre-dic-a-ment  (pre-dik'a-ment), 
n.  in  logic,  a  category ;  a  peculiar 
situation ;  critical  condition  or 
state. 

prcd-i-cate  ('i-kat),  v.t.  to  affirm 
one  thing  of  another;  found:  n. 
in  logic,  that  which  is  affirmed  or 
den'ed  of  the  subject. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot  ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut :  thin,  then. 


pre 


652 


pre 


pred-i-ca-tion  (-ka'shun),  n. 
affirmation. 

pred-i-ca-tive  (-tiv),  adj.  affirma- 
tive. 

pre-dic-tion  (pre-dik'shun),  n. 
the  declaration  of  a  future  event; 
prophecy. 

pre-dict-or  ('er">,  n.  one  who 
predicts  or  foretells. 

pre-di-lec-tion  ( pre-di-lek'shun ) , 
n.  preference  beforehand ;  pre- 
possession ;  partiality. 

pre-dis-pose  (-dis-poz'),  v.t.  to 
incline  beforehand ;  adapt  pre- 
viously. 

pre  dis  po  si  tion  (-po-zish'un), 
n.  previous  inclination  or  pro- 
pensity ;  prejudice. 

pre-dom-i-nan-cy  (-dom'i-nan-si), 
n.  prevalence  over  others ;  supe- 
riority in  strength,  power,  author- 
ity, &c.  Also  predominance. 

prc-dom  i  iiaiit  ('i-nant),  adj. 
having  superior  influence,  &c. ; 
superior ;  controlling. 

pre-dom-i-nate  ('i-nat),  v.i.  to  be 
superior  in  strength,  power, 
authority,  &c. ;  prevail ;  be  as- 
cendant. 

pre-dom-i-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n. 
the  act  or  state  of  predominating. 

pre-empt  (pre-empt'),  v.t.  to 
secure  or  occupy  by  preemption  ; 
establish  a  right  or  claim  to  be- 
fore^ others. 

pre-emp-tion  (-emp'shun),  n.  the 
act  or  right  of  purchasing  before 
others. 

preen  (pren),  n.  a  forked  instru- 
ment used  in  cloth  dressing :  v.t. 
to  cleanse,  trim,  and  compose 
with  the  beak,  as  birds. 

pref-ace  (pref'as),  n.  the  intro- 
duction to  a  book,  &c. ;  preamble : 
v.t.  to  introduce  by  preliminary 
remarks :  v.i.  to  say  or  do  some- 
thing introductory. 

pref-a-to-ry  ('fi-to-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  a 
preface ;  introductory. 

pre-fect  (pre'fekt),  n.  a  civil 
magistrate  or  governor ;  com- 
mander; monitor;  the  civil 
governor  of  a  department  in 
France. 

pre-fec-ture  (-tur),  n.  the  office, 
jurisdiction,  or  official  residence 
of  a  jrefect. 

pre-fer    (-fer'),   v.t.    [p.t.   &   p.p. 


preferred,  p.pr.  preferring],  to 
regard  or  esteem  more  than  some- 
thing else ;  present ;  place  in  ad- 
vance. 

pref-er-ence  (pref'er-ens),  n.  the 
act  of  preferring ;  the  thing  pre- 
ferred ;  choice  of  one  thing  more 
than  another ;  predilection. 

pref-er-en-tial  (-en'shal),  adj. 
having  a  preference. 

pre-fer-ment  (pre-fer'ment),  n. 
promotion,  especially  in  the 
church. 

pre-fer-rer  ('er),  n.  one  who  pre- 
fers. 

pre-fix  (pre'fiks),  n.  a  letter, 
word,  or  syllable  placed  at  the 
beginning  of  a  word:  v.t.  (pre- 
fiks')  to  place  before  or  at  the 
beginning  of. 

preg-nan-cy  (preg'nan-si),  n.  the 
state  of  being  pregnant ;  inventive 
power. 

preg-nant  ('nant).  adj.  being 
with  young ;  fruitful ;  teeming ; 
fertile ;  full  of  importance  or 
significance. 

pre-hen-si-ble  (pre-hen'si-bl), 

adj.  that  may  be  seized. 

prehensile  ('sil),  adj.  adapted 
for  holding  or  seizing. 

pre-hen-sion  ('shun),  n.  a  taking 
hold. 

prej-u-dice  (prej'u-dis),  n.  pre- 
vious and  unfavorable  bias;  pre- 
judgment  without  due  examina- 
tion ;  detriment ;  injury :  v.t.  to 
prepossess  against ;  bias  the  mind 
of ;  create  a  prejudice  against ; 
hurt,  impair,  or  damage  in  any 
way. 

8j/n.    bias,    unfairness,    precon- 
ception. 

Ant.   (see  reason). 

prej-n-di-cial  (-dish'al),  adf.  dis- 
advantageous ;  injurious. 

prej-n-di-cial-ly  (-li),  adv.  in- 
juriously. 

prel-a-cy  (prel'a-si),  n.  the  office 
or  status  of  a  prelate  ;  episcopacy  ; 
bishops  collectively. 

prel-ate  Cat),  n.  an  ecclesiastical 
dignitary  having  episcopal  author- 
ity. 

pre-lat-ic  (pre-lat'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characteristic  of, 
prelates  or  prelacy.  Also  pre- 
latical. 

pre-lec-tion      (-lek'shun),     n.     a 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot  ;•  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


pre 


653 


pre 


lecture,  &c.,  read  before  students 
or  others. 

pre-lec-tor  ('ter),  n.  a  lecturer. 

pre-lim-i-na-ry  (-lim'i-nfi-ri),  adj. 
preceding  the  main  discourse  or 
business ;  introductory  :  n.  an  in- 
troduction ;  something  preceding. 

pre-lu.de  (prel'ud,  or  pre'lud),  n. 
a  short  piece  of  music  played  as 
an  introduction  to  a  larger  piece ; 
preface :  v.t.  to  serve  as  a  pre- 
lude to ;  precede. 

pre-lu-so-ry  (pre-lu'so-ri),  adj. 
introductory. 

pre-ma-ture  (pre-ma-tiir'),  adj. 
ripe  before  the  proper  time ;  ar- 
riving, occurring,  or  done,  be- 
fore the  proper  time. 

pre-med-i-tate  (-med'i-tfit),  v.t. 
to  design,  conceive,  or  deliberate, 
beforehand. 

pre-med-i-ta-tion  (-ta'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  premeditating. 

prem-i-er  (prem'i-er,  or  pre'mi- 
er),  adj.  first;  chief:  n.  the  prime 
minister. 

prem-i-er-ship  (-ship),  n.  the 
office  or  dignity  of  prime  minis- 
ter. 

pre-mise  (pre-miz'),  v.t.  to  ex- 
plain previously ;  lay  down  as 
propositions  to  reason  from :  v.i. 
to  state  antecedent  propositions : 
n.  (prem'is)  a  proposition  an- 
tecedently assumed  and  laid 
down :  pi.  the  two  propositions 
of  a  syllogism  in  logic,  the  major 
and  minor,  from  which  the  con- 
clusion is  drawn.  (Also  prem- 
ises) ;  a  building  and  its  ad- 
juncts ;  foregoing  statements  or 
facts  of  a  deed  of  conveyance. 

pre-mi-um  (pre'mi-um),  n.  a 
recompense  or  reward ;  prize  or 
bounty ;  bonus ;  payment  for  in- 
surance ;  value  above  the  original 
price  or  par  of  stock,  &c. 

pre-mpn-i-to-ry  ( -mon'i-to-ri ) , 
adj.  giving  warning  beforehand. 

prep-a-ra-tion  ( prep-a-ra'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  preparing  or  fitting 
for  a  particular  purpose ;  state 
of  being  prepared;  readiness;  a 
part  of  an  animal  body  prepared 
for  anatomical  use ;  that  which  is 
prepared  or  made  ready,  as  a 
medicine,  &c. 

pre-par-a-tive  (pre-par'S-tiv), 
adj.  tending  to  prepare  or  make 


ready.  Also  preparatory :  n. 
that  which  prepares. 

pre-par-a-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  by 
preparation. 

pre-par-a-to-ry  (-par'a-to-ri), 
adj.  previously  necessary ;  intro- 
ductory. 

pre-pared  (pre'pard),  p.adj.  in 
readiness. 

pre-pense  (-pens'),  adj.  premedi- 
tated. 

pre-pon-der-ance  ( -pon'der-ans ) , 
n.  superiority  of  weight,  power, 
force,  or  influence. 

pre-pon-der-ant  (-ant),  adj.  out- 
weighing. 

pre-pon-der-ate  ('der-at),  v.t.  to 
outweigh ;  exceed  in  power  or  in- 
fluence :  v.i.  to  incline  to  one 
side. 

prep-o-si-tion  ( prep-o-zish'un ) , 
n.  a  word  placed  before  a  noun  or 
pronoun  to  indicate  its  relation 
to  some  other  word  in  the  sen- 
tence. 

prep-o-si-tion-al  (-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  preposition. 

prep-o-si-tion-al-ly  (-li),  adv. 
like  a  preposition. 

pre-pos-i-tive  (pre-pos'i-tiv),  adj. 
placed  before :  n.  a  word  or  par- 
ticle placed  before  another  word. 

pre-pos-sess  (-poz-es'),  v.t.  to  oc- 
cupy beforehand  ;  bias. 

pre-pos-sess-ing  ('ing),  p.adj. 
tending  to  win  or  secure  favor ; 
attractive. 

pre-pos-ses-sion  (-zesh'un),  n. 
prior  possession ;  preconceived 
opinion  or  judgment. 

pre-pos-ter-ous  (-pos'ter-us),  adj. 
contrary  to  nature  or  reason ;  ri- 
diculous ;  absurd. 

pre-rog-a-tive  (-rog'a-tiv),  n.  an 
exclusive  or  peculiar  privilege,  es- 
pecially of  a  sovereign. 

pres-age  (pres'aj).  n.  a  forebod- 
ing or  presentiment:  v.t.  (pre- 
saj'),  to  forebode;  predict. 

pres-by-o-pi-a  (-bi-6'pi-fl) ,  n. 
long-sightedness  while  near  ob- 
jects are  indistinctly  seen,  caused 
by  a  change  in  the  refractive 
power  of  the  eye,  due  to  the  flat- 
tening of  the  lens. 

pres-by-ter  (pres'bi-ter).  n.  an 
elder,  minister,  or  priest ;  an 
elder  with  authority  to  rule  in 
the  early  Christian  church. 


/site,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
,ook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Pre 


pre 


Pres-by-te-ri-an  (-bi-te'ri-An),  n. 
one  of  a  religious  body  governed 
by  presbyters :  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  presbyter,  or  to  the  Presbyte- 
rian Church. 

Pres-by-te-ri-an-ism  (-izm),  n. 
the  system  of  church  government 
by  presbyters,  all  of  whom  are  re- 
garded as  having  equal  rank  and 
function. 

pres-by-ter-y  ('bi-ter-i),  n.  in  the 
early  Christian  church,  a  body  of 
elders ;  in  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  a  court  composed  of  the 
pastors  and  ruling  elders  of  the 
churches  in  a  given  district ;  such 
district  so  represented. 

pre-sci-ence  (pre'shi-ens),  n.  fore- 
knowledge. 

pre-sci-ent  ('shi-ent),  adj.  fore- 
knowing. 

pre-soribe  (-skrlb'),  v.t.  to  set 
down  authoritatively ;  direct 
medically ;  appoint :  v.i.  to  write 
medical  directions ;  give  law ; 
claim  by  prescription. 

pre-script  ('skript),  adj.  pre- 
scribed ;  directed :  n.  a  direction  ; 
prescription. 

pre-scrip-tion  (-skrip'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  prescribing  ;  the  thing 
prescribed ;  a  written  direction  for 
the  preparation  of  a  medicine ; 
recipe;  custom  or  title  continued 
until  it  has  acquired  the  force  of 
law. 

pres-ence  (prez'ens),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  present ; 
quickness  at  expedients ;  ap- 
proach face  to  face ;  society ; 
mien. 

pres-ent  ('ent),  adj.  being  in  a 
certain  place  ;  at  hand  or  in  sight ; 
at  this  time ;  not  past  or  future ; 
instant  or  immediate :  n.  the  pres- 
ent time ;  a  gift  or  donation  :  pi. 
what  is  written  in  a  document  or 
conveyance  now  present  or  re- 
ferred to:  v.t.  (pre-zenf)  to  intro- 
duce to  a  superior ;  exhibit  to 
view  ;  offer ;  give  formally  ;  point 
or  aim,  as  a  gun ;  appoint  to  an 
ecclesiastical  benefice ;  lay  before 
for  consideration. 

p  r  e  a-e  n-t  a-t  ion  (prez-en-tf\'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  presenting; 
representation ;  the  right  or  act  of 
presenting  to  an  ecclesiastical 


benefice ;  position  of  a  child  at 
parturition. 

pres-en-ta-tive  ('ta-tiv),  adj. 
having  the  right  of  presentation ; 
directly  apprehending  or  appre- 
hended by  the  mind. 

pres-en-tee  (-en-te'),  n.  one  \yho 
is  presented  to  an  ecclesiastical 
benefice. 

pre-sen-tient  (-sen'shient),  adj. 
having  previous  perception. 

pre-sen-ti-ment  ('ti-ment),  n. 
previous  apprehension  of  some- 
thing about  to  come  or  happen 
(usually  of  impending  evil). 

pres-ent-ly  (prez'ent-li),  adv.  ere 
long. 

pre-sent-ment  (pre-zent'ment), 
n.  the  act  of  presenting;  the  thing 
presented  ;  representation  ;  notice 
taken  of  an  offense  by  a  grand 
jury  from  their  personal  knowl- 
edge ;  formal  information  to  the 
lord  of  a  manor  by  his  tenants. 

pre-ser-va-ble  ( -zer'va-bl ) ,  adj. 
that  may  be  preserved. 

p  r  e  s-e  r-v  a-t  ion  ( prez-er-va'- 
shun).  n.  the  act  of  preserving; 
the  state  of  being  preserved  from 
injury  or  decay. 

pre-ser-va-tive  ( pre-zer'va-tiv ) , 
adj.  having  the  power  of  preserv- 
ing :  n.  that  which  preserves.  Also 
preservatory. 

pre-serve  (-zerv'),  v.t.  to  keep 
from  injury ;  defend ;  uphold ; 
save ;  keep  in  a  sound  state ;  sea- 
son with  sugar  for  preservation  : 
n.  fruit,  &c.,  seasoned  and  kept  in 
sugar ;  a  place  set  apart  for  pre- 
serving game. 

pre-side  (pre-zld'),  v.i.  to  direct 
or  control,  especially  at  a  public 
meeting ;  superintend. 

pres-i-den-cy  (prez'i-den-si),  n. 
the  office,  dignity,  term,  jurisdic- 
tion, or  residence  of  a  president  ; 
one  of  the  three  principal  divisions 
of  British  India. 

pres-i-dent  ('i-dent),  n.  one  who 
presides  over  a  corporation  or 
assembly ;  the  highest  officer  of  a 
republic ;  the  chief  officer  of  a  col- 
lege, university,  or  society. 

pres  i-den-tial  (-den'shal),  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  president. 

press  (pres),  v.t.  to  urge;  squeeze 

or    crush    strongly ;    hug    or    em- 

i    brace ;  compel ;  crowd  upon ;  dis- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


pre 


655 


tress ;    hurry ;    make    smooth,    as 
cloth,   &c. ;   formerly,   to  force  for 
service  into  the  navy :  v.i.  to  ex- 
ert pressure ;  move  forward  forci- 
bly ;  crowd :  n.  an  instrument  or 
machine     for     compressing     any- 
thing ;  a  printing  machine ;  news- 
paper   and    periodical    literature 
literature     generally ;     a     crowd 
act  of  urging  forward  ;   pressure 
urgency ;    a    closet    with    shelves 
wine  vat. 

press-gang  ('gang),  n.  a  detach- 
ment from  a  ship's  crew  to  force 
men  into  the  navy. 

press-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  urgent; 
importunate. 

press-man  ('man),  n.  a  printer 
who  works  at  the  press  and  im- 
presses the  sheets  ;  a  journalist. 

pres-ti-dig-i-ta-tipn  ( -ti-di j'i-tii'- 
shun),  n.  sleight  of  hand;  legerde- 
main. Also  prestigiation. 

pres-tige  ('tij,  or  -tezh'),  n.  moral 
influence  due  to  past  reputation, 
achievements,  &c. 

pre-sume  (pre-zum'),  v.t.  to  take 
for  granted  on  probable  grounds ; 
suppose :  v.i.  to  venture  without 
actual  leave ;  form  confident  or 
arrogant  opinions ;  behave  with 
overconfidence  or  presumption. 

pre-snmp-tion  (-zump'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  presuming ;  the  thing 
presumed  ;  strong  probability  ;  ar- 
rogance or  overconfidence  ;  the  as- 
sumption of  the  credibility  of  cer- 
tain facts  from  circumstantial  evi- 
dence. 

pre-smnp-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  taken 
by  previous  supposition  ;  proving 
circumstantially ;  arrogant. 

pre-sump-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
presumptive  manner. 

prc-sump-tu-ous  ('tu-us),  adj. 
bold  and  confident  to  excess ; 
arrogant ;  wilful ;  rash. 

pre-snp-pose  (pre-sup-6z'),  v.t.  to 
take  for  granted ;  imply  as  an- 
tecedent. 

pre-sup-po-si-tion  (-6-zish'un), 
n.  a  supposition  previously  formed. 
Also  presupposal. 

pre-tend  (-tend'),  v.t.  to  allege 
or  put  forward  falsely ;  make  a 
show  of;  simulate;  counterfeit; 
assert :  v.i.  to  put  forward  a  claim, 
true  or  false. 

pre  tend-ed  (-tend'ed),  p.adj.  os- 
tensible ;  feigned. 


pre-tend-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  lays 
claim  to  anything  under  the  guise 
of  a  right ;  one  who  makes  a  show 
of  anything  not  real. 

pre-tense  (-tens'),  n.  false  or 
hypocritical  profession  ;  unfounded 
claim  ;  pretext. 

Syn.  pretext,  subterfuge. 

pre-ten-sion  (-ten'shun),  n.  a 
claim,  true  or  false ;  assumed 
right. 

pre-ten-tious  ('shus),  adj.  assum- 
ing an  air  of  superiority. 

preter,  a  prefix  meaning  beyond, 
more,  besides,  as  preternatural,  &c. 

pret-er-it  (pret'er-it) ,  adj.  past; 
noting  the  tense  which  expresses 
past  or  completed  time  or  action. 
Also  preterite  :  n.  the  past  tense. 

pre-text  (pre'tekst).  n.  a  pretense 
or  excuse ;  ostensible  motive  put 
forward  to  conceal  the  real  one. 

pre-tor,  same  as  praetor. 

pret-ti-ly  (prit'i-li),  adv.  in  a 
pretty  manner ;  pleasingly  and 

•  elegantly. 

pret-ti-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  quality 
of  being  pretty ;  attractiveness 
without  dignity ;  neatness  with 
taste ;  agreeable  manner. 

pret-ty  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  prettier, 
superl,  prettiest],  pleasing  with- 
out being  absolutely  beautiful ; 
pleasing ;  neatly  arranged  or  or- 
namented ;  trim  ;  moderately  large 
or  excellent ;  fine :  adv.  fairly ; 
moderately  ;  tolerably. 

pret-zel  (pret'zel),  n.  a  hard 
wheaten  biscuit,  made  in  the  form 
of  a  knot  and  salted  on  the  sur- 
face. 

pre-vail  (pre-val'),  v.i.  to  over- 
come ;  gain  the  advantage ;  oper- 
ate effectually ;  obtain  influence 
or  superiority;  persuade  (with 
on). 

prev-a-lence  (prev-a/lens),  adj. 
superior  strength,  influence,  or 
efficacy ;  preponderance ;  general 
diffusion.  Also  prevalency.  I 

prev-a-lent  ('lent),  adj.  power- 
ful ;  predominant ;  victorious ; 
most  general. 

pre-var-i-cate  (pre-var^i-kat),  v.i. 
to  evade  the  truth  ;  quibble. 

pre-var-i-ca-tion  (-ka'shun),  n. 
a  quibbling  to  evade  the  truth ; 
deviation  from  truth  or  fair  deal- 
ing. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pre 


656 


pri 


pre- var-i-ca-tor       ( -  var'i-ka-ter ) , 

n.  one  who  prevaricates. 

pre-vent  (-vent'),  v.t.  to  hinder, 
obstruct,  or  impede  ;  obviate  ;  pre- 
cede (as  in  prayer-book,  "prevent 
us  O  Lord"). 

Syn.   obviate,   preclude. 

pre-ven-tion  (-ven'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  preventing ;  hindrance  or 
obstruction. 

pre-ven-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  tending 
to  prevent :  n.  that  which  pre- 
vents. 

pre-ven-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
preventive  manner. 

pre-vi-ous  ('vi-us),  adj.  going  be- 
fore ;  anterior. 

Syn.    antecedent,    introductory, 
preparatory,  preliminary. 
Ant.   (see  subsequent). 

pre-vi-sion  (-vizh'un),  n.  fore- 
knowle*dge. 

prey  (pra),  n.  plunder;  booty; 
that  which  may  be,  or  is,  seized 
by  a  wild  beast  for  food :  v.i.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  preyed,  p.pr.  preying],  to 
take  booty  or  plunder ;  seize  and 
devour  an  animal  as  prey ;  weigh 
heavily  (with  on  or  upon). 

price  (pris),  n.  the  current  value 
of  a  commodity ;  cost ;  value ; 
recompense. 

Syn.      cost,      expense,      outlay, 
value,  worth. 

price-less    ('les),   adj.  invaluable. 

prick  (prik),  n.  a  puncture;  dot 
or  point ;  slender  pointed  instru- 
ment ;  a  sharp  stinging  pain ; 
thorn  ;  goad  ;  remorse  ;  small  roll ; 
footprint  of  a  hare  or  deer :  v.t. 
to  pierce  with,  or  as  with,  a  prick ; 
puncture ;  spur  or  incite ;  mark 
or  make  by  pricking :  v.i.  to  dress 
one's  self  for  show  ;  ride  quickly  ; 
in  archery,  to  aim  at  a  mark. 

prick-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
piercing  with  a  sharp  point ;  sen- 
sation of  a  sharp,  tingling  pain. 

prick-le  ('!),  n.  a  sharp  point 
growing  from  the  bark  of  a  plant. 

prick  li  ness  ('li-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  prickly. 

prick-ly  ('li),  adv.  full  of  prickles. 

prier  (pri'er),  n.  one  who  pries. 

priest  (prest),  n.  an  ecclesiastic 
in  full  orders,  below  a  bishop  and 
above  a  deacon ;  one  who  officiates 
in  sacred  offices,  especially  by  of- 
fering sacrifice.  Fern,  priestess. 


priest-craft  ('kraft),  n.  the  pol- 
icy pursued  by  priests  for  the 
aggrandizement  of  their  order  and 
material  interests. 

priest-hood  ('hood),  n.  the  priest- 
ly order ;  office  or  character  of  a 
priest. 

priest-ly  ('li),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  befitting,  a  priest ;  sacerdotal. 

priest-li-ness  ('li-nes),  n.  the  ap- 
pearance or  manner  of  a  priest. 

prig  (prig),  n.  a  conceited  fellow 
who  gives  himself  airs  of  wisdom : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  prigged,  p.pr. 
prigging] ,  to  dress  up ;  primp ; 
prink. 

prig-gish   ('ish),  adj.  conceited. 

prig-gism  ('izm),  n.  the  manners 
of  a  prig. 

prim  (prim),  adj.  precise;  affect- 
edly nice ;  formally  neat :  v.t.  to 
deck  with  affected  nicety ;  make 
prim. 

pri -ma  (pre'ma),  adj.  first  (Fern.) 
[Italian]. 

pri-ma-cy  (pri'ma-si),  n.  the 
office  or  dignity  of  a  primate. 

pri-ma  don-na  (pre'mS.  don'il),  n. 
the  principal  female  singer  in  an 
opera. 

prim-age  (prim'aj),  n.  a  small 
allowance  paid  to  the  captain 
and  crew  of  a  vessel  for  loading 
or  unloading  a  cargo,  &c. 

pri-mal    (pri'mal),   adj.   first. 

pri-ma-ri-ly  (pri'ma-ri-li),  adv.  in 
the  first  place ;  originally. 

pri-ma-ry  ('ma-ri),  adj.  in  the 
first  order  of  time,  place,  or  rank ; 
chief ;  original ;  principal ;  pre- 
paratory :  n.  that  which  is  first 
in  rank,  place,  or  importance :  pL 
large  quill  feathers  on  the  last 
joint  of  a  bird's  wing. 

pri-ma-ry  col-ors  (kul'erz),  n.pL 
red,  yellow,  blue. 

pri-ma-ry  rocks  (roks),  n.pL 
rocks  in  which  no  organic  remains 
occur. 

pri-mate  ('mat),  n.  the  highest 
dignitary  in  a  national  church ; 
archbishop. 

prime  (prim),  adj.  first  in  order 
of  rank,  time,  or  importance ; 
original;  early;  excellent:  n.  the 
spring  of  life ;  first  or  best  part ; 
beginning  or  dawn ;  height  of  per- 
fection ;  the  first  canonical  hour : 
v.t.  to  prepare  for  firing,  as  a  gun  ; 


iate,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


prl 


657 


prt 


lay  the  first  coat  of  paint  on :  v.i. 
to  serve  for  the  charge  of  a  gun ; 
convey  water  with  the  steam  to 
the  cylinder  of  an  engine  from  the 
boiler. 

prime-ly  ('li),  adv.  originally; 
excellently. 

prime-ness  ('nes),  n.  supreme  ex- 
cellence. 

prime  num-ber  (num'ber),  n.  a 
number  not  divisible  without  re- 
mainder by  any  number  except 
itself  and  unity. 

prim-er  (priru'er),  n.  a  manual 
of  elementary  instruction  ;  a  small 
prayer  book  ;  one  of  two  sizes  of 
type,  long  primer  and  great 
primer  (see  type). 

pri-me-val  (pri-me'val),  adj.  of 
the  earliest  age  or  time  ;  original. 

Syn.   primal,   old,   ancient,   pri- 
mordial. 

Ant.    (see    recent \ 

pri-me-val-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  prime- 
val times. 

prim-ing  (prim'ing),  n.  the  first 
coat  of  paint ;  powder  in  the  nip- 
ple of  a  firearm. 

prim-i-tive  (prim'i-tiv) ,  apper- 
taining to  the  beginning  ;  original ; 
not  derivative  ;  old-fashioned  :  n. 
a  word  in  its  simplest  form  and 
not  derived  from  another. 

prim-i-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  origi- 
nally. 

prim  i  tive-iiess  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  primi- 
tive. 

pri-mo-gen-i-ture  ( prl-mo- jen'i- 
tur),  n.  seniority  of  birth;  right 
of  the  eldest  son  to  succeed  to  real 
estate. 

pri-mor-di-al  (-mor'di-al),  adj. 
existing  from  the  beginning ;  first 
in  order ;  original :  n.  first  princi- 
ple or  element. 

primp  (primp),  v.t.  to  deck 
(one's  self)  in  a  prim  or  affected 
manner ;  prink. 

prim-rose  (prim'roz),  n.  an  early 
spring  flower  of  a  pale  yellow 
color,  of  several  species :  adj.  pale 
yellow. 

prince  (prins).  n.  a  ruler  or  sover- 
eign ;  the  son  of  a  king  or  sover- 
eign ;  the  chief  of  a  body  of  men. 

prince  con-sort  (kon'sort),  n. 
the  husband  of  a  female  sover- 
eign. 


prince-ly  ('li),  adj.  resembling, 
or  befitting,  a  prince  ;  royal ;  high- 
born ;  dignified ;  magnificent. 

prin-cess  (prin'ses).  n.  the 
daughter  of  a  sovereign ;  the  wife 
of  a  prince. 

prin-cess  roy-al  (roi'al),  n.  the 
eldest  daughter  of  a  sovereign. 

prin-ci-pai  (prin'si-pal),  adj.  oc- 
cupying the  first  place  or  rank ; 
chief  in  character,  degree,  or  im- 
portance ;  essential :  n.  a  principal 
person  or  thing ;  one  who  takes 
the  lead ;  the  chief  in  authority ; 
head  of  a  firm  ;  a  capital  sum  lent 
at  interest. 

prin-ci-pal -i-ty  (-si-pal'i-ti),  n. 
the  territory  of  a  prince ;  the 
country  from  which  he  derives  his 
title  ;  royal  state  ;  supreme  power. 

prin-ci-pal-ly  ('si-pal-li),  adv. 
chiefly. 

Syn.  chiefly,  mainly,  essentially 

prin-cip-i-a  (-sip'i-a),  n.pl.  first 
principles  [Latin]. 

prin-ci-ple  ('si-pi),  n.  source  or 
origin ;  element ;  fundamental 
truth  or  doctrine ;  settled  rule  or 
law  of  action  or  conduct ;  reason  ; 
foundation  of  morality  or  re- 
ligion ;  uprightness :  v.t.  to  estab- 
lish firmly  in  the  mind. 

Syn.  ground,  reason,  motive, 
impulse,  maxim,  rule,  rectitude, 
integrity. 

prink  (pringk).  v.t.  to  dress  up, 
or  deck  out,  in  a  showy  or  osten- 
tatious fashion ;  arrange  with 
nicety. 

print  (print),  n.  a  mark  or 
character  made  by  impression  ;  im- 
pression of  type  ;  anything  that  be- 
ing impressed  leaves  its  form  on 
any  substance  ;  anything  produced 
by  printing,  as  a  newspaper,  en- 
graving, &c. :  pi.  engravings ; 
printed  cotton  cloth :  v.t.  to  im- 
press ;  fix  or  stamp  deeply :  v.i. 
to  practice  the  art  of  printing ; 
publish  books. 

print-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  art  or  act 
of  impressing  figures  or  characters 
on  paper,  &c. ;  typography ;  the 
business  of  a  printer. 

pri-or  (pri'er),  adj.  coming  be- 
fore, in  time ;  former :  adv.  pre- 
viously :  n.  the  head  of  a  priory  or 
monastery,  next  in  rank  below  an 
abbot.  Fen.  prioress. 


late,  milr,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  lu>.  her.  lot ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


prl 


658 


pro 


pri-or-ate  (-at),  n.  the  office, 
dignity,  or  government  of  a  prior. 

pri-or-i-ty  (-or'i-ti),  n.  the  state 
of  being  first  in  rank,  time,  or 
place ;  first  claim. 

pri-or-y  ('er-i),  n.  [pi.  priories 
(-iz)],  a  religious  house,  in  dig- 
nity below  an  abbey. 

prism  (prizm),  n.  a  solid  whose 
bases  are  similar,  equal,  and  par- 
allel, and  whose  sides  are  paral- 
lelograms ;  an  instrument  of  solid 
glass  with  triangular  ends. 

pris-mat-ic  (priz-mat'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  like,  formed  by.  or 
separated  by,  a  prism.  Also  pris- 
matical. 

pris-mat-ic  col-ors  (kul'erz) ,  n.pl. 
the  seven  colors  into  which  a  ray 
of  light  is  decomposed  when  re- 
fracted from  a  prism. 

pris-on  (priz'n),  n.  a  public 
building  for  the  confinement  of 
criminals,  &c. ;  jail ;  any  place  of 
confinement  or  detention :  v.i.  to 
imprison. 

pris-tine  (pris'tin),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  an  early  period ;  first ; 
original ;  primitive. 

pritli-ee  (prii/t'e),  corruption  of 
"I  pray  thee." 

prit-tle-prat-tle  (prit'l-prat'l) , 
«.  trifling  talk  ;  loquacity. 

pri-va-cy  (pri'va-si,  or  priv'a-si). 
n.  a  state  of  retirement ;  place  of 
seclusion  ;  secrecy. 

pri-vate  (pri'vat),  adj.  peculiar 
to  one's  self ;  personal ;  alone ; 
secret ;  not  public  ;  secluded  ;  un- 
official :  n.  a  common  soldier. 

pri-vate-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  pri- 
vate manner. 

pri-vate-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  private  ;  privacy  ;  seclu- 
sion. 

pri-va-teer  (-va-ter'),  n.  a  private 
vessel  licensed  by  the  govern- 
ment to  seize  and  plunder  the 
ships  of  an  enemy :  v.i.  to  cruise 
in  a  privateer. 

pri-va-tion  (-va'shun),  n.  the 
state  of  being  deprived  of  some- 
thing, especially  of  the  necessaries 
of  life  ;  destitution  ;  hardship  ;  ab- 
sence. 

priv-a-tive  (priv'a-tiv),  adj.  caus- 
ing privation ;  taking  away ; 
negative :  n.  that  which  depends 
on  the  absence  of  something  else ; 


a  prefix  or  suffix,  noting  absence 
or  negation. 

priv-a-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
privative  manner. 

priv-et  (priv'et),  n.  an  ever- 
green shrub. 

priv-i-lege  ('i-lej),  n.  a  law,  or 
exemption  from  the  common 
provisions  of  a  law,  in  favor  of 
an  individual  or  a  body  ;  peculiar 
advantage,  right,  or  immunity ; 
prerogative :  v.t.  to  invest  with  a 
privilege ;  exempt. 

Syn.  immunity,  advantage,  fa- 
vor, prerogative,  exemption,  right, 
claim. 

priv-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  joint  knowl- 
edge ;  secrecy. 

priv-y  ('i),  adj.  private;  secret; 
clandestine ;  admitted  to  the 
knowledge  of  something  secret 
(with  to)  :  n.  a  person  having  an 
interest  in  a  legal  action ;  a  neces- 
sa^y  house. 

prize  (priz),  n.  a  reward  gained 
in  a  competition,  lottery,  &c. ; 
that  which  is  taken  from  an 
enemy  in  war,  especially  a  cap- 
tured vessel ;  a  lever  used  for  forc- 
ing or  raising  heavy  .bodies,  &c. : 
v.t.  to  value ;  esteem ;  to  force 
with  a  lever. 

prize-fight  ('fit),  n.  a  boxing 
match  for  stakes. 

pro,  a  prefix  meaning  before,  in 
the  place  of,  forth,  forward,  as 
pro  and  con,  for  and  against,  or 
both  sides  of  an  argument,  &c. 

prob-a-bil-i-ty  (prob-fi-bil'i-ti).  n. 
appearance  of  truth. ;  likelihood. 

pro-bate  (pro'bfit),  n.  the  official 
proof  of  wills ;  the  official  copy  of 
a  will  with  the  certificate  of  its 
having  been  proved. 

pro-ba-tion  (-ba'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  proving ;  evidence ;  proof ; 
moral  trial ;  novitiate ;  trial  of 
abilities  prior  to  election,  &c.,  to 
office  or  employment. 

pro-ba-tion-a-ry  (-a-ri),  adj. 
serving  for  probation  or  trial. 
Also  probational. 

probe  (pr5b),  n.  a  surgical  in- 
strument for  examining  a  wound : 
v.t.  to  examine  with  a  probe ; 
scrutinize. 

prob-i-ty  (prob'i-ti),  n.  integrity; 
sincerity. 

Syn.       rectitude,       uprightness, 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pro 


659 


pro 


honesty,        integrity,        sincerity, 
soundness. 

Ant.    (see  dishonesty). 

prob-lem  ('lem),  n.  a  question 
for  solution  ;  a  proposition  requir- 
ing something  to  be  demonstrated. 

prob-lem-at-ic-al  (-at'ik-al),  adj. 
questionable ;  doubtful. 

Syn.  uncertain,  doubtful,  du- 
bious, questionable,  disputable, 
suspicious. 

Ant.  (see  certain) . 

prob-lem-at-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv. 
doubtfully. 

pro-bos-cis  (pro-bos'is),  n.  the 
trunk  of  an  elephant ;  the  elongat- 
ed snout  of  certain  animals  and 
insects. 

pro-ce-dure  (-se'dur),  n.  manner 
of  proceeding  ;  conduct ;  process. 

pro-ceed  (-sea"),  v.i.  to  pass  from 
one  step  or  place  to  another ;  ad- 
vance ;  issue ;  make  progress ;  be 
produced ;  carry  on  a  legal  proc- 
ess :  n. pi.  money  resulting  from 
a  commercial  transaction. 

pro-ceed-ing  ('ing),  n.  advance- 
ment ;  course  of  conduct ;  trans- 
action ;  operation :  pi.  legal  proc- 
ess ;  transactions  of  a  learned  or 
scientific  society. 

proc-ess  (pros'es),  n.  progressive 
course ;  series  of  measures  or 
changes  ;  operation  ;  projection  on 
a  bone ;  proceedings  in  a  legal 
action. 

pro-ces-sion  (prd-sesh'un),  n.  a 
train  of  persons  in  a  formal 
march. 

pro-ces-sion-al  (-A1),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  consisting  in,  a  pro- 
cession :  n.  a  book  relating  to  the 
ritual  to  be  observed  in  the  pro- 
cessions of  the  Roman  Catholic 
church. 

pro-claim  (-klam'),  v.t.  to  an- 
nounce officially ;  publish ;  out- 
law by  public  proclamation. 

proc-la-ma  ti on  ( prok-la-ma'- 

shun),    n.    an    official    announce- 
ment to  the. public;  edict. 

pro-cliv-i-ty  (pro-kliv'i-ti),  n.  an 
inclination  ;  tendency. 
>ro-cli-vous  (-kli'vus),  adj.  in- 
clined ;  slanting  forward  and  up- 
ward or  downward  :  as,  proclivons 
teeth. 

pro  con-sul  (-kon'sul),  n.  a 
Roman  official  who  governed  a 


province ;  a  magistrate  invested 
with  consular  authority  without 
the  office. 

pro-con-su-lar  (-lar),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  governed  by,  a  pro- 
consul. 

pro-con-su-late  (-lat),  n.  the 
jurisdiction,  office,  or  term  of 
office,  of  a  proconsul. 

pro-cras-ti-nate  (-kras'ti-nat), 
v.t.  to  put  off  to  a  future  time ; 
defer :  v.i.  to  be  dilatory. 

pro-cras-ti-na-tion  ( -na'shun )., 
n.  delay. 

pro-cras-ti-na-tor  ('ti-na-ter),  n. 
one  who  delays. 

pro-cre-ate  ('kre-at),  v.t.  to 
generate  and  produce  ;  beget. 

pro-cre-a-tion  (-jv'shun).  n.  the 
begetting  and  production  of  young. 

pro-cre-a-tive  ('kre-a-tiv),  adj. 
generative. 

pro-cre-a-tive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
power  of  generating. 

pro-cre-a-tor  (-ter),  n.  one  who 
begets. 

Pro-crus-te-an  (-krus'te-an).  adj. 
pertaining  to  Procrustes,  a  fabled 
robber  of  ancient  Greece,  who 
tortured  his  victims  by  stretching 
them  on  an  iron  bed  to  which 
their  limbs  were  made  to  fit  by 
mutilation :  hence  strict  con- 
formity to  a  measure  or  standard 
by  violent  means. 

proc-tor  (prok'ter).  n.  one  em- 
ployed to  manage  the  affairs  of 
another;  an  attorney  in  an  ec- 
clesiastical, admiralty,  or  probate 
court ;  a  university  official  charged 
with  the  maintenance  of  univer- 
sity regulations. 

proc-to-ri-al  (-to-ri'al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  proctor. 

prp-cum-bent  (-kum'bent).  adj. 
lying  down  ;  prostrate  ;  trailing. 

pro-cu-ra-ble  (-ku'ra-bl),  adj. 
obtainable. 

proc-u-ra-tion  (prok-fi-ra'shun) , 
n.  the  act  of  obtaining  young 
women  for  immoral  purposes. 

proe-u-ra-tor  ('u-ra-ter),  n.  one 
who  manages  another's  affairs,  es- 
pecially legal  interests. 

pro-cure  (pro-kur'),  v.t.  to  get 
or  obtain  ;  cause. 

pro-cur-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  pro- 
cures ;  one  who  engages  in  the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pro 


660 


pro 


business    of    procuration.       Fern. 
procuress. 

prod  (prod),  n.  a  goad;  prick: 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  prodded,  p.pr. 
prodding],  to  goad. 

prod-i-gal  ('i-gal),  adj.  extrava- 
gant in  expenditure ;  lavish  ; 
wasteful :  n.  a  spendthrift ;  one 
who  is  lavish  or  wasteful. 

prod-i-gal-i-ty  Ci-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  prodigal ; 
extravagance  ;  layishuess. 

pro-dig-ious  (-dij'us),  adj.  enor- 
mous ;  adapted  to  excite  wonder. 

Syn.  huge,  enormous,  vast, 
amazing,  astonishing,  remarkable, 
astounding,  surprising,  wonder- 
ful. 

Ant.   (see  insignificant). 

prod-i-gy  (prod'i-ji),  n.  anything 
wonderful  or  extraordinary ;  a 
miracle ;  portent. 

pro-duce  (pr5-dus'),  v.t.  to  ex- 
hibit or  bring  to  view ;  yield  or 
bring  forth  ;  manufacture  ;  extend  : 
n.  (prod'us)  that  which  is  yielded 
or  brought  forth  ;  result. 

pro-duc-i-ble  (pro-dus'i-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  produced. 

prod-uct  (prod'ukt),  n.  that 
which  is  produced  by  nature,  or 
made  by  art ;  work ;  result ;  the 
result  of  multiplying  two  or  more 
numbers  together. 

pro-duc-tion  (pro-duk'shun),  n. 
that  which  is  produced ;  act  of 
producing  ;  fruit ;  result. 

pro-duc-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  having 
the  power  of  producing ;  genera- 
tive ;  fertile. 

pro^duc-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
productive  manner. 

pro-duc-tive-ness  (-nes),  n. 
quality  of  being  productive. 

pro-em  ('em),  n.  a  preface  or 
introduction. 

prof  -a-na-tion  (prof-a-na'shun) , 
n.  the  act  of  treating  sacred  things 
with  disrespect  or  irreverence; 
desecration. 

pro-fane  (pro-fan'),  adj.  secular; 
irreverent ;  irreligious ;  blasphe- 
mous :  v.t.  to  treat  with  irrever- 
ence;  desecrate;  violate  (holy 
things)  ;  put  to  an  improper  use. 

pro-f  ane-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  pro- 
fane manner. 

pro-fane-ness    (-nes),  n.  irrever- 


ence   towards    holy    things ;    blas- 
phemy.    Also   profanity. 

pro-f ess  ( -fes' ) ,  v.t.  to  make  open 
declaration  of ;  acknowledge  or 
avow ;  declare  publicly. 

pro-f essed  (-fesf),  p.adj.  openly 
declared. 

pro-f  es-sion  (-fesh'un),  n.  the 
act  of  professing  ;  open  declaration 
or  avowal ;  calling  or  vocation, 
especially  one  that  requires  a 
learned  education ;  collective 
body  of  persons  in  a  profession  ; 
the  formal  entrance  of  a  novice 
into  a  religious  order  under  a 
sacred  vow. 

Syn.  business,  trade,  occupa- 
tion, vocation,  office,  employment, 
engagement,-  avowal. 

pro-f  es-sion-al  (-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  profession :  n.  one 
who  makes  his  living  by  his  art, 
as  distinguished  from  an  amateur. 

pro-f  es-sion-al -ism  (-izm),  n. 
the  cultivation  of  athletic  sports 
for  pecuniary  considerations. 

pro-f  es-sion-al -ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
a  professional  manner. 

pro-f  ess-or  ('er),  n.  one  who 
makes  an  outward  profession  of 
religion ;  one  who  publicly 
teaches  any  branch  of  knowledge. 

pro-f  ess-or-ate  ( pro-f es'er-at),  n. 
professional  staff. 

pro-fes-so-ri-al  (-so'ri-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  professors. 

pro-f ess-or-ship  ( pro-f es'er-ship ) , 
n.  the  office  or  position  of  a  pro- 
fessor. 

prof-fer  (prefer),  v.t.  to  offer 
for  acceptance  ;  tender :  n.  an  offer 
made. 

Syn.  volunteer,  offer,  propose, 
tender. 

pro-fi-cien-cy  (pro-fish'en-si),  n. 
degree  of  advancement  in  any 
branch  of  knowledge,  science,  or 
art. 

pro-fi-cient  ('ent),  adj.  thoroughly 
qualified,  or  skilled :  n.  an  expert, 
or  adept. 

pro-file  ('fil),  n.  a  head  or  por- 
trait in  a  side  view,  outline  or 
contour,  especially  of  a  building 
in  vertical  section :  v.t.  draw  in 
profile. 

pro  fll-ist  ('fil-ist),  n.  an  artist 
who  draws  profiles. 

prof -it  (profit),  n.  pecuniary 
gain  ;  benefit  or  advantage  ;  emolu- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pro 


661 


pro 


merit :    v.t.    to    benefit ;    improve : 
v.i.  to  be  of  advantage ;  make  im- 
provement ;  receive  profit. 
prof-it-a-ble     (-a-bl),    adj.    yield- 
ing or  bringing  profit ;  lucrative  ; 
advantageous. 
prof-it-a-ble-ness    (-nes),  n.   the 

quality  of  being  profitable. 
prof-it-a-bly     (-bli),     adv.     with 

profit. 

prof-li-ga-cy  ('li-ga-si),  n.  a  prof- 
ligate course  of  life.  Also  prof- 
ligateness. 

prof-li-gate  ('li-gat),  adj.  aban- 
doned to  vice  ;  dissolute  ;  openly 
vicious. 

Syn.  abandoned,  dissolute,  de- 
praved, vicious,  degenerate,  cor- 
rupt, demoralized. 

Ant.   (see  virtuous). 
prof-li-gate-ly     (-H),    adv.    in    a 

profligate  manner. 
pro-found  (pr5-found'),  adj.  deep 
in  skill   or   knowledge ;   abstruse ; 
deep ;   intense. 

Syn.  deep,  fathomless,  penetrat- 
ing, solemn,  abstruse,  recondite. 

Ant.   (see  shallow). 
pro-fun-di-ty  (fun'di-ti),  n.  depth 
of  place,  knowledge,  skill,  &c. 
pro-fuse     (-fus'),    adj.    liberal    to 
excess ;  exuberant. 

Syn.  extravagant,  prodigal,  lav- 
ish, improvident,  excessive,  copi- 
ous, plentiful. 

Ant.  (see  succinct). 
pro-fuse-ly    ('li),   adv.   in  a   pro- 
fuse manner. 

pro-fu-sioa   (-fu'zhun),  n.  lavish- 
ness  ;     excess ;     abundance.     Also 
profuseness. 
pro-gen-i-tor     (-gen'i-ter),    n.   an 

ancestor ;    forefather. 
pro-gen-i-ture  ('i-tur),  n.  a  birth 

or  begetting. 

prog-e-ny       (proj'en-i),      n.      off- 
spring ;  descendants ;  lineage. 
prog-na-thous      (-nii'thus),     adj. 
having  projecting  jaws,  as  certain 
races.     Also  prognathic. 
prog-no-sis     (-no'sis),    n.    knowl- 
edge of  the  probable  result  of  a 
disease  from  its  symptoms;  opin- 
ion so  formed. 

prog-nos-tic  (-nos'tik),  adj.  fore- 
shadowing ;  foretelling :  n.  an 
omen  or  prediction. 
prog-nos-ti-cate  Cti-kat),  v.t.  to 
foretell :  v.i.  indicate  the  future 
by  present  signs. 


prog-nos-ti-ca-tion  ( -ka'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  prognosticating ;  a 
foretoken. 

prog-nos-ti-ca-tor  ('ti-ka-ter) ,  n. 
one  who  foretells. 

pro-gram,  pro-gramme  ('gram), 
n.  an  outline  of  a  public  enter- 
tainment, ceremony,  &c. ;  a 
course  of  action  prepared  or  an- 
nounced beforehand. 

prog-ress  (prog'res),  n.  a  moving 
or  going  forward  ;  advancement ; 
proficiency  ;  journey  of  state  :  v.i. 
(pro-gres')  to  move  forward;  ad- 
vance ;  increase  in  proficiency. 

pro-pres-sion  (prp-gresh'un),  n. 
motion  onwards ;  intellectual  ad- 
vance ;  regular  and  gradual  ad- 
vance ;  progress ;  a  series  of  num- 
bers increasing  or  decreasing  by 
proportional  differences. 

pro-gress-ive  ('iv),  adj.  moving 
forward ;  making  progress ;  im- 
proving. 

pro-gress-ive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
progressive  manner. 

pro-gress-ive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  progress- 
ive. 

pro-hib-it  (-hib'it),  v.t.  to  forbid; 
interdict  by  authority ;  hinder. 

pro-hi-bi-tion  (-hi-bish'un),  n. 
the  act  of  prohibiting  ;  interdict. 

pro-hi-bi-tion-ist  (-ist),  n.  one 
who  desires  to  prohibit  the  sale 
of  intoxicating  liquors. 

pro-hib-i-tive  (-hib'i-tiv),  adj. 
tending  to  prohibit. 

proj-ect  (proj'ect),  n.  a  design  or 
scheme:  v.t.  (pro-jekf),  to  throw 
or  cast  forward  ;  plan  or  scheme : 
v.i.  to  jut  out. 

pro-ject-ile  (pro-jekt'il),  n.  a 
body  thrown  forward,  especially 
through  the  air ;  a  bullet,  shot, 
&c. :  adj.  impelled  or  impelling  for- 
ward. 

pro-ject-ing  (-jekt'ing),  p.adj. 
jutting  out. 

pro-jec-tion  (-jek'shun),  n.  the 
act  or  state  of  projecting ;  that 
which  juts  out ;  a  plan  or  delinea- 
tion represented  on  a  plane. 

pro-jec-tor  ('ter),  n.  one  who 
projects. 

pro-jec-ture  ('tur),  n.  a  jutting 
out. 

pro-lapse  (laps'),  n.  a  falling 
down  or  out  of  some  part  of  the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pro 


662 


pro 


body :   v.i.   to   fall   down   or   out ; 
project  too  much.     Also  prolapsus. 

pro-late  ('lat).  adj.  elongated  at 
the  poles. 

pro-le-ta-ri-an  (-le-ta'ri-an),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  common  people ; 
low;  vulgar:  n.  one  of  the  lowest 
class  of  society ;  a  workman ;  in 
ancient  Rome,  the  lowest  class  of 
citizens. 

pro-le-ta-ri-at  ('ri-at),  n.  prole- 
tarians collectively. 

pro-lif-er-ous  (-lif'e-rus),  adj. 
producing  another  by  budding. 

pro-lif-ic  (-lif'ik),  adj.  produc- 
tive ;  fertile. 

N;/H.      productive,      generative, 
fertile,  fruitful,  teeming. 
Ant.    (see  barren). 

pro-lif-ic-al-ly  ('al-li),  adv. 
abundantly. 

pro-lix  (pro-liks'  or  pro'liks),  adj. 

tedious  and  verbose ;  not  concise. 

Syn.    diffuse,     long,    prolonged, 

tedious,   tiresome,  wordy,  verbose, 

prosaic. 

Ant.    (see  concise). 

pro-lix-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  verbosity; 
minute  detail. 

pro-loc-u-tor  (-lok'u-ter),  n.  the 
speaker  or  chairman  of  a  con- 
vocation. 

pro-logue  ('log),  n.  an  introduc- 
tion or  preface,  especially  verses 
spoken  before  a  dramatic  per- 
formance by  way  of  introduction  : 
v.t.  to  introduce  by  a  preface. 

pro-long  (-long'),  v.t.  to  lengthen  ; 
extend. 

pro-lon-ga-tion  (-lon-ga'shun ) , 
n.  extension  in  time  or  space ; 
delay  or  postponement. 

prom-en-ade  (prom-e-nad'),  n.  a 
walk  for  pleasure,  show  or  exer- 
cise ;  a  public  place  for  walking : 
v.i.  walk  for  pleasure,  &c. 

Pro-me-the-an  ( pro-me'the-an ) . 
adj.  pertaining  to  Prometheus  of 
classic  mythology,  who  was  fabled 
to  have  stolen  fire  from  heaven 
and  bestowed  it  upon  men  :  hence 
life-giving  or  instinct  with  quick- 
ening fire. 

prom-i-nence  (prom'i-nens),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being 
prominent ;  a  projection.  Also 
prominency. 

prominent    ('i-nent),    adj.    pro- 


jecting ;   conspicuous ;   chief ;   pro- 
tuberant. 

Syn.    eminent,    marked,    impor- 
tant, conspicuous,  leading. 
Ant.   (see  obscure ) ._ 

pro-mis-cu-ous  ( pro-mis'ku-us ) , 
adj.  confused ;  mingled ;  indis- 
criminate ;  not  restricted  to  any 
particular  person. 

Syn.     mixed,     unarranged,     in- 
discriminate,   mingled. 
Ant.   (see  select). 

prom-ise  (prom'is),  n.  an  engage- 
ment to  do  or  not  to  do  some- 
thing ;  basis  for  expectation  ;  the 
thing  promised :  v.i.  to  assure  one 
by  a  promise :  v.t.  to  make  a 
promise  of ;  afford  reason  to  ex- 
pect. 

prom-is-er  (-er),  n.  one  who 
promises. 

prom-is-or  (-er),  n.  one  who 
makes  a  legal  promise  or  covenant. 

prom-is-so-ry  ('is-5-ri),  adj.  con- 
taining a  promise  or  covenant  to 
do,  or  not  to  do,  something. 

prom-is-so-ry-note  (-not),  n.  a 
written  promise  to  pay  a  certain 
sum  at  a  specified  date  in  con- 
sideration of  value  received. 

prom-on-to-ry  ('on-to-ri),  n.  a 
high  cape ;  a  point  of  land  jutting 
into  the  sea. 

pro-mote  (pro-mot'),  v.t.  to  ad- 
vance, forward,  or  elevate ;  excite 
or  stir  up  ;  raise  to  higher  rank. 

pro-mot-er  Cer),  n.  one  who  pro- 
motes, especially  one  who  makes 
it  his  business  to  float  new  com- 
panies, &c. 

pro-mo-tion  (-mo'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  promoting ;  state  of  being 
promoted ;  advancement ;  prefer- 
ment. 

pro-mo-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  tending 
to  promote. 

prompt  (prompt),  adj.  ready  and 
quick  to  act  as  occasion  demands ; 
immediate  ;  done  without  delay  : 
v.t.  incite  to  action;  assist  (a 
speaker)  when  at  a  loss  for  words. 
Syn.  See  punctual. 

proinpt-i-tude  (prompt'i-tud),  n. 
quickness  of  decision  and  action  ; 
readiness ;  alacrity. 

pro-m ill-gate  (pro-mul'gat),  v.t. 
to  publish. 

pro-mul-ga-tion  (-ga'shun),  n. 
publication. 


Into,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let :  Hnp.  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pro 


663 


pro 


pro-mul-ga-tor  ('mul-ga-ter),  n. 
one  who  promulgates. 

prone  (pron),  adj.  lying  with  the 
face  downwards;  not  erect;  in- 
clined ;  disposed. 

prone-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  prone ;  propensity. 

prong  (prong),  n.  a  sharp-pointed 
instrument ;  the  spike  of  a  fork. 

pro-nom-i-nal  (-nom'i-nal) ,  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of, 
a  pronoun. 

pro-nom-i-nal -ly  (-H),  adv.  as  a 
pronoun. 

pro-non-ce  (-nang-sa'),  adj.  pro- 
nounced ;  strongly  marked ;  em- 
phatic. 

pro-noun  ('noun),  n.  a  word 
which  refers  to,  or  is  used  in  th'e 
place  of,  a  noun. 

pro  ii 011  iice  (-nouns'),  v.t.  to 
speak  or  utter  distinctly ;  articu- 
late ;  utter  formally,  authorita- 
tively, or  rhetorically  :  affirm  :  v.i. 
to  speak  with  confidence  or 
authority. 

pro-nouiice-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj. 
that  may  be  pronounced. 

pro-nounced  (-nounst').  p.adj. 
strongly  marked  or  decided. 

pro-nonnce-ment  (-nouns'ment), 
n.  an  emphatic  declaration. 

pro-nun-ci-a-men-to  (-nun-si-a- 
men'to),  n.  a  proclamation. 

pro-nun-ci-a-tion  (-si-a'shun),  n. 
the  act  or  manner  of  articulating 
words  or  syllables ;  graceful  and 
proper  public  speaking. 

pro-nun-ci-a-tive  ('si-a-tiv),  adj. 
pertaining  to  pronunciation. 

proof  (proof),  n.  testimony  or 
convincing  evidence ;  test  or  ex- 
periment ;  reason  ;  argument ;  dem- 
onstration ;  impenetrability ;  capa- 
bility of  resistance ;  a  standard 
strength  of  spirit ;  an  impres- 
sion taken  from  type  for  cor- 
rection ;  an  early  impression  of 
an  engraving :  adj.  strong  to  resist 
impression  or  penetration  ;  capa- 
ble of  moral  or  physical  resist- 
ance. 

prop  (prop),  n.  a  support  or 
stay:  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  propped, 
p.pr.  propping],  to  support  by 
something  under  or  against ;  sus- 
tain. 

Syn.  maintain,  sustain,  support, 
stay. 


prop-a-ga-ble  (prop'a-ga-ol),  adj. 
that  may  be  propagated. 

Prop-a-gan-da  (-gan'da).  n.pl.  a 
society  at  Rome  charged  with  the 
management  of  the  missions  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

prop-a-gan-da  (-gan'da),  n.pl. 
any  methods  for  the  propagation 
of  doctrines,  principles,  &c.,  relig- 
ious or  secular. 

prop-a-gan-dism  ('dizm),  n.  the 
act  or  practice  of  zealously  propa- 
gating doctrines,  &c. 

prop-a-gan-dist  ('dist),  n.  one 
who  devotes  himself  to  the  propa- 
gation of  any  system  of  prin- 
ciples, &c. 

prop-a-gate  ('a-gat),  v.t.  to  con- 
tinue or  spread  by  generation  or 
successive  production ;  extend ; 
impel  forward  in  space:  v.i.  to  be 
produced  by  generation,  or  by  new 
shoots  or  plants. 

Syn.  spread,  circulate,  diffuse, 
disseminate,  extend,  breed,  in- 
crease. 

Ant.   (see  suppress). 

prop-a-ga-tion  (-ga'shun),  «.  the 
act  of  propagating ;  spreading  or 
extension. 

prop-a-ga-tor  ( 'a-ga-ter) ,  n.  one 
who  propagates. 

pro-pel  (pro-pel'),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  propelled,  p.pr.  propelling], 
to  drive  forward  ;  urge  onward  by 
force. 

pro-pel-lent  Cent),  adj.  that  pro- 
pels. 

pro-pel-ler  ('er),  n,  one  who,  or 
that  which,  propels ;  a  screw-pro- 
peller; vessel  so  propelled. 

pro-pen-si-ty  (-pen'si-ti),  n.  nat- 
ural tendency. 

prop-er  (prop'er),  adj.  noting  a 
particular  person  or  thing ;  pe- 
culiar ;  fit  or  suitable ;  correct ; 
appropriate. 

Syn.  legitimate,  right,  just,  fair, 
equitable,  honest,  suitable,  fit. 
decent,  meet,  becoming,  benefit- 
ing, adapted,  pertinent,  appropri- 
ate. 

Ant.  (see  wrong). 

prop-er-ty  ('er-ti),  n.  [pi.  proper- 
ties (-tiz)],  a  peculiar  attribute, 
quality,  or  disposition ;  exclusive 
right  of  possession :  the  thing 
owned  ;  estate ;  goods  ;  attribute 
common  to  a  class :  pi.  articles, 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pro 


664 


pro 


including  dresses,  required  by 
actors  on  the  stage. 

proph-e-cy  (prof'e-si),  n.  a  pre- 
diction of  something  to  take  place 
in  the  future,  especially  a  pre- 
diction by  Divine  inspiration. 

proph-e-si-er  ('e-si-er),  «.  one 
who  prophesies. 

proph-e-sy  ('e-si),  v.t.  [p.t.&p.p. 
prophesied,  p.pr.  prophesying],  to 
foretell  future  events,  especially 
by  Divine  inspiration :  v.i.  to 
utter  prophecies :  preach. 

proph-et  ('et),  n.  one  who  fore- 
tells future  events,  especially  one 
inspired  by  God.  Feminine 
prophetess. 

prp-phet-ic  (pro-fet'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  prophecy ;  predictive. 
Prophetical. 

pro-phet-ic-al-ly  (-al-Ii),  adv.  in 
a  prophetic  manner. 

proph-y-lac-tie  ( prof-i-lak'tik ) , 
adj.  guarding,  or  preserving, 
against  disease :  n.  a  preventive  of 
disease. 

pro-pin-qui-ty  ( pro-ping'kwi-ti ) , 
n.  nearness  of  place,  time,  or 
relationship. 

pro-pi-ti-ate  (-pish'i-at),  v.t.  to 
conciliate  ;  make  propitious  :  v.i. 
to  atone. 

pro-pi-ti-a-tipn  (-a'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  propitiating ;  atonement. 

pro-pi-ti-a-tor  ('i-a-ter),  n.  one 
who  propitiates. 

pro-pi-ti-a-to-ry  (-to-ri),  adj. 
capable  of  propitiating. 

pro-pi-tious  (-pish'us),  adj.  favor- 
able ;  disposed  to  be  merciful. 

pro-por-tion  ( pro-pQr'shun ) ,  n. 
comparative  relation  of  one  thing 
to  another ;  ratio ;  rate ;  sym- 
metrical relation  ;  rule  of  three  ; 
e<iual  or  just  share:  v.t.  to  form 
symmetrically  ;  apportion. 

pro-por-tion-al  (-al),  adj.  having 
due  proportion ;  having  the  same 
nitio:  n.  a  quantity  or  number  in 
proportion. 

pro-por-tion-al -i-ty  (-al'i-ti).  n. 
the  quality  of  being  proportional. 
1'ropurtionateness. 

pro-por-tion-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
proportion. 

pro-por-tion  ate  ('shun-at),  adj. 
adjusted  to  something  else  accord- 
ing to  a  certain  rate :  v.t.  to  ad- 
just according  to  a  settled  rate. 


pro-por-tion-ate-ly  (-li),  adv. 
in  a  proportionate  degree. 

pro-pps-al  (-poz'al),  n.  that  which 
is  offered  for  consideration  or  ac- 
ceptance ;  offer  of  marriage  ;  terms 
or  conditions  proposed. 
8yn.  bid,  offer,  overture. 
Ant.    (see  refusal). 

pro-pose  (-poz'),  v.t.  to  bring  for- 
ward or  offer  for  consideration ; 
nominate  for  election :  v.i.  to 
make  an  offer  of  marriage. 

prop-o-si-tion  (prop-6-zish'un), 
n.  an  offer  of  terms ;  proposal ;  a 
complete  sentence,  or  one  that 
affirms  or  denies  something ;  a 
theorem  or  problem  for  solution. 

prpp-o-si-tion-al    (-al),  adj.  per- 

'  taining  to,  or  considered  as,  a 
proposition. 

pro-pound  (-pound'),  v.t.  to  offer 
for  consideration ;  put  or  set  as 
a  question. 

pro-pri-e-ta-ry  (-prl'e-ta-ri),  adj. 
belonging  to  a  proprietor  or  pro- 
prietary :  n.  a  possessor  in  his 
own  right;  proprietors  collectively. 

pro-pri-e-tor  ('e-ter),  n.  one  who 
has  a  legal  right  to  anything ; 
owner.  Fern,  proprietress ;  pro- 
prietrix. 

pro-pri-e-ty  ('e-ti),  n.  conformity 
to  established  rules  or  custom ; 
decorum ;  fitness. 

pro-pul-sion  (-pul'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  propelling. 

pro-pul-sive  ('siv),  adj.  having 
power  to  propel.  Also  pro- 
pulsory. 

pro-ro-ga-tion  (-ro-ga'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  proroguing. 

pro-rogue  (-rog'),  c.t.  to  ter- 
minate a  session  of ;  to  postpone. 

pro-sa-ic  (-za'ik),  adj.  like  prose; 
commonplace ;  uninteresting.  Also 
prosaical. 

pro-sa-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in  a 
prosaic  manner. 

pro-sa-ism  ('za-izm),  n.  prosaic 
style. 

pro-sce-ni-um  (-se'ni-um),  n. 
that  part  of  the  stage  from  the 
curtain  to  the  orchestra. 

pro-scribe  (-skrib'),  v.t.  to  pun- 
ish with  civil  death  ;  outlaw ;  in- 
terdict. 

pro-scrip-tion  (-skrip'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  proscribing ;  outlawry  ; 
interdiction. 

pro-scrip-tive     ('tiv),    adj.    per- 


late,  milr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  tnin,  then. 


pro 


665 


pro 


taining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of, 
proscription. 

prose  (proz),  n.  ordinary  spoken 
or  written  language ;  unmetrical 
composition  :  v.i.  &  v.t.  to  write  or 
speak  tediously :  adj.  dull ; 
tedious ;  commonplace. 

pros-e-cute  (pros' e-kut),  v.t.  to 
follow  or  pursue  with  the  view  to 
reach  or  accomplish  ;  accuse  of  a 
crime  before  a  legal  tribunal :  v.i. 
to  carry  on  a  legal  prosecution. 

pros-e-cu-tion  (-ku'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  prosecuting ;  pursuit ;  the 
institution  and  carrying  on  of  a 
legal  suit ;  prosecutor  or  prosecu- 
tors collectively. 

pros-e-cu-tor  ('e-ku-ter),  n.  one 
who  carries  on  a  legal  suit  with 
another ;  one  who  pursues  any 
purpose,  &c.  Fern,  prosecutrix. 

pros-e-lyte  ('e-lit),  n.  a  convert 
to  some  religion  or  belief,  or 
party ;  a  Gentile  convert  to  the 
Jewish  law  and  belief :  v.t.  to 
proselytize. 

pros-e-ly-tism  ('e-li-tizm),  n.  the 
act  of  proselytizing ;  conversion 
to  a  creed  or  system. 

pros-e-ly-tize  (-tiz),  v.t.  to  make 
a  convert  of. 

pro-si-ly  (pro'zi-ly),  adv.  in  a 
prosy  manner. 

pro-si-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  prosy. 

pro-sing  ('ing),  n.  tedious  minute- 
ness ;  dull  talk. 

pros-o-dy  (pros'o-di),  n.  that  part 
of  grammar  that  treats  of  quan- 
tity, accent,  and  the  laws  of  versi- 
fication. 

pros-pect  ('pekt),  n.  a  view  of 
something  distant ;  scene  ;  object 
of  view;  expectation:  v.t.  (pro- 
spekt')  to  search  or  explore,  es- 
pecially for  gold  or  valuable 
minerals. 

pro-spec-tive  (-spek'tiv),  adj. 
looking  forward ;  acting  with,  or 
characterized  by,  foresight ;  in 
prospect. 

pro-spec-tiv«-ly  (-li),  adv.  with 
regard  to  the  future. 

pro-spec-ti  ve-ness  (-nes),  n.  re- 
gard for  the  future. 

pros-pec-tor  (pros'pek-tgr),  n. 
one  who  searches  for  valuable 
minerals. 

pro-spec-tus  ( pro-spek'tus ) ,  n.  an 


outline   of    a    proposed    undertak- 
ing ;  sketch,  or  plan. 

pros-per  (pros'per),  v.t.  to  ren- 
der successful ;  favor :  v.i.  to 
thrive ;  succeed. 

Syn.     flourish,     succeed,     grow 
rich,  thrive,  advance. 
Ant.  (see  fail). 

pros-per-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  success- 
ful progress  in  any  business  or 
enterprise ;  good  fortune. 

Syn.   well-being,   weal,   welfare, 
happiness,  good  luck. 
Ant.   (see  poverty). 

pros-per-ous  ('us),  adj.  success- 
ful ;  thriving. 

pros-ti-tute  ('ti-tut),  v.t.  to  offer 
or  expose  to  hire  for  lewd  use ; 
devote  to  infamous  or  improper 
purposes :  adj.  prostituted :  n.  a 
woman  who  indulges  in  lewdness, 
especially  for  hire ;  a  base  mer- 
cenary or  hireling. 

pros-ti-tu-tion  (-tu'shun),  n.  the 
act  or  practice  of  prostituting  the 
person  to  lewd  purposes  for  hire ; 
the  being  devoted  to  infamous  or 
base  purposes. 

pros-ti-tu-tor  ('ti-tu-ter),  n.  one 
who  prostitutes  himself  for  any 
base  ends. 

pros-trate  ('trat),  adj.  lying  at 
full  length ;  extended  on  the 
ground ;  lying  at  mercy  as  a  sup- 
pliant :  v.t.  to  lay  flat ;  throw 
down ;  bow  in  humble  reverence. 

pros-tra-tion  (-tra'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  prostrating ;  great  depres- 
sion ;  exhaustion  of  the  vital 
powers  under  disease. 

pro-style  (pro'stil),  n.  a  portico 
or  range  of  columns  in  front  of 
a  building ;  a  temple  with  a  por- 
tico in  front. 

pro-sy  (proz'i),  adv.  tedious;  dull. 

pro-te-an  (pr5'te-an),  adj.  readily 
assuming  different  shapes :  from 
Proteus,  the  sea  deity  of  classic 
mythology. 

pro'tect  (-tekf),  v.t.  to  cover 
over ;  defend  ;  shield  ;  shelter ;  sup- 
port. 

pro-tec-tipn  ('shun),  n.  the  act 
of  protecting;  the  state  of  being- 
protected  ;  defense ;  shelter ;  se- 
curity ;  passport ;  encourage- 
ment of  home  industry  by  duties 
on  imports,  bounties,  &c. 

pro-tec-tion-ism    (-izm),    n.    the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  aw! ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rcb,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pro 


666 


pro 


doctrine  that  certain  home  in- 
dustries and  produce  should  be 
encouraged  by  the  imposition  of 
duties  on  foreign  imports. 

pro-tec-tion-ist  (-ist),  n.  one 
who  advocates  or  supports  protec- 
tionism ;  one  who  opposes  free 
trade  unless  it  be  reciprocal. 

pro-tect-ive  ('iv),  adj.  serving  to 
protect ;  defensive. 

pro-tect-or  ('er),  n.  one  who  pro- 
tects, especially  from  injury  or 
oppression ;  guardian.  Fern,  pro- 
tectress. 

pro-tect-or-ate  (-at),  n.  govern- 
ment or  defense  by  a  protector. 

pro-te-ge  (-ta-zha/),  n.  one  who 
is  under  the  protection,  guardian- 
ship, or  care  of  another.  Fern. 
protegee  [French]. 

pro-te-ids  ('te-idz),  n.pl.  a  class 
of  nitrogenous  compounds,  as  al- 
bumen, fibrin,  casein,  &c.,  which 
form  animal  tissue. 

pro-te-in  ('te-in),  n.  the  gelatin- 
ous, semi-transparent  substance 
obtained  from  albumen,  fibrin,  or 
casein,  the  essential  principle  of 
food. 

pro-test  (-test'),  v.i.  to  affirm 
with  solemnity ;  make  a  solemn 
declaration  against  some  public 
act  or  measure  ;  remonstrate  :  v.t. 
to  make  a  solemn  declaration  or 
affirmation  of ;  to  declare  formally 
to  be  insufficiently  provided  for  by 
deposit  or  payment :  said  of  a 
note  or  bill  of  exchange:  n.  (pro'- 
test)  a  solemn  declaration  of 
opinion  against  something ;  a 
document  containing  reasons  for 
dissent ;  a  formal  declaration  by 
the  holder  of  a  bill  of  exchange 
of  its  non-payment  or  non-accept- 
ance by  the  drawer. 

Prot-es-tant  (prot'es-tant),  n.  a 
member  of  any  of  those  bodies  of 
Christians  that  protest  against  the 
spiritual  supremacy  of  the  Church 
of  Rome,  originally  one  of  the 
party  who  adhered  to  Luther  after 
the  second  diet  of  Spires,  1529 : 
adj.  pertaining  to  Protestants  or 
Protestantism. 

Prot-es-tant-ism  (-izm),  n.  the 
doctrines  or  religion  of  Protes- 
tants. 

prot-es-ta-tion    (-ta'shun),   ».   a 


formal  declaration  of  dissent; 
solemn  affirmation. 

pr  o-thon-o-ta-ry  ( -thon'o-ta-ri ) , 
n.  a  chief  clerk  or  notary ;  the 
principal  clerk  or  registrar  in  cer- 
tain courts ;  one  of  the  chief 
secretaries  of  the  Papal  Chancery. 

proto,  a  prefix  meaning  first,  as 
protomartyr,  &c. 

pro-to-col  ('to-kol),  n.  the  rough 
draft  of  a  treaty,  diplomatic  de- 
spatch, &c. 

pro-to-plasm  ('to-plazm),  n.  a 
semi-fluid  albuminous  substance, 
regarded  as  the  ultimate  basis  of 
physical  life,  from  which  all  living 
organisms  are  formed  and  devel- 
oped. 

pro-to-plas-mic  (-plaz'mik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  formed  of,  proto- 
plasm. 

pro-to-plast  ('to-plast),  n.  the 
original. 

pro-to-plas-tic  (-plas'tik),  adj. 
first  formed. 

pro-to-type  ('t5-tip),  n.  the  orig- 
inal from  which  others  are  copied. 

pro-tox-ide  (-toks'id),  n.  a  com- 
pound of  one  equivalent  of  oxygen 
with  one  of  another  element. 

Pro-to-zo-a  (-zo'a),  n.pl.  the  first 
or 'lowest  division  of  the  animal 
kingdom  containing  animals  of  the 
simplest  type  of  organization. 

pro-tract  (-trakf),  v.t.  to  draw 
out  or  lengthen  in  time ;  prolong ; 
defer. 

pro-tract-er  ('er),  n.  one  who 
protracts. 

pro-trac-tipn  ('shun),  n.  the  act 
of  protracting ;  delay ;  the  act  of 
laying  down  on  paper  the  dimen- 
sions of  a  plot  of  land,  &c. 

pro-tract-or  ('er),  n.  a  mathe- 
matical instrument  for  laying 
down  angles  on  paper :  used  in 
surveying,  &c. ;  a  surgical  instru- 
ment for  drawing  out  extraneous 
bodies ;  a  muscle  that  draws  for- 
ward any  part 

pro-tmde  (-trud'),  v.t.  to  thrust 
out  or  push  forward :  v.i.  to  shoot 
forward ;  project. 

pro-tru-sion  (-tru'zhun),  n.  the 
act  of  protruding;  the  state  of 
being  protruded. 

pro-tru-sive  ('siv),  adj.  thrust- 
ing or  impelling  forward. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


pro 


667 


pro 


pro-tru-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
protrusive  manner. 

pro-tu-ber-ance  (-tu'ber-ans),  n. 
a  swelling ;  a  prominence ;  tumor. 

pro-tu-ber-ant  (-ant),  adj.  swell- 
ing ;  prominent. 

proud  (proud),  adj.  having  excess- 
ive self-esteem  ;  arrogant ;  osten- 
tatious ;  haughty;  spirited;  of 
lofty  mien  ;  pleased  ;  grand  ;  grati- 
fied. 

prov-a-ble         (proov'a-bl),       adj.  j 
capable  of  being  proved. 

prove    (prOov),    v.t.    to    ascertain 
or  try  by  an  experiment  or  test ;  ; 
establish    or    ascertain    by    argu- 
ment or  other  evidence ;  ascertain  j 
the    genuineness    of ;    experience ; 
endure  ;  try  by  suffering ;  show  or 
demonstrate   the   accuracy   of    (a  j 
calculation). 

prov-en   Con),  adj.  proved. 

Pro-ven-gal     (pro-vang'sul),    adj. 
pertaining  to.   or  from,   Provence, 
France,    its    language    or    its    in-  , 
habitants. 

prov-en-der  (prov'en-der) ,  n.  dry 
food  for  beasts,  as  hay,  &c. 

prov-erb  Cerb).  n.  a  short 
familiar  pithy  saying,  expressing 
some  well-known  truth  or  common 
fact  of  experience  ;  adage. 

pro-ver-bi-al  (pro-ver'bi-al).  adj. 
pertaining  to  proverbs  ;  mentioned 
in,  or  like,  a  proverb;  widely 
spoken  of  or  well-known. 

pro-vide  (pro-vld').  v.t.  to  make 
ready  beforehand  ;  furnish  ;  stipu- 
late as  a  preliminary  condition : 
v.i.  to  procure  supplies :  make 
preparations  (with  for  or  against). 

pro-vid-ed  ('ed),  con;',  on  condi- 
tion. 

prov-i-dence  (prov'i-dens),  n. 
timely  care  or  preparation  ;  econo- 
my ;  prudence ;  foresight  and  care 
of  God  for  his  creatures;  an 
event  directly  caused  by  the  power 
of  God. 

Prov-i-dence  (prov'i-dens),  n. 
God  as  exercising  his  providence. 

prov-i-dent  Ci-dent),  adj.  care- 
ful for  the  future ;  prudent ;  eco- 
nomical. 

prov-i-den-tial  (-den'shal),  adj. 
effected  by.  or  proceeding  from, 
Divine  providence. 

prov-i-den-tial-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
a  providential  manner. 


prov-ince  ('ins),  n.  a  division  of 
an  empire  or  state ;  a  dependent 
country ;  region  ;  jurisdiction  of 
an  archbishop ;  proper  office  or 
business ;  department  of  knowl- 
edge :  pi.  the  country  districts. 

pro-vin-cial  (pro-vin'slial),  adj. 
pertaining  to.  or  characteristic  of, 
a  province ;  rustic :  n.  one  who  be- 
longs to  a  province ;  countryman. 

pro-vin-cial-ism  (-izm).  n.  an 
idiom  or  dialect  peculiar  to  a 
province. 

pro-vi-sion  (-vizh'un).  n.  the  act 
of  providing  ;  the  things  provided  ; 
measures  taken  beforehand ;  accu- 
mulation of  stores :  pi.  food :  v.t. 
to  supply  with  food. 

pro-vi-sion-al  (-ul),  adj.  provided 
for  present  use ;  temporary. 

pro-yi-sion-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
provisional  manner. 

pro-vi-so  (-vi'zo).  n.  a  conditional 
clause  or  stipulation  in  a  deed. 

pro-vi-so-ry  ('zo-ri),  adj.  con- 
ditional. 

prov-o-ca-tipn  (prpv'o-ka'shun), 
n.  that  which  excites  to  anger 
or  resentment :  act  of  provoking. 

pro  -  voc  -  a  -  tive  ( pro- vok'a-tiv ) , 
adj.  tending  to  provoke ;  inciting : 
n.  anything  that  tends  to  provoke ; 
incitement. 

pro-vpke  (-vok'),  v.t.  to  excite 
or  stir  to  action ;  enrage  or  irri- 
tate ;  exasperate. 

prov-ost  (prov'ust,  or  pro-vo').  n. 
the  head  of  a  college ;  superin- 
tendent or  president ;  chief  dig- 
nitary of  a  cathedral ;  chief  mag- 
istrate of  a  city  or  town  [Scotch]. 

prow  (prou),  n.  the  bow  of  a  ship. 

prowess   Ces),  n.  bravery;  valor. 

prowl  (proul),  v.i.  to  wander 
stealthily  as  for  prey  or  plunder ; 
n.  a  roving  for  prey  or  plunder. 

proximate  (proks'i-mat) ,  adj. 
immediate. 

prox-i-mate-ly  (-li),  adv.  im- 
mediately. 

prox-im-i-ty  (-im'i-ti),  n.  im- 
mediate nearness  in  place,  blood, 
or  alliance. 

prox-i-mo  ('i-mo),  adv.  in  or  of 
the  next  or  coming  month. 

prpx-y  Ci).  n.  \  pi.  proxies 
(Mz)],  the  agency  of  a  substitute; 
the  document  by  which  one  person 
is  authorized  to  act  or  vote  for 
another. 


luto,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pru 


668 


Pto 


8yn.  agent,  representative,  sub- 
stitute,   delegate,    deputy. 

prude  (prood),  n.  a  woman  who 
affects  great  reserve,  coyness,  and 
excessive  virtue. 

pru-dence  (proo'dens),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  prudent ;  wisdom 
applied  to  practice. 

Xyn.  carefulness,  judgment,  dis- 
cretion, wisdom. 

Ant.    (see  indiscretion). 

pru-dent  ('dent),  adj.  practically 
wise ;  careful  of  the  consequences 
of  measures  or  actions  ;  judicious  ; 
cautious :  circumspect. 

pru-den-tial  (-den'shfil),  adj. 
proceeding  from,  or  influenced  by, 
prudence. 

pru-der-y  (proo'der-i),  n.  affected 
niceness  or  scrupulousness  in  con- 
duct;  manners  of  a  prude.  Also 
prudishness. 

pru-d'homnie  (proo-dom'),  n.  in 
France,  one  of  a  board  of  concilia- 
tion of  masters  and  workmen  to 
settle  trade  disputes. 

pru-dish  (proo'dish),  adj.  like  a 
prude ;  affectedly  precise,  nice,  or 
scrupulous. 

prune  (proon),  n.  a  dried  plum: 
v.t.  to  cut  superfluous  twigs  or 
branches  from  (a  vine,  bush,  or 
tree)  ;  trim. 

pru-nel-la  (proo-nel'a),  n.  a 
smooth  woolen  stuff  used  for 
shoes  and  gaiters ;  a  kind  of  dried 
plum.  Also  prunello. 

pru-ri-ence  ('ri-ens),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  prurient.  Also 
pruriency. 

pru-ri-ent  ('ri-ent),  adj.  having 
an  eager  desire  for,  or  charac- 
terized by,  lewdness ;  itching. 

Syn.    itching,    craving,    hanker- 
ing, longing. 

Prussian-blue  ( prush'Sn-bloo ) , 
n.  a  rich  blue  color  obtained  from 
ferrocyanide  of  iron. 

prus -si-ate  (prus'i-at),  n.  a  salt 
of  prussic  acid. 

prus-sic  acid  ('ik  as'id),  n. 
hydrocyanic  acid,  a  deadly  poison. 

pry  (pri),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  pried, 
p.pr.  prying],  to  inspect  closely 
or  with  keen  scrutiny :  n.  close 
inspection ;  impertinent  peeping. 

psalm   (sa'lm),  n.  a  sacred  song. 

psalm-ist  ('ist),  n.  a  composer  of 


psalms,  especially  of  any  of  the 
Scriptural  psalms. 

psalm-o-dist  ('6-dist),  n.  one  who 
composes  or  sings  psalms. 

psalm-o-dy  ('6-di),  n.  the  art  or 
practice  of  singing  psalms. 

Psal-ter  (sawl'ter),  n.  the  Book 
of  Psalms ;  the  Prayer  Book  ver- 
sion of  the  Psalms. 

psal-ter-y  (-i),  n.  a  stringed 
musical  instrument,  used  by  the 
ancient  Hebrews. 

pseudo,  a  prefix  meaning  false, 
spurious,  as  psewdoblepsis,  false  or 
deceptive  vision. 

pseu-do-nym  (su'do-nim),  n.  a 
fictitious  name. 

pseu-do-scope  ('do-skop),  n.  an 
optical  instrument  which  exhibits 
bodies  in  reversed  relief. 

pshaw  (flhaw),  inter j.  an  expres- 
sion of  contempt,  &c. 

psy-chi-cal  (si'ki-kal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  connected  with,  the 
human  soul,  spirit,  or  mind ; 
spiritualistic ;  psychological.  Also 
psychic. 

psy-cho-gen-e-sis  (-ko-jen'e-sis) , 
n.  the  development  of  mind  as 
given  in  consciousness ;  biogenesis 
regarded  as  resulting  from  the 
operation  of  higher  agency  than 
natural  selection. 

psy-chol-o-gy  (-kol'o-ji),  n.  the 
science  that  treats  of  mental 
phenomena,  and  their  classification 
and  analysis  ;  mental  philosophy  ; 
metaphysics. 

psy-cho-log-ic-al  (-loj'ik-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  psychology. 

psy-cho-log-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
a  psychological  manner. 

psy-chol-o-gist  ('o-jist),  n.  one 
skilled  in  psychology. 

psy-chom-e-try  ( sl-kom'e-tri ) ,  n. 
the  science  of  divining  mental 
processes. 

psy-cho-phys-ics  (-fiz'iks),  n.  the 
science  which  treats  of  the  cor- 
relation of  mind  and  matter. 

pter-o-pod  ( ter'o-pod ) ,  n.  an 
individual  of  the  Pteropoda,  a 
class  of  marine  cephalopoda  hay- 
ing the  foot  extended  into  a  pair 
of  wing-like  lobes  adapted  for 
swimming  or  sailing. 

Ptol-e-ma-ic  (tol-e-ma'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  Ptolemy,  the  Greek 
geographer  and  astronomer,  or  to 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pto 


669 


pug 


his  system  of  astronomy  which 
supposed  the  earth  to  be  the 
center  or  fixed  point  of  the  uni- 
verse, and  that  the  heavenly 
bodies  moved  around  it. 

pto-ma-ines  (to'mu-inz),  n.pl.  a 
class  of  alkaloids  of  a  highly 
poisonous  nature,  originating  in 
decaying  or  dead  matter. 

pu-ber-al  (pu'ber-ul),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characteristic  of, 
puberty. 

pu-ber-ty  ('ber-ti).  n.  the  age  at 
which  the  generative  powers  be- 
gin to  be  developed. 

pu-bes-cence  (-Oes'ens),  n.  the 
state  or  age  of  puberty ;  soft, 
short,  downy  hair. 

pu-bes-cent  Cent),  adj.  arriving 
at  the  right  age  of  puberty ; 
covered  with  soft,  downy  hairs. 

pub-lie  (pub'lik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  nation,  state,  or  com- 
munity;  belonging  to  the  people; 
circulating  among  all  classes ; 
open  ;  generally  known  :  common 
to  all ;  open  to  general  use :  n. 
the  people  in  general. 

pub-li-can  ('li-kan),  n.  one  who 
keeps  a  public-house;  among  the 
ancient  Romans,  a  farmer  of  the 
public  revenues ;  a  collector  of 
tolls,  tribute,  or  customs. 

pub-li-ca-tion  (-li-kfi'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  publishing  or  making 
public ;  the  act  of  publishing  a 
book.  &c. 

pub-lic-house  ('lik-hous),  n.  an 
inn  ;  tavern  ;  hotel. 

pnb-li-cist  ('li-sist),  n.  a  writer 
on  international  law,  or  on  cur- 
rent events  of  political  or  social 
interest. 

pub-lic-i-ty  Clis-i-ti),  n.  the  state 
of  being  public ;  notoriety. 

pub-lic-ly  ('lik-li),  adv.  in  a  pub- 
lic manner. 

pnb-lish  ('lish),  v.t.  to  make 
known ;  announce  or  proclaim ; 
divulge ;  print  and  offer  for  sale ; 
put  into  circulation. 

puce  (pus),  adj.  dark-brownish 
purple. 

Puck,  n.  a  mischievous  sprite  or 
elf. 

puck-er  ('er),  v.t.  &  v.i.  to  gather 
into  small  folds ;  wrinkle :  n.  a 
small  fold  or  wrinkle. 

pud-ding     (pood'ing),    n.    a    soft 


kind  of  food  made  of  flour  and 
various  ingredients ;  an  intestine 
stuffed  with  meat,  &c. ;  quantity 
of  yarns,  matting,  or  oakum. 

pud-die  (pud'l),  n.  a  small  pool 
of  dirty  water ;  clay  worked  to- 
gether with  sand :  v.t.  to  make 
muddy ;  render  watertight  with 
puddle;  convert  (pig-iron)  into 
wrought-iron. 

pneb-lo  (pweb'lp),  n.  [pi.  pueblos 
('loz)],  a  building  constructed  of 
adobe  or  sun-dried  brick  by  the 
Pueblo  Indians  of  New  Mexico. 

pu-er-ile  (pu'er-il),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  children  ;  juvenile  ;  boyish  ; 
trifling. 

Syn.  youthful,  juvenile,  boyish, 
childish,  infantile,  trifling,  weak, 
silly. 

Ant.  (see  mature). 

pu-er-il-i-ty  (-il'i-ti),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  puerile ;  childish- 
ness. 

pu-er-per-al  ('per-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  following,  child- 
birth. 

puff  (puf),  n.  a  short  quick  blast; 
sudden  forcible  breath ;  a  fun- 
gous ball  filled  with  dust ;  any- 
thing light  and  porous  or  swollen  ; 
a  light  kind  of  tart ;  exaggerated 
praise  or  advertisement :  v.i.  to 
expel  air  from  the  mouth  with  a 
sudden  forcible  blast ;  breathe 
quick  and  hard;  swell  with  air; 
blow  in  contempt ;  move  with 
hurry :  v.t.  to  drive  with  a  puff ; 
swell,  as  with  wind ;  praise  in 
exaggerated  terms. 

puff-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  puffs; 
one  who  praises  in  exaggerated 
terms ;  one  who  is  hired  to  force 
up  bids  at  sales. 

puf -fin  ('in),  n.  a  diving  bird 
with  a  short  thick  projecting  beak, 
allied  to  the  auk. 

puff-ing  ('ing),  n.  exaggerated 
praise,  especially  with  the  view 
to  advertisement ;  quick  and  hard 
breathing :  p.adj.  praising  in  ex- 
aggerated terms. 

puf-n-ness  ('i-nes),  «.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  puffy. 

puff-y  CO,  adj.  distended  with  air 
or  other  light  matter ;  windy ; 
bombastic ;  tumid. 

pug  (pug),  n.  a  monkey;  a  small 
clog  with  the  face  and  nose  like- 


If.fo.  mar,  rnAsk,  cat,  awl  :  he.  ber.  let:  line,  tin:  vote,  pQrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  miite.  nut :  thin.  then. 


pug 


(370 


pun 


a  bulldog  ;  imp  or  elf ;  plastic  clay  : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  pugged,  p.pr.  pug- 
ging], to  line  or  fill  up  with  plastic 
clay  or  any  o*her  material. 

pug-ging  ('ing),  n.  the  act  or 
operation  of  working  up  clay  for 
bricks ;  any  substance  to  deaden 
sound  between  spaces. 

pugh  (poo),  intcrj.  an  exclama- 
tion of  contempt  or  disdain. 

pu-gil-ism  (piYjil-izm),  n.  the  art 
or  practice  of  boxing  or  fighting 
with  the  fists ;  prize-fighting. 

pu-gil-ist  (-ist),  n.  a  prize- 
fighter ;  boxer. 

pu-gil-ist-ic  ('ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  pugilism. 

pugnacious  (pug-na'shus),  adj. 
disposed  to  fight ;  quarrelsome. 

pug-nac-i-ty  (-nas'i-ti),  n.  incli- 
nation to  fight ;  quarrelsomeness. 

puis-ne  (pu'ne).  adj.  younger  or 
inferior  in  rank  :  said  of  judges. 

pu-is-sance  ('is-ans),  n.  power; 
strength. 

pu-is-saiit  (-ant),  adj.  powerful; 
strong. 

puke  (puk),  v.i.  &  v.t.  to  vomit. 

pule  (pul),_v.£.  to  whine. 

pn-ling  (pul'ing),  adj.  whining; 
infantile. 

pull  (pool),  v.t.  to  draw  towards 
one  ;  pluck  ;  rend  or  tear ;  drag  or 
haul :  v.i.  to  tug :  n.  the  act  of 
pulling  ;  struggle  ;  contest. 

pull,  n.  a  term  much  used  to  in- 
dicate a  person  who  possesses 
political  or1  other  influence. 

pul-let  ('et),  n.  a  young  hen. 

pul-ley  ('li),  n.  a  small  wheel 
turning  about  an  axis,  and  hav- 
ing a  groove  in  which  a  rope 
works. 

pul-mon-a-ry  (pul'mon-er-i),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  affecting,  the 
lungs. 

pul-mon-ic  (-mon'ik),  adj.  affect- 
ing, or  useful  for,  the  lungs ;  con- 
sumptive :  n.  a  medicine  for  dis- 
eases of  the  lungs. 

pulp  (pulp),  n.  the  soft  fleshy 
part  of  bodies,  as  of  fruit ;  any 
soft  uniform  mass :  v.t.  to  reduce 
to  a  soft  mass ;  extract  or  separate 
the  pulp  from. 

pulp-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n,  pulpy 
jtate. 

pul-pit  (pool'pit),  n.  an  elevated 
or  inclosed  desk  in  a  church  from 


which  the  sermon  is  delivered ; 
preachers  or  preaching. 

pulp-y  (pulp'i),  adj.  consisting 
of,  or  like,  pulpj  soft ;  succulent. 

pul-que  (pool'ka),  n.  a  favorite 
Mexican  beverage  made  from  the 
juice  of  the  agave. 

pul-sate  (pul'sat),  v.i.  to  throb 
or  beat. 

pul-sa-tion  (-sa'shun),  n.  a  throb 
or  beat,  especially  of  the  heart. 

pul-sa-tive  ('sa-tiv),  adj.  beating 
or  throbbing.  Also  pulsatory. 

pulse  (puls),  n.  the  rhythmic 
beating  of  the  heart  or  arteries ; 
vibration :  leguminous  plants  or 
their  seeds,  as  peas,  beans,  &c. : 
v.i.  to  beat  or  throb,  as  the  pulse. 

pul-sim-e-ter  (pul-sim'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  to  ascertain  the 
force  or  movement  of  the  pulse ; 
a  sphygmometer. 

pul-som-e-ter  (-som'e-ter),  n.  a 
kind  of  steam-condensing  vacuum 
pump. 

pu-lu  (pu'loo),  n.  a  kind  of  vegeta- 
ble silk  obtained  from  the  fibers 
of  a  fern-tree  of  Hawaii. 

pul-ver-i-za-tion  ( pul-ver-i-za'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  pulverizing. 

pul-ver-ize  ('ver-iz),  v.t.  to  re- 
duce to  powder. 

pu-ma  (pu'ma),  n.  a  large  cat- 
like carnivorous  animal  of  Ameri- 
ca ;  mountain  Hon. 

pum-ice  (pum'is),  n.  a  hard,  light, 
spongy,  volcanic  lava  or  rock. 
Also  pumice-stone. 

pump  (pump),  n.  a  machine  for 
raising  water  or  other  liquid ;  a 
light  low  shoe  or  slipper:  v.t.  to 
raise  (water  or  a  liquid)  by  means 
of  a  pump ;  free  from  water  by  a 
pump;  extract  (information)  by 
artful  questions. 

pump-kin  ('kin),  n.  a  plant  of 
the  gourd  family  and  its  fruit. 

pun  (pun),  n.  a  play  upon  words: 
v.i.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  punned,  p.pr.  pun- 
ning], to  play  upon  words  simi- 
lar in  sound  but  having  a  differ- 
ent meaning 

punch  (punch),  n.  a  tool  for 
stamping  or  perforating ;  a  bever- 
age of  rum,  whisky,  &c.,  water, 
lemon-juice,  and  susrar ;  a  blow 
or  thrust ;  the  harlequin  or  buf- 
foon of  a  puppet-show ;  punch- 
inello ;  a  short  fat  person  ;  thick- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin :  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pun 


671 


pur 


set  cart-horse :  v.t.  to  perforate 
with  a  punch  ;  to  strike  with  the 
fist. 

pun-cheon  (pun'chun),  n.  a  liquid 
measure  of  84  wine-gallons. 

pun-chi-nel-lo  (pun-shi-nel'o),  n. 
the  thick-set,  hump-backed  figure 
in  a  puppet-show. 

punc-tate  ( pungk'tat ) .  adj. 
dotted  with  small  spots ;  pointed. 

punc  -  ti  -  f  orm  ('ti-form),  adj. 
point-shaped. 

punc-til-i-o  (-til'i-6),  n.  a  nice 
point  in  conduct  or  ceremony ; 
formal  exactness. 

punc-til-i-ous  ('i-us),  adj.  very 
nice  or  precise  in  conduct  or  cere- 
mony ;  exact  to  excess. 

Syn.    nice,    particular,    formal, 
precise. 

Ant.  (see  negligent). 

punc-tu-al  ('tfi-Al).  adj.  observ- 
ing, or  done  at,  the  exact  time. 

Syn.    exact,    precise,    nice,    par- 
ticular, prompt,  timely. 
Ant.    (see  dilatory). 

punc-tu-al-i-ty  (-al'i-ti),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  punctual ;  the 
characteristic  of  keeping  the  exact 
time  of  an  appointment  or  en- 
gagement. 

punc-tu-al-ly  ('tu-al-i),  adv.  in  a 
punctual  manner. 

punc-tu-ate  Ptii-at),  v.t.  to  mark 
with  points ;  divide  into  sentences 
by  points. 

punc-tu-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the 
act  or  art  of  dividing  sentences  by 
points  or  stops. 

punc-ture  Ptiir),  n.  a  small  hole 
or  wound  made  by  a  pointed  in- 
strument :  i-.t.  to  make  a  hole  in, 
or  pierce,  with  a  pointed  in- 
strument. 

pnn-dit  (pun'dit).  n.  a  learned 
Brahman  ;  one  versed  in  the  San- 
skrit language,  laws,  and  Hindu 
religion,  &c. ;  a  solemn  pretender 
to  learning.  Also  pandit. 

pnng  (pung),  n.  a  rough  sleigh. 

pun-Rent  (pun'jent),  adj.  sting- 
ing or  pricking  ;  piercing  ;  keen  ; 
biting;  sarcastic;  caustic. 

Pu-nic  (pu'nik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  Carthaginians,  or  to  their 
language  ;  treacherous  ;  perfidious. 

pun-ish.  (pun'ish),  v.t.  to  cause 
loss  or  pain  to  as  a  penalty  for  a 
crime  or  fault ;  chastise ;  correct. 


pun-ish-ment  (-uient).  n.  pain, 
loss,  or  penalty,  inflicted  for  a 
crime  or  fault. 

pu-ni-tive  (pun'i-tiv),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  inflicting,  punish- 
ment. 

pun-ster  (pun'ster).  n.  one  ad- 
dicted to,  or  skilled  in,  punning. 

punt  (punt),  n.  a  flat-bottomed 
boat  for  fishing :  r.i.  to  play 
basset,  omber,  or  faro  against  the 
banker  or  dealer. 

pu-ny  (pii'm),  adj.  [comp.  punier, 
superl.  puniest],  inferior  in 
strength  or  size  ;  weak ;  feeble ; 
petty. 

pu-pa  (pii'pa),  n.  [pi.  pupa? 
('pe)l,  a  chrysalis. 

pu-pil  Cpil),  n.  a  young  person 
who  is  under  the  care  of  a  tutor ; 
scholar ;  ward ;  in  law,  a  boy  or 
girl  under  the  age  of  puberty 
(14  and  12  years  respectively)  ; 
the  opening  in  the  iris  through 
which  rays  of  light  pass  to  the 
retina. 

pup-pet  (pup'et).  n.  a  small  doll 
or  image,  especially  one  moved  by 
wires  in  a  mock  drama  ;  one  who 
is  under  the  influence  and  control 
of  another. 

pup-py  ('i).  n.  a  whelp;  young 
dog ;  a  conceited  young  man. 

pur-blind  (per'bllnd),  adj.  seeing: 
obscurely. 

pur-chase  (per'chas),  v.t.  to  ob- 
tain by  paying  an  equivalent;  ac- 
quire ;  buy ;  expiate  or  recom- 
pense by  a  fine  or  forfeit ;  ob- 
tain at  the  expense  of  some  sac- 
rifice, labor,  &c. ;  move  or  raise 
by  the  application  of  some  me- 
chanical power :  n.  the  act  of 
purchasing :  thing  purchased  or 
bought ;  mechanical  advantage. 

pure  (pur),  adj.  [comp.  purer, 
superl.  purest],  free  from  moral 
or  physical  defilement ;  chaste ; 
unpolluted  ;  unadulterated  ;  clean  ; 
holy  ;  real ;  mere  ;  absolute. 

pure-ly  ('li).  adv.  in  a  pure  man- 
ner; absolutely. 

pure-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  pure. 

pur-ga-tion  (-gfi'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  purging;  the  act  of  clearing 
from  imputed  guilt. 

pur-ga-tive  pgu-tiv),  adj.  serv- 
ing to  purge. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


672 


pur 


pur-ga-to-ri-al      (-to'ri-al),     adj. 

pertaining  to  purgatory.  . 

pur-ga-to-ry  ( per'ga-to-ri ) ,  n.  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  the 
state  after  death  in  which  the 
souls  of  the  faithful  departed  are 
purified  from  venial  sins  by  suf- 
fering :  adj.  cleansing ;  expiatory. 

purge  (perj),  v.t.  to  cleanse  or 
free  from  impurities  or  guilt ; 
make  clear  or  pure ;  clear  from 
accusation;  defecate:  v.i.  to  have 
frequent  evacuations  r  n.  a  ca- 
thartic medicine. 

purg-ing  ('ing),  n.  diarrhea  or 
dysentery ;  looseness  of  the  bow- 
els. 

pu-ri-fi-ca-tion  (pfi-ri-fi-ka'shun) , 
n.  the  act  of  purifying ;  state  of 
being  purified ;  ceremonial  cleans- 
ing from  guilt  or  uncleanness. 

pu-ri-fi-ca-tive  (pu'ri-fi-kfi-tiv) , 
adj.  able  or  tending  to  purify. 
Also  purificatory. 

pu-ri-fi-er  ('ri-fi-er),  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  purifies. 

pu-ri-form  ('ri-f6rm),  adj.  like 
pus. 

pu-ri-fy  ('ri-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
purified,  p.pr.  purifying],  to  ren- 
der pure ;  free  from  guilt  or  cere- 
monial uncleanness ;  free  from 
impurities,  corruptions,  or  barbar- 
isms. 

Pu-rim  ('rim),  n.  a  Jewish  feast 
(Feast  of  Lots)  observed  annu- 
ally to  commemorate  the  deliver- 
ance of  the  Jews  (Esther  ix.). 

pur-ism  (pur'izm),  n.  affectation 
in  the  precise  use  of  words  in  lit- 
erary style. 

pur-ist  (pur'ist),  n.  one  who  is 
scrupulously  precise  in  matters  of 
literary  style  or  the  choice  of 
correct  words. 

pu-ris-tic  (-ris'tik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  purism. 

Pu-ri-tan  ('ri-tan),  n.  one  who 
professes  great  purity  in  religious 
doctrine  and  practice,  especially 
one  of  a  body  of  Nonconformists 
in  the  16th  and  17th  centuries 
who  insisted  on  rigid  adherence 
to  the  letter  of  Scripture  in  points 
of  doctrine  and  practice  :  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Puritans  or  their 
doctrine  or  practice.  Also  puri- 
tanic, puritanical. 

pu-ri-tan-ic-al-ly       (-tan'ik-al-i ) , 


adv.  after  the  manner  of  the  Puri- 
tans. 

pu-ri-tan-ism  ( 'ri-tan-izm ) ,  n. 
the  doctrines  and  practices  of  the 
Puritans. 

pu-ri-ty  ('ri-ti),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  pure ;  chastity ; 
cleanness ;  freedom  from  adultera- 
tion ;  freedom  from  sinister  mo- 
tives, foreign  idioms,  or  bar- 
barisms. 

purl  (perl),  n.  a  warm  spiced  ale, 
or  gin  ;  an  embroidered  or  puck- 
ered border ;  a  stitch  in  knitting ; 
the  continued  murmuring  sound 
of  a  shallow  stream :  v.t .  to  fringe 
or  embroider  with  a  waved  edg- 
ing;  invert  (stitches)  in  knit- 
ting :  v.i.  to  ripple  or  flow  with  a 
gentle  murmur. 

pur-lieus  (per'liiz),  n.pl.  adjacent 
districts. 

pur-lin  ('lin),  n.  a  piece  of  timber 
lying  horizontally  to  support  raft- 
ers. Also  purline. 

pur-loin  (-loin'),  v.t.  to  steal. 

pur-pie  ( 'pi ) ,  adj.  of  the  color 
of  blended  blue  and  red ;  regal ; 
livid  ;  dyed  with  blood  :  n.  purple 
color;  purple  robe,  originally  worn 
only  by  royalty ;  imperial  gov- 
ernment ;  cardinalate :  v.t.  to  ren- 
der, or  dye,  purple. 

pur-port  ('port),  n.  meaning;  de- 
sign ;  signification :  v.t.  to  mean 
or  signify. 

pur-pose  ('pus),  n.  design;  end 
or  aim  desired  :  v.t.  to  intend  or 
resolve ;  design :  v.i.  to  have  an 
intention. 

pur-pose-ful  (-fool),  adj.  ex- 
pressly intended. 

pur-pose-ly  (-H),  adv.  intentional- 
ly. 

purr  (per),  n.  the  low  murmuring 
of  a  cat  when  pleased :  v.t.  to 
signify  by  purring :  v.i.  utter  a 
low  murmuring  sound. 

purse  (pers),  n.  a  small  bag  or 
receptacle  for  money ;  sum  of 
money ;  treasury :  v.t.  to  pucker 
or  wrinkle. 

purs-er  ('er),  n.  a  commissioned 
officer  having  charge  of  the  pro- 
visions, clothing,  and  money  of  a 
ship ;  paymaster. 

purs-lane  ('Ian),  n.  an  annual 
with  succulent  fleshy  leaves. 

pur-su-ant  ( per-su'ant ) ,  adj. 
done  in  consequence  or  in  prosecu- 


Jate,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  tlu>n. 


pur 


673 


pye 


tion  of  anything ;  agreeable :  adv. 
in  consequence  of. 

pur-sue  (-su'),  v.t.  to  follow  for 
some  end ;  take  and  proceed  in ; 
prosecute  ;  chase  ;  seek  :  v.i.  to  go 
on  or  continue. 

pur-su-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  pur- 
sues. 

pur-suit  (-suf),  n.  the  act  of  pur- 
suing ;  prosecution  ;  chase  ;  occu- 
pation ;  attainment. 

pur-sui-vant  ('swi-vant),  n.  an 
attendant  or  follower ;  state  mes- 
senger. 

pur-sy  ('si),  adj.  fat,  thick,  and 
shortwinded ;  asthmatical. 

pu-ru-lence  (pu'roo-lens),  n.  gen- 
eration of  pus. 

pu-ru-lent  (-lent),  adj.  consist- 
ing of,  or  containing,  pus. 

pur-vey  (per-va'),  v.t.  to  provide; 
procure :  v.i.  to  purchase  provi- 
sions. 

pur-vey-ance  ('ans),  n.  the  pro- 
curing of  provisions ;  provisions 
provided ;  the  right  formerly  ac- 
corded to  royalty  of  buying  up 
provisions  without  the  owner's 
consent. 

pur-vey-or  ('er),  n.  one  who  pro- 
vides provisions. 

pur-view  ('vu),  n.  extent;  pro- 
viso ;  body  of  a  statute. 

pus  (pus),  n.  the  white  or  yellow- 
ish-white matter  secreted  in  sores, 
&c. 

push  (poosh),  v.t.  to  press  against 
with  force ;  urge  forward ;  drive 
by  pressure :  v.i.  to  make  a  thrust 
or  effort ;  press  hard :  n.  a 
thrust ;  force  applied  ;  effort ;  as- 
sault ;  exigence ;  extremity ;  per- 
sistent endeavor;  pustule  or 
pimple. 

push-ing  ('ing),  adj.  enterpris- 
ing ;  energetic. 

pu-sil-la-nim-i-ty  ( pu-sil-a-nim'i- 
ti),  n.  cowardice. 

pu-sil-lan-i  mous  (-an'i-mus), 
adj.  cowardly;  mean-spirited; 
faint-hearted. 

puss  (poos),  n.  a  cat;  hare.  Di- 
minutive pussy. 

pus-tu-lar  (pus'tu-lar),  adj. 
covered  with  glandular  pustule- 
like  excrescence.  Pustulate. 

pus-tule  Ctiil),  n.  a  small  eleva- 
tion of  the  skin,  or  pimple  con- 
taining pus. 

put    (poot),    v.t.    to   place   in,    or 


bring  into,  any  state  or  condition ; 
cause  ;  drive  into  action  ;  incite  ; 
propose ;  apply ;  lay  or  deposit ; 
throw  in ;  state  in  language ; 
shoot  out  or  send  forth  ;  in  golf, 
to  drive  into  a  hole  with  a  short, 
careful  stroke  (put)  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
putting]  :  n.  (put)  in  golf,  a 
short,  careful  stroke. 

pu-ta'-tive  (pu'ta-tiv),  adj.  re- 
puted. 

put-log  (poot'log).  n.  a  short 
piece  of  timber  used  for  a  brick- 
layer's platform  or  in  scaffolding. 

pu-tre-f  ac-tion  (pu-tre-fak'shun) , 
n.  the  act  or  process  of  putrefy- 
ing ;  decomposition  ;  rottenness. 

pu-tre-fac-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  tending  to,  putre- 
faction. 

pu-tre-fy  ('tre-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  putrefied,  p.pr.  putrefying], 
to  cause  to  rot  or  decay  by  the 
decomposition  of  organic  bodies ; 
rot ;  corrupt :  v.i.  to  become  pu- 
trid. 

Syn.    rot,    decompose,    corrupt, 
decay. 

pu-tres-cence  (-tres'ens),  n.  a 
putrid  state. 

pu-tres-cent  ('ent),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  putrefaction ;  becoming 
rotten. 

pu-tres-ci-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  lia- 
ble, or  tending,  to  become  putrid. 

pu-trid-i-ty  (-trid'i-ti),  n.  putrid 
state.  Also  putridness. 

put-ter  (put'er),  n.  in  golf,  a 
club  used  for  playing  a  short, 
careful  stroke. 

put-tock  ('ok),  n.  a  hawk  or  kite. 

put-ty  ('i),  n.  an  oxide  of  tin, 
or  of  lead  and  tin,  used  for  polish- 
ing ;  a  compound  of  whiting  and 
linseed  oil  used  in  glazing :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  puttied,  p.pr.  putty- 
ing], to  cement  with  putty. 

puz-zle  (puz'l),  n.  something  that 
tries  the  ingenuity,  perplexes,  or 
causes  embarrassment :  v.i.  to  be 
puzzled :  v.t.  to  perplex ;  entan- 
gle. 

»9?/tt.  perplex,  confound,  embar- 
rass, bewilder,  confuse,  pose,  mys- 
tify. 
Ant.  (see  enlighten). 

py-e-mi-a,  pyaemia  (pl-e'mi-a), 
n.  blood-poisoning. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin :  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


pyg 


674 


pyx 


pyg-me-an  (pig-me'an),  adj. 
dwarfish. 

Pyg-my  ('mi),  n.  one  of  the 
fabled  dwarfish  races  near  the 
ocean  who  waged  war  with  the 
cranes ;  one  of  a  small  race  men- 
tioned by  Herodotus,  and  found 
in  Central  Africa  by  numerous 
modern  travellers.  Also  Pigmy. 

py- jam-as,  same  as  pajamas. 

py-lor-ic  (pl-lor'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  pylorus. 

py-lo-rus  (-lo'rus),  n.  the  lower 
and  right  opening  of  the  stomach 
leading  to  the  small  intestines. 

pyr,  a  prefix,  meaning  fire.  Also 
pyro,  as  pi/racanth,  a  plant  with 
flame-colored  flowers ;  pyroscope, 
an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
intensity  of  radiating  heat. 

pyr-a-mid  (pir'a-mid),  n.  a  solid 
body  standing  on  a  triangular, 
square,  or  polygonal  base,  having 
its  triangular  sides  terminating  in 
a  point  at  the  apex :  pi.  sepul- 
chral monuments  of  such  shape, 
as  in  Egypt ;  a  game  at  billiards. 

pyr-am-i-dal  (-am'i-dAl),  adj. 
shaped  like  a  pyramid.  Also 
pyramidic,  pyramidical. 

pyr-a-mid-ic-al-ly  (-a-mid'ik-al- 
li),  adv.  in  the  shape  of  a  pyra- 
mid. 

pyr-a-moid  ('a-moid),  n.  a  solid 
resembling  a  pyramid.  Also 
pyramidoid. 

pyre   (pir),  n.  a  funeral  pile. 

py-ri-tes  (pi-ri'tez),  n.  a  native 
compound  of  sulphur  with  iron, 
copper,  &c. 

pyro,  see  pyr. 

py-ro-col-lo-di-on  (pT-ro-kol-16'di- 
un),  n.  a  smokeless  powder,  used 
by  Russia. 

py-ro-e-lec-tric  ( -ro-e-lek'trik ) . 
adj.  becoming  electric  by  the  ac- 
tion of  heat. 

py-ro-ma-ni-a  (pi-rd-mi\'ni-a),  n. 
an  insane  impulse  to  destroy  by 
fire. 

py-rom-e-ter  (pi-rom'e-ter),  n.  an 
instrument  for  measuring  the 
temperature  or  expansion  of 
bodies  under  the  influence  of  heat. 


py-ro-scope,  see  under  pyr. 

py-ro-tech-nic  (pi-ro-tek'nik), 
adj.  pertaining  to  fireworks  or  thfr 
art  of  making  them. 

py-ro-tech-nics  ('niksl,  n.  fire- 
works or  the  art  of  making  them. 
Also  pyrotechny. 

py-ro-tech-nist  ('nist),  n.  one 
skilled  in  the  manufacture  of  fire- 
works. 

py-rox-y-line  (-roks'i-lin),  n.  any 
explosive  substance  made  by  steep- 
ing a  vegetable  fiber  in  nitric  or 
mtro-sulphuric  acid  and  drying  it 
after  washing  it  with  water. 
Pyroxyle. 

pyr-rhic  (pir'ik),  «.  a  metrical 
foot  of  two  syllables ;  an  ancient 
Greek  military  dance :  adj.  per- 
taining to  such  a  dance. 

Pyth-i-an  (pith'i-an).  adj.  per- 
taining to  Delphi,  or  to  Apollo, 
or  to  the  priestess  (pythoness)  at 
Delphi. 

Pyth-i-an  games  (gfimz),  n.pL 
one  of  the  four  great  national 
games  of  ancient  Greece,  cele- 
brated every  5th  year  near  Delphi, 
in  honor  of  Apollo. 

py-tho-gen-ic  (pi-tho-jen'ik),  adj. 
produced  by  filth  or  putrid  mat- 
ter, as  typhoid  fever,  &c. 

Py-thon  ('thon),  n.  a  genus  of 
large  serpents ;  the  serpent  or 
dragon  slain  by  Apollo. 

py-tnon  ('thon),  n.  a  large  non- 
venomous  serpent  nearly  allied  to 
the  boa. 

py-thon-ess  Cthon-es),  n.  the 
priestess  of  Apollo,  who  gave  orac- 
ular answers  at  the  temple  of 
Delphi ;  a  witch. 

py-thon-ic  (-thon'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  prophecy :  oracular. 

py  -  thon  -  ism  (pl'thon-izm),  n. 
the  art  of  predicting  future  events 
by  divination,  after  the  manner  of 
the  ancient  oracle  at  Delphi. 

pyx  (piks).  n.  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  the  box  or  re- 
ceptacle in  which  the  consecrated 
wafer  or  host  is  placed;  the  box 
in  which  selected  coins  are  placed 
at  the  mint  to  be  tested  prior  to 
their  issue  as  currency. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


qua 


675 


qua 


Q 


quack  (kwak),  n.  the  cry  of  the 
duck ;  a  pretender  to  medical 
skill ;  charlatan  :  v.i.  to  cry  like  a 
duck ;  to  act  or  practice  like  a 
quack :  adj.  pertaining  to  quacks 
or  quackery. 

Syn.  impostor,  pretender,  char- 
latan, empiric,  mountebank. 
Ant.  (see  savant). 

quack-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  boastful 
pretension  to  skill  in  medicine ; 
false  pretensions  to  any  art ;  im- 
posture ;  empiricism. 

quack-ish  ('ish),  adj.  like  a 
quack. 

quad  (kwod),  n.  the  court  of  a 
college,  prison,  &c. ;  a  quadrat. 

quad  ra  ('ra),  n.  a  square  border 
or  fillet  of  an  Ionian  column. 
Prefix  meaning  four.  Also  quadr, 
quadri,  quadru. 

Quad-ra-ges-i-ma  (-ra-jes'i-ma), 
n.  Lent. 

Quad-ra-ges-i-ma  Sun-day  (sun'- 
da),  n.  the  first  Sunday  in  Lent. 

quad  ra-ges-i-mal  ('i-mal),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  used  in,  Lent. 

quad-ran-gle  ( 'rang-gl ) ,  n.  an 
open  square  surrounded  by  build- 
ings ;  a  plane  figure  with  4  angles 
and  4  sides. 

quad-ran-gu-lar  ('gu-lar).  adj. 
having  the  form  of  a  quadrangle. 

quad-rant  ('rant),  n.  the  4th  part 
of  a  circle,  an  arc  of  90°  ;  an  in- 
strument for  taking  elevations ; 
an  instrument  for  elevating  can- 
non. 

quad-rat  ('rat),  n.  a  piece  of 
type  metal  lower  than  the  type, 
use  to  fill  void  spaces  in  a  line, 
pages,  &c. 

quad-rate  ('rat),  adj.  having  4 
equal  sides  and  4  right  angles ; 
raised  to  the  second  power ;  noting 
an  aspect  of  the  heavenly  bodies 
in  which  they  are  distant  90° 
from  each  other :  v.t.  &  v.i.  to 
square ;  fit  or  correspond. 

quad-rat  ic  (-rat'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  ot-  involving,  a  square. 

qnad-ra-ture  ('ra-tur),  n.  the 
act  of  squaring ;  the  reduction  of 
a  figure  to  a  square,  exactly  or 


approximately  ;  the  position  of  a 
heavenly  body  when  distant  90° 
from  another :  said  especially  of 
the  position  of  the  moon  from  the 
sun. 

quad-ren-ni-al  (-ren'i-al),  adj. 
comprising,  or  occurring,  every  4 
years. 

quad-ren-ni-al-ly  (-li),  adv. 
once  in  4  years. 

quad-ri-lat-er-al  ( -ri-lat'er-al ) , 
n.  a  plane  figure  with  4  sides  and 
4  angles ;  the  area  inclosed  and 
defended  by  four  fortresses. 

quadrille  (ka-  or  kwa-dril'),  n. 
n  dance  by  four  sets  of  couples ; 
a  game  at  cards  played  by  four 
persons. 

qnad-ril-lion  (kwod-ril'yun),  n. 
the  French  system  of  numeration, 
followed  in  the  United  States,  a 
thousand  trillions ;  in  the  Eng- 
lish system,  the  fourth  power  of 
a  million,  or  1  followed  by  24 
ciphers. 

quad-roon  (roon'),  n.  the  off- 
spring of  a  mulatto  and  a  white. 

Quad-ru-ma-na  (-roo'ma-na), 
n.pl.  an  order  of  mammalia,  in- 
cluding the  monkey,  &c. 

quad-ru-ma-nons  ('rna-nus),  adj. 
having  4  hands. 

quad-ru-ped  ('roo-ped),  n.  a 
four-footed  animal :  adj.  four- 
footed. 

quad-ru-ple  (roo-pl),  adj.  four- 
fold :  n.  a  sum  or  quantity  four 
times  as  great  as  that  taken  as 
the  standard :  v.t.  to  multiply  by 
four :  v.i.  to  increase  four-fold. 

quses-tor  (kwes'ter),  n.  in  ancient 
Rome,  the  public  treasurer ;  in 
certain  legislative  assembles,  an 
officer  in  charge.  Also  questor. 

quaff  (kwaf),  v.t.  to  drink  or 
swallow  in  large  quantities :  v.i. 
to  drink  luxuriously. 

qnag-ga  (kwag'a),  n.  a  South 
African  quadruped  allied  to  the 
ass  and  zebra. 

quag-mire  (kwag'mir),  n.  wet, 
boggy  ground  yielding  under  the 
feet. 

quail     (kwal),     v.i.     to     sink    in 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  miite,  nut ;  thin. 


qua 


676 


qua 


spirit  or  by  dejection  ;  lose  heart ; 
cower :  n.  a  gallinaceous  bird, 
allied  to  the  partridge. 

quaint  (kwunt),  adj.  singular  and 
antique ;  not  expressed  or  shown 
in  the  usual  way  ;  odd  ;  neat. 

Syn.  artful,  curious,  far-fetched, 
fanciful,    odd.    singular. 

quake  (kwfik),  v.i.  to  tremble 
or  shake ;  be  agitated  :  n.  a  trem- 
ble or  shudder. 

Qua-ker  ('er),  n.  one  of  a  re- 
ligious sect,  the  Society  of  Friends, 
founded  by  Geo.  Fox.  Feminine 
Quakeress. 

Qua-ker-gun  (-gun),  n.  a  wood- 
en gun  mounted  to  deceive  an 
enemy. 

quak-ing  ('ing),  adj.  trembling; 
shaking :  n.  a  shaking  or  tremor. 

quak  i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  shaki- 
ness. 

quak-y  Ci),  adj.  shaky. 

qual-i-fi-a-ble  ( kwal'i-fl-a-bl ) , 
adj.  that  may  be  qualified. 

qual-i-fi-ca-tion  (-fi-ku'shun),  n. 
any  quality,  endowment,  or  ac- 
quirement which  fits  a  person  for 
any  office  or  occupation ;  legal 
power  or  ability ;  limitation  ;  re- 
striction. 

qual  i  fi-ca  tive  ('i-fi-ka-tiv),  adj. 
serving  to  qualify. 

qual  i-fi-er  ('i-fi-er),  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  qualifies. 

qual-i-fy  ('i-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
qualified,  p.pr.  qualifying],  to  ren- 
der fit  or  capable  for  any  office, 
occupation,  &c. ;  render  legally 
capable ;  make  fit ;  moderate ; 
limit :  v.i.  to  become  qualified. 

qual-i-ta-tive  ('i-ta-tiv),  adj.  per- 
taining to  quality ;  determining 
the  nature  of  component  parts 

qual-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  [pi.  qualities 
(-tiz)l,  peculiar  power  or  proper- 
ty ;  attribute  ;  disposition  ;  rank  ; 
superior  birth. 

Syn.  attribute,  rank,  distinction. 

qualm  (kwam),  n.  a  sudden  fit 
of  sickness  ;  nausea  ;  scruple. 

quam-ash  (kwa-mash'),  n.  an 
esculent  bulb  eaten  by  the  North 
American  Indians.  Also  camass. 

quandary  (kwon'da-ri),  n.  a 
state  of  difficulty  or  perplexity ; 
fix. 

quantitative     ('ti-ta-tiv),    adj. 


pertaining  to  quantity.  Also, 
quantitive. 

quan-ti-fy  ('ti-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  quantified,  p.pr.  quantifying], 
to  indicate  the  quantity  or  extent 
of. 

quan-ti-ty  ('ti-ti),  n.  that  proper- 
ty of  anything  that  may  be  in- 
creased or  diminished ;  any  in- 
determinate bulk,  weight,  or  num- 
ber ;  large  portion,  sum,  or  mass ; 
the  measure  of  time  in  pronounc- 
ing a  syllable  ;  anything  that  can 
be  increased,  divided,  or  meas- 
ured ;  in  logic,  a  general  concep- 
tion. 

quan-tiv-a-lence  (-tiv'a-lens).  n. 
the  combining  power  of  an  atom 
as  compared  with  hydrogen. 

quan-tum  ('turn),  n.  amount 
(Latin). 

quar-an-tine  (kwor'an-ten),  n. 
the  time  (usually  40  days)  during 
which  a  vessel  from  foreign  parts 
suspected  of  infectious  disease  is 
prohibited  from  intercourse  with 
the  shore :  v.t.  to  place  under 
quarantine. 

quar-rel  ('el),  n.  an  angry  dis- 
pute ;  petty  fight ;  altercation : 
ground  of  dispute ;  a  square- 
headed  arrow  :  v.i.  to  dispute  vio- 
lently ;  be  at  variance;  disagree. 

quarrel-some  (-sum),  adj.  in- 
clined to  quarrel ;  contentious ; 
easily  provoked;  irascible. 

quar-ried  ('id),  p.adj.  dug  from 
the  quarry. 

quar-ri-er  ('i-er),  n.  one  wh» 
works  in  a  quarry. 

quar-ry  Ci),  n.  a  place  where- 
stone  is  dug  out  for  building  pur- 
poses, &e. ;  game  pursued  by 
hawks  or  hounds :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
quarried,  p.pr.  quarrying],  to  dig 
or  take  from  a  quarry. 

quar-ry-man,  same  as  quarrier. 

quart  (kwort),  n.  2  pints,  or  1-4 th 
of  a  gallon ;  a  sequence  of  4 
cards  in  the  game  of  piquet. 

ciuar-taii  (kwor'tan).  adj.  occur- 
ring every  fourth  day,  as  ague, 
&c. 

quarte  (kart),  n.  a  guard  in  fenc- 
ing. 

quar-ter  (kwor'ter),  n.  the  4th 
part ;  28  Ibs.  avoirdupois ;  8  bush- 
els ;  the  4th  part  of  the  moon's 
monthly  revolution ;  part  of  the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut ;  thin, 


qua 


677 


que 


globe ;  particular  county,  region, 
or  district :  life  granted  to  a  cap- 
tive or  enemy  ;  mercy  ;  after-part 
of  a  ship's  side ;  one  of  the  4 
points  of  the  compass ;  in  herald- 
ry, one  of  the  divisions  cf  a  shield 
when  divided  crosswise :  pi.  lodg- 
ings, especially  for  soldiers :  v.t. 
to  divide  into  four  equal  parts ; 
furnish  with  lodgings,  as  soldiers ; 
station  ;  bear  as  an  appendage  to 
hereditary  arms. 

quar-ter  day  (da),  n.  the  day 
beginning  or  ending  each  quar- 
ter of  the  year,  viz. :  March  25, 
June  24,  Sept.  29,  Dec.  25,  when 
payments  of  rent,  &c.,  are  made. 

quar-ter-deck  (-dek),  n.  that 
part  of  a  ship  which  is  abaft  the 
mainmast. 

qnar-tered  ('teru),  p.adj.  divided 
into  quarters ;  stationed  or  lodged. 

quar-ter-ing  (-ing),  n.  assign- 
ment of  quarters  ;  the  division  of 
a  shield  containing  many  coats. 

quar-ter-ly  Cli),  adj.  consisting 
of,  or  containing,  a  quarter :  adv. 
once  each  quarter  of  the  year : 
n.  a  publication  issued  every  quar- 
ter. 

quar-ter-mas-ter  ( 'ter-mas-te'r ) , 
n.  an  officer  whose  duty  it  is  to 
assign  quarters  and  provide  food, 
clothing,  forage,  ammunition,  &c., 
for  a  regiment ;  in  the  navy,  a 
petty  officer  who  attends  to  the 
steerage,  signals,  stowage,  &c.,  of 
ships. 

quar-tern  ('tern)-,  n.  l-4th  of  a 
pint,  or  of  a  bushel ;  gill. 

quar-ter-staff  (-staf),  n.  a  staff 
6%  feet  long  and  shod  with  iron, 
formerly  used  as  a  weapon  of  de- 
fense. 

quar-tet  (-tef),  n.  anything  in 
fours ;  musical  composition  in  4 
parts  for  4  voices  or  instruments. 
Also  quartette. 

quar-to  ('to),  n.  [pi.  quartos 
('toz)],  a  book  having  the  sheet 
folded  into  4  leaves.  Abbreviated 
4to. :  adj.  having  4  leaves  in  a 
sheet. 

quartz  (kworts),  n.  a  mineral 
compound  of  pure  silica. 

quartz-ite   ('It),  n.  quartz  rock. 

quash  (kwosh),  v.t.  to  crush  ;  sub- 
due suddenly  or  completely ;  an- 
nul. 


quasi,  a  prefix  meaning  as  it 
were,  apparently,  nearly. 

qnas-si-a  (kwosh'i-a),  n.  a 
South  American  tree  yielding 
bark  and  wood  of  excessive  bitter- 
ness. 

qua-tern  (kwa'tern),  adj.  four- 
fold ;  growing  in  fours. 

qua-ter-ni-on  (-ter'ni-on),  n.  the 
number  4 ;  set  of  4 ;  a  file  of  4 
soldiers :  pi.  a  calculus  or  method 
of  mathematical  investigation. 

qua-tre-foil  (ka'tr-foil),  n.  in 
heraldry,  four-leaved  grass ;  an 
ornamental  figure  in  architectural 
tracery  divided  by  cusps  into  4 
leaves. 

qua-ver  (kwfi'ver),  v.t.  to  shake 
or  tremble ;  vibrate ;  sing  or  play 
with  tremulous  modulations :  n.  a 
vibration  of  the  voice ;  a  musical 
note,  one-half  a  crotchet. 

quay  (ke),  n.  a  wharf  for  loading 
or  unloading  vessels. 

quean  (kwen),  n.  a  worthless 
woman. 

quea-sy  (kwe'zi),  adj.  affected 
with,  or  causing,  nausea. 

queen  (kwen),  n.  a  female  sover- 
eign ;  consort  of  a  king ;  sover- 
eign of  a  swarm  of  bees  (queen- 
bee)  ;  a  court  card  with  the  figure 
of  a  queen  ;  a  piece  in  chess ;  the 
best  or  chief  of  her  kind :  v.i.  to 
play  the  queen  :  v.t.  in  chess,  to 
make  a  queen  of. 

queen  con-sort  (kon'sSrt),  n.  the 
wife  of  a  reigning  king. 

queen  dow-a-ger  (dou'a-jer),  n. 
the  widow  of  a  king. 

qneen-li-ness  ('li-nes),  n.  queenly 
character  or  attributes. 

queen-ly  ('H).  adj.  like,  or  befit- 
ting, a  queen. 

queen-post  ('post),  n,  one  of 
two  vertical  timbers  in  a  roof 
rising  from  the  tie-beam. 

queen  reg-nant  (reg'nant),  n. 
a  queen  in  her  own  right 

queen's  coun-sel  (-z  koun'sel),  n. 
a  barrister  holding  a  patent  of 
precedence  from  the  queen. 

qneen's-met-al  (-met'al).  n. 
an  alloy  of  tin,  antimony,  lead, 
and  bismuth. 

queen's- ware  ('war),  n.  cream- 
colored  earthenware. 

queer  (kwer),  adj.  odd;  singular; 
droll  ;  strange ;  out  of  health. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  h?r,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


que 


678 


qui 


quell  (kwel),  v.t.  to  crush  or  sub- 
due ;  put  an  end  to ;  calm  ;  allay. 

quench  (kwench),  v.t.  to  put  out 
or  extinguish  ;  check  ;  allay. 

quer-i-mo-ni-ous  ( kwer-i-mo'ni- 
us),  adj.  complaining;  querulous; 
discontented. 

que-rist  (kwe'rist),  n.  one  who 
asks  questions. 

querl    (kweri),    v.t.   to   coil. 

quer-u-lous  (kwer'66-lus),  adj. 
complaining ;  discontented. 

Syn.  doubting,  complaining,   re- 
pining, fretting. 
A  nt.   (see_  patient). 

que-ry  ( kwe'ri ) ,  n.  a  question  ;  an 
inquiry  to  be  resolved;  a  mark  of 
interrogation :  v.t.  [pt.  &  p.p. 
queried,  p.pr.  querying],  to  ex- 
amine by  questions  ;  doubt ;  mark 
with  a  query :  v.i.  to  ask  ques- 
tions. 

quest  (kwest),  n.  search;  inquiry; 
jury  of  inquest :  v.t.  to  search  or 
seek  for. 

ques-tioii  (kwes'chun),  n.  an  in- 
quiry ;  act  of  asking ;  interroga- 
tion ;  doubt ;  subject  of  discus- 
sion ;  examination  by  torture :  v.t. 
to  ask  or  interrogate ;  examine 
by  questions ;  treat  as  doubtful : 
v.i.  to  ask  a  question. 

Syn.   query,   inquiry,    interroga- 
tory. 

ques-tion-a-bil-i-ty  (-a-bil'i-ti ) , 
«.  the  state  or  quality  of  being 
questionable.  Also  questionable- 
ness. 

ques-tion  a  ble  (-a-bl).  adj.  that 
may  be  questioned  ;  doubtful ;  sus- 
picious. 

qnes-tion-a-bly  (-a-bli),  adv.  in 
a  questionable  manner. 

ques  tor,  same  as  quaestor. 

quet-zal  (kwet'zal).  n.  an  Ameri- 
can bird  of  paradise. 

queue   (ku),  n.  the  tail  of  a  wig. 

quibble  (kwib'l),  n.  a  petty 
evasion  or  cavil :  v.i.  to  evade  the 
truth  by  artifice  or  evasion ;  play 
on  words. 

Syn.    cavil,    evade,    equivocate, 
prevaricate,    shuffle. 

qnib-bling    ('ling),  n.   evasion. 

quick  (kwik).  adj.  rapid;  hasty; 
active  ;  nimble  ;  ready  ;  sharp  in 
discernment ;  sprightly ;  precipi- 
tate ;  living ;  pregnant :  adv.  quick- 
ly :  n.  the  living  flesh ;  sensitive 
parts ;  a  hedge  of  growing  shrubs. 


Syn.  lively,  brisk,  expeditious, 
impetuous,  adroit,  fleet,  rapid, 
swift,  sweeping,  dashing,  clever, 
sharp,  ready,  prompt,  alert,  nim- 
ble, agile,  active. 
Ant.  (see  slow). 

quick-en  ('en),  v.i.  to  impart 
life ;  vivify  ;  show  signs  of  life  in 
the  womb :  v.t.  increase  the  speed 
of ;  to  resuscitate ;  stimulate ; 
cheer. 

quick-en-ing  ('en-ing),  adj.  vivi- 
fying. 

quick-lime  ('lim),  n.  lime  burnt 
and  unslaked. 

quick-ly   ('li),  adv.  soon;  swiftly. 

quick-ness  ('nes),  n.  speed; 
activity;  activeness  of  perception. 

quick-sand  ('sand),  n.  sand 
easily  moved  or  readily  yielding  to 
pressure ;  anything  unreliable  or 
treacherous. 

quick-set  ('set),  n.  a  living 
shrub,  especially  the  hawthorn, 
set  to  grow,  as  for  a  hedge. 

quick-sil-ver  ('sil-ver),  n.  fluid 
mercury :  v.t.  to  overlay  with  an 
amalgam  of  mercury  and  tin-foil. 

quid  (kwid),  n.  a  plug  of  tobacco 
for  chewing;  a  sovereign. 

quid-di-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  [pi.  quid- 
dities (-tiz)],  the  essence  of  any- 
thing ;  a  trifling  nicety ;  captious 
question. 

quid-nunc  ('nungk).  n.  one  who 
is  curious  to  know  everything  that 
passes ;  one  who  pretends  to  a 
knowledge  of  current  events. 

qui-esce  (kwL-es'),  v.i.  to  be  si- 
lent. 

qui-es-cence  ('ens),  n.  repose  or 
rest ;  mental  quietude.  Also  qui- 
escency. 

qui-es-cent  Cent),  adj.  reposing 
or  resting  ;  calm  ;  silent. 

qui-et  (kwi'et),  adj.  free  from 
motion,  disturbance,  or  alarm ; 
still ;  calm  ;  peaceable  ;  gentle  ; 
secluded ;  subdued  and  modest ; 
not  showy :  v.t.  to  calm  or  pacify  ; 
reduce  to  a  state  of  rest :  v.i.  to 
become  quiet. 

qui-et-ude  ('et-tid),  n.  repose; 
tranquillity. 

qni-e-tns  (e'tus),  n.  rest;  death; 
final  settlement  or  discharge ; 
heavy  blow. 

quill  (kwil),  n.  the  large  strong 
feather  of  a  bird's  wing ;  such 
feather  used  as  a  pen ;  a  porcu- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


(ftl! 


679 


quo 


pine's  spine  ;  a  weaver's  spindle : 
v.t.  to  plait  or  form  with  small 
quill-like  ridges. 

•quilt  (kwilt),  n.  a  kind  of  coyer- 
let  or  counterpane :  v.t.  to  stitch 
together,  as  two  pieces  of  cloth, 
&c.,  with  a  soft  material  between. 

•quilt-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  or 
process  of  making  a  quilt ;  ma- 
terial for  quilting ;  quilted  work. 

qui-na-ry  (kwi'na-ri),  adj.  con- 
sisting of,  or  arranged  in,  fives. 

quin-ine  (kwin'en  or  kwi'nln), 
n.  an  alkaline  substance  obtained 
from  the  bark  of  the  Cinchona 
tree :  used  as  a  febrifuge  and 
tonic. 

•quin-qua-ges-i-ma  ( -kwa-  jes'i- 
ma),  adj.  fiftieth. 

Quin-qua-ges-i-ma  S  u  n  -  d  a  y 
(sun'da),  n.  the  Sunday  next  be- 
fore Lent. 

qninque,  a  prefix  meaning  five,  as 
gvinquereme,  a  galley  with  five 
banks  of  oars. 

quin-quen-ni-al  (-kwen'i-al),  adj. 
recurring  once  in,  or  lasting,  five 
years. 

qnin-sy  Czi).  n.  inflammation  of 
the  tonsils  of  the  throat. 

quint  (kwint),  n.  a  set  or  se- 
quence of  five. 

quin-tal  ('tal),  n.  a  weight  of  100 
or  112  Ibs. 

quin-tan  ('tan),  adj.  recurring 
every  fifth  day  :  n.  an  intermittent 
fever  which  recurs  thus. 

quin-tes-sence  (kwin-tes'ens),  ». 
the  pure  concentrated  essence  of 
anything;  vital  or  essential  part. 

quin-tet  (-tef),  n.  a  musical  com- 
position in  five  obligate  parts. 
Also  quintette,  quintette. 

«juin-til  lion  (-til'yun),  n.  in  the 
French  system  of  enumeration, 
followed  in  the  United  States,  a 
thousand  quadrillions ;  in  the 
English  system,  a  million  raised 
to  the  fifth  pov/er,  expressed  by 
a  unit  followed  by  thirty  ciphers. 

-quin-tu-ple  ('tii-pl).  v.t.  to  make 
fivefold  :  adj.  fivefold. 

quip  (kwip).  n.  a  short  sarcastic 
turn  or  retort;  jeer:  v.i.  [pt.  & 
p.p.  quipped,  p.pr.  quipping],  to 
scoff ;  jeer. 

•quire  (kwlr),  n.  24  sheets;  an 
obsolete  form  of  choir. 

Qui-ri-nal  (kwi-ri'nal),  n.  at 
Rome,  the  royal  palace. 


Qui-ri-tes  (-ri'tez),  n.pl.  the  an- 
cient Romans  in  their  civil  ca- 
pacity. 

quirk  (kwerk),  n.  an  artful  eva- 
sion ;  subterfuge  ;  quibble  ;  smart 
retort ;  a  light  irregular  air  or 
melody. 

quit  (kwit) ,  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  quit 
or  quitted,  p.pr.  quitting],  to  de- 
part from;  discharge  (an  obli- 
gation) ;  give  up;  forsake:  adj. 
set  free. 

quitch   (kwich),  n.  couch-grass. 

quit-tance  (k\vit';ins),  n.  dis- 
charge from  a  debt,  service,  or 
obligation. 

quite  (kwit),  adj.  wholly;  com- 
pletely. 

quiv-er  (kwiv'er),  n.  a  case  for 
arrows;  a  trembling  or  shivering: 
v.i.  to  tremble,  shake,  or  shiver. 

quix-ot-ic  (kwiks-ot'ik),  adj.  chiv- 
alrous or  romantic  to  extrava- 
gance :  from  Don  Quixote,  the 
hero  of  Cervantes'  romance. 

quix-ot-ic-al-lv  (-al-li),  adv.  in 
a  quixotic  manner. 

quiz  (kwiz),  n.  an  enigma  or  ob- 
scure question  designed  to  puzzle 
anyone ;  one  who  quizzes  others : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  quizzed,  p.pr. 
quizzing],  to  puzzle  ;  make  fun  of; 
banter  ;  hoax  ;  examine  narrowly 
with  an  air  of  mockery ;  peer  at. 

quiz-zic-al  ('ik-al),  adj.  given  to, 
or  of  the  nature  of,  quizzing ; 
comical. 

quod  (kwod),  n.  a  quadrangle; 
prison. 

qupd-li-bet  ('li-bet),  n.  a  nice 
point  or  subtlety. 

quoif,   same   as   roif. 

quoif-fure,  same  as  coiffure. 

quoin  (koin),  n.  a  wedge  used  to 
support  and  steady  a  stone ;  ex- 
ternal angle  of  a  building ;  a 
wedge  of  wood  or  metal  to  ele- 
vate a  gun ;  wedge-shaped  wood- 
en block  to  tighten  the  pages  of 
type  within  the  chase. 

quoit  (kwoit),  n.  a  circular  ring 
of  iron  to  be  pitched  at  a  fixed 
object :  pi.  the  game  thus  played. 

quon-dam  (kwon'dam),  adj.  for- 
mer [  Latin] . 

quo-rum  (kwo'rum),  n.  the  num- 
ber of  members  of  a  body  or  cor- 
poration competent  to  transact 
business  by  law  or  constitution. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


680 


Qur 


quo-ta  (kwo'ta),  n.  the  part  or 
share  assigned  to  each. 

quo  ta-tion  (-tfi'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  quoting ;  that  which  is  quoted  ; 
current  price. 

quote    (kwot),  v.t.  to  adduce    (a 
passage)     from    some    author    or 
speaker,  for  authority  or  illustra- 
tion ;  give  the  current  price  of. 
Syn.  note,  repeat,  cite,  adduce. 


quoth    (kwoth),    v.t.    said. 

quo  tha  (quo'tha),  inter j.  indeed! 

quotidian  (kwo-tid'i-an) ,  adj. 
recurring  daily. 

quo-tient  ('shent),  n.  the  num- 
ber resulting  from  the  division  of 
one  number  by  another. 

quo-turn  ('turn),  n.  share;  propor- 
tion. 

Qu-ran,  another  form  of  Koran. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook :  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


raa 


681 


rad 


R 


raad  (rad),  n.  a  legislative  as- 
sembly [South  Africa]. 

rab-bet  (rab'et),  n.  a  groove  cut 
longitudinally  in  the  edge  of  a 
plank,  &c.,  so  that  another  may  fit 
into  it :  v.t.  to  groove  and  unite 
by  a  rabbet. 

rab-bi  ('i  or  'I),  n.  [pL  rabbis 
('iz)],  a  Jewish  doctor  or  inter- 
preter of  the  law.  Also  rabbin. 

rab-bin-ic  (-in'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  rabbis,  their  doctrines, 
learning,  and  language.  Also  rab- 
binical :  n.  later  Hebrew. 

rab-biii-ism  ('5n-izm),  n.  rab- 
binic phraseology. 

rab-bin-ist  ('in-ist),  n.  one  who 
adheres  to  the  Talmud  and  the 
rabbinic  traditions.  Also  rabbin- 
ite. 

rab-bit  ('it),  n.  a  burrowing 
rodent  animal,  esteemed  for  food 
and  its  fur. 

rab-bit- war-ren  (-wor'en),  n.  a 
place  where  rabbits  burrow  and 
breed. 

rab-ble  ('!),  n.  a  noisy  crowd  or 
mob,  especially  of  the  lower  or- 
ders. 

rab-id  ('id),  adj.  mad;  enthusias- 
tic to  excess. 

Syn.  mad,  furious,  raging,  fran- 
tic. 

Ant.    (see  rational). 

rab-bo-ni  (ra-bo'ni),  n.  my  mas- 
ter: the  highest  title  of  distinc- 
tion among  the  ancient  Jews. 

xa-bi-es  (ra'bi-ez),  n.  canine  mad- 
ness :  madness  caused  by  the  bite 
of  a  dog :  hydrophobia. 

ra-ca  (ra'ka),  adj.  worthless;  a 
term  of  great  contempt  among  the 
ancient  Jews. 

rac-coon  (rak-oon'),  n.  a  badger- 
like  animal  of  North  America 
with  a  valuable  fur.  Also  racoon. 

race  (ras),  n.  a  rapid  course,  as 
of  an  animal  or  river ;  contest  of 
speed  ;  career :  descent  or  lineage  ; 
breed  or  variety  :  neruliai  strength 
or  flavor  ;  root :  »/.  horseraces  :  v.i. 
to  run  swiftly :  contend  in  run- 
ning :  v.t.  to  cause  to  contend  in  a 
race. 


Syn.  course,  match,  pursuit, 
career,  family,  clan,  house,  ances- 
try, lineage,  pedigree. 

ra-ceme  (ra-sem'),  n.  a  flower 
cluster. 

rac-e-mose  (ras'e-mos),  adj.  grow- 
ing in  racemes. 

ra-cial  (ra'sial),  adj.  pertaining 
to  race  or  lineage. 

ra-ci-ly    ('si-li),    adv.    in    a    racy 

.  manner. 

ra-ci-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  racy. 

rack  (rak),  n.  an  instrument  for 
stretching  or  straining ;  an  engine 
for  stretching  the  limbs  to  extort 
a  confession ;  a  frame  in  which 
articles  are  arranged ;  a  grating 
above  a  manger  for  holding  hay  ; 
a  straight  toothed  bar  working  in 
the  pinions  of  a  wheel ;  an  in- 
clined plane  on  which  ore  is 
washed  and  separated ;  thin, 
broken,  vapory  clouds ;  entire 
ruin :  v.t.  to  stretch  or  strain 
forcibly  on,  or  as  on,  the  rack ; 
torture  ;  wrest ;  perplex  ;  exhaust ; 
decant  or  strain  off. 

Syn.    agonize,     wring,     torture, 
excruciate,  distress,  harass. 
Ant.  (see  soothe). 

rack-et  ('et),  n.  a  clattering 
noise ;  a  network  bat  used  in 
tennis  ;  a  snow-shoe  :  pi.  tennis  : 
v.i.  to  make  a  clattering  noise ; 
frolic ;  play  tennis :  v.t.  to  strike, 
as  with  a  racket. 

rack-et-ing  (-ing),  n.  noisy,  con- 
fused mirth. 

rack-ing-pace  ('ing-pas),  n.  the 
pace  of  a  horse  somewhat  quicker 
and  shorter  than  an  amble. 

rack-rent  ('rent),  n.  rent  raised 
to  its  utmost  value. 

ra-coon,  same  as  raccoon. 

rac-q.uet,  another  form  of  racket. 

ra-cy  (ra'si).  a<Jj.  having  a  strong 
flavor;  mentally  exciting  ;  piquant. 
8i/n.     snicy,     puncent,     smart, 
spirited,  lively,  vivacious. 
Ant.   (see  insipid,  dull). 

rad-dle  (rad'l),  n.  a  hedge  of 
branches  interwoven  :  v.t.  to  inter- 
weave. 


iate,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  h?r.  let :  HIP.  tin  :  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


rad 


682 


raf 


rad-dock  ('ok),  n.  the  robin  red- 
breast. 

ra-di-al  (rft'di-U),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  like,  or  using  as,  a  ray ; 
pertaining  to  the  radius  of  the 
forearm. 

ra-di  ance  ('di-nns),  n.  bright- 
ness shooting  in  rays ;  brilliant 
brightness ;  splendor.  Also  radi- 
ancy. 

Syn.  splendor,   brightness,  bril- 
liance,   brilliancy,    lustre,   glare. 
Ant.  (see  dullness). 

ra-di-ant  ('di-ant),  adj.  emitting 
rays  of  light  or  heat ;  shining ; 
brilliant :  n.  the  point  from  which 
a  shower  of  meteors  proceeds ;  a 
straight  line  proceeding  from  a 
given  point  about  which  it  re- 
volves ;  the  luminous  point  from 
which  light  emanates. 

ra-di-ate  ('di-at),  v.t.  to  send 
out  as  rays :  v.i.  to  emit,  or  issue 
forth  in.  rays :  adj.  having  rays. 

ra-di-a-tion  (-a'shun).  n.  the 
emission  or  diffusion  of  rays  of 
light  or  heat  from  one  luminous 
or  heated  body  to  another. 

ra-di-a-tor  ('di-fi-ter),  n.  the 
body  from  which  rays  radiate ; 
a  chamber,  coil,  drum,  &c.,  in  an 
apartment,  heated  by  steam,  hot 
air.  or  hot  water,  &c.,  for  radiat- 
ing warmth  into  the  apart- 
ment. 

rad-i-cal  (rad'i-kal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  root  or  origin  ;  funda- 
mental ;  original ;  underived  ;  ex- 
treme: n.  a  simple  underived 
word  ;  letter  belonging  to  the  root : 
one  of  the  ultra-liberal  party  :  tin- 
base  of  a  chemical  compound 
(also  radif-Ji'). 

ftjm.     organic,     innate,     funda- 
mental, original,  constitutional,  in- 
herent,  complete,   entire. 
Ant.    (see  moderate). 

rad-i-cal-ly  ('i-kal-i),  adv.  es- 
sentially :  entirely. 

rad-i-cate  ('i-katl.  v.t.  to  plant 
deeply  and  firmly :  v.i.  to  take 
root :  adj.  deeply  planted  or 
rooted. 

rad-i-cel    Ci-sol),  n.  a  rootlet. 

rad-i-cle  Ci-kD.  n.  that  part  in 
the  embryo  in  the  seed  of  a  plant 
which  becomes  the  root ;  in  chem- 
istry, the  same  as  radical. 

ra-di-o-ac-tive  (rii'di-o-ak'tiv) . 
adj.  emitting  Becquerel  rays;  ex- 


hibiting the  properties  possessed 
by  radium. 

ra-di-o-ac-tiv-i-ty  ('i-ti).  n.  the 
power  of  emitting  Becquerel  rays. 

ra-di-o-fy  (-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  p.p. 
radiofied,  p.pr.  radipfying],  to 
cause  to  become  radio-active  by 
exposing  to  the  influence  of  ra- 
dium. 

ra-di-o-graph.  (-graf).  n.  a  pic- 
ture obtained  by  means  of  radiog- 
raphy :  v.t.  to  produce  a  likeness 
of  by  means  of  radiography. 

ra-di-og-ra-phy  (ra-di-og'ra-fi),  n. 
the  art  or  process  of  producing 
pictures  by  the  action  of  Roent- 
gen rays  upon  certain  sensitive 
salts. 

ra-di-om-e-ter  (ra-di-om'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  revolving  in  a 
vacuum,  which  under  the  influ- 
ence of  light  exhibits  the  energy 
of  the  solar  rays. 

ra-di-o-tel-e-graph-y  f-tel-e-grSf'i 
or  te-leg'ra-fi),  n.  telegraphing 
through  the  air  without  aid  of 
wires ;  wireless  telegraphy. 

ra-di-o-tel-e-pho-ny  (-rel-e-fo'ni 
or  tel-ef'o-ni),  n.  telephoning 
through  the  air  without  the  aid 
of  wires :  wireless  telephony. 

rad-ish  (rad'ish),  n.  a  plant  with 
an  edible  root,  used  as  a  salad. 

ra-di-um  (ra'di-um),  n.  a  recently 
discovered  element,  possessing  the 
property  of  giving  off  luminous 
and  actinic  rays,  accompanied  by 
heat,  without  apparent  loss  of 
energy  or  weight. 

ra-di-us  (rfi'di-us),  n.  [pi.  radii 
(-1)],  a  straight  line  from  the 
center  to  the  circumference  of  a 
circle;  exterior  bone  of  the  fore- 
arm ;  ray  of  a  flower :  anything 
resembling  a  radius,  as  the  spoke 
of  a  wheel. 

ra-dix  ('diks),  n.  a  root:  a  primi- 
tive word ;  base  of  a  system  of 
logarithms. 

raff  (raf),  n.  a  jumble;  refuse; 
the  rabble. 

raf-fle  CD.  n.  a  kind  of  lottery 
in  which  each  participant  deposits 
a  part  of  the  value  of  a  thing  in 
consideration  of  the  chance  of 
gaining  it:  v.t.  to  dispose  of  by 
raffle :  v.i.  to  take  part  in  a  raffle. 

raft  (rAft).  n.  pieces  of  timber 
fastened  together  for  transport  by 


la«v,  mHr,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he.  her.  let:  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot:  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


raf 


683 


ral 


floating ;  a  floating  wooden  frame- 
work :  v.t.  to  carry  on  a  raft. 
raft-er   Cer).  n.  an  inclined  beam 
supporting   the   roof   of   a    house : 
v.t.  to  form  into,  or  furnish  with, 
rafters. 
raft-ing  ('ing),  n,  the  business  of 

floating  rafts. 
rafts-man   ('man),  n.  a  man  who 

manages  a  raft  upon  a  river. 
rag  (rag),  n.  a  fragment  of  cloth  ; 
a  low-class  newspaper :   pi.  worn- 
out   or   tattered   garments ;    mean 
dress. 
rag-a-muf-fin     ('a-muf-in),    n.    a 

low,  disreputable  fellow. 
rage    (raj),   n.  excessive   and  un- 
controlled anger ;   vehemence  ;  ex- 
treme   violence  ;    enthusiasm  ;    ex- 
treme desire  or  eagerness :  v.i.  to 
be    furious    with    anger ;    prevail 
fatally,  as  a  disease ;  be  violently 
agitated,  as  the  sea  ;   ravage. 
rage-ful  ('fool),  adj.  full  of  rage. 
Ta.gg>  same  as  ragstone. 
Tag-ged     (rag'ed),     adj.     rent    or 
worn    into    rags ;    clothed   in    tat- 
tered garments  ;  destitute  ;  rough  ; 
jagged. 

Tag-ing     (raj'ing),    p.adj.    acting 
with     fury ;     violent :     vehement ; 
frantic  :  n.  fury  ;  violence. 
ra-gout     (ra-goo'),    n.    a    dish    of 

stewed  and  highly  seasoned  meat. 
xag-stone  (rag'ston),  n.  any  hard, 

coarse-textured  rock. 
Tag-time     ('tim),    n.    syncopated 
time,  characteristic  of  negro  melo- 
dies. 

Tag-wort     (rag'wert),    n.    a    com- 
mon plant  with  jagged  leaves. 
raid    (rad),  n.   a  hostile  or  pred- 
atory  incursion :    v.t.   to   make   a 
raid  upon. 

rail  (rftl),  n.  a  bar  of  timber  or 
metal  extending  from  one  support 
to  another;  wooden  or  iron  fence; 
a  railway  ;  a  wading  bird  with  a 
harsh  cry :  v.i.  to  brawl ;  use 
opprobrious  language ;  scoff :  v.t. 
to  inclose  with  rails;  despatch  by 
rail. 

Tail-ing  ('ing),  n.  material  for 
rails;  fence  made  of  posts  and 
rails :  adj.  insulting  or  reproach- 
ing. 

rail-ler-y  ('er-i),  n.  good-humored 
irony  or  satire  ;  banter. 


rail-leur  (-yer'),  n.  a  banterer 
[French]. 

rail-way  ('wa),  n.  a  way  or  road 
laid  with  two  parallel  iron  or  steel 
rails  along  which  cars  are  drawn 
by  steam  power,  electricity,  &c. 
Also  railroad. 

rai-ment    (ra'ment),  n.  clothing. 

rain  (ran),  n.  water  in  drops  dis- 
charged from  the  clouds :  v.i.  to 
fall  in  drops  from  the  clouds ; 
drop  like  rain :  v.t.  to  pour  down 
like  rain. 

rain-bow  ('bo),  n.  the  bright- 
colored  arc  formed  in  the  heavens 
by  the  refraction  or  reflection  of 
the  sun's  rays  falling  upon  watery 
particles  in  that  part  of  the 
heavens  opposite  to  the  sun. 

rain-fall  ('fawl),  n.  the  amount 
of  rain  that  falls  on  any  given 
area. 

rain-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  rainy. 

rain-y  ('i),  adj.  abounding  with 
rain. 

raise  (raz),  v.t.  to  cause  to  rise; 
lift  up ;  elevate ;  originate  or  pro- 
duce ;  promote  ;  rouse  ;  increase  ; 
construct ;  levy  ;  collect ;  cause  to 
appear ;  cause  to  swell. 

rai-sin  (ru'zn),  n.  a  dried  grape. 

ra-jah  (r'a'ja),  n.  a  Hindu  king, 
prince,  or  chief. 

raj-pnt  (raj-poof),  n.  a  Hindu  of 
royal  descent  or  of  the  higher 
military  caste.  Also  rajpoot. 

rake  (rak),  n.  a  toothed  imple- 
ment for  smoothing  the  soil ;  a 
rascal ;  inclination  or  slope ;  that 
part  of  the  bow  or  stern  of  a  ship 
that  projects  beyond  the  keel : 
v.t.  to  gather  or  smooth  with  a 
rake  ;  collect  together ;  scour ;  fire 
upon,  so  as  to  sweep  the  deck  of 
a  vessel  in  a  longitudinal  direc- 
tion :  v.i.  to  slope  from  the  per- 
pendicular. 

rak-ish  (rak'ish),  adj.  dissolute; 
debauched. 

ral-ly  ('i),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  rallied, 
p.pr.  rallying],  to  collect  and  ar- 
range, as  troops  in  confusion ;  re- 
unite ;  attack  with  raillery ;  ban- 
ter or  satirize  humorously  :  v.i.  to 
return  to  order;  recover  strength; 
exercise  raillery :  n.  the  act  of 
recovering  order,  or  of  regaining 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  \w,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


684 


ran 


strength ;  good  humored  satire ; 
horseplay,  as  in  a  pantomime. 

ram  (ram),  n.  the  male  of  a 
sheep;  one  of  the  signs  (Aries)  of 
the  zodiac ;  a  military  engine  for 
battering ;  a  hydraulic  engine ;  an 
iron-clad  with  a  steel  beak :  v.t. 
[p.t,  &  p.p.  rammed,  p.pr.  ram- 
miiig],  to  push  or  press  with 
force. 

ram-hie  ('bl),  v.i.  to  wander  or 
rove  about ;  visit  many  places  ;  be 
desultory :  n.  a  roving  or  wander- 
ing from  place  to  place. 

ra-mee  (ra-me'),  same  as  ramie. 

ra-meii-ta  (-men'ta),  n.pl.  the 
thin  brown  scales  which  cover  the 
stems  of  ferns. 

ram  -  i  -  fi  -  ca  -  tion  ( ram-i-fi-ka'- 
shun),  n.  a  division  or  separation 
into  branches  ;  sub-division  ;  man- 
ner of  producing  branches. 

ram-ie  (ram'e),  n.  grass-cloth 
plant,  or  its  fiber. 

ram-i-fy  ('i-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
ramified,  p.pr.  ramifying],  to 
divide  into  branches,  or  divisions : 
v.i.  to  shoot  into  branches ;  be- 
come divided  or  sub-divided. 

rammer  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  rams ;  an  instrument 
for  forcibly  driving  anything ;  a 
rod  for  forcing  down  the  charge 
of  a  gun. 

ra-mose  (ra'mos),  adj.  branched; 
producing  branches.  Also  ra- 
mous. 

ramp  (ramp),  v.i.  to  climb  like  a 
plant ;  spring ;  leap  violently  :  «. 
a  leap  or  bound. 

ram-page  (ram'paj),  v.i.  to 
prance  about  with  unrestrained 
spirits ;  be  furious :  n.  a  state  of 
excitement. 

ram-pant  ('pant),  adj.  overleap- 
ing restraint  or  natural  bounds ; 
in  heraldry,  standing  upright  on 
the  hind  legs. 

ram-part  ('part),  n.  a  mound  or 
wall  surrounding  a  fortified  place  ; 
protection  from  assault  or  danger  : 
v.t.  to  fortify  with  a  rampart. 

ram-rod  ('rod),  n.  a  rod  used  for 
ramming  down  the  charge  of  a 
gun. 

ram-sliack-le  ('shak-1),  adj. 
loose ;  out  of  repair. 

ra-mus  (ra'mus^,  n.  a  branch. 

ran,  p.t.  of  run. 


ranch  (ranch),  n.  a  cattle-farm. 
Also  ranche,  rancho  [Mexican]. 

ran-che-ro  (ran-cha'ro),  n.  a 
herdsman  [Mexican]. 

ran-cid  (ran'sid),  adj.  having  a 
rank,  unpleasant  smell ;  sour  or 
musty. 

Syn.  fetid,  rank,  stinking,  sour, 
tainted,  reasty. 

Ant.    (see    fresh). 

ran-cid-i-ty  ('i-ti).  n.  rancid  con- 
dition. Also  rancidness. 

ran-cor    (rang'ker),  n.  implacable 
enmity  ;   deep  spite  or  malice. 
_  Syn.     malignity,     hatred,     hos- 
tility,   antipathy,    animosity,    en- 
mity,  illwill,   spite. 

Ant.   (see  forgiveness). 

ran-cor-ous  (-us),  adj.  malignant ; 
sprteful. 

rand  (rand),  n.  an  edge,  margin, 
or  border. 

ran-dan  (ran'dan),  n.  a  boat  pro- 
pelled by  three  rowers,  one  in  the 
center  using  two  oars  and  the 
others  one  oar  each. 

ran-dom  ('dum),  n.  want  of  direc- 
tion or  method ;  chance :  adj. 
done  haphazard ;  left  to  chance, 
or  without  method. 

ranee  (ran'e),  n.  a  Hindu  queen 
or  princess ;  rajah's  wife.  Also 
rani,  rannee. 

rang,  p.t._  of  ring. 

range  (rnnj),  v.t.  to  set  or  ar- 
range in  a  row ;  place  in  proper 
order ;  rove  over ;  sail  along  in  a 
parallel  direction :  n.  a  rank  or 
row  ;  order  or  class  ;  space  or  room 
for  excursion  ;  extent  of  discourse 
or  roaming ;  power ;  an  extended 
kitchen  grate ;  distance  to  which 
a  shot,  &c.,  can  be  projected. 

ran-ger  ('er),  n.  a  rover;  the 
chief  official  or  keeper  of  a  park 
or  forest ;  a  variety  of  dog. 

rank  (rangk),  n.  a  row  or  line, 
especially  '  of  soldiers  placed 
abreast ;  station  or  position ; 
grade  ;  dignity  ;  eminence  :  v.t.  to 
draw  up  in  line ;  include  in  a 
particular  class,  or  order,  or  di- 
vision :  v.i.  to  hold  a  certain  posi- 
tion :  adj.  luxuriant  in  growth ; 
excessive  ;  coarse  ;  rancid. 

Syn.  order,  degree,  dignity,  no- 
bility,  consideration. 

ran  klo  ('!),  v.i.  to  grow  more 
rank  or  strong ;  fester ;  become 
mentally  disquieted  or  irritated. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ran 


685 


ras 


ran-sack  (ran'sak),  v.t.  to  search 
minutely  ;  rummage  :  plunder. 

Syn.     rummage,     pillage,    over- 
haul, explore,   plunder. 

ran  soni  ('sum),  v.t.  to  free  from 
captivity,  slavery,  or  punishment, 
by  a  payment ;  atone  for ;  redeem 
from  the  bondage  of  sin :  n.  price 
paid  for  release  from  captivity, 
<fec.,  or  for  goods  captured  by  an 
enemy ;  price  paid  for  procuring 
the  pardon  of  sin  and  the  re- 
demption of  the  sinner. 

Syn.  emancipate,  free,  unfetter. 

rant  (rant),  v.i.  to  bluster  or  be 
noisily  wordy ;  rave  in  extrava- 
gant or  violent  language  :  n.  noisy  ; 
empty  declamation. 

Syn.  bombast,  fustian,  cant. 

xant-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  rants; 
a  boisterous  preacher. 

rap  (rap),  v.i.  to  strike  a  quick, 
sharp  blow ;  knock :  v.t.  to  strike 
sharply :  n.  a  quick,  sharp  blow ; 
something  of  no  value. 

ra-pa-ciotis  (ra-pa'shus),  adj. 
given  to  plunder;  seizing  forcibly; 
subsisting  on  prey  ;  greedy  ;  avari- 
cious. 

Syn.     ravenous,     greedy,     vora- 
cious, grasping. 
Ant.   (see  generous). 

xa-pac-i-ty  (-pas'i-ti),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  rapacious.  Also 
rapaciousness. 

xape  (rap),  n.  a  seizing  and  carry- 
ing away  by  force:  the  seizure 
and  carnal  knowledge  of  a  woman 
against  her  will ;  a  plant  of  the 
cabbage  family,  from  the  seeds 
of  which  an  oil  (colza  oil)  is  ex- 
pressed. 

rap-id  (rap'id),  adj.  very  quick 
or  swift ;  expeditious :  n.pl.  a 
swift  current  in  a  river  where  the 
channel  is  descending. 

xa-pi-er  (ra'pi-er),  n.  a  long  thin 
sword,  used  for  thrusting. 

xap-ine  (rap'in,  or  'In),  n.  the 
act  of  plundering  or  seizing  forci- 
bly ;  pillage ;  violence. 

xap-port  (-por'»,  n.  harmonious 
relation  ;  affinity. 

xap  -  proche  -  nient  (  rft-prdsh'- 
mang),  n.  the  act  of  coming  to- 
gether; an  understanding. 

rap-scal-lion  (rap-scal'yun),  n. 
a  rascal. 

xapt  (rapt),  p.adj.  transported; 
ravished. 


Syn.  ecstatic,   transported,   rav- 
ished,   entranced,    charmed. 
Ant.    (see  distracted). 

Rap-to-res  (rap-to'rez),  n.pl.  an 
order  of  birds  characterized  by  the 
strength  of  their  claws  and  'bills, 
including  the  eagles,  owls,  &c. 

rap-to-ri-al  ('ri-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  Raptores.  Also  rap- 
torious. 

xap-tuxe  ('tiir),  n.  extreme  pleas- 
ure or  delight ;  ecstasy  ;  enthu- 
siasm. 

Syn.  ecstacy,  transport,  delight, 
bliss. 
Ant.   (see  dejection). 

rap-tured,  same  as  rapt. 

rare  (rar),  adj.  [comp.  rarer, 
supcrl.  rarest],  scarce;  uncom- 
mon ;  unusual ;  thinly  scattered ; 
not  dense ;  excellent ;  incompar- 
able ;  of  loose  texture ;  almost 
raw. 

Syn.  scarce,  singular,  uncom- 
mon. 

rare-bit  ('bit),  n.  a  dainty  mor- 
sel. 

rar-e-f  ac-tion  ( rar-e-f  ak'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  rarefying  or  render- 
ing less  dense. 

rar-e-f y  (rar'e-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
rarefied,  p.pr.  rarefying],  to  make 
rare,  thin,  or  less  dense ;  ex- 
pand :  v.i.  to  become  less  dense. 

rare-ly    ('li),    adv.    seldom. 

rare-ness  ('nes),  «.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  rare. 

rare-ripe  (rar'rip),  adj.  ripe  be- 
fore the  usual  season :  n.  an  early 
fruit. 

rar-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  a  rare  article; 
exceptional  excellence ;  rareness. 

ras-cal  ('kal),  n.  a  mean  fellow; 
a  scoundrel ;  one  who  is  guilty  of 
mean  offenses. 

XI/H.  scoundrel,  rogue,  knave, 
vagabond,  scamp. 

ras  cal-dom  (-dum),  n.  rascals 
collectively. 

ras-cal-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the  state  of 
being  a  rascal ;  petty  villainy  or 
dishonesty. 

rash,  (rash),  adj.  hasty;  incau- 
tious; precipitate;  acting  with- 
out caution  or  reflection :  n.  a 
slight  cutaneous  eruption. 

Syn.  precipitate,  foolhardy,  ad- 
venturous, heedless,  reckless,  care- 
less. 

Ant.    (see   deliberate). 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  lot ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ras 


686 


rat 


rasli-er  ('er),  n.  a  thin  slice  of 
bacon. 

Ra-so-res  (ra-so'rez),  n.pl.  an 
order  of  birds,  including  the  barn 
fowls,  pheasants,  partridges,  &c., 
who  scratch  the  ground  in  search 
of  food. 

ra-so-ri-al  ('ri-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  Rasores. 

rasp  (rasp),  v.t.  to  rub  with,  or 
as  with,  a  rough  instrument ;  file 
with  a  rasp :  n.  a  kind  of  rough 
file. 

rasp-ber-ry  (raz'ber-i),  n.  [pi. 
raspberries  (-iz)],  a  shrub  and  its 
well-known  fruit. 

ra-sure    (ra'zur),  n.  erasure. 

rat  (rat),  n.  an  animal  of  the 
mouse  family  but  larger  and  more 
voracious ;  one  who  deserts  his 
party  ;  a  workman  who  works  dur- 
ing a  strike,  or  for  less  than  the 
usual  wages :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
ratted,  p.pr.  ratting],  to  desert 
one's  party  ;  to  act  the  rat :  said  of 
a  workman ;  to  catch  rats. 

rat-a-ble  (rat'a-bl),  adj.  assessed 
at  a  certain  value ;  liable  to  be 
assessed. 

rat-a-bly  ('a-bli),  adv.  proportion- 
ally. 

ra-tan,  same  as  rattan. 

ratcb  (rach),  n.  a  toothed  bar 
into  which  a  click  drops ;  the 
wheel  of  a  clock  which  causes  it 
to  strike. 

ratcb-et  ('et),  n.  the  detent  which 
stops  a  ratchet-wheel. 

ratch-et-wbeel  (hwel),  n.  a  cir- 
cular ratch. 

rate  (rat),  n.  ratio  or  proportion; 
price  fixed  or  stated ;  comparative 
value ;  degree ;  a  tax  or  assess- 
ment ;  speed  at  which  anything  is 
done  or  performed ;  class  of  war- 
ship :  v.t.  to  estimate ;  settle  or 
fix  the  value,  rank,  or  degree  of ; 
scold  vehemently  and  hastily :  v.i. 
to  make  an  estimate ;  be  placed 
in  a  certain  class  or  rank. 

flj/n.   value,   compute,   appraise, 
estimate,  chide,  abuse. 

rath-er  (ratf/i'er),  adv.  sooner; 
more  willingly  ;  on  the  contrary  ; 
preferably  to  the  other. 

rat-i-fi-ca-tion  (rat-i-fi-ka'shun) , 
n.  the  act  of  ratifying ;  confirma- 
tion. 

rat-i-fi-er  ('i-fi-er),  n.  one  who 
ratifies. 


rat-i-fy  ('i-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
ratified,  p.pr.  ratifying],  to  ap- 
prove and  sanction ;  settle  or  con- 
firm ;  establish. 

Syn.  confirm,  establish,  substan- 
tiate, sanction. 

Ant.   (see  protest). 

ra-ti-o  (ra'shi-o),  n.  [pi.  ratios 
(-6z)],  the  relation  or  proportion 
of  one  thing  or  quantity  to  an- 
other. 

ra-ti-oc-i-nate  (rash-i-os'i-nat) , 
v.i.  to  reason  deductively ;  argue. 

ra-ti-oc-i-na-tion.  (-i-na'shun),  n. 
the  act  or  process  of  reasoning ; 
deducing  conclusions  from  prem- 
ises. 

ra-ti-oc-i-na-tive  ('i-na-tiv),  adj. 
argumentative. 

ration  (rfi'shun),  n.  an  allow- 
ance :  pi.  allowance  of  provisions 
given  per  man  for  daily  sub- 
sistence :  v.t.  to  furnish  with 
rations. 

ra-tion-al  (rash'un-al),  adj. 
agreeable  to,  or  consistent  with, 
reason ;  neither  extravagant  nor 
foolish  ;  wise  ;  judicious. 

Syn.   reasonable,   sagacious,   ju- 
dicious, wise,  sensible,  sound. 
Ant.   (see  unreasonable). 

ra-tio-na-le  (rash-o-na'le),  n.  a 
series  of  reasons  assigned  for  any 
opinion,  action,  &c. 

ra-ti<m-al-ism  ('un-Al-izm),  n.  a 
system  or  doctrine  which,  reject- 
ing revelation,  makes  reason  the 
sole  guide  in  the  interpretation  of 
Scripture  and  dogma. 

ra-tion-al-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  who 
upholds  or  supports  rationalism. 

ra-tion-al-is-tic  (-is'tik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  characteristic  of,  or 
like,  rationalism. 

ra-tion-al-i-ty  (-al'i-ti),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  rational ;  power 
of  reasoning ;  reasonableness ; 
mental  sanity. 

ra-tion-al-ize  ('Sl-iz),  v.t.  to  in- 
terpret as  a  rationalist ;  convert 
to  rationalism  :  v.i.  to  rely  solely 
on  reason  or  as  a  rationalist. 

ra-tion-al-ly  ('al-li),  adv.  in  a 
rational  manner;  in  accordance 
with  reason. 

ratlins  (rat'linz),  n.pl.  small 
horizontal  ropes,  extending  over 
the  shrouds  forming  ladder-like 
steps.  Also  ratlines. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  m65n 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


rat 


687 


re 


rats-bane  (rats'ban),  n.  poison 
for  rats ;  arsenious  acid. 

rat-tan  (rat-an'),  n.  one  of  the 
long,  smooth,  reed-like  stems  of 
several  species  of  palms ;  a  rattan 
walking  stick 

rat-teen  (-teen'),  n.  a  thick 
woolen  quilted  or  twilled  stuff. 

rat-ti-net  (-i-nef),  n.  an  inferior 
kind  of  ratteen. 

rat-ting  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
deserting  one's  party  ;  the  act  of 
catching  rats ;  working  for  less 
than  current  prices. 

rat-tie  (rat'l),  v.i.  to  produce 
rapidly  sharp  noises ;  speak  rapid- 
ly or  noisily ;  ride  rapidly :  v.t. 
to  cause  to  make  a  rapid,  sharp 
noise ;  stun  with  noise ;  drive 
rapidly ;  scold :  n.  a  succession  of 
rapid,  sharp  noises  :  noisy,  rapid, 
empty  talk ;  a  child's  toy  for 
rattling. 

rat-tier  (rat'ler),  n.  one  who  or 
that  which  rattles ;  a  rattlesnake. 

rat-tle-snake  (-snfik),  n.  a 
venomous  snake  with  hard  bony 
rings  on  the  tail  producing  a  rat- 
tling sound  when  in  motion. 

rat-tling  ('ling),  adj.  making  a 
rapid  succession  of  sharp,  noisy 
sounds ;  quick  :  adv.  very  :  n.  noise 
produced  by  a  rattle. 

rau-cous  (raw'kus),  adj.  hoarse. 

rav-age  (rav'aj),  v.t.  to  lay 
waste  ;  pillage  ;  plunder  or  sack  : 
n.  destruction  by  violence  or  de- 
cay ;  devastation ;  ruin. 

8yn.  overrun,  overspread,  deso- 
late, despoil,  destroy. 

rave  (rav),  v.i.  to  wander  in  the 
mind  or  be  delirious;  rage  as  a 
madman. 

rav-el  (rav'l).  v.t.  to  unweive  or 
untwist;  involve  or  entangle:  v.i. 
to  be  unwoven  or  untwisted  ;  busy 
one's  seif  with  perplexities. 

rave-lin  ('lin),  n.  a  detached 
work  with  two  embankments  mak- 
ing a  salient  angle. 

rav-el-ings  ('el-ingz),  n.pl. 
threads  detached  by  untwisting. 

ra-ven  (ra'vn),  n.  a  large  bird  of 
the  crow  family  noted  for  its  deep 
black  color :  adj.  raven-colored. 

rav-en  (rav'n),  v.t.  to  obtain,  or 
seize,  by  violence ;  devour  with 
greediness  or  voracity :  n.  vio- 
lence ;  plunder ;  prey. 


rav-en-ing  ('n-ing),  n.  eagerness 
for  plunder. 

rav-en-ous  ('n-us),  adj.  devour- 
ing with  rapacity ;  eagerly  vora- 
cious ;  eager  for  gratification. 
i  ra-vine  (ra-ven'),  ».  a  long,  deep 
hollow,  worn  by  the  action  of  a 
stream  or  torrent ;  mountain 
gorge. 

rav-ish  (rav'ish),  v.t.  to  seize 
and  to  carry  away  by  force  ;  have 
sexual  intercourse  with  (a  woman) 
by  force  and  without  her  con- 
sent ;  transport  with  delight  or 
rapture. 

Syn.  enrapture,  enchant,  charm, 
delight,  abuse. 

rav-ish-ment('ish-ment) ,  n.  forci- 
ble violation  of  chastity ;  rape ; 
abduction  ;  transport ;  rapture. 

raw  (raw),  adj.  uncooked;  crude; 
without  skin ;  sore ;  not  spun  or 
twisted ;  in  the  natural  state ;  un- 
tanned  ;  undiluted  ;  unripe  ;  inex- 
perienced ;  cold  and  damp :  n.  a 
sore. 

raw-boned  ('oond),  adj.  with 
little  flesh  on  the  bones. 

raw-hide  ('hid),  n.  a  cowhide 
whip. 

raw  ish  ('ish),  adj.  somewhat 
raw. 

ray  (ra),  n.  a  line  or  pencil  of 
light  proceeding  from  a  radiant 
point ;  light ;  beam  of  intellectual 
light ;  perception  or  apprehension  ; 
the  outer  whorl  of  a  floret ;  a 
radius ;  a  cartilaginous  fish  of  the 
geius  Raia,  as  the  skate,  &c. : 
v.t.  to  shoot  forth,  as  a  ray :  v.i. 
shine  forth. 

ra-yah  (ra'yii),  n.  in  Turkey,  a 
non-Mohammedan. 

raze  (raz),  v.t.  to  level  to  the 
ground  ;  blot  out ;  efface ;  graze 
or  shave. 

Syn.    demolish,    destroy,     over- 
throw, ruin,  dismantle. 
Ant.  (see  build  up). 

ra-zee  (ra-ze'),  n.  a  large  war- 
ship cut  down  to  a  smaller  size 
and  inferior  class. 

ra-zor  ('zer),  n.  a  sharp-edged 
cutting  instrument  used  for  shav- 
ing. 

ra-zor-bill    (-oil),   n.   the   auk. 

ra-zure,  same  as  rasure. 

re,  prefix  noting  repetition  or  ret- 
rograde action. 


l.'.tc.  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


rea 


688 


rea 


reach  (rech),  v.t.  to  touch  with 
the  extended  hand ;  stretch  forth  ; 
arrive  at ;  gain  ;  penetrate  to  ;  in- 
clude :  v.i.  to  be  extended  so  as 
to  touch ;  endeavor  to  obtain 
something ;  the  power  of  reach- 
ing or  attaining ;  distance  that 
can  be  reached ;  limit  of  power 
or  ability ;  stretch  of  water  or 
stream. 

Syn.  touch,  stretch,  attain,  gain, 
arrive  at. 

read  (red),  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  read 
(red),  p.pr.  reading],  to  observe 
and  apprehend  the  meaning  of 
(something  written,  printed,  or 
inscribed);  peruse;  discover  by 
observation ;  study :  v.i.  to  per- 
form the  act  of  reading ;  peruse 
written  or  printed  matter. 

read  (red),  adj.  well-informed  or 
acquainted  with  books. 

read-a-ble  (red'a-bl),  adj.  fit  to 
be  read ;  worth  reading ;  legible. 

read-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  reads; 
one  who  reads  prayers  in  church  ; 
a  corrector  of  the  press ;  a  uni- 
versity lecturer ;  a  reading-book. 

read-i-ly  (red'i-li),  adv.  in  a 
ready  manner ;  quickly  ;  easily  ; 
willingly. 

read-i  ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  ready ;  promptness ; 
cheerfulness. 

read-ing  (red'ing),  adj.  addicted 
to  reading :  n.  perusal  of  books ; 
lecture  ;  public  recital ;  variation  ; 
version  or  interpretation  of  a 
particular  passage  in  a  book  or 
MS. ;  observation  made  by  ex- 
amining a  scientific  instrument ; 
formal  recital  of  a  bill  by  the 
proper  officer  before  a  legislative 
assembly. 

read-y  (red'i).  adj.  [comp.  readier, 
superl.  readiest],  prepared  at  the 
moment ;  quick  ;  prompt ;  fit  for 
a  purpose;  willing;  near;  about 
to  do  or  be;  dexterous. 

Syn.       prepared,       ripe,       apt, 
prompt,  adroit,  handy. 
Ant.  (see  slow). 

real  (re'fil).  adj.  actually  exist- 
ing ;  not  fictitious  ;  genuine  ;  true  ; 
pertaining  to  things  fixed,  as 
lands  or  tenements  ;  not  personal : 
n.  (ra'al)  a  Spanish  coin  =  5 
cents  (about). 


Syn.    actual,    literal,    practical, 
positive,   certain,  genuine,  true. 
Ant.   (see  unreal) . 

real  es-tate  (es-tat),  n.  lands 
and  all  appertaining  to  them. 

re-al-ism  ('al-izm),  n.  the  repre- 
sentation of  nature  or  social  life 
as  it  actually  appears;  the  doc- 
trine that  the  objects  immediately 
known  are  real  existences. 

re-al-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  who  holds 
the  doctrine  of,  or  practices,  real- 
ism. 

re-al-is-tic  (-is'tik).  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  realism  and  realists. 

re-al-i-ty  ('i-ti).  n.  [pi.  realities 
(-tiz)],  actual  existence;  fact; 
truth. 

re-al-i-za-tipn  (-i-za'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  realizing,  or  of  making  and 
believing  real  ;  conversion  of 
money  into  real  property,  or  the 
contrary. 

re-al-ize  ('al-iz),  v.t.  to  bring  into 
act  or  being ;  make  real ;  convert 
into  real  property  or  money ; 
bring  home  to  one's  self  ;  achieve  ; 
complete. 

Syn.  accomplish,  achieve,  effect, 
gain,   get,  acquire,  comprehend. 

re-al-ly  ('al-li),  adv.  with  actual 
existence ;  in  truth. 

realm  (relm),  n.  royal  jurisdic- 
tion or  territory  ;  kingdom  ;  em- 
pire ;  state. 

re-al-ty  ('al-ti),  n.  real  estate. 

ream  (rem),  n.  20  quires,  or  480 
sheets  of  paper;  516  sheets 
(printer's  ream). 

reap  (rep),  v.t.  to  cut  with  a 
scythe,  sickle,  or  corn-cutting  ma- 
chine ;  perform  the  operation  of 
reaping ;  gather  in ;  receive  as 
a  reward. 

Syn.  gain,  get,  acquire,  obtain. 

rear  (rer),  n.  the  part  behind  the 
rest;  last  in  order;  backgraund: 
that  part  of  a  fleet  or  army  behind 
the  other:  v.t.  raise  or  lift  up; 
exalt ;  build ;  educate ;  bring  to 
maturity :  v.i.  to  assume  an  erect 
posture:  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
rear. 

rear-ad-mir-al  (-ad'mir-al),  n 
in  the  United  States  navy,  an 
officer  ranking  next  below  the 
admiral ;  in  other  navies  an  officer 
ranking  next  below  a  vice-admiral. 

rea-son    (re'zn),    n.    that    mental 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tea 


689 


rec 


faculty  in  man  which  enables  him 
to  deduce  inferences  from  facts, 
and  to  distinguish  between  right 
and  wrong ;  right  judgment :  effi- 
cient or  final  cause ;  cause  for 
opinion  or  act ;  premise  of  an 
argument,  especially  the  minor: 
v.i.  to  exercise  the  faculty  of  rea- 
son ;  argue ;  infer  conclusions 
from  premises :  v.t.  to  persuade  by 
reasoning ;  examine  by  the  rea- 
son ;  plead  for. 

Syn.  motive,  design,  end,  proof, 
cause,  ground,  purpose,  deduce, 
draw  from,  trace,  infer,  conclude. 

rea-son-a-ble  (-a-bl),  adj.  en- 
dowed with  reason ;  rational ; 
equitable  ;  moderate  ;  fair. 

Syn.  rational,  wise,  honest,  fair, 
rJ^ht,  just. 
Ant.    (see  unreasonable). 

rea-spn-a-ble-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  or  state  of  being  reason- 
able ;  moderation. 

rea-son-a-bly  (-a-bli),  adv.  in  a 
reasonable  manner. 

rea-son-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  exer- 
cise of  the  faculty  of  reason  ;  ar- 
gumentation ;  reasons  adduced  or 
employed. 

re-bate  (-bat'),  v.t.  to  make 
blunt ;  make  obtuse ;  abate  or  di- 
minish :  n.  a  return  to  shippers  by 
transportation  companies  of  part 
of  freight  charges. 

reb-el  ( reb'el ) ,  n.  one  who  re- 
volts from  his  allegiance  or  defies 
constituted  authority  :  adj.  rebel- 
lious :  v.i.  (re-bel')  [p.*.  &  p.p. 
rebelled,  p.pr.  rebelling],  to  take 
up  arms  and  resist  lawful  or  con- 
stituted authority ;  revolt ;  rise 
against  authority. 

re-bel-ler  ('er).  n.  one  who  rebels. 

re-bel-lipn  Cyun),  n.  insurrec- 
tion against,  or  open  resistance  to, 
lawful  or  constituted  authority ; 
revolt. 

Syn.  insurrection,  revolt. 

re-bel-lious  Cyus),  adj.  opposing 
lawful  or  constituted  authority. 

re-bound  (re-bound'),  v.t.  to  start 
or  leap  back ;  re-echo ;  to  rever- 
berate :  n.  the  act  of  rebounding ; 
a  leaping  or  flying  bark. 

re-buff  (-buf),  n.  a  beating  back; 
sudden  check  or  resistance ;  de- 
feat ;  refusal :  v.t.  to  beat  back ; 
repel ;  check  ;  refuse. 


re-buke  (-buk'),  n.  reprimand 
or  reproof ;  chiding ;  chastise- 
ment :  v.t.  to  reprimand  or  chide ; 
chastise. 

re-bus  (re'bus),  n.  [pi.  rebuses 
(-ez)J,  an  enigmatical  represen- 
tation of  a  word  or  phrase  by  pic- 
tures or  figures  instead  of  words ; 
in  heraldry,  a  coat  of  arms  bear- 
ing an  allusion  to  the  name  of  the 
wearer. 

re-but  (re-buf),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.. 
rebutted,  p.pr.  rebutting],  to  beat 
back ;  oppose  by  argument  or 
proof ;  repel :  v.i.  in  law,  to  put 
in  or  return  an  answer. 

re-but-tal  ('al),  n.  the  act  of  re- 
butting. 

re-but-ter  ('er),  n.  one  who  re- 
buts ;  the  answer  of  a  plaintiff 
to  the  rejoinder  of  a  defendant. 

re-cal-ci-trant  (-kal'si-trant) ,  adj. 
refractory. 

re-call  (-kawl'),  v.t.  to  call  back; 
remember ;  revoke  ;  withdraw  :  n. 
a  revocation  ;  the  power  of  unseat- 
ing an  unsatisfactory  legislator. 

re-cant  (-kanf),  v.t.  to  withdraw 
or  retract ;  abjure. 

Syn.  recall,  abjure,   retract,  re- 
voke. 

re-can-ta-tion  (-kan-ta'shun),  ti- 
the act  of  recanting ;  a  declaration 
recalling  and  contradicting  a  for- 
mer one. 

re-ca-pit-u-late  (-ka-pit'u-lat) , 
v.t.  to  go  over,  or  summarize,  the 
chief  points  of  a  discourse,  argu- 
ment, &c. 

re-ca-pit-n-la-tion  (-la'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  recapitulating. 

re-ca-pit-u-la-to-ry  ( 'u-la-to-ri ) , 
adj.  repeating  again  in  brief. 

re-cap-tion  (-kap'shun),  n.  re- 
prisal. 

re-cede  (-sed'),  v.t.  to  fall  back  or 
retrograde ;  retreat :  v.t.  to  cede 
back  to  a  former  possessor. 

Syn.   retire,    retreat,   withdraw, 
ebb. 

re-ceipt  (-set'),  n.  the  act  of  re- 
ceiving ;  reception ;  a  recipe ; 
written  acknowledgment  of  any- 
thing received  :  v.t.  to  give  a  re- 
ceipt for;  sign  in  acknowledgment 
of. 

re-ceiv-a-ble  (-sev'a-bl),  adj.  ca- 
pable of  being  received. 

re-eeive  (-sev'),  v.t.  to  take  or  ob- 


late, mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moOn, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


rec 


690 


rec 


tain  from  another  in  any  manner ; 
accept ;  obtain  ;  entertain ;  gain 
knowledge  of ;  suffer ;  take  in,  as 
stolen  goods. 

Syn.    accept,    take,    admit,    en- 
tertain. 

re-ceiv-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  receives ;  one  who 
buys  stolen  goods ;  a  person  ap- 
pointed by  a  court  to  manage 
property  in  controversy. 

re-cen-cy  (re'sen-si),  n.  lateness 
of  time ;  newness.  Also  recent- 
ness. 

re-cen-sion  (re-sen'shun),  n.  re- 
view or  revision,  especially  critical 
revision  of  the  text  of  an  author ; 
the  text  thus  revised  and  estab- 
lished. 

re-cent  ('sent),  adj.  of  late  origin 
or  occurrence ;  new ;  modern ; 
fresh  ;  newly  arrived  ;  subsequent 
to  man's  existence. 

re-cep-ta-cle  (-sep'ta-kl),  n.  a 
vessel  or  place  into  which  any- 
thing is  received ;  basis  of  a 
flower. 

re-cep-ti-bil-i-ty  (-ti-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  receivable. 

re-cep-tion  ('shun),  n.  the  act  of 
receiving ;  the  state  of  being  re- 
ceived ;  welcome  ;  entertainment ; 
admission ;  formal  or  official  re- 
ceiving of  a  person. 

Syn.    receiving,    levee,    receipt, 
admission. 

re-cep-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  having  the 
quality  of  receiving  or  contain- 
ing ;  capable  of  receiving  mental 
impressions. 

re-cess  (-SPS'),  n.  withdrawal; 
state  of  being  in  retirement ;  se- 
clusion ;  remission  of  business ; 
cavity  in  a  room  or  alcove ;  niche. 
Syn.  retreat,  depth,  niche,  va- 
cation, intermission. 

re-ces-sion  (-sesh'un).  n.  the  act 
of  receding  or  withdrawal ;  ces- 
sion back. 

re-cher-che  (re-sher-sha').  adj. 
uncommon  ;  rare  ;  exquisite  ; 
choice. 

rec-i-pe  (res'i-pe),  n.  a  medical 
prescription ;  formula  for  com- 
pounding anything. 

re-cip-i-ent  (re-sip'i-ent),  n.  one 
who  receives :  adj.  receiving. 

re-cip-ro-cal    ('ro-kal),    adj.   mu- 


tual ;  alternating ;  mutually  inter- 
changeable. 

re-cip-ro-cal -ly  (-li),  adv.  mu- 
tually. 

re-cip-ro-cate  ('ro-kat),  v.t.  to 
give  and  receive  mutually :  v.i.  to 
alternate ;  interchange. 

re-cip-ro-ca-ting  ( 'ro-ka-ting) , 
adj.  moving  backwards  and  for- 
wards. 

re-cip-ro-ca-tion  (-kfi'shun),  n. 
interchange  of  acts ;  reciprocal 
motion. 

rec-i-proc-i-ty  (res-i-pros'i-ti),  n. 
reciprocal  obligation  or  right ; 
equal  mutual  rights  or  benefits  to 
be  yielded  or  enjoyed. 

re-ci-sion  (re-sizh'un),  n.  the  act 
of  cutting  off. 

re-ci-tal  (-sl'tal),  n.  the  act  of 
reciting ;  rehearsal ;  narrative  ;  a 
musical  entertainment  by  one  per- 
former. 

rec-i-ta-tion  (res-i-ta'shun),  n. 
a  public  reading ;  delivery  of  a 
composition  committed  to  mem- 
ory ^  the  composition  so  delivered. 

rec-i-ta-tive  (-ta-tev'),  adj.  per- 
taining to  recitation ;  words 
spoken  in  the  sounds  of  the  musi- 
cal scale ;  chant.  Also  recitativo 
[Italian]  :  adj.  uttered  musically; 
chanted. 

rec-i-ta-tive-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a 
recitative  manner. 

re-cite  ( re-sit'),  v.t.  to  repeat 
aloud  from  memory  ;  enumerate  ; 
rehearse ;  recapitulate. 

reck  (rek),  v.t.  &  v.i.  to  care  for; 
heed. 

reck-less  ('les),  adj.  heedless  of 
consequences  ;  careless ;  thought- 
less. 

reck-less-ness  (-nes),  n.  careless- 
ness ;  thoughtlessness ;  heedless- 
ness. 

reck-on  ('n),  v.t.  to  count  or  com- 
pute ;  number ;  estimate  by  rank : 
v.i.  to  calculate ;  charge  to  ac- 
count ;  make  up  accounts ;  pay  a 
penalty ;  reason  with  one's  self 
and  conclude  from  argument ; 
think  or  suppose. 

reckoning  (-ing),  n.  computa- 
tion ;  calculation ;  statement  of 
accounts  between  debtor  and 
creditor;  money  charged  by  a 
host ;  estimated  position  of  a  ship 
by  its  progress  and  course. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


rec 


691 


rec 


re-claim  (re-klfim'),  v.t.  to  call 
back ;  demand  the  return  of ;  re- 
form ;  bring  under  cultivation. 

rec-li-nate  (rek'li-nat),  adj.  re- 
clined, as  a  leaf. 

rec-li-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  reclining. 

re-cliiie  (-kiln'),  v.t.  to  cause 
to  lean  or  lie  back  ;  lean  to  one 
side :  v.i.  to  rest  or  repose. 

re-cluse  (re-kloos'),  n.  one  who 
lives  in  retirement ;  hermit ;  an- 
chorite :  adj.  retired  from  the 
world  ;  solitary  ;  secluded. 

re-cluse-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  re- 
cluse manner. 

re-cluse-ness  ('nes),  n.  retire- 
ment from  society.  Also  reclu- 
sion. 

re-clu-sive  ('siv),  adj.  affording 
retirement  from  the  world  or 
society. 

rec-og-ni-za-ble  ( rek'og-niz-a-bl ) , 
adj.  capable  of  being  recognized. 

re-cog-ni-zance  ( re-kog'ni-zans  or 
re-kon'i-zans) ,  n.  avowal;  ac- 
knowledgment ;  badge  or  token  ;  a 
legal  obligation  entered  into  lie- 
fore  a  magistrate  or  court  to  do, 
or  abstain  from  doing,  some  par- 
ticular act. 

rec-og-nize  (rek'og-nlz),  v.t.  to 
know  again;  acknowledge;  avow; 
admit  with  a  formal  acknowledg- 
ment :  v.i.  to  enter  into  recog- 
nizance. 

rec-og-niz-er  (-er),  n.  one  who 
recognizes. 

re-cog-ni-zor  ( re-cog'ni-zer  or  re- 
kon'i-zer),  n.  in  law,  one  who 
enters  into  a  recognizance. 

rec-og-ni-tion  ( rek-og-nish'un ) , 
n.  the  act  of  recognizing  ;  the  state 
of  being  recognized ;  remem- 
brance ;  recollection  ;  formal  avow- 
al. 

rec-ol-lect  (-ol-ekf),  v.t.  to  call 
to  memory;  ( re-kol-ekt' ) ,  to 
gather  together  again. 

rec-ol-lec-tion  (rek-ol-ek'shun), 
n.  memory ;  that  which  is  remem- 
bered. 

rec-ol-lect -ive  Ctiv),  adj.  having 
the  faculty  of  recollecting  or  re- 
membering. 

rec  om-mend  (-om-end').  v.t.  to 
commend  to  another ;  introduce 
favorably ;  advise. 

rec  om-men-da  tion  (-en-d:V- 


shun),  n.   the  act  of  recommend- 
ing ;  favorable  introduction. 

rec-om-men-da-to-ry  ( 'du-to-ri ) , 
adj.  that  recommends. 

re-commit  (re-kom-if).  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  i>.i>.  recommitted,  p.pr.  recom- 
mitting], to  commit  anew;  refer 
back  to  a  committee. 

re-coin -mitinent  ('ment),  n.  the 
act  of  recommitting ;  state  of  be- 
ing recommitted.  Also  recom- 
mittal. 

ree-om-pense  (rek'om-pens).  n. 
an  equivalent  given  in  return ; 
reward ;  compensation :  v.t.  to 
give  back  as  an  equivalent ;  make 
amends  for ;  repay  or  requite. 

rec-on-ci-la-ble  (-on-sil'a-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  reconciled. 

rec-on-cile  ('on-sil),  v.t.  to  re- 
store to  friendship  or  favor  after 
estrangement ;  adjust ;  harmonize. 

rec-on-cil-i-a-tion  ( -sil-i-a'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  reconciling ;  the  state 
of  being  reconciled ;  renewal  of 
friendship ;  expiation  or  atone- 
ment. Also  reconcilement. 

rec-on-cil-i-a-to-ry  ( 'i-a-to-ri ) , 
adj.  tending  to  reconcile. 

rec-on-dite  ('on-dlt),  adj.  deep; 
abstruse ;  hidden  from  view ; 
secret. 

re  -  con  -  nais  -  sance  (re-kon'a- 
sans),  n.  the  act  of  reconnoiter- 
ing. 

rec-on-noi-ter,  rec-on-noi-tre 
(rek-o-noi'ter),  v.t.  to  make  a 
survey  of,  especially  for  military 
purposes ;  examine  for  scientific 
purposes. 

re-cord  (re-kord'),  v.t.  to  remem- 
ber, or  cause  to  be  remembered ; 
register  or  enroll ;  celebrate :  n. 
(rek'grd)  an  authentic  memorial; 
register ;  formal  writing  or  copy 
of  an  official  document ;  in  sports, 
the  best  performance :  pi.  public 
documents. 

NI/H.     entry,     account,     history, 
catalogue. 

re-cord-er  (-kord'er),  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  records  ;  one  whose 
official  duty  is  to  register  writings 
or  transactions. 

re-count  (re-kounf),  v.t.  to  go 
over  or  narrate  in  detail. 

re-conp  ( re-koop' ) ,  v.t.  to  in- 
demnify or  make  good ;  diminish 
by  keeping  back  a  part. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


rec 


692 


rec 


re-course  (re-kors'.),  n.  a  going 
to  for  aid  or  protection ;  appli- 
cation of  effort  for  a  particular 
purpose  or  end. 

re-cov-er  (-kuv'er),  v.t.  to  regain; 
retrieve ;  cure ;  obtain  as  com- 
pensation ;  obtain  by  judgment  in 
a  court  of  law ;  cover  again  :  v.i. 
to  regain  health,  strength,  or  any 
former  state ;  be  successful  in  a 
lawsuit. 

Syn.    heal,    recruit,    regain,    re- 
store. 

Ant.    (see  fail). 

re-cov-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  the  act  of 
recovering ;  restoration  to  health  ; 
legal  right  to  something  after 
judgment  of  a  court. 

ree-re-ant  (rek're-Snt),  adj. 
cowardly ;  mean-spirited ;  apos- 
tate ;  false :  n.  a  mean-spirited 
creature  ;  a  coward  ;  an  apostate. 

rec-re-ate  ('re-fit),  v.t.  to  reani- 
mate, especially  after  toil ;  grati- 
fy :  v.i.  to  take  recreation :  v.i. 
(re-kre-af)  to  create  anew. 

rec-re-a-tion  (rek-re-a'shun),  n. 
refreshment  after  toil,  &c. ;  amuse- 
ment :  n.  (re-kre-a'shun),  the  act 
of  creating  anew ;  a  new  creation. 
Syn.  sport,  pastime,  amuse- 
ment, play,  game,  fun. 

rec-re-a-tive  (rek're-a-tiv),  adj. 
reinvigorating. 

re-crim-i-nate  (re-krim'i-nat),  v.i. 
to  return  one  accusation  with 
another:  v.t.  to  accuse  in  return. 

re-crim  i-na-tioii  (-na'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  recriminating. 

re-crim-i-na-to-ry  ( 'i-na-to-ri ) , 
adj.  retorting  an  accusation  or 
charge. 

re-cru-des-cence  (-kroo-des'ens') , 
n.  the  state  of  becoming  sore 
again  ;  a  sharp  relapse. 

re-cru-des-cent  ('ent),  adj.  be- 
coming sore  or  raw  again. 

re-emit  (-kroof),  v.t.  to  supply 
with  new  soldiers ;  restore  to 
health  ;  repair  by  fresh  supplies : 
v.i.  to  obtain  fresh  supplies ;  re- 
cover health :  n.  a  soldier  newly 
enlisted ;  supply  of  any  want. 

re-cruit-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  enlist- 
ing of  recruits  for  the  army. 

rec-tan-gle  (rek'tang-gl),  n.  a  4- 
sided  figure  with  4  right  angles,  or 
angles  of  90°. 


rec-tan-gled  (-gld),  adj.  having 
one  or  more  right  angles. 

rec-tan-gu-lar  ('gu-lar),  ad). 
right-angled. 

rec-ti-fi-a-ble  ('ti-ft-a-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  rectified. 

rec-ti-fi-ca-tion  (-fi-ka'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  setting  right ;  repeated 
distillation  of  a  spirit  to  concen- 
trate it  or  render  it  purer ;  re- 
duction of  a  curve  to  a  right,  line. 

rec-ti-fy  ('ti-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
rectified,  p.pr.  rectifying],  to  set 
right ;  adjust ;  refine  by  distilla- 
tion. 

rec-ti-lin-e-al  (-ti-lin'e-al),  adj. 
bounded  by  straight  lines ;  right- 
or  straight-lined ;  straight.  Also 
rectilinear. 

rec-ti-lin-e-al-ly  (-i),  adv.  in  a 
straight  line. 

rec-ti-tude  ('ti-tud),  n.  Tightness 
of  principles  and  practice ;  hon- 
esty ;  moral  integrity. 

rec-tor  ('ter),  n.  a  clergyman  who 
has  the  great  and  small  tithes  of  a 
living ;  the  headmaster  of  a  public 
school,  or  head  of  a  university 
[Scotch]  ;  the  superior  of  a  con- 
vent or  religious  house. 

rec-tor-ate  ('ter-at),  n.  the  office 
of  a  rector.  Also  rectorship. 

rec-to-ri-al  (-to'ri-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  rector. 

rec-tor-y  ('ter-i),  n.  the  house  of 
a  rector ;  the  benefice  of  a  rector, 
with  the  rights  appertaining  to  it. 

rec  turn  ('turn),  n.  the  lowest 
part  of  the  great  intestine. 

re-cum-ben-cy  ( re-kum'ben-si ) ,  n. 
the  state  of  leaning  or  reclining. 
Also  recumbence. 

re  cum  bent  ('bent),  adj.  reclin- 
ing ;  idle. 

re-cu-per-ate  (-ku'per-at),  v.t.  & 
v.i.  to  recover. 

re-cu-per-a-tion  (-ii'shun),  n. 
recovery. 

re-cu-per-a-tive  ('per-a-tiv),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  tending  to,  re- 
covery. Also  recuperatory. 

re-cur  (-ker')«  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  re- 
curred, p.pr.  recurring],  return  to 
the  mind ;  return ;  happen  at  a 
stated  interval ;  have  recourse. 

re-cur-rence  (-kur'ens),  n.  re- 
turn ;  resort. 

re-cur-rent  ('ent),  adj.  return- 
ing repeatedly. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


rec 


693 


red 


re-curv-ate   ('at),  adj.  bent  back. 

rec-u-san-cy  ( rek'u-zan-si ) ,  n. 
nonconformity. 

rec-u-sant  ('u-zant),  adj.  refusing 
to  acknowledge  the  royal  suprem- 
acy in  religion  ;  nonconforming :  n. 
a  nonconformist. 

red  (red),  n.  one  of  the  primary 
colors,  varying  from  scarlet  to 
pink  :  adj.  red-colored. 

re-dan  (re-dan'),  n.  a  V-shaped 
field-work  or  rampart  with  the 
apex  towards  the  enemy ;  a  pro- 
jection in  a  wall. 

red-breast  (red'brest),  n.  the  rob- 
in. 

red-cap  ('kap),  n.  a  kind  of  gold- 
finch. 

red-den  ('n),  v.t.  to  make  red: 
v.i.  to  become  red ;  blush. 

red-dish  ('ish),  adj.  somewhat 
red. 

re-deem  (re-dem'),  v.t.  to  ran- 
som from  bondage  ;  rescue  ;  make 
atonement  for ;  perform  ;  recover  ; 
make  good  use  of ;  ransom  from 
sin  and  its  consequences. 

Syn.    ransom,    recover,    rescue, 
deliver,  save,  free. 

re-deem-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  re- 
deems. 

Re-deem-er,  n.  Jesus  Christ,  the 
Savior. 

re-demp-tion  (-demp'shun),  n. 
repurchase  ;  release  ;  ransom  ; 
freeing  of  an  estate  from  a  mort- 
gage ;  salvation  of  mankind  by 
Jesus  Christ. 

re-demp-tion-er  (-er),  n.  an  emi- 
grant to  the  United  States  who 
sells  his  services  for  a  certain 
term,  as  payment  for  his  passage 
out  from  Europe. 

re-demp-tive  Ctiv),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  redemption,  or  serving  to 
redeem. 

re-demp-to-ry  ('to-ri),  adj.  paid 
for  ransom. 

red-gum  (red'gum),  n.  strophulus  ; 
a  lofty  Australian  gum-tree,  yield- 
ing a  gum  resin  used  in  medi- 
cine. 

red  in  Kote  (-ing-got'),  n.  a  long 
double-breasted  coat. 

red-i-vi-vns  (-i-vi'vus),  adj.  come 
to  life  again. 

red-let-ter  day  Clet-er  da),  n. 
a  lucky  day :  from  the  Saints' 


days  printed  in   red-letter  in  the 
church    calendars. 

red-o-lence  ('o-lens),  n.  perfume; 
fragrance. 

red-o-lent  ('o-lent),  adj.  emitting 
a  sweet  smell ;  fragrant. 

re-doubt  (re-douf),  n.  a  field- 
work  for  strengthening  or  fortify- 
ing a  military  position  without 
flanks. 

re-doubt-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  for- 
midable ;  valiant ;  terrible  to  ene- 
mies. 

re-dound  (-dound'),  v.i.  to  tend 
or  contribute ;  be  in  excess. 

red-o-wa  (red'6-wa),  n.  a  Bo- 
hemian dance ;  music  for  such  a 
dance. 

re-dress  (-dres'),  v.t.  to  amend  or 
set  right ;  compensate ;  relieve 
from  ;  to  dress  again  :  n.  the  rep- 
aration of  wrong ;  relief. 

Syn.  remedy,  repair,   remission, 
abatement,  relief. 

re-dress-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  redressed. 

red-sear  (red'ser),  v.t.  to  break 
or  crack  under  the  hammer,  as 
iron  when  hot. 

red-shank  ('shangk).  n.  the  red- 
legged  sandpiper ;  a  Highlander. 

red-snow  ('sno),  n.  an  Arctic 
lichen  or  fungus. 

red-start  ('start),  n.  a  small  red- 
tailed  migratory  song-bird. 

red-tape  ('tap),  n.  red-colored 
tape  used  for  tying  official  docu- 
ments :  hence  excessive  official 
formality. 

red- tap -ism  ('izm),  n.  govern- 
ment by  strict  official  routine. 

re-duce  (re-dus').  v.t.  to  bring 
into  a  lower  state ;  degrade ;  di- 
minish ;  conquer ;  shorten ;  re- 
claim to  order ;  bring  or  change 
(numbers  or  quantities)  from  one 
denomination  into  another;  bring 
into  classes. 

Syn.     abate,     lessen,     decrease, 
lower,  shorten,  conquer. 

re-du-ci-ble  ('si-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  reduced. 

re-duc-tion  (-duk'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  reducing ;  the  state  of  be- 
ing reduced ;  diminution ;  con- 
quest or  subjugation  ;  the  chang- 
ing of  quantities  from  one  de- 
nomination to  another;  the  proc- 
ess of  converting  a  metallic 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


red 


694 


ref 


oxide  into  metal  by  the  expulsion 
of  the  oxygen  contained  in  it. 

re-dun-dan.ce  (-dun'dans),  «. 
superfluity  ;  excess.  Also  redun- 
dancy. 

re-dun-dant  ('dunt),  adj.  super- 
fluous. 

re-du-pli-cate  (-du'pli-kat) ,  v.t. 
to  double  again  ;  repeat ;  multiply. 

re-du-pli-ca-tion  (-ka'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  reduplicating. 

red-wing  (red'wiug),  n.  a  kind 
of  thrush. 

ree  (re),  n.  a  Portuguese  and 
Brazilian  money  of  account,  the 
1,000th  part  of  a  milree.  Also 
rea,  rei. 

reed  (red),  n.  a  large,  coarse 
grass,  of  the  genus  Arundo,  with 
jointed  hollow  stems ;  a  pastoral 
pipe ;  mouth  tube  of  a  musical  in- 
strument ;  the  comb-shaped  part 
of  a  loom  which  beats  the  weft 
up  to  the  web ;  an  arrow. 

reef  (ref),  n.  that  part  of  a  sail 
which  can  be  reduced  by  being 
drawn  in  by  small  ropes  running 
in  eyelet  holes ;  a  chain  of  rock 
lying  at  or  near  the  surface  of 
the  water :  v.t.  to  reduce  the  size 
of  (a  sail),  by  means  of  reefs. 

reef-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  for  the 
purpose  of  plunder,  entices  ves- 
sels in  distress  by  false  signals 
to  come  among  rocks ;  a  midship- 
man ;  a  rough  kind  of  jacket. 

reek  (rek),  n.  smoke;  steam:  v.i. 
to  emit  smoke  or  steam. 

reek-y  ('i),  adj.  smoky;  made 
foul  by  smoke  or  steam. 

reel  (rel),  «.  a  turning  frame 
for  winding  yarn,  &c. ;  bobbin  ;  an 
angler's  implement  for  winding 
his  line  upon;  a  stagger;  a  lively 
Scotch  dance :  v.t.  to  wind  on  a 
reel :  v.i.  to  stagger ;  perform  a 
reel. 

reeve  (rev),  n.  a  bailiff  or  stew- 
ard ;  the  female  of  the  ruff :  v.t.  to 
pass  the  end  of  (a  rope)  through 
any  hole. 

re-fec-tion  (re-fek'shun),  n.  a 
light  repast. 

re-fec-to-ry  ('to-ri),  n.  an  eating 
room  or  hall. 

re-fer  (-fer'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
referred,  p.pr.  referring],  to  sub- 
mit to  another  person  or  au- 
thority for  information,  corrobora- 


tion,   or  decision:   v.i.   to   allude; 
have  relation  ;  appeal ;  hint. 

ref -er-able  ( ref 'er-a-bl ) ,  adj.  that 
may  be  referred  ;_ascribable. 

ref-er-ee  (rof-er-e'),  «.  one  to 
whom  anything  is  referred  for 
decision  ;  an  umpire. 

ref-er-ence  ('er-ens),  n.  the  act 
of  referring ;  allusion ;  one  who, 
or  that  which,  is  referred  to ; 
trial  or  decision  by  referees. 

ref-er-en-dum  (ref er-en-dum").  n. 
the  referring  of  a  legislative  act 
to  the  decision  of  a  vote  of  the 
people. 

ref-er-en-tial  (-en'shal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  referring  to,  some- 
thing else. 

re-fer-ri-ble  (re-fer'i-bl),  same  as 
referable. 

re-fine  (-fin'),  v.t.  to  separate 
from  impurities  ;  clear  from  dross  ; 
polish  ;  educate  or  improve :  v.i. 
to  become  fine  or  pure ;  improve 
in  accuracy  or  delicacy. 

re-fine-ment  ('ment),  n.  the  act 
of  refining ;  state  of  being  re- 
fined;  elegance;  polish;  purity  of 
taste,  mind,  morals,  &c. ;  affecta- 
tion of  elegant  or  subtle  improve- 
ments. 

re-fin-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  [pi.  refiner- 
ies (-iz)],  a  place  where  anything 
is  refined  or  purified. 

re-fit  (-fit'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  re- 
fitted, p.pr.  refitting],  to  make 
fit  for  use  again ;  prepare  or  fit 
afresh :  v.i.  to  repair  damages,  es- 
pecially damages  of  ships :  n.  the 
renewal  of  that  which  is  damaged 
or  worn,  especially  of  parts  of  a 
ship. 

re-fleet  (-flekf),  v.t.  to  throw 
back,  especially  rays  of  light  or 
heat  after  striking  on  any  sub- 
stance :  v.i.  to  be  thrown  back, 
as  rays  of  light,  &c. ;  consider  in 
the  mind ;  cast  reproach  or  cen- 
sure (with  upon). 

8yn.    consider,    cogitate,    think, 
ponder,  muse,  censure. 

re-nect-i-ble  C5-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  reflected. 

re-flect-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  making 
reflection  ;  thoughtful  ;  casting  re- 
proach or  censure. 

re-flec-tion  (-flek'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  reflecting ;  state  of  being 
reflected ;  that  which  is  reflected ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ref 


695 


ref 


the  turning  of  thought  back  upon 
past  experiences  or  ideas ;  atten- 
tive consideration ;  reproach  or 
censure.  Also  reflexion. 

re-flect-ive  ('iv),  adj.  throwing 
back  images  or  rays ;  considering 
the  operations  of  the  mind  or 
things  of  the  past ;  reflexive. 

re-flect-ive-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a  re- 
flective manner. 

re-flect-ive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
power  or  habit  of  reflection. 

re-flect-or  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  reflects ;  a  polished 
surface  reflecting  rays  of  light  or 
heat. 

re-flex  ('fleks),  adj.  bent  or  turned 
back;  directed  backwards;  illumi- 
nated by  light  reflected  from 
another  part  of  the  same  picture ; 
noting  the  action  of  the  motor 
nerves  acting  independently  of  the 
will  under  stimulus  from  impres- 
sions made  on  the  sensory  nerves : 
n.  reflected  light,  &c. 

re-flex-i-bil-i-ty  (-i-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  reflexible. 

re-flex-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  reflected. 

re-flex-ive  ('iv),  adj.  reflective; 
having  respect  to  something  past ; 
referring  back  to  the  gram- 
matical subject. 

re-flux  ('fluks),  n.  a  flowing  back. 

re-form  (-f6rm'),  v.t.  to  make 
better ;  change  or  return  to  a 
former  good  state ;  introduce  im- 
provement in  or  change  for  the 
better ;  amend ;  correct ;  form 
again  or  anew :  v.i.  to  abandon 
evil  for  that  which  is  good;  be- 
come better,  or  amended :  n. 
amendment ;  change  for  the  better, 
especially  political  change ;  cor- 
rection. 

N///I.  amend,  correct,  better,  re- 
store,  improve. 

Ant.   (see  corrupt). 

ref-or-ma-tion  (ref-6r-ma'shun), 
n.  the  act  of  reforming;  state  of 
being  reformed ;  amendment ; 
political  redress ;  the  act  of  form- 
ing again  or  anew. 

Syn.     improvement,     reform, 
amendment. 

Ant.   (see  corruption). 

Ref-or-ma-tion,  n.  the  great  re- 
ligious movement  (16th  century) 
under  Martin  Luther  (with  the). 


re-form -a-tive  ('a-tiv),  adj.  form- 
ing again. 

re-form-a-to-ry  ('a-to-ri).  adj. 
tending  to  reform :  n.  an  institu- 
tion for  the  detention  and  refor- 
mation of  juvenile  offenders. 

re-formed  (-formd'),  p. adj.  re- 
stored to  a  previous  good  state ; 
amended,  as  noting  the  Protestant 
churches. 

He-formed  Church  (cherch).  n. 
that  section  of  the  Protestant 
Church  which  on  the  Continent 
separated  from  Luther,  and  adopt- 
ed the  theology  and  ecclesiastical 
polity  of  Calvin. 

re-form-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  ef- 
fects a  reformation,  religious, 
moral,  or  political. 

re-fract  (-frakf),  v.t.  to  break 
the  natural  course  of,  or  bend 
from,  a  straight  line. 

re-fract-ed  ('ed),  p.adj.  bent 
back  at  an  acute  angle ;  bent  from 
a  direct  course. 

re-fract-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  having 
the  power  to  turn  rays  from  a 
direct  course. 

re-frac-tion  (-frak'shun),  n.  the 
change  from  a  straight  line  which 
a  ray  of  light  or  heat  assumes 
when  passing  through  a  smooth 
surface  into  a  medium  of  greater 
density  at  any  angle  other  than 
90°. 

refract-ive  ('iv),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  refraction. 

re-frac-to-ri-ly  ('to-ri-li),  adv. 
in  a  refractory  manner. 

re-frac-to-ri-ness  (-nes),  n.  per- 
verse obstinacy ;  difficulty  of 
fusion  or  malleability. 

re-frac-to-ry  ('to-ri),  adj.  sullen- 
ly or  perversely  obstinate ;  diffi- 
cult of  fusion,  &c. 

re-frain  (-fran'),  v.t.  to  restrain: 
v.i.  to  forbear ;  abstain  from  ac- 
tion :  n.  burden  of  a  song  repeated 
at  the  end  of  each  stanza. 

re-fran-gi-bil-i-ty  (-fran-ji-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  re- 
frangible. Also  refrangiblenoss. 

re-fran-gi-ble  ('ji-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  refracted. 

re-fresh  (-fresh'),  v.t.  to  revive 
after  fatigue  or  exhaustion ;  re- 
invigorate  ;  restore. 

re-fresh-ing  ('ing),  adj.  rean- 
imating ;  reinvigorating ;  cooling. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


ref 


696 


re-fresh-ment  ('ment),  n.  the  act 
of  refreshing ;  state  of  being  re- 
freshed ;  that  which  refreshes,  as 
food  or  rest. 

re-frig-er-ant  (-frij'er-ant),  adj. 
cooling ;  refreshing :  n.  a  sub- 
stance that  cools ;  a  cooling  medi- 
cine. Also  refrigerative. 

re-frig-er-ate  ('er-at),  v.t.  to 
cool,  or  keep  cool,  as  by  a  re- 
frigerator. 

re-frig-er-a-tion  (-a/shun),  n. 
act  of  cooling. 

re-frig-er-a-tor  ('er-a-ter),  n.  an 
apparatus  or  vessel  for  preserv- 
ing or  cooling  things  by  means  of 
ice,  &c. 

re-frig-er-a-to-ry  ('er-a-to-ri), 
adj.  cooling. 

ref-ugs  (ref'iij),  n.  protection 
from  danger  or  distress ;  shelter 
or  asylum  ;  stronghold  ;  expedient 
or  resource. 

Syn.  asylum,  protection,  harbor, 
shelter,  retreat. 

ref -u-gee  (-§'),  n.  one  who  flees 
for  protection,  especially  from 
political  or  religious  persecution. 

re-ful-gence  (re-ful'jens),  n. 
brightness  ;  flood  of  light ;  splen- 
dor. Also  refulgency. 

re-ful-gent  ('jent),  adj.  casting  a 
bright  light ;  brilliant ;  splendid. 

re-fund  (-fund'),  v.t.  to  pay  back 
again. 

re-fu-sa-ble  (-fu'za-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  refused. 

re-fu-sal  ('sal),  n.  the  act  of  re- 
fusing ;  rejection ;  right  to  take 
the  preference ;  option. 

re-fuse  (-fuz'),  v.t.  to  deny  or  re- 
ject, as  a  demand  or  request :  v.i. 
to  decline  to  accept ;  not  to  com- 

Ely :  n.   (ref 'us),  waste  or  worth- 
;ss    matter ;     rubbish :     adj.     re- 
jected ;  worthless. 

8yn.  deny,  reject,  repudiate,  de- 
cline, withhold,  dregs,  dross, 
scum,  rubbish,  leavings,  remains. 

Ant.   (see  accept). 
re-fu-ta-ble   (re-fii'ta-bl),  adj.  ca- 
pable of  being  refuted. 
ref  u-ta-tion     (ref-u-ta'shun),    n. 
the    act   of    refuting;    that    which 
is   refuted. 

re-fute    (re-fuf),  v.t.  to  prove  to 
be  false  or  erroneous ;  repel ;  dis- 
prove. 
re-gain     (-gan'),    v.t.    to    recover 


possession    of ;    get    back ;    reach 
again. 

re-gal  (re'gal),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  characteristic  of,  a  king ; 
kingly  ;  royal. 

re-gale  (-gal'),  v.t.  to  entertain 
with  something  to  delight  the 
senses ;  feast  sumptuously :  v.i. 
to  feast. 

re-ga-lia  (-ga'lia),  n.pl.  the  en- 
signs of  sovereignty,  as  the  crown, 
&c. ;  royal  rights  or  prerogatives ; 
decorations  of  an  order  or  office. 

re-gard  (re-gard'),  v.t.  to  ob- 
serve particularly  ;  heed  ;  esteem  ; 
consider ;  respect ;  value  :  n.  atten- 
tion ;  respect ;  consideration  ;  ref- 
erence :  pi.  good  wishes. 

Syn.  mind,  heed,  notice,  behold, 
view,  consider,  respect. 

re-gard-ant  ('ant),  adj.  in  heral- 
dry, looking  backwards  or  behind. 

re-gard-ful  ('fool),  adj.  taking 
notice. 

re-gard-ing  ('ing),  prep,  concern- 
ing. 

re-gat-ta  (-gat'a),  n.  a  sailing 
or  rowing  match  for  prizes. 

re-gel-a-tion  (re-jel-a'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  freezing  two  pieces  of 
ice  with  moist  surfaces  together  at 
32°  F. 

re-gen-cy  (re'jen-si),  n.  the  office 
or  jurisdiction  of  a  regent ;  a 
body  instructed  with  the  duties 
of  a  regent. 

re-gen-er-a-cy  ( re-jen'er-a-si ) ,  n. 
the  state  of  being  regenerated. 

re-gen-er-ate  ('er-at),  v.t.  to  re- 
new the  heart  of  and  cause  to 
turn  to  the  love  of  God;  produce 
anew :  adj.  renewed  ;  reformed. 

re-gen-er-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  regenerating ;  the  state 
of  being  regenerated ;  formation 
of  new  tissue  to  supply  that  which 
has  been  lost. 

re-gen-er-a-tive  ('er-a-tiv),  adj. 
renewing. 

re-gen-er-a-to-ry  ('Sr-a-to-ri), 
adj.  having  the  power  to  regen- 
erate. 

re-gent  (re'jent),  adj.  exercising 
vicarious  authority :  n.  one  who 
governs  in  the  interim  during  the 
minority,  absence,  or  disability 
of  the  sovereign ;  a  university 
teacher ;  a  member  of  a  board  of 
superintendence  of  colleges  and 
schools  in  the  state  of  New  York. 


late,  mar,  trs'isk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  t Aen. 


reg 


697 


rel 


re-gent-bird  (-herd),  n.  an  Aus- 
tralian honey-eater  with  handsome 
plumage. 

reg-i-ci-dal  (rej'i-si-dal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  regicide  or  to  regicide. 

reg-i-cide  ('i-sld),  n.  the  mur- 
der, or  murderer,  of  a  king. 

re-gime  (ra-zhem'),  n.  mode; 
system  or  rule  of  government, 
social  or  political. 

reg-i-men  (rej'i-men),  n.  system- 
atic regulation  of  diet  or  habit ; 
rule ;  the  grammatical  regulation 
of  one  word  by  another. 

reg-i-ment  (rej'i-ment),  n.  a 
number  of  companies  of  soldiers 
united  into  one  body  under  the 
command  of  a  colonel. 

reg-i-ment-al  ('al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  regiment :  n.pl.  the  uni- 
forms worn  by  the  troops  of  a 
regiment. 

reg-i-men-ta-tipn  (-men-ta'shun) , 
n.  enforced  socialism. 

re-gion  (re'jun),  n.  a  tract  of 
land ;  country. 

reg-is-ter  (rej'is-ter),  n.  an  official 
written  record  ;  the  book  contain- 
ing such  record  ;  that  which  reg- 
isters, records,  or  regulates ;  a 
list  of  persons  entitled  to  vote ; 
an  organ  stop ;  musical  compass 
or  range. 

reg-is-trar  (-trar),  n.  an  official 
who  keeps  a  register  or  record. 

reg-is-tra-tion.  (-tra'shun),  n 
the  act  of  inserting  in  a  register. 

reg-is-try  ('is-tri),  n.  the  place 
where  a  register  is  kept. 

reg-let  (reg'let),  n.  a  flat,  nar- 
row molding ;  a  slip  of  wood  used 
for  separating  lines  or  filling 
blank  spaces  in  printing. 

reg-nal  ('nal),  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  reign. 

reg-nant  ('nant),  adj.  reigning; 
exercising  royal  authority ;  prev- 
alent. 

re-gres-sipn  (re-gresh'un),  n. 
retrogression. 

re-gret  (-gref),  n.  mental  sorrow 
or  concern  for  anything,  as  for 
I  past  conduct  or  negligence ;  re- 
morse: v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  regretted, 
p.pr.  regretting],  to  remember 
with  sorrow ;  bewail  the  loss  or 
want  of. 

Syn.     grief,     sorrow,     lamenta- 
tion,   repentance,    remorse. 


re-gret-ful    ('fool),    adj.    full    of 

regret. 

re-gret-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  with  re- 
gret. 

re  gret-ta-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  admit- 
ting of,  or  causing,  regret. 

reg-u-lar  (reg'u-lur),  adj.  accord- 
ing to  rule,  order,  or  established 
usage ;  consistent ;  governed  by 
rule ;  uniform  ;  methodical ;  ex- 
act ;  fully  qualified  ;  having  sides 
or  surfaces  composed  of  equal 
figures  or  lines :  n.  a  soldier  be- 
longing to  a  standing  army ;  one 
who  is  under  monastic  rule. 

Syn.   orderly,   uniform,   custom- 
ary, ordinary,  stated. 
Ant.   (see  irregular). 

reg-u-lar-i-ty  (-lar'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  regular; 
conformity  to  rule ;  uniformity ; 
method  or  certain  order. 

reg-u-late  ('u-lfit),  v.t.  to  make 
regular ;  put  in  good  order ;  adjust 
by  rule. 

Syn.    methodize,    arrange,    ad- 
just, organize,  govern,  rule. 
Ant.   (see  disorder). 

reg-u-la-tion  (-la'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  regulating ;  order ;  method ; 
rule. 

reg-u-la-tor  ('u-la-ter),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  regulates ;  a 
lever  for  regulating  motion  ;  lever 
of  a  watch ;  an  accurate  time- 
piece. 

reg-Ti-lus  ('u-lus),  n.  a  metal  con- 
taining more  or  less  impurities  of 
the  ore. 

re-gur-gi-tate  (re-ger'ji-tat),  v.t. 
to  be  thrown  or  poured  back. 

re  h ear-sal  (-her'sal),  n.  a  recital 
in  private  prior  to  a  public  per- 
formance. 

re-hearse  (-hers'),  v.t.  to  repeat, 
as  what  has  already  been  said  or 
written ;  tell  or  narrate ;  recite 
before  public  performance. 

Reichs-rath  (nkhs'rat),  n.  [Ger.] 
the  parliament  of  the  Austrian 
empire. 

Reichstag  (/takh),  n.  [ Ger.]  the 
German  parliament. 

reign  (ran),  v.i.  to  exercise  sov- 
ereign authority ;  rule ;  be  pre- 
dominant :  n.  supreme  power  or 
influence ;  time  during  which  a 
sovereign  rules. 


late,  m&r,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


rel 


698 


rel 


re-im-burse  ( re-im-bers' ) ,  v.t.  to 
refund. 

8yn,  refund,  repay,  satisfy,  in- 
demnify. 

re-im-bnrse-ment  ('ment),  n.  re- 
funding. 

rein  (ran),  n.  the  strap  of  a 
bridle ;  an  instrument  for  curbing, 
restraining,  or  governing ;  power : 
pi.  the  kidneys,  or  parts  about 
them;  loins;  the  heart  [Old 
Testament]  :  v.t.  to  govern  with  a 
bridle  ;  restrain  ;  control :  v.i.  to 
check  a  horse  with  the  reins. 
rein-deer  ('der),  n.  a  large  Arctic 

deer. 

re-in-force     ( re-in-f ors' ) ,    v.t.    to 
supply    with    new   strength,    sup- 
port, or  assistance. 
re-in-forced    (-forsf),   adj.  made 

stronger. 

re-in-f  orced-con-crete        (-kon'- 
kret),  n.  concrete  strengthened  by 
rods  of  iron  for  building  purposes. 
re-in-f orce-ment   ('ment),  n.  ad- 
ditional support. 

re-in-state    (-in-staf),  v.t.  to  re- 
store to  a  former  state. 
re-it-er-a-tion    (-it-er-a'shun),   n. 

repetition. 

re-it-er-a-tive    (-it'er-a-tiv),  «.   a 
word  or  part  of  a  word  redupli- 
cated ;  a  verb  noting  reproduction 
or  intensive  action. 
re-ject     (re-jekf),    v.t.    to    throw 
away  as  useless  or  vile ;  refuse ; 
renounce ;   discard. 
re-ject -ive  (-jekt'iv),  adj.  tending 

to  reject. 
re-jec-tion   ('shun),  ».  the  act  of 

rejecting. 

re-joice  (-jois'),  v.i.  to  feel  or  ex- 
press joy  or  gladness ;  exult :  v.t. 
to  make  joyful. 

re-joic-ing  ('ing),  n.  expression, 
subject,  or  experience,  of  joy  or 
gladness. 

re-join  (-join'),  v.t.  to  unite 
again  after  separation :  v.i.  to  an- 
swer a  reply ;  answer  as  the  de- 
fendant to  the  plaintiff's  replica- 
tion. 

re-join-der  ('der),  n.  an  answer 
to  a  reply ;  in  law,  the  defendant's 
answer  to  the  plaintiff's  replica- 
tion. 

re-lais  (-la'),  n.  a  narrow  walk 
without  the  rampart  of  a  fortifi- 
cation. 


re-lapse  (-laps'),  v.i.  to  fall  back 
from  a  state  of  convalescence ; 
return  to  a  former  bad  state  or 
habit :  n.  a  falling  into  a  former 
bad  state ;  return  of  a  disease 
after  convalescence  or  partial  re- 
covery. 

re-laps-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  subject 
to  relapse. 

re-late  (-laf),  v.t.  to  tell;  de- 
scribe ;  recite ;  narrate :  v.i.  to 
refer. 

re-la-ted  (-la'ted),  p.adj.  told  or 
described ;  allied  by  kindred  or 
blood  relationship. 

re-la-tion  (-la'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  relating ;  the  thing  related ; 
mutual  connection  between  two  or 
more  things ;  proportion  or  ratio ; 
connection  by  birth  or  marriage ; 
kinsman  or  kinswoman. 

re-la-tion-ship  (-ship),  n.  the 
state  of  being  related  by  kindred, 
affinity,  or  other  alliance. 

rel-a-tive  (rel'a-tiv),  adj.  having, 
or  expressing,  relation  ;  pertinent ; 
belonging  to  or  connected  with ; 
relating  to  a  word,  sentence,  or 
clause :  n.  that  which  has  rela- 
tion to  something  else ;  a  person 
connected  by  kinship  or  consan- 
guinity :  a  word  which  relates  to 
its  antecedent. 

rel-a-tive-ly  (-li),-  adv.  compara- 
tively. 

rel-a-tive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  relative.  Also 
relativity. 

re-la-tor  (re-la'ter),  n.  one  who 
relates ;  a  prosecutor. 

re-lax  (-laks'),  v.t.  to  slacken; 
make  less  close ;  render  less  tense, 
rigorous,  or  severe ;  divert,  as  the 
mind ;  loosen,  as  the  bowels ; 
make  languid :  v.i.  to  take  relaxa- 
tion ;  become  less  severe  or  close. 

re-lax-a-tion  (-ii'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  relaxing ;  state  of  being  re- 
laxed ;  diminution  of  tension  ;  di- 
version or  recreation. 

re-lay  (-la'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  re- 
laid,  p.pr.  relaying],  to  lay  a 
second  time :  n.  fresh  post-horses 
or  hunting  dogs  to  relieve  others ; 
new  supply ;  a  subsidiary  electric 
circuit. 

re-lease  (-les'),  v.t.  to  set  free; 
discharge ;  free  from  obligation 
or  penalty :  n.  liberation  from  re- 


*ate,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  hei,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


rel 


699 


straint,    penalty,    pain,    &c. ;    dis- 
charge  from   an   obligation. 

rel-e-gate  (rel'e-gat),  v.t.  to 
banish  ;  consign. 

rel-e-ga-tion  (-ga'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  relegating. 

re-lent  (-lent'),  v.i.  to  grow  less 
hard  or  severe  ;  become  more  ten- 
der ;  yield. 

re-lent-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
becoming  less  hard  or  more  ten- 
der or  compassionate. 

re-les-see  (-les-e').  n.  the  person 
to  whom  a  deed  of  release  is 
granted.  Also  releasee. 

re-les-sor  ('er),  n.  the  person 
who  grants  a  deed  of  release. 

rel-e-van-cy  (rel'e-van-si),  n.  ap- 
plicability ;  pertinence.  Also  rel- 
evance. 

rel-e-vant  ('e-vant),  adj.  appli- 
cable ;  related ;  pertinent. 

Syn.    fit,    proper,    suitable,    ap- 
propriate,   pertinent,    apt. 
Ant.    (see   irrelevant). 

re-li-a-bil-i-ty  (re-li-a-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  of  being  reliable.  Also 
reliableness. 

re-li-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  trust- 
worthy. 

re-li-a-bly  ('a-bli),  adv.  so  as  to 
be  relied  on. 

re-li-ance  ('ans),  n.  confidence; 
trust. 

Syn.    trust,    hope,    dependence, 
confidence. 

Ant.    (see  suspicion). 

re-li-ant  ('ant),  adj.  having  re- 
liance. 

rel-ic  (rel'ik),  n.  that  which  is 
left  after  the  loss  or  decay  of 
the  rest ;  memorial  or  souvenir ; 
remains  of  a  person  deceased ; 
body  or  other  memorial  of  a  saint 
held  in  religious  reverence. 

rel-ict   ('ikt),  n.  a  widow. 

re-lief  (re-lef),  n.  that  which 
mitigates  pain,  grief,  &c. ;  release 
from  some  post  of  duty ;  assist- 
ance given  to  the  poor ;  aid ;  re- 
dress ;  the  projection  of  a 
sculptured  design  from  the  plane 
surface. 

.S//«.   succor,  aid,   help,   redress, 
alleviation. 

re-li-er   (-H'er),  n.  one  who  relies. 

re-lie  v-a-ble  (-lev'a-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  relieved. 

re-lieve    (-lev'),  v.t.  to  free  from 


pain,  suffering,  grief,  &c. ;  miti- 
gate ;  alleviate ;  help ;  release 
from  a  post  of  duty. 

re-lig-ion  (re-lij'un),  n.  any  sys- 
tem of  faith  or  worship  ;  love  and 
obedience  towards  God ;  piety ; 
monastic  vow  or  state. 

re-lig-ious  ('us),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  characteristic  of,  or  set  apart 
for,  religion  ;  godly  ;  pious ;  de- 
votional ;  conscientiously  exact 
or  strict ;  bound  by  monastic 
vows :  n.  one  who  is  bound  by 
monastic  vows. 

re-lig-ious-house  (-hous),  n.  a 
monastery  or  nunnery. 

re-lin-quish  (-ling'kwish),  v.t. 
to  forsake  or  abandon ;  quit ; 
leave  with  reluctance ;  desist 
from ;  renounce  a  claim  to. 

N//H.    give    up,    forsake,    resign, 
surrender,  quit,  leave,  forego. 
Ant.   (  see  retain) . 

re-lin-quisli-inent  (-ment),  n. 
the  act  of  relinquishing ;  abandon- 
ment. 

rel-i-qua-ry  (rel'i-kwa-ri),  n. 
[pi.  reliquaries  (-riz)],  a  deposi- 
tory for  relics ;  a  casket  or  small 
chest  for  holding  relics. 

r  e-1  i  q  n  e  (-lek'),  n.  a  relic 
[French]. 

rel-ish  (rel'ish),  v.t.  to  like  the 
taste  of;  use  with  pleasure;  en- 
joy :  v.i.  to  have  a  pleasing  taste : 
n.  sensation  of  flavor ;  taste ; 
savor ;  zest ;  enjoyment  given  by 
anything  ;  pleasure  ;  inclination. 

re-luc-tance  (re-luk'tans),  n.  un- 
willingness. Also  reluctancy. 

re-luc-tant  ('tant),  adj.  unwill- 
ing ;  disinclined. 

re-ly  (-11'),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  relied, 
p.pr.  relying],  to  lean  upon  with 
confidence ;  trust  or  have  confi- 
dence in. 

re-main  (-man'),  v.i.  to  continue; 
stay ;  last ;  endure ;  be  left  in  a 
particular  state  or  place ;  be  left 
after  or  out  of  a  greater  number : 
n.pl.  a  dead  body ;  the  literary 
works  of  an  author  published 
after  his  death  :  ruins. 

re-mand  (-mfind'),  v.t.  to  recom- 
mit or  send  back ;  remit  in  cus- 
tody to  a  future  time :  n.  the  act 
of  remanding;  state  of  being  De- 
manded. 

re-mark   (-mark'),  v.t.  to  note  or 


late,  mar,  musk   cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot :  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  'iut ;  thin,  then. 


rem 


700 


rem 


observe  ;   express  ;   say  :   n.   notice 
or  observation  ;  comment. 

Hy>i.    comment,    note,    observa- 
tion,  utterance. 

re-ma?k-a-ble  (7i-bl),  adj. 
worthy  of  notice  or  remark  ;  extra- 
ordinary ;  strange;  famous;  un- 
common. 

re  mark  a  bly  (-H),  adv.  in  a  re- 
markable manner. 

re-me-di-a-ble  ( re-me'di-a-bl ) ,  adj. 
admitting  remedy. 

re-me-di-a-bly  (-a-bli),  adv.  in  a 
way  that  may  be  remedied. 

re-me-di-al  ('di-al),  adj.  afford- 
ing, or  intended  for,  a  remedy. 

re-me-di-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  by  way 
of  remedy. 

rem-edy  ('e-di),  n.  [pi.  remedies 
(-diz)],  that  which  cures  a  dis- 
ease, or  counteracts  an  evil ;  a 
restorative ;  an  efficacious  medi- 
cine :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  remedied, 
p.pr.  remedying],  to  repair  or  re- 
move something  evil  from. 

Syn.  help,  relief,  redress,  cure, 
specific,   reparation. 

re-mem-ber  ( re-mem'ber) ,  v.t.  to 
recall  to  mind ;  attend  to ;  keep 
in  mind  with  gratitude,  regard, 
or  reverence. 

re-inem  brance  ('brans),  n. 
power  of  remembering  ;  memory  ; 
length  of  time  during  which  any- 
thing can  be  remembered ;  recol- 
lection. 

re-mem-bran-cer  (-er),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  reminds ;  re- 
corder. 

re-mind  (-mind'),  v.t.  to  bring  to 
the  remembrance  of ;  put  in  mind. 

rem-i-nis-cence  (rem-i-nis'ens), 
n.  recovery  of  ideas ;  memory ; 
that  which  is  remembered. 

rcm-i  nis-cent  ('ent),  adj.  hav- 
ing recollection. 

remise  (re-mlz'),  v.t.  to  resign 
or  surrender  by  deed :  n.  the  sur- 
render of  a  claim  by  deed. 

re-miss  (-mis'),  adj.  careless  in 
the  performance  of  duty  or  busi- 
ness :  heedless ;  dilatory. 

re  mis  sion  (-mish'un),  n.  the  act 
of  remitting  ;  pardon  ;  abatement ; 
relaxation. 

re-mit  (-mif),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
remitted,  p.pr.  remitting],  to  par- 
don ;  transmit,  as  money,  bills, 


&c. ;  send  back :  v.i.  moderate  or 
abate  in  violence  or  force. 

re-mit  tal  ('al),  n.  surrender; 
transmission. 

remittance  Cans),  n.  that 
which  is  remitted ;  the  sending  of 
money,  bills,  &c.,  in  payment ;  the 
sum  so  transmitted. 

re-mit-tent  ('ent),  adj.  increas- 
ing and  abating  alternately. 

rem-nant  (rem'nant),  n.  that 
which  is  left  after  a  part  has 
been  removed ;  remainder. 

re-mon-e-tize  (re-mon'e-tlz),  v.t. 
to  restore  to  circulation  in  the 
shape  of  money. 

re-mon-strance  (-mon'strans),  n. 
strong  representation  against 
something  complained  of  ;  expostu- 
lation. 

re-mon-strant  ('strant),  adj.  ex- 
postulatory. 

re-mon-strate  ( 'strut ).  v.i.  to 
urge  or  put  forward  strong  rea- 
sons against  some  act  or  course 
complained  of ;  expostulate. 

re-morse  (re-mors'),  n.  anguish 
of  mind  caused  by  the  sense  of 
guilt ;  sympathetic  sorrow  ;  com- 
punction. 

re-morse  fnl  ('fool),  adj.  full  of 
remorse. 

re-morse-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  with 
remorse. 

re-mprse-less  ('les),  adj.  cruel; 
merciless. 

Syn.    pitiless,    relentless,    mer- 
ciless, cruel,  ruthless,  barbarous. 
Ant.   (see  merciful). 

re-mote  (-mot'),  adj.  distant  in 
time  or  space ;  far ;  primary ; 
alien  ;  foreign  ;  inconsiderable. 

8yn.  distant,  far,  secluded,  indi- 
rect. 

Ant.  (see  near). 

re-mote-ly  ('li),  adv.  at  a  dis- 
tance. 

re-mote-ness    ('nes),   n.  distance. 

re-mov-a-bil-i-ty  ( -moov-a-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  re- 
movable. 

re-mov-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  removed. 

re-mpv-al  ('Al),  n.  the  act  of  re- 
moving or  displacing ;  change  of 
place ;  dismissal ;  act  of  putting 
an  end  to. 

re-move  (moov'),  v.t.  to  put  from 
its  place ;  withdraw ;  cut  off,  or 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


rem 


701 


rep 


kill :  v.i.  to  change  place ;  change 
residence :  n.  change  of  place ;  re- 
moval ;  promotion  ;  class. 

re-moved  (-moovd'),  p.adj.  re- 
mote ;  displaced. 

re-mu-ner-a-ble  (-mu'ner-a-bl) , 
adj.  that  may  be  remunerated. 

re-mu-ner-ate  (-mu'ner-at),  v.t. 
to  reward  as  an  equivalent  for 
service ;  recompense. 

re-mu-ner-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n. 
payment  for  service  ;  recompense  ; 
reward. 

re-mu-ner-a-tive  ('ner-a-tiv),  adj. 
yielding  an  equivalent  return  for 
outlay  ;  lucrative  ;  profitable.  _ 

re-mu-ner-a-to-ry  ('ner-a-to-ri) , 
adj.  yielding  remuneration  ;  profit- 
able. 

Re-nais  saiice  (-na-sangs'),  n.  re- 
vival of  letters  and  arts  in  the 
loth  century :  the  style  of  archi- 
tecture that  succeeded  the  Gothic ; 
the  classic  decorative  style  re- 
vived by  the  artist  Raphael.  Also 
Renascence. 

re-nal  (re'nal),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  kidneys. 

ren-ard,  another  form  of  rey- 
nard. 

re  iias-cent  (re-nas'ent),  adj. 
coming  again  into  being. 

ren-con-tre  (rang-kong'tr),  [Fr.] 
n.  a  causal  meeting  in  opposition 
or  contest ;  collision  :  v.i.  to  meet 
an  enemy  unexpectedly ;  to  come 
in  collision.  Also  recounter. 

rend  (rend),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  rent, 
p.pr.  rending],  to  tear  apart  with 
violence  ;  split ;  lacerate  :  v.i.  to 
become  rent. 

Kyn.  break,  sever,  sunder,  tear. 
Ant.    (see  mend). 

ren-der  (ren'der),  v.t.  to  return; 
pay  back  :  make  up  ;  deliver  ;  af- 
ford ;  yield;  furnish;  reproduce; 
translate ;  cause  to  be  boiled 
down ;  exhibit :  n.  payment  of 
rent. 

ren-der-ing  (-ing),  n.  a  transla- 
tion ;  version ;  execution ;  first 
coat  of  plaster. 

ren-dez  vous  (riin'da-voo  or  ren'- 
de-voo),  n.  appointed  place  of 
meeting,  especially  for  warships 
or  troops :  v.i.  to  assemble. 

ren-di-tioii  (ren-dish'un) ,  n.  sur- 
render ;  translation. 

ren-e-gade     (ren'e-gad),     n.    one 


who    renounces    his    faith ;    apos- 
tate ;  traitor ;  deserter. 

re-new  (re-nu'),  v.t.  to  make  new 
again ;  restore ;  renovate ;  rein- 
vigorate :  v.i.  to  be  made  new ; 
begin  afresh  ;  grow  asain. 

re-new-al  ('&!),  n.  the  act  of  re- 
newing ;  state  of  being  renewed ; 
renovation  ;  revival. 

ren-i-form  (reu'i-form),  adj.  kid- 
ney-shaped. 

ren-net  (ren'et),  n.  the  inner 
membrane  of  a  calf's  stomach : 
used  for  coagulating  milk. 

re-nounce  (re-nouns'),  v.t.  to  dis- 
own ;  reject  publicly  and  finally ; 
repudiate ;  reject :  v.i.  in  card 
playing,  not  to  follow  suit :  n. 
failure  to  follow  suit. 

Syn.  abandon,  discard,   disown, 
reject. 

Ant.   (see  advocate) . 

re-iiouiice  ment,  same  as  re- 
nunciation. 

ren-o-vate  (ren'o-vat),  v.t.  to 
make  new  again ;  restore  to  a  pre- 
vious condition,  or  to  a  good 
state ;  repair. 

ren-o-va-tion  (-va'shun),  n.  re- 
newal ;  state  of  being  renovated. 

ren-o-va-tor  ('Ova-ter),  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  renovates ; 
restorer. 

re-nown  (-noun'),  n.  celebrity; 
fame ;  distinction :  v.t.  to  make 
famous. 

re-no wned  (-nound'),  p.adj.  cele- 
brated ;  famous  ;  illustrious  ;  dis- 
tinguished. 

rent  (rent),  n.  a  tear;  fissure; 
schism  ;  periodical  payment  for  the 
use  of  property :  p.t.  &  p.p.  of 
rend. 

rent-al  ('al),  n.  amount  of  rent; 
schedule  of  rents  of  an  estate ; 
rent-roll. 

rent-er  (rent'er),  n.  one  who 
holds  an  estate  or  tenements  by 
payment  of  rent. 

rent-roll  (rent'rol),  n.  a  schedule 
of  income  derived  from  rents. 

re-nun-ci-a-tion  (re-nun-si-a'- 
shun),  n.  disavowal;  rejection. 

rep  (rep),  adj.  having  a  fine 
corded  surface :  n.  a  dress  fabric 
with  a  fine  corded  surface. 

re-pair  (re-par'),  v.i.  to  go  to 
a  (specified)  place;  betake  one's 
self :  v.t.  to  restore  after  injury ; 


late,  mUr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


rep 


702 


rep 


mend  ;  renovate  ;  make  amends  :  n. 
restoration  after  injury  ;  state  of 
a  building. 

rep-a-ra-ble  ( rep'fi-ra-bl ) ,  adj. 
capable  of  being  repaired. 

rep-a-ra-tion  (-a-ra'shun),  n.  re- 
storation to  a  good  condition ; 
amends  or  compensation;  restitu- 
tion. 

re-par-a-tive  (re-par'a-tiv),  adj. 
amending  defects;  repairing. 

rep-ar-tee  ( rep-ar-te' ) ,  n.  a  ready, 
witty  reply. 

re-past  (re-past'),  n.  a  meal; 
victuals. 

re-peal  (-pel'),  v.t.  to  revoke  or 
abrogate ;  annul :  n.  revocation  ; 
abrogation. 

re-peat  (-pet'),  v.t.  to  do  or  speak 
a  second  time ;  iterate ;  recite ; 
quote  from  memory  :  n.  repetition  ; 
a  sign  in  music  directing  a  part 
to  be  repeated. 

re-peat-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  repeats ;  revolver ;  a 
watch  that  strikes  the  hours,  &c., 
by  pressing  a  spring ;  a  decimal 
in  which  the  same  figure  or  figures 
are  repeated ;  one  who  illegally 
votes  more  than  once  at  the  same 
election. 

re-pel  (-pel'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
repelled,  p.pr.  repelling],  to  drive 
back ;  resist ;  check  the  advance 
of :  v.i.  to  act  in  opposition  to 
force  impressed ;  check  or  drive 
inwards. 

re-pel-lent  Cent),  adj.  driving 
back ;  tending  or  able  to  repel ;  re- 
pulsive. 

re-pent  (-pent'),  v.i.  to  feel  pain 
or  sorrow  on  account  of  some- 
thing done  or  left  undone,  espe- 
cially for  sin  committed  leading 
to  repentance ;  change  from  past 
evil :  v.t.  to  regret  [Old  Testa- 
ment]. 

re  pent  ance  (-pent'ans).  n.  con- 
trition. 

Syn.    regret,    remorse,    sorrow, 
contrition. 

Ant.   (see  obstinacy). 

re-pent-ant  ('tant),  adj.  penitent. 

rep-er-toire  (rep-er-twar').  n.  a 
repository ;  stock  of  dramas, 
songs,  &c.,  ready  for  use. 

rep-er-to-ry  (-to-ri),  n.  a  store- 
house ;  treasury. 

rep-e-ti-tion    (-e-tish'un).   n.   the 


act    of    repeating ;     recital    from 
memory. 

re-pine  (re-pin'),  v.i.  to  fret  one's 
self ;  murmur ;  complain  ;  feel  dis- 
content. 

re-plen-ish  (-plen'ish),  v.t.  to  fill 
up  again  ;  fill  or  stock  in  abund- 
ance. 

re-plen-ish-ment  (-ment),  n.  the 
act  of  replenishing ;  state  of  be- 
ing replenished. 

re-plete  '-plet'),  adj.  completely 
filled;  full. 

re-ple-tion  (-ple'shun),  n.  the 
state  of  being  too  full ;  plethora. 

re-plev-in  (-plev'in),  n.  an  action 
to  recover  goods  wrongfully  seized, 
on  security  being  given  to  try  the 
case ;  writ  for  replevying. 

re-plev-y  ('i),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
replevied,  p.pr.  replevying],  to  re- 
cover by  writ  goods  wrongfully 
seized,  on  giving  security  to  try 
the  right  to  them  at  law. 

rep-li-ca  (rep'li-ka),  n.  a  copy 
of  an  original  picture  or  statue 
executed  by  the  same  artist  or 
sculptor.  , 

rep-li-cate  ('li-kat),  adj.  folded 
back. 

rep-li-ca-tion  (-kfi'shun),  n.  a 
reply ;  echo ;  repetition ;  the 
plaintiff's  answer  to  the  plea  of 
the  defendant. 

re-pli-er  (re-pli'er),  n.  one  who 
replies. 

re-ply  (-pli'),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  re- 
plied, p.pr.  replying],  to  answer; 
respond  :  n.  an  answer ;  response  ; 
rejoinder. 

re-port  (-port'),  v.t.  to  give  an 
account  of ;  relate ;  tell  from  one 
to  another ;  circulate  publicly ; 
take  down  (spoken  words)  :  v.i. 
to  make  a  statement :  n.  an  official 
statement  of  facts ;  description, 
an  account  of  a  meeting,  <fec. ; 
rumor ;  hearsay ;  noise. 

Syn.    rumor,    recital,    account, 
tale. 

re-por-to-ri-al  (-por-to'ri-al).  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  constituted  by, 
reporters. 

re-pos-al  (-poz'51),  n.  state  of  re- 
pose. 

re-pose  (-poz'),  v.t.  to  lay  to  rest; 
refresh  by  rest ;  compose ;  lay. 
place,  or  rest,  as  confidence  or 
trust  (with  in  or  on)  :  v.i.  to 
sleep ;  recline  :  n.  sleep ;  quiet ; 


late,  mBr,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pQrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


rep 


703 


rep 


mental  rest ;  certain  parts  in  a 
picture  which  tranquilize  its  as- 
pect. 

re-pos-i-to-ry  (-poz'i-to-ri),  n. 
[pi.  repositories  (-riz)],  a  ware- 
house for  the  storing  and  safe 
keeping  of  goods ;  shop  or  ware- 
house. 

re-pous-se  (re-poos'ii),  n.  orna- 
mental metal  work  formed  in  re- 
lief and  chased. 

rep-re-hend  ( rep-re- hend'),  v.t. 
to  censure. 

rep-re-hen-si-ble  (-hen'si-bl),  adj. 
deserving  censure ;  culpable. 

rep-re-h.en.-si.-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in 
a  reprehensible  manner. 

rep-re-h.en-si.on  ('shun),  n.  cen- 
sure ;  reproof. 

rep-re-hen-sive  ('siv),  adj.  given 
to,  or  containing,  reproof.  Also 
reprehensory. 

rep-re-sent  (rep-re-zenf),  v.t.  to 
exhibit  the  image  of ;  show ;  de- 
scribe ;  give  an  account  of ;  per- 
sonate or  act  the  part  of:  re- 
produce; to  present  again  (re-pre- 
zent'). 

rep-re-sen-ta-tion  ( -zen-tfi'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  representing;  that 
which  represents  ;  portrayal ;  de- 
scription ;  likeness ;  image  or  pic- 
ture ;  dramatic  performance ; 
body  of  representatives ;  state- 
ment of  arguments  or  reasons. 

rep-re-sen-ta-tive  ('ta-tiv),  adj. 
having  the  power  or  character  of 
another;  exhibiting  a  similitude; 
typical  :  n.  one  who  is  authorized 
to  act  for  another  or  others ;  dep- 
uty or  delegate,  especially  one 
chosen  by  a  body  of  electors ;  a 
member  of  the  popular  branch  of 
Congress  or  of  a  State  Legisla- 
ture ;  he  who,  or  that  which,  rep- 
resents or  exhibits  a  likeness  ;  an 
heir. 

re-press  (-pres'),  v.t.  to  check  or 
restrain  ;  crush  ;  quell. 

re-pres-sion  (-presh'un),  n.  the 
act  of  repressing. 

re-press-ive  (-pres'iv),  adj.  serv- 
ing to  repress. 

re-press-ive-ly  (-li),  adv.  so  as  to 
repress. 

re-prieve  (-preV),  v.t.  to  grant 
a  respite  to ;  delay  the  execution 
of:  n.  temporary  suspension  of  a 
criminal  sentence. 


rep-ri-mand  (rep'ri-mand),  v.t. 
to  reprove  severely ;  reprove  pub- 
licly and  officially  :  n.  a  severe  re- 
proof. 

re-print  (re'print),  n.  a  verbatim 
copy  of  any  printed  work  ;  a  re- 
production of  printed  matter. 

re-pris-al  (re-priz'al),  n.  some- 
thing done  or  seized  by  way  of  re- 
taliation for  an  injury  or  wrong 
suffered. 

re-proach  (-proch'),  v.t.  to  cen- 
sure severely;  upbraid:  n.  severe 
blame  mingled  with  contempt ;  ob- 
ject of  scorn ;  shame  or  disgrace. 

re-proach-ful  ('fool),  adj.  con- 
taining, or  expressing,  reproach. 

re-proach. -ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
reproachful  manner. 

rep-ro-bate  (rep'ro-bat),  v.t.  to 
condemn  strongly  or  with  detesta- 
tion ;  disown :  adj.  wholly  given 
up  to  sin  ;  abandoned  ;  depraved : 
n.  a  profligate  person. 

rep-ro-ba-tion  (-ba'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  reprobating ;  abandonment 
to  eternal  destruction ;  condemna- 
tion. 

re-proof  (-proof),  n.  censure;  re- 
buke. 

N(/JI.     blame,     censure,     rebuke, 
chiding. 

Ant.   (see  approval). 

re-prove  (-proov').  v.t.  to  censure 
or  blame ;  reprimand  ;  rebuke. 

rep-tile  (rep'til).  n.  an  animal 
of  the  class  Reptilia  that  creeps 
or  crawls  on  the  ground  ;  a  mean, 
groveling  person:  adj.  creeping; 
crawling;  groveling. 

rep-til-i-an  (til'i-an),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  like,  a  reptile.  Also 
reptilious. 

re-pub-lic  (re-pub'Hk),  n.  a  state 
or  country  in  which  the  supreme 
power  is  vested  in  representatives 
elected  by  popular  vote ;  common- 
wealth. 

re-pub-lic-an  Clik-fin).  adj.  per- 
taining to,  characteristic  of,  or 
consisting  of,  a  republic :  n.  one 
who  favors  republican  govern- 
ment ;  a  member  of  the  Repub- 
lican party. 

re-pub-lic-an-ism  (-izm),  n.  the 
principles  of  a  republican  govern- 
ment ;  attachment  to  such  princi- 
ples. 

re-pub-lic-an-ize     (-Tz),     v.t.     to 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


rep 


704 


res 


form  into  a  republic ;  convert  to 
republican  ideas. 

re-pub-li-ca-tion  ( -li-ka'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  republishing ;  re-im- 
pression of  a  printed  book ;  second 
publication. 

re-pub-lisli  ('lish),  v.t.  to  pub- 
lish anew ;  print  a  new  edition  of. 

re-pu-di-ate  (-pu'di-at),  v.t.  to 
disown  or  disclaim ;  refuse  to  pay 
or  acknowledge ;  disavow. 

X>/n.   disown,   discard,   disavow, 
renounce,  disclaim. 

Ant.     (see    acknowledge). 

re-pu-di-a-tion  (-a/shun),  n.  the 
act  of  repudiating  ;  disavowal ;  re- 
jection. 

re-pu-di-a-tor  ('di-a-ter),  n.  one 
who  repudiates. 

re-pug-nance  (-pug'nans),  n. 
aversion  ;  reluctance ;  dislike. 
Also  repugnancy. 

re-pug-nant  ('nant),  adj.  highly 
distasteful  or  offensive  ;  contrary  ; 
hostile. 

Syn.  antagonistic,  distasteful. 
Ant.    (see  agreeable). 

re-pulse  (puls'),  v.t.  to  drive 
back ;  beat  off ;  repel :  n.  the  state 
of  being  driven  back  or  repelled ; 
refusal ;  denial. 

re-pul  sioii  (-pul'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  driving  back ;  state  of  being 
repelled  ;  the  power  by  which  cer- 
tain bodies  or  their  molecules  re- 
cede from  each  other ;  aversion. 

re-pul-sive  (/siy),  adj.  tending 
to  repel ;  forbidding  ;  disgusting. 

Syn.    forbidding,    odious,    ugly, 
disagreeable,    revolting. 
Ant.  (see  attractive). 

re-pul-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
repulsive  manner. 

re-pnl-sive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  repul- 
sive. 

rep-u-ta-ble  (rep'u-ta-bl).  adi.  es- 
teemed ;  honorable ;  respectable. 

rep-u-ta-bly  ('u-ta-bli),  n.  in  a 
reputable  manner. 

rep-u-ta-tion  (-ta'shun),  n.  good 
name  or  character;  honor;  credit. 

re-pute  (-put'),  v.t.  to  estimate; 
deem  :  n.  estimation  ;  character ; 
reputation. 

re-quest  (-kwesf),  n.  desire  ex- 
pressed ;  petition ;  prayer ;  de- 
mand ;  entreaty :  v.t.  to  ask  for. 

re-qui-em  (re'kwi-em),  n.  a  mass, 


or  musical  setting  of  a  mass,  for 
the  repose  of  the  soul  or  a  per- 
son deceased. 

re-quire  (re-kwir'),  v.t.  to  ask 
for  or  claim  as  by  right  or  au- 
thority ;  demand  ;  exact ;  need. 

re-quire-ment  Cment),  n.  the  act 
of  requiring ;  that  which  is  re- 
quired ;  demand  ;  necessity. 

req-ui-site  (rek'wi-zit),  adj.  need- 
ful ;  indispensable :  n.  anything 
requisite. 

req-ui-site-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  req- 
uisite manner. 

req-ui-site-ness  (-nes),  n.  neces- 
sity. 

req-ui-si-tion  (-wi-zish'un),  n. 
the  act  of  requiring ;  that  which 
is  required;  demand,  especially 
a  written  one :  v.t.  to  demand ; 
make  a  requisition  upon. 

re-qui-tal  (-kwit'ul),  n.  retalia- 
tion. 

re-quite  (-kwlf),  v.t.  to  make  re- 
turn for  treatment,  good  or  evil ; 
recompense  ;  retaliate  ;  revenge. 

rere-mouse  (rer'mous),  n.  the 
bat. 

re-scind  (re-sind'),  v.t.  to  annul; 
revoke. 

re-scis-sipn  (-sizh'un),  n.  the  act 
of  annulling. 

re-script  ('skript),  n.  an  edict  or 
decree,  especially  of  an  emperor 
or  pope  in  answer  to  some 
question  or  jurisprudence  officially 
submitted  to  him,  and  having  the 
force  of  a  law. 

res-cue  (res'ku),  v.t.  to  set  free 
from  clanger,  restraint,  or  vio- 
lence; liberate;  deliver:  n.  deliv- 
erance from  danger,  restraint,  or 
violence ;  forcible  retaking  of  per- 
sons or  goods  detained  by  legal 
authority. 

re-search  (-serch'),  n.  laborious, 
careful  inquiry  or  investigation : 
v.t.  to  search  again ;  investigate 
carefully  and  diligently. 

re-sem-blance  (-zem'blans),  n. 
likeness. 

re-sem-ble  (-zem'bl),  v.t.  to  have 
a  likeness  to ;  have  similarity  to. 

re-sent  (zenf),  v.t.  to  consider 
as  an  injury  or  affront ;  take  ill ; 
be  angry  in  consequence  of. 
re-sent-ful  ('fool),  adj.  easily  pro- 
voked to  anger;  full  of  resent- 
ment. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


705 


re-sent-ful-ly  (-H),  adv.  with 
resentment. 

re-sent-ment  ('ment),  n.  strong 
anger  or  displeasure ;  deep  sense 
of  injury. 

res-er-va-tion  ( rez-er-va'shun ) , 
n.  anything  kept  back  or  re- 
served ;  clause,  proviso,  or  limi- 
tation, by  which  something  is  re- 
served ;  public  land  reserved  for 
some  particular  use,  as  schools, 
&c. 

re-serve  (re-zerv'),  v.t.  to  keep 
in  store  ;  hold  back  for  future  use  ; 
retain  :  n.  that  which  is  retained 
for  future  use ;  closeness  or  cau- 
tion in  speaking  or  acting ; 
taciturnity  ;  modesty :  pi.  troops 
kept  for  the  support  of  an  army 
or  to  meet  any  contingency. 

res-er-voir  (rez'er-vwar),  n.  a 
place  where  anything  (usually 
fluids  and  liquids)  is  collected  and 
stored  up  for  use. 

re-set-ter  (re-set'er),  n.  one  who 
resets  or  pla_ces  again. 

re-side  (re-zld'),  v.i.  to  dwell  or 
inhabit ;  live. 

res-i-dence  (rez'i-dens),  n.  place 
of  abode  ;  domicile ;  act  of  resid- 
ing. 

res-i-den-cy  (-den-si),  n.  in  In- 
dia, the  official  residence  of  the 
British  Minister. 

res-i-den-tial  ('shal),  n.  pertain- 
ing to,  containing,  or  suitable  for, 
residents. 

re-sid-u-al  (re-zid'u-al),  adj.  re- 
maining after  a  part  has  been 
taken  away. 

re-sid-u-a-ry  ('u-a-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  constituting,  the 
residue ;  relating  or  entitled  to  the 
remainder  of  an  estate,  &c.,  after 
deducting  legal  expenses. 

res-i-due   (rez'i-du),  n.  remainder. 

re-sid-u-um  (re-zid'u-um),  n. 
that  which  is  left  after  a  chemical 
process. 

re-sign  (-zln').  v.t.  to  yield  to 
another :  surrender  formally ; 
withdraw  from;  submit  calmly; 
sign  again  (ro-sln'). 

res-ig-na-tion  (rez-ig-na'shun) . 
n.  the  act  of  resigning;  state  of 
being  resigned ;  calm  submission 
or  acquiescence ;  patience. 

re-sil-i-ent  (re-zil'i-ent),  adj. 
springing  back. 


res-iii  (rez'in),  n.  a  solid  inflam- 
mable substance  obtained  from 
various  trees  which  exude  it  in 
the  form  of  gum. 

res-i-nous  (-us),  adj.  containing, 
consisting  of,  or  like,  resin. 

re-sist  (re-zisf),  v.t.  to  oppose; 
withstand  :  thwart ;  strive  against : 
v.i.  to  make  opposition  or  resist- 
ance. 

re-sist-ance  (-zist's*ins),  n.  the  act 
of  resisting  ;  opposition  ;  power  of 
a  body  that  acts  in  opposition  to 
another ;  in  photography,  contrast 
of  light  and  shade. 

re-sist-ant  ('ant),  adj.  offering  re- 
sistance :  n.  one  who,  or  that 
which,  resists. 

re-sist-i-bil-i-ty  (-zizt-i-bil'i-ti) , 
n.  the  quality  of  being  resistible. 

re-sist-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  resisting. 

re-sist-i-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  a  re- 
sistible manner. 

re-sist-less   ('les),  n.  irresistible. 

res-o-lu-ble  (rez'o-lu-bl),  adj.  ca- 
pable of  being  melted  or  resolved. 

res-o-lnte  ('o-liit),  adj.  deter- 
mined ;  having  a  fixed  purpose ; 
decided  ;  firm  ;  steady. 

res-o-lute-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a 
i  resolute  manner. 

res-o-lute-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  resolute. 

res-o-lu-tion  (-lu'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  resolving ;  state  of  being 
resolved ;  analysis ;  fixed  deter- 
mination ;  constancy  of  purpose ; 
formal  proposal  in  a  legislative 
assembly  or  public  meeting ;  solu- 
tion. 

res-o-ln-tion  of  for-ces  (for'sez), 
the  dividing  of  a  force  into  two 
or  more,  which  would  have  the 
same  effect  as  if  it  acted  alone. 

res-o-lu-tive  Co-lu-tiv),  adj.  hav- 
ing the  power  to  dissolve. 

re-sol-va-bil-i-ty  ( re-zol-va-bil'i- 
ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  resolva- 
ble. Resolvableness. 

re-sol- va-ble  ('va-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  resolved. 

re-solve  (-zolv'),  v.t.  to  reduce  to 
constituent  parts;  analyze;  free 
from  doubt  or  difficulty;  clear  or 
separate;  solve;  settle  in  an  opin- 
ion ;  decide ;  determine  by  vote ; 
disperse,  as  a  tumor.  &c. ;  carry  a 
discord  into  a  concord  [Music]  : 


lato.  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


res 


706 


res 


v.i.  to  determine ;  pass  a  formal 
resolution. 

re-solved  (-zolvd'),  p.adj.  deter- 
mined ;  firm. 

re-sol-vent  (-zol'vent),  adj.  hav- 
ing the  power  of  resolving ;  caus- 
ing solution  :  n.  a  medicine  to  dis- 
perse a  tumor,  &c. 

res-o-nance  (rez'6-nans),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  resonant.  Also 
resonancy. 

res-o-nant  ('o-nant),  adj.  return- 
ing sound. 

re-sort  (-z6rf),  v.i.  to  betake 
one's  self ;  go  often ;  have  re- 
course ;  apply :  n.  place  much 
frequented  ;  concourse  ;  resource. 

re-sound  (-zound'),  v.i.  &  v.t.  to 
reverberate ;  be  re-echoed  ;  spread 
the  fame  or  renown  of ;  send 
back  sound ;  echo ;  sound  again 
(re-sound'), 

re-source  (-sors'),  n.  source  of 
help  or  supply ;  an  expedient  to 
which  one  resorts :  pi.  money ; 
means  of  any  kind. 

resp  (resp),  n.  a  disease  of  sheep. 

re-spect  (re-spekf),  n.  regard; 
expression  of  esteem  ;  deference  ; 
manner  of  treating  others ;  re- 
spectful demeanor;  point,  refer- 
ence, or  particular :  pi.  expression 
of  good-will  or  regard :  v.t.  to 
honor  or  esteem  ;  have  relation  to. 

re-spect-a-bil-i-ty  (-a-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being 
respectable. 

re-spect-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble or  worthy  of  respect ;  held  in 
good  repute ;  moderate  in  excel- 
lence or  number. 

re-spect-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  a 
respectable  manner. 

re-spect-ful  ('fool),  adj.  charac- 
terized by  respect. 

re-spect-ful-ly  (-11),  adv.  with 
respect. 

re-spect-ing  ('ing),  prep,  con- 
cerning. 

re-spect-iye  ('iv),  adj.  relating 
to  a  particular  person  or  thing; 
not  absolute ;  relative. 

re-spect-ive-ly  (-li),  adv.  as  each 
belongs  to  each ;  not  absolutely. 

re-spir-a-bil-i-ty  (-splr-a-bil'i-ti) , 
n.  the  quality  of  being  respirable. 
Respirableness. 

re  spir-a-bl  j  ('5-bl),  adj.  that 
may  be,  or  is  fit  to  be,  breathed. 


res-pi-ra-tion  ( res-pi -ra'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  or  process  of  breathing ; 
relief  from  toil. 

res-pi-ra-tor  ('pi-ra-ter),.  n.  a 
network  contrivance  for  covering 
the  mouth  and  protecting  the 
lungs  from  cold,  fog,  &c. 

res-pi-ra-to-ry  ('pi-ra-to-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to  or  serving  for,  res- 
piration. 

re-spire  (-spir'),  v.t.  to  draw  air 
into  the  lungs  and  expel  it  again  ; 
breathe ;  inhale :  v.t.  to  breathe 
in  and  out,  as  air. 

res-pite  (res'pit),  n.  pause  or 
temporary  cessation  of  anything ; 
delay  ;  interval  of  rest ;  reprieve  : 
v.t.  to  grant  a  respite  to ;  sus- 
pend the  execution  of. 

re-splen-dence  (re-splen'dens),  n. 
brilliant  luster;  intense  light. 
Also  resplendency. 

re-splen-dent  ('dent),  adj.  shin- 
ing with  brilliant  luster ;  in- 
tensely bright. 

re-spond  t-spond'),  v.i.  to  answer 
or  reply ;  be  liable  for  payment : 
v.t.  to  pay :  n.  a  short  anthem 
sung  between  the  reading  of  the 
lessons. 

re-spond-ent  ('ent),  adj.  giving 
response :  n.  one  who  answers  or 
replies;  one  who  maintains  a 
thesis  in  reply  ;  one  who  answers 
to  a  suit  at  law. 

res-pon-den-ti-a  ( res-pon-den 'shi- 
ft), n.  a  loan  on  the  security  of 
a  ship's  cargo. 

re-sponse  (re-spons'),  n.  the  act 
of  answering ;  reply ;  in  a  litur- 
gical service,  the  answer  of  the 
congregation  to  the  priest. 

re-spon-si-ble  ('si-bl),  adj.  in- 
volving responsibility ;  answera- 
ble ;  liable. 

re-spon-si-bly  ('si-bli),  adv.  in  a 
responsible  manner. 

re-spon-sive  ('siv),  adj.  answer- 
ing ;  correspondent. 

re-spon-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
responsive  manner. 

re-spon-sive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  respon- 
sive. 

re-spon-so-ry  ('sd-ri),  adj.  con- 
taining answer:  n.  the  answer  of 
the  congregation  to  the  priest 
in  a  liturgical  service. 

rest  (rest),  n.  cessation  from 
motion  or  disturbance ;  quiet ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl:  he.  her.  let:  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  :  mfite.  nut ;  thin,  then. 


707 


ret 


peace ;  repose ;  sleep ;  death ; 
place  of  quiet  or  repose ;  trust ; 
interval  of  silence  and  its  sign 
L Music]  ;  remainder:  v.i.  to  cease 
from  motion  or  action  ;  repose  ;  be 
quiet ;  sleep  ;  die ;  stand  ;  be  satis- 
tied  ;  lean :  v.t.  to  lay  to  rest ; 
place. 

tfyn.    calm,    ease,    peace,    quiet, 
repose,  sleep. 

Ant.   (see  movement). 

res-tau-rant  ( res'to-rant,  or  -to- 
riing),  n.  a  house  for  refreshment; 
an  eating-house. 

res-tau-ra-tenr  (-ra-ter),  n.  the 
keeper  of  a  restaurant. 

restful  ('fool),  adj.  full  of  rest; 
quiet. 

rest-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  restful 
manner. 

res-ti-tu-tion  (-ti-tu'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  making  good  any  loss,  in- 
jury, or  damage  ;  compensation  ; 
amends. 

rest-ive  (rest'iv),  adj.  unwilling 
to  go  forward ;  stubborn ;  obsti- 
nate ;  uneasy. 

Syn.    fidgety,    impatient,    rest- 
less,   unruly. 

Ant.   (see  passive). 

rest-ive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  restive 
manner. 

rest-ive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  restive. 

re-stor-a-ble  ( re-stor'a-bl ) ,  adj. 
capable  of  being  restored. 

res-to-ra-tion  ( res-to-ra'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  restoring ;  renewal ; 
repair. 

re-stor-a-tive  (re-stor'a-tiv),  adj. 
capable  of  restoring :  n.  a  re- 
invigorating  medicine. 

re-stor-a-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  so  as 
to  restore. 

re-store  (-stor'),  v.t.  to  bring  back 
to  its  former  strength;  repair;  re- 
build ;  heal  or  cure ;  re-invigor- 
ate ;  renew ;  amend ;  reclaim ; 
store  again. 

re-strain  (-stran'),  v.t.  to  check; 
repress. 

N///I.      bridle,      check,      confine, 
curb,  hold. 

Ant.    ( see  free). 

re-straint  (-strfinf),  n.  the  act 
of  restraining ;  state  of  being  re- 
strained ;  limitation. 

re-strict  (-strikf),  v.t.  to  con- 
fine or  limit. 


re-stric-tion  (-strik'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  restricting ;  limitation ; 
confinement. 

re-strict-ive  ('iv),  adj.  imposing 
restraint. 

re-strict-ive-ly  (-li),  adv.  with 
restriction. 

result  (-zulf),  v.i.  to  follow  as  a 
consequence ;  to  come  to  a  deci- 
sion ;  ensue  ;  decree  :  n.  conclusion 
or  consequence. 

re-sult-ant  ('ant),  adj.  follow- 
ing as  a  result :  n.  a  single  force 
compounded  of  two  or  more  forces 
and  representing  their  combined 
effects. 

re-sult-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  follow- 
ing as  a  result  or  consequence. 

re-su-me  ( ra-zu-mu' ) ,  n.  a  sum- 
mary. 

re-sunie  (-zum'),  v.t.  to  take  up 
again  after  interruption ;  begin 
again ;  take  back. 

re-sump-tion  (re-zump'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  resuming. 

res-ur-rec-tioa  ( rez-er-ek'shun ) , 
n.  a  rising  again  from  the  dead ; 
moral  revival. 

res-ur-rec-tion-ist  (-ist),  n. 
formerly  a  man  who  disinterred 
dead  bodies  for  sale  for  anatomic- 
al purposes. 

re-sus-ci-tate  (re-sus'i-tat),  v.t. 
to  revive  from  apparent  death ; 
revivify. 

re-sus-ci-ta-tion  (-ta'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  resuscitating ;  state  of 
being  resuscitated. 

re-sus-ci-ta-tive  ('i-ta-tiv),  adj. 
tending  to  resuscitate ;  restorative. 

re-sus-ci-ta-tor  ('i-ta-ter),  n. 
one  who,  or  that  which,  resusci- 
tates. 

ret  (ret),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  retted, 
p.pr.  retting],  to  steep  in  water 
to  separate  the  fibers  of  a  sub- 
stance, as  flax,  by  incipient  rot- 
ting. 

re-tail  (re-tal'),  v.t.  to  sell  in 
small  quantities ;  sell  second- 
hand:  n.  (re'tal)  sale  of  goods  in 
small  quantities :  adj.  dealing  in 
small  quantities  or  second-hand. 

retain  (-tan'),  v.t.  to  hold  or 
keep  in  possession ;  detain ;  en- 
gage by  a  fee  prepaid. 

re-tain-er  ('er).  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  retains ;  a  depend- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ret 


708 


ret 


ent ;  attendant ;  preliminary  re- 
taining fee  paid  to  counsel. 

re-tal-i-ate  (-tal'i-at),  v.t.  to  re- 
turn by  giving  like  for  like  (usu- 
ally in  an  ill  sense). 

re-tal-i-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  retaliating. 

re-tal-i-a-tive  ('i-a-tiv),  adj.  re- 
turning like  for  like ;  vindictive. 
Also  retaliatory. 

re-tard  .(-tiird'),  v.t.  to  hinder  or 
obstruct ;  delay  ;  keep  back. 

re-tar-da-tion  (-tiir-da'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  retarding ;  hindrance ; 
postponement. 

r  e-t  a  r-d  a-t  i  v  e  ('da-tiv) ,  adj. 
tending  to  retard. 

retch  (rech),  v.i.  to  try  to  vomit; 
strain  in  vomiting. 

re-ten-tion  (re-ten'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  holding  back ;  power  of 
retaining,  especially  ideas. 

re-ten-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  having 
the  power  to  retain. 

re-ten-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  with  re- 
tentiveness. 

re-ten-tive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  retentive. 

ret-i-cence  (ret'i-sens),  n.  silence; 
reserve. 

ret-i-oent  ('i-sent),  adj.  silent; 
reserved. 

re-tic-u-lar  (-tik'u-lar),  adj. 
formed  with  interstices. 

re-tic-u-late  ('u-lat),  adj.  formed 
of,  or  resembling,  network. 

ret-i-cule  (ret'i-kul),  n.  a  lady's 
handbag  or  workbag ;  a  telescopic 
eyepiece  across  which  is  stretched 
a  network  of  very  fine  material 
for  dividing  the  field  of  view  into 
small  equal  squares. 

re  ti  form  (re'ti-fdrm) ,  adj.  net- 
shaped. 

ret-i-na  (ret'i-na),  n.  one  of  the 
coats  of  the  eye,  containing  the 
ends  of  the  sensory  nerves  which 
receive  the  impressions  which  give 
rise  to  vision. 

ret-i-ni-tis  (-i-ni'tis),  n.  inflam- 
mation of  the  retina. 

ret  i-mie  ('i-nu),  n.  the  suite  or 
attendants  of  a  prince  or  person 
of  distinction  ;  train. 

re-tir-a-cy  ( re-tir'a-si ) ,  n.  the 
state  of  having  retired ;  com- 
petency. 

re-tire  ( -tir* ) ,  v.i.  to  go  to  a  place 
of  privacy  ;  withdraw  ;  retreat ;  re- 


cede ;  withdraw  from  business, 
official,  or  active  life ;  to  go  to 
bed. 

re-tired  (-tlrd'),  adj.  secluded 
from  society ;  having  given  up 
business,  &c. ;  private. 

re-tire-ment  (-tlr'ment),  n.  the 
act  of  retiring ;  state  of  being  re- 
tired ;  privacy ;  solitude. 

Syn.    loneliness,    privacy,    soli- 
tude. 
Ant.    (see  association). 

re-tir-ing  ('ing),  adj.  reserved, 
not  obtrusive ;  assigned  as  a  pen- 
sion, to  an  official  retiring  from 
the  public  service,  &c. 

re-tort  (-t6rf),  v.t.  to  return,  as 
an  argument,  incivility,  censure, 
accusation,  &c. :  v.i.  to  make  a  re- 
tort :  n.  censure,  incivility,  &c.,  re- 
turned ;  sharp  reply  ;  a  vessel  used 
in  distilling  and  decomposing  sub- 
stances. 

re-touch  (-tuch'),  v.t.  to  touch 
again ;  improve  by  going  over  a 
work  of  art  to  restore  faded  parts, 
&c. 

re-tract  (-trakf),  v.i.  to  draw, 
or  take  back  ;  recall ;  rescind  ;  re- 
cant :  v.i.  to  withdraw  something 
previously  said  or  written :  n.  the 
prick  of  a  horse's  foot  in  nail- 
ing a  horseshoe. 

re-tract-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  retracted.  Also  retract- 
ile, retractable. 

re-trac-ta-tion  (-trak-tu'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  retracting  ;  recantation  ; 
disavowal.  Also  retraction. 

re-tract-or  ('ter),  n.  one  who  re- 
tracts ;  a  muscle  or  instrument 
for  drawing  back. 

re-treat  (-tret'),  n.  the  act  of 
withdrawing  or  retiring ;  retire- 
ment or  seclusion ;  place  of  pri- 
vacy ;  shelter;  the  retiring  of  an 
army  of  troops  from  the  face  of 
an  enemy  or  an  advanced  position  ; 
signal  for  retiring  from  an  en- 
gagement, or  to  quarters :  v.i.  to 
withdraw  to  seclusion  or  place  of 
safety ;  retire  before  an  enemy. 

re-trench  (-trench'),  v.t.  to  fur- 
nish with  a  retrenchment :  v.i. 
to  cut  down  expenses. 

re-trench-ment  ('ment).  n.  cur- 
tailment ;  reduction  of  expenses ; 
military  work  constructed  inside 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ret 


709 


rev 


another  to  resist  an  enemy  who 
has  forced  the  oute*  one. 

ret-ri-bu-tion  (ret-ri-bu'shun),  n. 
reward  or  punishment  suitable 
to  the  action  ;  distribution  of  re- 
wards or  punishments  in  future 
life  at  the  final  judgment. 

re-trib-u-tive  (re-trib'u-tiv),  adj. 
rewarding  for  good  deeds  and  pun- 
ishing for  offenses.  Also  retribu- 
tory. 

re-triev-a-ble  (-trev'u-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  retrieved. 

re-triev-a-ble-n«ss  (-nes),  n. 
the  state  of  being  retrievable. 

re-triev-a-bly  ('a-bli),  adv.  in  a 
retrievable  manner. 

re-trie ve  (-trev'),  v.t.  to  recover; 
restore ;  regain :  v.i.  to  act  as  a 
retriever. 

re-triev-er  ('er),  n.  a  variety  of 
dog  trained  to  fetch  game. 

retro,  a  prefix  meaning  back, 
backwards,  as  retrospect,  a  re- 
view of  the  past. 

re-tro-cede  (re-tro-sed'),  v.t.  to 
cede  or  grant  back. 

re-tro-ces-sion  (-sesh'un),  n.  the 
act  of  going  back. 

ret-ro-grade  (ret'ro-grad),  adj. 
going  or  moving  backwards ;  appar- 
ently moving  from  east  to  west 
as  a  planet ;  going  from  a  better 
to  a  worse  moral  condition ;  be- 
coming less  highly  organized :  v.i. 
to  go  backwards. 

re  -  tro  -  gres  -  sion  ( re-tro-gresh'- 
un),  n.  the  act  of  going  backward. 

re-tro-gres-sive,  same  as  retro- 
grade. 

ret-ro-spect,  see  under  retro. 

ret  -  ro  -  spec  -  tion  ( ret-ro-spek'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  or  faculty  of 
looking  back  on  the  past. 

ret-ro-spec-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  look- 
ing back  on  things  past ;  referring 
to  past  things. 

ret-ro-spec-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
a  ri-l  rosprrtivc  manner. 

ret-ro-ver-sion  (-ver'shun),  n.  a 
turning  or  falling  backward. 

Te-turn  (re-tern'),  v.i.  to  come 
back  again  to  the  same  place  or 
state;  revisit;  retort:  v.t.  to  re- 
pay ;  restore  ;  requite  ;  elect ;  re- 
ply or  report  officially  :  n.  the  act 
of  going  back  or  returning;  retro- 
gression ;  repayment ;  requital ; 
restitution;  remittance;  advan- 
tage ;  profit ;  official  report. 


re-tum-ing  of-fi-cer  ('ing  of'i- 
ser),  n.  an  official  whose  duty  it 
is  to  preside  at  an  election,  make 
returns  to  writs,  juries,  &c. 

re-tuse  (-tus'),  adj.  very  blunt; 
having  the  extremity  broad  and 
slightly  depressed. 

re-un-ion  (re-un'yun).  n.  a  fes- 
tive gathering  of  familiar  friends 
or  associatesj  act  of  reuniting. 

re-u-nite  (-u-nlt').  v.t.  to  unite 
again  ;  reconcile  after  variance : 
v.i.  become  united  again. 

re-veal  (re-veT),  v.i.  to  make 
known ;  disclose :  n.  the  vertical 
side  of  a  doorway,  window,  &c. 

rev-eil-le  (rev-el-e'  or  re-val'ye), 
n.  the  beat  of  a  drum,  or  bugle 
call  at  daybreak  to  awaken 
soldiers. 

rev-el  (rev'el),  n.  a  noisy  or 
riotous  feast :  v.i.  to  feast  with 
joyous  or  clamorous  merriment. 

rev-e-la-tion  (-a/shun),  n.  the  act 
of  revealing  or  making  known, 
especially  Divine  truth  ;  that  which 
is  revealed,  especially  by  God  to 
man. 

rev-el-er  ('el-er),  n.  one  who  rev- 
els. 

rev-el-ry  (-ri),  n.  boisterous  fes- 
tivity. 

re-venge  (re-venj'),  v.t.  to  inflict 
pain  or  punishment  because  of ; 
exact  retribution  for ;  avenge :  n. 
the  act  of  revenging ;  malicious 
injuring  in  return  for  an  injury 
or  offense  received ;  retaliation ; 
malice. 

Syn.  vengeance,   retaliation,  re- 
quital, retribution. 
Ant.    (see  forgiveness). 

re-venge-ful  ('fool),  adj.  vin- 
dictive. 

re-venge-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  vin- 
dictively. 

rev-e-nne  (rev'e-nu),  n.  the  gen- 
eral income  of  a  state,  derived 
from  the  annual  taxes,  excise, 
customs,  &c ;  annual  profits  from 
lands,  &c. 

Syn.  produce,  income,  proceeds, 
fruits,  wealth. 

re-ver-ber-ate  Cre-veVber-at),  v.t. 
to  send  back,  as  sound  ;  re-echo : 
v.i.  to  be  driven  back,  or  reflected, 
as  sound  or  light. 

re-ver-ber-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  reverberating. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat.  awl :  he.  he"r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


rev 


710 


re-ver-ber-a-tory  ( 'ber-il-to-ri ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  characterized 
by  or  produced  by,  reverberation  : 
n.  a  domed  furnace  which  re- 
flects the  flame  upon  a  vessel 
placed  within  it,  without  being  in 
contact  with  the  fuel. 

re-vere  (-ver'),  v.t.  to  regard  with 
fear  mingled  with  respect  and 
affection ;  reverence. 

rev-er-ence  (rev'er-ens),  n.  ven- 
eration ;  honor ;  respect ;  act  of 
obeisance ;  a  title  given  to  the 
clergy  (with  his,  your)  :  v.t.  to 
regard  with  reverence. 

Syn.   honor,   respect,   awe,   ven- 
eration,   deference,    homage,    wor- 
ship. 
Ant.   (see  execration). 

rev-er-end  (-end),  adj.  worthy 
of  reverence. 

Rev-er-end  (-end),  n.  a  title  given 
to  the  clergy. 

rev-er-ent  (-ent),  adj.  showing,  or 
expressive  of,  reverence  ;  humble  ; 
submissive. 

rev-er-en-tial  (-en'sb.31),  adj.  pro- 
ceeding from  reverence ;  respect- 
ful. 

rev-er-en-tial-ly  (-li),  adv.  with 
reverence. 

rev-er-ie  ('er-i),  n.  deep  musing; 
wakeful  dreaminess ;  irregular 
train  of  thoughts  or  fancies  in 
meditation. 

re-ver-sal  (re-ver'sal),  n.  the  act 
of  reversing ;  overthrow  or  an- 
nulling ;  repeal. 

re-verse  (-vers'),  adj.  turned  back- 
ward ;  having  an  opposite  direc- 
tion ;  made  or  declared  void :  v.t. 
to  turn  upside  down  ;  change  en- 
tirely :  n.  the  contrary  or  opposite  ; 
back  of  a  coin  or  medal ;  change ; 
vicissitude ;  defeat. 

re-vers-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  reversed. 

re-ver-sion  ('shun),  n.  right  to 
future  possession  or  enjoyment ; 
tendency  of  an  animal  or  plant 
to  revert  to  its  original  form, 
&c. 

re-ver-sion-a-ry  (-a-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  involving,  right  of 
reversion. 

re-vert  (-vert'),  v.t.  to  turn  back  ; 
change;  reverse:  v.i.  to  return 
or  fall  back ;  return  to  the  origi- 
nal owner  or  his  heirs. 


re-vert-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  reverted. 

re-vest  (-vest'),  v.i.  to  return  to 
a  former  owner. 

re-vet-ment  (-vet'ment),  n.  in 
fortification,  a  strong  wall 
erected  round  the  lower  part  of 
the  rampart;  a  retaining  wall. 

re-view  (-vu'),  v.t.  to  consider 
over  again ;  re-examine ;  look 
back  ;  revise  ;  examine  critically  ; 
inspect  (troops,  &c. )  ;  write  a 
critical  notice  of :  n.  the  act  of 
reviewing ;  re-examination  ;  sur- 
vey of  the  past ;  criticism,  es- 
pecially of  a  new  publication  ;  a 
periodical  with  criticisms  on 
now  books,  essays,  &c ;  inspection 
of  troops,  &c. 

re-vile  (-vil'),  v.t.  to  address  with 
opprobrious  or  contumelious  lan- 
guage ;  reproach. 

re-vise    (-viz'),  v.t.  to  review  and 
amend ;    examine    for    correction  : 
n.  a   revision  ;   seconu  proof-sheet. 
Syn.   review,   reconsider. 

re-vi-sion.  C-vizh'un),  n.  the  act 
of  examining  for  correction ; 
that  which  is  revised. 

re-vi-val  (-vi'val),  n.  the  act 
of  reviving ;  recovery ;  renewal  of 
life  ;  renewed  performance  of  ;  re- 
production ;  spiritual  awakening. 

re-vi-val-ism  (-izm),  n.  an  in- 
terest in  revivals  of  religion,  or 
the  methods  of  procedure  to  pro- 
mote such. 

re-vi-val-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  who 
promotes  revivals. 

re-vive  (-vlv'),  v.i.  to  recover 
life;  return  to  vigor  or  activity, 
especially  from  a  state  of  languor, 
neglect,  &c. :  v.t.  to  restore  to 
life  again  ;  renovate  ;  reproduce. 

Syn.  refresh,  renew,  renovate, 
animate,  resuscitate,  vivify,  cheer, 
comfort. 

re-viv-i-fy  (-viv'i-fl).  v.t.  \p.t.  & 
p.p.  revivified,  p.pr.  revivifying], 
to  reanimate ;  quicken. 

rev-o-ca-ble  (rev'o-ka-bl),  adj. 
that  may  be  revoked. 

rev-o-ca-tion  (-kfi'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  revoking ;  recall ;  repeal ; 
reversal. 

re-voke  (-vok'),  v.t.  to  recall; 
repeal ;  annul :  v.i.  to  fail  to  fol- 
low suit  at  cards :  n.  the  act  of 
revoking  at  cards. 


lato,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


fev 


711 


rht 


re-volt  (-volt'),  n.  rebellion 
against  constituted  authority  ;  in- 
surrection ;  change  of  sides ;  de- 
sertion :  v.i.  to  turn  away  in  dis- 
gust ;  to  rebel :  v.i.  overturn ; 
shock. 

re-volt-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  disgust- 
ing ;  repellent. 

rev-o-lute  (rev'6-lut),  adj.  rolled 
backwards. 

rev-o-lu-tion  (-lu'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  revolving  ;  rotation  ;  change 
or  alteration  of  system ;  motion 
of  a  point  or  line  about  a  center ; 
recurrence  or  succession ;  funda- 
mental and  sudden  vchange  in,  the 
government  of  a  country. 

•S'l/M.   confusion,   disorder,   muti- 
ny, rebellion,   anarchy. 
Ant.    (see  law,  order). 

rev-o-lu-tion-a-ry  (-a-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  tending  to  produce, 
or  constituting,  a  revolution :  n. 
a  revolutionist. 

rev-o-lu-tion-ist  ('shun-ist),  n. 
one  who  organizes  or  takes  part  in 
a  revolution. 

rev-o-lu-tion-ize  ('shun-iz),  v.t. 
to  cause  a  revolution  or  entire 
change  of  government  or  any  sys- 
tem. 

re-volve  (re-volv'),  v.i.  to  turn 
round,  as  on  an  axis ;  roll  in  a 
circle ;  rotate :  v.t.  to  cause  to 
turn  or  roll  round ;  meditate  or 
reflect  upon. 

xe-volv-er  (-volv'er),  n.  one  who. 
or  that  which,  revolves ;  a  pistol 
•with  revolving  barrels,  fired  suc- 
cessively without  reloading. 

re-volv-ing  ('ing),  adj.  turning 
round. 

re-vul-sion  (-vul'shun),  n.  sudden 
and  violent  change,  especially  of 
feeling ;  diversion  of  the  cause  of 
a  disease  from  one  part  of  the 
body  to  another. 

re-vnl-sive  ('siv),  adj.  having 
the  power  of,  or  tending  to,  re- 
vulsion. 

re-ward  (-ward"),  n.  something 
given  as  a  return  for  good  or  ill 
received ;  recompense ;  retribu- 
tion ;  punishment ;  gift  in  token 
of  approved  merit :  v.t.  to  give  in 
return  for  good  or  ill  received ; 
recompense ;  punish. 

rey-nard  (ren'ard  or  ra'nard), 
n.  the  fox. 


Rhad-a-man-tliine  ( rad-a-man'- 
thin),  adj.  sternly  just  and  inflexi- 
ble :  from  Rhadamanthus,  one  of 
the  three  judges  in  classic  mythol- 
ogy who  decided  the  fate  of  the 
souls  of  the  departed  in  the  low- 
er world. 

rhap-sod-ic  (rap-sod'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  connected  with, 
rhapsody  ;  unconnected  ;  confused. 
Also  rhapsodical. 

rliap-so-dist  ('so-dist).  n.  one 
who  makes  or  recites  verses,  es- 
pecially one  whose  profession  was 
to  recite  the  Homeric  or  other 
epics. 

rliap-so-dize  ('s5-diz),  v.i.  to 
write  or  utter  rhapsodies. 

rhap-so-dy  ('so-di),  n.  [pi.  rhap- 
sodies (-diz)],  any  unconnected 
or  rambling  composition,  com- 
posed under  the  influence  of  ex- 
citement ;  part  of  an  epic  poem 
for  recitation  at  one  time. 

rhea  (re'a),  n.  the  South  Ameri- 
can ostrich. 

Rlien-ish  (ren'ish),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  river  Rhine :  n.  Rhine 
wine. 

rhe-o-cliord  (re'o-k6rd),  n.  a 
metallic  wire  used  for  measuring 
the  resistance  or  variability  of  an 
electric  current. 

rlie-om-e-ter  (-om'e-ter),  n.  an 
instrument  for  measuring  the  in- 
tensity of  an  electric  current. 

rhe-om-e-try  ('e»tri),  n.  the  art 
of  measuring  the  intensity  and 
velocity  of  electric  and  other  cur- 
rents. 

rhe-o-mo-tor  ('o-mo-ter),  n.  an 
apparatus  by  which  an  electrical 
current  is  generated. 

rhe-o-phore  ('6-for),  n.  the  con- 
necting wire  of  an  electric  or 
galvanic  apparatus. 

rlie-o-scope  ('o-skop),  n.  an  ap- 
paratus for  detecting  an  electric 
current. 

rlie-o-stat  ('o-stat),  n.  an  ap- 
paratus for  regulating  an  electric 
current. 

rhe-o-tome  ('o-tom),  n.  an  ap- 
paratus for  interrupting  an  elec- 
tric current  at  stated  intervals. 

rhe-o-trope  ('o-trop).  n.  an  ap- 
paratus for  periodically  reversing 
the  direction  of  an  electric  cur- 
rent. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thia,  then. 


rhe 


712 


rib 


rlie-sus  ('sus),  n.  a  monkey,  held 
sacred  in  certain  parts  of  India. 

rb.et-o-ric  (ret'o-rik),  n.  the  art 
of  speaking  with  elegance  and 
force ;  declamation ;  showy  ora- 
tory. 

rhe-tor-i-cal  (re-tor'i-kal),  adj. 
pertaining  to  rhetoric ;  figura- 
tive ;  declamatory. 

rhe-tor-i-cal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
rhetorical  manner. 

rhet-o-ri-cian  (ret-6-rish'an),  n. 
a  teacher  of  rhetoric,  or  one 
skilled  in  the  art ;  orator. 

rheum  (room),  n.  the  increased 
action  of  the  vessels  of  any  or- 
gan, especially  the  lungs  or  nos- 
trils, producing  an  increased  dis- 
charge of  secretions. 

rteu-inat-ic  (-mat'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  affected  by,  rheu- 
matism. Also  rheumatical. 

rheii ma  tisiu  ('mu-tizm),  n.  a 
painful  disease  of  the  muscles 
and  joints  accompanied  by  swell- 
ing and  stiffness. 

rhi-no  (ri'no),  n.  money:  a  prefix 
meaning  the  nose.  Also  rhin. 

rlii-noc-er-os  (ri-nos'er-os) ,  n.  a 
large  pachydermatous  animal  al- 
lied to  the  elephant,  with  one  or 
two  horns  on  the  snout. 

rhi-no-plas-ty  (rl'no-plas-ti),  n. 
a  surgical  operation  by  which  a 
new  nose  is  formed  or  partially 
restored  by  ingrafting  new  flesh. 

rhino-scope  ('no-skop),  n.  an 
instrument  furnished  with  a  mir- 
ror for  examining  the  passages  of 
the  nose. 

rhi-zoiiie  ('zom),  n.  a  thick  stem 
runnhig  along  or  under  the 
ground,  producing  roots  below 
and  shoots  above.  Also  rhizoma. 

rho-di-uin  (ro'di-um),  n.  one  of 
the  metallic  elements,  rare  and  of 
extreme  hardness. 

rhodo,  a  prefix  meaning  a  rose. 

Rho-do  den  dron  ( ro-do-den'- 
dron),  n.  a  genus  of  ornamental 
evergreen  shrubs  with  large  hand- 
some roselike  flowers. 

rho -clop-sin  (ro-dop'sin),  n.  the 
visual  purple  of  the  retina. 

rhomb,  same  as  rhombus. 

rhom-bic  (rom'bik),  adj.  rhom- 
bus-shaped. 

rhom-bo-he  dral  (-bo-he'dral) , 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  formed  like, 
a  rhombohedron. 


rhom-bo  he  dron  ('dron),  n.  a 
solid  figure  bounded  by  6  rhom- 
bic planes. 

rhom-boicl  ('boid),  n.  a  4-sided 
figure  having  its  opposite  sides 
equal,  and  its  angles  not  right 
angles  :  adj.  lozenge-shaped.  Also 
rbornboidal. 

rhom-biis  ('bus),  n.  a  4-sided 
figure  whose  sides  are  equal  and 
the  opposite  sides  parallel,  but 
which  has  two  of  its  angles  ob- 
tuse and  two  acute ;  a  genus  of 
flat  fishes,  containing  the  turbot, 
&c. 

rhu-barb  (roo'bilrb),  n.  a  plant 
whose  leaf-stalks  used  for  culinary 
purposes,  and  its  roots  used  in 
medicine  as  a  purgative. 

rhumb  (rum),  n.  a  circle  making 
any  given  angle  with  the  meri- 
dian ;  a  point  of  the  compass. 

rhumb-line  ('lln),  n.  the  track 
of  a  ship  which  cuts  all  the  meri- 
dians at  the  same  angle. 

rhyme  (rim),  n.  the  correspond- 
ence of  the  sound  of  the  last 
word  or  syllable  of  one  verse  or 
line  to  the  sound  of  the  last  word 
or  syllable  of  another ;  harmoni- 
cal  succession  of  sounds ;  poetry  : 
v.i.  to  accord  in  sound ;  make 
verses  or  rhymes :  v.t.  put  into 
rhyme.  Rime  (more  correctly). 

rhyme  (rim),  n.  the  correspond- 
ence measure  or  time  in  poetry 
or  prose  ;  meter  ;  verse. 

rhym-ic  ('ik),  adj.  pertaining  to 
rhyme. 

rh.yth.-mic  (rith'mik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  rhythm  ;  harmonical ; 
periodical.  Also  rhvthmical. 

rhyth-mic-al-ly  (-ul-li),  adv.  in 
a  rhythmic  manner. 

rib  (rib),  n.  one  of  the  curved 
bones  attached  to  the  vertebral 
column  and  supporting  the  lateral 
walls  of  the  thorax ;  anything  re- 
sembling a  rib  ;  a  piece  of  timber 
to  shape  and  strengthen  the  side 
of  a  ship  ;  the  main  vein  of  a  leaf : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  ribbed,  p.pr.  rib- 
bing], to  furnish,  or  inclose,  with 
ribs ;  form  with  grooves. 

rib-aid  ('aid),  adj.  low:  obscure; 
filthy :  n.  a  vulgar,  foul-mouthed, 
licentious  fellow. 

rib-ald-ry   (-ri).  n.  obscenity. 

rib-boii  ('on),  n.  a  fillet  or  strip 
of  silk,  &c. ;  narrow  strip. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ric 


713 


rif 


rice  (ris),  n.  a  valuable  food 
grain  produced  extensively  in  hot 
countries. 

rice-bird  ('herd),  n.  the  bobolink. 

rice-pa-per  ('pfi-per),  n.  a  kind 
of  paper  prepared  from  pith :  used 
in  China,  &c.,  for  painting  upon. 

rich  (rich),  adj.  abounding  in 
money  or  possessions ;  wealthy ; 
opulent ;  sumptuous  :  valuable  ; 
splendid  ;  fertile ;  fruitful ;  high- 
flavored  ;  mellow ;  full  of  beauty  ; 
vivid ;  sweet  or  harmonious  in 
sound :  n.  rich  people  collectively 
I  with  the)  :  pi.  wealth;  affluence. 
Syn.  wealthy,  affluent,  opulent, 
copious,  ample,  abundant,  exuber- 
ant, plentiful,  fertile,  fruitful, 
superb,  gorgeous. 
Ant.  (see  poor). 

rick  (rik),  n.  a  pile  or  heap,  as 
of  hay  or  corn,  and  usually  thatch- 
ed or  sheltered :  v.t.  to  pile  or 
heap  in  a  rick. 

rick-ets  ('ets),  n.  a  disease  affect- 
ing children,  characterized  by  soft- 
ness and  curvature  of  the  bones, 
due  to  the  absence  of  lime. 

rick-et-y  ('et-i),  adj.  affected  with 
rickets ;  feeble  in  the  joints ;  un- 
steady. 

ric-o-chet  C-o-slm'  or  -o-shet')i  «• 
the  rebounding  of  a  shot  or  shell, 
&c..  along  the  ground  or  from  the 
surface  of  the  water:  v.i.  [p.t. 
<fe  p.p.  ricochetted :  p.pr.  rico- 
chetting],  to  bound  by  touching 
the  earth  or  the  surface  of  water 
and  glancing  off,  as  a  cannon- 
ball  :  v.t.  to  cause  to  ricochet. 

rid  (rid),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  rid, 
p.pr.  ridding],  to  set  free;  de- 
liver ;  clear  or  destroy  by  violence : 
ad j.  clear  ;  free. 

rid-dance  ('ans),  n.  the  act  of  rid- 
ding or  clearing  away ;  deliver- 
ance. 

rid-den    Cn),  p.p.  of  ride. 

rid-dle    ('!),  n.   an  enigma;   puz- 
zling    question ;     something     am- 
biguous ;    a    large    sieve :    v.t.    to 
solve,    as   a   riddle :   to   sift  by   a 
riddle;  perforate  with,  or  as  with, 
shot :    v.t.    to    speak    ambiguously 
or  as  in  riddles. 
Syn.  problem,  puzzle,  enigma. 
Ant.   (see  answer). 
rid-dlings     ('lingz),    n.pl.    broken 
ore   of   medium    size   obtained   by 
sifting. 


ride    (rid),   v.i.   &  v.t.    [p.t.   rode, 

p.p.  ridden,  p.pr.  riding],  to  be 
borne  along,  as  on  horseback  or  in 
a  vehicle  ;  practice  horsemanship  ; 
manage  a  horse  well ;  sit,  float  or 
rest  on ;  to  sit  on  so  as  to  be 
carried ;  manage  insolently  at 
will :  n.  excursion  on  horseback 

or  in  a  vehicle  ;  drive  ;  road  ;  dis- 
trict under  an  officer  of  the  excise. 
ri-deau  (re-do'),  n.  a  small  mound 
to  cover  a  camp  from  the  approach 
of  the  enemy. 

rid-er  (rld'er),  n.  one  who  rides 
on,  breaks,  or  manages,  a  horse ; 
an  additional  clause  to  a  docu- 
ment ;  subsidiary  problem. 

ridge  (rij),  n.  anything  formed 
like  an  animal's  back,  as  a  con- 
tinuous range  of  hills,  &c. ;  crest 
of  a  roof :  v.t.  to  form  or  furnish 
with  a  ridge ;  wrinkle. 

ridg-y    ('i),   adj.   rising  in   ridges. 

rid-i-cule  (rid'i-kiil),  n.  words  or 
action  designed  to  bring  the  sub- 
ject of  it  into  contempt ;  banter ; 
mockery ;  satire :  v.t.  to  treat  or 
address  with  ridicule :  expose  to 
contemptuous  merriment ;  laugh 
at. 

ri-dic-u-lous  (ri-dik'u-lus),  adj. 
deserving  or  exciting  ridicule  ;  pre- 
posterous ;  absurd ;  ludicrous ; 
droll. 

rid-ing  (rld'ing),  p.adj.  employed 
for  traveling :  n.  a  road  cut 
through  a  wood  or  ground  for 
riding  upon. 

ri-dot-to  (ri-dot'o),  n.  a  public 
assembly ;  a  public  entertainment 
of  music  and  dancing. 

ri-f  a-ci-men-to  ( re-fa-chi-men'- 
to),  n.  the  recasting  of  a  literary 
work  to  adapt  it  to  changed  cir- 
cumstances. 

rife  (rif),  adj.  prevalent,  com- 
mon. 

riff-raff  (rif'raf),  n.  refuse;  the 
rabble. 

ri-fle  (ri-fl),  n.  a  musket  with  the 
barrel  spirally  grooved  :  pi.  troops 
armed  with  rifles:  v.t.  to  groove 
spirally ;  pillage. 

ri-fle-bird  (-berd),  n.  an  Aus- 
tralian bird. 

ri-fle-corps  (-kor),  n.  a  body 
armed  with  rifles. 

ri-fler   ('fler),  n.  a  plunderer. 

rift    (rift),  n.  an  opening  or  split 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSreh,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


rig 


714 


rin 


in  anything  ;  fissure  :  v.t.  to  cleave 
or    split. 

rig  (rig),  n.  a  practical  joke  or 
frolic ;  dress ;  manner  of  fitting 
the  masts  and  rigging  to  the 
hull  of  a  vessel :  v.t.  [y.t.  &  p.p. 
rigged,  p.pr.  rigging],  to  furnish 
or  fit  with  rigging;  dress  (with 
out) . 

rig-a-doon  (-a-doon'),  n.  an  old- 
fashioned  lively  dance  performed 
by  one  couple. 

rig-ger  ('er),  n.  one  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  fit  the  rigging  of  a 
vessel ;  a  band-wheel  with  a  fiat 
or  slightly  curved  rim. 

rig-ging  ('ing),  n.  the  cordage  or 
ropes  by  which  the  masts  of  a  ves- 
sel are  supported,  and  the  sails 
extended  or  furled. 

right  (rit),  adj.  according  to 
truth,  justice,  or  law ;  correct ; 
fit ;  true  ;  exact ;  most  direct ;  not- 
ing the  side  opposed  to  the  left ; 
most  convenient ;  well  performed  ; 
rising  perpendicularly :  adv.  in  a 
right  line ;  justly :  n.  upright- 
ness ;  truth  ;  justice  ;  rectitude ; 
propriety  ;  virtue  ;  legal  claim  ;  the 
right  side :  v.t.  to  set  upright ; 
make  right  or  straight ;  correct ; 
do  justice  to :  v.i.  to  recover  the 
vertical  position :  inter j.  well 
done ! 

8-ijn.  claim,  liberty,  prerogative, 
privilege. 

right-an-gle  ('an-gl),  n.  an 
angle  of  90°,  formed  by  one 
straight  line  standing  perpendicu- 
lar to  another. 

right-eons  ('yus>,  adj.  just; 
equitable ;  honest ;  holy ;  de- 
served. 

right-eous-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  righteous ;  holi- 
ness;  justice;  moral  integrity. 

right-ful  ('fool),  adi.  haying  a 
just  claim  ;  accordant  with  justice. 

right -ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  right 
manner. 

right-f  nl-ness    C-nes),   n.  justice. 

rig-id  (rij'id)  adj.  not  pliant; 
stiff ;  inflexible ;  strict ;  stern ; 
severely  just. 

ri-gid-i-ty  (ri-jid'i-ti),  n.  want 
of  pliability  ;  stiffness  ;  resistance 
to  change  of  form. 

rig-let,   same  as   reglet. 

Tig-ma-role  (rig'ma-rol),  n.  fool- 
ish disconnected  talk ;  long  story. 


rig-ol  (rig'ol),  n.  a  circle;  dia- 
dem. 

rig-pr  ('er),  n.  stiffness  or  se- 
verity ;  exactitude  ;  strictness  ;  se- 
verity of  climate. 

rig-or-ism  (rig'er-izm),  n.  auster- 
ity or  severity  in  principle  or 
practice ;  obedience  to  the  law ; 
the  philosophical  doctrine  that 
self-control  and  disregard  of  cir- 
cumstances constitute  human  hap- 
piness. 

rig-or-ist  (-ist),  adj.  pertaining 
to  rigorism ;  one  who  is  very 
austere  or  severe. 

ri-gor  mor-tis  (rl'gor  mSr'tis), 
n.  stiffness  of  the  body  caused  by 
death. 

rig-or-ous  ( rig'er-us ) ,  adj.  char- 
acterized by,  or  exercising,  vigor ; 
stern  ;  inflexible  ;  scrupulously  ac- 
curate. 

Rigs-dag  (rigz'dag),  n.  the  Dan- 
ish parliament. 

rill  (ril),  n.  a  small  stream  or 
rivulet :  v.i.  to  run  in  a  small 
stream. 

rim  (rim),  n.  a  border  or  mar- 
gin; raised  border:  brim:  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  rimmed,  p.pr.  rimming],  to 
furnish  with  a  rim. 

rime  (rim),  n.  hoar-frost;  an- 
other form  of  rhyme :  v.i.  to  con- 
geal into  hoar-frost. 

ri-mose  (ri'm5s),  adj.  full  of,  or 
covered  with,  cracks.  Also  ri- 
mous. 

rim-pie  (rim'pl),  n.  a  wrinkle  or 
fold :  v.t.  to  become  wrinkled. 

ri-my  (ri'mi),  adv.  frosty. 

rind  (rind),  n.  the  outer  cover- 
ing of  fruit.  &c. ;  bark :  v.t.  to 
strip  the  rind  from. 

rin-der-pest  (rin'der-pest).  n.  a 
malignant  and  contagious  disease 
in  cattle ;  cattle  plague. 

ring  (ring),  n.  a  circle;  any- 
thing circular  in  form ;  small 
hoop  worn  on  the  finger  or  used 
as  a  means  of  attachment ;  cir- 
cular area  or  course ;  combina- 
tion for  political  purposes;  pu- 
silists  or  betting-men  collectively 
(with  the)  :  v.i.  \p.t.  rang,  p.p. 
rung.  p.pr.  ringing],  to  sound  as 
a  bell  when  struck;  practice  the 
art  of  ringing  bells ;  tingle :  v.t. 
to  cause  to  sound,  as  metal  when 
struck ;  sound  aloud  or  abroad. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  he"r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


rln 


715 


rls 


ring-dove     ('duv),    n.    the    wood- 
IOD. 

ring-ing    ('ing),    p.adj.    sounding 
like  a   bell ;   resonant :   n.   the  act 
of   sounding   as  a   bell ;   sound   as  i 
of  a  bell  ringing. 

rinsj-lea-der  ('le-der),  n.  the 
head  of  a  riotous  body  or  fac- 
tion. 

ring-let  ('let),  n.  a  little  ring; 
curl. 

ring-ou-sel  ('oo-zl),  n.  a  kind  of 
thrush. 

ring-worm     ('werm),    n.    a    con-  i 
tagious  cutaneous  disease,   usual- 
ly on  the  scalp,  characterized  by 
distinct   circular   patches. 

rink  (ringk),  n.  a  long  clear 
space  on  the  ice  used  for  curling  ; 
a  ground  for  skating  upon :  v.i. 
to  skate  on  a  rink. 

rinse  (rins).  v.t.  to  cleanse  light- 
ly v.-ith  clean  water;  cleanse  re- 
peatedly ;  give  a  final  cleansing 
to  after  washing :  n.  a  cleansing 
with  a  second  application  of  clean 
water. 

ri-ot    (rl'ot),   n.   uproar;   tumult; 
noisy    revelry  ;    luxurious    excess  ;  i 
disturbance    of    the    public    peace  i 
by  more  than  three  persons :  v.i.  \ 
to  raise  an  uproar ;  go  to  excess 
in    sensual    indulgence ;    be   highly 
excited. 

ri-ot-ing  ('ot-ing),  n.  reveling; 
uproar. 

ri-ot-ous  (-us),  adj.  indulging  in 
riot  or  excess  ;  licentious  ;  noisy  ; 
turbulent ;  seditious. 

rip  (rip),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  ripped,; 
p.pr.  ripping],  to  divide  by  tear- 
ing or  cutting;  cut  asunder;  dis- 
close ;  undo  the  seam  of :  v.i.  to 
swear  (with  out)  :  n.  a  rent  or 
tear ;  a  rogue  or  cheat ;  a  wicker 
basket  for  fish. 

ri-pa-ri-an  (rl-pa'ri-an),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  banks  of  a  river. 

ripe  (rip),  adj.  brought  to  ma- 
turity or  perfection ;  ready  for 
harvest;  fit  for  use;  complete; 
resembling  ripe  fruit. 

ripe-ly  Cli),  adv.  in  a  ripe  man- 
ner. 

ri-pen  ('pen),  v.t.  to  make  ripe; 
bring  to  perfection :  v.i.  to  grow 
ripe. 

ripe-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  ripe;  maturity. 


rip-per  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  rips;  something,  or 
somebody  super-excellent. 

rip-pie  (rip'l),  n.  a  small  curling 
wave  on  the  surface  of  water; 
the  sound  made  by  such  waves ; 
large  comb  for  cleansing  flax  :  v.t. 
to  cover  with  small  curling  waves ; 
cleanse  with  a  ripple. 

rip-pling  ('ling),  n.  the  break- 
ing of,  or  sound  made  by,  rip- 
ples ;  the  act  of  cleansing  flax 
by  a  ripple. 

rip-rap  ('rap),  «.  a  loose  founda- 
tion of  stones  in  deep  water  on 
a  soft  bottom. 

rise  (rlz),  v.i.  [p.t.  rose,  p.p. 
risen,  p.pr.  rising],  to  ascend;  get 
up  from  the  ground  or  recumbent 
position;  begin  to  stir;  swell  in 
quantity  or  extent ;  grow  up- 
ward ;  spring ;  tower  up ;  appear 
above  the  horizon  ;  come  in  view 
or  existence ;  be  promoted ; 
thrive  ;  be  hostile  ;  close  a  session  ; 
ascend  from  the  grave :  n.  the 
act  of  rising ;  ascent ;  elevated 
place  ;  appearance  above  ;  origin  ; 
source ;  increase  of  price  or  value, 
social  advancement  or  distinction  ; 
anger  (in  "take  the  rise  out  of"). 
NI/H.  arise,  ascend,  issue,  flow, 
spring. 

Ant.    (see   descend,   drop). 

ris-i-bil-i-ty  (riz-i-bil'i-ti),  n.  in- 
clination to  laughter.  Also 
risibleness. 

ris-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  having  the 
faculty  or  power  of  laughing ;  in- 
clined to  laugh  ;  causing  laughter. 

ris-i-bly    ('i-bli),   adv.   laughably. 

ri-sing  (rl'zing),  n.  the  act  of 
getting  up  or  ascending;  insur- 
rection ;  an  ascent ;  closing  of  a 
session :  adj.  increasing,  as  of 
wealth  or  influence ;  appearing 
above  the  horizon  ;  reviving  from 
death. 

risk  (risk),  n.  possibility  of  loss 
or  injury;  hazard;  peril;  danger: 
v.t.  to  hazard  ;  venture  upon. 

risk-y  ('i),  adj.  hazardous;  dan- 
gerous ;  approaching  indelicacy. 

ri-so-ri-al  (ri-so'ri-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  exciting,  laughter. 

ri-sot-to  (re-sot'o),  n.  an  Italian 
dish  of  rice  with  onions,  &c., 
fried  in  butter. 

ris-sole      (ris'ol),     n.     a     savory 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let:  lino,  tin  :  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook;  mule,  nut;  thin,  then. 


rit 


716 


rob 


mince  inclosed  in  a  thin  batter 
paste  and  fried. 

rite  (rit),  n.  a  solemn  religicus 
act ;  external  religious  observance. 

ri-tor-nel-lo  (re-tor-nel'6),  n.  a 
short  introduction  or  concluding 
symphony ;  repetition  or  burden 
of  a  song.  Also  ritornelle. 

rit-u-al  (rit'u-Al),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  consisting  of,  or  prescribing, 
rites :  n.  manner  of  performing 
divine  service ;  a  book  of  rites,  or 
manner  of  service  ;  body  of  rites 
used  in  the  Church. 

rit-u-al-isrn  (-izm).  n.  a  system 
of  ritual  or  prescribed  forms  of 
religion ;  excessive  observance  of 
forms  in  divine  worship ;  Trac- 
tarianism ;  Anglo-Catholicism,  es- 
pecially as  emphasized  by  the  use 
of  Eucharistic  vestments. 

rlt-u-al-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  who 
advocates,  or  is  skilled  in,  ritual ; 
an  Anglo-Catholic. 

rit-u-al-is-tic  (-al-is'tik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  characterized  by, 
ritualism  ;  pertaining  to  ritualists. 

rit-u-al-ly   Cu-al-i).  adv.  by  rites. 

ri-val  (rfval),  n.  one  who  strives 
to  equal  or  excel  another  in  the 
same  object  or  pursuit ;  compet- 
itor ;  antagonist :  adj.  having  the 
same  claims ;  emulous :  v.t.  to 
strive  to  equal  or  excel ;  emulate. 
Syn.  antagonist,  opponent,  com- 
petitor. 

ri-val-ry  (-ri),  n.  competition; 
emulation. 

rive  (nv),  v.t.  [p.t.  rived,  p.p. 
riven,  p.pr.  riving],  to  be  split  or 
torn  asunder:  n.  a  rent,  tear,  or 
split. 

riv-er  ('er),  n.  a  large  running 
stream  of  water  flowing  into  the 
sea  or  another  river;  copious 
flow. 

riv-er-liorse  (hOrs),  n.  the  hip- 
popotamus. 

rlv-et  ('et),  n.  a  short  metal 
bolt  clinched  by  hammering :  v.t. 
to  secure  with,  or  as  with,  a  rivet ; 
clinch  ;  make  firm  or  secure. 

ri-vose  (ri'vos).  adj.  marked  with 
irregular  grooves  or  furrows. 

riv-u-let  (riv'u-let),  n.  a  little 
stream. 

riz-dol-lar  (riks'dol-ar),  n.  a 
small  silver  continental  coin  of 
varying  value. 


roach  (riich),  n.  a  fresh-water 
fish  ;  a  cockroach. 

road  (rod),  n.  a  public  way  for 
traveling  upon;  path  ;  way:  pi.  a 
place  where  ships  may  ride  safely 
at  anchor.  Roadstead. 

Syn.      way,      highway,      route, 
course,  path,  pathway,  anchorage. 

road-ster  ('ster),  n.  a  horse 
suited  for  traveling;  a  bicycle  for 
road-work ;  a  vessel  which  works 
by  tides. 

roam  (rom),  v.i.  to  wander  about 
without  any  definite  object ; 
ramble  :  v.t.  to  wander  over. 

Syn.   ramble,   rove,   stray,  wan- 
der, stroll. 

roan  (run),  adj.  of  a  bay  or  dark 
color  with  a  shade  of  red :  n.  a 
roan  color ;  grained  sheepskin 
leather. 

roam-tree,    same   as    rowan. 

roar  (ror).  n.  the  deep  full  cry 
of  a  large  animal ;  a  cry  as  in 
distress ;  any  loud  noise ;  loudly 
expressed  mirth ;  sound  of  the 
wind  or  sea:  v.i.  to  utter  a  roar: 
v.t.  to  utter  in  a  roar. 

roar-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  or 
sound  of  roaring ;  a  disease  of 
horses  :  adj.  noisy  ;  brisk. 

roast  (rost),  v.t.  to  cook  before 
a  fire ;  heat  too  violently  or  to 
excess ;  parch  by  exposure  to 
heat ;  burn  (broken  ore  to  free 
it  from  extraneous  matter)  ;  to 
banter  or  ridicule ;  criticise  se- 
verely:  v.i.  to  be  roasted:  adj. 
roasted :  n.  that  which  is  roasted. 

rob  (rob),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  robbed. 
p.pr.  robbing],  to  steal;  plunder; 
strip  of  something  by  secret  theft 
or  violence ;  deprive. 

rob-ber  ('er),  n.  a  thief. 

rob-ber-y  (-i),  n.  theft:  the  fe- 
lonious and  forcible  taking  away 
the  money  and  goods  of  another. 

robe  (rob),  n.  a  looss  outer  gar- 
ment ;  state  dress ;  an  elegant 
gown ;  dressed  skin  of  a  buffalo : 
v.i.  to  put  on  robes :  v.t.  to  invest 
with  a  robe ;  dress ;  array. 

rob-in    (rob'in),  n.  the  redbreast. 

rob-ur-ite  Cer-it),  n.  a  flameless 
explosive  used  extensively  in  min- 
ing operations. 

ro-bust     (ro-busf),     adj.    hardy; 
strong;  vigorous;  muscular. 
Syn.  strong,  lusty,  vigorous,  sin- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  fot ;  mdou 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  thea. 


roc 


717 


rol 


e\vy,  stout,  sturdy,  stalwart,  able- 
bodied. 

Ant.   (see  puny). 

roc  (rok),  n.  a  fabulous  bird  of 
great  size  and  strength. 

roch-et  (roch'et),  «.  a  linen  vest- 
ment worn  by  a  bishop  resembling 
a  surplice  open  at  the  sides. 

rock  (rok),  ».  a  large  mass  of 
stone  or  stony  matter ;  any  min- 
eral deposit ;  natural  deposit  of 
sand,  earth,  or  clay ;  firm  or 
immovable  defense ;  a  movement 
backwards  and  forwards  ;  distaff : 
v.t.  to  cause  to  move  backwards 
and  forwards ;  lull  to  sleep :  v.i. 
to  move  backwards  and  for- 
wards. 

rock-et  ('et),  n.  a  firework  made 
of  a  case  filled  with  saltpeter,  sul- 
phur, and  charcoal,  fastened  to 
a  stick,  and  which,  on  being  ig- 
nited, is  projected  through  the 
air. 

rock-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  rocky. 

rock-oil   ('oil),  n.  petroleum. 

rock-ru-by  ('roo-bi),  n.  a  fine 
bluish-red  variety  of  garnet. 

rock- wood  ('wood),  n.  ligniform 
asbestos. 

rock-y  ('i),  adj.  full  of,  or  resem- 
bling, rocks ;  stony ;  hard ;  in- 
flexible. 

ro-co-co  (ro-ko'ko),  adj.  noting  a 
florid,  debased  style  in  the  or- 
namentation of  buildings,  furni- 
ture, &c.,  prevalent  during  the 
reigns  of  Louis  XIV.  and  XV. 
of  France :  hence  noting  bad  taste 
in  ornamentation. 

rod  (rod),  n.  a  long  twig  or  shoot 
of  any  woody  plant ;  a  wand ;  in- 
strument of  punishment ;  cane ; 
a  fishing-rod;  scepter;  measure 
of  length,  i>l/>  yards. 

rode,  i>.t.  of   ride. 

ro-dent  (ro'dent),  adj.  gnawing: 
n.  any  animal  of  the  Rodentia,  an 
order  of  Mammalia,  containing 
the  rats,  mice,  squirrels,  &c. 

ro-de-o  (ro-da'o),  n.  a  gathering 
together  of  cattle  on  a  ranch. 

rod-o  mon-tade  ( rod-o-rnon-tfid ) , 
n.  bluster ;  brag ;  from  Rodo- 
monte  in  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furi- 
oso  :  v.i.  to  bluster  or  brag. 

roe  (ro),  n.  a  species  of  deer,  the 


roebuck ;  the  female  of  the  hart ; 
the  spawn  or  sperm  of  fishes. 

Roent-gen  rays  (rent'gen  raz), 
n.  a  form  of  radiant  energy 
emanating  from  the  surface  of 
an  electrically  excited  vacuum 
tube  opposite  the  cathode  elec- 
trode, haying  power  of  penetrating 
objects  impervious  to  light  or 
heat  rays,  affecting  sensitive  pho- 
tographic films,  and  exciting 
fluorescence  in  certain  salts.  Also 
called  X-rays. 

ro-ga-tion  (-ga'shun),  n.  a  litany  ; 
supplication. 

Ro-ga-tion  Days  (daz),  n.pl.  the 
Monday,  Tuesday,  and  Wednes- 
day before  Ascension  Day. 

rogue  (rog),  n.  a  dishonest  per- 
son ;  knave ;  a  shy,  mischievous 
person  ;  wag  ;  term  of  endearment. 

ro-guer-y  (ro'ger-i>,  n.  knavish 
or  dishonest  practices  ;  cheating ; 
mischievous  or  waggish  conduct. 

ro-guisli  (ro'gish),  adj.  fraudu- 
lent ;  dishonest ;  somewhat  mis- 
chievous or  sly. 

roil  (roil),  v.t.  to  render  turbid; 
vex  or  irritate. 

role  (rol),  n.  a  part  or  character 
in  a  play,  &c. ;  function  or  part. 

roll  (rol),  v.i.  to  turn  like  a  wheel 
or  on  an  axis ;  move  in  a  circu- 
lar direction ;  be  moved  with  vio- 
lence ;  rock  ;  wallow  ;  make  a  long 
deep  sound :  v.t.  to  revolve ;  in- 
wrap ;  move  on  wheels ;  spread 
flat  under  a  roller :  n.  the  act  of 
rolling;  that  which  rolls;  a  writ- 
ing or  paper  rolled  upon  itself ; 
an  official  document ;  list  or  regis- 
ter ;  kind  of  fancy  bread ;  con- 
tinued deep  sound,  as  of  a  drum 
beaten,  thunder,  &c. ;  twist  of  to- 
bacco. 

rol-ler  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or  that 
which,  rolls;  a  cylinder  used  for 
grinding,  smoothing,  flattening, 
Ac. ;  long  heavy  wave ;  long  broad 
bandage ;  a  kind  of  crow. 

rol-lick  (rol'ik),  v.i.  to  move  or 
act  with  a  careless,  swaggering 
air. 

rol-lick-ing  (-ing),  ad),  jovial; 
careless ;  swaggering. 

rol-ling  (rol'ing),  adj.  moving  on, 
or  as  on,  wheels;  undulating; 
used  for  rolling :  «.  a  circular 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat.  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


rol 


718 


roo 


motion ;  undulation ;  lateral  os- 
cillation of  a  ship. 

ro-ly-po-ly  (ro'Ii-po'Ii),  n.  a 
game  in  which  by  rolling  a  ball 
into  a  certain  hole  it  wins;  a 
kind  of  jam  pudding. 

Ro-ma-ic  (ro-mfi'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  vernacular  lan- 
guage of  modern  Greece. 

Ro-man  ('mun),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Rome,  the  Romans,  or  to 
the  Church  of  Rome  ;  noting  the 
ordinary  type  used  in  printing : 
opposed  to  italic;  written  in  let- 
ters, not  in  figures,  as  VI. 

Ro-man  can-die  (-kan'dl),  n.  a 
kind  of  firework. 

Ro-man  ce-ment  (se-menf).  n. 
a  strong  cement  used  in  building 
and  hydraulic  engineering. 

Ro-man  Cath-o-lic  (kath'o-lik) . 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  Church  of 
Rome,  of  which  the  Pope  is  the 
head  :  n.  a  member  of  the  Church 
of  Rome. 

Ro-man  Ca  thol-i  cism  (ka-thol'- 
i-sizm),  n.  the  doctrines  and 
practices  of  the  Roman  Church. 

ro-mance  (-mans'),  n.  a  work  of 
fiction  or  adventure  ;  novel :  fable  : 
v.i.  to  invent  and  tell  fictitious 
stories  ;  exaggerate  ;  lie. 

Ro-mance  (-mans'),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  dialects  of  Latin  and 
the  languages  which  grew  out  of 
classic  Latin,  spoken  in  the  old 
Roman  provinces. 

Ro-inan-esque  (-man-esk'),  n. 
that  style  of  architecture  and 
ornamentation  in  vogue  during 
the  period  of  the  later  Roman 
Empire :  n.  the  dialect  of  Langue- 
doc. 

Ro-man-ic  (-man'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Rome,  or  the  Roman- 
esque dialects. 

ro-man-tic  (-man'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  of  the  nature  of, 
romance  ;  extravagant ;  fanciful ; 
ideal ;  full  of  wild  and  fantastic 
scenery. 

ro  man  ti  cism  ('ti-sizm),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  roman- 
tic ;  the  reactionary  movement  in 
opposition  to  cold  classical  liter- 
ary forms,  begun  in  Germany  in 
the  18th  century. 

Rom-a-ny  (rom'a-ni),  n.  a  Gip- 
sy ;  Gipsy  language. 


romp  (romp),  n.  an  unrestrained, 
boisterous  girl ;  rough  play  or 
frolic :  v.i'.  to  play  in  a  boisterous, 
unrestrained  manner. 

roiide   (ronrt),  n.  a  kind  of  type. 

ron-deau  (ron'do),  n.;  pi.  ron- 
deaux,  ('doz),  a  little  poem  of 
thirteen  verses  or  lines ;  a  light 
air  or  jig  [Mus.l.  Also  rondo. 

ron-del  ('del),  n.  a  poem  of  14 
lines;  small  round  tower. 

Rb'nt-gen  rays.  See  Roentgen 
rays. 

rood  (rood),  n.  40  square  poles 
or  perches ;  a  cross  or  crucifix. 

rood-loft  ('loft),  n.  the  gallery 
in  a  church  over  the  entrance  to 
the  choir  where  the  rood  was 
fixed. 

roof  (roof),  n.  the  top  covering 
of  a  house  or  other  building ; 
covering  or  shelter;  canopy; 
palate  of  the  mouth  :  v.t.  to  cover 
with,  or  as  with,  a  roof. 

roof -tree  ('tre),  n.  a  roof-beam; 
roof ;  home. 

rook  (rook),  n.  a  bird  of  the 
crow  family  with  dark  glossy 
plumage  and  having  the  base  of 
the  bill  destitute  of  feathers ;  a 
swindler  or  sharper ;  the  castle 
in  chess :  v.t.  &  v.i.  to  swindle  or 
cheat. 

rook-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  a  group  of 
nests  on  trees  where  rooks  re- 
sort ;  colony  of  rooks ;  place  of 
low  resort ;  low  slum. 

room  __  (room),  n.  unoccupied 
place  "or  space ;  apartment  of  a 
house ;  freedom  to  act ;  oppor- 
tunity :  place  of  another ;  a  deep 
blue  dye :  v.i.  to  lodge. 

room-i-ly    ('i-li),   adv.   spaciously. 

room-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  spacious- 
ness. 

room-y    ('i),  adj.  spacious. 

roor-back  (roor'bak).  n.  a  lie; 
fictitious  report  made  for  the  pur- 
pose of  influencing  an  election. 

roost  (roost),  n.  the  pole,  perch. 
&c.,  upon  which  a  bird  rests  at 
night ;  number  of  fowls  resting 
together :  v.i.  to  sit  or  sleep  upon 
a  perch,  &c. ;  lodge. 

roost-er  ('er),  n.  the  domestic 
cock. 

root  (root).  «.  that  part  of  a 
plant  that  descends  and  fixes  it- 
self in  the  earth  bv  which  the 


late,  milr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moQn, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


roo 


719 


rot 


plant  is  nourished ;  edible  root ; 
anything  resembling  a  root ;  foun- 
dation ;  basis,  or  origin ;  funda- 
mental note  of  any  chord 
[Music]  ;  that  quantity  which 
multiplied  by  itself  produces  a 
given  quantity ;  the  part  of  a 
word  which  expresses  its  pri- 
mary or  essential  meaning,  as 
distinguished  from  a  derivative: 
v.t.  to  fix  by  the  root ;  plant  in 
the  earth  ;  implant  deeply  ;  to  dig 
or  burrow  with  the  snout ;  eradi- 
cate (with  out)  :  v.i.  to  take 
root. 

root-let    ('let),  n.  a  radicle. 

rope  (rop),  n.  a  thick  cord,  usually 
over  one  inch  in  circumference, 
of  several  strands  twisted  to- 
gether ;  small  cable ;  halter ; 
series  of  things  connected :  v.t.  to 
fasten  or  draw  with  a  rope ;  curb 
(a  horse)  so  as  to  prevent  him 
winning  a  race :  v.i.  to  draw 
into  viscous  threads. 

rop-i-ness  ('i-ues),  n.  tendency  to 
draw  out  into  viscous  filaments ; 
partial  viscosity. 

rop-y  ('i),  adj.  like  a  rope;  vis- 
cous. 

Roquefort  (rok'f6r),  n.  a 
French  mold-streaked  cheese  made 
from  ewe's  milk. 

ror-qual  (ror'kwal),  n.  a  whale 
with  dorsal  fins._ 

ro  sa  ceous  (ro-za'shus),  adj. 
composed  of  several  petals  ar- 
ranged in  a  circular  form ;  con- 
sisting of  roses. 

ro-sa-ry  Cza-ri).  n.  [pi.  rosaries 
(-riz)],  a  garland  or  chaplet ;  a 
string  of  threaded  bea'Js  by  which 
prayers  are  oountod  :  the  prayers 
repeated  as  thus  counted. 

rose  (roz),  n.  a  plant  of  the 
genus  Rosa  or  its  well  known 
flower ;  rose-color ;  knot  of  rib- 
bons ;  rosette ;  a  perforated  noz- 
zle :  p.t.  of  rise. 

rose-diamond  ('dl-a-mund),  n. 
a  diamond  cut  into  24  triangular 
facets. 

ro-se-ate  fro'ze-ilt),  adj.  rose- 
colored  ;  rose-like ;  blooming. 

rose-ma-ry  (roz'ma-ri),  n.  a 
sv.-eet-smelling  evergreen  shrub 
from  which  an  aromatic  water  is 
distilled. 

ro-sette  (ro-zef),  n.  a  cluster 
of  ribbons  arranged  like  a  rose. 


rose-win-dow  ('win-do),  n.  a  cir- 
cular window  with  compartments 
branching  from  the  center. 

rose- wood  ('wood),  n.  a  Bra- 
zilian wood  used  as  a  veneer. 

ros-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  with  a  rosy 
glow. 

ros-in  (roz'in),  n.  another  form 
of  resin ;  specifically,  inspissated 
turpentine  :  v.t.  to  rub  with  rosin. 

ross  (ros),  n.  the  outer  rough 
bark  of  trees ;  tan  bark :  v.t.  to 
remove  the  outer  bark  or  rough 
surface  of. 

ros-ter  ('ter).  n.  list  or  muster- 
roll  showing  how  the  duties  of 
military  officers,  regiments,  &c., 
are  regulated. 

ros-tral  ('tral),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  like,  a  beak. 

ros-trate  ('trat),  adj.  furnished 
with  a  beak  or  beak-like  process. 

rostrum  ('trum),  n.  [pi.  ros- 
trums ('trumz),  or  rostra  ('tr&)], 
the  beak  of  a  bird ;  in  ancient 
Rome,  a  pulpit  or  elevated  plat- 
form in  the  Forum,  adorned  with 
the  beaks  or  prows  of  ships  taken 
from  the  enemy,  and  from  which 
orators,  &c.,  addressed  the  people : 
hence  a  pulpit  or  platform  ;  prow 
of  an  ancient  war  vessel. 

ros-y  (roz'i),  adj.  like  a  rose; 
red  ;  blooming ;  charming ;  very 
favorable. 

rot  (rot),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  rotted, 
p.pr.  rotting],  to  putrefy  or  be- 
come decomposed  ;  decay  :  v.t.  to 
make  putrid  or  corrupt:  n.  putre- 
faction ;  decomposition  ;  nonsense. 

ro-ta-ry  (ro'ta-ri),  adj.  turning 
on  an  axis;  pertaining  to  rotation. 
Also  rotatory. 

ro-tate  ('tat),  v.t.  to  revolve  on, 
or  as  on.  an  axis ;  cause  to  turn  : 
v.i.  to  turn  round  like  a  wheel : 
adj.  wheel-shaped. 

ro-ta-tipn  (-ta'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  turning  round  on  an  axis,  like 
a  wheel ;  regular  succession. 

ro-ta-tive  ('ta-tiv),  adj.  revolv- 
ing. 

ro-ta-tor  ('t?r),  n.  that  which 
imparts  a  circular  motion;  a 
muscle  having  such  power. 

ro-ta-to-ry  ( ro'ta-to-ri ) ,  same  as 
rotary. 

rote  (rot),  n.  mechanical  repeti- 
tion, or  learning  without  under- 
standing. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  h?.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then.. 


rot 


720 


rou 


ro-ti-fer  (ro-ti-fer),  n.  an  indi- 
vidual of  the  Rotifera,  the  wheel- 
animalcules. 

ro-tor  (ro'ter),  n.  the  part  of  a 
dynamo  which  rotates. 

rot-ten  ( rot'n ) ,  adj.  putrefied  ; 
decomposed ;  unsound ;  untrust- 
worthy. 

lot-ten-stone  (-ston),  n.  a  soft 
stone  used  as  a  polishing  powder. 

ro-tund  ( ro-tund' ) ,  adj.  spherical. 

ro-tun-da  (-tun'da),  n.  a  cir- 
cular domed  building.  Also  ro- 
tundo. 

ro-tun-di-ty  ('di-ti),  n.  round- 
ness. 

rou-bla  (roo'bl),  adj.  a  Russian 
silver  coin  of  varying  value,  used 
as  a  monetary  unit  (about  77 
cents). 

roue  (-a'),  n.  a  fashionable  sen- 
sualist ;  confirmed  rake ;  de- 
bauchee. 

rouge  (roozh),  n.  a  cosmetic  of 
red  color  used  for  imparting  a 
tint  to  the  cheeks  and  lips ;  a 
kind  of  lake  color :  v.i.  to  color  or 
paint  with  rouge. 

rouge-et-noir  (-a-nwar'),  «•  a 
gambling  game  played  with  cards 
and  a  table  marked  with  two 
black  and  two  red  diamond- 
shaped  spots. 

rough  (ruf),  adj.  having  in- 
equalities on  the  surface  ;  rugged  ; 
not  smooth  or  plane ;  uneven  ;  un- 
cut ;  unpolished ;  harsh  to  the 
ear ;  uncivil ;  austere  ;  cruel ;  un- 
feeling ;  violent ;  boisterous  ;  hard- 
featured  ;  shaggy ;  vague :  adv. 
roughly :  v.t.  to  shape  out  rough- 
ly;  furnish  (a  horse)  with  rough- 
ened shoes;  break  in  (a  horse). 

rough-en  ('en),  v.t.  to  make 
rough :  v.i.  to  become  rough. 

rou-lade  (roo-lSid'),  n.  a  flourish 
or  rapid  movement  [Music]. 

rou-leau  (-10'),  n.  a  little  roll, 
especially  of  coins  made  up  in 
paper. 

rou-lette  (-let'),  n.  a  game  of 
chance  played  with  a  revolving 
disc  and  ball ;  a  wheeled  instru- 
ment for  making  dotted  lines. 

rounce  (rouns),  n.  the  handle  of 
a  printing  press. 

round  (round),  adj.  circular; 
spherical ;  globular ;  cylindrical ; 
plump ;  corpulent ;  whole ;  con- 


siderable ;  large :  adv.  on  all  sid^s ; 
circularly  ;  from  one  side  or  party 
to  another :  n.  a  circle,  sphere,  or 
globe  ;  circuit  or  tour ;  routine ; 
step  of  a  ladder;  constantly  re- 
curring series ;  cycle ;  round 
dance ;  accustomed  walk  ;  volley 
of  firearms ;  a  song  in  which  all 
the  company  take  part :  fr"p. 
about ;  on  every  side  of  ;  around : 
v.t.  to  make  round ;  travel  or 
pass  round  :  v.i.  to  go  the  rounds, 
as  a  patrol,  &c. ;  grow  or  becotne 
round. 

round-a-bout  ('a-bout),  adj.  nn- 
direct ;  encompassing :  n.  a  merry- 
go-round  ;  a  short  coat  or  jacket. 

roun-del  (roun'del),  n.  a  circle; 
roundelay ;  a  small  circular  Nor- 
man shield  ;  semi-drcular  bastion. 

roun-de-lay  ('de-la),  n.  an  an- 
cient song  or  dance  in  which  the 
passages  are  repeated. 

round-hand  (round'hand),  n. 
penmanship  in  well-rounded  let- 
ters. 

Round-head  ('bed),  n.  a  con- 
temptuous epithet  applied  to  the 
Puritans  by  the  Cavaliers,  from 
the  close-cut  hair  of  the  former. 

round-house  ('hous),  n.  formerly 
a  watch-house ;  the  cabin  on  the 
after  part  of  a  ship's  deck ;  a 
building  having  stalls  for  the  hous- 
ing of  locomotives. 

round-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  round 
form ;  straightforwardly. 

ronnd-num-ber  (-num'ber),  n.  a 
number  divisible  by  ten. 

round-rob-in  ('rob-in),  n.  a 
petition  having  the  signatures, 
written  in  a  circle  so  as  not  to 
show  who  signed  it  first. 

rounds-man  ('z-man).  n.  a  po- 
lice inspector  who  visits  the  of- 
ficers on  their  beats. 

round-tow-er  ('tow-er),  n.  an 
ancient  circular  tapering  tower, 
as  in  Ireland,  with  a  conical  top, 
usually  near  a  church  or  monas- 
tery. 

rouse  (rouz),  v.t.  to  awaken:  stir 
to  thought  or  action ;  drive 
(game-)  from  a  covert. 

rous-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  stirring; 
exciting  ;  startling  ;  exceeding. 

roust  (roust),  v.i.  to  disturb. 

roust-a-bout     ('a-bout),     n.     an 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


rou 


721 


ruo 


idler   or   loafer ;    a    laborer   on    a 
steam  vessel. 

rout  (rout),  n.  total  defeat  and 
flight  of  an  army  ;  resulting  dis- 
order from  such  defeat ;  tumul- 
tuous crowd ;  uproar ;  a  large 
evening  party ;  the  attempt  of 
three  or  more  persons  to  avenge 
some  common  wrong  by  an  illegal 
act :  v.t.  to  defeat  and  put  to  dis- 
orderly flight. 

Syn.     discomfit,     bsat,     defeat, 
overthrow,  scatter. 

route     (root),    n.    way    or    road 
traveled  ;  course  ;  journey  ;  march. 
Syn.  road,  course,  march,  way, 
path,  journey,  direction. 

rou-tine  (roo-ten'),  n.  course  of 
business  or  official  duties  regu- 
larly pursued ;  regular  habit  or 
practice. 

roux  (roo),  n.  a  thickening  for 
soups,  &c.,  of  melted  butter  and 
flour. 

rove  (rov),  v.i.  to  wander  or 
ramble :  v.t.  draw  through  an  eye. 

ro-ver  ('ver),  n.  robber;  wan- 
derer ;  fickle  person. 

ro-ving   ('ving),  p.adj.  rambling. 

row  (ro),  n.  line,  file,  or  rank; 
excursion  in  a  row-boat ;  noisy 
disturbance  (rou)  :  v.i.  to  labor 
with  an  oar;  be  impelled  by  oars: 
v.t.  to  imnel  by  means  of  oars : 
as  to  row  a  boat. 

row-an  (rou'an),  n.  the  mountain- 
ash.  Also  roan. 

row-dy  (rou'di),  n.  a  rough, 
riotous  fellow :  ad i.  rough  and 
riotous. 

row-dy-ism  (-izm),  n.  rude,  riot- 
ous conduct ;  blackguardism. 

row-el  Cel),  n.  the  small  sharp- 
pointed  wheel  of  a  spur ;  flat  ring 
on  a  horse's  bit. 

row-en    ('en),  n.  aftermath. 

row-lock  (ro'lok),  n.  the  crutch 
or  hollow  in  the  gunwale  of  a 
boat  in  which  the  oar  rests  in 
rowing. 

roy-al  (roi't\l).  adj.  pertaining  to 
a  king  or  to  the  crown  ;  befitting 
or  like  a  king ;  majestic ;  kingly  ; 
noble  ;  magnificent ;  specially  pa- 
tronized or  founded  by  a  king,  or 
in  his  sen-ice :  n.  a  size  of  paper, 
25  x  20  in. ;  one  of  the  shoots 
of  a  stag's  head ;  the  highest  sail 
of  a  ship ;  a  gold  coin  formerly 


current  in  England :  pi.  the  first 
regiment  of  foot  in  the  British 
army  (with  the). 

Syn.     regal,     kingly,     majestic, 
princely. 

Ant.   (see  poor). 

roy-al-ism  (-izm),  n.  adherence 
to  the  principles  or  cause  of 
royalty  or  government  by  a  king. 
roy-al-ist  (-ist),  n.  an  adherent 
of  a  king  or  government  by  a 
king. 

roy-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  royal 
manner. 

roy-al-ty  ('al-ti),  n.  [pi.  royal- 
ties (-tiz)],  the  character,  or 
status,  of  a  king ;  person  of  a 
king  or  sovereign  ;  a  certain  sum 
paid  to  the  crown  or  other  pro- 
prietor on  the  produce  of  a  mine, 
&c. ;  a  percentage  for  the  use 
of  a  patent  or  copyright ;  royal 
manor. 

Roys-ton-crow  (rois'ton-kro), 
n.  the  hooded  crow. 

rub  (rub),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  rubbed, 
p.pr.  rubbing],  to  apply  pressure 
with  motion  to  the  surface  of ; 
clean  or  scour ;  wipe ;  polish  :  v.i. 
to  make  a  friction ;  get  through 
difficulties ;  fret :  n.  the  act  of 
rubbing ;  that  which  is  rubbed ; 
friction  ;  obstruction  ;  pinch  ;  jibe. 

rub-ber  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  rubs :  india-rubber ; 
coarse  file  or  whetstone ;  in  card- 
playing,  two  games  out  of  three, 
or  the  winning  game :  v.i.  to  pry. 

rub-bish.  ('ish),  n.  mixed  or 
waste  fragments ;  ruins  of  build- 
ings ;  any  mingled  mass ;  anything 
of  no  value ;  nonsense. 

rub-ble  ('!),  n,  rough  undressed 
stone ;  builders'  rubbish. 

ru-bes-cent  (roo-bes'ent),  adj.  be- 
coming red. 

ru-bi-can  ('bi-kan),  adj.  noting 
a  bay,  or  grey-black  color,  with 
white  or  light-grey  on  the  flanks : 
said  of  a  horse. 

ru-bi-cnnd.  Cbi-kund),  adj.  in- 
clined to  red. 

ru-bid-i-nm  (-bid'i-um),  n.  a  me- 
tallic element. 

rn-bied    ('bid),   adj,  ruby-colored. 

ru-bi-go  Cbi-go),  n.  rust  or  mil- 
dew on  plants. 

rn-bric    ('brik),   n.  the  directions 


late,  milr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


rub 


722 


nil 


for  liturgical  use  in  prayer-books, 
formerly  printed  in  red ;  title  or 
direction  printed  in  red :  v.t.  to 
rubricate :  adj.  pertaining  to,  or 
marked  in,  rubrics :  red. 

ru-bri-cate  Cbri-kat),  v.t.  to 
mark,  or  distinguish,  with  red. 

m-by  ('bi),  n.  [pi.  rubies  ('biz)], 
a  precious  stone,  varying  in  color 
from  carmine-red  to  crimson ;  a 
size  of  type  used  in  England, 
smaller  than  nonpareil  and  larger 
than  pearl. 

ruche  (roosh),  n.  frilled  or 
plaited  lace,  silk,  &c.,  for  edging 
dresses,  &c.  Also  ruching :  v.t. 
to  make,  or  ornament  with  a 
ruche. 

ruck  (ruk),  v.t.  to  wrinkle  or 
crease :  n.  a  wrinkle  or  crease ;  a 
heap ;  a  fag-end ;  the  crowd  of 
horses  that  come  in  at  the  end 
of  a  race. 

ruc-tion  ('shun),  n.  a  row;  dis- 
turbance. 

rndd  (rud),  n.  a  red-eyed  fresh- 
water fish. 

rudder  ('er),  n.  the  frame  of 
wood  or  metal  by  which  a  vessel 
is  steered ;  anything  that  directs 
or  governs. 

rnd-di-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  redness 
of  complexion  denoting  perfect 
health ;  redness. 

rnd-dle  ('!),  n.  red  ochre. 

rud-dock  ('ok),  n.  the  robin  red- 
breast. 

rud-dy  ('i).  adj.  approaching  to 
redness ;  florid  ;  fresh-colored  ; 
flesh-colored :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
ruddied,  p.pr.  ruddying],  to  make 
ruddy. 

rude  (rood),  adj.  [comp.  ruder, 
superl.  rudest],  rough;  barbar- 
ous ;  uncultivated :  harsh ;  ig- 
norant ;  unpolite ;  tempestuous ; 
robust ;  strong  ;  rugged  ;  crude. 

Syn.  rugged,  rough,  uncouth,  un- 
polished, harsh,  gruff,  impertinent, 
impudent,     saucy,     flippant,      in- 
solent, churlish. 
Ant.    (see  polite). 

rude-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  rude  man- 
ner. 

rude  ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  of 
being  rude ;  rude  conduct ;  in- 
civility;  unskilfulness. 


ru-di-meut  ('di-ment),  n.  first 
principle ;  anything  in  its  first  or 
undeveloped  state :  v.t.  to  instruct 
in  first  principles. 

ru-di-men-ta-ry   ( -men'ta-ri ) ,  adj. 
pertaining  to,   or  containing,   first 
principles ;     in     an     undeveloped 
state.     Also   rudimental. 
rue    (roo),   v.t.    to   lament    or   be 
sorry  for ;  repent  of :  n.  an  herb  of 
bitter  taste  and  strong  odor,  used 
as  a  medicine. 
rue-ful     ('fool),    adj.    mournful; 

sad. 
rue-ful-ly   (-li),  adv.  mournfully; 

sadly. 

ruff  (ruf),  n.  a  large  frilled  col- 
lar; anything  plaited;  a  small 
fresh-water  fish  (also  ruffe)  ;  a 
kind  of  snipe  (Fern,  reeve)  ;  a 
kind  of  pigeon :  v.t.  to  disorder 
or  ruffle ;  trump  at  whist  instead 
of  following  suit. 
ruf-fi-an  ('i-5n),  n.  a  brutal,  bois- 
terous fellow ;  any  base,  low  char- 
acter, as  a  robber,  &c. 
ruf-fle  ('!),  v.t.  to  wrinkle,  pucker, 
or  disarrange ;  furnish  or  adorn 
with  ruffles ;  annoy  or  vex :  v.i. 
to  grow  rough  or  turbulent ;  flut- 
ter;  be  in  disorder:  n.  a  plaited 
article  of  dress ;  agitation ;  dis- 
composure ;  low  roll  of  a  drum. 
ru-fous  (rdo'fus),  adj.  yellowish- 
red. 

rug    (rug),  n.  an  adjustable  floor 
covering,     usually     of     a     textile 
heavier  than  carpeting ;   a  coarse 
warm    nappy    woolen   cloth,    used 
as  a  coverlet  or  wrap. 
rugae     ('je),    n.pl.    wrinkles. 
ru-gate    (roo'gat),  adj.  wrinkled; 

ridged.     Also  rugose,  rugous. 
rug-ged    (rug'ed),  adj.  having  an 
uneven    surface ;    rough  ;    shaggy ; 
brutal ;   uncouth ;  crabbed. 
ru-in    (roo'in),  n.  overthrow;   de- 
struction ;  downfall ;   loss  of  hap- 
piness ;  cause  of  destruction  or  de- 
cay ;   ruined  building,  &c. :  v.t.  -to 
pull  down,  destroy,  subvert,  over- 
throw, or  impoverish. 
ru-ined    ('ind),    adj.    demolished; 
destroyed ;  decayed. 
ru-in-ous    (-us),   adj.    fallen   into 
ruin ;   decayed ;   consisting  of   ru- 
ins ;  destructive ;  hurtful. 
rule  (rool),  n.  standard  or  guide; 


Ifite,  m&r,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  h5r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot :  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  Men. 


nil 


723 


run 


maxim  or  precept ;  government ; 
law  or  regulation ;  canon  ;  an  in- 
strument for  drawing  lines ; 
method  of  performing  any  opera- 
tion ;  order  made  between  par- 
ties to  a  suit  on  motion,  or  to 
regulate  the  practice  of  a  court : 
v.t.  to  govern  or  control ;  settle 
as  by  a  rule ;  manage  or  restrain  ; 
establish  by  a  decision ;  mark 
with  lines:  v.i.  to  decide;  ex- 
ercise superior  authority. 

Syn.  sway,  method,  system, 
law,  maxim,  precept,  guide,  for- 
mula, regulation,  government, 
standard,  test. 

rnl-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  rules  or 
governs ;  an  instrument  for  rul- 
ing lines. 

rul-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  governing 
or  having  control ;  marking  with 
lines ;  predominant :  n.  a  rule  laid 
down  by  a  judge  op  court. 

rum  (rum),  n.  spirit  distilled 
from  the  fermented  juice  of  the 
sugarcane  :  adj.  strange  ;  odd. 

rum-hie  Cbl),  v.i.  to  make  a  low, 
heavy,  continued  soi  nd :  n.  a  rum- 
bling sound :  seat  for  servants  be- 
hind a  carriage. 

rum-bling  ('l)ling),  adj.  making 
a  rumble :  n.  same  as  rumble. 

ru-men  (roo'men),  n.  the  first 
stomach  of  a  ruminant  animal. 

ru-mi-nant  Cmi-nant).  adj.  chew- 
ing the  cud :  «.  an  animal  that 
chews  the  cud. 

ru-mi-nate  Cmi-nat),  v.i.  to  chew 
the  cud ;  meditate  or  muss ;  pon- 
der :  v.t.  to  chew  again. 

ru-mi-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  chewing  the  cud;  medita- 
tion. 

ru-mi-na-tor  ('mi-na-ler),  n.  one 
who  muses  or  meditates  on  any 
subject. 

rum-mage  (rum'aj),  v.t.  to 
search  carefully  for ;  ransack :  v.i. 
to  make  a  careful  search :  n.  a 
careful  searching. 

rum-mage  sale  (sal),  n.  a  sale 
of  unclaimed  goods  at  the  docks 
or  at  a  warehouse,  &c. ;  sale  of 
miscellaneous  articles  for  a  chari- 
table object. 

rn-mor  (roo'mer),  n.  popular  re- 
port ;  current  story :  v.t.  to  circu- 
late by  report. 


Syn.    hearsay,    talk,    fame,    re- 
port, bruit. 

rump  (rump),  n.  the  end  of  the 
backbone  of  an  animal,  with  its 
adjacent  parts ;  buttocks ;  fag- 
end. 

rum-pie  (rum'pl),  n.  a  fold  or 
plait :  v.t.  to  fold  or  plait ;  make 
uneven. 

rum-pus  ('pus),  n.  great  disturb- 
ance. 

run  (run),  v.i.  [p.t.  ran,  p.p. 
run,  p.pr.  running],  to  pass 
quickly  with  the  legs  over  the 
ground ;  extend ;  move  swiftly ; 
flee  for  escape ;  contend  in  a  race ; 
sail ;  flow  ;  melt ;  pass  ;  shoot ;  dis- 
charge matter  ;  make  sudden  press- 
ing demands  ;  continue  in  time  : 
v.t.  to  cause  to  move  swiftly ; 
push  ;  force ;  fuse  or  melt ;  smug- 
gle ;  start  as  a  candidate ;  pur- 
sue in  thought :  n.  the  act  of 
running :  course  run ;  flow  or 
discharge ;  free  access ;  distance 
sailed  ;  sudden  pressing  demand  ; 
pair  of  millstones;  prevalence; 
large  grazing  ground ;  in  cricket, 
distance  run  between  the  wick- 
ets. 

rnn-a-gate  ('a-gat),  n.  a  fugi- 
tive; renegade. 

run-ci-nate  ('si-nat),  adj.  having 
the  lobes  (of  a  leaf)  convex  be- 
fore and  straight  behind. 

run-die  ('dl),  n.  the  step  of  a 
ladder. 

runes  (roonz),  n.pl.  runic  letters 
or  poetry. 

rung  (rung),  p.t.  of  ring:  n.  step 
of  a  ladder ;  a  floor-timber  in  a 
ship ;  spar. 

ru-nic  (roo'nik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  consisting  of,  runes :  n.  the 
alphabet  of  the  earliest  Teutonic 
nations,  the  letters  of  which  con- 
sisted principally  of  straight 
lines. 

run-let  (run'let),  n.  a  rivulet;  a 
small  barrel  containing  about  18 
gals. 

run-nel   ('el),  n.  a  little  brook. 

run-ner  ('er),  n.  one  who  runs; 
racer ;  messenger ;  keel  to  sup- 
port a  sleigh ;  roller ;  slender, 
prostrate,  shooting  sprig ;  revolv- 
ing millstone ;  rope  to  increase 
the  mechanical  power  of  a  tackle. 

run-ning      ('ing),      adj.      moving 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


run 


724 


rut 


swiitly ;  kept  for  a  race ;  being 
in  motion  ;  continuous  ;  discharg- 
ing pus :  n.  the  act  of  moving 
swiftly  ;  that  which  runs  or  flows  ; 
discharge  of  pus. 

runt  (runt),  n.  a  dwarf  animal; 
stump. 

ru-pee  (r66-pe'),  n.  an  East  In- 
dian coin,  worth  about  48  cents. 

rup-ture  (rup'tur),  n.  the  act  of 
bursting  or  breaking;  state  of 
being  broken  or  violently  burst 
asunder ;  breach  or  interruption 
of  friendly  relations ;  hernia :  v.t. 
to  burst  or  break  violently  asun- 
der ;  to  affect  with  hernia  :  v.i.  to 
suffer  a  breach  or  disruption. 

ru-ral  (roo'ral),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  characteristic  of,  the 
country  or  agriculture ;  rustic. 

ru-ral  dean  (den),  n.  an  ecclesias- 
tic having  the  supervision  of  the 
churches  in  a  rural  deanery  or 
district. 

ru-ral-ist  ('rftl-ist),  n.  one  who 
leads  a  rural  life. 

ru-ral-ize  ('ral-Iz),  v.t.  to  render 
rural :  v.i.  to  become  rural. 

ru-ral-ly  (-H),  adv.  as  in  the 
country. 

rnse  (rooz),  n.  a  trick;  stratagem. 

rush  (rush),  v.i.  to  move  or  press 
forward  with  impetuosity ;  enter 
with  undue  eagerness :  n.  a  driv- 
ing forward  with  eagerness  and 
haste :  a  plant  of  many  species 
growing  on  wet  ground  ;  anything 
worthless  or  of  little  value. 

rusk  (rusk),  n.  a  kind  of  light 
biscuit. 

Russ,  same  as  Russian. 

run-set  (rus'et),  adj.  reddish- 
brown  ;  homespun  ;  coarse  :  n.  rus- 
set color ;  homespun  cloth ;  a 
variety  of  apple. 

rus-set-y  ('et-i),  adj.  russet-col- 
ored. 

Russia  leath-er  (rush'a  leth'&r) , 
n.  a  strong  soft  leather  prepared 
from  the  hides  of  sheep  and  cat- 
tle steeped  in  birch-oil. 

rust  (rust),  n.  the  reddish  matter 
formed  on  iron>  and  steel ;  red 
oxide  of  iron ;  anything  resem- 
bling rust ;  mildew  on  cereals  ;  loss 
of  power  by  inactivity :  v.i.  to 
contract  rust ;  degenerate  in  idle- 
ness: v.t.  to  cause  to  contract 
rust;  impair  by  time  or  inactivity. 


rus-tic  ('tik),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  characteristic  of,  the  country  ; 
rural ;  artless ;  unpolished  ;  un- 
adorned :  n.  a  countryman ;  peas- 
ant. 

Syn.  rude,  rural,  country,  plain, 
uncouth. 

Ant.  (see  polished). 

rus-tic-al-ly  (-ul-li),  adv.  in  a 
rural  manner. 

rus-tic-al-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  rustic ; 
rudeness. 

rus-ti-cate  ('ti-kat),  v.i.  to  reside 
in  the  country :  v.t.  to  banish  for 
a  time  from  college. 

rus-ti-ca-tion  (-kfi'shun),  n.  resi- 
dence in  the  country ;  temporary 
banishment  from  a  college. 

rus-tic-i-ty  (-tis'i-ti),  n.  rural 
manners  or  simplicity  ;  rudeness. 

rust-i-ly  (rust'i-li),  adv.  in  a 
rusty  condition. 

rust-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  rusty. 

rus-tle  (rus'l),  v.i.  to  make  a 
soft  whispering  sound,  as  the  rub- 
bing together  of  silk  or  dry  leaves ; 
to  bestir  one's  self:  n.  a  rustling. 

rns-tler  ('ler),  n.  one  who  rus- 
tles ;  an  enterprising,  successful 
man. 

rus-tling  ('ling),  n.  the  soft 
whispering  sound  made  by  rub- 
bing silk  or  dry  leaves  together ; 
rustle, 

rust-y  (rust'i),  adj.  covered  with 
rust ;  impaired  by  inactivity  ;  rust- 
colored. 

rut  (rut),  n.  the  copulation  and 
sexual  desire  of  deer  and  certain 
other  animals ;  the  track  of  a 
wheel;  groove  or  hollow:  v.i.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  rutted,  p.pr.  rutting],  to  be 
moved  with  sexual  desire,  as  deer, 
&c. :  v.t.  to  cut  into  ruts. 

ru-ta-ba-ga  (roo-ta-ba'ga),  n.  a 
variety  of  turnip  larger  than  the 
common  turnip  and  of  a  yellow- 
ish color. 

ruth  (rooth),  n.  pity;  compas- 
sion ;  tenderness ;  sorrow. 

ru-the-ni-um  (roo-the'ni-um).  n. 
a  metallic  element  extracted  from 
platinum  ore. 

ruth-less  ('les),  adj.  cruel;  piti- 
less. 

Syn.    cruel,    savage,    barbarous, 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


rut 


725 


rye 


inhuman,    merciless,    remorseless, 
relentless,  unrelenting. 
Ant.  (see  considerate). 

ro-til-ant   ('til-ant),  adj.  shining. 

ru-tile  ('til),  n.  red  oxide  of  titan- 
ium. 


rnt-tish     (rut'ish),    adj.    lustful; 

wanton. 
rye  (ri),  n.  a  hardy  esculent  plant 

closely   allied   to   wheat ;    also   its 

grain  or  seed. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sab 


726 


sac 


sab-a-oth.  (sab-a'oth),  n.pl. 
armies ;  hosts. 

Sab-ba-ta-ri-aa  (sab-a-ta'ri-ftn) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  Sabbath  or 
to  Sabbatarianism :  n.  a  rigid 
observer  of  the  Sabbath  ;  one  who 
keeps  the  Sabbath  on  the  seventh 
day. 

Sab-ba-ta-ri-an-ism  (-izm),  n. 
the  tenets  and  practices  of  the 
Sabbatarians. 

Sab-bath  ('ath),  n.  the  seventh 
day  of  the  week,  observed  by  the 
Jews  as  a  day  of  rest,  commencing 
from  sunset  on  Friday  and  end- 
ing at  sunset  on  Saturday :  the 
Christian  Sunday  ;  Sabbatical 
year. 

Sab-bat -ic-al  (-at'i-kSl),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  resembling,  the  Sab- 
bath. Also  Sabbatic. 

Sab-bat-ic-al  year  (yer),  n. 
among  the  ancient  Jews,  every 
seventh  year,  in  which  the  lands 
and  vineyards  of  the  Israelites 
were  allowed  to  remain  fallow. 

ca-ber,  sa-bre  (sa'ber),  n.  a 
cavalry  sword :  v.t.  to  cut,  wound, 
or  kill  with,  or  as  with,  a  saber. 

Sa-bi-an  (sa'bi-an),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  characteristic  of, 
Snbianism. 

Sa-bi-aii-isr.i  (-izm).  n.  the  wor- 
ship of  the  heavenly  hosts,  as 
symbolical  of  the  Deity. 

Sa-bine  ('bin),  adj.  pertaining  to 
an  Italian  race,  subsequently 
merged  into  the  Roman. 

sa-ble  (sa'bl).  n.  a  kind  of  weasel 
valued  for  its  handsome,  dark, 
glossy  fur ;  in  heraldry,  black :  pi. 
mourning  dress :  adj.  dark-col- 
ored ;  black. 

sa-bot  (sA-bo'),  n.  a  wooden  shoe 
worn  by  the  peasantry  of  France, 

AC. 

sac  (sak).  n.  a  bag  or  membran- 
ous receptacle  :  cyst :  an  ancient 
privilege  of  a  lord  of  a  manor  to 
hold  a  court. 

sac-cade  (sak-knd'),  «.  a  sudden 
check  with  the  bridle;  strong  pres- 
sure of  the  bow  of  a  violin  against 
the  strings. 


sac  cha-rine  ('a-rin),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  having  the  qualities 
of,  sugar :  n.  the  uncrystallized 
sugar  of  maltwort. 

sac-cha-rize  ('a-r!z),  v.t.  to  con- 
vert into  sugar.  Also  saccharify. 

sac  cha-roid  ('a-roid),  adj.  hav- 
ing a  texture  resembling  loaf- 
sugar. 

sac-cha-rom-e-ter  (-rom'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  determining  the 
quantity  of  sugar  in  liquids. 

sac-cho-lac-tic  (-o-lak'tik),  adj. 
obtained  from  the  sugar  of  milk ; 
mucic  acid. 

sac-cule  ('ul),  n.  a  little  sac  or 
cyst. 

sac-er-do-tal  (sas-er-do'tAI),  adj. 
pertaining  to  priests  or  to  the 
priesthood  ;  priestly. 

sac-er-do-tal-ism  (-izm),  n.  sac- 
erdotal spirit  or  system  ;  tendency 
to  emphasize  the  priestly  office  or 
its  sacred  character. 

sac-er-do-tal -ly  (-11),  adv.  in  a 
sacerdotal  manner. 

sa-chem  (sa'chem),  n.  a  North 
American  Indian  chief. 

sa-chet  (sft-sha'),  n.  a  small  bag 
or  cushion  filled  with  a  perfume. 

sack  (sak),  n.  a  bag  or  pouch, 
especially  a  large  coarse  bag  for 
holding  grain,  &c. ;  quantity  con- 
tained by  a  sack  ;  loose  garment  or 
cloak ;  a  Spanish  dry  wine ;  plun- 
der or  pillage  by  soldiery  of  a 
town  taken  by  storm ;  dismissal 
(with  the)  :  v.t.  to  plunder  or 
pillage  ;  ravage  ;  put  into  sacks  ; 
dismiss  from  service. 

sack-but  ('but),  n.  an  ancient 
musical  instrument  of  the  lyre 
kind ;  a  kind  of  trombone. 

sack-cloth  ('klQth).  n.  coarse 
material  of  which  sacks  are  made: 
coarse  rough  cloth  worn  as  a 
to^en  of  .mourning. 

sack-ful  ('fool),  n.  the  quantity 
a  sack  will  hold. 

sack-ing  ('ing),  n.  coarse  mate- 
rial used  for  making  sacks. 

sac-ra-ment  ('ra-ment),  n.  a  sign 
or  pledge  of  grace;  an  outward 
and  visible  sign  of  an  inward  and 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sac 


727 


saf 


spiritual  '  grace,  instituted  by 
Jesus  Christ ;  holy  baptism,  the 
eucharist,  Lord's  supper. 

Syn.     eucharist,     service,     rite, 
communion. 

sac-ra-ment-al  (-ment'al),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  constituting,  a 
sacrament ;  solemnly  pledged. 

sac-ra-inent-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
sacramental  manner. 

sacred  (sa'kred),  adj.  pertaining 
to  religion  or  to  religious  uses ; 
consecrated  ;  inviolable. 

Syn.  holy,  hallowed,  divine,  con- 
secrated, dedicated,  devoted. 
Ant.  (see  profane). 

sac  ri-fice  ('ri-fis),  n.  the  act  of 
sacrificing  or  offering  to  a  deity, 
especially  a  victim  on  an  altar ; 
that  which  is  offered ;  destruc- 
tion or  giving  up  one  thing  for 
another ;  goods  sold  at  a  loss :  v.t. 
to  offer  to  God  or  a  deity  in  wor- 
ship ;  destroy  or  surrender  to  gain 
some  other  object ;  devote  with 
loss ;  kill ;  sell  at  a  loss :  v.i.  to 
offer  sacrifice. 

sac-ri-fi-cial  (-ri-fish'al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  consisting  in,  or  offer- 
ing, sacrifice.  Also  sacrificatory. 

sac-ri-fi-cial-ly  (-li),  adv.  by  sac- 
rifice. 

sac-ri-lege  Cri-lej),  n.  the  crime 
of  appropriating  to  one's  self  or 
to  secular  use  what  is  consecrated 
to  God  or  religion  ;  breaking  into 
a  church  and  committing  felony. 

sac-ri-le-gious  (-le'jus),  adj.  vio- 
lating sacred  things ;  guilty  of 
sacrilege ;  profane. 

sac  rile  gist  ('ri-le-jist) ,  n.  one 
guilty  of  sacrilege. 

sa-cring-bell  (sa'kring-bel),  n. 
the  sanctus-bell,  run,?  when  the 
Host  is  elevated  at  high  mass. 

sa  crist  (sa'krist),  n.  a  cathedral 
official  who  copies  the  music  for 
the  choir;  minor  canon  ;  sacristan. 

sacristan  <  sak'ris-tan).  n.  one 
who  has  the  care  of  church  ves- 
sels and  movables. 

sac-ris-ty  ('ris-ti),  n.  an  apart- 
ment in  a  church  where  the 
sacred  vessels,  vestments,  &c.,  are 
kept  ;  vestry. 

sac-ro  sanct  ('ro-sangkt),  adj. 
preeminently  sacred  or  inviolable. 

sacrum    (sa'krum),  n.  a  triangu- 


lar-shaped bone  at  the  base  of  the 
vertebral  column. 

sad  (sad),  adj.  [comp.  sadder, 
superl.  saddest],  full  of  grief; 
mournful ;  sorrowful ;  sober  or 
sedate ;  dark-colored. 

sad-den  ('n),  v.t.  to  make  sad 
or  sorrowful ;  tone  down :  v.i.  to 
become  sad. 

sad-die  ('!),  n.  a  seat,  usually  of 
leather,  for  riding  on  horseback ; 
anything  resembling  a  saddle ; 
block  of  wood  nailed  to  the  lower 
yardarm :  v.t.  to  place  a  saddle 
upon  ;  burden  or  embarrass. 

sad-dle-bow  (-bo),  n.  the  pieces 
which  form  the  pommel  or  arched 
part  of  a  saddle. 

sad-dler-y  ('ler-i),  n.  the  business 
of  a  saddler :  articles  made  by  a 
saddler. 

Sad-du-ce-an  (-ju-se'an),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of, 
the  Sadducees. 

Sad-dn-cee  ('ju-se),  n.  one  of  the 
ancient  Jewish  sect  or  school  that 
adhered  to  the  written  law  and 
denied  the  resurrection  of  the 
dead. 

safe  (saf),  adj.  free  from  danger, 
injury,  or  damage ;  secure ;  secur- 
ing from  harm ;  no  longer  dan- 
gerous ;  sound  ;  sure  :  n.  a  fire-  or 
burglar-proof  iron  chest ;  cup- 
board. 

Syn.     secure,     harmless,    trust- 
worthy, reliable. 
Ant.  (see  perilous). 

safe- con  duct  (-kon'dukt),  n.  a 
guard  or  passport  which  ensures 
a  safe  passage. 

safe-guard  ('gard),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  guards  or  protects  ;  de- 
fense ;  protective  warrants  granted 
to  a  foreigner :  v.t.  to  protect  or 
guard  safely. 

safe-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  safe  man- 
ner. 

safe-ty  ('ti),  n.  freedom  from  dan- 
ger, injury,  or  damage ;  safe  keep- 
ing ;  a  bicycle  with  medium-sized 
wheels  of  equal  height. 

safe-ty-lamp  (-lamp),  n.  a  wire- 
gauze  covered  lamp  used  in  mines. 

saf  e-ty- valve  (-valv),  n.  an  au- 
tomatic valve  in  a  boiler  which 
opens  when  the  steam  exceeds  a 
certain  pressure. 

saffron  (saf 'run),  n.  a  bulbous 
plant  of  the  genus  Crocus,  the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sag 


728 


sal 


dried  stigmas  of  which  yield  a 
deep  yellow  dye ;  deep  yellow : 
adj.  saffron-colored. 

sag  (sag),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  v.p.  sagged. 
p.pr.  sagging],  to  sink  down 
or  yield ;  incline  from  an  upright 
or  horizontal  position ;  incline  to 
leeward :  v.t.  to  cause  to  give  way 
or  incline. 

saga-clous  (sa-ga'shus),  adj. 
mentally  quick  and  discerning ; 
judicious  ;  wise  ;  acute. 

Syn.   acute,   apt,   keen,   shrewd, 
wise. 
Ant.    (see  dull). 

sa-gac-i-ty  (-gas'i-ti),  n.  a  readi- 
ness of  apprehension  ;  discrimina- 
tive intelligence ;  acute  practical 
judgment. 

sag-a-more  (sag'a-mor),  n.  a 
North  American  Indian  chief. 

sa-gas  (sa'gaa),  n.pl.  a  class  of 
prose  epics  embodying  the  myths 
and  heroic  tales  of  the  ancient 
Scandinavians. 

sage  (saj),  adj.  wise;  discerning; 
well-judged  ;  discriminating  ;  char- 
acterized .by  wisdom  ;  grave :  n. 
a  man  of  experienced  wisdom  and 
of  venerable  age ;  an  aromatic 
herb. 

sage  ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  sage  man- 
ner. 

sage-ness  ('nea),  n.  wisdom;  sa- 
gacity. 

sa-go  (sfi'go).  n.  a  kind  of  granu- 
lated food-starch  from  the  pith 
of  certain  palms. 

sag7oin,  same  as  saguin. 

sa-guar-o  (sa-gwar'6),  n.  the 
giant  cactus  of  Mexico. 

sa-guin  (sa'gwin),  n.  a  South 
American  monkey.  Also  sagoin, 
sagouin. 

sa  gum  (sa'gum),  n.  an  ancient 
Itoman  military  cloak. 

sahib  (sa'ib),  n.  a  term  of  ad- 
dress used  in  India  and  Persia 
to  a  European  gentleman. 

sa-ic  (sa'ik),  n.  a  Turkish  or 
Grecian  vessel  common  in  the  Le- 
vant. 

said    (sed),  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  say. 

sai-ga  (si'sra),  n.  the  antelope  of 
the  Russian  steppes. 

sail  (sal),  n.  a  sheet  of  canvas 
spread  to  catch  the  wind  by  means 
of  which  a  vessel  is  driven  for- 
ward in  the  water;  ship  or  vessel ; 
an  excursion  in  some  vessel :  v.i. 


to  be  moved  by  a  sail  or  sails; 
commence  a  voyage ;  swim ;  glide 
through  the  air ;  pass  smoothly 
along :  v.t.  to  pass  over  in  a  ship ; 
navigate. 

sail-er  ('er),  n.  a  vessel  that  sails, 
with  special  reference  to  its 
speed,  or  manner  of  sailing. 

sail-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  art  of  navi- 
gation ;  the  art  of  moving 
through  water,  or  of  setting  sail. 

sail-or  ('er),  n.  a  mariner;  sea- 
man. 

saint  (sant),  n.  a  holy  or  sancti- 
fied person  ;  one  eminent  for  piety 
and  virtue,  especially  one  can- 
onized by  the  Church  of  Rome ; 
one  blessed  in  heaven  :  pi.  a  name 
applied  to  themselves  by  the  Mor- 
mons :  v.t.  to  canonize :  v.i.  to 
act  as  a  saint. 

saint-ed  ('ed),  p.p.  canonized: 
adj.  pious ;  holy ;  departed  to 
heaven. 

saiut-li-ness  ('li-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  saintly. 

saint-ly  ('li),  adj.  like,  or  befit- 
ting, a  saint. 

sai-va  (si'va),  n.  a  devotee  of  the 
deity  Siva. 

sa-jou  (sa-jGo'),  n.  a  South  Ameri- 
can monkey. 

sake  (sak),  n.  end;  purpose; 
cause  ;  account ;  regard  ;  reason. 

sa-ki  (sak'i),  n.  Japanese  rice- 
beer;  a  South  American  monkey, 
with  a  non-prehensile  hairy  tail. 

sal,  a  prefix  meaning  salt,  as  sal- 
volatile,  aromatic  spirit  of  am- 
monia. 

sa-laam  (sa-lam),  n.  an  Oriental 
form  of  salutation  or  respect, 
meaning  "peace." 

sal-a-ble  (sal'a-bl),  adj.  market- 
able. 

sa-la-cious  (sa-la'shus),  adj.  lust- 
ful ;  impure. 

sa-lac-i-ty  (-las'i-ti),  n.  lustful- 
ness.  Also  salaciousness. 

sal-ad  (sal'ad),  n.  raw  herbs  cut 
up  and  dressed  with  vinegar,  oil, 
&c. 

sal-ad-days  (daz).  n.pl.  years  of 
youthful  inexperience. 

sal-a-nian-der  ('a-man-der),  n. 
an  amphibious  animal  resembling 
a  newt,  and  fabled  by  the  ancients 
to  live  in  fire. 

sal-a-man-drine    ('drin),  adj.  re- 


late, mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then 


sal 


729 


sal 


sembling    a    salamander ;    fire-re- 
sisting or  -enduring. 

sal-a-ried  (saTa-rid),  p.adj.  hav- 
ing a  salary. 

sal-a-ry  ('a-ri),  n.  recompense, 
usually  periodically,  for  services 
rendered  ;  stipend. 

sale  (sal),  n.  the  act  of  selling; 
exchange  of  a  commodity  for  an 
agreed  price ;  market ;  auction ; 
demand. 

N//«.  bargain,  barter,  deal,  trade. 

Sal-ic  law  (sal'ik  law),  n.  the 
law  of  the  Salian  Franks  exclud- 
ing females  from  the  succession  to 
the  French  throne. 

sal-i-cin  ('i-sin),  n.  a  bitter  sub- 
stance extracted  from  the  willow 
and  poplar:  the  acid  (salicylic 
acid)  is  used  as  an  antiseptic. 

sa-li-ence  (sa'li-ens),  n.  the  state 
of  being  salient. 

sa-li-ent  ('li-ent),  adj.  leaping; 
prominent ;  noting  any  angle  less 
than  two  right  angles ;  in  heral- 
dry, in  a  leaping  position. 

sa-lif-er-ous  (sa-lif'er-us),  adj. 
yielding  salt. 

sa-li-na  (sa-ll'na),  n.  a  salt- 
marsh  ;  salt-works. 

sal-i-na-tion  (sal-i-na'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  steeping  or  washing  in 
salt  liquor. 

sa-line  (sa'lin),  adj.  consisting  of, 
containing,  or  like,  salt :  n.  a  salt- 
spring. 

sa-li-va  (sa-li'va),  n.  the  watery 
fluid  or  spittle  secreted  in  the 
mouth. 

sa-li-val  ('val),  adj.  pertaining  to 
or  secreting  saliva.  Also  sali- 
va ry. 

sal  i-vant  (sal'i-vant),  adj.  ex- 
citing salivation :  n.  a  substance 
to  excite  salivation. 

sal-i-vate  (sal'i-viit),  v.t.  to  pro- 
duce an  abnormal  secretion  in  the 
mouth  of. 

sal-i-va-tion  (-va'shun),  n.  the 
not  of  producing  an  abnormal 
secretion  of  saliva. 

sal-let   (sal'et),  n.  a  light  helmet. 

sal-low  ('<")),  adj.  of  a  pale,  sickly, 
yellow  color;  a  small  tree  of  the 
willow  kind. 

sal-ly  ('i),  n.  [pi.  sallies  ('iz)L  a 
sudden  rushing  forth  of  troops  to 
attack  the  besiegers ;  sudden  out- 
burst of  wit  or  fancy;  excursion; 
wild  gaiety :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  sal- 


lied, p.pr.  sallying],  to  rush  out 
as  troops  from  a  besieged  town ; 
issue  or  rush  forth  suddenly. 

sal-ly-port  (-port),  n.  a  postern 
or  passage  for  troops  to  sally 
out. 

sal-ma-gnn-di  (-ma-gun'di),  n.  a 
compound  of  chopped  meats  with 
other  ingredients,  seasoned,  &c. ; 
medley. 

sal-mi  ('mi),  n.  a  ragout  of  roast- 
ed game  and  other  ingredients 
stewed  in  wine.  Salmis. 

salm-on  (sam'un),  n.  a  marine 
fish  of  the  genus  Salmo,  which  as- 
cends fresh-water  rivers  to  spawn. 

salm-on-peel  (-pel),  n.  a  young 
salmon. 

salm-on- trout  (-trout),  n.  a  sea- 
trout,  resembling  the  salmon,  but 
of  smaller  size. 

sa-lon  (sa-16ng'>.  n.  a  saloon;  fine 
art  gallery  :  pi.  fashionable  circles 
or  assemblage_s_  [French]. 

sa-loon  (sa-loon'),  n.  a  hall  or 
state  apartment ;  large  reception 
room ;  fine  art  exhibition ;  bar- 
room or  grogshop. 

sal-pi-con  (sal'pi-kon),  n.  chopped 
meat,  bread,  and  vegetables,  re- 
cooked  in  sauce. 

sal-phinx  (sal'pingks),  n.  the 
eustachian  tube. 

sal-pru-nel-la  (-proo-nel'a),  n. 
nitrate  of  potash  fused  and  cast 
into  balls. 

sal-si-fy  (sal'si-fi),  n.  a  plant  of 
the  aster  family,  which  from  the 
flavor  of  its  edible  root  is  called 
oyster-plant  and  vegetable  oyster. 

salt  (sawlt),  n.  chloride  of  sodium, 
used  for  seasoning  and  the  preser- 
vation of  meat,  &c.,  obtained  from 
the  earth  or  by  the  evaporation  of 
sea  water ;  anything  like  salt ;  the 
combination  of  an  acid  with  a 
base;  wit;  piquancy;  a  sailor: 
v.t.  to  sprinkle  or  season  with 
salt :  adj.  flavored,  seasoned,  or 
impregnated,  with  salt. 

sal-tant  (sal'tant),  adj.  leaping; 
dancing ;  in  heraldry,  same  as 
salient. 

sal  ta-rel-lo  (sal-ta-rel'6),  n.  a 
vivacious  Spanish  and  Italian, 
dance ;  music  for  such  a  dance. 

sal-ta-tioii  (-ta'shun),  n.  a  leap- 
ing or  dancing. 

sal-ta-to-ry  ('ta-to-ri),  adj.  danc- 
ing. 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sal 


730 


san 


salt-era,  (sawlt'ern),  n.  a  salt 
manufactory. 

sal-tier,  sal-tire  (sal'ter),  n.  a 
St.  Andrew's  cross. 

saltish  (sawlt'ish),  adj.  some- 
what salt. 

salt-less  ('les),  adj.  without  salt; 
insipid. 

sa-lu-bri-ons  (sa-156'bri-us),  adj. 
healthy. 

sa-lu-bri-ty  ('bri-ti),  n.  healthful- 
ness.  Also  salubriousness. 

sal-u-ta-ri-ly  (sal'u-ta-ri-Ii),  adj. 
in  a  salutary  manner. 

sal-u-ta-ri-ness  ('ii-tfi-ri-nes) ,  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  salu- 
tary. 

sal-u-ta-ry  ('u-ta-ri),  adj.  health- 
ful ;  wholesome ;  beneficent. 

sal-u-ta-tion  (-u-ta'shuu),  n.  act 
or  manner  of  saluting ;  greeting, 
or  act  of  paving  respect. 

sa-lu-ta-to-ry  (sa-lu'ta-to-ri),  adj. 
saluting ;  greeting :  n.  the  open- 
ing oration  at  the  commencement 
in  American  schools  and  colleges ; 
any  addres_s  of  welcome. 

sa-lnte  (-luf),  n.  a  mark  of  mili- 
tary respect  shown  by  raising  the 
hand  to  the  helmet,  &c. ;  a  kiss ; 
greeting;  salvo  of  artillery,  low- 
ering of  a  flag,  &c.,  as  a  mark  of 
honor :  v.t.  to  address  with  kind 
wishes ;  welcome ;  greet  with  a 
kiss  or  bow ;  honor  by  a  salvo  of 
artillery,  lowering  a  flag,  &c. :  v.i. 
to  make  a  salute. 

sal-va-bil-i-ty  (sal-v?.-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  of  being  salvable. 

sal  va  Me  ('va-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  saved. 

sal-vage  ( 'va j ) ,  n.  compensation 
given  to  those  who  assist  at  sav- 
ing a  vessel  or  cargo  at  sea ;  the 
goods  or  vessel  saved. 

sal-va  tion  (-va'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  saying ;  preservation  from  de- 
struction ;  rescue ;  spiritual  de- 
liverance from  sin  and  death. 

Salvation  Ar-my  (aVmi),  n. 
a  religious  organization  formed 
on  a  quasi-military  model. 

Sal-va  tion-ist  (-ist),  n.  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Salvation  Army. 

salve  (siiv).  n.  a  healing  ointment ; 
a  remedy  or  soothing  application. 

sal-yer  (sal'ver),  n.  a  tray  on 
which  anything  is  presented. 

sal-vo  Cvo),  n.  a  discharge  of  a 
number  of  pieces  of  artillery,  in- 


tended as  a  salute ;  general,  simul- 
taneous cheering ;  an  exception  or 
reservation. 

sal-vol-a-tile,  see  under  sal. 

sal-vor  ('ver),  n.  one  who  effects 
the  salvage  of  goods,  &c. 

Sa-mar-i-tan  (sa-mar'i-tan),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of, 
Samaria,  or  the  Samaritans;  not- 
ing certain  characters  used  by  the 
Hebrews  prior  to  the  captivity  :  n. 
a  native  of  Samaria ;  a  kind, 
charitable  person  (Luke  x.  30- 
37). 

sam-bo  (sam'bo),  n.  the  offspring 
of  a  black  and  a  mulatto ;  negro. 

sam-bur  ('ber).  n.  the  elk  of  the 
hill-country  of  India. 

same  (sam),  adj.  identical  in  kind 
or  degree ;  exactly  alike ;  before- 
mentioned. 

same-ness  ('nes),  n.  identity; 
similarity. 

sam-o-var  (sam'6-var),  n.  a  Rus- 
sian tea-urn. 

samp  (samp),  n.  hulled  Indian 
corn. 

sam-pan  (sam'pan),  n.  a  Chinese 
fishing  boat,  frequently  used  as  a 
residence. 

sam-phire  ('fer).  n.  a  marine 
plant  growing  usually  on  cliffs, 
and  used  as  a  pickle. 

sam-ple  ('pi),  n.  a  specimen; 
model ;  pattern ;  part  shown  as 
indicative  of  the  quality  of  the 
whole :  v.t.  to  show  something 
similar ;  take  a  sample  of. 

Syn.    case,    example,    specimen, 
illustration. 

Ant.    (see  whole). 

sampler  ('pier),  n.  a  pattern;  a 
piece  of  ornamental  needlework 
for  practice,  &c. 

sam-ple-room  (-room),  n.  a 
dram-shop. 

san-a-bil-i-ty  (san-a-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  sane. 
Also  sanableness. 

san-a-ble    ('a-bl),    adj.   curable. 

san-a-tive-ness  ('a-tiv-nes),  n. 
power  of  healing. 

san-a-to-ri-um  (-to'ri-um),  n.  a 
health  retreat ;  an  institution  for 
the  care  of  invalids  or  the  treat- 
ment of  particular  diseases. 

san-a-to-ry  ('a-to-ri),  adj.  con- 
ducive to  health. 

sane  ti  fi-ca-tion  ( sangk-ti-fi-ka'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  sanctifying; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


san 


731 


san 


state  of  being  sanctified  ;  consecra- 
tion. 

sanc-ti-fi-er  ('ti-fi-er),  n.  one 
who  sanctities. 

sanc-ti.-nio-ni.-ous  ( -ti-rno'ni-us ) , 
adj.  having  the  appearance  of,  or 
affecting,  sanctity ;  hypocritical. 

sanc-tion,  ('shun),  n.  the  act  of 
ratifying,  or  giving  authority  to ; 
authority ;  custom :  v.t.  to  give 
sanction  to ;  countenance. 

Syn.  confirm,  countenance,  en- 
courage, support,  ratify,  author- 
ize. 

Ant.    (see  disapprove). 

saiicti  tude  ('ti-tud),  n.  holiness. 

sanc-ti-ty  ('ti-ti),  n.  purity;  in- 
violability; sacredness;  solemnity; 
a  saint. 

sanc-tn-a-ry  ('tfi-a-ri),  n.  [pi. 
sanctuaries  (-riz)],  the  most  re- 
tired and  sacred  part  of  a  temple  ; 
consecrated  place  ;  temple  ;  part  of 
a  church  around  the1  altar;  in- 
violable asylum  ;  shelter;  refuge. 

sanc-tum  ('turn),  n.  a  sacred  or 
private  place. 

sane-turn  sanc-to-rum  (-to'rum), 
n.  a  most  holy  place ;  in  the  Jew- 
ish Temple,  the  Holy  of  Holies ;  a 
place  of  the  utmost  privacy. 

sanc-tus  bell  ('tus  bel),  n.  a  bell 
rung  at  the  more  solemn  parts  of 
the  mass. 

sand  (sand),  n.  fine  particles  of 
crushed  or  worn  rock :  pi.  tracts 
of  sand ;  hours  or  time  one  has 
to  live :  r.t.  to  sprinkle  with 
sand. 

san-dal  (san'dal),  n.  a  kind  of 
shoe  fastened  by  straps  to  the 
foot;  a  loose  slipper;  the  official 
shoe  of  a  Roman  Catholic  prel- 
ate or  abbot. 

san-daled  ('dahl),  adj.  wearing 
sandals. 

san-dal- wood  (-wood),  n.  a 
white-colored,  odoriferous  wood, 
used  in  cabinet-making. 

san-da-rac  ('da-rak),  n.  a  kind  of 
resin  or  gum.  used  in  varnishes. 
Also  sandarach. 

san-der-ling  Cder-ling),  n.  a 
small  wading-bird. 

san-ders  ('derz),  n.  red  sandal- 
wood. 

san-di-ver  ('di-ver),  n.  a  saline 
scum  which  forms  on  glass  when 
fused  ;  glass-gall. 


san-dix  ('diks),  n.  a  kind  of  red 
lead. 

sand-pi-per  (sand'pl-per) ,  n.  a 
name  for  various  birds  of  the 
snipe  and  woodcock  family. 

sand-wich  ('wich),  n.  two  thin 
slices  of  bread  with  ham,  &c.,  be- 
tween ;  anything  like  a  sandwich  : 
v.t.  to  place  between  two  other 
persons  or  things. 

sand-y  CO,  adj.  composed  of, 
abounding  iu,  of  the  color  of,  or 
covered  with,  sand  ;  shifting ;  un- 
stable. 

sane  (san),  adj.  mentally  sound 
or  healthy. 

»SI/H.  sober,  lucid,  sound,  ration- 
al. 

Ant.    (see  crazy). 

sane-ness    ('nes),  n.  the  state  or 
I    quality  of  being  sane. 

sang,  p.t.  of  sing. 

san-ga-ree  (sang-ga-re'),  n.  a 
beverage  of  wine  or  brandy  and 
water  spiced  with  nutmeg. 

sang-froid  (siing-frwa') .  n.  cool 
indifference  or  composure- 
[French]. 

san-gu  ('goo),  n.  the  Abyssinian 
ox. 

san-guif-er-ons  (-gwif'er-us) , 

adj.  conveying  blood. 

san-gui-fy  ('gwi-fl),  v.i.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  sanguified,  p.pr.  sanguifying], 
to  form  or  produce  blood :  v.t.  to 
convert  into  blood. 

san-gui-na-ry  ('gwi-na-ri),  adj~ 
attended  with  much  bloodshed ; 
bloodthirsty  ;  murderous  ;  cruel. 

san-guine  ('gwin),  adj.  warm  and 
ardent  in  temper;  hopeful;  confi- 
dent :  n.  blood  color :  v.t.  to  stain 
with  blood. 

san-gnine-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a  san- 
guine manner. 

san-guine-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  or  state  of  being  sanguine  ; 
plethora ;  heat  or  ardor  of  tem- 
perament ;  hopefulness. 

san-guin-e-ous  (-gwin'e-us),  adj. 
pertaining  to.  abounding  with,  or 
constituting,  blood ;  of  a  blood 
color. 

San  lie-drim  (san-he'drim) .  n~ 
the  great  judicial  council  of  the 
ancient  Jews,  composed  of  71 
priests,  scribes,  and  elders,  pre- 
sided over  by  the  high  priest. 
Also  Sanhedrin. 

sa-ni-es    (sa'ni-ez),  n.  a  thin  red- 


late,  mSr,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let :  lino,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


san 


732 


sar 


dish  discharge  from  a  wound  or 
sore. 

san-i-ta-ri-an  ( san-i-ta'ri-an ) , 
adj.  of  or  pertaining  to  the  laws 
of  health ;  having  regard  to  the 
public  health :  n.  one  versed  in 
or  devoted  to  sanitary  studies;  an 
advocate  or  promoter  of  sanitary 
measures. 

san-i-ta-ri-um  (-ta'ri-um),  n.  a 
sanatorium,  especially  one  where 
the  treatment  is  prophylactic  in- 
stead of  therapeutic. 

san-i-ta-ry  (san'i-ta-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  connected  with,  or 
tending  to  promote,  health,  es- 
pecially by  legislative  enactment ; 
hygienic. 

san-i-ta  tioii  (-ta'shun),  n.  hy- 
giene. 

san-i-ty    ('i-ti),  n.  saneness. 

sank,  p.t.  of  sink. 

sans-cu-lotte  (sanz-koo-lof),  n. 
a  fellow  without  breeches ;  a  term 
of  contempt  applied  to  the  French 
Revolutionists. 

sans-cu-lotte  rie  (-lot're),  n.  the 
French  Revolutionists  collective- 
ly ;  extreme  republicanism. 

Saii-skrit  (san'skrit),  n.  the  an- 
cient language  of  the  Hindus. 
Also  Sanscrit. 

sap  (sap),  n.  the  watery  circulat- 
ing juice  of  a  plant;  alburnum  of 
&  tree ;  vital  fluid ;  an  excavated 
trench  for  approaching  a  fort ;  an 
ardent  student :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
sapped,  p.pr.  sapping],  to  deprive 
of  vitality ;  undermine :  v.i.  to 
study  ardently,  as  for  an  examina- 
tion ;  proceed  by  secretly  under- 
mining. 

sap-id   ('id),  adj.  savory. 

sa-pi-ence  (sa'pi-ens),  n.  knowl- 
edge ;  wisdom. 

sa-pi-ent  ('pi-ent),  adj,  wise; 
sagacious. 

sap-ling  (sap'ling),  n.  a  young 
tree. 

sap-o-dil-la  (-o-dil'a),  n.  a  trop- 
ical tree  yielding  a  large  fruit,  the 
seeds  of  which  are  used  in  medi- 
cine. 

sap  o  na-ceous  (-p-nfi'shus).  adj. 
resembling,  or  having  the  qualities 
of,  soap;  unctuous. 

sa-pon-i-fi-ca  tion  ( su-pon-i-fi-ka'- 
shun),  n.  conversion  into  soap. 

sa-pon-i-fy  ('i-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  saponified,  p.pr.  saponifying], 


to  convert  into  soap  by  combina- 
tion with  an  alkali. _ 

sap-o-rif-ic  (sap-6-rif'ik),  adj. 
producing  taste. 

sap-o-ros-i-ty  (-ros'i-ti),  n.  that 
quality  in  a  substance  which  ex- 
cites the  sensation  of  taste. 

sap-o-rous  ('o-rus),  adj.  having, 
or  stimulating,  flavor. 

sap-pan  ('an),  n.  an  Asiatic  dye- 
wood.  Sapan. 

sap-per  ('er),  n.  one  who  saps; 
a  soldier  employed  in  sapping  or 
digging  trenches. 

sap-phire  (saf'lr),  n.  a  precious 
stone  of  a  blue  color,  a  variety  of 
corundum. 

sap-pi-ness  (sap'i-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  sappy. 

sap-py  ('i),  adj.  full  of  sap; 
juicy. 

sar-a  band  (sar'a-band),  n.  a 
Spanish  dance ;  music  for  such  a 
dance. 

Sar-a  ceii  ('a-sen),  n.  the  mediae- 
val name  for  an  Arab  or  Moham- 
medan. 

Sar-a-cen-ic  ('ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  cnaracteristic  of,  the 
Saracens. 

sar-casm  (sar'kazm),  n.  a  bitter, 
cutting,  satirical  expression. 

sar-cas-tic  (-kas'tik),  adj.  bitterly 
satirical.  Also  sarcastical. 

sar-cas-tic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in 
a  sarcastic  manner. 

sar-cine  (siir'sin),  n.  a  nitroge- 
nous substance  existing  in  mus- 
cular and  glandul_ar  tissues. 

sar-co-carp  ('ko-karp),  n.  the 
fleshy  part  of  a  fruit. 

sar-co-col  ('ko-kol),  n.  an  in- 
spissated sap  or  gum-resin  of  an 
African  tree.  Sarcocollin. 

sar-code  ('kod),  n.  animal  proto- 
plasm. 

sar-co-derm  ('ko-derm),  n.  the 
fleshy  layer  between  the  interior 
and  exterior  covering  of  a  seed. 

sar-cod-ic  (-kod'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to.  or  consisting  of,  sarcode. 

sar-coid    ('koid),  adj.  flesh-like. 

sar-co-line  ('ko-lin),  adj.  flesh- 
colored. 

sar-co-lite  ('ko-lit),  n.  a  flesh- 
colored  mineral  occurring  in  the 
volcanic  rocks  of  Vesuvius. 

sar-co-log-ic-al  (-loj'ik-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  sarcology. 

sar-col-o-gy     (-kol'o-ji),    n.     that 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her,  let ;  Hue,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sar 


733 


sat 


part  of  anatomy  that  treats  of 
the  soft  parts  of  the  body. 

sar  co-ma  (-ko'nm),  n.  a  fleshy 
tumor.  Also  sarcosis. 

sar-cpph-a-gous  (-kof'a-gus),  adj. 
feeding  on  flesh. 

sar-coph-a-gus  ('a-gus),  n.  a 
limestone  used  by  the  Greeks  for 
coffins ;  a  stone  coffin. 

sar-cpt-ic  (-kot'ik),  adj.  flesh- 
forming. 

sard  (sard),  n.  a  precious  stone, 
a  deep  blood-red  variety  of 
carnelian. 

gar-dine  (-den'),  n.  a  species  of 
pilchard,  abundant  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  preserved  in  oil  for 
exportation;  ('din)  a  precious 
stone  mentioned  in  Rev.  iv.,  the 
sardius. 

sar-don-ic  (-don'ik),  adj.  forced, 
bitter,  or  heartless :  said  of  a 
laugh  or  smile ;  from  a  Sardinian 
herb,  reputed  to  cause  convulsive 
motions  of  the  cheek  and  lips 
when  eaten.  Also  sardonian. 

sar-do-nyx  ('do-niks),  n.  a  variety 
of  agate. 

sar-gas-so  (-gas'6),  n.  the  floating 
sea-  or  gulf-weed  of  the  North 
Atlantic.  Also  sargassum. 

sar  sa  pa  ril  la  (-ga-pa-rll'a),  n. 
a  twining  shrub  found  in  Mexico, 
&c.,  the  root  of  which  is  used  as 
a  medicine. 

sarse  net  (siirs'net),  n.  a  thin  fine 
kind  of  woven  silk,  used  for  rib- 
bons, linings,  &c. 

sar-to-ri-al  (-to'ri-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  tailor. 

sar-to-ri-ons  ('ri-us),  n.  the  mus- 
cle of  the  thigh  by  means  of  which 
the  legs  can  be  crossed ;  the 
tailor's  muscle. 

sash,  (sash),  n.  a  band,  ribbon,  or 
scarf,  worn  round  the  waist  or 
over  the  shoulder ;  a  frame  for 
holding  panes  of  glass :  v.t.  to 
furnish  with  sashes. 

sas-in  (sas'in),  n.  the  Indian  ante- 
lope. 

sas-sa-fras  Ca-fras),  n.  a  tree 
allied  to  the  laurel,  with  a 
fragrant  root,  wood,  and  flowers. 

sas  so-line  ('o-lin).  n.  native 
boracic  acid.  Also  sassolin. 

sat,  p.t.  of  sit. 

Sa-tan   (sa'tan),  n.  the  Devil.  . 

satanic    (-tan'ik).    adj.   pertain- 


ing to.  or  resembling,  Satan  ;  dia- 
bolical ;  infernal ;  very  malicious. 

sa-tan-ism  ('tan-izm),  n.  the  evil 
disposition  of  Satan  ;  a  diabolical 
spirit. 

satch-el  (sach'el),  n.  a  small  bag 
for  carrying  books,  papers,  &c. ; 
any  handbag. 

sate  (sat),  v.t.  to  satisfy  the 
appetites  or  desires  of. 

sa-teen  (sa-ten'),  n.  a  woolen  or 
cotton  fabric  made  in  imitation 
of  satin. 

sat-el-lite  (sat'el-it),  n.  a  small 
planet  revolving  round  a  larger 
one ;  an  obsequious  attendant. 

sa-ti-a-ble  (sfi'shi-a-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  gratified  or  satiated. 

sa-ti-ate  ('shi-at).  v.t.  to  fill,  or 
gratify  fully  ;  surfeit ;  glut :  adj. 
glutted. 

sa-ti-e-ty  (-t!'e-ti),  n.  fulness  of 
gratification  beyond  desire ;  re- 
pletion. 

sat-in  (sat'in),  n.  a  closely  woven 
glossy  silk  :  adj.  made  of,  or  like, 
satin. 

sat-in-et  (in-ef),  n.  a  thin  kind 
of  satin ;  a  glossy  cloth  woven 
with  wool  and  cotton  made  to  re- 
semble satin. 

sat-in-y  ('5n-i),  adj.  like  satin. 

sat-ire  (sat'ir),  n.  a  species  of 
poetry  in  which  contemporary  vice 
and  folly  are  held  up  to  ridicule; 
sarcasm ;  ridicule. 

sa-tir-ic  (sa-tir'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  containing,  satire ;  ad- 
dicted to  satire.  Also  satirical. 

sa-tir-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in  a 
satiric  manner. 

sat-i-rist  (sat'i-rist) ,  n.  a  writer 
of  satire;  one  who  satirizes. 

sat-i-rize  ('i-rlz),  v.t.  to  assail  or 
ridicule  with  satire. 

sat-is-fac-tion  (sat-is-fak'shun), 
n.  the  act  of  satisfying ;  the  state 
of  being  satisfied  ;  contentment ; 
gratification  ;  payment :  redress  ; 
conviction. 

sat-is-fac-to-ry  Cto-r.i),  adj.  giv- 
ing satisfaction  or  content;  mak- 
ing redress ;  relieving  the  mind 
from  doubt  or  uncertainty. 

sat-is-fy  (Ms-fT),  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p. 
satisfied,  p.pr.  satisfying],  to 
gratify  to  the  fullest  degree;  free 
from  doubt  or  uncertainty ;  pay 
in  full ;  discharge :  v.i.  to  give 


late,  mar,  mSsk,  cat.  awl :  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  mo5nr 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin.  theu. 


sat 


734 


sav 


satisfaction ;  make  atonement  or 
payment. 

X//H.    content,    satiate,    surfeit, 
suffice   fill. 

Ant.  (see  check,  stint). 

sa-trap  (sa'trap),  n.  a  kind  of 
viceroy  among  the  ancient  Per- 
sians, 

sa-trap-y  (-i),  n.  the  government 
or  jurisdiction  of  a  satrap. 

sat-u-ra-ble  (sat'u-ra-bl),  adj.  ca- 
pable of  being  saturated. 

sat  ii-rant  ('u-rant),  adj.  impreg- 
nating to  the  full :  n.  a  substance 
that  neutralizes  acid  in  the 
stomach. 

sat-u-rate  ('u-rfit),  v.t.  to  soak  or 
imbue. 

sat-u-ra-tion  (-ril'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  saturating;  the  state  of 
being  saturated  ;  impregnation  of 
one  substance  by  another  until  the 
latter  can  contain  no  more. 

Sat  in- clay  ('er-da),  n.  the  7th 
day  of  the  week. 

Sat -lira  (sat'ern),  n.  the  planet 
next  beyond,  and  next  in  magni- 
tude to,  Jupiter ;  the  ancient  Ital- 
ian god  of  seed-time  and  harvest. 

Sat-nr  na-li-a  (-er-nfi'li-a) ,  n.  an 
ancient  Roman  festival  in  honor 
of  the  god  Saturn,  in  which  all 
classes,  including  slaves,  took 
part :  hence  unrestrained  revelry. 

Sat-ur  na  li  an  (Mi-an),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characteristic  of, 
the  Saturnalia ;  dissolute ;  riot- 
ously mirthful. 

Sat-ur-ni-an  ('ni-an),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characteristic  of, 
the  god  Saturn,  or  to  the  golden 
age  of  purity  and  happiness. 

sat-ur-niiie  ('nin),  adj.  under  the 
influence  of  the  planet  Saturn ; 
dull ;  morose  ;  gloomy  ;  phlegmatic. 

*at-yr  Cer),  n.  a  sylvan  Greek 
deity,  attendant  on  Bacchus,  rep- 
resented with  long,  pointed  ears, 
short  horns,  a  man's  body,  and 
the  legs  of  a  goat. 

sauce  (saws),  n.  a  liquid  condi- 
ment or  seasoning  for  food ;  any 
mixture  used  as  a  relish ;  pert- 
ness  :  v.t.  to  put  sauce  into ;  ren- 
der pungent:  treat  with  pertnoss. 

sauce-box  Cboks),  n.  a  pert,  im- 
pudent person. 

sau-cer   ('ser),  ».  a  shallow  piece 


of  china,  &c.,  in  which  a  tea  or 
coffee  cup  is  placed. 

sau-ci-ly  (saw'si-li),  adv.  in  a 
saucy  manner. 

sau-ci-ness  ('si-nes),  n.  impudent 
pertness  or  boldness. 

sau-cy   ('si),  adj.    [comp.  saucier, 
superl.  sauciest],  pert;  impudent. 
Syn.    impertinent,    rude,    impu- 
dent, insolent,  flippant,  forward. 
Ant.    (see   modest). 

saner-kraut  (sour'krout),  n.  a 
pickle  of  chopped  cabbage  packed 
in  layers  with  salt  between,  which 
causes  fermentation. 

saul  (sawl),  n.  an  Indian  timber 
tree,  used  for  building  purposes, 
and  yielding  the  resin  called  dam- 
mar. 

saun-ter  (sRn'ter  or  sawn't?r), 
v.i.  to  wander  about  idly ;  loiter ; 
linger:  n.  a  place  for  sauntering; 
idle  walk  or  ramble. 

sau-ri-an  (saw'ri-an),  n.  any  in- 
dividual of  the  Sauria,  an  order 
of  four-legged  reptiles  having  the 
body  furnished  with  scales,  as  the 
crocodile  and  lizard. 

sau-roid   Croid),  adj.  lizard-like. 

sau-ry  Cri),  n.  a  kind  of  pike. 

sau-sage  (saw'saj).  n.  the  gut  of 
an  animal  stuffed  with  seasoned 
minced  meat ;  minced  meat  sea- 
soned with  sage,  salt,  pepper,  &c. 

sau-te  (so-tiV),  n.  a  method  of 
cooking  by  tossing  the  material 
in  a  frying  pan  of  particular  con- 
struction. 

sau -t erne  (-tern'),  n.  a  French 
white  wine. 

sav-a-ble  (sav'a-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  saved. 

sav-age  (sav'aj),  adj.  uncivilized; 
wild  ;  cruel ;  fierce  ;  pitiless  ;  un- 
cultivated ;  enraged :  n.  a  human 
being  in  a  rude,  uncivilized  state ; 
barbarian ;  a  fierce,  brutal  per- 
son. 

sav-age-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a  savage 
manner. 

sav-age-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  savage ;  wild- 
ness. 

sav-age-ry  ('nj-ri).  n.  the  state  of 
being  wild  or  uncivilized  ;  barbar- 
ism ;  brutal  roughness. 

sa- van  nali  (sa-van'a),  n.  an  ex- 
tensive open  plain  or  meadow. 
Also  savanna. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  h§r,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  mo5n, 
cook  :  miite.  nut :  thin, 


sav 


735 


sea 


savant  (-vang'),  n.  a  man  of 
learning  or  science  [French]. 

save  (sav),  v.t.  to  bring  out  of 
danger  or  preserve  from  evil ; 
rescue ;  deliver  from  spiritual 
death  ;  prevent ;  lay  by  ;  take  ad- 
vantage of :  v.i.  to  be  economical : 
prep,  except ;  not  including. 

sav-e-loy  (sav'e-loi),  n.  a  kind  of 
cooked  sausage. 

sav-in  ('in),  w.  an  evergreen  tree 
or  shrub  with  a  dark  foliage  with 
bluish-green  berries :  the  young 
leaves  and  branches  yield  an  act- 
ive volatile  oil  used  in  medicine. 
Also  savine. 

sav-ing  (sfiv'ing),  adj.  preserv- 
ing; frugal;  parsimonious;  reserv- 
ing :  n.  an  exception  or  reserva- 
tion :  pi.  money,  &c.,  saved :  prep. 
with  exception  in  favor  of. 

sav-ing-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  saving 
manner. 

sa-vior  (sfi'-vyer),  n.  one  who 
saves. 

Sa-vior,  Sa-viour,  n.  Jesus 
Christ,  the  Redeemer  (with  the). 

sav-o-nette  (sav-o-nef) ,  n.  a  hard 
ball  of  toilet  soap,  composed  of 
various  ingredients. 

sa-yor  (sa'ver).  n.  flavor;  taste; 
relish  ;  scent ;  characteristic  prop- 
erty :  v.i.  to  have  a  particular 
flavor  or  smell ;  exhibit  tokens  of  : 
v.t.  to  taste  or  smell  with  delight. 

sa-vor-i-ly  ('ver-i-li),  adv.  in  a 
savory  manner. 

sa-vor-i-ness  (-i-nes),  n.  the  qual- 
ity of  being  savory. 

sa-vor-y  ('ver-i),  n.  an  aromatic 
plant. 

sa-voy  Csa-voi'),  n.  a  kind  of  win- 
ter cabbage  with  crisp  curled 
leaves. 

saw  (saw),  n.  a  cutting  steel  in- 
strument with  a  toothed  edge ;  a 
proverb  or  wise  saying :  v.t.  to 
cut  with,  or  as  with,  a  saw  :  v.i. 
to  be  cut  with  a  saw :  p.t.  of 
see. 

saw-fish  ('fish),  n.  a  fish  with  a 
long  bony  snout  furnished  with 
spines  or  teeth. 

saw-fly  ('fll),  n.  an  insect  with  a 
saw-like  apparatus  for  depositing 
its  eggs. 

saw-yer  ('ySr),  n.  one  who  saws 
timber  into  planks ;  a  tree  in  a 
river,  whose  branches,  partly 


above  water,  sway  up  and  down 
by  the  force  of  the  current. 

sax-horn  (saks'horn) ,  n.  a  musical 
wind  instrument,  used  in  military 
bands. 

Sax  on  ('n),  adj.  pertaining  to  the 
Saxons,  a  race  of  people  formerly 
inhabiting  North  Germany,  their 
country  or  language  ;  Anglo-Sax- 
on :  n.  a  member  of  the  Saxon 
race. 

sax-o-phone  ('o-fon),  n.  a  brass 
musical  instrument  with  a  single 
reed  and  clarinet  mouthpiece. 

say  (sa),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  said 
(sed),  p.pr.  saying],  to  utter  in 
words  ;  declare  ;  speak  ;  decide  ; 
allege  ;  pronounce  ;  intone  :  v.i.  to 
speak  ;  relate  ;  answer  :  imper,  tell 
me  :  n.  something  said  ;  speech  ; 
remark. 

say-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
speaking  ;  expression  ;  saw  ;  adage. 

scab  (skab),  n.  an  incrustation 
formed  over  a  wound ;  a  con- 
tagious disease  in  sheep  ;  a  work- 
man who  refuses  to  join  a  strike, 
or  who  takes  the  place  abandoned 
by  a  striker. 

scab-bard  Card),  n.  the  sheath 
in  which  the  blade  of  a  sword  is 
kept :  v.t.  to  put  into  a  scabbard. 

scab-bi-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  scabby 
state. 

scab-by  ('i),  adj.  covered  with,  or 
full  of,  scabs ;  affected  with  scab. 

sca-bi-es   (ska'bi-ez),  n.  the  itch. 

sca-brous  ('brus),  adj.  rough  to 
the  touch  ;  uneven  ;  dotted  ;  scaly. 

scad  (skad),  n.  the  shad  or  horse- 
mackerel. 

scaf-fold  (skaf'old),  n.  a  tempor- 
ary timber  stage  or  structure ;  an 
elevated  platform  for  the  execu- 
tion of  a  criminal :  v.t.  to  furnish 
or  support  with  a  scaffold. 

scaf -fold-ing  (-ing),  n.  a  scaf- 
fold ;  materials  for  erecting  scaf- 
folds ;  framework. 

scal-a-ble  (skal'a-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  scaled. 

scal-a-wag  (skal'u-wag),  n.  a. 
scamp ;  scapegrace. 

scald  (skawld),  v.t.  to  burn  with 
hot  liquid  or  steam ;  injure  by 
contact  with  any  hot  fluid  ;  expose 
to  violent  heat  over  a  fire  or  hot 
liquid :  n.  a  burn  or  injury  to 
the  skin  or  flesh  from  a  hot  liquid 
or  steam ;  scab  or  scurf  on  the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  Men. 


sea 


736 


sea 


head ;  one  of  the  old  Scandinavian 
poets,  who  recited  or  sang  heroic 
poems    (also  skald). 
scald  ic    ('ik),  adj.  pertaining  to,, 
or  composed  by,  the  scalds.     Also 
skaldic. 

scald-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  burning  as 
with  a  hot  liquid  or  steam. 

scale  (skal),  n.  the  dish  of  a 
balance ;  a  balance ;  an  instru- 
ment or  machine  for  weighing ; 
the  small  bony  or  horny  plates 
covering  a  fish,  certain  reptiles, 
and  insects ;  any  thin  plate  or 
layer ;  the  thin  oxide  which  forms 
on  the  surface  of  iron  fprgings ; 
incrustation  on  the  interior  of  a 
boiler ;  a  series  of  steps ;  gradu- 
ated measure ;  series  of  all  the 
tones  [Music]  ;  relative  dimen- 
sions ;  basis  for  a  numerical  sys- 
tem ;  a  scale-insect,  or  bark-louse, 
very  destructive  to  fruit  trees :  j 
v.t.  to  strip  or  clear  of  scales ; 
weigh  ;  climb  over,  as  by  a  ladder ; 
clamber  up ;  ascend  by  steps  or 
by  climbing :  v.i.  to  separate  and 
come  off  in  thin  layers. 

sca-lene  (ska-len'),  adj.  having 
the  sides  and  angles  unequal :  said 
of  a  triangle. 

seal -lop  (skol'op),  n.  a  marine  bi- 
valve fish,  having  the  edge  of  its 
shell  in  the  form  of  a  series  of 
curves :  the  shell  was  formerly 
worn  by  pilgrims  who  had  visited 
the  Holy  Land ;  a  curving  or 
recess :  v.t.  to  cut  the  edge  or 
border  of  in  scallops  or  curves. 

scal-loped-oys-ters  (-ois'terz), 
n.pl.  oysters  baked  with  bread 
crumbs,  &c. 

scalp  (skalp),  n.  the  skin  on  the 
top  of  the  head  from  which  the 
hair  grows ;  the  skin  and  hair  of 
the  head  torn  off  by  the  North 
American  Indians  in  token  of  vic- 
tory :  v.t.  to  deprive  of  the  scalp : 
v.i.  to  make  a  small  quick  profit 
by  slight  fluctuations  of  the 
market. 

scalp-el  ('el),  n.  a  small  keen- 
edged  knife. 

acalp-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  scalps; 
a  person  who  buys  and  sells  the 
unused  parts  of  railway  tickets. 

sca-ly  (skal'i),  adj.  covered  with, 
or  like,  scales ;  mean  ;  caddish. 

scam  mo-iiy  ('0-ni),  n.  an  in- 
spissated sap  obtained  from  the 


root  of  a  species  of  convolvulus, 
used  as  a  cathartic. 

scamp  (skamp),  n.  a  rascal; 
worthless  fellow ;  rogue :  v.t.  to 
execute  or  perform  in  a  super- 
ficial or  careless  manner  and  with 
bad  material. 

scam-per  (skam'per),  v.i.  to  run 
with  speed ;  hasten  away :  n.  a 
hasty  flight. 

scan  (skan),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
scanned,  p.pr.  scanning],  to  ex- 
amine by  counting  the  metrical 
feet  or  syllables ;  scrutinize  or 
examine  carefully. 

scan-dal  ('dal),  n.  offense  oc- 
casioned by  the  faults  of  another ; 
something  uttered  that  is  false 
and  injurious  to  the  reputation ; 
opprobrium ;  defamation ;  dis- 
grace. 

scan-dal-ize  (-Iz),  v.t.  to  offend 
by  some  supposed  improper  action 
or  conduct. 

Syn.  shock,  disgust,  offend,  ca- 
luminate,  vilify,  revile,  malign, 
traduce,  defame,  slander. 

scan-dal-ous  (-us),  adj.  giving 
offense  to  the  conscience  or  moral 
sense ;  exciting  condemnation  or 
opprobrium. 

Scan-di-na-vi-an  ( -di-na' vi-an ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  Scandinavia,  its 
language,  literature,  or  people. 
Also  Scandian. 

scant  (skant),  adj.  [comp.  scanter, 
superl.  scantest],  not  full  or  abun- 
dant ;  scarcely  sufficient :  v.t.  to 
stint ;  treat  illiberally  ;  limit :  v.i. 
to  fail  or  become  diminished. 

scant-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  scanty 
manner. 

scant-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  scanty.  Also 
scantness. 

scant-ling  ('ling),  n.  a  piece  of 
timber  cut  or  sawn  of  small  size ; 
the  size  to  which  a  piece  of  tim- 
ber is  to  be  cut. 

scant-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  scantier, 
HH perl,  scantiest],  narrow;  bare- 
ly sufficient ;  scant. 

Syn.  bare,  pinched,  insufficient, 
slender,  meager. 
Ant.  (see  ample). 

scape  (skfip),  n.  the  shaft  of  a 
column  where  it  leaves  the  base ; 
a  peduncle  rising  from  the  ground 
or  stem  underneath  the  ground : 
v.t.  &  v.i.  to  escape  [Poet]. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  theu. 


sea 


737 


see 


.scape-goat  ('got),  n.  among  the 
ancient  Jews,  one  of  the  two  goats 
determined  by  lot.  over  whose 
head  the  high  priest  confessed  the 
sins  of  the  people,  after  which  it 
was  sent  away  into  the  wilder- 
ness :  hence  one  who  bears  the 
blame  for  others. 

scape-grace  ('gras).  n.  a  grace- 
less, unprincipled  fellow. 

scap-ple  (skap'l),  v.t.  to  rough- 
dress  (stone)  preparatory  to 
hewing. 

scap-u-la  ('u-la),  n.  the  shoulder- 
blade. 

scap-u-lar  ('u-lar),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  scapula  or  shoulder ;  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  part 
of  the  habit  of  certain  religious 
orders ;  two  pieces  of  cloth  worn 
over  the  shoulders  from  motives 
of  devotion.  Also  scapulary. 

scar  (skar),  n.  a  mark  caused  by 
a  wound ;  mark  or  blemish ;  a 
precipitous  rock  or  bank ;  the  par- 
rot-fish :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  scarred, 
p.pr.  scarring],  to  mark  with,  or 
as  with,  a  scar:  v.i.  to  form  a 
scar. 

scarab  (skar'ab),  n.  a  lamellicorn 
beetle,  scarabseus ;  a  gem  or  seal 
cut  in  the  form  of  a  beetle  worn 
as  a  charm  by  t*he  ancient  Egyp- 
tians. 

scarce  (skars),  adj.  not  common; 
not  plentiful ;  not  equal  to  the  de- 
mand. 

scarce-ly  ( 'li ) ,  adv.  seldom  ;  rarely  ; 
with  difficulty. 

scarce-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  of 
being  scarce.  Also  scarcity. 

scare  (skar),  v.t.  to  strike  with 
sudden  terror :  frighten :  n.  a 
sudden  fright  or  panic. 

scare-crow  Ckrfi) .  n.  anything  fan- 
tastic set  up  to  scare  away  birds ; 
a  vain  cause  of  terror;  a  guy. 

scarf  (ska'rf),  n.  a  light  handker- 
chief or  tie  for  the  neck ;  sash  : 
v.t.  throw  on  loosely;  dress  with 
a  scarf;  to  unite  (two  pieces  of 
timber)  at  the  ends  by  a  kind  of 
dovetail. 

scarf -ing  ('ing),  n.  the  forma- 
tion of  a  beam  out  of  two  pieces 
of  timber. 

scarf-skin   ('skin),  n.  the  cuticle. 

scar  i-fi-ca-tion  (skar-i-fi-kfi'- 

shun),  n.  the  act  of  scarifying. 


scar-i-fi-ca-tor  ('i-fi-ka-ter),  n.  a 
surgical  instrument  used  in  scari- 
fying- 

scar-i-fi-er  ('i-fl-er).  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  scarifies ;  a  scari- 
ficator ;  an  agricultural  instru- 
ment for  stirring  the  soil. 

scar-i-fy  ('i-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
scarified,  p.pr.  scarifying],  to 
scratch  or  cut ;  make  small  in- 
cisions in  by  a  lancet  or  scari- 
ficator :  as,  to  scarify  the  skin ; 
to  stir  up  and  prepare  for  plant- 
ing ;  as,  to  scarify  the  soil. 

scar-la-ti-na  (skar-la-te'na) ,  n. 
scarlet  fever  of  a  mild  form. 

scar-let  ('let),  n.  a  bright  red 
color ;  cloth  of  such  a  color :  adj. 
of  a  scarlet  color. 

scar-let  fe-yer  (fe'ver),  n.  con- 
tagious febrile  disease  character- 
ized by  a  scarlet  eruption. 

scar-let  run-ner  (run'er),  n.  a 
variety  of  bean. 

scarp  (skarp),  n.  a  slope  or  de- 
clivity, nearly  perpendicular ;  the 
slope  of  a  ditch  at  the  foot  of  a 
parapet :  v.t.  to  cut  perpendicular- 
ly or  nearly  so. 

sca-ry  (skfi'ri),  adj.  causing,  or 
subject  to,  sudden  fright. 

scathe  (skfif/i),  v.t.  to  injure  or 
hurt :  n.  injury  or  harm. 

scath-ing  ('ing),  adj.  injurious; 
hurtful ;  very  severe  or  bitter. 

scat-ter  (skat'er),  v.t.  to  strew  or 
throw  loosely  about ;  disperse  or 
dissipate :  v.i.  to  be  dispersed  or 
dissipated. 

Syn.  strew,  spread,  disseminate, 
disperse,  dissipate,  dispel. 
Ant.    (see  collect). 

scat-ter-brained  •  (-brand),  adj. 
giddy. 

scaup  (skawp),  n.  a  species  of 
duck. 

scav-enge  (skav'enj),  v.t.  to 
cleanse,  as  streets,  from  mud  and 
filth, 

scav-eng-er  (-er).  n.  a  man  em- 
ployed to  clean  the  streets ;  any 
animal  that  devours  refuse  or  any 
other  deleterious  matter. 

sce-na-ri-o  (sha-na're-o).  n.  the 
sketch  of  a  plot  or  chief  incidents 
of  a  libretto  or  play. 

scene  (sen),  n.  the  time,  place, 
or  circumstance,  &c.,  in  which 
anything  occurs:  part  of  a  play; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  h§r,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


see 


738 


sch 


the  imaginary  place  where  the 
action  of  a  play  is  supposed  to 
take  place  ;  spectacle  ;  exhibition  ; 
display  of  feeling  or  passion  be- 
tween two  or  more  persons. 

scen-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  the  appear- 
ance of  anything  presented  to  the 
vision  ;  general  aspect ;  combina- 
tion of  natural  views ;  painted 
representation  on  a  stage. 

scen-ic  ('5k),  adj.  pertaining  to 
scenery  or  to  the  stage  ;  dramatic. 
Also  scenical. 

scen-o-graph-ic  (sen-o-grafik) , 
adj.  drawn  in  perspective. 

scen-o-graph-ic-al-ly  (-al-i),  adv. 
in  perspective. 

scen-og-ra-phy  (sen-og'ra-fi),  n. 
the  art  of  drawing  in  perspective. 

scent  (sent),  n.  odor;  sense  of 
smell ;  chase  followed  by  means 
of  the  scent :  v.t.  to  perceive  by 
the  olfactory  nerves ;  smell ;  per- 
fume :  v.i.  to  hunt  animals  by  the 
sense  of  smell. 

scep-ter,  scep-tre  (sep'ter),  n.  a 
staff  borne  by  a  sovereign  as  the 
emblem  of  authority  ;  royal  mace  : 
v.t.  to  invest  with  regal  authority. 

scep-tered  ('terd),  p.adj.  bearing 
a  scepter;  regal;  imperial. 

scep-tic,  same  as  skeptic. 

sched-ule  (sked'iil),  n.  a  written 
or  printed  paper  or  parchment 
containing  a  list,  or  inventory ; 
list  or  document  annexed  to  a 
larger  instrument,  as  a  will,  &c. : 
v.t.  to  place  in  a  schedule. 

scheme  (skem),  n.  a  connected 
combination  of  things  for  the  at- 
tainment of  a  certain  end  ;  plan  ; 
contrivance ;  purpose  ;  plot :  v.t. 
to  design  or  plan ;  plot :  v.i.  to 
form  a  scheme  or  plan. 

Schie-dam  (ske-dam'),  n.  Holland 
gin. 

schil-ler  (shil'er),  n.  the  peculiar 
bronze-like  luster  in  certain  min- 
erals. 

schism  (sizm),  n.  a  split  or  divi- 
sion, especially  permanent  divi- 
sion or  separation  in  the  Christian 
Church ;  sin  of  causing  such  a 
division. 

scis-mat  ic  (siz-mat'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characteristic  of,  or 
implying,  schism.  Also  schismat- 
ical :  n.  one  who  creates  or  takes 
part  in  a  schism. 


schist  (shist),  n.  any  rock  that 
splits  into  slates  or  slabs. 

schist-ose  ('6s),  adj.  like  schist; 
fissile. 

Schiz-o-my-ce-tes  ( skiz-6-mi-se'- 
tez),  n.  a  class  of  very  small  or- 
ganisms, as  bacteria,  &c. 

schol-ar  (skol'er),  n.  a  student; 
disciple  ;  man  of  letters  ;  an  under- 
graduate on  the  foundation  of  a 
college. 

Syn.     pupil,     savant,     student, 
learner. 
'  Ant.    (see  dunce). 

scholarly  (-li),  adj.  like  a 
scholar :  adv.  in  the  manner  of  a 
scholar. 

scholarship  ('er-ship),  n.  high 
attainments  in  literature  or  sci- 
ence ;  learning ;  erudition  ;  main- 
tenance for  a  scholar,  awarded  by 
an  educational  institution. 

scho-las-tic  (sko'las'tik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  scholar  or  to 
schools ;  scholar-like :  character- 
istic of  the  mediaeval  schoolmen  ; 
formal. 

scho-las-ti-cism  ('ti-sizm),  n.  the 
scholastic  philosophy  of  the  Me- 
di;nval  Age. 

scho-li-ast  (sko'li-ast),  n.  a  com- 
mentator or  annotator,  especially 
of  the  claries. 

scho  -  li  -  um  ('li-um),  n.  [pi. 
scholia  (-u)l,  a  marginal  or  ex- 
planatory note,  especially  on  the 
text  of  a  classic  author. 

school  ( skool ) ,  n.  a  place  where 
instruction  is  given ;  scholars  or 
pupils  collectively :  a  mediaeval 
seminary  for  teaching  theology, 
logic,  and  metaphysics ;  disciples 
of  a  particular  teacher ;  canon ; 
precepts,  or  body  of  opinion  :  ex- 
amination hall ;  any  means  of 
knowledge ;  a  shoal  or  great  num- 
ber, as  of  fish :  v.t.  to  train  or 
instruct :  chide  or  admonish. 

school-ing  ('ing),  n.  education. 

school-man  ('man),  n.  \pl.  school- 
men ('men)],  one  of  the  divines 
and  philosophers  in  the  Middle 
Ages. 

schoon-er  (skoon'er),  n.  a  vessel 
with  2  masts,  sometimes  3.  rigged 
for  and  aft ;  a  tall  beer-glass. 

schot-tische  (sho-tesh'),  n.  a 
k,nd  of  polka. 

schweitz-er-ka.se      (shvlts'er-ka- 


late,  mSr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sci 


739 


SCO 


ze),  n.  another  name  for  Gruye're 
cheese. 

sci-a-graph  (si'a-graf),  n.  the 
vertical  section  of  a  building  show- 
ing its  interior. 

sci-ag-ra-phy  (-ag'ra-fi),  n.  the 
art  or  science  of  projecting  or  de- 
lineating shadows  as  they  fail  in 
nature. 

sci-at-ic  (-at'ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  affecting,  the  hip. 

sci-at-i-ca  ('i-ka),  n.  neuralgia 
of  the  sciatic  nerve. 

sci-ence  ('ens),  n.  systematized 
knowledge  of  any  one  department 
of  mind  or  matter ;  acknowledged 
truths  and  laws,  especially  as 
demonstrated  by  induction,  experi- 
ment, or  observation. 
Syn.  art,  knowledge. 

sci-en-tif-ic  (-en-tif'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  used  in,  or  skilled  in, 
science :  skilful. 

sci-en-tif-ic-al-ly  (-al-i).  adv. 
in  a  scientific  manner. 

sci  en  tism  ('en-tizm),  n.  the 
theories  and  practices  of  scien- 
tists. 

sci-en-tist  ('en-tist),  n.  one 
skilled  in,  or  devoted  to,  science. 

scil-i-cet  (sil'i-set),  adv.  namely 
[Latin]. 

scim-i-tar  (sim'i-ter),  n.  an  Ori- 
ental sword  with  a  curved  blade 
having  its  edge  on  the  convex 
side.  Also  scimeter. 

scin-til  late  (sin'til-at) .  v.i.  to 
emit  sparks,  fire,  or  igneous  par- 
ticles ;  twinkie. 

scin-til-la-tion  (-lii'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  scintillating :  a  spark  or 
flash  ;  twinkle. 

sci  o-lisiu  (sl'6-lizm),  n.  super- 
ficial knowledge. 

sci-o-list  (-list),  n.  one  who 
knows  many  things  superficially. 

sci  on  (si'on),  n.  the  sprout  or 
shoot  of  a  plant ;  a  descendant ; 
heir. 

sci-op-tic  (-op'tik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  art  of  exhibiting 
luminous  images  in  a  darkened 
room  or  camera  obscura.  Also 
scioptric. 

sci-op-ti-con  Cti-kon),  n.  a  magic 
lantern  for  exhibiting  photo- 
graphs. 

sci-re  fa-ci-as  (si- re  fa'shi-as), 
n.  a  writ  to  enforce  the  execution 


of  judgments,  &c.,  or  to  annul 
them. 

scis-sprs  (siz'erz),  n.pl.  a  cut- 
ting instrument  resembling  shears 
but  smaller. 

scle-rot-ic  (skle-rot'ik),  adj. 
hard ;  noting  the  firm  white  outer- 
most membrane  of  the  eyeball. 

scle-ro-ti-tis  (-ro-ti'tis),  n.  in- 
flammation of  the  sclerotic  coat 
of  the  eye. 

scobs  (skobs),  n.  raspings  of 
ivory,  metal,  or  other  hard  sub- 
stances. 

scoff  (skof),  n.  an  expression  of 
scorn  or  contempt ;  ridicule ;  de- 
rision :  v.i.  to  exhibit  scorn  or 
contempt :  v.t.  to  treat  or  address 
with  derision. 

scold  (skold),  v.i.  to  chide  sharply 
or  rudely  ;  rail  in  a  loud  or  violent 
manner :  v.t.  to  find  fault  with : 
n.  one  who  habitually  scolds,  es- 
pecially a  rude,  clamorous  woman. 

sco-lex  (sko'leks),  n.  [pi.  sco- 
leces  (-le'sez)],  the  larva  of  the 
tapeworm. 

scol-lop,  same   as  scallop. 

sconce  (skons),  n.  a  bulwark; 
small  fort ;  protection ;  a  fixed 
hanging  or  projecting  candle- 
stick ;  tube  in  a  candlestick  for  in- 
serting the  candle ;  the  head ; 
mulct  or  fine ;  a  small,  thin  cake 
of  oatmeal,  &c. 

scoop  (skoop).  n.  a  large  ladle; 
deep  shovel ;  kind  of  scuttle :  v.t. 
to  take  out  or  up  with  a  scoop ; 
ladle  out ;  make  hollow. 

scoot  (skoot),  v.i.  to  walk  or  run 
hastily. 

scope  (skop),  n.  room  or  oppor- 
tunity for  free  outlook  or  action ; 
aim  or  intention ;  design ;  suffia 
meaning  an  instrument  for  view- 
ing, as  microscope. 

scor-lm-tic  (skor-bu'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to.  or  affected  by,  scurvy. 

scorch  (skorch),  v.t.  to  burn  cr 
roast  slightly ;  parch,  shrivel,  or 
affect  painfully  with  heat:  v.i.  to 
be  scorched. 

score  (skor),  n.  a  notch  or  in- 
cision, especially  one  made  as  a 
reckoning ;  the  number  20 ;  line 
or  groove  ;  bill ;  account ;  behalf ; 
sake;  reason;  copy  of  a  small 
musical  work  showing  the  com- 
ponent parts :  v.t.  to  notch  or 
mark  furrows  in  ;  keep  record  or 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ,  thin,  then. 


SCO 


740 


scr 


account  of ;   to  make  a   score  of,  | 
as  runs,  points,  &c.,  in  a  game. 

sco-ri-a  (sko'ri-a),  n.  [pi.  scoriae 
(,-e)],  volcanic  cinder  ;  slat;  formed 
after  the  fusion  of  metallic  ores.  ; 

sco-ri-a-ceous  (-fi'shus),  adj.  per-  i 
taining  to,  or  resembling,  scoria. 

scorn     (skorn),    n.    extreme    and 
lofty  contempt ;   haughty  disdain  ;  \ 
object  of  contempt :  v.t.  to  hold  in 
extreme    contempt    or    disdain. 

scorn-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  scorns, 
especially  one  who  holds  religion 
in  derision. 

scorn-fill  ('fool),  adj.  full  of 
scorn  ;  contemptuous  ;  disdainful. 

scorn-ful-ly  (-i),  adv.  with  scorn. 

scor-pi-on  (skor'pi-un),  n.  an  in- 
dividual of  the  genus  Scorpio,  fur- 
nished with  lobster-like  claws,  and 
armed  with  a  poisonous  sting  in 
the  tail ;  a  painful  scourge. 

Scot    (skot),   n.   a   Scotchman. 

Scotch  (skoch),  adj.  pertaining 
to  Scotland,  its  inhabitants,  or  its 
dialect. 

scotch,  n.  a  wedge,  &c.,  to  pre- 
vent slipping  or  rolling ;  a  slight 
cut  or  incision :  v.t.  to  cut  or 
wound  superficially. 

sco-ter  (sko'ter),  n.  a  kind  of 
duck. 

sco-ti-a  ('ti-fi),  n.  the  hollow- 
molding  in  the  base  of  an  Ionic 
column. 

Scott -i-cism  ('i-sizm),  n.  a  Scot- 
tish idiom. 

scoun-drel  (skoun'drel).  n.  a 
man  without  honor  or  virtue  ;  low, 
worthless  fellow. 

scour  (skour),  v.t.  to  clean  by 
friction  :  cleanse  from  grease,  dirt, 
and  make  bright ;  pass  swiftly 
along  ;  search  thoroughly  ;  purge. 

scourge  (skerj),  n.  a  whip  with 
thongs  used  as  a  punishment :  v.t. 
to  whip  severely ;  afflict  or  harass 
greatly. 

scout  (skout),  n.  a  person  sent  out 
to  obtain  and  bring  in  informa- 
tion, especially  of  the  movements, 
&c.,  of  an  enemy  ;  a  college  serv- 
ant ;  in  cricket,  a  fielder :  v.i.  to 
act  as  a  scout :  v.t.  to  treat  with 
scorn. 

scov-el  (skuv'l),  n.  a  mop  for 
sweeping  a  baker's  oven. 

scow  (skou),  n.  a  large  flat-bot- 
tomed boat  with  square  ends :  v.t. 
to  transport  in  a  scow. 


scowl  (skoul),  v.i.  to  wrinkle  the- 
brows  in  frowning  or  displeas- 
ure;  look  sullen  or  angry:  n.  the 
wrinkling  of  the  brows  in  dis- 
pleasure or  anger ;  frown. 

scrab-ble  (skrab'l),  v.i.  to  scrawl 
or  scribble ;  make  irregular,  un- 
meaning marks :  v.t.  to  mark  with 
irregular  lines  or  letters. 

scrag  (skrag),  n.  anything  thin, 
lean,  or  rough ;  something  merely 
skin  and  bones. 

scrag-pri-ly  ('i-H),  adv.  in  a 
scraggy  manner. 

scrag-gi-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  scraggy 
state  or  quality. 

scrag-gy  ('i),  adj.  lean,  thin,  and 
rough ;  rough,  with  irregular 
points. 

scram-ble  (skram'bl),  v.i.  to 
clamber  with  the  hands  and  feet ; 
seize  or  catch  hold  of  anything 
with  eagerness  and  roughness : 
v.t.  to  toss  together  at  random ; 
mix  and  cook  in  a  confused  mass : 
as,  to  scramble  eggs :  n.  a  rude, 
eager  struggle ;  act  of  scrambling. 

scranch  (skranch),  v.t.  to  grind 
with  the  teeth  with  a  crackling 
sound  ;  craunch. 

scrap  (skrap),  n.  a  small  or  de- 
tached piece  ;  fragment ;  a  scrim- 
mage :  v.i.  to  engage  in  a  scrim- 
mage. 

scrap-book  ('book),  n.  a  blank 
book  for  the  pasting  in  of  news- 
paper extracts,  &c. 

scrape  (skrap),  v.t.  to  make  a 
harsh  or  grating  noise  on ;  rub 
with  something  sharp :  clean  by 
rubbing ;  remove  by  scraping ; 
gather  laboriously  by  small  gains 
or  savings :  v.i.  barely  succeed, 
as  in  -passing  an  examination ;. 
play  awkwardly  or  inharmoniously 
on  the  violin  ;  bow  by  awkwardly 
drawing  back  the  foot :  n.  the  act, 
noise,  or  effect  of  scraping ;  a 
drawing  back  of  the  foot  awk- 
wardly ;  difficulty ;  perplexity. 

scrap-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  scrapes;  an  instru- 
ment for  scraping ;  an  awkward 
violinist ;  miser. 

scratch  (skrach),  v.t.  to  mark  or 
tear  the  surface  of  with  some- 
thing pointed ;  wound  slightly ; 
tear  or  dig  with  the  claws ;  erase ; 
remove  the  name  of  (especially 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot :  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


scr 


741 


scr 


that  of  a  horse)  from  a  race:  v.i. 
to  use  the  nails  or  claws  in  tear- 
ing or  digging :  score  by  a  fluke : 
n.  a  mark  or  tear  made  by  scratch- 
ing ;  a  superficial  wound ;  a  kind 
of  wig;  a  line  across  the  prize 
ring,  up  to  which  boxers  are 
brought  when  they  commence 
fighting :  adj.  taken  at  haphazard. 

:scratch-es  ('ez),  n.pl.  dry  scabs 
between  the  heel  and  pastern- 
joint  of  a  horse. 

•scratch,  race  (ras),  n.  a  race  in 
which  the  competitors  are  unre- 
stricted by  conditions  or  are 
chosen  by  lot. 

scrawl  (skrawl),  v.t.  &  v.i.  to 
write  or  draw  irregularly  or  has- 
tily :  scribble :  n.  hasty,  irregular. 
or  illegible  writing ;  scribble. 

scray   (skrn),  n.  the  sea-swallow. 

.screak  (skrek),  n.  a  shriek; 
screech. 

scream  (skrem),  n.  a  sharp, 
shrill  cry  as  of  fear  or  pain  :  v.i. 
to  utter  such  a  cry. 

scream-er  ('er),  n.  a  South 
American  wading  bird ;  an  ex- 
aggerated statement,  or  excess- 
ively funny  joke. 

screech  (skrech),  n.  a  harsh, 
shrill  cry :  v.i.  to  utter  a  harsh, 
shrill  cry. 

screed  (skred),  n.  wooden  rules 
for  running  moldings ;  loud,  shrill 
sound ;  a  fragment  or  piece ;  a 
harangue ;  a  piece  Oi  poor  prose 
or  verse. 

screen  (skren),  n.  a  light  movable 
partition  for  protection;  coarse 
sieve;  a  partition  separating  the 
chancel  from  the  rest  of  a  church  : 
v.t.  to  shelter  or  conceal ;  protect ; 
pass  through  a  coarse  sieve. 

screw  (skrf.f.),  n.  a  cylinder  of 
metal  or  wood  grooved  spirally; 
one  of  the  six  mechanical  powers ; 
screw-propeller :  v.t.  to  press  with 
a  screw  ;  apply  a  screw  to  ;  twist ; 
force  or  squeeze ;  oppress  by  ex- 
actions. 

screw-pro-pel-ler  ( -pro-pel  'er) , 
n.  a  spiral-bladed  wheel  at  the 
stern  of  a  steam-vessel  for  pro- 
pelling it ;  the  vessel  thus  pro- 
pelled. 

scrib-ble  (skrib'l),  v.t.  to  write 
hastily  and  carelessly  r.i.  write 
carelessly  and  without  regard  to 


correctness:  n.  hasty,  careless 
writing. 

scrib-bler  Cler).  n.  one  who 
scribbles  ;  a  literary  hack,  or  petty 
author. 

scribe  (skrib),  n.  a  writer;  clerk; 
amanuensis ;  a  teacher  or  copyist 
of  the  Jewish  law :  v.t.  to  adjust. 

scrim  (skrim),  n.  a  kind  of  fabric 
of  cotton  or  linen  for  making 
blinds,  &c. 

scrim-mage  ('aj),  n.  a  general 
quarrel  or  fight. 

scrimp  (skrimp),  v.t.  to  make 
small,  narrow,  or  short ;  limit  or 
straiten  :  v.i.  to  be  parsimonious 
or  miserly  :  adj.  short ;  narrow  ; 
curtailed  :  n.  a  niggard  or  miser. 

scrimp-ness  Cnes),  n.  scantiness. 

scrip  (skrip),  n.  a  satchel; 
schedule ;  certificate  ;  writing ; 
certificate  of  stock  subscribed  to 
a  bank  or  other  company. 

script  (skript),  n.  a  piece  of 
writing ;  style  of  writing ;  type  in 
imitation  of  writing ;  original 
document  or  instrument. 

scrip-tur-al  ('tur-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  contained  in,  or  ac- 
cording to,  the  Scriptures ;  Bibli- 
cal. 

scrip-tur-al-ism  (-izm).  n.  ad- 
herence to  the  letter  of  the  Scrip- 
tures. 

scrip-tur-al -ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
scriptural  manner. 

scrip-ture  ('tur),  n.  sacred  writ- 
ing ;  Biblical  text :  p7.  the  books 
of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments ; 
the  Bible. 

scriv-e-ner  (skriv'e-ner),  n.  one 
who  drawp  up  contracts,  prepares 
writings.  &c. ;  formerly  a  broker 
or  financial  agent. 

scrof-u-la  (skrof'fi-la).  n.  a  dis- 
ease caused  by  the  formation  and 
deposition  of  tubercle  in  the  or- 

fans  and  tissues  of  the  body ; 
ing's  evil. 

scrofulous  (-lus),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  affected 
with,  scrofula. 

scroll  (skrOl).  n.  a  roll  of  paper 
or  parchment;  a  convoluted  spiral 
ornament;  a  flourish  to  a  signa- 
ture. 

scro-tum  (skro'tum),  n.  the  pouch 
which  contains  the  testes. 

scronge  (skrouj).  v.t.  to  crowd  or 
squeeze. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat.  awl ;  he.  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


scr 


742 


scu 


scrub  (bkrub),  .  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
scrubbed,  p.pr.  scrubbing],  to  rub 
hard  ;  wash  with  rubbing  or  a  wet 
brush  :  v.i.  to  clean  or  scour :  n. 
one  who  labors  hard  and  lives 
meanly ;  a  sorry  fellow  ;  a  worn- 
out  brush :  adj.  mean  or  small ; 
contemptible ;  dirty. 

scrub-by  ('i).  adj.  mean  and 
small ;  stunted  in  growth  ;  covered 
with  brushwood  ;  unshaven. 

scrump-tious  (skrump'shus) , 

adj.  nice  ;  excellent ;  fine. 

scrunch,  (skrunch),  v.t.  to  crunch. 

scru-ple  (skrf>o'pl).  n.  1-3  of  a 
dram,  or  20  grains ;  hesitation, 
especially  from  conscientious 
motives:  v.i.  to  hesitate  from 
conscientious  motives. 

scru-pu-los-i-ty  (-pu-los'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  scru- 
pulous ;  nice  or  conscientious  re- 
gard to  exactness  or  propriety ; 
precision.  Also  scrupulousness. 

scru-pu-lous  ('pu-lus),  adj.  full 
of  scruples  :  conscientious  ;  exact ; 
careful :  strict. 

scru-ti-nize  ('ti-nlz),  vt.  to  in- 
spect or  examine  closely. 

scru  ti  nous  ('ti-nus),  adj.  close- 
ly inspecting  or  examining;  pre- 
cise; careful;  captious. 

scru-ti-ny  ('ti-ni),  n.  close  inspec- 
tion or  examination ;  minut  in- 
quiry ;  examination  of  votes  re- 
corded at  an  election. 

scud  (skud),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
scudded,  p.pr.  scudding],  to  run 
quickly ;  run  before  a  gale  of  wind 
with  little  or  no  sail  spread :  n. 
the  act  of  scudding ;  loose,  vapory 
clouds  driven  by  the  wind. 

scuffle  (skuf'l),  v.i.  to  fight  or 
struggle  confusedly,  especially 
hand  to  hand :  n.  a  struggle  for 
mastery  with  close  grappling ; 
confused  conflict;  fight. 

•cull  (skul),  n.  one  of  a  pair  of 
short  oars ;  an  oar  used  at  the 
stern  of  a  boat  to  propel  it :  v.i. 
to  impel  a  boat  with  a  scull  or 
sculls. 

scul-ler-y  Cer-i),  n.  \pl.  scul- 
leries (-iz)l,  a  place  where  culi- 
nary utensils,  &c.,  are  kept  and 
cleansed.- 

scul-lion  ('yun),  n.  a  servant  em- 
ployed in  the  menial  work  of  a 
scullery. 


scul-pin  ('pin),  n.  a  North  Ameri- 
can fish  with  a  large  head  fur- 
nished with  sharp  spines. 

sculp-tor  (skulp'ter).  n.  one  who 
practices  the  art  of  sculpture. 
Feminine  sculptress. 

sculp-tu-ral  ('tu-rul),  adj.  per- 
taining to  sculpture. 

sculp-ture  ('tur),  n.  the  art  of 
carving,  cutting,  or  hewing  stone 
or  other  material  into  images  of 
men.  animals,  &c. ;  carved  work 
or  figure :  v.t.  to  represent  in, 
or  fashion  by,  sculpture. 

sculp-tur-esque  (-esk'),  adj.  re- 
sembling, or  having  the  character 
of,  sculpture. 

scum  (skum),  n.  extraneous  mat- 
ter or  impurities  which  rise  to 
the  surface  of  liquids  when  boiled 
or  fermented ;  scoria  of  metals 
in  a  molten  state;  anything 
worthless  or  vile ;  the  dregs  of 
the  population :  v.i.  \  p.t.  &  p.p. 
scummed,  p.pr.  scumming],  to 
form  a  scum :  v.t.  to  clear  im- 
purities from  the  surface  of; 
skim. 

scup-per  (skup'er),  n.  a  hole  or 
tube  in  the  side  of  a  ship  to  carry 
off  deck  water. 

scurf  (skerf),  n.  minute,  white, 
flaky  scales  formed  on  the  skin, 
especially  on  the  scalp ;  dandruff ; 
loosely  adherent  matter. 

scurff   (skerf),  n.  the  bull-trout. 

scurf  i-iiess  ('5-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  scurfy. 

scurf -y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  scurfier, 
superl.  scurfiest],  pertaining  to, 
producing,  covered  with,  or  like, 
scurf. 

scur-rile  (skur'il),  adj.  befitting 
a  buffoon  or  vulgar  jester :  grossly 
opprobrious  or  jocosely  indecent. 

scur-ril-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  \pL  scur- 
rilities (-tiz)].  vulgar,  vile,  or  in- 
decent jocularity. 

scur-ril-ons  ('il-us),  adj.  using 
the  low,  indecent  language  of  the 
vulgar;  mean;  foul-mouthed; 
vile ;  containing  low  indecency  or 
abuse. 

scur-ry  (skur'i).  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
scurried,  p.pr.  scurrying],  to  has- 
ten or  move  rapidly  along :  n.  hur- 
ried movement. 

scur-vi-ly  (sker'vi-li),  adv.  in  a 
scurvy  manner. 


late,  m&r,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  </ien. 


scu 


743 


sea 


scur-vi-ness  (-nes),  n.  scurvy 
state  or  quality  ;  meanness. 

scur-vy  ('vi),  adj.  affected  by 
scurvy  ;  scabby  ;  vile  ;  contempti- 
ble ;  mean ;  paltry  :  n.  a  condition 
of  anaemia,  caused  by  deficiency 
of  vegetable  food  or  lime  juice, 
causing  great  weakness,  emacia- 
tion, &c. 

scut  (skut),  n.  the  short,  erect 
tail  of  a  fox,  deer,  &c. 

scutch  (skuch).  v.t.  to  dress  (flax 
or  cotton)  by  beating. 

scutch-eon  ('un),  n.  an  escutch- 
eon ;  shield  for  a  keyhole. 

scut-tie  (skut'l),  v.i.  to  hasten  or 
hurry :  v.t.  to  cut  a  hole  or  holes 
in  (a  ship)  to  sink  it:  n.  a  quick 
or  short  run  ;  a  pan  for  holding 
coals ;  lid  or  door  closing  or 
covering  an  opening  in  a  roof, 
&c. ;  hatchway  or  small  opening 
in  the  deck  of  a  ship. 

sen-turn  (sku'tum),  n.  [pi.  scuta 
Cta)],  a  shield;  a  shield-like 
plate. 

scym-i-tar,  same  as  scimitar. 

scythe  (slth) ,  n.  a  curved  cutting 
instrument  used  for  mowing  grass, 
&c. 

Scyth-i-an  (sith'i-an),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Scythia,  to  its  lan- 
guage, or  its  inhabitants. 

'sdeath  (sdeth),  inter j.  an  ex- 
clamation expressing  impatience 
or  disdain. 

se,  a  prefix,  meaning  without, 
apart,  aside. 

sea  (se),  n.  an  expanse  of  salt 
water,  less  in  extent  than  an 
ocean,  and  usually  forming  a  part 
of,  or  connecting  with,  an  ocean 
or  larger  sea ;  an  inland  body  of 
water ;  the  ocean ;  a  billow  or 
large  wave ;  swell  of  the  ocean  in 
a  tempest ;  a  large  quantity ;  the 
great  brazen  laver  of  the  Jewish 
Temple. 

sea-bar  ('bar),  n.  the  sea-swal- 
low. 

sea-bat  ('bat),  n.  a  kind  of  fly- 
ing-fish. 

sea-bear  ('bar),  n.  the  polar  bear. 

sea-calf  ('kaf),  n.  the  common 
seal. 

sea-cow  ('kou),  n.  the  manatee; 
dugong ;  walrus. 

sea-cu-cum-ber  ('ku-kum-bSr) , 
n.  the  trepang. 

sea-dev-il  ('dev-il),  n.  a  fish  with 


a  large  head  and  great  mouth, 
the  sea-angler. 

sea-dog  ('clog),  n.  the  common 
seal ;  an  old  sailor. 

sea-el-e-phant  ('el-e-fant),  n.  a 
variety  of  seal  with  a  proboscis 
somewhat  like  that  of  the  ele- 
phant. 

sea-far-er  ('fa-rer),  n.  a  sailor. 

sea-far-ing  ('far-ing),  adj.  fol- 
lowing the  occupation  of  a  sailor. 

sea-fen-nel  ('fen-el),  n.  sam- 
phire. 

sea-fox  ('foks),  n.  a  variety  of 
shark. 

sea-gage  Cgaj),  n.  the  draught  of 
a  ship ;  a  self-registering  appara- 
tus for  deep-sea  soundings. 

sea-hog    ('hog),  n.  the  porpoise. 

sea-horse  ('hors),  n.  the  walrus; 
the  \hippocampus ;  the  hippopota- 
mus. 

seal  (sel),  n.  a  carnivorous  marine 
mammal,  valuable  for  its  skin 
and  oil ;  a  stamp  or  die  engraved 
with  some  device,  motto,  or  image, 
used  for  making  an  impression  in 
relief  on  wax,  &c. ;  wax  or  other 
soft  substance  set  to  an  instru- 
ment, and  impressed  with  a  seal ; 
any  act  of  confirmation  or  ratifi- 
cation :  that  which  seals  or  fast- 
ens ;  drain-trap :  v.t.  to  fasten 
with  a  seal ;  set  or  affix  a  seal  to; 
ratify  or  confirm  ;  keep  secure  or 
secret ;  among  the  Mormons,  to 
set  apart  an  additional  wife. 

sea-legs  ('lejrz),  n.pl.  ability  to 
walk  on  a  ship's  deck,  when  the 
vessel  is  pitching  or  rolling. 

sea-leni-on  ('lem-un).  n.  a  ma- 
rine gasteropodus  mollusk  of  the 
genus  Doris. 

sea-leop-ard  ('lep-ard),  n.  a 
variety  of  seal. 

sea-li-on  ('li-un),  n.  a  name  for 
several  large  species  of  seals. 

seam  (sem),  n.  the  line  formed  by 
the  sewing  of  two  pieces  of  ma- 
terial together;  line  of  junction 
or  union ;  narrow  vein  between 
two  thicker  strata;  thin  layer; 
piece  of  needlework :  v.t.  to  form 
a  seam  upon  or  of ;  join  with 
a  seam ;  scar ;  knit  with  a  par- 
ticular kind  of  stitch :  v.i.  to 
crack  open. 

sea-mew  (se'mu),  n.  a  species  of 
gull. 


i5te,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sea 


744 


sec 


seam-stress  (sem'stres),  n.  a 
needlewoman. 

sea.Ta.-y  ('i),  adj.  showing,  or  like, 
seams. 

seam-y-side  (-sid),  n.  the  worst 
side. 

se-ance  (sa-angs')*  n.  a  session  as 
of  some  deliberative  body  ;  a  meet- 
ing of  spiritualists  for  evoking 
manifestations ;  a  select  scientific 
gathering. 

sea-pheas-ant  (se'fez-ant) ,  n. 
the  pin-tail  duck. 

sea-purse  ('pers),  n.  the  horny 
envelope  of  the  skate,  and  cer- 
tain sharks,  in  which  they  deposit 
their  eggs. 

sear  (ser),  v.t.  to  burn  to  dryness 
on  the  surface  ;  cauterize  ;  brand  ; 
render  callous  or  insensible. 

search,  (serch),  v.t.  to  seek  for; 
go  over  and  examine ;  explore ; 
inspect :  v.i.  to  make  inquiry ; 
seek  :  n.  the  act  of  seeking  or  look- 
ing for  something ;  investigation  ; 
examination  ;  pursuit ;  quest. 

search-light  ('lit),  n.  an  electric 
light  so  arranged  that  by  revolv- 
ing it  a  tract  of  land  or  sea  can 
be  seen  at  night. 

search-warrant  ('wor-ant),  n. 
a  warrant  issued  by  a  magistrate 
authorizing  a  police  officer  to 
search  a  house  for  stolen  property. 

seared  (serd),  adj.  hardened; 
callous  ;  indifferent ;  cauterized. 

sea-scape  (se'skap),  n.  a  picture 
representing  a  scene  at  sea. 

sea-son  ('zn),  n.  any  particular 
time  as  distinguished  from  others ; 
one  of  the  four  divisions  of  the 
year:  v.t.  to  mature:  prepare  by 
drying  and  hardening,  or  removing 
natural  juices  ;  render  palatable  ; 
spice  moderately :  v.i.  to  become 
mature,  acclimated,  inured,  or 
seasoned. 

sea  son-a-ble  (-a-bl),  adj.  occur- 
ring or  done  in  good,  or  proper, 
time ;  opportune. 

sea  son-a-ble-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  season- 
able. 

sea-son-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  oppor- 
tunely. 

sea-son-ing  (-ing),  n.  that  which 
is  added  to  give  relish  or  piquancy 
to  food;  anything  added  to  in- 
crease enjoyment. 

seat   (set),  n.  that  on  which  any- 


one sits  ;  chair  ;  post  or  authority  ; 
station  ;  site  ;  residence  ;  mansion  ; 
regular  or  appropriate  place  of 
sitting ;  posture  on  horseback, 
&c. ;  place  in  Congress  or  other 
legislative  body  :  v.t.  to  place  on 
a  seat ;  cause  to  sit  down  ;  estab- 
lish ;  place  in  any  site  or  position ; 
instal ;  fix. 

se-cant  (se'kanO.  adj.  cutting 
into  two  parts :  n.  a  right  line 
from  the  center  of  a  circle 
through  one  extremity  of  an  arc, 
produced  till  it  meets  the  tangent 
from  the  other  extremity  of  the 
same  arc ;  the  number  expressing 
the  ratio  of  this  line  to  the  radius 
of  the  circle. 

sec-co  (sek'o),  n.  painting  on  dry 
plaster:  adj.  dry  [Italian]. 

se-cede  (se-sed'),  v.i.  to  withdraw 
from  fellowship,  communion,  or 
association. 

se-ced-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  se- 
cedes. 

se-ces-sion  (-sesh'un),  n.  the  act 
of  seceding ;  withdrawal  or  sepa- 
ration from  the  communion  or 
association  of  others ;  withdrawal 
of  a  State  from  the  Federal 
Union. 

se-ces-sion-ist  (-ist),  n.  an  up- 
holder of  secession ;  one  who  took 
part  with  the  Southern  States  in 
the  Civil  war  of  1861. 

se-clude  (-kl56d'),  v.t.  to  keep 
apart  from  the  company  or  society 
of  others ;  exclude. 

se-clu-sion  (-kloo'zhun),  n.  sepa- 
ration or  withdrawal  from  the 
society  of  others ;  privacy. 

se-clu-sive  ('siv),  adj.  keeping  in 
seclusion. 

sec-ond  (sek'und),  adj.  immedi- 
ately following  the  first ;  next  to 
the  first  in  order  of  place,  or 
time ;  next  in  value,  excellence, 
merit,  dignity,  or  importance ;  in- 
ferior ;  subordinate ;  being  of  the 
same  kind  as  another  that  has 
preceded;  below  in  pitch  [Music]  :  . 
n.  one  or  that  next  the  first  in  » 
place,  rank,  excellence,  or  power ; 
one  who  attends  on  the  principal 
at  a  duel ;  backer ;  the  l-60th 
part  of  a  minute  of  time  or  of  a 
degree :  pi.  coarse  flour :  v.t.  to 
follow ;  act  as  an  assistant  or 
supporter  of ;  assist ;  support,  as 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sec 


745 


sec 


a    motion,    &c.,    by    adding    one's 
voice  to  that  of  the  proposer. 

sec-ond-ar-i-ly  ('und-a-ri-li),  adv. 
in  a  secondary  manner  or  degree. 

sec-ond-ar-i-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  second- 
ary. 

sec-ond-a-ry  ('und-a-ri),  adj.  suc- 
ceeding next  in  order  to  the  first ; 
of  second  place,  origin,  &e. ;  not 
primary  ;  subordinate  ;  inferior ; 
deputed;  revolving  round  a  pri- 
mary planet ;  noting  rocks  inter- 
mediate between  the  Primary  and 
Tertiary,  the  Mesozoic:  n.  a 
delegate  or  deputy. 

sec-ond-a-ry  bat-ter-y  (bat'er-i), 
n.  a  storage  battery. 

sec-ond-a-ry-col-or  (kul'er),  n. 
a  color  produced  by  the  mixture  of 
two  primary  colors  in  equal  pro- 
portions. 

sec-ond-a-ry-tints  (-tintz),  n.pl. 
subdued  tints,  as  grey. 

se-cre-cy  (se'kre-si),  n.  [pi.  se- 
crecies (-siz)J,  the  state  or  qual- 
ity of  being  hidden  :  concealment ; 
retirement ;  solitude ;  habit  of 
keeping  secrets ;  discretion. 

se-cret  ('kret),  adj.  hidden  or 
concealed ;  removed  from  sight ; 
kept  from  the  knowledge  or  view 
of  all  except  those  concerned ; 
silent ;  private :  n.  that  which  is 
concealed ;  something  unknown  or 
undisclosed. 

Syn.  clandestine,  concealed,  hid- 
den, sly,  underhand,  latent,  pri- 
vate. 

Ant.  (see  open). 

sec-re-ta-ri-al  (sek-re-ta'ri-al) , 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  befitting,  a 
secretary. 

sec-re-ta-ry  ('re-ta-ri),  n.  [pi. 
secretaries  (-riz)].  a  confidential 
person  employed  to  assist  another 
in  conducting  correspondence,  &c. ; 
one  who  transacts  the  business  of 
a  Government  department,  com- 
pany, &c. ;  an  escritoire. 

sec-re-ta-ry-bird  (-herd),  «.  a 
South  African  predatory  bird  hav- 
ing a  crest  of  feathers  which  re- 
semble when  depressed  pens  stuck 
in  the  ear. 

sec-re-ta-ry-ship  (-ship),  n.  the 
office,  or  term  of  office,  of  a  sec- 
retary. 

se-crete   (se-kref),  v.t.  to  hide  or 


conceal ;  separate  from  the  blood, 
sap,  &c. 

se-cre-tion  (-kre'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  secreting  or  separating  from  a 
circulating  fluid;  any  substance 
or  fluid  secreted. 

se-cre-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  given  to 
secrecy ;  causing,  or  promoting 
secretion. 

se-cre-tive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  secretive ;  the 
phrenological  organ  which  impels 
to  secrecy,  reserve,  or  conceal- 
ment. 

sec-re-to-ry  ('to-ri),  adj.  perform- 
ing, or  connected  with,  the  office 
of  secretion. 

sect  (sekt),  n.  a  number  of  per- 
sons who,  following  a  teacher  or 
leader,  are  united  by  a  common 
attachment  to  some  particular 
religious  or  philosophical  doc- 
trines. 

sec-ta-rl-an  (sek-ta'ri-an),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of, 
a  sect :  n.  a  member  of  a  sect ; 
dissenter. 

sec-ta-ri-an-ism  (-an-izm),  n.  the 
spirit,  tendency,  or  principles  of 
a  sect ;  adherence  to  some  particu- 
lar sect. 

sec-ta-ri-an-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  im- 
bue with  a  sectarian  spirit.  &c. 

sec-ta-ry  ('ta-ri),  n.  [pi.  sectaries 
(-riz)],  a  member  or  adherent  of 
a  sect ;  sectarian. 

sec-tile  (sek'til),  adj.  capable  of 
being  cut. 

sec-tion  ('shun),  n.  the  act  of 
cutting,  or  separation  by  cutting; 
part  or  division ;  slice ;  the  line 
formed  by  the  intersection  of  two 
surfaces ;  division  or  subdivision 
of  a  chapter  or  statute ;  distinct 
part  of  a  country,  people,  com- 
munity, or  class;  one  of  the 
squares  of  640  acres  each  into 
which  public  lands  are  divided ; 
l-36th  of  a  township ;  division  of 
a  genus ;  vertical  plan  of  any 
structure  as  it  would  appear  if  cut 
by  an  intersecting  plane ;  part  of 
a  musical  period. 

sec-tion-al-ism  ( 'shuu-al-izm ) ,  n. 
local  patriotism. 

sec-tion-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
sectional  manner. 

sec-tor  (sek'ter),  n.  that  part  of 
a  circle  included  between  two  radii 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  he"r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  mo5n» 
cook;  mute,  nut:  thin, 


sec 


746 


sed 


and  the  arc ;  a  mathematical  in- 
strument for  laying  down  plans, 
measuring  zenith  distances,  &c. 

•  ec-to-ri-al  ( -to'ri-al ) ,  adj. 
adapted  for  cutting;  noting  one 
molar  tooth  on  each  side  of  both 
jaws,  having  the  crown  adapted 
for  cutting. 

sec-u-lar  ('u-lar),  adj.  pertaining 
to  this  present  world,  or  to  things 
not  sacred ;  worldly ;  temporal ; 
extending  over,  or  occurring  in, 
a  long  period  of  time ;  not  hound 
by  monastic  vows :  n.  an  ecclesias- 
tic not  bound  by  monastic  vows ; 
a  layman  ;  a  church  official  whose 
duties  are  confined  to  the  vocal 
department  of  the  choir. 

sec-u-lar-ism  (-izm),  n.  the  prin- 
ciples or  tenets  of  the  secularists. 

sec -u-lar- 1st  (-ist),  n.  one  who 
objects  to  religious  teaching  in 
elementary  schools ;  one  who,  dis- 
carding the  forms  of  religion, 
maintains  that  the  duties  and 
problems  of  this  present  life 
should  be  the  primary  objects  of 
man's  concern. 

sec-u-lar-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  supreme 
attention  to  the  things  of  the  pres- 
ent life ;  worldliness. 

sec-u-lar-i-za-tion  (-i-za'shun) , 
n.  the  act  of  secularizing. 

secularize  (Ti-lar-Iz) ,  v.t.  to 
convert  from  sacred  to  secular  or 
common  use ;  render  worldly  or 
unspiritual ;  convert  from  regular 
or  monastic  into  secular. 

se-cuiicl  (se'kund),  adj.  arranged 
on  one  side  only  ;  unilateral. 

se-cure  (se-kur'),  adj.  free  from 
fear  or  danger ;  safe  ;  protected  ; 
confident;  relying  upon  (with 
of)  :  v.t.  to  make  safe ;  protect ; 
guarantee ;  make  fast ;  confine 
effectually ;  gain  possession  of ; 
put  beyond  hazard  of  losing  or  not 
receiving  (with  against  or 
from) . 

se-cure-ly  (Mi),  adv.  in  a  secure 
manner. 

se-cur-i-ty  ('5-ti),  n.  [pi.  securi- 
ties (-tiz)],  the  state  or  quality 
of  being  secure ;  freedom  from 
fear  or  danger;  assurance;  cer- 
tainty ;  something  given  to  secure 
the  fulfilment  of  a  contract ; 
pledge ;  evidence  of  debt  or  prop- 
erty ;  one  who  becomes  surety  for 


another;  something  given  or  done 
to  secure  good  behavior. 

Hyn.    bail,    pledge,    surety,    ear- 
nest. 

se-clan  (-dan'),  n.  a  portable  cov- 
ered chair  or  vehicle  for  the  con- 
veyance of  one  person,  used  in  the 
18th  century,  and  carried  by  two 
men  by  means  of  a  pole  on  either 
side.  Also  sedan-chair. 

se-date  (se-dJit'),  adj.  calm;  com- 
posed ;  quiet ;  serious  ;  unruffled. 

se-date-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  sedate 
manner. 

se-date-ness  ('nes),  n.  tranquil- 
lity ;  composure. 

sed-a-tive  (sed'a-tiv),  adj.  allay- 
ing nervous  irritation  and  irrita- 
bility ;  assuaging  pain :  n.  medi- 
cine having  such  an  effect. 

sed-en-ta-ri-ly  ('en-tar-i-li),  adj. 
in  a  sedentary  "manner. 

sed-en-ta-ri  ness  (-i-nes),  n.  the 
quality  or  state  of  being  sed- 
entary. 

sed-en-ta-ry  ('en-tar-i),  adj.  ac- 
customed to  pass  much  time  in  a 
sitting  posture ;  characterized  by 
much  sitting ;  remaining  in  one 
place ;  inactive. 

sedge  (sej),  n.  a  coarse  grass  of 
the  genus  Carex,  growing  in 
swamps. 

sedg-y  ('i),  adj.  overgrown  with 
sedge. 

se-dil-i-a  (se-dil'i-a),  n.pl.  seats 
on  either  side  of  the  altar  set 
apart  for  the  clergy. 

secl-i  mciit  (sed'i-ment).  n.  the 
matter  which  subsides  or  settles 
at  the  bottom  of  a  liquid ;  dregs ; 
lees. 

sed-i-ment-a-ry  ('ft-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  formed  by,  or  con- 
sisting of,  sediment. 

se-di-tion  (se-dish'un).  n.  any 
offense  against  the  state  less 
grave  than  insurrection  or  trea- 
son ;  tumultuous  assembly  of 
people  in  opposition  to  lawful 
authority ;  the  stirring  up  of 
such  opposition. 

se-di-tious  ('us),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  of  the  nature  of,  or  charac- 
terized by.  sedition. 

se-duce  (dus'),  v.t.  to  entice  from 
the  paths  of  rectitude,  duty,  or 
virtue,  by  flattery,  promises,  &c. ; 
persuade  to  a  surrender  of  chas- 
tity. 


late.  m&r,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ; 
cook:  nifite.  nut;  thin,  then. 


sed 


747 


sel 


Syn.  allure,  attract,  decoy,  en- 
tice, abduct,  inveigle,  deprave. 

se-duce-ment  ('ment),  n.  the  act 
of  seducing  ;  seduction  ;  means  em- 
ployed to  seduce. 

se-du-cer  ('er),  n.  one  who  se- 
duces, especially  one  who  per- 
suades a  woman  to  surrender  her 
chastity.  Feminine  seductress. 

se-du-ci-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  seduced. 

se-duc-tion  (-duk'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  seducing ;  the  act  or  crime 
of  inducing  a  woman  to  surrender 
her  chastity. 

se-duc-tive  Ctiv),  adj.  tending 
to  seduce  or  lead  astray ;  enticing. 

se-duc-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  se- 
ductive manner. 

se-duc-tive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  seductive. 

se-du-li-ty  (se-du'li-ti),  n.  steady 
diligence. 

sed-ii  lous  (sed'u-lus),  adj.  stead- 
ily industrious  and  persevering 
in  business  and  endeavor ;  dili- 
gent ;  untiring. 

see  (se),  n.  the  authority  of  the 
Pope  or  papal  court ;  diocese  or 
jurisdiction  of  an  archbishop  or 
bishop:  v.t.  [p.t.  saw,  p.p.  seen, 
p.pr.  seeinsl,  to  perceive  by  the 
eye  ;  observe  ;  perceive  mentally  ; 
experience :  pay  a  visit  to ;  meet 
or  associate  with  ;  escort  or  ac- 
company :  -r.j.  to  have  the  faculty 
of  sight  or  of  perceiving ;  discern  ; 
examine ;  take  care  or  heed ;  be 
attentive. 

seed  (sed).  n.  that  part  of  a  plant 
that  contains  the  embryo  of  the 
future  plant ;  semen ;  first  prin- 
ciple or  source ;  offspring ;  de- 
scendants ;  race  or  birth :  v.i.  to 
sow,  or  shed  the  seed :  v.t.  to 
sprinkle  with  seed. 

seed-i-iiess  Ci-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  seedy  ;  shabbi- 
ness ;  exhaustion  or  wretchedness. 

seed-y  ('i),  adj.  abounding  with, 
or  run  to,  seeds :  having  the  flavor 
of  weeds  ;  shabby ;  exhausted  and 
miserable. 

see-ing  (se'ing),  n.  the  act  or 
power  of  sight :  con/,  inasmuch 
as  ;  considering  ;  since. 

seek  (sek).  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p. 
sought.  !>.]»•.  seeking],  to  go  in 
search  of  ;  look  for  ;  resort  to  ;  in- 


quire for :  v.l.  to  make  search  or 
inquiry  ;_  try  or  endeavor. 

seem  (sem),  v.i.  to  appear;  look; 
have  the  resemblance  of  truth  or 
fact ;  pretend. 

seem-ing  ('ing),  adj.  apparent; 
specious :  «.  appearance ;  show, 
especially  false  show. 

seem-li-ness  ('li-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  seemly ;  pro- 
priety ;  decency  ;  comeliness. 

seem-ly  ('li),  adj.  fit  or  becoming; 
decent ;  proper  ;  comely  ;  suited  to 
the  object,  occasion,  purpose,  or 
character. 

seen,  p.p.  of  see. 

seer  (ser),  n.  one  who  foresees 
future  events ;  prophet ;  one  who 
sees. 

see-saw  ('saw),  n.  a  reciprocat- 
ing motion;  a  game  played  with 
a  plank  balanced  on  some  sup- 
port enabling  those  who  sit  at 
each  end  to  move  up  and  down 
alternately :  v.i.  to  move  up  and 
down  with  a  reciprocating  motion. 

seethe  (setf/i),  v.t.  to  boil;  decoct 
or  prepare  for  food  in  a  hot 
liquor:  v.i.  to  be  hot ;  be  in  a  con- 
dition of  boiling. 

seg-ment  ('ment),  n.  a  part  di- 
vided or  set  off ;  section  ;  a  part 
cut  off  from  a  figure  by  a  line  or 
plane:  v.i.  to  divide  into  segments. 

seg-ment-al  (-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  consisting  of,  or  like,  a  seg- 
ment. 

seg-xnen-ta-tion  (-rnen-tfi'shun), 
n.  the  act  of  dividing  into  seg- 
ments :  state  of  being  divided  into 
segments. 

seg-re-gate  (seg' re-gat),  v.t,  to 
separate  from  others. 

seg-re-ga-tion  (-ga'shun),  the  act 
of  segregating ;  state  of  being  seg- 
regated. 

Seid-litz  (sed'litz),  adj.  noting- 
effervescent  powders  used  as  a 
gentle  aperient :  n.  a  sparkling 
mineral  water. 

sei-gnior  (sen'yer),  n.  a  title  of 
honor  in  use  in  Southern  Europe ; 
a  lord  or  fee  of  a  manor. 

sei-gnior-age  ('yer-iij),  n.  some- 
thing claimed  or  taken  by  virtue 
of  sovereign  prerogative ;  a  charge 
levied  on  bullion  brought  by  pri- 
vate persons  to  the  mint  to  be 
coined. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  Wien. 


sei 


748 


setn 


sei-gnior-i-al  (-yor'i-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  lord  of  a  manor. 

seine  (sun),  n.  a  large  fishing- 
net. 

seis-mic  (sis'mik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  produced  by,  an  earth- 
quake. 

seis-mo-graph  ('md-graf),  n.  an 
instrument  for  recording  the  un- 
dulatory  motions,  duration,  and 
direction  of  an  earthquake.  Also 
seismometer,  seismoscope. 

seis-mo-graph-ic  ('ik),  adj.  indi- 
cated by  a  seismograph. 

seis-mog-ra-phy  (-mog'ra-fi),  n,. 
a  description  of  earthquakes. 

seis-mpl-o-gist  (-mol'6-jist),  n. 
one  skilled  in  seismology. 

seis-mol-o-gy  ('o-ji),  n.  the  scien- 
tific study  of  earthquakes. 

seiz-a-ble  (sez'a-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being_  seized. 

seize  (sez),  v.t.  to  take  possession 
of  forcibly  or  suddenly ;  grasp ; 
snatch  ;  take  hold  of  ;  comprehend. 

seiz-in  ('in),  n.  the  act  of  taking 
possession  ;  thing  possessed  ;  pos- 
session. Also  seisin. 

seiz-or  ('er),  n.  in  law,  one  who 
takes  possession. 

seiz-ure  ('ur),  n.  the  act  of  seiz- 
ing ;  sudden  attack,  as  of  a  dis- 
ease. 

se-lali  (se'la),  n.  a  Hebrew  word 
used  in  the  Psalms,  supposed  to 
indicate  a  pause. 

sel-dom    (sel'dum),  adv.  rarely. 

se-lect  (se-lekf),  adj.  more  valua- 
ble or  excellent  than  others ; 
chosen  or  picked  out  as  more  val- 
uable than  others ;  nicely  chosen  ; 
choice  ;  superior :  v.t.  to  take  by 
preference  from  among  others ; 
choose. 

se-lec-tion  (-lek'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  selecting ;  the  thing  selected. 

select-man  (-lekt'mhn),  n.  [pi. 
selectmen  ('men)l,  one  of  a  board 
of  town  officials  concerned  with 
its  management,  the  enforcement 
of  local  laws,  care  of  the  poor,  &c., 
elected  annually  in  New  England. 

se-lect-or  ('er),  n.  one  who  se- 
lects. 

sel-e-nate  (sel'e-nat),  n.  a  salt  of 
selenic  acid. 

sel-eii  ic  (sel-en'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  containing,  or  derived 
from,  selenium. 

sel-e-ni-nni    (-e'ni-um),  n.  a  non- 


metallic  elementary  substance,  re- 
sembling lead. 

sel-e-no-cen-tric  ( -e-no-sen'trik ) , 
adj.  as  seen  or  calculated  from  the 
center  of  the  moon. 

sel-e-no-graph  ('no-graf),  n.  a 
map  or  delineation  of  the  moon's 
surface. 

sel-e-no-grapn-ic  (-graf'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  selenography. 

sel-e-nog-ra-phy  ( sel-e-nog'ra-fi ) , 
n.  a  description  of  the  moon,  its 
features,  and  phenomena  ;  the  art 
of  delineating  the  moon's  surface. 

self  (self),  n.  [pi.  selves  (selvz)], 
one's  own  person  ;  personal  inter- 
est ;  personality  ;  personification  ; 
identity  ;  selfishness :  adj.  very ; 
particular. 

self-ish  ('ish),  adj.  attentive  only 
to  one's  own  interests ;  influ- 
enced in  actions  from  motives  of 
private  advantage ;  egotistical. 

sell  (sel),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  sold, 
p.pr.  selling],  to  transfer  to 
another  for  an  equivalent,  as 
property,  goods,  &c. ;  make  a  mat- 
ter of  sale  or  bargain  of ;  vend ; 
betray  for  a  pecuniary  reward : 
v.i.  to  practice  selling ;  be  sold : 
n.  a  hoax ;  an  imposition. 

Selt-zer  wa-ter  (selt'zer  waw'- 
ter),  n.  a  mineral  water,  mildly 
stimulative. 

sel-vage  (sel'vaj),  n.  the  edge  of 
cloth  so  closed  by  complicating  the 
threads  as  to  prevent  raveling ; 
woven  border.  Selvedge. 

sel-ya-gee  (-va-je'),  n.  a  kind  of 
skein  of  rope  yarns,  used  for 
stoppers,  &c. 

sel-vedged  ('vejd).  adj.  having  a 
selvage.  Also  selvaged. 

selves,  pi.  of  self. 

sem-a-phore  (sem'a-for),  n.  a 
telegraphic  apparatus  for  signal- 
ing by  means  of  arms,  lanterns, 
flags,  &c. 

sem-blance  ('blans).  n.  likeness; 
resemblance ;  exterior ;  appear- 
ance. 

se-men  (se'men),  n.  sperm;  seed 
of  plants. 

semi,  prefix  meaning  half,  par- 
tially. 

sem-i-breve  (sem'i-brev),  n.  a 
note  equal  to  4  crotchets. 

sem-i-col-on  ('kol-on),  n.  a  mark 
in  punctuation  (  ;). 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sem 


749 


sem-i-nal  ('i-nal),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  containing,  or  consisting  of, 
seed  ;  primary  ;  radical ;  original. 

sem-i-na-ry  (sem'i-na-ri),  n.  [pi. 
seminaries  (-riz)],  a  place  of  edu- 
cation ;  school,  academy,  or  col- 
lege. 

sem-i-ped   Ci-ped),  n.  a  half-foot. 

sem-i-ped-al  (-al),  adj.  consist- 
ing of  a  half-foot. 

Semi-Sax-on  (-sak'sun),  adj. 
noting  the  language  intermediate 
between  Saxon  and  English  1150- 
1250. 

semi-tan-gent  (-tan'jent),  n.  the 
tangent  of  half  an  arc. 

Sem-ite  (sem'it),  n.  one  of  the 
Semitic  race ;  a  descendant  of 
Shem  :  adj.  Semitic. 

Se-mit-ic  (se-mit'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Shem,  or  to  his  de- 
scendants ;  noting,  or  belonging 
to,  one  of  the  great  divisions  of 
races  and  languages  to  which 
Hebrew,  Phoenician,  Arabic,  As- 
syrian, &c.,  belong. 

semp  stress  (semp'stres),  n.  a 
woman  who  does  needlework. 

sen  (sen),  n.  a  small  Japanese 
coin. 

sen-a-ry  (sen'a-ri),  adj.  of,  or 
containing,  6. 

Sen-ate  (sen'at),  n.  the  upper 
house  of  Congress  or  of  a  State 
legislature ;  the  upper  house  of 
legislature  in  various  countries ;  a 
body  of  elders,  elected  or  ap- 
pointed in  ancient  Rome  from  the 
nobility  and  invested  with  su- 
preme legislative  authority. 

sen-ate  (sen'at),  n.  an  assembly 
or  body  of  elders ;  a  legislative 
body  generally. 

sen-a-tor  ('a-ter),  n.  a  member  of 
a  senate. 

sen-a-to-ri-al  (-to'ri-al).  adj.  per- 
taining to.  or  befitting,  a  senator 
or  a  senate ;  entitled  to  elect  a 
senator. 

send  (send),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  sent, 
p.pr.  sending],  to  throw,  cast,  or 
impel ;  cause  to  go  in  any  man- 
ner ;  dispatch ;  cause  to  be  or 
happen;  grant;  inflict:  r.i.  to  dis- 
patch a  messenger ;  pitch,  as  a 
vessel :  n.  the  motion  of  a  wave 
causing  a  vessel  to  be  carried  for- 
ward. 


Syn.  throw,   despatch,  forward, 
project,  discharge. 

Ant.   (see  keep,  retain). 

sen-dal  (sen'dal),  n.  a  light,  thin 
silk  stuff. 

se-nile  (se'nil),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
characteristic  of,  or  occasioned 
by,  old  age. 

se-nil-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  senile :  old  age. 

sen-ior  (sen'yer),  .adj.  prior  in 
age,  dignity,  rank,  or  office  ;  elder  : 
n.  one  older  than  another ;  one 
older  in  dignity,  rank,  or  office ; 
a  student  in  the  fourth  or  final 
year  of  his  college. 

sen-ior-i-ty  (-yor'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  senior. 

sen-na  (sen'a),  n.  the  dried  leaves 
of  several  plants  of  the  genus 
Cassia,  used  as  a  cathartic  medi- 
cine. 

sen-night  ('it),  n.  the  space  of  7 
nights  and  days. 

sen-nit  ('it),  n.  braided  cordage. 

se-nor  (sa'nyor'),  n.  a  Spanish 
title  of  courtesy,  equivalent  to 
Mr.  or  Sir.  Feminine  seuora. 

se-no-ri-ta  (-nyo-re'ta),  n.  a 
Spanish  title  of  courtesy  given  to 
a  young  lady,  equivalent  to  Miss; 
a  young  lady. 

sen-sate  (sen'sat),  adj.  perceived 
by  or  through  the  senses. 

sen-sa-tion  (-sa'shun),  n.  percep- 
tion by  the  senses ;  an  impression 
made  on  the  mind  or  brain  by 
the  senses ;  spiritual  or  physical 
affections ;  state  of  excited  feel- 
ing or  interest,  or  its  cause. 

sen-sa-tion-al  (-al).  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  having,  or  causing,  sensa- 
tion ;  fitted  to  excite  great  inter- 
est ;  emotional. 

sen-sa-tion-al-ism  (-izm),  n.  sen- 
sational writing  or  language ;  the 
philosophical  doctrine  that  our 
ideas  are  the  outcome  of  impres- 
sions originating  solely  in  sen- 
sation and  consist  of  sensations 
transformed. 

sen-sa-tion-al-ist  (-ist),  «.  an 
advocate  of  philosophical  sensa- 
tionalism ;  a  sensational  writer  or 
speaker. 

sense  (sens),  n.  the  faculty  by 
which  objects  are  perceived 
physically,  or  mentally ;  discern- 
ment ;  understanding  ;  conviction  ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sen 


750 


sen 


pood  mental  capacity ;  correct 
judgment ;  opinion  ;  meaning  ;  sig- 
nification ;  moral  perception. 

Syn.  discernment,  apprecia-" 
tion,  perception,  view,  opinion, 
feeling,  sensibility,  susceptibility, 
thought,  signification,  judgment, 
import,  significance,  meaning,  pur- 
port, wisdom. 

sense-less  ('les),  adj.  incapable 
of  sensation ;  without  sensibility 
or  feeling ;  unconscious  ;  foolish  ; 
stupid ;  nonsensical ;  opposed  to 
reason  or  sound  judgment. 

sen-si-bil-i-ty  (sen-si-bil'i-ti),  n. 
[pi.  sensibilities  (-tiz)],  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  sensible ; 
acuteness  of  perception  or  emo- 
tion ;  delicacy  of  feeling ;  capacity 
of  being  sensitive.  Also  sensi- 
bleness. 

sen-si-ble  ('si-bl),  adj.  capable  of 
being  perceived  by  the  senses  or 
the  mind ;  having  moral  percep- 
tion ;  easily  affected  ;  delicate  ;  ju- 
dicious ;  reasonable ;  intelligent. 

Syn.  wise,  intelligent,  reason- 
able, sober,  sound,  conscious, 
aware. 

Ant.  (see  foolish). 

sen-si-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  a  sensi- 
ble manner ;  with  intelligence  or 
good  sense ;  appreciably. 

sen-si  tive  ('si-tiy).  adj.  having 
keen  sense  or  feeling;  quickly  and 
acutely  alive  to  impressions  from 
external  objects ;  easily  affected 
or  moved :  pertaining  to,  or  de- 
pending upon,  sensation. 

sen-si-tive-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a  sen- 
sitive manner. 

sen-si-tive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  sensitive. 
Also  sensitivity. 

sen-si  tize  (-tiz),  v.t.  to  render 
sensitive ;  render  capable  of  be- 
ing acted  upon  by  the  actinic  rays 
of  the  sun.  X-rays,  &c. 

sen-so-ri-al  (-so'ri-fil),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  sensorium.  Also 
sensory. 

sen  so  ri-nm  (-urn),  n.  the  central 
seat  of  sensation  or  consciousness  ; 
the  brain. 

sen-sn-al  ('shfi-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  consisting  in.  or  affecting, 
the  senses ;  not  spiritual  or  in- 
tellectual :  carnal :  voluptuous : 
devoted  to  the  indulgence  of  the 
passions  or  appetites. 


sen-su-al-ism  (-izm),  n.  sensu- 
ality ;  the  philosophical  doctrine 
that  all  ideas  or  operations  of  the 
understanding  have  their  origin 
in  sensation  and  are  transformed 
sensations. 

sen  sn  al-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  who  is 
sensual ;  a  believer  in  the  doctrine 
of  sensualism. 

sen-su-al-i-ty  (al'i-ti),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  sensual;  in- 
dulgence of  carnal  gratifications. 

sen-su-al-ize  ('shu-al-Iz).  v.t.  to 
make  sensual ;  debase  by  the  in- 
dulgence of  carnal  gratifications. 

sen-su-ous  Cshu-us),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  addressed  to  the  senses ; 
connected  vyith  sensible  objects; 
full  of  passion. 

sent,  p.t.  &  p.p.   of  send. 

sen-tence  ('tens),  n.  judgment, 
opinion,  or  decision :  judgment 
pronounced  by  a  court ;  series  of 
words  so  arranged  as  to  convey 
a  complete  thought,  followed  by  a 
clot  or  full  point :  v.t.  to  condemn 
by  judgment  of  a  court. 

sen-ten-tious  (-ten'shus),  adj. 
short  and  energetic ;  terse :  com- 
prising sentences ;  abounding  in 
axioms  or  maxims. 

sen-ti-ence  ('shi-ens),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  sentient.  Also 
sentiency. 

sen-ti-ent  ('shi-ent).  adj.  having 
the  faculty  or  faculties  of  sensa- 
tion and  perception. 

sen-ti-ment  ('ti-ment),  n.  a 
thought  prcmpted  by  passion  or 
feeling;  opinion;  thought:  feel- 
ing;  sensibility ;  prevailing  feel- 
ing: maxim;  a  toast;  thought  ex- 
prossecl  in  striking  language ;  sen- 
tence or  passage  expressive  of 
some  wish. 

son-ti  men-tal  (-men'tAl).  adj. 
having,  expressing,  or  given  to, 
sentiment ;  appealing  to  sentiment 
rather  than  reason:  artificially  or 
affectedly  tender;  romantic. 

sen-ti-men-tal-ism  (-izm).  n. 
the  quality  of  being  sentimental. 
Also  sentimentality. 

sen-ti-men-tal-ize  (-Iz).  v.t.  to 
think  or  act  in  a  sentimental  man- 
ner :  affect  sentiment. 

sen-ti-men-tal-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
sentimental  manner. 

sen-ti-nel  ('ti-nel),  n.  one  who 
watches  or  guards,  especially  a 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sen 


751 


seq 


soldier  on  guard :  v.t.  to  furnish 
with,  or  as  with,  a  sentinel ;  watch 
over  or  guard. 

sen-try  ('tri),  n.  [pi.  sentries 
('triz)],  a  sentinel,  guard  or 
watch. 

sepal  (sep'al  or  se'pal),  n.  one 
of  the  leaf-like  divisions  of  the 
calyx  enclosing  the  corolla  of  a 
flower. 

aep-a-ra-bil-i-ty  (-a-ra-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  separable  or 
divisible. 

sep-a-ra-ble  ( 'a-ra-bl ) ,  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  separated  or  divided. 

sep-a-rate  ('a-rat),  v.t.  to  part 
or  divide  ;  disunite  ;  disconnect ; 
set  apart  from  a  number  for  a 
particular  purpose  ;  withdraw  :  v.i. 
to  part ;  be  disunited ;  withdraw 
from  each  other :  adj.  divided 
from  the  rest ;  disconnected ;  not 
united  ;  distinct. 

sep-a-rate-ly  (-11),  adv.  in  a  sepa- 
rate state  or  manner. 

separate  lies  s  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  separate. 

sep-a-ra-tion  (-ra'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  separating ;  state  of  being 
separated ;  disconnection ;  legal 
disunion  of  married  persons ;  re- 
peal of  a  union  between  two  or 
more  countries  or  states. 

•ep-a-ra-tor  ('a-ra-ter).  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  separates. 

se-pi-a  (se'pi-a),  n.  [pi.  sepias 
(-az)],  the  European  cuttle-fish; 
a  dark-brown  pigment  prepared 
from  the  black  secretion  or  ink  of 
the  cuttle-fish. 

»e-poy  ('poi),  n.  [pi.  sepoys 
Cpoiz)],  an  Indian  native  em- 
ployed as  a  soldier  in  the  British 
service  in  India. 

srp-sin  (sep'sin),  n.  a  toxinous 
ptomaine. 

•ep-sis  ('sis),  n.  infection  by 
pathogenic  bacteria ;  a  putrefac- 
tive condition. 

•ept  (sept),  a  prefix  meaning  7,  as 
septangular :  adj.  having  7  angles. 

Sep-tem-ber  (sep-tem'ber),  n.  the 
ninth  month  of  the  year.  In  the 
Roman  calendar  it  was  the 
seventh  month. 

•ep-tem-vir  ('ver),  n.  [pi.  sep- 
temviri  ('vi-rl)],  in  ancient 
Rome,  one  of  7  men  associated  to- 
gether in  office. 


sep-ten-a-ry  ('ten-a-ri),  adj.  con- 
sisting of,  containing,  or  lasting 
7  years. 

sep-ten-ate  (-at),  n.  a  period  of  7 
years ;  the  period  during  which 
the  President  of  the  French  Re- 
public holds  office :  adj.  growing 
in  sevens. 

sep-ten-ni-al  (-ten'i-all,  adj.  oc- 
curring once  in,  or  containing,  7 
years. 

sep-ten-ni-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  once 
in  7  years. 

sep-tet  (sep-tef),  n.  a  musical 
composition  for  7  voices.  Also 
septette. 

sept-foil  (sept'foil),  n.  the  plant 
tormentil ;  in  architecture,  an  or- 
namental foliation  with  7  lobes ; 
a  symbolical  figure  composed  of  7 
equal  segments  of  a  circle  typical 
of  the  7  sacraments  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church. 

septi,  a  prefix  meaning  7,  as  septi- 
lateral :  adj.  seven-sided. 

sep-tic  ('tik),  adj.  having  the 
power  to  promote  putrefaction  :  n. 
a  substance  having  such  an  effect. 

sep-tic-e-mi-a,  sep-tic-ae-mi-a 
(-ti-se'mi-a  >.  n.  blood-poisoning, 
caused  by  the  absorption  of  septic 
matter  into  the  circulation.  Also 
septemia,  septsemia. 

sep-til-lion  (-til'yun),  n.  in  the 
French  system  of  numeration,  fol- 
lowed in  the  United  States,  a 
number  expressed  by  unity  with 
24  ciphers  annexed ;  in  the 
English  system  a  number  ex- 
pressed by  unity  with  42  ciphers 
annexed. 

sep-tin,  same  as  sepsin. 

sep-tu-ag-e-na-ri-an  ( -tu-aj-e-na'- 
ri-an),  n.  a  person  70  years  old. 

sep-tu-ag-e-na-ry  ( -aj'e-na-ri ) , 
adj.  consisting  of  70 :  n.  the  num- 
ber 70. 

Sep-tu-a-Res-i-ma  (-a-jes'i-ma), 
n.  the  3rd  Sunday  before  Lent. 

sep-tu-ple  ('tu-pl),  adj.  sevenfold. 

se-pul-chral  (se-pul'kral),  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  sepulcher,  or  to 
monuments  erected  to  the  dead ; 
deep,  grave,  or  hollow  toned. 

sep-ul-cher,  sep-nl-chre  (sep'ul- 
ker),  n.  a  grave  or  tomb;  place 
of  burial :  v.t.  to  bury ;  entomb. 

sep-ul-ture   ('ul-tur),  n.  burial. 

se-quel    (se'kwel),    n.    succeeding 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl:  he.  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pflrch,  lot:  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


seq 


752 


ser 


part  or  result ;  continuation ;  con- 
sequence. 

se-quence  ('kwens),  n.  order  of 
succession;  series;  result;  suit  of 
cards  in  the  same  order ;  regular 
alternate  succession  of  similar 
chords. 

se-quent  ('kwent),  adj.  following; 
consequent :  n.  a  sequence. 

se-quen-tial-ly  ( se-kwen'shal-i ) , 
adv.  by  succession. 

se-ques-ter  (-kwes'ter),  v.t.  to 
separate  from  the  owner  for  a 
time ;  take  possession  of  the  prop- 
erty of  another  until  some  claim 
is  paid  or  established  ;  withdraw  ; 
seclude :  v.i.  to  renounce,  as  a 
widow  any  interest  in  the  estate 
of  a  husband.  Also  sequestrate. 

se-ques-tered  ('terd),  adj.  se- 
cluded ;  retired. 

se-ques-tra-tion  (-tra'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  sequestering,  especially 
the  act  of  seizing  property  by  the 
State  during  dispute  or  for  the 
benefit  of  creditors ;  the  collecting 
of  the  fruits  of  a  benefice  during 
a  vacancy  for  the  use  of  the 
next  incumbent ;  retirement ;  se- 
clusion. 

se-ques-tra-tor  (-tra'ter  or  se'- 
kwes-tra-ter),  n.  one  who  seques- 
ters property  or  takes  possession 
of  it  for  a  time. 

Se-quoi-a  (se-kwoi'a),  n.  a  genus 
of  gigantic  trees  of  the  cypress 
family,  comprising  the  redwood 
and  "big  tree"  of  California. 

se-ragl-io  (se-ral'yo),  n.  the  pal- 
ace of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey  at 
Constantinople,  especially  that 
part  where  the  women  are  kept ; 
a  harem. 

se-ra-i  (se-ra'i),  n.  in  the  East,  a 
palace  ;  seraglio  ;  caravansary  or 
inn. 

ser  albumin  (ser-al-bu'min) ,  n. 
the  albumin  of  the  blood. 

se-ra-pe  (sa-rii'pa),  n.  a  Mexican 
blanket  or  shawl  worn  by  men. 

seraph  (ser'af),  n.  [pi.  seraphs, 
seraphim  ('afs,  -5m)],  an  angel 
of  the  highest  order. 

ser-aph.  ic  (se-raf'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  composed  of,  or  like, 
seraphs  ;  sublime  ;  angelic. 

ser-aph-ic-al-ly  (-al-i),  adv.  in 
the  manner  of  a  seraph. 

scr-a-phinc  (ser'A-fen),  n.  a  kind 
of  small  harmonium. 


ser-as-kier  (ser-as-ker') ,  n.  a 
Turkish  general  or  commander  of 
land  forces,  especially  the  com- 
mander-in-chief  or  minister  of 
war.  Also  serasquier. 

Ser-bo-ni-an.  (ser-bo'ni-an).  adj. 
noting  the  lake  or  bog  of  Ser- 
bonis  in  ancient  Egypt,  which  ap- 
peared like  solid  land,  but  en- 
gulfed those  who  ventured  upon 
it :  hence  pertaining  to  any  diffi- 
culty or  complication  from  which 
there  is  no  way  of  extrication. 

sere  (ser),  adj.  dry;  wiltered 
[Poet.]. 

se-rein  (se-rang'),  n.  fine  rain 
that  falls  from  a  clear  sky. 

ser-e-nade  (ser'e-nad),  n.  even- 
ing music  in  the  open  air ;  music 
sung  or  plaved  by  a  lover  in  a 
spirit  of  gallantry  under  the  win- 
dow of  a  lady ;  piece  of  music 
for  such  an  occasion  :  v.t.  to  en- 
tertain with  a  serenade. 

se-rene  (se-ren'),  adj.  clear  and 
calm ;  unclouded ;  placid ;  un- 
ruffled. 

se-rene-ly  Cli).  .adv.  in  a  serene 
manner ;  unruffled  ;  calmly. 

se-ren-i-ty  (-ren'i-ti).  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  serene ;  calm- 
ness of  mind  ;  equanimity  of  tem- 
per ;  coolness ;  composure.  Also 
sereneness. 

serf  (serf),  n.  the  lowest  class 
of  servants  or  slaves  in  the  Mid- 
dle Ages,  who  were  attached  to 
the  land  and  transferred  with  it ; 
a  villein  or  feudal  slave ;  for- 
merly in  Russia,  one  of  the  peas- 
ant class. 

serf -age  ('uj),  n.  the  state  or  con- 
dition of  a  serf.  Also  serfdom ; 
serfism. 

serge  (serj),  n.  a  twilled  woolen 
stuff. 

ser-gean-cy  (silr'jen-si).  n.  tho 
office  of  a  sergeant.  Also  sergeant- 
cy,  sergeantship. 

ser-geant  ('jent),  n.  a  non-com- 
missioned officer  ranking  next 
above  a  corporal. 

ser-geant-ma-jor  (-mfi'jer),  n.  a 
warrant  officer  who  is  attached 
to  each  company  or  troop  and  as- 
sists the  adjutant. 

se-ri-al  (se'ri-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  consisting  of,  a  series ;  pub- 
lished in  successive  parts  or  num- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


se  r 


753 


ses 


bers :  n.  a  periodical ;  tale  issued 
in  parts. 

se-ri-al-ly    (-li),  adv.  in  a  series. 

se-ri-a-tim  (-a'tim),  adv.  in  regu- 
lar order. 

se-ri-ceous  (se-rish'us).  culj.  silky. 

ser-i-cul-tnre  (ser'i-kul-tur),  n. 
the  culture  of  silkworms. 

•e-ries  (se'rez),  n.  a  number  of 
things  or  events  standing  or  suc- 
ceeding in  order,  and  connected 
by  a  like  relation;  sequence;  an 
infinite  number  of  terms  in  suc- 
cession, increasing  or  diminishing 
in  a  certain  ratio. 

ser-in   (ser'in),  n.  a  kind  of  finch. 

se-ri-o-com-ic  ( se-ri-0-kom'ik) , 
adj.  having  a  mixture  of  serious- 
ness and  comicality. 

se-ri-ous  Cri-us).  adj.  grave  in 
manner  or  disposition  ;  in  earnest ; 
not  trifling  :  religious  ;  solemn. 

ser-mon  (ser'mun),  H.  a  discourse 
on  a  text  of  Scripture ;  homily ; 
serious  exhortation.  ' 

ser-mon-izu  (-iz),  v.i.  to  compose 
or  write  a  sermon ;  preach :  v.t. 
to  preach  a  sermon  to. 

se-ros-i-ty  (se-ros'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  serous ; 
the  thin  watery  fluid  part  of  the 
blood  exuding  from  serum. 

se-rous  ('rust.  adj.  pertaining  to 
serum  :  thin,  watery. 

ser-pent  (ser'pentj,  n.  a  reptile 
of  the  order  Ophidia.  with  a  very 
long  body  without  feet,  and  mov- 
ing by  contractions  and  undula- 
tions of  the  body :  a  bass  wind 
instrument ;  a  kind  of  firework  ;  a 
subtle,  treacherous,  malicious  per- 
son. 

ger-pen-tine  ( 'pen-tin),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  like,  or  having  the 
qualities  of,  a  serpent ;  moving 
or  winding  like  a  serpent ;  zig- 
zag ;  subtle :  n.  a  rock  composed 
of  a  hydrated  silicate  of  mag- 
nesia, susceptible  of  a  fine  polish. 

ser-rate  (ser'at),  adj.  notched  on 
the  edge  like  a  saw.  Also  ser- 
rated. 

ser-ried  ('id).  adj.  crowded; 
pressed  together. 

se-rum  (se'rum).  n.  the  thin  yel- 
lowish watery  fluid  secreted  by 
the  serous  membranes. 

ser-val  (sfr'val),  n.  the  African 
bush  or  tiger-cat,  having  a  valu- 
able fur. 


serv-ant  (serv'ant),  n.  one  who 
serves,  or  is  in  the  service  of 
another  ;  a  domestic  ;  subordinate  ; 
an  expression  of  civility. 

serve  (serv),  v.t.  to  work  for; 
perform  duties  for ;  yield  obedi- 
ence to  ;  worship  ;  supply  with, 
as  food,  &c. :  attend  or  wait  on  ; 
treat  or  requite;  present  (a  writ)  : 
v.i.  to  be  a  servant ;  be  employed 
in  labor ;  suit  or  be  convenient ; 
be  in  subjection ;  discharge  the 
duties  of  an  office  or  employment. 

serv-ice  (serv'is),  n.  the  condi- 
tion or  occupation  of  a  servant ; 
duty  required  or  performed  in  any 
office ;  naval  or  military  duty ; 
spiritual  obedience  and  reverence  ; 
course  of  dishes  at  table ;  waiting 
at  table ;  labor,  assistance,  or 
kindness  to  another ;  number  of 
conveyances  plying  between 
places ;  musical  composition  for 
devotional  use ;  profession  of  re- 
spect. 

serv-ice-a-ble  ('is-a-bl),  adj.  use- 
ful ;  beneficial. 

serv-ice-a-ble-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  serv- 
iceable. 

serv-ice-a-bly  (-bli),  adv.  in  a 
serviceable  manner. 

serv-ile  ('11  or  'il),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  characteristic  of,  or  be- 
fitting, a  slave  or  servant ;  meanly 
submissive  or  obsequious ;  cring- 
ing ;  fawning ;  not  belonging  to 
the  original  root ;  not  sounded : 
said  of  a  letter. 

serv-ile-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  servile 
manner. 

ser-vil-i-ty  (ser-vil'i-ti),  n.  mean 
submission  or  obsequiousness ; 
baseness.  Servileness. 

serv-i-tude  ('i-tud),  n.  the  condi- 
tion of  a  servant  or  slave ;  state 
of  slavish  dependence ;  bondage. 

ses-a-me  (ses'a-me),  n.  a  plant 
yielding  flat  seeds  from  which 
an  oil  is  expressed. 

ses-a-moid  bones  ('a-moid  bonz), 
n.pl.  small  bones  formed  at  the 
articulation  of  the  great  toes, 
fingers,  &c. 

sesqni,  a  prefix  meaning  a  whole 
and  a  half,  as  scsquioxide,  an 
oxide  containing  3  atoms  of  oxy- 
gen and  2  atoms  of  a  metal. 

ses-sile  ('il),  adj.  without  a  foot- 
stalk. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  ho,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ses 


754 


sev 


ses-sion  (sesh'un),  n.  the  actual 
sitting  or  assembling  of  a  court, 
council,  or  legislative  body ;  the 
time  between  the  first  meeting 
and  the  prorogation,  dissolution, 
or  final  adjournment  of  a  parlia- 
ment, congress,  or  legislature. 

ses-sion-al  (-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  session,  especially  of  an 
ecclesiastical  court. 

ses-terce  (ses'ters),  n.  an  ancient 
Roman  coin,  value  about  4  cents. 

ses-ter-ti-um  (-ter-shi-um),  n.  a 
sum  of  1,000  sesterces. 

ses-tet  ('tet),  n.  the  last  6  lines 
of  the  second  division  of  a  son- 
net. 

set  (set),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  set,  p.pr. 
setting],  to  place  or  put  in  any 
position  ;  fix  ;  plant ;  make  stable  ; 
render  motionless ;  spread,  as 
sails ;  replace ;  make  to  agree 
•with  some  standard ;  start  by  fix- 
ing the  keynote ;  regulate  or  ad- 
just ;  value ;  assign  or  prescribe ; 
mark  (game)  ;  compose,  as  type, 
&c. :  v.i.  to  sink  below  the  hori- 
zon ;  strike  root ;  be  fixed  closely 
or  firmly ;  congeal ;  apply  one's 
self;  flow  or  tend;  start  (with 
cut):  adj.  fixed  or  established; 
regular ;  determined ;  firm ;  for- 
mal ;  obstinate ;  immovable :  n. 
the  act  of  setting  ;  direction  ;  num- 
ber of  persons  associated  together  ; 
clique ;  number  of  things  of  the 
same  kind  intended  for  use  to- 
gether ;  a  young  plant  for 
growth ;  number  of  persons  neces- 
sary to  execute  a  quadrille ;  de- 
scent below  the  horizon ;  flow ; 
permanent  twist ;  in  lawn  tennis, 
a  series  of  as  many  games  as  will 
enable  one  side  to  win  six. 

set-tee  (-te').  n.  a  long  seat  with 
a  back  for  several  persons ;  a 
Mediterranean  single-decked  ves- 
sel with  a  very  long,  sharp  prow, 
and  lateen  sails. 

set-ter  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or  that 
which  sets ;  a  species  of  hunting- 
dog. 

set-ting  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of  one 
who,  or  that  which,  sets ;  direction 
of  a  current  of  wind ;  that  which 
sets  or  holds,  as  the  mounting  of 
a  jewel ;  hardening. 

set-tie  (set'l),  v.t.  to  place  or  set 
in  a  fixed  state;  establish; 
cause  to  sink  or  subdue ;  free  from 


uncertainty ;  compose ;  fix  by  a 
legal  act ;  liquidate  ;  pay  ;  clear  of 
dregs ;  make  pure  or  clear ;  colon- 
ize :  v.i.  to  become  fixed,  station- 
ary, or  permanent ;  descend  or 
stop ;,  grow  calm  or  clear ;  sink 
to  the  bottom,  or  by  its  own 
weight;  cease  from  agitation  ;  ad- 
just differences  or  accounts  ;  marry 
and  establish  a  home. 

Syn.    arrange,   adjust,   regulate, 
conclude,  determine. 

set-tle-ment  (-ment),  n.  the  act 
or  state  of  being  settled ;  estab- 
lishment in  life,  business,  condi- 
tion ;  jointure  granted  to  a  wife ; 
liquidation,  payment,  or  adjust- 
ment ;  subsidence ;  a  colony  newly 
settled ;  legal  residence. 

set-tier  ('ler),  n.  a  colonist; 
something  that  finally  settles  or 
decides  a_  contest. 

set-to  (too'),  n.  a  contest  in  box- 
ing ;  argument. 

sev-en  (sev'n),  n.  the  sum  of  six 
and  one  ;  the  symbol  representing 
7  units :  adj.  consisting  of  one 
more  than  6. 

sev-en-fold  (-fold),  adv.  7  times 
as  much. 

sev-en-teen  (-ten),  adj.  one  more 
than  sixteen. 

sev-en-teenth  (tenth),  adj.  not- 
ing the  next  after  the  sixteenth. 

sev-enth  (sev'nth),  adj.  next  in 
order  after  the  sixth :  n.  one 
next  in  order  after  the  sixth  ;  one 
of  7  equal  parts ;  the  interval  of 
5  tones  and  a  semitone. 

sev-en-ti-eth  ('n-ti-eth),  adj.  next 
in  order  after  the  sixty-ninth :  n. 
one  of  70  equal  parts. 

sev-en-ty  (-ti),  n.  [pi.  seventies 
(-tiz)],  the  sum  of  10  times  7; 
the  symbol  representing  70  units. 

sev-en-up  (-up'),  n.  a  card  game. 

sev-er  (sev'er),  v.t.  to  divide  or 
separate  with  violence ;  cut  open 
or  through  ;  keep  distinct  or  apart : 
v.i.  to  make  a  separation  or  dis- 
tinction ;  be  rent  asunder ;  part ; 
distinguish. 

sev-er-al  (-&1),  adj.  distinct; 
separate ;  consisting  of  a  number 
more  than  two,  but  not  many ; 
different ;  various. 

Syn.     sundry,     divers,     many, 
various. 

sev-er-al-ly  (-li),  ado.  separately; 
individually. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  hgr,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sev 


755 


sha 


sev-er-al-ty  (-ti),  n.  a  state  of 
separation  from  the  rest,  or  from 
all  others. 

sev-er-ance  (-ans),  n.  the  act  of 
severing ;  the  state  of  being 
severed  ;  separation  ;  partition. 

se-vere  (se-ver'),  adj.  strictly  ad- 
hering to  rule ;  strict ;  austere  ; 
rigid ;  harsh ;  grave ;  serious ; 
inclement ;  inflexible  ;  painful ; 
critical. 

Syn.     harsh,     stern,     stringent, 
unmitigated,   rough,   unyielding. 
Ant.  (see  lenient). 

se-vere-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  severe 
manner. 

se-ver-i-ty  (-ver'i-ti),  n.  [pi.  se- 
verities (-tiz)],  the  quality  of 
being  severe ;  harshness ;  rigor ; 
gravity  ;  exactness  ;  strictness  ;  in- 
clemency. 

Se-yres  (sa'vr),  n.  a  highly  glazed 
china  or  porcelain  manufactured 
at  Sevres,  France. 

sew  (so),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  sewed 
or  sewn,  p.pr.  sewing],  to  unite 
or  fasten  together  with  a  needle 
and  thread :  v.i.  to  practice  sew- 
ing. 

sew-age  (su'aj),  n.  the  foul  mat- 
ter carried  off  by  a  sewer. 

sew-er  ('er),  n.  a  pipe  or  channel 
to  carry  off  the  used  or  surface 
water  and  foul  matter  of  a  town, 
&c. ;  (so'er)  one  who  sows. 

sew-er-age  (-fij),  n.  drainage  by 
sewers ;  the  system  of  sewers  of 
a  town,  &c. 

sex,  a  prefix  meaning  six,  as  sexen- 
nial, adj.  occurring  once  in,  or 
lasting,  six  years. 

sex  (seks),  n.  the  physical  dis- 
tinction between  male  and  female  ; 
one  of  the  two  divisions  of  ani- 
mals and  plants,  based  on  such 
distinction ;  women  in  general 
(with  the). 

sex-a-ge-na-ri-an  (-a-je-na'ri-an) , 
n.  one  who  is  sixty  years  old. 

sex-ag-e-na-ry  (-aj'e-na-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to.  or  noting,  the 
number  GO. 

Sex-a-ges-i-ma  (-a-jes'i-m^) ,  n. 
the  second  Sunday  before  Lent. 

sex-a-ges-i-mal  (-mfil),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  based  on,  the  num- 
ber GO. 

sexed  (sekst),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  having,  sex. 


sex-e-na-ry  ('e-na-ri),  adj.  pro- 
ceeding by  sixes. 

sex-loc-u-lar  (-lok'u-lar),  adj. 
six-celled. 

sext  (sekst),  n.  in  the  Roman 
Breviary,  the  office  for  the  sixth 
canonical  hour. 

sex-tain  (seks'tan),  n.  a  six- 
lined  stanza. 

sex-tan  t  ('tant),  n.  the  sixth 
part  of  a  circle ;  an  instrument 
for  measuring  angular  distances 
between  objects,  used  especially 
at  sea  for  determining  latitude 
and  longitude. 

sex-tile  ('til),  adj.  noting  the 
aspect  or  position  of  two  planets 
when  distant  from  each  other  GO0. 

sex-til-lion  (-til'yuu),  n.  in  the1 
French  system  of  enumeration, 
followed  in  the  United  States,  the 
7th  power  of  a  thousand  =  1 
with  21  ciphers  annexed ;  in  the 
English  system,  a  million  raised 
to  the  6th  power  =  1  with  36 
ciphers  annexed. 

sex-to  ('to),  n.  [pi.  sextos  ('toz)], 
a  book  consisting  of  sheets  each 
of  which  is  folded  into  six  leaves. 

sex-ton  ('tun),  n.  an  inferior 
official  of  a  church  whose  duty  it 
is  to  attend  to  burials,  the  church, 
&c.  Fern,  sextoness. 

sex-tu-ple  (_'tii-pl),  adj.  sixfold. 

sex-u-al  ('u-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  characteristic  of,  based  on,  or 
distinguishing,  sex  ;  pertaining  to 
the  organs  of  generation. 

sex-u-al-i-ty  (-al'i-ti),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  distinguished 
by  sex. 

sex-u-al-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  attribute 
sex  to. 

sex-u-al-ly  ('u-al-li),  adv.  in  a 
sexual  manner ;  with  reference  or 
relation  to  sex. 

sex-u-al-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  attribute 
sex  to. 

shabbily  (shab'i-li),  adv.  in  a 
shabby  manner. 

shab-bi-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  shabby. 

shabby  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  shab- 
bier, superl.  shabbiest],  thread- 
bare or  worn,  as  clothes ;  mean  in 
appearance  or  conduct ;  despica- 
ble. 

shack  (shak),  n.  shabby  old 
house  ;  hut ;  log  cabin. 

shack  (shak),  n.  liberty  of  winter 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vute,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


sha 


756 


sha 


pasturage  from  harvest  to  seed- 
time ;  a  tramp. 

shack-le  (sliak'l),  n.  anything 
that  confines  the  hands  or  legs 
or  obstructs  free  action,  as  gyves ; 
fetters ;  handcuffs ;  the  bar  of  a 
padlock :  v.t.  to  fetter ;  embarrass 
or  hinder ;  unite  or  fasten  with 
a  shackle. 

shad  (shad),  n.  an  anadromous 
fish,  valued  as  food. 

shade  (shad),  n.  comparative  ob- 
scurity caused  by  the  interception 
of  the  rays  of  light ;  darkness ;  a 
shady  place  ;  gradation  of  light ; 
screen  or  cover ;  the  soul  after 
death :  pi.  wine  vaults :  v.t.  to 
screen  from  light  or  heat ;  darken 
or  obscure;  shelter;  paint  in  ob- 
scure colors ;  mark  with  gradation 
of  light  or  color. 

sha-di-ly  ('di-li),  adv.  in  a  shady 
manner. 

sha-ding  ('ding),  n.  the  act  of 
making  a  shade  ;  representation  of 
light  and  shade. 

shad-ow  (shad'o),  «.  shade  -with- 
in defined  limits ;  shade  or  dep- 
rivation of  light  representing  on 
a  surface  the  forms  of  the  body 
which  intercepts  the  rays  of 
light;  dark  part  of  a  picture; 
obscurity  or  darkness  ;  protection 
or  security  ;  reflected  image  ;  faint 
representation ;  inseparable  com- 
panion ;  small  degree  ;  a  detective  : 
v.t.  to  shade ;  darken  or  cloud ; 
conceal  or  screen ;  represent  typi- 
cally ;  attend  closely  as  a  shadow  ; 
follow  and  watch  closely,  as  a 
detective. 

shad  ow-i-ness  (-i-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  shadowy. 

shad-ow-ing    (-ing),  n.  shading. 

shad  ow-y  ('i),  adj.  full  of.  or 
causing,  shade  or  shadows ; 
sheltered  from  light  or  heat ;  dim  ; 
unreal ;  typical. 

sha  dy  (sha'di),  adj.  [comp. 
shadier,  supcrl.  shadiest],  abound- 
ing in,  or  causing,  shade ;  shel- 
tered from  the  glare  of  light  or 
heat;  pertaining  to  darkness;  du- 
bious ;  equivocal. 

shaft  (shaft),  n.  an  arrow;  any- 
thing resembling  an  arrow ;  the 
long  narrow  entrance  to  a  mine; 
carriage-pole ;  handle ;  part  of  a 
chimney ;  body  of  a  column  be- 
tween the  base  and  the  capital. 


shaft-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  system  of 
shafts  for  transmitting  power. 

shag  (shag),  n.  a  kind  of  tobac- 
co ;  rough,  woolly  hair ;  a  bushy 
mass. 

shag-gi-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  shaggy. 

shag-gy  ('i),  adj.  rough  with  long 
hair  or  wool;  rough;  rugged. 

sha- green,  (sha-gren'),  n.  the 
skins  of  various  animals,  as 
horses,  donkeys,  prepared  without 
tanning,  and  grained  to  resemble 
the  skins  of  sharks ;  the  rough 
skin  of  sharks  and  dogfishes  pre- 
pared as  leather :  adj.  made  of 
shagreen. 

shah  (shil),  n.  the  sovereign  of 
Persia. 

shake  (shak),  v.t.  [p.t.  shook, 
p.p.  shaken,  p.pr.  shaking],  to 
cause  to  shiver ;  move  with  a 
quick,  short  motion ;  agitate ; 
make  afraid ;  give  a  tremulous 
note ;  to  vibrate :  v.i.  to  tremble 
or  quake. 

8yn.    tremble,    shudder,    shiver, 
quiver,  quake. 

shake-down  ('doun),  n.  a  tem- 
porary bed. 

shak-en  ('n),  p.adj.  agitated; 
cracked  or  split. 

Shak-er  ('er),  n.  one  of  a  religious 
communistic  sect  that  practices 
dancing  in  worship.  Fern.  Shak- 
eress. 

Shak-er  ism  ('izm),  n.  the  doc- 
trines or  tenets  of  the  Shakers. 

Shake  spear-e-aii  (shak-sper'e- 
an),  adj.  pertaining  to,  resem- 
bling, or  characteristic  of,  Shake- 
speare or  his  works.  Also  Shake- 
spearian, Shaksperian. 

shak-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  shaky. 

shak-o  (shak'o),  n.  a  kind  of  mili- 
tary cap. 

shak-y  (shak'i),  adj.  [comp. 
shakier,  superl,  shakiest],  in  a 
shaking  condition  ;  feeble ;  full  of 
cracks ;  unsound. 

shale  (shal),  n.  a  husk;  a  lam- 
inated argillaceous  rock. 

shall  (shal),  v.i.  &  auxil.  [p.t. 
should],  to  be  under  obligation: 
used  in  the  future  tense  of  the 
verb. 

shalloon  (-oon').  n.  a  kind  of 
twilled  worsted  stuff. 

shal  -  lop     ('op),    n.    a    schooner- 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  theu. 


sha 


757 


sha 


rigjred  two-masted  boat ;  a  small 
boat  or  canoe. 

slial-lot    ('ot),   n.   the  eschalot. 

shal-low  ('6),  adj.  having  little 
depth  ;  not  profound  ;  superficial ; 
trifling ;  a  flat  place  where  the 
water  is  not  deep ;  shoal :  v.i.  to 
become  shallow. 

Xi/n.    superficial,    flimsy,    slight. 
Ant.  (see  deep). 

sham  (sham),  n.  a  trick,  fraud, 
or  make-believe  ;  imposture  ;  coun- 
terfeit :  adj.  feigned ;  false ;  un- 
real :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  shammed, 
p.pr.  shamming],  to  make  false 
pretenses :  v.t.  to  make  a  pre- 
tense of  in  order  to  deceive. 

sham-hie  (sham'bl).  v.i.  to  walk 
awkwardly  and  unsteadily ;  shuf- 
fle :  n.pl.  a  slaughter-house ;  meat- 
market. 

sham-hling  ('bling).  n.  an  awk- 
ward, unsteady  pace. 

shame  (sham),  n.  a  painful  sen- 
sation caused  by  the  sense  of 
guilt,  impropriety,  or  dishonor ; 
that  which  causes  shame ;  re- 
proach incurred  or  suffered ; 
modesty  or  decorum :  v.t.  to  make 
ashamed ;  cause  to  blush ;  cover 
with  disgrace. 

Kyn.   disgrace,   dishonor. 
Ant.  (see  honor). 

shame-faced  ('fast),  adj.  bash- 
ful. 

shameful  ('fool),  adi.  causing 
shame  ;  disgraceful ;  indecent. 

Syn.  degrading,  scandalous,  dis- 
graceful, outrageous. 
Ant.  (see  honorable). 

shame-fnl-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a 
shameful  manner. 

sham-mer  (sham'er),  n.  one  who 
shams. 

sham-in y   ('i).  n.  chamois. 

sham-poo  (-poo'),  v.t.  \p.t.  & 
p.p.  shampooed,  p.pr.  shampoo- 
ing], to  rub  and  press  (the  limbs 
and  joints)  after  a  hot  bath;  to 
cleanse  and  rub  (the  head)  with 
soap,  &c. :  n.  the  act  of  sham- 
pooing. 

sham-poo-er  ('er),  n.  one  who 
shampoos. 

sham-rock  ('rok),  n.  a  trefoil 
clover  plant ;  the  Irish  national 
emblem. 

shank  (shangk).  n.  the  leg  from 
the  knee  to  the  ankle ;  long  part 


of  any  instrument ;  body  of  a 
type. 

shan-ty   (shan'ti),  n.  a  rude  hut. 

shap-a-ble  (shap'a-bl).  adj.  that 
may  be  shaped ;  shapely. 

shape  (shap),  n.  the  form  or 
figure  of  a  thing ;  external  ap- 
pearance ;.  pattern :  v.t.  to  make 
into  a  particular  form ;  fashion ; 
regulate  ;  conceive. 

Syn.  form,  fashion,  mold,  model. 

shape-li-ness  ('li-nes).  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  shapely. 

shape-ly  ('li),  adj.  well-formed; 
symmetrical ;  comely. 

shard   (shard),  n.  a  potsherd. 

share  (shar).  n.  a  portion  or 
part ;  part  allotted  or  belonging 
to  one  ;  dividend  ;  plowshare  :  v.t. 
to  part  among  two  or  more ; 
divide ;  take  or  possess  in  com- 
mon ;  partake  of  or  use  with 
others :  v.i.  to  have  a  share  or 
part. 

_  Syn.  portion,  lot,  division,  quan- 
tity, quota,  contingent. 

share-bro-ker  ('bro-ker).  n.  one 
who  deals  in  railway  or  other 
shares. 

shark  (shark),  n.  a  large  vora- 
cious fish  with  sharp  teeth ;  a 
rapacious,  artful  fellow. 

sharp  (sharp),  adj.  having  a  very 
thin  edge  or  fine  point ;  terminat- 
ing in  an  edge  or  point ;  very  thin  ; 
peaked  or  ridged  ;  keen  ;  severe ; 
acute ;  subtle :  n.  a  character 
(#)  in  music  which  raises  a  note 
a  semitone. 

X;/ft.  acute,  keen. 
Ant.    (see   dull). 

sharp-en  ('en),  v.t.  to  make 
sharp  or  sharper ;  give  edge  or 
point  to ;  make  more  acute :  r.i.  to 
become  sharp;  play  tricks  in  bar- 
gaining. 

sharp-er  Cer),  n.  a  cheat; 
swindler. 

shat-ter  (shat-er),  v.t.  to  break 
into  many  pieces  at  once ;  crack 
or  rend ;  overthrow  :  dissipate : 
n.pl.  broken  fragments. 

shave  (shnv),  v.t  to  cut  or  pare 
off  with  a  razor  or  other  sharp- 
edged  instrument ;  cut  in  thin 
slices ;  skim  along  or  near  the 
surface  of;  plunder  or  fleece:  v.i. 
to  use  the  razor  in  removing  hair : 
n.  a  thin  slice ;  the  operation  of 


late,  m&r,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  inoon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


aha 


758 


She 


shaving ;  an  instrument  for  shav- 
ing hoops.  &c. 

sliav-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or  that 
which,  shaves ;  a  barber ;  a  young- 
ster. 

shav-ing  ('ing),  n,  the  act  of  one 
who  shaves ;  a  thin  slice  pared  off. 

shawl  (shawl),  n.  a  square  cloth 
of  various  materials  used  as  a 
loose  outer  covering  for  the 
shoulders,  &c. :  v.t.  to  cover  or 
wrap  with  a  shawl. 

shawm  (shawm),  n.  an  ancient 
wind  instrument. 

shea  (she'u),  n.  a  tropical  tree 
yielding  a  kind  of  butter  or  solid 
oil. 

sheaf  (shef),  n.  [pi.  sheaves 
(shevz)],  a  quantity  of  grain 
bound  together ;  a  bundle ;  number 
of  arrows  sufficient  to  fill  a 
quiver :  v.t.  to  gather  or  bind  into 
sheaves. 

shear  (sher),  v.t.  [p.t.  sheared, 
p.p.  sheared  or  shorn,  p.pr.  shear- 
ing], to  cut  or  clip,  especially 
with  shears ;  reap :  v.i.  to  use 
shears :  n.pl.  a  cutting  Instrument 
operating  like  scissors,  but  larger  : 
an  apparatus  for  raising  heavy 
weights. 

shear-steel  ('stel),  n.  a  kind  of 
fine  steel,  especially  tempered,  &c. 

shear-wa-ter  ('waw-ter),  n.  a 
kind  of  gull. 

sheath  (sheth),  n.  a  scabbard; 
any  sheath-like  covering. 

sheathe  (sheth),  v.t.  to  put  into 
a  sheath  or  scabbard ;  case  with 
a  protecting  covering. 

sheave  (shev),  n.  a  grooved  wheel 
in  a  block  or  pulley  over  which 
the  rope  runs. 

She  chi-iiah  (she-ki'na),  n.  the 
visible  presence  of  Jehovah  mani- 
fested from  the  mercy-seat  and 
reflected  from  the  overshadowing 
cherubim.  Also  Shekinah. 

shed  (shed),  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  shed, 
p.pr.  shedding],  to  pour  out  or 
diffuse;  cause  to  flow  out;  emit: 
v.i.  to  let  fall  or  cast  off  seed : 
n.  a  slight  building. 

sheen  (shen),  n.  brightness: 
splendor:  nil],  bright;  glittering. 
Also  sheeny :  v.i.  to  shine  or  glis- 
ten. 

sheep  (shep),  «.,  s.  &  pi.  any 
ruminant  animal  of  the  genus 
Ovis,  valued  for  its  wool  and 


flesh ;  a  foolish,  bashful  fellow : 
pi.  God's  people,  as  being  under 
the  care  of  the  Good  Shepherd, 
Jesus  Christ. 

sheer  (sher),  adj.  pure;  unmixed; 
very  thin  or  transparent ;  precipi- 
tous :  v.i.  to  deviate  from  the 
proper  course. 

sheers,  same  as  shears. 

sheet  (shet),  n.  a  large  thin  slice 
of  anything ;  broad  piece  of  linen 
to  cover  a  bed ;  broad  piece  of 
paper  ;  letter :  newspaper ;  broad 
expanse  or  surface;  rope  attached 
to  a  sail  to  extend  it ;  open  space 
in  the  bow_or  stern  of  a  boat. 

sheik  (shek,  or  shfik),  n.  the 
head  of  a  Bedouin  family,  tribe, 
or  clan. 

shek-el  (shek'el),  n.  an  ancient 
Jewish  coin  :  shekels  ;  money. 

She-ki-nah,  same  as  Shechinah. 

shel-drake  (shePdrak),  n.  a  kind 
of  duck.  Fcm.  shelduck. 

shelf  (shelf),  n.  [pi.  shelves 
(shelvz)],  a  flat  ledge  or  board 
for  holding  anything;  a  sand- 
bank or  flat  projecting  ledge  of 
rock. 

shell  (shel),  n.  a  hard  outside 
covering  ;  any  framework  ;  rough 
kind  of  coffin  ;  a  hollow  projectile  ; 
lightly  constructed  boat:  v.t.  to 
strip  off  or  remove  the  shell  of ; 
take  out  of  the  shell ;  separate 
from  the  ear  or  cob  ;  throw  shells 
upon  or  into :  v.i.  to  fall  off,  as 
a  shell. 

shel-lac  (-ak').  n.  crude  resin  lac 
melted  and  formed  into  thin 
plates. 

shel-ter  ('ter),  n.  that  which  pro- 
tects or  shields;  security:  asy- 
lum; harbor;  defense;  protector: 
v.t.  to  protect  or  shield  from  in- 
jury or  violence ;  conceal :  v.i.  to 
take  or  give  shelter. 

Syn.     cover,     defend,     protect, 
screen,  shield. 

shel-tie   Cti),  n.  a  Shetland  pony. 

shelve  (shelv),  v.t.  to  place  on  a 
shelf;  furnish  with  a  shelf;  dis- 
miss from  service,  or  postpone  in- 
definitely :  v.i.  to  incline  gradual- 
ly ;  slope. 

slielv-ing  ('ing),  n.  materials 
for  shelves  ;  shelves  collectively. 

She  ol  (she'dl).  n.  among  the 
Hebrews  the  place  of  departed 
spirits ;  Hades. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin,  then. 


she 


759 


sho 


shep-herd  (shep'erd),  n.  one  who 
tends  sheep ;  a  pastor.  Fern,  shep- 
herdess :  v.t.  to  tend  as  a  shep- 
herd. 

slier-bet  (sher'bet),  n.  a.  cooling 
beverage  of  water  and  fruit  juices 
sweetened,  &c. 

sherd   (sherd),  n.  a  fragment. 

sher-iff  ('if),  n.  the  chief  ex- 
ecutive officer  of  a  shire  or  county. 

sher-iff-al-ty  (-al-ti),  n.  the  office 
or  jurisdiction  of  a  sheriff. 

sher-ry  ('i),  n.  a  dry  amber-col- 
ored wine,  originally  obtained 
from  Xeres,  Spain. 

shew,  same  as  show. 

shib  -  bo  -  leth  (shib'o-leth) ,  n. 
[Heb.]  a  word  which  was  made 
the  criterion  to  distinguish  the 
Ephraimites  from  the  Gileadites, 
the  former  not  being  able  to  pro- 
nounce sh  (Judges  xii.)  :  hence 
the  criterion  of  a  party. 

shied,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  shy. 

shield  (sheld),  n.  a  broad  piece 
of  defensive  armor,  carried  on 
the  left  arm  ;  defense  or  protec- 
tion ;  an  escutcheon  :  v.t.  to  pro- 
tect with,  or  as  with,  a  shield ; 
ward  off  or  avert. 

shift  (shift),  n.  a  turning  from 
one  thing  to  another ;  changs ; 
substitution ;  chemise :  v.t.  to 
change  the  place  of;  dress  in 
fresh  clothes :  r.i.  resort  to  ex- 
pedients ;  to  alter  or  change. 

shift-less  ('les),  adj.  destitute  of 
expedients :  having  no  means  of 
livelihood  :  lazy  :  improvident. 

shift-y  ('i),  adj.  full  of  ex- 
pedient" ;  changeable. 

shil-la-lah  (shil-a'lA),  n.  an  oak- 
en cudgel.  Also  shillelah,  shille- 
lagh [Irish]. 

shilling  ('ing),  n.  a  silver 
British  coin,  value  about  24 
cents. 

shil-ly-shal-ly  ('i-shal'i),  adv.  in 
an  irresolute,  undecided  manner: 
v.i.  to  hesitate ;  act  irresolutely. 

Shi-loh  (shi'lo),  n.  the  Messiah 
[Hebrew], 

shimmer  (shim'er),  v.t.  to  shine 
unsteadily  or  tremulously  :  flicker  : 
n.  a  tremulous  gleam ;  flicker. 

shi-mose  (shi'mos),  n.  a  powerful 
explosive,  used  by  Japan. 

shin  (shin),  n.  the  forepart  of  the 
leg  between  the  ankle  and  knee  ; 


shank :   v.i.  to  climb   a   tree,   &c., 
by  means  of  iht  hands  and  legs. 

shin-dy  ('di),  n.  an  uproar; 
spree ;  fancy. 

shine  (shm),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p-p. 
shone,  p.pr.  shining],  to  em!* 
rays  of  light ;  be  bright  or  beauti- 
ful ;  be  distinguished,  eminent,  or 
conspicuous :  v.t.  to  cause  to  shine 
by  reflected  light :  n.  sunshine ; 
bright  weather ;  row ;  prank ; 
fancy  for  a  person. 

Syn.      glare,      glitter,      radiate, 
sparkle. 

shin-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  shines ;  the  dace ;  a 
gold  coin. 

shin-gle  (shing'gl),  n.  a  thin 
piece  of  wood  used  for  roofing ; 
coarse,  round,  water-worn  gravel : 
pi.  a  cutaneous  disease  which 
spreads  round  the  body  like  a 
belt :  v.t.  to  cover  or  roof  with 
shingles. 

shin-ing  (shln'ing),  adj.  emitting 
light ;  radiant ;  eminent ;  distin- 
guished. 

Shin-to-ism  (shin'to-izm),  n.  the 
native  religion  of  Japan,  a  system 
of  nature  and  ancestor  worship, 
associated  with  which  is  the  pecu- 
liar reverence  paid  to  the  Mikado. 
Also  Shinto. 

Shin-to-ist  (-ist),  n.  an  adherent 
of  Shintoism. 

shin-ty  ('ti).  n.  hockey;  the  club 
used  in  playing  it  L Scotch]. 

shin-y  (slrin'i),  adj. [comp.  shinier, 
«it perl,  shiniest],  diffusing  light; 
bright. 

ship,  a  suffix  meaning  office,  state, 
dignity,  art.  or  skill,  as  lordship, 
horsemans/a'p. 

ship  (ship),  n.  any  large  vessel 
for  the  conveyance  of  passengers 
or  merchandise,  especially  one 
with  three  masts  and  square- 
rigged:  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  shipped. 
p.pr.  shipping],  to  place  on  board 
a  ship;  carry  by  water;  put  in  its 
place  or  proper  position  :  v.i.  en- 
gage for  service  on  board  ship. 

ship-board  ('bord),  n.  the  deck  of 
a  ship. 

ship-shape  ('shap),  adj.  in  good 
order :  adv.  neatly. 

shock-er  (shok'er),  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  shocks ;  cheap  sen- 
sational novel. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sho 


760 


sho 


shock-ing  ('ing),  adj.  causing  to 
shake  or  tremble  ;  extremely  offen- 
sive or  disgusting. 

shod,  p.t.  of  shoe. 

shod-dy  (shod'i),  n.  the  wool  of 
old  woolen  fabrics  torn  to  pieces 
and  remade  with  an  admixture  of 
fresh  wool  into  new  cloth :  adj. 
made  of  shoddy ;  not  genuine ; 
sham. 

shoe  (shoo),  n.  [pi.  shoes 
(shooz)],  a  low  covering  for  the 
foot,  usually  of  leather ;  a  horse- 
shoe ;  anything  in  the  shape  of  a 
shoe :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  shod,  p.pr. 
shoeing],  to  furnish  with  a  shoe 
or  shoes ;  tip. 

shone,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  shine. 

shook  (shook),  p.t.  of  shake:  n. 
a  set  of  staves  and  headings  for 
a  cask  ready  to  be  set  up ;  set 
of  boards  for  a  sugar-box :  v.t.  to 
rack  in  shocks. 

shoot  (shoot),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
shot,  p.pr.  snooting],  to  let  fly 
or  discharge  with  a  sudden  force 
as  a  bullet,  &c. ;  strike  with  a 
shot ;  hurl ;  emit ;  kill  game  in  or 
over:  v.i.  to  protrude  or  project; 
be  shot  or  propelled  forcibly ; 
rush  along ;  sprout ;  be  affected 
with  darting  pains :  n.  a  young 
branch  or  growth  ;  chute. 

shoot-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
one  who  snoots ;  wounding  and 
killing  with  a  firearm  ;  sensation 
of  darting  pain :  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  suitable  for,  shooting. 

shop  (shop),  n.  a  building  where 
goods  are  sold  by  retail ;  place 
where  mechanics  carry  on  their 
trade :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  shopped, 
p.pr.  shopping],  to  visit  shops  to 
purchase  goods. 

shop-lift-ing  ('lift-ing),  n.  steal- 
ing goods  from  a  shop. 

shore  (sh6r),  n.  the  coast  or  land 
adjacent  to  the  sea,  &c. ;  a  prop 
or  support :  v.t.  to  support  by  a 
shore  or  shores. 

shor-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of  sup- 
porting or  strengthening  by  a 
shore ;  props  collectively. 

shorn,  p.t.  of  shear. 

short  (short),  adj.  [comp. 
shorter,  supcrl.  shortest],  not 
long  either  in  space  or  time ;  near 
at  hand ;  inadequate  ;  defective  ; 
deficient ;  not  tenacious  ;  abrupt ; 


petulant ;  brief ;  brittle ;  crum- 
bling in  the  mouth ;  not  prolonged 
in  sound :  pi.  ground  grain  sifted 
finer  than  bran :  adv.  abruptly ; 
quickly. 

Syn.    brief,    concise,      succinct, 
summary. 

Ant.    (see  long). 

short-en  ('n),  v.t.  to  make  short 
or  shorter  in  time,  extent,  or 
measure. 

short-hand  ('hand),  n.  a  system 
of  writing  by  abbreviated  sym- 
bols. 

short-ly  ('li),  adv.  soon;  quickly; 
curtly. 

short-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  short. 

shot  (shot),  n.  [pi.  shots  and 
shot] ,  the  act  of  shooting ;  dis- 
charge of  a  firearm,  &c. ;  missile, 
especially  a  bullet  or  ball ;  small 
balls  of  lead  for  killing  game :  a 
marksman  ;  range  of  a  missile :  v.t. 
to  load  with  shot. 

shot-silk  ('silk),  n.  a  silk  fabric 
having  the  warp  and  weft  of  two 
colors,  thus  presenting  changeable 
tints. 

should,  p.t.  of  shall. 

shoul-der  (shol'der),  n.  the  ar- 
ticulation connecting  the  human 
arm,  or  the  foreleg  of  a  quadruped, 
to  the  body ;  that  which  resembles 
a  shoulder ;  a  prominence ;  sup- 
port :  pi.  the  upper  nart  of  the 
back  :  v.t.  to  take  upon  the  shoul- 
der ;  assume  the  responsibility  of ; 
jostle  or  thrust  about  with  the 
shoulder. 

shout  (shout),  n.  a  loud  and  sud- 
den cry  or  outburst  of  joy,  tri- 
umph, encouragement,  &c. :  v.i.  to 
utter  a  loud  and  sudden  cry :  v.t. 
to  utter  with  a  shout. 

shove  (shuv),  n.  a  forcible  push: 
v.t.  to  push  along ;  drive  before 
one :  v.i.  to  push  forward  or  off. 

shov-el  ('!),  M.  an  implement  with 
a  broad  scoop  and  a  handle  for 
lifting  and  throwing  coal,  &c. : 
v.t.  to  take  and  throw  up  with  a 
shovel ;  gather  up  with,  or  as 
with,  a  shovel. 

show  (sho),  v.t.  [p.t.  showed,  p.p. 
shown,  p.pr.  showing],  to  present 
to  view  ;  display  ;  disclose  ;  make 
clear ;  guide  ;  direct ;  teach  ;  con- 
fer or  bestow :  v.i.  to  appear ; 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  miite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sho 


761 


shu 


manifest  one's  self:  n.  ihe  act  of 
showing ;  exposure  to  sight ;  os- 
tentatious display ;  exhibition  or 
spectacle ;  pretense. 

Syn.  indicate,  mark,  point  out, 
exhibit,  display. 

show-er  (shou'er),  n.  a  fall  of 
rain  or  hail  of  short  duration ; 
copious  fall  or  supply  of  any- 
thing: v.t.  to  water  copiously  with 
rain  ;  bestow  liberally :  v.i.  to  rain 
in  showers. 

show-er  i-ness  (-i-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  showery. 

show-er-y  (shou'er-i),  adj.  rain- 
ing or  abounding  in  showers. 

show-i-ly  (shu'i-li),  adv.  in  a 
showy  manner. 

show  i  ness    ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
and  a  bursting  charge, 
tentation  ;  parade. 

show-y  ('i),  adj.  ostentatious; 
gay. 

shrank,    p.t.    of    shrink. 

shrap  nel-shell  ( shrap'nel-shel ) , 
n.  a  projectile  filled  with  bullets 
and  a  bursting  charge. 

shred,  (shred),  n.  a  long  narrow 
piece  torn  or  cut  off ;  piece  or 
fragment :  v.t.  to  tear  into  small 

£ieces. 
rew     (shroo),     n.     a     scolding, 
vexatious    woman ;    a    small,    in- 
sectivorous, burrowing  animal,  re- 
sembling a  mouse. 

shrewd  (shrood),  adj.  sharp-wit- 
ted or  clever  in  practical  affairs ; 
of  nice  discernment ;  sagacious ; 
sly  ;  astute. 

shrew-ish  (shroo'isli),  adj.  like  a 
shrew. 

shriek  (shrek),  v.i.  to  utter  a 
shriek :  n.  a  sharp,  shrill  outcry. 

shriev-al-ty  (shrev'Al-ti),  n.  the 
office  or  jurisdiction  of  a  sheriff. 
Also  shrivalty. 

shrift  (shrift),  n.  confession  to  a 
priest ;  absolution. 

shrike  (shrlk),  n.  a  bird  that 
preys  on  small  birds  and  insects 
and  impales  them  on  thorns  to 
eat  them  conveniently ;  the  butch- 
er-binl. 

shrill  (shrill,  adj.  sharp  and 
piercing  in  tone :  v.i.  to  utter  an 
acute,  piercing  sound. 

shrimp  (shrimp),  n.  a  small  shell- 
fish allied  to  the  lobster :  any- 
thing very  small  of  its  kind ;  a 
dwarf. 


shrine  (shrm),  n.  a  case  or  re- 
ceptacle in  which  sacred  relics 
are  deposited  ;  any  sacred  place  or 
hallowed  object ;  an  altar :  v.t.  to 

£lace  in  a  shrine. 
rink  (shringk),  v.i.  [p.t. 
shrank,  p.p.  shrunk,  p.pr.  shrink- 
ing], to  contract  spontaneously; 
become  wrinkled  ;  withdraw  ;  re- 
coil :  v.t.  to  cause  to  contract : 
n.  contraction  ;  withdrawal. 

shrink-age  ('aj),  n.  the  act  of 
shrinking ;  contraction  ;  decrease 
in  value. 

shrive  (shriv),  v.t.  [p.t.  shrived 
or  shrove,  p.p.  shriven,  p.pr.  shriv- 
ing], to  confess  and  absolve:  v.i. 
to  receive  confession. 

shriv-el  (shriv'l),  v.i.  to  be  drawn 
into  wrinkles ;  contract :  v.t.  to 
cause  to  contract  into  wrinkles. 

shroud  (shroud),  n.  a  winding 
sheet  or  covering  for  the  dead ; 
anything  that  covers  or  conceals : 
pi.  a  set  of  large  ropes  supporting 
the  masts :  v.t.  to  cover  with,  or 
as  with,  a  shroud  ;  conceal. 

shrove,    p.t.   of    shrive. 

Shrove  Tues-day  ( shrov  tuz'da ) , 
n.  the  Tuesday  next  before  Ash 
Wednesday. 

shrub  (shrub),  n.  a  woody  plant 
of  less  size  than  a  tree ;  a  kind 
of  beverage  of  lemon  juice,  spirit, 
&c. 

shrub-ber-y  Cer-i),  n.  [pi.  shrub- 
beries (-iz)],  a  collection  of 
shrubs ;  plantation  of  shrubs. 

shrug  (shrug),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
shrugged,  p.pr.  shrugging],  to  con- 
tract or  draw  up  (the  shoulders) 
to  express  doubt,  contempt,  dis- 
like, &c. :  v.i.  to  raise  the 
shoulders :  n.  a  raising  or  con- 
tracting of  the  shoulders. 

shrunk,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  shrink. 

shrunk-en  (shrungk'en) ,  p. adj. 
shriveled  up. 

shuck  (shuck),  n.  a  shell  or  husk  : 
v.t.  to  deprive  of  shells  or  husks. 

shud-der  (shud'er),  n.  a  trem- 
bling with  fear  or  horror ;  cold 
shivering :  v.i.  to  feel  a  cold 
tremor  from  fear  or  horror ; 
quake. 

shnd-der-ing  (-ing),  p.adj.  trem- 
bling as  with  fear  or  horror. 

shuf-fle  (shuf'l),  v.t.  to  push  from 
one  to  another ;  change  the  rela- 
tive positions  of :  v.i.  to  change 


late,  m'dr,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  ho,  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ShU 


762 


sid 


the  order  of  cards  in  a  pack ; 
pvade  fair  questions  ;  prevaricate  ; 
drag  the  feet  in  walking  or  danc- 
ing :  n.  the  act  of  shuffling ; 
(artifice  or  evasion ;  slovenly,  ir- 
regular gait. 

shuffler  ('ler),  n.  one  who 
shuffles ;  an  American  duck. 

shnf  -fling  ('ling),  adj.  moving 
with  a  slovenly,  irregular  gait ; 
evasive. 

shun  (shun),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
shunned,  p.pr.  shunning],  to 
avoid ;  keep  clear  of ;  escape 
from  ;  neglect ;  decline. 

•hunt  (shunt),  v.t.  to  turn  off, 
on,  or  as  on,  a  side  rail :  v.i.  to 
be  turned  aside:  n.  a  turning  off 
to  a  side  rail ;  a  short  side  rail. 

shut  (shut),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
shut,  p.pr.  shutting],  to  close  so 
as  to  prevent  entrance  or  exit ; 
prohibit  or  bar;  exclude;  close 
over :  v.i.  to  become  closed :  adj. 
closed. 

shut-ter  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  shuts ;  a  movable 
screen  for  a  window. 

shut-tie  ('!),  n.  an  instrument 
used  in  weaving ;  sliding  thread- 
holder  in  a  sewing  machine. 

shut-tle-cock  (-kok).  n.  a  cork 
stuck  with  feathers  and  driven 
with  a  battledore. 

shy  (shi),  adj.  [comp.  shyer, 
superl.  shyest],  timid;  shunning 
approach  ;  cautious  ;  reserved  ; 
suspicious ;  modest :  v.i.  to  start 
aside  from  fear :  v.t.  to  throw 
sidewise  with  a  jerk ;  fling :  n. 
the  act  of  starting  aside  from 
fear ;  a  side  throw. 

shy-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  shy  man- 
ner. 

shy-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  of 
being  shy. 

shy-ster  Cster),  n.  one  who  car- 
ries on  legal  business  in  a  mean 
and  tricky  manner. 

si  (se),  the  seventh  note  of  the 
scale  [Music]. 

Si-a-mese  (si-a-meV),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Siam,  its  language,  or 
inhabitants. 

sib-i-lance  (sib'i-lans),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  sibilant. 
Also  sibilancy. 

sib-i-lant    ('i-lant),    adj.    making, 


or   uttering,    a  hissing   sound :    n. 
a  sibilant  letter,  as  s.  z. 

sib  i  la  tion  (-ja'shun),  n.  utter- 
ance with  a  hissing  sound. 

sib-yl  ('il),  n.  a  woman  endowed 
with  a  spirit  of  prophecy. 

sib-yl-line  (-in),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  uttered,  or  written  by.  a  sibyl. 

sic  (sik),  adj.  such  [Scotch]-:  adv. 
thus  [Latin]. 

sic-ca-tive     ('a-tiv),    adj.    drying. 

sice  (sis),  n.  the  number  0  at  dice. 

sick  (sikj,  adj.  ill  in  health;  af- 
fected with  nausea ;  inclined  to 
vomit ;  disgusted  ;  indisposed  ;  set 
apart  for  the  sick. 

Syn.  diseased,  sickly,  unhealthy, 
morbid. 

Ant.   (see  healthy). 

sick-en  ('n),  v.i.  to  become  sick; 
fall  ill ;  be  filled  with  disgust ; 
decay  or  languish :  v.t.  to  make 
sick ;  disgust. 

sick-en-ing  (-ing),  adj.  making 
sick  ;  disgusted  ;  nauseating. 

sick-ish  ('ish),  adj.  somewhat 
sick  or  ill ;  exciting  disgust. 

sick-le    ('!),  n.  a  reaping  hook. 

sick-li-ness  ('li-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  sickly  or  in  bad  health. 

sick-ly  Cli),  adj.  ailing;  weak; 
habitually  indisposed ;  producing 
disease. 

sick-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  of 
being  sick  or  in  bad  health ;  ill- 
ness ;  diseased  condition. 

si-da  (si'da),  n.  a  ligneous  Ind'an 
fiber  used  as  a  substitute  for  hemp 
and  flax. 

side  (sid),  n.  one  of  the  surfaces 
that  define  or  limit  a  solid  ;  edge ; 
part  of  a  man  or  an  animal  be- 
tween the  shoulder  and  hip  ;  slope 
or  declivity ;  party ;  position ; 
line  of  descent ;  aspect ;  affecta- 
tion or  self-assertion ;  bias  of  a 
billiard  ball :  v.i.  to  embrace  the 
cause  or  tenets  of  one  party 
against  another:  v.t.  to  stand  at 
the  side  of. 

side-board  ('b6rd),  n.  a  piece  of 
dining-room  furniture  for  hold- 
ing dining  utensils. 

side-long  (;16ng).  adv.  obliquely: 
adj.  lateral. 

si-de-re-al  (sl-de're-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  stars  :  astral ;  meas- 
ured by  the  apparent  motion  of 
the  stars. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  v5te,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sld 


763 


sig 


si-de-re-al  year  (yer),  n.  the  time 
occupied  by  the  earth  in  complet- 
ing its  revolution  round  the  sun. 

side-wheel  (sld'hwel),  n.  a  pad- 
dle wheel  at  the  side  of  a  steam- 
boat. 

side-wheel-er  ('er),  n.  a  steam- 
boat having  side-wheels. 

sid-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  railroad  track 
by  the  side  of  the  main  track, 
for  switching,  &c. :  p.adj.  taking 
sides. 

sid-le  ('!),  v.i.  to  go  or  move  side 
foremost._ 

siege  (sej),  n.  the  surrounding 
and  investing  of  a  place  by  an 
army  to  compel  its  surrender ; 
continued  endeavor  to  obtain  pos- 
session ;  £oor  of  a  glass  furnace : 
v.t.  to  besiege. 

si-en-na  (si-en'a),  n.  red  or  brown 
clay  obtained  from  Sienna,  Italy : 
used  as  a  pigment. 

si-er-ra  (se-er'a),  n.  a  chain  of 
ountains  with  serrated  ridges. 

si-es-ta  (-es'ta).  n.  midday  or 
after-dinner  nap. 

sieve  (siv),  n.  a  utensil  for  sepa- 
rating the  finer  from  the  coarser 
parts  of  a  substance. 

sif-fleur  (si-fler'),  n.  a  profes- 
sional whistler.  Fern,  siffleuse. 

sift  (sift),  v.t.  to  separate  with, 
or  as  with,  a  sieve ;  scrutinize. 

sigh  (si),  v.i.  to  inhale  and  respire 
with  a  long,  deep,  and  audible 
breathing ;  grieve  ;  lament :  v.t. 
to  express  by  sighs ;  mourn :  n. 
the  act  of  sighing. 

sight  (sit),  n.  the  act  of  seeing; 
perception  ;  visibility  ;  judgment ; 
mental  view ;  spectacle ;  view ; 
space  seen ;  a  small  piece  of  metal 
on  a  gun,  &c.,  to  guide  the  eye 
in  aiming ;  large  number  or  quan- 
tity :  v.t.  to  see ;  adjust  the  sight 
of. 

sight  li-ness  ('15-nes).  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  sightly. 

sight-ly  ('li),  adj.  pleasing  to 
tin;  eye. 

sig-moid  (sig'moid),  adj.  curved 
like  the  letter  s. 

sign  (sin),  n.  a  mark,  token,  «r 
symbol ;  that  by  which  anything 
is  known  or  represente_d ;  visible 
representation ;  memorial ;  indi- 
cation ;  the  twelfth  part  of  the 
zodiac  ;  omen  ;  wonder ;  signboard  : 


v.t.  to  represent  with  a  sign ; 
signify  ;  affix  a  signature  to  :  ratify 
by  writing  one's  own  name ;  con- 
vey formally  :  v.i.  to  make  a  sign 
or  signal. 

sig-nal  (sig'nal),  n.  a  sign  for 
giving  notice,  especially  at  a  dis- 
tance ;  something  to  attract  the 
eye  or  ear:  adj.  memorable;  dis- 
tinguished ;  remarkable ;  pertain- 
ing to  signals :  v.t.  to  convey  by 
signals ;  make  signals  to. 

signalize  (-Jz),  v.t.  to  make 
especially  conspicuous. 

sig-na-to-ry  ('na-to-ri),  adj.  sign- 
ing :  n.  one  who  signs  or  sub- 
scribes, especially  for  a  state. 

sig-na-ture  Cna-tiir),  n.  name  of 
a  person  written  by  himself ;  sign- 
manual  ;  mark  or  stamp  im- 
pressed ;  flats  or  sharps  after 
the  clef  to  indicate  the  key 
[Music]. 

sig-net  (sig'net),  n.  a  seal,  es- 
pecially that  used  by  a  sovereign 
in  sealing  documents  under  sign- 
manual. 

sig-nif-i-cance  (-nif'i-kans),  n. 
meaning  or  import ;  consequence. 
Also  significancy. 

significant  (-kant),  adj.  de- 
signed or  adapted  to  signify ;  ex- 
pressive or  suggestive  ;  important : 
n.  a  token  or  symbol. 

Syn.    expressive,    material,    im- 
portant. 

Ant.   (see  insignificant). 

sig-nif-i-ca-tion  (-ka'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  signifying ;  that  which 
is  signified ;  meaning. 

Syn.  import,  sense,  meaning. 

sig-nif-i-ca-tor  (-nif'i-ka-ter).  n. 
one  who,  or  that  which,  signifies. 

sig-nif-i-ca-to-ry      (-to-ri),     adj. 

having    signification. 
jsig-ni-fy   ('ni-fi),  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p. 
signified,     p.pr.     signiiying],      to 
!    show  by  a  sign,  mark,  or  token ; 
denote ;     make     known  ;     involve ; 
manifest :    v.i.    to    be    of    conse- 
quence. 

si-gnior-y  (se'nyor-i),  n.  domin- 
ion ;  lordship  ;  estate  ;  aristocracy 
[Italian]. 

sign-man-n-al  (sin'man-u-al),  n. 
a  signature,  especially  a  royal 
signature. 

si-gnor     (se'nyor),    n     sir    [Ital- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  h§r,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pCrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


764 


ian].      Also    signior.       Fern,    si- 
gnora. 

si  -  gnor  -  i  -  na  (-e'na),  n.  Miss 
[  Italian  J. 

Sikh  (.sek),  ».  one  of  a  warlike 
race  inhabiting  the  Punjab. 

si-lage,  same  as  ensilage. 

si-lence  (sl'lens),  n.  entire  ab- 
sence of  sound  ;  having  no  sound  ; 
taciturnity:  obscurity;  oblivion: 
v.t.  to  make  silent ;  reduce  to  si- 
lence by  irrefutable  arguments  ; 
cause  to  cease  firing ;  restrain 
from  the  exercise  of  any  function, 
especially  preaching. 

Syn.    speechlessness,    dumbness. 
Ant.    (see  noise). 

si-lent      ('lent),     adj.     noiseless; 
not    speaking :     not    pronounced ; 
taciturn  :    quiet. 
ISyn.  dumb,  mute,  speechless. 
Ant.    (see  talkative). 

si-le-si-a  (si-le'shi-a),  n.  a  kind 
of  linen  cloth. 

si-lex    (si'leks),   n.   flint. 

sil-hou-ette  (sil-6o-ef),  n.  the 
outline  or  profile  filled  in  with 
black :  v.t.  to  represent  by  a  sil- 
houette. 

sil-i-ca  ('i-ka),  n.  silicon  dioxide. 

silicate  ('i-kat),  n.  a  salt  of 
silicic  acid. 

sil-i  ca-ted  (-ka-ted),  adj.  com- 
bined or  impregnated  with  silica. 

si-lic-ic  (si-lis'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  derived  from,  compounded 
with,  or  like,  silica. 

silico,  a  prefix  denoting  the 
presence  of  silicon,  as  silico- 
fluoride. 

sil  i-con  ('i-kon),  n.  a  non-metal- 
lic element. 

silk  (silk),  n.  a  fine,  soft,  tena- 
cious thread  spun  by  certain  cat- 
erpillars, as  that  of  Bombyx  mori; 
cloth  made  of  silk  ;  garment  'made 
of  silk :  adj.  pertaining  to,  or 
made  of,  silk. 

silk-en  ('en),  adj.  made  of,  or 
like,  silk. 

silk-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  silky. 

oilk-y  ('i),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
made  of,  or  resembling,  silk ;  silk- 
en. 

sill  (sil),  n.  they  foundation  of 
anything  in  timber  or  stone,  es- 
pecially a  timber  at  the  bottom 


of   a   door   or   window ;    a   young 
herring. 

sil  li-bub  ('i-bub),  n.  a  mixture 
of  cream,  wine,  or  cider,  forming 
a  soft  curd.  Also  sillabub ; 
syllabub. 

sil-li-ly    ('i-li),    adv.   foolishly. 

sil-li-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  silly. 

sil-ly  ('i),  adj.  [cornp.  sillier, 
siijK'rl.  silliest],  weak  in  intellect; 
foolish  ;  indiscreet. 

si-lo  (sl'lo),  n.  a  store  pit  for 
green  fodder,  potatoes,  &c. 

silt  (silt),  n.  mud  or  sand  de- 
posited by  running  or  standing 
water :  v.t.  to  fill  up  or  obstruct 
with  silt :  v.i.  to  percolate. 

sil-ver  (sil'ver),  n.  a  soft,  white, 
metallic  element,  used  for  coins 
and  articles  of  plate,  &c. ;  money  ; 
anything  resembling  silver  in 
brightness  or  color :  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  made  of,  silver;  soft 
and  clear,  as  the  voice ;  gentle : 
v.t.  to  cover  or  coat  with  silver. 

sil-ver-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  art  or 
process  of  covering  with  silver,  or 
with  an  amalgam  of  tin  and 
quicksilver ;  the  film  thus  laid  on. 

sil-ver-y  (-i),  adj.  covered  with, 
containing,  or  like,  silver;  soft 
and  clear ;  bright. 

sim-i-an  (sim'i-an),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  characteristic  of,  or  like 
an  ape :  n.  an  ape  or  monkey. 

sim-i-lar  ('i-lar),  adj.  having  a 
general  likeness  or  correspond- 
ence ;  alike. 

sim-i-lar-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  resem- 
blance. 

sim-i-le  ('i-le),  n.  [pi.  similes 
(-lez)],  a  likening  by  comparison 
to  illustrate  something. 

Syn.  comparison,  similitude. 

sim-i-lor  ('i-lor),  n.  an  alloy  of 
copper  and  zinc  in  imitation  of 
gold. 

sim-mer  (;er),  v.t.  &  v.i.  to  boil 
gently. 

sim-o-ny  (sim'o-ni),  n.  the  act  or 
crime  of  buying  or  selling  ec- 
clesiastical preferment ;  corrupt 
presentation  of  any  one  to  a 
benefice:  from  Simon  Mamis 
(Acts  viii.,  18). 

simoom  (si-moom'),  n.  a  hot, 
dry,  suffocating  wind  which  blows 
from  the  deserts  of  Arabia,  &c., 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mutp,  nut ;  thin,  theu. 


slm 


765 


sin 


laden    with    minute    particles    of 
sand.     Also  simoon. 

si-mous  (sl'mus),  adj.  having  a 
flat  or  snub  nose. 

sim-per  (sim'per).  v.i.  to  smile  in 
an  affected  or  silly  manner :  n. 
affected  or  silly  smile. 

sim-ple  (sim'pl),  adj.  [com p.  sim- 
pler, superl.  simplest],  single,  not 
complex  ;  undivided  ;  not  blended 
or  compounded  ;  pure  ;  plain  ;  un- 
adorned ;  sincere;  natural;  un- 
affected; intelligible;  clear;  weak 
in  intellect ;  humble ;  plain  :  n. 
something  unmixed  or  not  com- 
pounded ;  a  medicinal  herb. 

NJ//I.      single,      uncompounded, 
plain,  artless. 

Ant.  (see  complex). 

sim-ple-ton  (-tun),  n.  one  who  is 
foolish  or  of  weak  intellect. 

sim-plic-i-ty  (-plis'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  simple ; 
artlessness  of  mind  ;  freedom  from 
duplicity ;  absence  of  excessive  or 
artificial  ornament ;  clearness ; 
innocence ;  folly. 

oim  -  pli  -  fi  -  ca  -  tion  (-pli-fi-ka'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  simplifying. 

sim-pli-fy  ('pli-fl).  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  simplified,  p.pr.  simplifying], 
to  make  simple ;  render  less  com- 
plex ;  make  plain  or  easy. 

sim-ply  ('pli),  adv.  in  a  simple 
manner ;  without  addition  ;  only  ; 
merely;  foolishly  or  weakly. 

aim  u-late  (Ti-lat),  v.t.  to  pre- 
tend or  counterfeit ;  assume  the 
likeness  of. 

Ryn.      dissimulate,      dissemble, 
pretend. 

sim-u-la  tion  (-la'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  simulating  or  feigning  that 
which  is  not  true. 

sim-ul-ta-ne-ous  (-ul-tfi'ne-us) , 
adj.  happening,  done,  or  existing 
at  the  same  time. 

sin.  (sin),  n.  wilful  transgression 
of  the  Divine  law ;  neglect  of  the 
laws  of  morality  and  religion ; 
violation  of  propriety ;  transgros- 
sion ;  iniquity:  r.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
sinned,  p.pr.  sinning],  to  commit 
sin;  transgross  or  offend. 

Si-na-it-ic  (sT-na-it'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  given  at,  Mt.  Sinai 

sin-a-pism  (sin'a-pizm),  n.  a 
mustard  plaster. 

since   (sins),  adv.  from  that  time  ; 


before  this  or  now :  pi  <,„.  from 
the  time  of;  after:  con/,  because; 
seeing  that :  considering. 

sin-cere  (sin-ser'),  adj.  true; 
honest ;  not  falsely  assumed ; 
genuine  ;  frank  ;  upright ;  pure  ; 
unadulterated. 

Syn.     candid,     hearty,     honest, 
pure,  genuine,  real. 
Ant.    (see    insincere). 

sin-cere-ly  (-li.1,  adj.  in  a  sincere 
manner. 

sin-cer-i-ty  (-ser'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  sincere ; 
freedom  from  hypocrisy  or  pre- 
tense. Also  sincereness. 

sine  (sin),  n.  a  straight  line 
drawn  from  one  extremity  of  the 
arc  of  a  circle  perpendicular  to 
the  diameter  passing  through  the 
other  extremity  ;  a  prefix  meaning 
without,  as  sinecure  (sm'e-kur), 
any  office  or  position  for  which 
pay  is  received  without  an  equiva- 
lent in  work  rendered. 

sin-ew  (sin'u),  n.  a  tendon;  any- 
thing supplying  strength. 

sin-ew-y  (-5),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
consisting  of,  or  like,  sinew ;  vig- 
orous :  tough. 

sin  ful  ('fool),  adj.  full  of  sin; 
wicked  ;  impious  ;  unholy. 

sin-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  sinful 
manner. 

sing  (sing),  v.i.  [p.t.  sung,  sang, 
p.p.  sung,  p.pr.  singing],  to  utter 
melodious  sounds ;  make  a  shrill 
or  humming  noise ;  celebrate  in 
verse  or  poetry ;  cry  out :  v.t.  to 
celebrate  in  song ;  chant. 

Syn.  carol,  warble,  chant,  hum. 

singe  (sinj),  v.t.  to  burn  slightly 
or  on  the  surface :  n.  a  slight 
burn. 

sin-gle  (sing'gl),  adj.  consisting 
of  one  only  ;  alone  ;  separate ;  un- 
married ;  performed  by  one  person 
or  one  on  each  side ;  straightfor- 
ward; sincere;  honest:  v.t.  to  se- 
lect (one  person  or  thing)  from 
others;  separate:  n.  a  unit:  pi. 
reeled  and  twisted  filamonts  of 
silk ;  in  lawn  tennis,  a  game  with 
only  one  player  on  each  side. 

sin-gle-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  single ;  sin- 
cerity. 

sin-gle-ton  (-tun),  n.  a  single 
card  of  any  suit  hold  by  a  player 
at  a  deal,  as  at  whist. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he.  her,  lot :  lino,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sin 


766 


sis 


sin-gly  ('gli),  adv.  individually; 
particularly. 

sing-song  (sing'song),  n.  bad 
singing  or  poetry ;  monotonous  or 
drawling  tone :  adj.  monotonous. 

sin-gu-lar  ('gu-ler),  adj.  not 
complex  or  compound ;  alone ; 
noting  one  person  or  thing ;  un- 
common ;  unusual ;  strange  ;  extra- 
ordinary ;  eminent;  peculiar;  odd; 
unique :  n.  in  Grammar,  the  num- 
ber denoting  one  person  or  thing. 

sin-gu-lar-i-ty  (-lar'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
singularities  (-tiz)],  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  singular ;  pecu- 
liarity ;  oddity. 

sin-is-ter  ('is-ter),  adj.  inauspi- 
cious ;  unlucky  ;  evil ;  ill-omened  ; 
corrupt ;  dishonest ;  on  the  left 
hand  or  side. 

sink  (singk),  v.i.  [p.t.  sunk,  sank, 
p.p.  sunk,  sunken,  p.pr.  sinking], 
to  fall  or  go  downwards ;  rail  to 
the  bottom ;  descend  lower  and 
lower;  decline  gradually;  enter 
deeply ;  subside :  v.t.  to  cause  to 
sink ;  make  by  digging ;  lower  in 
value  or  amount ;  reduce  or  ex- 
tinguish by  payment :  n.  a  drain 
to  carry  off  dirty  or  superfluous 
water. 

sin-ner  (sin'er),  n.  one  who  sins; 
an  offender;  transgressor;  one 
who  is  unregenerate. 

sin-net  ('et).  n.  a  yarn  bound 
round  ropes  to  prevent  friction. 
Also  sennet. 

Si-nol-o-gy  (si-nol'o-ji),  n.  the 
systematized  knowledge  of  the 
Chinese  language,  literature,  laws, 
and  history. 

sin-ter  (sin'ter),  n.  crystallized 
rock  precipitated  from  mineral 
water;  scale  from  hammered  iron. 

sin-u-ate  (sin'u-at),  adj.  having 
the  margin  alternately  curved  in- 
ward and  outward. 

sin-u-os-i-ty  (-os'i-ti),  n.  a  wavy 
line ;  the  character  of  being  sin- 
uous. 

sin-u-ons  ('u-us),  adj.  bending  in 
and  out;  winding;  crooked. 

si -nus  (sl'nus).  n.  a  bay  or  recess ; 
cavity  or  depression  ;  fistula. 

sip  (sip),  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  sipped, 
p.pr.  sipping],  to  imbibe  in  small 
quantities ;  drink  out  of ;  draw 
into  the  mouth ;  taste ;  v.i.  to 
drink  a  small  quantity ;  take  a 


fluid  with  the  lips :  n.  the  act  of 
sipping ;  taste. 

si-phon  (si'fon),  n.  a  bent  pipe  or 
tube  having  one  end  longer  than 
the  other,  used  for  drawing  off 
liquids  from  a  higher  to  a  lower 
level ;  the  respiratory  tube  of  a 
mollusk;  a  siphon  bottler  v.t.  to 
convey  or  draw  off  by  a  siphon. 
Also  syphon. 

si-phon-age  (-aj),  n.  the  action 
of  a  siphon. 

Sir  (ser),  n.  the  title  of  a  baronet 
or  knight ;  a  term  of  respect. 

sir-dar  (dar'),  n.  in  India,  a 
chief ;  captain. 

sire  (sir),  n.  a  title  of  respect 
used  in  addressing  the  sovereign  ; 
father ;  head  of  a  family ;  male  of 
beasts :  v.t.  to  procreate. 

si-ren  (sl'ren),  n.  one  of  certain 
fabulous  nymphs  in  Southern 
Italy  said  to  have  sung  with  such 
sweetness  that  mariners  were 
irresistibly  lured  to  their  destruc- 
tion :  hence  a  woman  dangerous 
from  her  fascinating,  enticing 
wiles ;  a  foghorn  ;  a  South  Ameri- 
can eel-like  amphibian :  adj.  per- 
taining to,  characteristic  of,  or 
like,  a  siren  ;  bewitching. 

si-ren,  si-rene  (-ren'),  n.  an 
instrument  for  ascertaining  the 
number  of  vibrations  per  second 
corresponding  to  a  note  of  given 
pitch. 

Sir-i-us  (sir'i-us),  n.  the  dog- 
star. 

sir-loin  (ser'loin),  re.  the  loin,  or 
upper  part  of  the  loin,  of  beef. 

si-roc-co  (si-rok'o),  n.  [pi.  siroc- 
cos ('oz)l,  a  hot,  relaxing  wind, 
from  the  Libyan  deserts. 

sir-ran  (sir'n),  n.  a  term  of  re- 
proach or  contempt. 

sis-al-grass  (sis'AI-gras),  n.  the 
prepared  fiber  of  the  American 
aloe,  used  for  cordage,  &c. 

sis-kin    ('kin),  «.  a  kind  of  finch. 

siss  (sis),  n.  a  hissing  noise:  v.i, 
to  make  a  hissing  noise. 

sis-ter  (sis'ter),  n.  a  female  born 
of  the  same  parents  as  another 
person  ;  a  female  fellow-Christian  : 
a  female  of  the  same  religious 
society,  order,  or  community ; 
nun ;  one  of  the  same  kind  or 
condition. 

sister-hood     (-hood),    n.    sisters 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  hSr.  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sis 


767 


ske 


collectively ;  number  of  females 
belonging  to  the  same  religious 
society,  &c. 

sis-ter-in-law  (-in-law),  n.  [pt. 
sisters-in-law],  the  sister  of  one's 
husband  or  wife ;  wife  of  one's 
brother. 

Sis-y-phe-an  (-i-fe'nn).  adj.  per- 
taining to  Sisyphus,  condemned 
by  Pluto  to  roll  to  the  top  ot  a 
hill  a  stone  \yhich  incessantly  fell 
back  when  it  had  reached  the 
summit :  hence  incessantly  re- 
curring ;  vainly  toilsome. 

sit  (sit),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.;>.  sat,  p.pr. 
sitting],  to  rest  on  the  lower  part 
of  the  trunk  of  the  body ;  perch  ; 
rest  or  lie ;  repose  on  a  seat ;  press 
or  weigh  ;  occupy  a  seat  officially  ; 
be  officially  engaged ;  incubate ; 
hold  a  session :  v.t.  to  sit  upon. 

site  (sit),  n.  local  position  or 
situation  ;  ground-plot. 

sit-ting  (sit'ing).  adj.  resting  on 
the  haunches  ;  perching  ;  incubat- 
ing: n.  the  state,  posture,  or 
act  of  one  who  sits ;  a  seat  in  a 
church,  &c. ;  a  session  ;  time  dur- 
ing which  one  sits ;  set  of  eggs  for 
incubation. 

sit-n-ate    ('u-at),  adj.  placed. 

sit-n-a-ted  ('(i-a-tedt.  adj.  having 
a  position ;  placed  with  respect  to 
any  other  object. 

sit-u-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  posi- 
tion; locality;  circumstances; 
office ;  employment. 

Syn.  condition,  plight,  predica- 
ment, state,  position. 

sitz-bath  (sits'bfith),  n.  a  bath 
for  bathing  in  a  sitting  posture. 

six  (siks),  adj.  one  more  than  5: 
n.  thf>  number  greater  by  one  than 
5 ;  the  symbol  representing  G 
units. 

six-fold  ('fold),  adj.  6  times  as 
many  or  as  much. 

six-pence  ('pens),  n.  a  small 
British  silver  coin,  value  G  pen- 
nies, or  12  cents. 

six-penny  ('pen-i),  adj.  worth 
sixpence. 

six-score  ('skor),  n.  &  adj.  G 
times  20. 

six-teen,  ('ten),  adj.  15  and  one 
more. 

six-tcen-nio  (-mo),  n.  sextodeci- 
mo. 


six-teeiith  ('tenth),  adj.  next  in 
order  after  the  fifteenth. 

sixth  (siksth),  adj.  first  after  the 
fifth. 

six-ti-eth  (siks'ti-eth) ,  adj.  next 
in  order  after  the  fifty-ninth. 

six-ty  ('ti),  n.  [pi.  sixties  ('tiz)], 
the  product  of  G  and  10 :  adj.  10 
times  <J. 

siz-a-ble  (slz'a-bl),  adj.  of  con- 
siderable or  suitable  size. 

size  (siz),  n.  a  kind  of  thin,  weak 
glue ;  magnitude  or  bulk :  v.t.  to 
prepare  or  cover  with  size;  adjust 
or  arrange  according  to  size  or 
bulk ;  separate  by  means  of  a 
sieve. 

Si/n.     bulk,   'greatness,     magni- 
tude,  dimension. 

siz-zle  (siz'l),  v.i.  to  make  a  hiss- 
ing sound  ;  fry  :  n.  a  hissing  sound. 

skald,  same  as  scald. 

skate  (skat),  n.  a  kind  of  flat 
fish  of  the  ray  family  ;  a  metallic 
runner  fitted  in  a  frame  for  fast- 
ening to  the  boot  to  slide  over 
ice  :  v.i.  to  slide  on  skates. 

ske-dad-dle  (ske-dad'l),  v.i.  to 
run  away,  especially  in  terror. 

skein  (skiin),  n.  a  quantity  of 
thread,  silk,  &c..  coiled  together. 

skel-e-ton  (skel'e-tun),  n.  the 
bones  of  an  animal  separated 
from  the  flesh  ;  framework  of  any- 
thing;  outline;  a  secret  annoy- 
ance :  very  thin  person. 

skel-e-ton-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  make 
a  skeleton  of. 

skel-e-ton-key  (-ke) ,  n.  a  thin 
light  key,  the  center  parts  of 
\yhich  have  been  almost  wholly 
filed  away. 

skep-tic  (skep'tik).  n.  one  who 
doubts  the  truth  of  any  doctrine 
or  system ;  one  who  doubts  the 
existence  of  God  or  revelation  ;  an 
adherent  of  philosophical  skep- 
ticism. 

8yn,  deist  doubter,  atheist,   in- 
fidel. 

Ant.    (see  believer). 

skep-tic-al  (-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to.  or  characteristic  of,  a 
skeptic ;  characterized  by  skep- 
ticism ;  doubting  the  existence  of 
Cod  or  Divine  revelation. 

skep-tic-al-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a 
skeptical  manner ;  with  doubt. 

skep-ti-cism      ('ti-sizm),     n.     in- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  h<\  ];<~r,  ]<>t :  IIIIP,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot  ;  moun, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ske 


768 


ski 


credulity ;  doubt ;  the  doctrine 
that  no  facts  can  be  known  with 
certainty  beyond  the  range  of  ex- 
perience ;  unbelief  in  any  par- 
ticular doctrine  or  system. 

sketch  (skech),  n.  an  outline; 
first  rough  draft;  preliminary 
study :  v.t.  to  draw  the  outline 
or  give  principal  features  of ; 
make  a  sketch  of :  v.i.  to  make 
sketches. 

tf !/>!,.  outline,  design,  draft,  pict- 
ure, plan. 

sketch-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a 
sketchy  manner. 

sketch-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  sketchy  ; 
incompleteness. 

sketch-y  ('i).  adj.  outlined;  un- 
finished. 

skew  (sku),  adj.  oblique:  adv. 
obliquely. 

skew-er  ('er),  n.  a  pin  of  wood 
or  metal  for  securing  meat,  &c., 
in  form  when  roasting :  v.t.  to 
fasten  with,  or  as  with,  a  skewer. 

ski  (ske),  n.pl.  long  narrow 
pieces  of  wood  with  one  end 
curved  in  front,  used  as  snow- 
shoes. 

ski-a-graph  (ski'a-graf),  «.  same 
as  radiograph. 

ski-ag-ra-phy,  same  as  radiogra- 
phy. 

skid  (skid),  n.  a  sliding  vedge  or 
drag  to  retard  the  motion  of  a 
vehicle  by  pressure  against  the 
wheel;  a  fender  to  protect  the 
side  of  a  ship:  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
skidded,  p.pr.  skidding],  to  cause 
to  move  on,  or  protect  with,  a 
skid ;  retard  by  a  skid :  v.i.  to 
slip  along  obliquely. 

skid-daw  ('aw),  n.  the  black 
guillemot. 

skied,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  sky. 

skiff  (skif),  n.  a  small  light  boat. 

skil-ful  (skil'fool),  adj.  having, 
or  displaying,  skill ;  expert  in  any 
art  or  science ;  discriminating ; 
clever ;  dexterous. 

Syn.  adroit,  apt,  clever,  expert. 
Ant.    (see  awkward). 

skill  (skil),  n.  expertncss  in  any 
art  or  science ;  aptitude ;  power 
to  discern  and  execute. 

skill-ed  (skil'd),  adj.  haying  the 
knowledge  and  ability  which  come 
from  experience ;  possessing  skill. 


skill-et  ('et),  n.  a  small  culinary 
vessel. 

skil-ling  ('ing),  n.  the  bay  of  a 
barn  or  slight  addition  to  a  cot- 
tage. 

skil-ly  ('i),  n.  a  kind  of  thin  oat- 
meal broth  in  which  meat  has 
been  boiled. 

skim  (skim),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
skimmed,  p.pr.  skimming],  to  re- 
move the  scum  from ;  brush  the 
surface  of  lightly :  v.i.  to  pass 
lightly  over ;  read  superficially. 

skim-mer  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  skims ;  a  perforated 
ladle ;  a  marine  bird. 

skimp  (skimp),  v.t.  to  do  care- 
lessly or  superficially :  v.i.  to  be 
parsimonious:  adj.  scanty. 

skin  (skin),  n.  the  external  cov- 
ering of  an  animal  body ;  hide ; 
bark  or  rind ;  anything  resem- 
bling a  skin :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
skinned,  p.pr.  skinning],  to  re- 
move or  strip  the  skin  from ; 
flay ;  fleece ;  cover  with,  or  as 
with,  skin ;  reduce  to  extremities 
by  cheating,  &c. :  v.i.  to  become 
covered  over  with  skin. 

skin-flint  ('flint),  n.  a  niggard. 

skin  ful    ('fool),  n.  a  stomachful. 

skink  (skingk),  n.  a  kind  of 
lizard. 

skin-ni-ness  (skin'i-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  skinny. 

skin-ay  ('i),  adj.  consisting  only 
of  skin  ;  very  lean. 

skip  (skip),  v.t  \p.t.  &  p.p. 
skipped,  p.pr.  skipping],  to  leap 
lightly  over ;  omit :  v.i.  to  leap  or 
bound  lightly ;  pass  over  un- 
noticed :  n.  a  light  leap  or  bound ; 
omission ;  a  wicker  basket.  Also 
skep. 

skip  per  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or  that 
which,  skips  ;  the  cheese  maggot ; 
the  master  of  a  merchant  vessel ; 
sea-captain. 

skirmish  (sker'mish)  ,  n.  a  slight 
combat  or  irregular  fight  between 
two  small  parties ;  contest :  v.i. 
to  fight  slightly  or  in  small 
parties ;  fight  irregularly. 

skirr  (sker),  v.t.  to  pass  over 
rapidly. 

skirt  (skert),  n.  the  lower  and 
loose  part  of  a  coat,  dress,  or 
other  garment ;  part  below  the 
waist ;  upper  petticoat ;  midriff 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ski 


769 


sla 


of  animals  ;  margin  or  border :  v.t. 
to  cover  with  a  skirt ;  border ;  run 
or  pass  along  the  edge  of :  v.i. 
to  be  on  the  border. 

skirt-ing  ('ing),  n.  skirts  collect- 
ively ;  material  for  skirts ;  a  nar- 
row vertical  board  placed  round 
the  margin  of  a  floor. 

skit  (skit),  n.  brief  satire;  bur- 
lesque. » 

skit-tish  ('ish),  adj.  shy;  easily 
frightened  ;  volatile  ;  vivacious  ; 
wanton. 

skit-ties    Clz),  n.pl.  ninepins. 

skiv-er  (sklv'er),  n.  a  paring  tool 
for  leather ;  sheepskin  split  for 
bookbinding.  &c. 

skulk  (skulk),  v.i.  to  withdraw 
into  a  corner  for  concealment ; 
lurk ;  avoid  work  in  a  cowardly 
manner :  n.  a  skulker ;  a  num- 
ber of  foxes  together. 

skull  (skul).  n.  the  bony  case  in- 
closing the  brain  of  a  vertebrate 
animal. 

skunk  (skungk),  n.  an  American 
carnivorous  animal  allied  to  the 
weasel,  which  omits  a  foetid  secre- 
tion when  pursued ;  a  vile,  con- 
temptible fellow :  v.t.  to  defeat 
(an  opponent)  as  at  cards. 

sky  (ski),  n.  [pi.  skies  (sklz)], 
the  apparent  vault  of  the 
heavf-ns ;  region  of  clouds  sur- 
rounding the  earth ;  climate  or 
weather:  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  skied, 
p.pr.  skying],  to  raise  in  the  air; 
hang  very  high. 

sky-born  ('born),  adj.  heaven- 
born  [Poet.]. 

sky-lark  ('lark),  n.  a  species  of 
lark  that  mounts  high  in  the  air 
and  sings  as  it  soars. 

sky-lark-ing  (-ing),  n.  running 
about  the  rigging  of  a  ship  in 
sport ;  frolicking. 

sky-scra-per  Cskra-pe"r).  n.  a 
lofty  building;  a  triangular  sail 
next  above  the  royal. 

slab  (slab),  n.  a  flat  piece  of  any- 
thing, especially  marble  or  stone ; 
a  puddle ;  mire :  adj.  thick ; 
glutinous. 

slab-sided  Csi-ded),  adj.  flat- 
sided  ;  tall  and  lanky. 

slab-ber  ('e"r),  n.  saliva:  v.i.  to 
let  saliva  or  liquid  fall  from  the 
mouth. 

slack      (slak),     adj.     relaxed     or 


loose  ;  inattentive  ;  easy  or  moder- 
ate ;  not  busy  ;  backward  :  n.  that 
part  of  anything,  as  a  rope,  &c., 
that  hangs  loose. 

slack-en  ('n),  v.i.  to  become  slack 
or  less  firm,  tense,  or  rigid:  be 
remiss  or  less  diligent ;  languish  ; 
become  slower. 

slag  (slag),  n.  the  dross  of  a 
metal ;  vitrified  cinders. 

slag-gy  ('i),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  like.  slag. 

slake  (slak),  v.t.  to  quench;  ex- 
tinguish ;  mix  with  water :  v.i. 
to  be  mixed  with  water. 

slam  (slam),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
slammed,  p.pr.  slamming],  to  shut 
violently  and  with  a  loud  noise ; 
put  down  with  force  and  loud 
noise :  v.i.  to  strike  violently  or 
noisily :  n.  a  violent  and  noisy 
banging. 

slan-der   (slan'der),  n.  a  false  or 
malicious  report ;   verbal   defama- 
tion :  v.t.  to  defame  or  calumniate 
Si/n.      defame,      libel,      malign, 
revile. 

Ant.   (see  defend). 

slan-der-ous  (-us),  adj.  uttering 
slanders. 

slang  (slang),  n.  a  colloquial  lan- 
guage or  expression  current  at  any 
particular  period ;  jargon  of  some 
particular  calling  or  class  in  so- 
ciety :  v.t.  to  address  with  slang ; 
abuse  with  vulgar  language. 

slant  (slant),  n.  an  inclined  plane; 
a  sarcastic  remark ;  a  passing 
breeze :  v.t.  to  give  a  sloping  di- 
rection to :  adj.  inclined  from  a 
straight  line. 

slant -ing    ('ing),    adj.    oblique. 

slap  (slap),  n.  a  blow  given  with 
the  open  hand :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
slapped,  p.pr.  slapping],  to  strike 
with  the  open  hand  or  with  any- 
thing broad :  adv.  with  a  sudden, 
violent  blow  ;  direct ;  quick. 

slap-dash  ('dash),  adv.  in  a 
bold,  careless,  or  random  manner. 

slap-jack  Cjak),  n.  a  kind  of  flat 
batter  cake. 

slash  (slash),  n.  a  long  cut;  ran- 
dom cut ;  slit  in  old  costumes  :  pi. 
swampy  or  wet  lands :  v.t.  to  cut 
by  striking  violently  and  at  ran- 
dom :  cut  into  long  slits;  cut  with 
a  whip :  v.i.  to  strike  violently 
and  at  random. 


late,  mar.  mAsk,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pdrch.  lot;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sla 


770 


sle 


slash-ing  ('ing),  adj.  sarcastic; 
severe. 

slat  (slat),  n.  a  thin,  narrow 
strip  of  wood  or  metal  used  for 
fastening  together  larger  pieces. 

•latch,  (slach),  n.  the  slack  of  a 
rope ;  passing  breeze. 

slate  (slat),  n.  any  rock  that 
splits  into  thin  plates ;  thin  stone 
for  roofing ;  tablet  of  stone  for 
writing  upon ;  list  of  candidates, 
prepared  for  nomination  or  elec- 
tion :  v.t.  to  cover  with  sla  to ; 
register  for  a  political  appoint- 
ment ;  criticise  fiercely. 

slatt  (slat),  n.  a  slab  of  stone 
used  as  a  veneer. 

slat-tern  ('ern),  n.  a  careless, 
slovenly  woman. 

slat-tern-ly  (-li),  adj.  slovenly; 
untidy  :  adv.  awkwardly  ;  untidily. 

slat-ting  ('ing),  n.  the  violent 
flapping  of  anything  hanging  loose 
in  the  wind ;  slats  collectively. 

slat-y  (slnt'i),  adj.  like  slate. 

slaughter  (slaw'ter),  n.  great 
destruction  of  life  by  violence ; 
carnage ;  killing  of  oxen,  &c.,  for 
human  food :  v.t.  to  slay  or  kill 
with  violence ;  kill  (beasts)  for 
the  market. 

Slay  (slAv).  n.  one  of  the  great 
divisions  of  the  Aryan  family  or 
language :  adj.  Slavonic. 

slave  (slav),  n.  a  human  being 
held  in  bondage ;  serf ;  drudge : 
one  under  the  power  or  influence 
of  another:  v.i.  to  work  like  a 
slave  ;  toil  or  drudge. 

slav-er  ('er),  n.  a  vessel  or  trader 
engaged  in  the  slave  trade. 

slav-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  [pi.  slaveries 
(-iz)L  the  state  of  entire  sub- 
jugation to  the  will  of  another ; 
condition  of  a  slave. 

Syn.     servitude,     enthrallment, 
thralldom. 

Ant.    (see  freedom). 

slav-ey    ('i),  n.  a   maidservant. 

Slav-ic,  same  as  Slavonic. 

slav-ish  ('ish).  adj.  pertaining  to. 
befitting,  or  characteristic  of.  a 
slave. 

Sla-yon-ic  (sla-von'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Slavs,  their  litera- 
ture, or  language.  Also  Slnvon- 
ian,  Slavic. 

slaw  (slaw),  n.  sliced  cabbage 
served  as  a  salad. 

slay     (sla),    v.t.    [p.t.    slew,    p.p. 


slain,  p.pr.  slaying],  to  kill  or  put 
to  death  with  a  weapon  ;  destroy 
suddenly  or  with  violence. 

sleave  (slev),  n.  the  knotted  or 
entangled  part  of  silk  or  thread ; 
floss. 

sled  (sled),  n.  a  carriage  or  ve- 
hicle mounted  on  runners  for 
traveling  over  snow  or  ice.  Also 
sledge:  v.f.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  sledded . 
p.pr.  sledding],  to  convey  or  trans- 
port on  a  sled  or  sledge. 

sled-ding  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
transporting  on,  or  conveying  by, 
a  sled ;  snow  sufficient  for  the 
running  of  sleds. 

sledge  (slej),  n.  a  large,  heavy 
hammer ;  another  form  of  sled. 

sleek    (slek),  adj.  smooth:  glossy. 

sleek-y  ('i),  adj.  of  a  sleek  ap- 
pearance ;  fawning. 

sleep  (slep),  n.  slumber;  rest; 
death :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  slept,  p.pr. 
sleeping],  to  take  rest  in  sleep; 
be  motionless  or  inactive ;  be 
dead ;  spin  rapidly  and  smoothly. 
Syn.  doze,  drowse,  nap,  slum- 
ber. 

sleep-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  sleeps; 
a  piece  of  timber  supporting  a 
railway  track ;  a  sleeping  car. 

sleep-ful  ('fool),  adj.  drowsy. 
Also  sleepish. 

sleep-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  sleepy 
manner. 

sleep-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  sleepy. 

sleep-y    ('i).  adi.   \comp.  sleepier. 
superl.   sleepiest],   inclined  to,   or 
overcome  by,  sleep  ;  drowsy  ;  slug- 
gish ;  lethargic. 
Syn.    somnolent. 
Ant.  (see  wakeful). 

sleet  (slet).  n.  rain  mingled  with 
snow  or  hail :  v.i.  to  hail  or  snow 
with  rain  mingled. 

sleet-i-ness  ('i-nes).  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  sleety. 

sleet-y  ('i),  adj.  consisting  of, 
or  like,  sleet. 

sleeve  (slev).  n.  the  part  of  a  gar- 
ment that  covers  the  arm :  v.t. 
to  furnish  with  sleeves. 

sleigh,  another  form  of  sled. 

sleight  (slit),  n.  dexterity;  cun- 
ning: artful  trick. 

slen-der  (slen'de"r).  adj.  small  or 
narrow  in  proportion  to  the  length 
or  height ;  feeble  ;  slim  :  moderate. 

slept,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  sleep. 


Jate,  miir,  mfisk.  cat.  awl :  he\  he"r.  let;  line,  tin  :  vote,  pfirch.  lot :  moon, 
cook:  mute,  nut:  thin.  <7ion. 


sle 


771 


slo 


sleuth  (slooth),  n.  the  track  of 
a  man  or  beast  as  known  by  the 
scent. 

sleuth-hound  ('hound),  n.  a 
bloodhound. 

slew,  ]>,t.  of  slay. 

sley    (sla),  n.  a  weaver's  reed. 

slice  (slis),  n.  a  thin  broad  piece 
of  anything ;  a  thin  broad  knife 
for  taking  up  or  serving  fish  ;  a 
spatula :  v.t.  to  cut  into  thin 
broad  pieces ;  cut  into  parts ;  di- 
vide. 

slick  (slik),  adv.  immediately; 
completely  :  n.  metal  ore,  especial- 
ly gold,  crushed  and  prepared  for 
working. 

slid,  p.t.  of  slide. 

slide  (slid),  v.i.  to  pass  smoothly 
over  a  surface  without  leaving  it ; 
glide ;  pass  inadvertently  or  un- 
observed ;  slip :  v.t.  to  thrust 
along ;  cause  to  slip  :  n.  a  smooth 
surface  of  ice  for  sliding  upon ; 
smooth  declivity ;  picture  on  glass 
for  exhibition  on  a  screen ;  fall 
of  a  mass  of  rock  or  snow  down 
a  mountain  ;  a  grace  of  two  small 
notes  moving  by  degrees_  [Music]. 

slid  ing-scale  ('ing-skal),  n.  a 
variable  scale  of  wages  or  prices 
according  to  the  state  of  trade. 

slight  (slit),  adj.  feeble;  incon- 
siderable ;  unimportant ;  not 
severe  ;  trifling;  slender:  n. 
neglect ;  oversight :  v.t.  to  disre- 
gard as  of  little  value ;  neglect. 

sli-ly,  same  as  slyly. 

slim  (slim),  adj.  [comp.  slimmer, 
superl.  slimmest],  of  small  diam- 
eter ;  weak  ;  unsubstantial ;  slen- 
der. 

slime  (slim),  n.  glutinous  mud; 
any  viscous  substance. 

slim-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  slimy. 

slim-sy   (slim'x.i),  adj.  frail. 

slim-y  (slim'i),  adj.  consisting  of, 
covered  over  with,  or  like,  slime. 

sling  (sling),  n.  an  instrument 
for  throwing  stones;  a  throw; 
hanging  bandage  for  an  injured 
arm:  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p.  slung,  p.pr. 
slinging],  to  hurl  with,  or  as  with, 
a  sling ;  hang  so  as  to  swing ; 
hang  by  a  rope  so  as  to  be  moved. 

slink  (slingk),  v.i.  Ip.t.  &  p.p. 
slunk,  p.pr.  slinking],  to  creep 
away  as  if  ashamed;  sneak  off; 
miscarry :  said  of  beasts :  v.t.  to 


cast  prematurely :  said  of  beasts : 
adj.  produced  prematurely ;  lean 
[Scotch]  :  n.  the  young  of  a  beast 
prematurely  born,  especially  a 
calf ;  a  sneak. 

slink-y    ('i),  adj.  thin. 

slip  (slip),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  slipped. 
p.pr.  slipping],  to  glide  or  slide, 
miss  one's  foothold ;  fall  down ; 
escape  observation  ;  enter  by  over- 
sight ;  move  out  of  place  ;  depart 
or  escape  :  v.t.  to  convey  secretly  ; 
cause  to  move  quickly  and  smooth- 
ly ;  omit ;  part  from  a  branch  or 
stem  :  n.  the  act  of  slipping ;  an 
oversight  or  omission ;  indis- 
cretion ;  strip  ;  twig  from  a  stock ; 
scion  ;  a  kind  of  petticoat ;  outer 
covering  or  case ;  liquid  potter's 
clay ;  an  incline  for  launching 
ships ;  a  young  sole ;  a  fielder  in 
cricket ;  a  narrow  pew  or  bench  : 
pi.  part  of  a  theater  at  the  sides 
of  the  stage. 

slip-per  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  slips ;  a  kind  of  loose 
shoe. 

slip-per-i-ness  (-i-nes).  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  slippery. 

slip-per-y  ('er-i),  adj.  non-ad- 
hesive ;  without  firm  hold  or  foot- 
ing ;  unstable  ;  smooth  ;  cunning. 

slip-shod  ('shod),  adj.  wearing 
shoes  or  slippers  down  at  the 
heel ;  slovenly. 

slit  (slit),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  slit  or 
slitted,  p.pr.  slitting],  to  cut 
lengthwise  or  into  long  strips ; 
split :  n.  a  long  cut ;  narrow  open- 
ing. 

alith-er    (elifA'Sr),  v.i.  to  slide. 

sliv-er  (sliv'er  or  sliv'er),  v.t.  to 
cut  into  long  thin,  or  very  small 
pieces :  n.  a  splinter. 

sloam  (slom),  n.  a  layer  of  earth 
between  seams  of  coal. 

slob-ber,  same  as  slabber. 

sloe    (slo),  n.  a  small  bitter  plum. 

slo-gan  ('gan),  n.  the  war-cry 
or  gathering-cry  of  a  Highland 
clan. 

sloop  (sloop),  n.  a  one-masted 
vessel  with  a  fore-and-aft  ria. 

slop  (slop),  n.  water  carelessly 
spilled;  puddle;  poor  liquor  or 
liquid  food :  pi.  dirty  water ; 
ready-made  clothing;  seaman's 
outfit:  v.t.  \p.t.  &  i>.t>.  slopped. 
p.pr.  slopping],  to  soil  by  lotting 
liquid  fall  upon. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he.  her.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  f/icu. 


slo 


772 


sma 


slope  (slop),  n.  an  oblique  direc- 
tion ;  surface  inclining  gradually 
downwards :  v.t.  to  form  with  a 
slope ;  incline  or  slant ;  direct 
obliquely :  v.i.  to  take  an  oblique 
direction  ;  run  off. 

slop-py  (slop'i),  adj.  wet ;  muddy  ; 
splashed. 

slot  (slot),  n.  a  broad,  flat 
wooden  bar ;  bolt ;  narrow  aper- 
ture ;  mortise ;  deer's  track  ;  trap- 
door of  a  stage;  valley:  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  slotted,  p.pr.  slotting],  to 
groove;  trace  by 'a  slot. 

sloth  (sloth),  n.  idleness;  habit- 
ual indolence ;  a  South  Ameri- 
can arboreal  quadruped  which 
walks  slowly  on  the  ground. 

sloth-fiil  ('fool),  adj.  lazy;  in- 
active. 

sloth-ful-ly  (-11),  adv.  lazily;  in- 
dolently. 

slouch  (slouch),  M.  a  hanging 
down,  as  of  the  head  or  o_ther 
parts  of  the  body ;  ungainly, 
clownish  gait ;  awkward,  dull 
fellow :  v.t.  to  cause  to  hang 
down ;  depress  at  the  side :  v.i. 
to  walk  in  a  clumsy,  heavy,  awk- 
ward manner. 

slough  (slou),  n.  a  deep  muddy 
place ;  bog. 

slough  (sluf),  n.  the  cast-off  skin 
of  a  serpent ;  the  part  that  sepa- 
rates from  a  foul  sore :  v.i.  to 
separate  in  dead  matter  from  the 
sound  flesh ;  come  off,  as  the 
matter  formed  over  a  sore. 

slough  (sloo),  n.  drainage-stream 
and  marsh  in  a  prairie. 

slov-en  (sluv'en),  n.  one  who  is 
habitually  untidy  in  his  dress  and 
negligent  of  cleanliness ;  one  who 
is  negligent  of  order  and  neatness. 

slov-en-li-ness  (-li-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  slovenly. 

slow  (sis),  adj.  not  quick  or  rapid 
in  motion ;   dilatory ;   not   prompt 
or    quick ;    behind    in    time ;    not 
progressive ;    dull. 
Syn.  dilatory,  tardy. 
Ant.    (see  fast). 

slow-worm  ('werm),  n.  a  small 
snake-like  reptile ;  the  blind- 
worm. 

sludge  (sluj),  n.  slush;  mire. 

sludg-y   ('i),  adj.  slushy;  miry. 

slue  (sloo),  v.t.  to  turn  about  a 
fixed  point,  as  a  spar.  &c. ;  twist 


round :  v.i.  to  turn  about  (with 
round) . 

slug  (slug),  n.  a  shell-less  mol- 
lusk,  allied  to  the  land-snail ;  a 
sluggard ;  a  kind  of  oval  bullet : 
pi.  half-roasted  ore. 

slug-gard  ('erd),  n.  one  who  is 
habitually  lazy  and  idle. 

slug-gish  ('ish),  adj.  habitually 
lazy  and  idle  ;  dull ;  slothful ;  in- 
active ;  slow. 

sluice  (sloos),  n.  a  gate  for  ex- 
cluding or  regulating  the  flow  of 
water  in  a  canal,  &c. ;  stream  of 
water  issuing  through  a  flood- 
gate :  v.t.  to  wash  with  water 
from,  or  as  from,  a  sluice ;  wet 
copiously. 

slum  (slum),  n.  a  low,  dirty  street 
or  district  of  a  city  or  town,  in- 
habited by  the  very  poor  or  crimi- 
nal classes :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  slum, 
p.pr.  slumming],  to  visit  slums 
as  a  fashionable  amusement. 

slum -her  ('her),  v.i.  to  sleep 
lightly ;  doze ;  be  in  a  state  of 
inactivity  or  negligence. 

slump  (slump),  n.  gross  amount 
or  mass ;  a  bog ;  a  sudden  fall,  as 
of  shares,  &c. :  v.t.  to  lump  or 
throw  into  a  single  lot :  v.i.  fall 
or  sink  suddenly. 

slung,    p.t.    of    sling. 

slunk,  p.t.  of  slink. 

slur  (sler),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
slurred,  p.pr.  slurring],  to  sully; 
soil ;  contaminate ;  pass  over 
superficially ;  disparage ;  pro- 
nounce indistinctly  ;  sing  or  per- 
form in  a  light,  gliding  manner 
[Music]  :  n.  a  stain ;  slight  re- 
proach or  disgrace ;  stigma ;  a 
mark  (^""^)  connecting  notes 
that  are  to  be  sung  or  played 
legato. 

slush  (slush),  n.  half-melted 
snow ;  a  greasy  lubricating  mix- 
ture. 

slut  (slut),  n.  a  dirty,  untidy 
woman. 

slut-tish  ('ish),  adj.  untidy  and 
dirty. 

sly  (sll),  adj.  [comp.  slyer,  supcrl. 
slyest],  artfully  cunning;  under- 
hand and  crafty ;  meanly  in- 
sidious. 

sly-ly   ('11),  adv.  in  a  sly  manner. 

sly-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  of 
being  sly. 

smack   (smak),  n.  a  quick,  smart 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


773 


smo 


blow ;  loud  kiss ;  quick,  sharp 
noise  with  the  lips  ;  flavor ;  taste  ; 
a  one-masted  coasting  or  fishing 
vessel :  r.f.  to  kiss  with  a  quick, 
sharp  noise ;  strike  with  a  quick, 
smart  blow  :  v.i.  make  a  noise  with 
the  lips  after  tasting  something. 

small  (smawl),  adj.  [comp. 
smaller,  sit  perl,  smallest],  little  in 
quantity  or  degree ;  inconsidera- 
ble ;  of  little  worth  or  ability ;  not 
large  or  extended  in  dimensions ; 
narrow-minded ;  mean :  n.  the 
slender  part  of _  anything. 

small  pi-ca  (pi'ka),  n.  a  size  of 
printing-type  (see  type). 

small-pox  Cpoks),  n.  a  conta- 
gious, feverish  disease,  charac- 
terized by  eruptions  upon  the 
skin. 

smalt  (smawlt),  n.  a  deep  blue 
pigment. 

smart  (smart),  adj.  causing  a 
quick,  sharp  pain ;  poignant ; 
sharp  ;  clever ;  accomplished  ; 
brilliant ;  witty  ;  vivacious  ;  pre- 
tentious ;  showy  ;  brisk  ;  obtained 
by  sharp  practices :  n.  a  quick, 
pungent,  lively  pain ;  poignant 
grief:  v.i.  to  feel  a  lively,  pungent 
pain ;  endure  punishment. 

smart-en  ('n),  v.t.  to  make  smart 
or  spruce. 

smart-mon-ey  (-mun'i),  n. 
money  paid  by  a  person  to  free 
him  from  some  unpleasant  diffi- 
culty, especially  a  recruit  from 
his  enlistment ;  money  allowed  to 
wounded  soldiers  and  sailors. 

smash  (smash),  v.t.  to  break  in 
pieces  by  violence ;  crush  :  v.i.  to 
become  bankrupt :  n.  a  breaking  to 
pieces :  bankruptcy. 

smash-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  smashes. 

smat-ter  (smat'er),  v.i.  to  talk 
superficially  or  ignorantly ;  have 
a  superficial  knowledge  of  any- 
thing. 

smat-ter-ing  (-ing),  n.  super- 
ficial  knowledge. 

smear  fsmr-r),  v.t.  to  overspread 
with  anything  unctuous,  viscous, 
or  adhesive ;  daub ;  pollute :  n. 
a  blot  or  stain. 

smectite  I  smek'tlt).  n.  fuller's 
earth. 

smell  (smel),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
smelled  or  smelt,  p.pr.  smelling!, 
to  perceive  by  the  nose ;  obtain 


the  scent  of:  v.i.  to  affect  the 
nose  or  olfactory  nerves ;  exercise 
the  sense  of  smell :  n.  that  quality 
of  bodies  which  affects  the  sense 
of  smell ;  odor. 

8yn.  fragrance,  odor,  scent,  per- 
fume. 

smell-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  sense  of 
smell. 

smelt  (smelt),  n.  a  small  sal- 
monoid  fish :  v.t.  to  fuse,  as  an 
ore,  to  separate  the  metal. 

smerk-y  (smerk'i),  adj.  jaunty; 
spruce. 

smer-lin   (smer'lin),  n.  a  kind  of 
|    loach. 

smew   (smii).  n.  a  migratory  div- 
j    ing  bird  of  the  duck  family ;  the 
white  nun. 

smi-lax  (smi'laks),  n.  a  climbing 
plant  of  the  lily  family. 

smile  (smil),  v.i.  to  express  pleas- 
ure, moderate  joy,  love,  or  kind- 
ness by  the  countenance ;  look 
gay,  cheerful,  or  happy ;  express 
slight  contempt  by  a  smile  ;  favor : 
v.t.  to  express  by  a  smile :  n.  the 
act  of  smiling ;  a  look  of  pleasure, 
kindness,  happiness,  or  slight  con- 
tempt ;  a  drink  of  liquor. 

smirch,  (smerch),  v.t.  to  smear; 
dirty. 

smirk  (smerk),  v.i.  to  smile  af- 
fectedly or  conceitedly :  n.  an 
affected  smile  :  adj.  spruce. 

smite  (smlt),  v.t.  [p.t.  smote,  p.p. 
smitten,  p.pr.  smiting],  to  strike, 
as  with  the  hand  or  a  weapon  ; 
kill;  overthrow  in  battle;  blast; 
chasten  ;  affect  with  any  passion  : 
v.i.  to  strike. 

smith  (smith),  n.  one  who  forges 
metal  with  a  hammer ;  worker  in 
metals. 

smith-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  art  or 
process  of  working  or  forging 
metals  into  shape. 

smith-y  ('i),  n.  a  smith's  work- 
shop. 

smock  (smok),  n.  a  chemise; 
smock-frock. 

smock-frock  ('frok),  n.  an  agri- 
cultural laborer's  loose  outer 
shirt. 

smok-a-ble  (sm5k'a-bl),  adj.  ca- 
pable of  being  smoked. 

smoke  (srnok),  n.  the  vapor  or 
substance  that  escapes  when  a 
substance  is  burned ;  ?apor ;  ex- 
halation ;  act  of  smoking  pipe 


late,  mar.  mflsk,  cat.  awl  :  he.  her.  let:  line,  tin  :  vote,  pflrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  mit :  thin,  tl'<*n. 


smo 


774 


or  cigar ;  foolish  talk  :  v.t.  to  ap- 
ply smoke  to ;  hang  up  in  smoke ; 
dry,  scent,  or  medicate  by  smoke  ; 
inhale  and  puff  out  the  smoke  of ; 
expel  by  smoke ;  detect  or  ferret 
out :  v.i.  to  emit  smoke ;  burn 
tobacco  in  a  pipe,  &c. ;  inhale  and 
puff  out  smoke. 

smokeless  (smok'les),  adj.  with- 
out smoke. 

smoke-less-pow-der  (-pou'der), 
n.  an  explosive  used  in  war,  which 
burns  without  emitting  smoke. 

smok-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  smoky 
manner. 

sinok-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  smoky. 

smoking  ('ing),  p.adj.  emitting 
smoke ;  used  for  smoking  in. 

Kjuok-y  ('i),  cdj.  giving  out,  or 
filled  with,  smoke ;  tarnished  or 
noisome  with  smoke. 

smol-der  (smol'der).  v.i.  to  burn 
slowly  or  smoke  without  vent ; 
exist  in  a  stifled  condition. 

smolt  (smolt),  n.  a  young  sal- 
mon that  has  acquired  its  silver 
scales. 

smooth  (smooth),  adj.  not  rough  ; 
even  surfaced  ;  frictionless  ;  gently 
flowing  ;  glossy  ;  bland  ;  soothing  ; 
flattering :   v.t.   to   make   smooth  ; 
render  easy;  calm;  regulate:   v.i. 
to  become  smooth  :   n.  the  act  of 
making   smooth ;    smooth   part   of 
anything ;    a   meadow. 
Syn.   even,   level,   mild. 
Ant.  (see  rough). 

smote,  p.t.   of  smite. 

smoth-er  (smuth'er) ,  v.t.  to 
destroy  the  life  of  by  suffocation  ; 
stifle ;  suppress  or  conceal :  v.i. 
to  be  suffocated :  n.  stifling  smoke 
or  thick  dust. 

cmoul-der,    same    as    smolder. 

smudge  (smuj),  n.  a  smear  or 
stain  ;  suffocating  smoke ;  a  smol- 
dering fire  of  damp  combustibles 
emitting  dense  smoke  for  the  pur- 
pose of  keeping  off  mosquitoes : 
v.t.  to  smear  or  stain ;  blacken  or 
stifle  with  smoke. 

gmudg-i-ness  Ci-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  smudged. 

smug  (smug),  adj.  affectedly  pre- 
cise or  prim  ;  spruce ;  neat. 

smng-gle  ('!),  v.t.  to  import  or 
export  secretly  without  paying 
custom-house  duties ;  convey  or 


introduce  clandestinely :  v.i.  to 
practice  smuggling. 

smut  (smut),  n.  a  spot  or  stain 
made  by  soot  or  similar  dirty 
matter ;  bad,  soft  coal ;  a  fun- 
goid disease  affecting  cereal  grain  ; 
obscenity :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  smut- 
ted, p.pr.  smutting],  to  soil  or 
blacken  with,  or  as  with,  smut : 
v.i.  to  become  converted  into 
smut ;  give  off  smut. 

smut-ti-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a 
smutty  manner. 

smut  ti-iiess  ('i-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  smutty. 

smut-ty  ('i),  adj.  soiled  or  stained 
with  smut ;  affected  with  smut ; 
obscene. 

snack  (snak),  n.  a  slight,  hasty 
repast. 

snac-ot  ('ot),  n.  a  kind  of  pipe- 
fish. 

snaf-fle  (snaf'l),  n.  a  bridle  con- 
sisting of  a  joint  in  the  middle 
and  rings  at  the  ends :  v.t.  to  put 
a  snaffle  in  the  mouth  of. 

snag  (snag),  n.  a  short  rough 
branch ;  knot ;  trunk  of  a  tree 
fixed  in  the  bed  of  a  river:  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  snagged,  p.pr.  snag- 
ging], to  injure  or  destroy  by 
contact  with  a  snag. 

snagged  ('d),  adj.  full  of,  or 
covered  with,  snags.  Also  snaggy. 

snail  (snal),  n.  a  slimy,  slow- 
creeping  gasteropod  of  the  genus 
Helix :  hence  any  slow-moving 
person ;  drone. 

snake  (snake),  n.  a  serpent :  v.t. 
to  wind  round  spirally ;  to  draw 
out. 

snak-ish   Cish),  adj.  snake-like. 

siiak-y  ('i),  adj.  pertaining  to.  or 
having  the  characteristics  of,  a 
snake ;  deceitful ;  sly  ;  cunning  ; 
insinuating. 

snap  (snap),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
snapped,  p.pr.  snapping],  to  break 
short  or  instantaneously  ;  produce 
a  sharp,  sudden  sound :  utter 
sharp,  angry  words:  miss  fire:  v.t. 
to  break  at  once ;  crack  ;  bite  sud- 
denly and  unexpectedly:  ».  the 
act  of  snapping ;  noise  made  by 
snapping ;  spring  catch ;  sudden 
and  sharp  spell,  as  of  weather: 
pi.  a  kind  of  crisp  cake:  adj. 
brisk ;  offhand ;  made  or  done 
without  due  notice ;  unfair. 

snap-drag-on     ('drag-un).     n.    a 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  let ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sna 


775 


snu 


plant  with  a  corolla  that  shuts 
with  a  snap  when  opened ;  a  social 
game  in  which  raisins  are 
snatched  from  a  bowl  of  burning 
brandy. 

snap-pish  ('ish),  adj.  apt  to 
snap  or  eager  to  bite ;  sharp  in 
retorting  ;  peevish  ;  caustic  ;  easily 
irritated. 

snare  (snar),  n.  a  running  noose 
of  cord  or  wire  for  catching  an 
animal ;  anything  that  entangles 
or  entraps  one  ;  the  gut  stretched 
across  the  head  of  a  drum :  v.t.  to 
catch  or  entangle  with,  or  as  wyith, 
a  snare. 

snarl  (snarl),  v.i.  to  growl  like  an 
angry  dog;  speak  surlily:  v.t.  to 
complicate  or  entangle,  as  thread 
or  hair :  n.  the  act  of  snarling ; 
growl ;  angry  contention  or  quar- 
rel ;  a  complicated  entanglement 
of  hair,  &c. 

snarl-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  produc- 
tion of  raised  hollow  metal  work 
by  hammering  with  a  special  tool 
on  the  inner  surface. 

snatch  (snach),  v.t.  to  take  or 
seize  abruptly  and  suddenly  or 
without  permission ;  seize  and 
carry  away :  v.i.  to  attempt  to 
seize  anything  suddenly  (with 
at )  :  n.  a  hasty  catch  or  seizing. 

snathe  (snatf/i),  n.  the  handle  of 
a  scythe. 

sneak  (snek),  v.i.  to  creep  or 
steal  away  privately  or  meanly ; 
slink ;  act  with  servility  and 
meanness ;  steal :  n.  a  mean,  ser- 
vile fellow  ;  petty  thief. 

sneer  (sner),  v.i.  to  show  con- 
tempt by  some  facial  expression  ; 
insinuate  contempt  by  a  covert 
expression ;  scoff :  n.  an  indirect 
expression  of  contempt  or  scorn. 

»S'j/n.    mock,    taunt,    jeer,    gibe, 
scoff. 

sneeze  (snez),  v.i.  to  emit  a  sud- 
den and  violent  rush  of  air 
through  the  mouth  and  nostrils, 
audibly  and  convulsively :  n.  the 
act  of  sneezing. 

snick-er  (snik'er),  n.  a  half-sup- 
pressed laugh ;  a  giggle :  v.i.  to 
laugh  slyly ;  giggle. 

sniff  (snif),  v.i.  to  draw  in  the 
breath  through  the  nose,  often 
as  an  expression  of  contempt :  v.t. 


to  smell  or  scent :   n.   the  act  of 

sniffing. 

snig-ger,   same  as  snicker. 
snig-gle    (snig'l),   v.i.   to   fish   for 

eels  by  thrusting  the  baited  hook 

into  their  holes. 
snip      (snip),     v.t.     [p.t.     &     p.p. 

snipped,  p.pr.  snipping],  to  cut  or 

clip  off  at  once,  as  with  scissors : 

n.    a    single    cut    with    scissors ; 

small  piece. 
snipe    (snip),  n.  a  long-billed  fen 

fowl ;  curbstone  broker. 
sniv-el    (sniv'el),   v.i.    to   run    at 

the    nose ;     cry,     as    a    child :    n. 

mucus    running    from    the    nose ; 

cant. 
sniv-el-er      (-er),     n.     one     who 

snivels. 
snob    (snob),   n.  a   vulgar  person 

who     apes   gentility ;     vulgar    up- 
start ;      journeyman      shoemaker ; 

knobstick. 
snob-bish    ('ish),   adj.   pertaining 

to,    characteristic    of,    or    like,    a 

snob. 
snob-bish-ness    (-nes),  n.  vulgar 

or  ostentatious  show.     Also  snob- 
bery, snobbism. 
snood    (snood),    n.    a    ribbon    for 

binding  up  the  hair  of  a  maiden 

[Scotch]  ;   hair-line   to  connect  a 

fishing-line  with  the  hook. 
snooze    (snooz),  v.i.  to  nap:  n.  a 

nap. 
snore      (snor),     v.i.     to     breathe 

through   the  nostrils  with   rough- 
ness or  hoarseness  in  sleep :  n.  a 

noisy  breathing  in  sleep. 
snout    (snout),   n.   the   projecting 

nose  of  a  beast ;  nose  of  a  man 

(in  contempt). 
snow   (sno),  n.  frozen  particles  of 

vapor   in   the   atmosphere   in   the 

form  of  white  feathery  flakes :  v.i. 

to  fall   in  snow. 
snowbird    ('berd).   n.   an   Arctic 

bird,  the  snow-bunting. 
snow-drop    ('drop),  n.  a  bulbous 

plant  with  pretty  white  flowers. 
snow-fall    ('fai),  n.   the  quantity 

of    snow    which    falls    during    a 

given  time. 
snow-line     ('Hn),    n.    the    lowest 

limit  of  perpetual  snow. 
snow-y  ('i),  adj.  white  like  snow; 

covered    with,    or    abounding    in, 

snow ;   pure. 
snub     (snub),    v.t.     [p.t.    &    p.p. 

snubbed,  p.pr.  snubbing],  to  check 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  h<5r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


snu 


776 


soc 


or  reprimand  with  sarcasm  or  as- 
perity ;  treat  with  designed  con- 
tempt :  11.  an  intended  slight ;  rep- 
rimand. 

snub-nosed  ('nozd),  adj.  having 
a  short,  flat  nose. 

snuff  (snuf),  v.t.  to  draw  in 
through  the  nose ;  smell  or  scent ; 
take  the  snuff  off,  as  a  caudle : 
v.i.  to  snort  or  sniff ;  take  snuff 
into  the  nostrils :  n.  powdered 
tobacco  inhaled  through  the  nose ; 
charred  part  of  the  wick  of  a 
candle. 

snuf-fle  ('!),  v.i.  to  speak  or 
breathe  hard  through  the  nose 
when  obstructed :  n.  a  speaking 
through  the  nose  when  obstructed  ; 
affected  nasal  twang ;  cant :  j>L 
obstruction  of  the  nostrils  by 
mucus. 

snuf-fy  ('i),  adj.  soiled  with  snuff. 

snug  (snug),  adj.  [comp.  snugger, 
superl.  snuggest],  concealed;  lying 
close  and  warm ;  compact  and 
convenient :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
snugged,  p.pr.  snugging],  to  lie 
close  and  warm  (with  up  or  to- 
y^tlicr). 

snug-ger-y  ('er-i),  n.  [pi.  snug- 
geries (-iz)],  a  warm,  cosy  place. 

snug-gle  ('!),  v.i.  to  lie  close  for 
warmth  and  comfort. 

so  (so),  adv.  in  a  like  manner  or 
degree ;  in  high  degree ;  as  has 
been  stated ;  for  this  reason ; 
therefore ;  more  or  less :  conj.  on 
condition  that ;  if ;  therefore : 
interj.  stop ! 

soak  (sok),  v.t.  to  cause  to  suck 
in  moisture ;  steep  in  a  fluid ;  wet 
thoroughly :  v.i.  to  become  satu- 
rated or  steeped  in  fluid ;  drink 
excessively. 

Syn.  drench,  imbrue,  steep. 

soap  (sop),  n.  a  compound  of  oils 
or  fats  and  an  alkali  used  for 
washing  and  cleansing :  v.t.  to 
rub  over,  or  wash,  with  soap ; 
wheedle. 

soap-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  soapy. 

soap-stone  ('ston),  n.  a  variety 
of  steatite. 

soap-y  ('i),  adj.  covered  with,  or 
like,  soap  ;  soft  and  smooth. 

soar  (sor),  v.i.  to  fly  aloft,  as  a 
bird;  mount  upwards  with  wings; 
rise  in  thought  or  imagination:  ;i. 
a  lofty  flight. 


sob  (sob),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  sobbed, 
p.pr.  sobbing],  to  sigh  in  a  con- 
vulsive manner  with  tears :  v.t. 
to  utter  with  a  sob :  n.  a  convul- 
sive sigh  ;  lamentation. 

sob-bing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
sighing  with  a  short  convulsive 
heaving  of  the  breast. 

so-ber  (so'ber),  adj.  habitually 
temperate,  especially  in  the  use 
of  intoxicating  liquors ;  self-pos- 
sessed ;  calm  ;  steady  ;  sedate  :  v.t. 
to  make  sober :  v.i.  to  become  so- 
ber. 

so-bri-e-ty  (-bri'e-ti),  n.  habitual 
temperance ;  calmness ;  serious- 
ness. 

so-bri-quet  (so-bre-ka'),  n.  a 
nickname  [French]. 

soc  (sok),  n.  certain  privileges  of 
tenants  under  the  feudal  system ; 
the  feudal  lord's  power  of  holding 
a  court  in  a  district.  Also  soke. 

soc-cer    (sok'ker),  n.  a  ball  game. 

so-cia-bil-i-ty  (so-shiu-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being 
sociable ;  disposition  to  associate 
and  converse  with  others.  Also 
sociableness. 

so-cia-ble  ('shia-bl),  adj.  disposed 
to  associate  and  converse  with 
others  ;  social ;  companionable  ; 
affable :  n.  a  kind  of  vehicle  ;  tri- 
cycle or  bicycle  for  two  riders ;  a 
social  gathering. 

so-cia-bly  (-bli),  adr.  in  a  socia- 
ble manner.  Socially. 

so-cial  ('shal),  adj.  pertaining  to 
men  as  living  in  society ;  inclined 
to  friendly  intercourse  and  con- 
versation ;  convivial ;  growing  in 
groups  or  masses ;  living  in  com- 
munities. 

Syn.  sociable,  friendly,  commu- 
nicative. 

Ant.   (see  unsocial). 

so-cial-ism  (-izm),  n.  an  economic 
theory  or  system  of  the  recon- 
struction of  society  on  the  basis 
of  cooperation  of  labor  and  com- 
munity of  property. 

Syn.  anarchism,  communism. 

so-cial  1st  (-ist),  n.  an  advocate 
of  socialism. 

socialistic  (-is'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characteristic  of, 
socialism.  Also  socialist. 

so-ci-al-i-ty  (-shi-al'i-ti).  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  social. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


soc 


777 


sol 


Ho-ci-al-ize  ('shal-iz),  v.t.  to  ren- 
der social ;  regulate  according  to 
socialistic  principles. 

so-ci-e-ty  (-si'i-ti)  n.  \pl.  socie- 
ties (-tiz)],  a  number  of  persons 
united  for  a  common  interest ; 
people  collectively  who  live  in  any 
region  at  any  Driven  period ;  fra- 
ternity; company:  the  more  culti- 
vated portion  of  any  community 
in  its  social  relations,  &c. 

so-ci-o-log-ic-al  (-shi-o-loj'ik-al) , 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  characteris- 
tic of,  sociology. 

so-ci-ol-o-gist  (-ol'o-jist),  n.  a 
student  of  sociology. 

so-ci-ol-o-gy  ('o-ji),  n.  the  sci- 
ence of  the  constitution,  evolu- 
tion, and  phenomena  of  human 
society  ;  social  science. 

sock  (sok),  n.  a  light  shoe  worn 
by  the  classic  actors  of  comedy ; 
a  short  stocking ;  warm  inner 
sole. 

sock-dol-a-ger  (-dol'a-jer),  n.  a 
conclusive  argument;  whopper. 

socket  ('et),  n.  a  hollow  into 
which  something  is  fitted ;  hollow 
of  a  candlestick. 

so-cle  (so'kl).  n.  a  plain  plinth 
forming  a  low  pedestal ;  base  of 
a  statue,  &c. 

sod  (sod),  n.  turf;  sward:  v.t.  to 
cover  with  sod  ;  turf. 

so-da  (so'da).  n.  impure  carbonate 
of  soda  ;  sodium  oxide. 

so-da-wa-ter  (waw-ter),  n. 
aerated  water  containing  bicar- 
bonate of  soda. 

sod-den  (sod'n),  adj.  boiled;  satu- 
rated :  v.i.  to  be  soaked  or  seethed  : 
v.t.  to  saturate. 

sod-dy    ('i),   adj.   turfy. 

so-dic  (so'dik),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  containing,  sodium. 

so-di-nm  ('di-um),  n.  a  metallic 
element. 

so  fa  (sd'fa).  n.  a  long  seat  with 
stuffed  bottom,  back,  and  arms. 

sof-fit  (sof'it).  n.  a  small  paneled 
ceiling :  under  part  of  a  cornice 
presenting  a  flat  surface. 

soft  (soft),  adj.  easily  yielding 
to  pressure  ;  malleable  ;  smooth  to 
the  touch ;  not  glaring ;  impres- 
sionable :  effeminate  ;  quiet ;  easy  : 
courteous;  mild;  kind;  somewhat 
weak  in  intellect :  n.  a  foolish 


person :      adv.      softly ;      quietly : 
inter),  gently  !  stop  ! 

Ryn.   gentle,   meek,  mild. 
Ant.   (see  hard). 

soft-en  (sOf'n),  v.t.  to  make  soft 
or  softer ;  tone  down ;  palliate ; 
assuage ;  render  less  rude  or  of- 
fensive :  make  effeminate  ;  melt : 
v.i.  to  become  soft  or  softened. 

sog-gy    (sog'i).   adj.   soaked;    wet. 

soi-dis-ant  (swa-de-ziing'),  adj. 
self-styled  ;  calling  himself  ;  would- 
be  ;  pretended  [French]. 

soil  (soil),  n.  the  top  stratum  of 
the  earth's  surface  ;  land  ;  dirt ; 
manure  ;  stain  :  v.t.  to  make  dirty  ; 
stain  or  mar :  v.i.  to  become  soiled. 

soi-ree  (swa-rfi'),  n.  an  evening 
party  for  conversation  and  social 
intercourse ;  public  evening  en- 
tertainment with  refreshments. 

so-journ  (so'jern  or  so-jern'),  v.i. 
to  dwell  for  a  time :  n.  a  tem- 
porary residence. 

so-ko  (so'ko),  n.  a  species  of 
anthropoid  ape. 

Sol  (sol),  n.  the  sun. 

sol  (sol),  n.  the  5th  note  of  the 
diatonic  scale. 

sol-ace  (sol'as).  n.  comfort  in 
sorrow ;  consolation  :  v.t.  to  com- 
fort in  sorrow. 

so-la-no  (so-la'no),  n.  a  hot  op- 
pressive wind  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean. 

so-lar  ClAr),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
measured  by,  or  proceeding  from, 
the  sun. 

so-lar-ize  (-Iz),  v.t.  to  expose  too 
long  in  the  camera. 

so  lar-year  (-yer),  n.  the  period 
during  which  the  earth  makes  one 
complete  revolution  round  the 
sun,  3f55  days  5  hours  48  min- 
utes 52  seconds. 

sold,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  sell. 

sold-er  (sod'er  or  sol'der),  n.  a 
metallic  alloy  for  uniting  metals : 
v.t.  to  unite  by  a  fusible  metallic 
cement ;  join. 

sol-dier  (sol'jer),  n.  a  person  en- 
gaged in  military  service ;  a 
private  as  distinguished  from  an 
officer;  man  of  military  skill: 
v.i.  to  serve  or  act  as  a  soldier  j 
make  a  pretense  of  work. 

sole  (sol),  ».  the  underside  of  the 
foot ;  bottom  of  a  boot  or  shoe, 
&c. ;  bottom  of  anything ;  a  flat 


late,  mar,  mAsk,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p5rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sol 


778 


SOI 


fish  of  the  genus  Solea :  v.t.  to 
furnish  with,  or  as  with,  a  sole  : 
adj.  alone ;  being  or  acting  by 
one's  self;  unmarried. 

sol-e-cism  (sol'e-sizm),  n.  a  breach 
of  the  rules  of  syntax,  or  idiom 
of  a  language ;  impropriety ;  ab- 
surdity. 

sole-ly  (sol'Ii),  adv.  alone;  singly. 

solemn  (sol'em),  adj.  character- 
ized by  religious  rites  or  cere- 
monies ;  inspiring  awe ;  serious ; 
devout ;  formal ;  attended  with  a 
serious  appeal  to  God. 

sol-em-ni-ty  ('ni-ti),  n.  [pi.  sol- 
emnities (-tiz)],  a  religious  rite 
or  _  ceremony  ;  ceremony  adapted 
to  inspire  awe  ;  gravity  ;  impress- 
iveness ;  affected  or  mock  seri- 
ousness. 

sol-em-ni-za-tion.  (-ni-z:Vshun) , 
n.  the  act  of  solemnizing. 

sol-em-nize  ('em-nlz),  v.t.  to  per- 
form with  ceremonies ;  celebrate. 

so-len-oid  (so'len-oid),  n.  an 
electro-magnetic  helix. 

sol-fa  (sol-fa'),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
sol-faed,  p.pr.  sol-faing],  to  sing 
or  vocalize  the  diatonic  scale  to 
the  syllables  do,  re,  ml,  fa,  &?. 

sol  f a-ta-ra  (sol-fa-ta'rn),  n.  a 
volcanic  vent,  which  emits  sul- 
phurous and  other  vapors. 

sol-feg-gio  (-fad'jo),  n.  the  sys- 
tem of  arranging  the  musical 
scale  with  the  syllables  do,  re,  &c., 
instead  of  the  letters,  A,  B,  &c. 
Also  solfeggiare. 

sol-fe-ri-no  C-fa-re'no),  n.  a 
bright,  deep  pink  aniline  color. 

so-lic-it  (so-lis'it),  v.t.  to  ask  for 
with  earnestness ;  entreat ;  invite 
or  summon  ;  endeavor  to  obtain  : 
v.i.  to  canvass. 

Syn.  importune,  urge. 

so-lic-i-ta-tion  C-i-ta'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  soliciting  ;  importunity  ; 
the  offense  of  inciting  to  a  felony  ; 
offense  of  accosting  by  a  prosti- 
tute. 

so-lic-it-or  Cit-er),  n.  one  who 
solicits ;  a  person  legally  qualified 
to  act  for  another  in  a  court  of 
law  ;  an  attorney  ;  a  canvasser. 

so-lic-i-tor-ship  (-ship),  n.  the 
office  or  rank  of  a  solicitor. 

8o-lic-i-tous  Ci-tus),  adj.  enger: 
anxious ;  apprehensive;  concerned. 

so-lic-i-tude   Ci-tiid),  n.  the  state 


of  being  solicitous  ;  concern  ;  anx- 
iety ;  carefulness. 

solid  (sol'id),  adj.  having  the 
particles  so  close  or  firmly  adher- 
ing as  to  resist  impression  ;  com- 
pact ;  cubic  ;  not  hollow  ;  dense  ; 
heavy  ;  weighty  ;  just ;  unanimous  : 
n.  a  body  having  its  constituent 
particles  firmly  adhering  together. 

sol-i-dar-i-ty  (-i-dar'i-ti),  n.  com- 
munity of  interests  and  respon- 
sibilities. 

s  o  1-i  d-i-fl-c  a-t  i  o  n  (-id-i-fi-ka'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  solidifying, 
the  state  of  being  solidified. 

sol-id-i-fy  (-id'i-fl),  v.t.  \p.t.  & 
p.p.  solidified,  p.pr.  solidifying], 
to  make  solid :  v.i.  to  harden. 

sol-id-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  density;  com- 
pactness ;  stability  ;  truth  ;  moral 
firmness. 

soliloquize  (so-lil'o-kwiz) ,  v.i. 
to  utter  a  soliloquy. 

so-lil-o-qny  ('6-kwi),  n.  \ pi.  solil- 
oquies (-kwiz)],  a  talking  or  dis- 
course to  one's  self ;  a  written 
composition  of  the  nature  of  a 
monologue. 

sol-i-taire  (sol-i-tar') ,  n.  a  game 
played  by  one  person  ;  a  stud  ;  pre- 
cious stone  in  single  setting ;  her- 
mit. 

sol-i-ta-ri-ly  ('i-ta-ri-li),  adv.  in 
a  solitary  manner. 

sol-i-ta-ri-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  of  being  solitary. 

sol-i-ta-ry  ( 'i-tA-ri ) ,  adj.  living  by 
one's   self  ;    lonely  ;    single ;    done, 
passed,     or     suffered     alone ;     re- 
mote ;    unoccupied ;    gloomy. 
X//H.  sole,  only,  single. 

sol-i-tude  ('i-tfid),  n.  the  state  of 
being  by  one's  self ;  loneliness  ;  se- 
chision  ;  desert. 

so-lo  (so'lo),  n.  \pl.  solos  Cloz)], 
an  air,  or  musical  piece  performed 
by  a  single  instrument  or  by  one 
vocalist. 

so-lo-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  who  per- 
forms or  sings  a  solo. 

sol-stice  (sol'stis),  n.  that  point 
in  the  ecliptic  at  which  the  sun 
is  farthest  from  the  equator,  north 
in  summer,  south  in  winter. 

sol-sti-tial  (-sti'slifil't.  ailj.  per- 
taining to,  or  happening  at,  a  sol- 
stice. 

sol-u-bil-i-ty  (-fi-bil'i-ti),  n.  the 
state,  quality,  or  degree  of  being 
soluble  or  dissolvable. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  hf>.  her,  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


sol 


779 


soo 


sol-u-ble  ('u-bl),  adj.  capable  of 
being  dissolved  in  a  fluid ;  capable 
of  solution. 

so-lns  (so'lus),  adj.  alone  [Latin]. 

so-lu-tion  (-lu'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  dissolving  by  means  of  a  fluid  ; 
deliverance ;  explanation. 

solv-a-bil-i-ty  (solv-a-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  solv- 
able ;  solvency. 

solv-a-ble  I'a-bl),  adj.  capable  of 
being  solved. 

solve  (solv),  v.t.  to  explain;  clear 
up ;  remove. 

solv-en-cy  ('en-si),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  solvent. 

solv-ent  (solv'ent),  n.  any  liquid 
that  dissolves  another  substance  : 
adj.  able  to  discharge  just  claims 
or  debts ;  having  the  power  of 
dissolving. 

so-ma-tol-o-gy  (so-ma-tol'6-ji),  n. 
the  science  of  the  general  princi- 
ples of  matter,  and  its  properties. 

som-ber  (som'ber),  adj.  dull; 
melancholy  ;  dark  ;_  gloomy. 

som-bre-ro  (-bra'ro),  n.  a  kind  of 
broad-brimmed  hat. 

som-brous  ('brus),  adj.  gloomy; 
dull. 

some  (sum),  a  suffix  meaning  like, 
same,  as  winsome,  gladsome,  &c.  : 
adj.  more  or  less ;  expressing  an 
indeterminate  number,  person,  or 
quantity ;  one  or  the  other ;  about. 

some-bod-y  ('bod-i),  n.  some  per- 
son ;  a  person  of  importance. 

some-how  ('how),  adv.  in  one 
way  or  another ;  by  some  means. 

som-er  sault  ('er-sawlt),  n.  a 
leap  in  which  a  person  turns  with 
his  heels  over  his  head. 

something  ('thing),  n.  a  thing 
unknown,  or  not  specified ;  part 
or  portion  ;  indefinite  quantity  or 
degrci' :  nilr.  in  some  degree. 

some-time  Ctlm),  adv.  at  a  time 
indefinitely  ;  formerly  ;  once. 

somewhat  ('hwot).  n.  more  or 
less:  adv.  in  some  degree  or  ex- 
tent. 

some- where  Chwar),  adv.  in  one 
place  or  another. 

some-while  ('hwll),  adv.  once; 
for  a  while. 

some-whith-er  Chwi<7i-er) ,  adv. 
to  some  iiulftorniinate  place. 

som  nam  bu-lism  (som-nam'bu- 
lixm ) .  n.  the  act  or  practice  of 
walking  in  sleep. 


som-nam-bu-list  (-list),  n.  a 
sleep-walker. 

som-nif-er-ous  (-nif'er-us),  adj. 
causing  sleep. 

som-nip-a-thy  (-nip'a-thi),  n. 
sleep  caused  by  some  external  in- 
fluence, as  mesmerism. 

spm-no-lence  ('no-lens),  n.  sleep- 
iness ;  drowsiness.  Also  somno- 
lency. 

som-no-lent  ('no-lent),  adj.  in- 
clined to  sleep. 

son  (sun),  n.  a  male  child,  or  de- 
scendant ;  male  issue  of  a  parent, 
father  or  mother ;  pupil ;  native  or 
inhabitant  of  a  particular  country. 

Son,  n.  the  second  person  of  the 
Holy  Trinity. 

so-nant  (so'nant),  adj.  sounding; 
vocal. 

so-na-ta  (-na'ta),  n.  a  musical 
composition  for  one  instrument, 
especially  the  pianoforte. 

so-na-ti-na  (-na-te'na),  n.  a 
short,  simple  sonata. 

song  (s6ng),  n.  a  lyrical  poem  or 
ballad ;  any  poetical  strain ; 
poetry ;  poem ;  notes  of  birds ; 
mere  trifle. 

songster  ('ster),  n.  one  skilled 
in  singing ;  a  singing  bird.  Fern. 
songstress. 

so-nif-er-ous  (so-nif'er-us),  adj. 
producing,  or  conveying,  sound. 

son-in-law  (sun'in-law) ,  n.  [pi. 
sons-in-law  (sunz-)],  the  husband 
of  one's  daughter. 

son-net  (son'et),  n.  a  short  lyric 
poem  of  fourteen  lines,  each  of 
five  accents,  with  varying  rhymes. 

son-net-eer  (-et-er'),  n.  a  com- 
poser of  sonnets ;  minor  poet :  v.i. 
to  compose  sonnets. 

so  iiom-e-ter  (so-nom'e-ter),  n. 
an  apparatus  for  showing  the  re- 
lation between  musical  notes,  or 
testing  the  capacity  of  the  audi- 
tory nerves. 

so-no-rif-ic  (so-no-rif'ik),  adj. 
producing  sound. 

so-no-rous  (so-no'rus) ,  adj.  giving 
a  clear  sound  when  struck ;  reso- 
nant ;  loud-sounding  ;  vocal ;  deep- 
toned. 

son-ship  (sun'ship),  n.  the  state 
or  position  of  being  a  son. 

soon  (soon),  adv.  in  a  short  time; 
quickly ;  easily  ;  early  ;  without 
delay. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  h«".  h<~r.  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  porch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut  ;  thin,  then. 


780 


sor 


soot  (soot),  n.  finely  divided  car- 
bon. 

sooth  (sooth),  n.  truth. 

soothe  (sooth),  v.t.  to  please  or 
calm  with  soft  words  or  blandish- 
ments ;  comfort ;  allay  ;  pacify ; 
assuage. 

sooth-say  (sooth'sa),  v.i.  to  pre- 
dict or  foretell. 

sooth-say-er  (-er),  n.  one  who 
foretells  or  prognosticates. 

sooth-say-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  art 
or  practice  of  foretelling  or  mak- 
ing predictions. 

soot-i-ness  (soot'i-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  sooty. 

soot-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  sootier,  su- 
perl.  sootiest],  pertaining  to,  pro- 
ducing, or  like,  soot ;  dusky,  black. 

sop  (sop),  n.  anything  steeped, 
dipped,  or  softened  in  a  liquid,  es- 
pecially in  broth  ;  something  given 
to  pacify  :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  sopped, 
p.pr.  sopping],  to  steep  or  dip  in 
a  liquid. 

soph-ism  (sof'izm),  n.  a  specious 
but  fallacious  argument ;  fallacy. 

soph-ist  ('ist),  n.  one  of  a  body 
of  men  in  ancient  Greece  (5th 
century  B.  C.)  who  taught  phi- 
losophy, eloquence,  and  politics ;  a 
fallacious  or  captious  reasoner. 

so-phis-tic-al  (so-fis'tik-al),  adj. 
•  pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of, 
a  sophist ;  fallaciously  subtle ; 
quibbling.  Also  sophistic. 

so-phis-ti-cate  ('ti-kat),  v.t.  to 
render  worthless  by  adulteration ; 
pervert ;  vitiate. 

soph-is-try  (spf'is-tri),  n.  [pi. 
sophistries  (-triz)],  specious  but 
fallacious  reasoning ;  unsound 
argument. 

soph  o  more  ('o-m6r),  n.  a  stu- 
dent in  his  second  academic  year. 

so-por  (so'per).  n.  deep  sleep  from 
which  a  patient  is  aroused  with 
difficulty. 

so-po-rif-ic  (so-po-rif'ik).  adj. 
causing,  or  tending  to  induce, 
sleep :  n.  an  opiate  or  anodyne. 

sop-py  (sop'i),  adj.  soaked  or 
saturated  with  a  liquid ;  very  wet. 

so-pra  110  (so-prii'no),  n.  [pi.  so- 
pranos, soprani  ('noz,  -ne)],  the 
highest  kind  of  female  voice ;  a 
singer  with  such  a  voice. 

sorb  (sorb),  n.  the  European 
mountain-ash,  yielding  a  fruit 
called  rowans. 


sor-be-fa-ci-ent  (sor-be-fa'shi- 
ent),  adj.  producing  absorption. 

sor-cer-er  ('ser-er),  n.  a  magician, 
wizard,  or  enchanter.  Fein,  sor- 
ceress. 

sor-cer-y  (-i),  n.  [pi.  sorceries 
(-iz)],  divination  by  the  aid  of 
evil  spirits  ;  witchcraft ;  magic ; 
enchantment. 

sor-did  ('did),  adj.  mean;  vile; 
base ;  niggardly ;  meanly  avari- 
cious. 

sore  (so"r),  adj.  tender  or  painful 
to  the  touch  ;  inflamed  ;  painful ; 
sensitive ;  susceptible  of  irrita- 
tion ;  heavy ;  grievous ;  severe ; 
distressing :  adv.  grievously ;  se- 
verely ;  deeply :  n.  a  painful  or 
diseased  part  in  an  animal  body  ; 
ulcer  ;  wound  ;  sorrow  ;  trouble  ; 
a  hawk  of  the  first  year ;  a  buck 
of  the  fourth  year. 

sore-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  sore  man- 
ner. 

sore-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  sore ;  tenderness. 

spr-ghum  (sor'gum),  n.  a  cane- 
like  grass  resembling  broom  corn, 
yielding  sugar;  molasses  pre- 
pared from  the  juice  of  sorghum. 

so-ro-sis  (so-ro'sis),  n.  a  woman's 
club  or  association. 

sor-rel  (sor'el),  n.  a  dock-like 
plant  of  the  genus  Rumex ;  a  red- 
dish-brown color. 

Sor-ren-to  work  (-en't5  werk), 
n.  carved  ornamental  fretwork  in 
olive-wood  with  inlaid  decora- 
tions. 

sor-ri-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  sorry 
manner. 

sor-ri-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  sorry. 

sor-row  ('o),  n.  mental  pain  or 
uneasiness  caused  by  loss,  disap- 
pointment, &c. ;  grief;  distress; 
unhappiness  ;  regret ;  affliction  : 
v.i.  to  feel  mental  pain  or  uneasi- 
ness ;  grieve  ;  lament ;  be  sad. 

sor-row-fnl  (-fool),  adj.  full  of, 
or  showing,  sorrow ;  sad. 

sor-row-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
sorrowful  manner. 

sor-ry  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  sorrier, 
snperl.  sorriest],  feeling  regret  for 
the  loss  of  some  good ;  vexed ; 
pained  ;  mean  ;  worthless. 

Syn.   grieved,   poor,    paltry,   in- 
significant. 

Ant.  (see  glad). 


late,  milr,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sor 


781 


sow 


sort  (s6rt),  n.  a  kind  or  species; 
class,  rank,  or  order ;  manner ;  de- 
gree :  r.t.  to  separate  and  place  in 
different  divisions  or  classes ;  se- 
lect :  v.i.  to  consort  or  associate. 

sor- tie  (sor'te),  n.  the  issuing  of 
a  body  of  troops  from  a  besieged 
place  to  attack  the  besiegers. 

sot   (sot),  n.  a  habitual  drunkard. 

sot-tish  Cish),  adj.  like  a  sot; 
stupid  ;  infatuated. 

sot-to  vo-ce  ('to  vo'cha),  adv.  in 
an  undertone  ;  with  a  moderate  or 
restrained  tone  of  voice. 

sou  (sod),  n.  [pi.  soos  (sooz)],  an 
old  French  copper  coin  =  one 
cent. 

sou-brette  (-href),  n.  a  female 
servant  or  attendant ;  in  comedies, 
a  lady's  maid  who  acts  the  part  of 
an  intriguing  female. 

spu-chet  (-sha'),  n.  fish  served  up 
in  the  water  in  which  it  has  been 
boiled. 

sough  (sou,  or  suf),  n.  a  hollow 
murmur  or  whistling,  as  of  the 
wind :  v.i.  to  murmur  or  whistle. 

sought,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  seek. 

soul  (sol),  n.  the  spiritual,  ra- 
tional, and  immortal  part  in  man  ; 
reason  or  intellect ;  conscience ; 
life ;  essence ;  moving  or  inspiring 
power  ;  courage  ;  human  being. 

Syn.  mind,  spirit.     (Soul  is  op- 
posed to  body,  mind  to  matter.) 

soul  ful  ('fool),  adj.  full  of  soul 
or  feeling. 

soul-less  ('les).  adj.  without  a 
soul ;  senseless  ;  spiritless  ;  dull ; 
mean. 

sound  (sound),  adj.  whole;  en- 
tire ;  unbroken  ;  healthy ;  not  de- 
cayed ;  founded  on  truth  or  right ; 
orthodox ;  solvent ;  firm ;  safe ; 
strong ;  legal ;  valid ;  laid  on  with 
force :  n.  the  impression  made  on 
the  ear  by  the  vibrations  of  the 
air ;  noise  ;  report ;  noise  without 
signification ;  a  straight  or  nar- 
row passage  of  water;  swimming 
bladder  of  a  fish  ;  the  cuttlefish  : 
v.t.  to  measure  or  ascertain  the 
depth  of :  cause  to  make  a  noise ; 
utter  audibly ;  play  upon ;  exam- 
ine or  try ;  probe :  v.i.  to  make  a 
noise  or  sound ;  play  upon  an  in- 
strument ;  be  spread  or  published. 
Kyn.  healthy,  sane,  tone,  noisi-. 
Ant.  (see  unsound,  noiseless). 


sound-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  ascer- 
taining the  depth  of  water :  adj. 
causing  sound ;  resonant. 

soup   (soop),  n.  a  kind  of  broth. 

sour  (sour),  adj.  having  an  acid, 
sharp,  or  astringent  taste ; 
changed  so  as  to  become  rancid  ; 
disagreeable  ;  cross  ;  morose  :  v.t. 
to  cause  to  become  sour :  v.i.  be- 
come morose,  peevish,  or  discon- 
tented ;  to  turn  from  sweet  to 
sour. 

sour-crout,  same  as  sauerkraut. 

source  (surs),  n.  that  from  which 
anything  arises  or  originates ; 
spring  or  fountain ;  first  cause ; 
original. 

sour-ish  (sour'ish),  adj.  some- 
what sour. 

souse  (sous),  n.  pickle  made  with 
salt ;  anything  steeped  or  pre- 
served in  pickle ;  a  plunging  in 
water :  v.t.  to  steep  in  pickle ; 
plunge  into  water ;  strike  with 
sudden  violence :  v.i.  to  make  a 
sudden  attack :  adv.  with  sudden 
violence. 

south  (south),  n.  that  one  of  the 
four  cardinal  points  of  the  com- 
pass directly  opposite  the  north : 
adv.  toward  the  south :  v.i.  to 
turn  or  move  toward  the  south  ; 
come  to  the  meridian :  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  south. 

South,  n.  the  southern  portion  of 
the  United  States  (with  the). 

south-era  (sutA'ern),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  situated  in,  or  pro- 
ceeding from  or  towards  the 
south. 

Sonth-ern-er  (-er),  n.  a  native  of 
the  South. 

south-ern-wood  ( 'ern-wood ) ,  n. 
a  species  of  wormwood. 

South-ron  ('run),  n.  a  South- 
erner. 

sou-ve-nir  (soo-ve-ner'),  n.  a  me- 
mento or  keepsake. 

sov-er-eign  (sov'  or  suv'e"r-in), 
adj.  royal;  supreme  in  power; 
possessing  supreme  dominion ; 
effectual :  n.  a  king,  emperor,  or 
queen ;  a  British  gold  coin  =  20s. 

sov-er-eign-ty  (-ti),  n.  supreme 
power  or  dominion. 

sow  (sou),  n.  a  female  pig;  ob- 
long piece  of  metal. 

sow  (so),  v.t.  [p.t.  sowed,  p.p. 
sown,  p.pr.  sowing],  to  scatter,  as 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


soy 


782 


spa 


seed  upon  the  earth  ;  propagate ; 
disseminate ;  scatter  on  or  over : 
v.i.  to  scatter  seed  for  growth. 

soy  (soi),  n.  a  kind  of  fish  sauce. 

spa  (spii),  n.  a  spring  of  mineral 
water. 

space  (spas),  n.  extension;  room; 
interval  between  lines ;  quantity 
of  time ;  short  interval :  v.t.  in 
printing,  to  make  intervals  be- 
tween (lines  or  words)  by  sepa- 
rating them  with  thin  pieces  of 
type-metal. 
Syn.  room._ 

spa-cial  (spfi'shal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  space.  Also  spatial. 

spacious  ('shus),  adj.  extending 
far  and  wide ;  roomy  ;  vast  in  ex- 
tent. 

spade  (spfid),  n.  an  implement 
for  digging,  &c.,  consisting  of  a 
broad  blade  of  iron  with  a  handle  ; 
one  of  a  suit  of  cards  having  one 
or  more  figures  resembling  a 
spade ;  a  hart  three  years  old : 
v.t.  to  dig  or  work  with  a  spade. 

spacle-ful  ('fool),  n.  as  much  as 
a  spade  will  hold. 

spal  peen  (spul'pen),  n.  a  scamp 
[Irish]. 

span  (span),  n.  the  space  from 
the  thumb  to  the  end  of  the  lit- 
tle finger  when  extended ;  nine 
inches ;  a  short  space  of  time ; 
spread  or  extent  of  an  arch,  &c., 
between  its  abutments  or  sup- 
ports ;  yoke  of  oxen  or  horses ; 
pair  of  horses  similar  in  color 
harnessed  together:  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  spanned,  p.pr.  spanning],  to 
measure  by  the  span  of  the  hand ; 
reach  from  one  side  to  the  other ; 
fetter  or  hobble :  v.i.  to  be 
matched  for  running  in  harness. 

span-gle  (spang'gl).  n.  a  small 
plate  or  boss  of  shining  metal ; 
any  glittering  ornament,  especially 
for  a  dress :  v.t.  to  set  or  adorn 
with,  or  as  with,  spangles. 

Span-lard  (span'yerd),  n.  a  na- 
tive of  Spain. 

span-iel  ('yel),  n.  a  variety  of 
dog. 

Spanish  ('ish),  adj.  pertaining 
to  Spain,  its  language,  or  to  its 
Inhabitants. 

Span  ish-fly  (-fli),  n.  cantharidos. 

Span  ish -main  (-man),  n.  the 
name  formerly  applied  to  the 


southern    part    of    the    Caribbean 
sea,  and  adjacent  coast. 

spank  (spangk),  v.t.  to  strike 
with  the  open  hand ;  slap :  v.i.  to 
move  quickly  :  n.  a  sounding  slap. 

spanker  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  spanks ;  the  after-sail 
of  a  ship  or  barque. 

spank-ing  ('ing),  adj.  moving 
with  a  quick,  lively  step ;  dash- 
ing ;  stout ;  large. 

span-ner  (span'er).  n.  a  wrench 
for  tightening  up  or  loosening  the 
nuts  on  screws. 

spar  (spiir),  n.  a  lustrous  crystal- 
line mineral ;  a  general  name  for 
a  mast,  yard,  boom,  &c. ;  a  con- 
test at  boxing,  or  in  words :  v.i. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  sparred,  />./>/•.  spar- 
ring], to  box;  contest  in  words. 

spare  (spar),  v.t.  to  use  in  a 
frugal  manner ;  part  with  with- 
out inconvenience ;  omit ;  treat 
tenderly :  v.i.  to  live  frugally ; 
forbear  or  forgive :  adj.  thin  or 
lean  ;  scanty  ;  parsimonious  ;  su- 
perfluous ;  reserved. 

spar-ing  ('ing),  adj.  frugal;  ab- 
stemious. 

spark  (spark),  n.  a  small  particle 
of  fire  or  ignited  substance  thrown 
off  in  combustion :  small  shining 
body  or  transient  light ;  small  por- 
tion of  anything  active  or  vivid ; 
gay  young  fello\y  ;  beau. 

spark-le  ('!),  v.i.  to  emit  sparks; 
glisten  ;  scintillate  ;  flash  ;  corus- 
cate. 

spark-ling  ('ling),  adj.  emit- 
ting sparks;  glittering;  flashing; 
lively ;  brilliant. 

spar-ling   (spiir'ling),  n.  a  smelt. 

spar-row  fspar'o),  n.  a  well- 
known  small  bird  of  the  passerine 
family. 

sparse    (spars),    adj.   thinly   scat- 
tered ;   not  dense ;   set  or  planted 
here  and  there. 
fl;/n.  scanty,  thin. 
Ant.    (see  luxuriant). 

sparse-ly  Cli),  adv.  in  a  sparse 
manner. 

sparse-ness  Cnes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  sparse  :  thinness. 

Spar-tan  (spar'tan).  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Sparta  ;  hardy  ;  undaunted  ; 
severe. 

spar-ter-ie  ('ter-i),  n.  articles 
spun  or  woven  of  esparto  grass. 


late,  m&c,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he.  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook:  mute,  nut;  thin,  then. 


spa 


783 


spe 


spasm  (spazm),  n.  a  sudden,  vio- 
lent, involuntary  contraction  of 
the  muscles. 

spasmodic  (spaz-mod'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  consisting  in, 
spasms ;  convulsive ;  violent  but 
short-lived.  Also  spasmodical. 

spas-mod-ic-al-ly  (-al-i),  adv.  in 
a  spasmodic  manner. 

spat  (spat),  n.  the  spawn  of 
shell-fish,  especially  the  oyster : 
pi.  spatterdashes. 

spate  (spat),  n.  a  sudden  heavy 
flood  caused  by  heavy  rains. 

spa-ti-al,  same  as  spacial. 

spat-ter  (spat'er).  v.t.  to  sprinkle 
with  a  liquid  ;  defame :  v.i.  to  un- 
dergo or  cause  scattering  or 
splashing  in  drops  or  small  quan- 
tities :  n.  a  small  splash. 

spat  ter-dash-es  (-dash-ez),  n.pl. 
leather  leggings  for  riding ;  gai- 
ters. 

spat  u-la  (spat'u-la),  n.  a  broad, 
flat,  thin,  flexible  knife  for 
spreading  plasters,  paints,  &c. 

spat-u-late  ('u-lat),  adj.  spatula- 
shaped. 

spav-in  (spav'in),  n.  a  disease  of 
horses,  characterized  by  a  swell- 
ing in  the  hock  joint,  causing 
lameness. 

spawn  (spawn),  n.  the  ova  of 
fishes,  oysters,  &c. ;  mycelium  of 
fungi ;  offspring  or  product :  v.i. 
to  produce  and  deposit  spawn ; 
deposit  eggs,  as  fish,  &c. 

spawn-er    Cer),  n.  a  female  fish. 

speak  (spek),  v.i.  [p.t.  spoke, 
p.p.  spoken,  p.pr.  speaking],  to 
utter  articulate  sounds :  said  of 
human  beings ;  talk  •  say ;  utter  a 
discourse  or  speech ;  make  men- 
tion ;  convey  ideas ;  tell ;  sound : 
v.t.  to  utter  articulately ;  declare 
or  pronounce ;  publish. 

•S'j/n.    converse,    talk,    say.    tell, 
confer. 

speak-er  ('er) ,  n.  one  who  speaks  ; 
one  who  delivers  a  discourse  in 
public ;  the  presiding  officer  of 
the  popular  branch  of  a  legisla- 
tive body,  as  of  congress  or  a 
state  legislature. 

speaking  ('ing),  p.adj.  uttering 
speech ;  life-like :  n.  the  act  of 
uttering  words. 

•pear  (sper),  n.  a  long-pointed 
weapon  of  war  and  the  chase 


used  for  thrusting  or  throwing ;  a 
lance  with  barbed  prongs  for 
spearing  fish ;  a  shoot,  as  of 
grass :  v.t.  to  pierce,  or  kill,  with 
a  spear :  v.i.  to  shoot  into  a  long 
stem. 

spear-grass  ('gras).  n.  long  stiff 
grass,  especially  of  the  genus 
Poa. 

spear-wort  (-wert),  n.  a  species 
of  ranunculus. 

spec.,  abbr.  for  speculation. 

spe-cial    (spe'shal),    adj.   pertain- 
ing to,  or  constituting,  a  species ; 
designed  for  a  particular  purpose ; 
different  from  others  ;  distinctive ; 
uncommon  ;    appropriate ;    limited 
in  range  or  extent ;  specific. 
Syn.  particular,  specific. 
Ant.   (see  general). 

spe-cial-isin  (-izm),  re.  devotion 
to  a  particular  and  restricted 
branch  of  knowledge,  science,  &c. 

spe-cial-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  who  de- 
votes himself  to  a  particular 
branch  of  a  profession,  &c. 

spe-ci-al-i-ty  (-i-al'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
specialities  (-tiz)],  the  special  or 
distinctive  mark  of  a  person  or 
thing ;  special  department.  &c. 

spe-cial-i-za-tion  ( shal-i-za'shun ) , 
n.  application  to  a  special  func- 
tion or  use  ;  act  of  specializing. 

spe-cial-ize  ('shul-Tz),  v.t.  to  par- 
ticularize ;  assign  to  a  specific  use 
or  function. 

spe-cial-ly  ('shal-i),  adv.  in  a  spe- 
cial manner;  particularly. 

spe-cial-ty  ('shal-ti),  n.  that  for 
which  a  person  is  noted  or  dis- 
tinguished ;  special  contract  or  ob- 
ligation. 

spe-cie  (spe'shi),  n.  coined 
money. 

spe-cies  ('shez).  n.  a  group  of  in- 
dividuals agreeing  in  common 
attributes  and  called  by  a  com- 
mon name ;  a  sub-division  of  a 
genus  ;  kind  ;  sort. 

spe-cif-ic  (-sif'ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  species ;  definite  or  particu- 
lar ;  precise :  n.  a  remedy  for  a 
particular  disease. 

spe-cif-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in  a 
specific  manner. 

spec -i  -  fi  -  ca  -  tion  (spes-i-fi-ka'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  specifying; 
detailed  statement  of  particulars. 

spec-i-fy    ('i-fi),  v.t.    [p.t.  &  p.p. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrcb,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


spe 


784 


spe 


specified,  p.pr.  specifying],  to 
mention  or  name  particularly ; 
designate  verbally,  so  as  to  dis- 
tinguish from  other  things. 

spec-i-men  ('i-men),  n.  a  sample; 
a  part  of  something  to  show  the 
quality,  &c.,  of  the  whole. 

spe-cious  (spe'shus),  adj.  appear- 
ing well  at  first  sight ;  plausible ; 
ostensible ;  fair. 

speck  (spek),  n.  a  spot;  flaw; 
blemish  ;  small  particle  ;  blubber : 
v.t.  to  spot. 

speck-le  ('!),  n.  a  small  spot  in 
anything  different  in  substance  or 
color  from  the  thing  itself :  v.t.  to 
variegate  with  spots  of  a  different 
color  to  that  of  the  thing  itself. 

spec-ta-cle  ('ta-kl),  n.  something 
exhibited  to  view,  especially  some- 
thing unusual  or  worthy  of  no- 
tice ;  pageant ;  exhibition :  pi.  an 
optical  instrument  with  two 
lenses  mounted  in  a  frame  to  as- 
sist the  vision. 

spec-tac-u-lar  (-tak'u-lar),  adj. 
pertaining  to  shows  or  exhibi- 
tions ;  adapted  to  excite  wonder 
or  admiration  by  scenic  effect. 

spec-ta-tor  (-ta'ter),  n.  a  be- 
holder. 

spec-ter,  spec-ire  (spek'tr),  n.  a 
ghost  or  apparition. 

spec-tral  ('tral),  adj.  ghostly; 
pertaining  to,  or  produced  by,  the 
spectrum. 

spec-trol-o-gy  (-trol'o-ji) ,  n.  the 
science  of  spectrum  analysis. 

spec  tro-scope  ('tro-skop),  n.  an 
optical  instrument  for  forming 
and  examining  spectra. 

spec  tro-scop-ie  al  (-skop'ik-al) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  spectroscope. 
Also  spectroscopic. 

spec-tro-scop-ic-al-ly  (-15),  adv. 
by  means  of  the  spectroscope. 

spec-tro-sco-pist  ( 'tro-sko-pist ) , 
n.  one  skilled  in  spectroscopy. 

spec-tro-sco-py  (-sko-pi),  n.  that 
branch  of  science  connected  with 
the  use  of  the  spectroscope  and 
spectrum  analysis. 

spec-trum  ('trum),  n.  [pi.  spec- 
tra ('tra)],  the  colored  and  other 
rays  of  light  separated  by  refrac- 
tion through  a  prism  and  exhib- 
ited on  a  screen,  &c. 

spec-trum  a-nal-y-sis  (a-nal'i- 
sis),  n.  the  determination  of  the 


chemical  or  physical  composition 
of  a  body  by  means  of  the  spec- 
trum of  light  which  it  gives  forth 
or  which  passes  through  it :  each 
substance  in  the  spectrum  having 
its  own  particular  system  of  lines. 

spec-u-lar  ('u-lar),  adj.  having  a 
smooth  reflecting  surface,  as  a 
mirror  or  speculum. 

spec-u-late  ('u-lat),  v.i.  to  con- 
sider or  meditate  upon  ;  purchase 
stock,  land,  goods,  &c.,  out  of  the 
usual  order  of  trade  with  a  view 
to  sell  them  at  an  enhanced  profit 
by  an  expected  rise  in  the  market. 

spec-u-la-tion  (-Ifi'shun),  n.  in- 
tellectual examination ;  theory ; 
purchase  of  stock,  goods,  &c.,  out 
of  the  regular  order  of  trade  for 
future  sale  at  an  enhanced  price ; 
game  at  cards. 

spec-u-la-tive  ('u-la-tiv),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  given  to.  specu- 
lation ;  contemplative ;  theoret- 
ical ;  risky. 

spec-n-la-tor  (-ter) ,  n.  one  who 
engages  in  speculation. 

spec-u-lum  ('u-lum),  n.  [pi.  spec- 
ula (-la)],  a  mirror,  especially  a 
concave  mirror  used  as  a  reflec- 
tor ;  a  surgical  instrument  for  di- 
lating certain  passages  of  the 
body  and  throwing  light  by  reflec- 
tion within  them  for  examina- 
tion, &c. 

sped,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  speed. 

speech,  (spech),  n.  the  faculty  of 
uttering  articulate  sounds  or 
words ;  expression  of  thought  in 
words ;  act  of  speaking ;  particu- 
lar language  or  dialect ;  formal 
discourse  in  public ;  oration. 

Syn.    talk,    address,    utterance, 
discourse. 

Ant.  (see  silence). 

speed  (sped),  n.  velocity;  swift- 
ness ;  quickness  ;  success  :  v.i.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  sped,  p.pr.  speeding],  to 
make  haste ;  move  quickly  ;  fare  ; 
v.t.  to  prosper;  favor;  despatch 
quickly  ;  execute  ;  aid. 

speed-i-ly   ('i-li),  adv.  quickly. 

speed  i  ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  speedy. 

speed-y  ('!).  adj.  [com p.  speedier, 
xii/H.rl.  speediest],  not  dilatory  or 
slow  ;  prompt ;  quick  ;  hasty. 

spell  (spel),  n.  a  charm  or  incan- 
tation ;  time  during  which  a  per- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pCrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


spe 


785 


spi 


son  works ;  duration :  v.i.  to  form 
words  with  the  proper  letters, 
either  orally  or  in  writing :  v.t.  to 
write,  repeat,  or  point  out  the 
proper  letters  of ;  read  with  dif- 
ficulty (with  out). 

spell-er  ('er).  n.  one  who  spells; 
a  spelling-book. 

spell-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  pertaining 
to  spelling :  n.  orthography. 

spelt   (spelt),  n.  a  kind  of  grain. 

spelt-er  ('er),  n.  zinc. 

spence  (spens),  n.  a  buttery  or 
larder. 

spenc-er  ('er),  n.  a  kind  of  short 
jacket ;  a  four-cornered  fore-and- 
aft  sail. 

Spen-cer-ism  (-izm).  n.  the  philo- 
sophical system  advocated  by 
Herbert  Spencer  in  his  works,  es- 
pecially the  application  of  the 
principles  of  evolution. 

spend  (spend),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
spent,  p.pr.  spending],  to  lay  out, 
as  money  ;  give  for  any  purpose  ; 
dispose  of ;  consume ;  drain  of 
force  or  strength :  v.i,  to  incur  ex- 
pense. 

Syn.  expend,  exhaust,  consume, 
dissipate,  waste,  squander. 
Ant.  (see  save). 

spend-thrift  ('thrift),  adj.  prod- 
igal ;  extravagant :  n.  one  who  is 
prodigal  or  lavish  in  expenditure. 

sperm  (sperm),  n.  the  seminal 
fluid  of  animals ;  spermaceti ; 
spawn  of  frogs  and  fishes. 

sper-ma-ce-ti  (sper-ma-se'ti).  n. 
a  white  waxy  substance  obtained 
from  the  head  of  the  sperm-whale. 

sper-mat-ic  (-mat'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  semen.  Also  sperinat- 
ical. 

sper-ma-to-zo-bn  (-ma-to-zo'on) . 
n.  the  germ  cell  in  animals  and 
plants. 

sper-mo-derm  ('mo-derm),  n.  the 
outer  coat  or  testa  of  a  seed. 

spew  (spu),  v.i.  to  vomit. 

sphe-noid  (sfe'noid),  adj.  wedge- 
shaped. 

sphere  (sfer),  n.  a  globe  or  glob- 
ular body  ;  the  concave  or  expanse 
of  the  heavens ;  circuit  or  range 
of  knowledge,  influence,  action, 
£-c. ;  place  of  existence ;  social  po- 
sition :  a  solid  body  contained  un- 
der a  single  surface,  each  point 


of  which  is  equidistant  from  a 
central  point. 

spher-ic-al  (sfer'ik-al),  adj.  glob- 
ular. 

spher-ic-al -ly  (-i),  adv.  in  the 
form  of  a  sphere. 

s  p  h  e-r  i  c-i-t  y  (sfe-ris'i-ti) ,  n. 
roundness. 

splier-ics  (sfer'iks).  n.  spherical 
geometry  and  trigonometry. 

spher-o-graph  ('o-grfif),  u.  an  in- 
strument for  the  practical  appli- 
cation of  spherics  to  navigation. 

sphe-roid  (sfe'roid),  n.  a  body  re- 
sembling a  sphere  but  not  quite 
round. 

sphe-rpi-dal  ('dal),  adj.  like  a 
spheroid. 

sphe-rom-e-ter  (-rom'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
curvature  of  round  surfaces,  and 
the  thickness  of  small  bodies. 

spher-ule  (sfer'ul),  n.  a  little 
sphere. 

sphine-ter  (sfingk'ter),  n.  a  mus- 
cle that  closes  an  orifice  which  it 
surrounds. 

sphinx  (sfingks),  n.  [pc.  sphinxes 
('ez)],  a  fabled  monster  having 
the  head  of  a  woman  and  the 
body  of  a  lioness ;  a  person  of 
enigmatical  character  or  policy, 
from  the  custom  of  the  sphinx  of 
proposing  riddles  to  travelers  and 
destroying  those  who  could  not 
solve  the  enigmas. 

spi-cate  (spi'kat),  adj.  having,  or 
arranged  in  the  form  of,  a  spike 
or  car.  Also  spicated. 

spice  (spis),  n.  any  aromatic  and 
pungent  vegetable  used  for  season- 
ing food  ;  relish  ;  small  quantity 
giving  flavor  to  a  greater :  v.t. 
to  season  or  flavor  with,  or  as 
with,  spice ;  tincture. 

spi-ci-ly  ('si-li),  adv.  in  a  spicy 
manner. 

spi-ci-ness  Csi-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  spicy. 

spick  and  span  (spik  and  span), 
adj.  new. 

spic-u-lar  (spik'u-lar).  adj.  dart- 
like. 

spic  u-late  ('u-lat),  adj.  covered 
with,  or  having,  spicules. 

spic-ule  Ciil),  n.  a  slender  sharp- 
pointed  body. 

spi-cy  (spi'si),  adj.  \comp.  spicier, 
spiciest],  flavored  with, 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
ccok  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


spi 


Vbo 


spi 


containing,  or  having  the  qualities 
of,  spice ;  aromatic ;  fragrant ; 
pungent ;  racy. 

spi  tier  ('der),  n.  any  individual 
of  the  genus  Arachnida  that  spins 
webs  to  ensnare  its  prey ;  some- 
thing like  a  spider. 

spig-ot  (spig'ot),  n.  a  pointed 
piece  of  wood  used  to  stop  the 
vent-hole  of  a  cask  or  pipe  of  a 
faucet. 

jpike  (spik),  n.  a  large  kind  of 
nail ;  anything  like  a  spike ;  ear 
of  grain :  v.t.  to  fasten  with 
spikes;  stop  the  vent  of  (a  can- 
non) by  driving  a  spike  into  it. 

spike-let   ('let),  n.  a  small  spike. 

spike  iiarcl  ('nard),  n.  an  aro- 
matic plant  from  which  an  oil,  the 
ancient  nardos,  is  extracted. 

spik-y  Ci),  adj.  spike-like;  set 
with  spikes. 

spill  (spil),  n.  a  thin  strip  of 
paper  or  wood  for  lighting  a  lamp, 
&c. ',  a  tumble  or  overthrow  :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  spilled,  spilt,  p.pr. 
spilling],  to  suffer  to  run  or  fall 
out  of  a  vessel :  v.i.  to  fall  out. 

spil-ler  ('er),  n.  one  who  spills; 
a  kind  of  fishing-line. 

spil-li-kin  (spil'i-kin),  n.  a  small 
peg  of  wood,  &c.,  used  for  making 
scores  in  a  game :  pi.  a  game 
played  with  spillikins. 

spin  (spin),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  spun, 
p.pr.  spinning],  to  draw  out  and 
twist  into  threads  ;  protract ;  draw 
out  tediously  ;  cause  to  whirl  rap- 
idly ;  form  by  drawing  out  and 
twisting  the  materials  of :  v.i.  to 
practice  spinning ;  whirl ;  issue  in 
a  small  stream ;  move  swiftly,  as 
a  bicycle :  n.  the  act  of  spinning ; 
single  effort ;  a  bicycle  run. 

spin-ach  ('aj),  n.  an  esculent 
vegetable. 

spin-al  (spm'al),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  spine. 

apin-dle  (spin'dl),  n.  the  long 
thin  rod  used  in  spinning  wheels 
for  twisting  the  thread ;  any  axis 
of  revolution. 

spine  (spin),  ».  in  vertebrates, 
the  backbone. 

spin-el  (spin'el).  n.  a  mineral  of 
various  colors,  allied  to  corundum. 

spin-et  (spin'et),  n.  a  keyed  in- 
strument, allied  to  the  harpsi- 
chord, but  smaller. 


spi-nif-er-ons  (spi-nif'er-us),  adj. 
thorny.  Also  spinose,  spinous. 

spink  (spingk),  n.  a  kind  of  finch. 

spin-ner-et  (spin'er-et),  n.  an 
organ  with  which  certain  insects 
form  their  webs  or  silk. 

spin-ning  jen-ny  ('ing  jen-i),  n. 
a  machine  for  spinning  cotton. 

spinster  (spin'ster),  n.  an  un- 
married woman. 

spin-y  (spin'i),  adj.  full  of 
spines. 

spir-a-cle  (spir'a-kl),  n.  any  mi- 
nute passage  which  serves  for  in- 
haling or  exhaling  air  or  other 
fluid. 

spi-ral  (spi'ral),  adj.  winding 
around  a  center  like  the  thread 
of  a  screw ;  tapering  or  pointed 
like  a  spire :  n.  a  curve  or  curved 
line  receding  continually  from  the 
center  about  which  it  revolves. 

spi-ral -ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a  spiral 
form. 

spi-rant  ('rant),  n.  a  name  ap- 
plied to  those  consonants  in 
which  the  breath  is  not  entirely 
stopped  in  articulating. 

spire  (spir),  «.  a  slender  stalk  or 
blade ;  a  tapering  body ;  winding 
line ;  steeple ;  top :  v.i.  to  shoot 
forth  or  up  like  a  spire. 

spir-it  (spir'it),  n.  the  soul;  the 
intelligent,  immaterial,  immortal 
part  of  man ;  life ;  disembodied 
soul ;  apparition  ;  courage  ;  energy  ; 
vivacity ;  power  of  mind,  moral 
and  intellectual ;  genius ;  real 
meaning ;  essence ;  any  liquid  pro- 
duced by  distillation  ;  alcohol :  pi. 
intoxicants,  as  brandy,  &c. ;  live- 
liness ;  natural  vivacity :  v.t.  to 
take  away  suddenly  or  secretly. 

Spir-it,  n.  the  third  person  of  the 
Holy  Trinity  (with  the). 

spir-it-ed  (-ed),  adj.  full  of 
spirit  or  life;  animated;  viva- 
cious ;  lively. 

spir-it-less  (-les),  adj.  without 
spirit;  depressed;  dejected. 

spir-it-rap-ping  (-rap'ing),  n.  a 
spiritualistic  manifestation,  char- 
acterized by  rapping,  table-turn- 
ing, &c. 

spir-it  u-al  (spir'it-u-al),  adj.  in- 
corporeal ;  not  material ;  possess- 
ing the  nature  or  qualities  of  a 
spirit ;  mental  or  intellectual ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pCrch,  lot ;  mo5n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  t Aen. 


spi 


787 


spi 


pure  ;  holy  ;  heavenly-minded  ;  not 
lay  or  temporal ;  ecclesiastical. 
spiritualism  (-izm),  n.  the 
state  of  being  spiritual ;  the  phil- 
osophical doctrine  that  nothing  is 
real  except  soul  or  spirit ;  the  be- 
lief that  certain  alleged  phenom- 
ena, as  rapping,  table-turning, 
trances.  &c.,  are  caused  by  the 
presence  of  departed  spirits  who 
thus  manifest  their  presence ;  the 
tenets  and  practices  of  spiritual- 
ists. 

spir-it-u-al-ist  (-ist),  n.  a  be- 
liever in  spiritualism. 

spir-it-u-al-is-tic  (-is'tik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  produced  by,  or 
characteristic  of,  spiritualism. 

spir-it-u-al-i-ty  (-al'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  spiritual ; 
spiritual  nature ;  essence  as  dis- 
tinguished from  matter ;  that 
which  belongs  to  the  church  or 
religion. 

spir-it-u-al-i-za-tion  (-i-za'shun) , 
n.  the  act  of  spiritualizing. 

spir-it-u-al-ize  (-Iz),  v.t.  to  free 
from  sensuality  ;  make  spiritual ; 
give  a  spiritual  meaning  to. 

spir-it-u-al-ly  (-u-al-li),  adv.  in 
a  spiritual  manner ;  like  a  spirit. 

spir-it-ii-elle  (-u-el'),  adj.  re- 
fined ;  ethereal ;  pure. 

spir-it-u-ous  (spir'it-u-us),  adj. 
having  the  quality  of  spirit ;  pure  ; 
immaterial ;  alcoholic  ;  ardent. 

spi-ro-graph  (spi'ro-grAf ),  n.  an 
instrument  for  recording  graph- 
ically respiratory  movements. 

spi-rom-e-ter  (-rom'e-ter),  n.  an 
instrument  for  measuring  the  ca- 
pacity of  the  lungs. 

spit  (spit),  n.  a  long  pointed  rod 
on  which  meat  is  roasted ;  small 
point  of  land  or  a  long  narrow 
shoal  running  into  the  sea :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  spitted,  p.pr.  spitting], 
to  thrust  a  spit  through ;  impale  : 
[p.t.  spit  or  spat],  eject  or  throw 
out :  v.i.  eject  saliva  from  the 
mouth  ;  drizzle,  as  rain. 

spite  (spit),  n.  ill-will  or  hatred 
toward  another,  with  the  desire 
to  thwart  or  injure  ;  petty  malice  ; 
grudge:  v.t.  to  try  to  injure  or 
thwart ;  annoy. 

upite  ful  ('fool),  adj.  full  of 
spite  ;  malicious  ;  malignant. 


spite-ful-ly  (-i),  adv.  in  a  spite- 
ful manner. 

spit-fire  (spit'fir),  n.  a  very  vio- 
le/it  or  passionate  person. 

spit-tie   ('!),  n.  saliva;  sputum. 

spitz-dog  (spitz'dog),  n.  a  small 
variety  of  Pomeranian  dog. 

splash  (splash),  v.t.  to  spatter 
with  water,  mud,  &c. :  v.i.  to  dash 
water  about :  n.  \yater  or  slush 
thrown  upon  anything ;  a  noise  as 
from  water  thrown  up,  or  by  any- 
thing striking  in  or  upon  a  liquid. 

splat-ter  (splat'er),  v.t.  to  splash. 

splat-ter-dash  (-dash),  n.  up- 
roar ;  noise :  pi.  same  as  spatter- 
dashes. 

splay  (spla),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
splayed,  p.pr.  splaying],  to  dislo- 
cate, as  the  shoulder  bone  of  a 
horse ;  slope  or  slant :  n.  a 
sloped  surface :  adj.  turned  or 
spreading  outwards. 

spleen  (splen),  n.  a  soft  vascular 
organ  near  the  large  extremity 
of  the  stomach,  supposed  by  the 
ancients  to  be  the  seat  of  anger, 
melancholy,  or  vexation  :  hence  a 
fit  of  ill-humor,  melancholy,  or 
latent  spite. 

spleg-et  (splej'et),  n.  a  wet  cloth 
for  washing  a  wound. 

splen-dent  (splen'dent) ,  adj. 
brilliant;  illustrious;  shining; 
very  conspicuous. 

splen-did  ('did),  adj.  magnifi- 
cent ;  very  bright ;  brilliant ;  fa- 
mous ;  heroic  ;  celebrated  ;  sump- 
tuous. 

splen-dor  ('der),  n.  the  appear- 
ance of  anything  splendid ;  mag- 
nificence ;  pomp. 

sple-net-ic  (sple-net'ik).  adj. 
fretful ;  peevish  ;  melancholy. 

splen-ic  (splen'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  spleen. 

splice  (splis),  v.t.  to  unite,  as 
two  ropes,  by  interweaving  the 
strands ;  connect,  as  pieces  of 
wood  or  metal,  by  overlapping 
parts  and  making  them  fast  to- 
gether ;  to  unite  in  marriage :  n. 
the  union  of  ropes,  &c.,  by  inter- 
weaving or  joining. 

splint  (splint),  n.  a  splinter;  a 
thin  piece  of  wood  to  keep  a 
broken  bone,  &c.,  in  position ;  a 
hard  excrescence  on  the  shank- 
bone  of  a  horse. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


spl 


788 


spc 


splint-coal  ('kol),  n.  a  variety 
of  coal  with  a  slaty  structure. 

splin-ter  (splin'ter),  n.  a  thin 
piece  of  wood,  &c.,  split  or  rent 
off  lengthwise ;  fragment :  v.t.  to 
split  or  rend  into  long  thin  pieces ; 
shiver:  v.i.  to  be  rent  into 
splinters. 

splin-ter-y  (-i),  adj.  of,  or  like, 
splinters. 

split  (split),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  split, 
p.pr.  splitting],  to  divide  length- 
wise ;  tear  asunder  violently ; 
cleave ;  rupture ;  disunite :  v.i. 
burst  with  laughter  (figurative- 
ly) ;  betray  confidence;  throb  or 
ache  violently. 

splotch  (sploch),  n.  a  stain; 
daub. 

splurge  (splerj),  n.  a  great  dis- 
play. 

splut-ter  (splut'er),  v.i.  to 
speak  hastily  and  confusedly ; 
scatter  ink  upon  a  paper,  as  with 
a  bad  pen  :  n.  a  confused  noise ; 
stir;  commotion. 

spof-fish  (spof'ish),  adj.  bustling 
about  trifling  matters. 

spoil  (spoil),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
spoiled,  spoilt,  p.pr.  spoiling],  to 
take  away  by  force ;  plunder ; 
corrupt ;  vitiate  ;  ruin  ;  destroy  : 
v.i.  to  become  useless ;  decay  :  n. 
that  which  is  taken  from  another 
by  violence ;  pillage ;  plunder ; 
booty. 

spoke  (spok),  n.  one  of  the  bars 
of  a  wheel  connecting  the  nave 
or  center  with  the  felly  or  rim  ; 
round  of  a  ladder :  v.t.  to  furnish 
with  spokes :  p.t.  of  speak. 

spok-cn  ('n),  adj.  uttered  in 
speech ;  oral ;  speaking :  p.p.  of 
speak. 

spoke-shave  ('shav).  n.  a  kind 
of  double-handled  plane  for  dress- 
ing curved  work. 

spo-li-a-tion  (spo-li-a'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  plundering  or  robbery, 
especially  in  time  of  war ;  injury 
done  to  a  document. 

spondaic  (spon-da'ik) ,  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  spondee. 

spon-d.ee  ('de),  n.  a  poetic  foot  of 
two  long  syllables  ( ) . 

spon-dyl  Cdil),  n.  a  vertebra. 

sponge  (spunj).  n.  the  porous, 
elastic,  fibrous  franiework  of  any 
species  of  Spongida ;  any  sub- 


stance resembling  sponge ;  a  mop 
for  cleansing  a  gun  after  its  dis- 
charge ;  point  of  a  horseshoe ;  par- 
asite :  v.i.  to  suck  in  like  a 
sponge ;  live  upon  others :  v.t . 
cleanse  or  wipe  with  a  sponge;  ob- 
tain by  mean  arts  without  cost. 

spou-gi-uess  (spun'ji-nes),  •«.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  spongy. 

spon  -  gi  -  ous  (spun'ji-us) ,  adj. 
sponge-like. 

spon-gy  (spun'ji),  adj.  flexible 
and  full  of  small  cavities ;  like  a 
sponge  ;  having  the  quality  of  im- 
bibing fluids  ;  wet  and  soft ;  rainy. 

spon-sion  (spon'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  becoming  surety  for  another; 
an  engagement  on  behalf  of  a 
state  pending  ratification. 

spon-son  ('sun),  n.  the  triangular 
space  before  and  abaft  the  paddle- 
boxes  of  a  steamboat ;  one  of  the 
armored  projections  with  gun 
ports  of  a  warship. 

spon-sor  ('ser).  n.  a  surety;  a 
godfather  or  godmother. 

spoil  so-rial  (-so'ri-Al),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  sponsor. 

spon-sor-ship  ('ship),  n.  state  or 
position  of  being  a  sponsor. 

spon-ta-ne-i-ty  (-ta-ne'i-ti),  n. 
the  quality  of  being  spontaneous ; 
tendency  in  animal  and  vegetable 
organisms  to  undergo  changes  ir- 
respective of  environment. 

spou-ta-ne-ous  (-ta'ne-us),  adj. 
proceeding  from  natural  disposi- 
tion or  impulses ;  acting  by  in- 
ternal impulse  or  natural  law. 

Kyn.  free,  impulsive,  voluntary, 
willing. 

spook  (spook),  n.  a  ghost. 

spool  (spool),  n.  a  hollow  cylinder 
surrounded  with  a  ridge  at  each 
end  on  which  thread,  &c.,  are 
wound  :  v.t.  to  wind  on  a  spool. 

spoon  (spoon),  n.  a  small  domes- 
tic implement  consisting  of  a  hol- 
low bowl  and  handle  for  dipping 
in  liquids  and  conveying  them  to 
the  mouth,  &c. ;  a  simpleton ; 
a  club  used  in  golf :  v.t.  to 
take  up  in,  or  as  in.  a  spoon  :  v.i. 
to  act  the  part  of  a  demonstrative 
lover. 

spoon-bill  ('bil),  n.  a  wading  bird 
of  the  heron  family  with  a  spoon- 
like  bill. 

spoon-ful    ('fool),   n.    [pi.  spoon- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  f/ten. 


spo 


789 


spr 


fuls  ('foolz)J,  as  much  as  a  spoon 
will  hold ;  small  quantity. 

spoon-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  spoony 
manner. 

spoon-y  ('i),  n.  a  simpleton: 
adj.  weak-minded  ;  demonstratively 
fond. 

spoor  (spoor),  n.  the  track  or 
trail  of  any  wild  animal. 

spor-a-des  (spor'a-dez),  n.pl. 
stars  not  included  in  any  constel- 
lation. 

spo-rad-ic     (spo-rad'ik),    adj.    oc- 
curring separately  or  apart  from 
others   of   the  same  kind ;    single. 
Also  sporadical. 
»S'iyH.  isolated,  rare. 
Ant.   (see  general,  prevalent). 

spo-rad-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in 
a  sporadic  manner. 

spo-rad-ic  dis-ease  (diz-ez'),  n. 
a  disease,  usually  epidemic,  at- 
tacking only  a  few  in  a  particular 
district  and  not  spreading. 

spore  (spor),  n.  a  minute  grain  in 
cryptogamous  plants  which  per- 
forms the  function  of  a  seed ;  a 
minute  ovoid  body  in  certain  or- 
ganisms which  gives  rise  to  new 
organisms  by  germination. 

spor-ran  (spor'an).  n.  the  furry 
pouch  worn  in  Highland  costume 
in  front  of  the  kilt. 

sport  (sport),  n.  diversion;  jest; 
mirth  ;  mockery  ;  play ;  outdoor 
recreation,  as  hunting,  shooting, 
&c. ;  athletics  and  games  of  skill 
for  which  prizes  are  given  or 
money  staked ;  an  animal  or  plant 
which  deviates  in  its  organism 
from  the  normal  condition  :  v.i.  to 
play  or  frolic ;  trifle ;  practice 
field  diversions:  v.t.  to  divert;  ex- 
hibit or  wear  in  public. 

sport-ful  ('fool),  adj.  full  of 
sport ;  indulging  in  mirth  or  play  ; 
merry  ;  frolicsome. 

sport-ing  ('ing),  p. adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  characteristic  of,  or  en- 
gaging in,  sport  or  sports. 

sport-ing  man  (man),  n.  [pi 
sporting  men],  a  fast  man;  gam- 
bler; a  sportsman. 

sport -ive  Civ),  adj.  frolicsome; 
merry. 

sport-ive-ly  (-15),  adv.  in  a  sport- 
ive manner. 

sport-ive-ness      (-nes),      n.      the 


state  or  quality  of  being  sportive ; 
disposition  to  mirth. 

sports-man  (sports'man),  n.  [/;/. 
sportsmen  ('men)],  one  who  pur- 
sues the  sports  of  the  field,  as 
hunting,  &c.  Fern,  sportswoman. 

sports-man-ship  (-ship),  n.  skill 
or  practice  in  field  sports. 

spor-ule  (spor'ul),  n.  a  granule 
with  a  spore. 

spot  (spot),  n.  a  blot  or  mark; 
discolored  place  or  stain  ;  blemish  ; 
disgrace  or  reproach ;  locality ; 
place ;  small  part  of  a  different 
color ;  dark  place  on  a  luminous 
disc,  as  of  the  sun  or  a  planet ; 
mark  on  a  billiard  table  where  the 
red  ball  is  placed  ;  spot-stroke  :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  spotted,  p.pr.  spot- 
ting], to  mark  with  spots;  dis- 
color ;  stain  ;  disgrace  or  blemish  ; 
mark  or  note  so  as  to  recognize ; 
detect. 

spot  light  ('lit),  n.  an  adjustable 
calcium  light  for  throwing  a  shift- 
ing light  on  a  stage,  so  as  to  keep 
a  player  within  its  rays. 

spot-stroke  Cstrok),  n.  a  partic- 
ular stroke  off  the  red  ball  when 
on  the  spot. 

spot-ter  ('er),  n.  a  detective. 

spot-ti-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  spotted. 

spot-ty  ('i),  adj.  marked  with,  or 
full  of,  spots. 

spou-sals  (spou'zals),  n.pl.  mar- 
riage ;  nuptials. 

spouse  (spouz),  n.  a  married  per- 
son. 

spout  (spout),  n.  the  projecting 
mouth  of  a  vessel ;  pipe  for  con- 
ducting a  liquid  ;  lift  or  shoot :  v.t. 
to  throw  out  forcibly  and  abun- 
dantly, as  from  a  pipe ;  pawn  :  v.i. 
issue  with  violence,  as  from  a 
pipe. 

sprag  (sprag),  n.  a  young  salmon 
or  cod. 

sprain  (spran),  n.  an  excessive 
strain  of  the  muscles  or  ligaments 
of  a  joint  without  dislocation : 
v.t.  to  overstrain  (the  muscles  or 
ligaments  of  a  joint)  without  dis- 
location. 

sprang,  p.t.  of  spring. 

sprat   (sprat),  n.  a  small  fish. 

sprawl  (sprawl),  v.i.  to  stretch 
the  body  carelessly  when  in  a  hori- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


spr 


790 


spu 


zontal  position;  lie;  stretch  or 
toss  out  the  limbs  or  move  awk- 
wardly ;  open  irregularly,  as  cav- 
alry ;  spread  in  an  irregular  man- 
ner, as  a  plant. 

spray  (spra),  n.  a  small  shoot  or 
branch  of  a  tree,  or  a  collection  of 
them ;  small  particles  of  water 
driven  or  dashed  in  the  air;  jet  of 
fine  medicated  water,  perfume, 
&c. :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  sprayed,  p.yr. 
spraying],  to  throw  spray  upon. 

spread  (spred),  v.t.  I  p.t.  &  p.p. 
spread,  p.pr.  spreading],  to  extend 
in  all  directions;  propagate;  un- 
furl ;  open  ;  emit ;  scatter ;  set  or 
furnish  with  provisions :  v.i.  to  be 
extended  or  propagated :  n.  ex- 
tent ;  table  furnished  with  pro- 
visions ;  feast. 

Syn.    disperse,    diffuse,    expand, 
disseminate,  scatter. 

spread-ea-gle  ('e-gl),  adj.  defi 
antly  bombastic :  n.  the  figure  of 
an  eagle  with  its  wings  elevated 
and  its  legs  extended;  the  he- 
raldic emblem  of  the  United 
States. 

spree  (spre),  n.  a  merry  frolic; 
carousal. 

sprig  (sprig),  n.  a  small  twig  or 
shoot ;  scion ;  headless  brad  or 
nail ;  ornament  in  the  form  of  a 
spray :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  sprigged, 
p.pr.  sprigging],  to  work  or  adorn 
with  sprigs ;  drive  brads  into. 

spright  (sprit),  n.  a  sprite. 

spright-li-ness  ('li-nes),  n.  vi- 
vacity. 

spright-ly  ('li),  adj.  [comp. 
sprightlier,  superl.  sprightliest], 
vivacious  ;  brisk  ;  animated  ;  airy  ; 
gay :  adv.  with  vivacity. 

spring  (spring),  v.i.  \p.t.  sprang, 
p.p.  sprung,  p.pr.  springing],  to 
arise ;  originate ;  appear ;  shoot 
up  ;  leap  ;  bound  ;  dart ;  start  or 
rise  up  suddenly ;  fly  back  ;  issue 
or  proceed ;  warp :  v.t.  to  start  or 
rouse ;  cause  to  spring  up ;  ex- 
plode ;  crack ;  strain ;  cause  to 
close  suddenly:  leap  over;  cause 
to  open  :  n.  a  leap  or  bound ;  an 
elastic  body  used  for  various  me- 
chanical purposes ;  a  flying  back 
with  elastic  force ;  source :  a 
fountain  of  water;  one  of  the  four 
seasons  of  the  year  when  plants 


begin  to  grow ;  crack  in  a  mast, 
&c. 

Syn.  fountain,  source. 

spring-bok  ('bok),  n.  the  South 
African  gazelle. 

springe  (sprinj),  n.  a  gin  or 
noose. 

spring-i-ness  (spring'i-nes),  n. 
elasticity  ;  sponginess. 

spring-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  or 
process  of  leaping ;  growth ;  the 
point  at  which  an  arch  unites 
with  its  support. 

spring-tide  ('tid).  n.  the  tide 
which  happens  at  or  near  the  new 
and  full  moon  ;  springtime. 

spring-y  ('i),  adj.  elastic;  light; 
spongy. 

sprin-kle  (spring'kl),  v.t.  to  scat- 
ter in  small  drops ;  baptize  with 
a  few  drops  of  water ;  cleanse  or 
purify  :  v.i.  to  rain  in  small  drops  : 
n.  a  sprinkling. 

sprink-ling  (springk'ling) ,  adj. 
scattering  in  small  drops :  n.  a 
small  quantity  distributed  in 
small  drops  ;  a  small  quantity  dis- 
tributed or  scattered,  as  of  peo- 
ple, &c. 

sprint  (sprint),  n.  a  run  for  a 
short  distance  at  full  speed :  v.i. 
to  run  at  full  speed. 

sprit  (sprit),  v.i.  to  bud  or 
sprout :  n.  a  sprout  or  shoot ;  a 
small  spar  which  raises  diagonally 
the  peak  of  the  sail  of  a  boat. 

sprout  (sprout),  v.i.  to  germi- 
nate ;  shoot,  as  the  seed  of  a 
plant :  n.  a  shoot ;  bud :  pi.  Brus- 
sels sprouts. 

spruce  (sprods),  n.  a  fir  tree  of 
the  genus  Picea ;  wood  of  the 
spruce  tree ;  a  fermented  beverage 
made  from  spruce  leaves.  &c. :  adj. 
smart;  trim;  neat;  dandified:  v.t. 
to  dress  with  affected  neatness. 

spruce-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  spruce 
manner. 

spruce-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  spruce. 

sprung,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  spring. 

spry    (sprl).  adj.  nimble;  sharp. 

spume  (spurn),  n.  froth;  foam: 
r.i.  to  foam. 

spum-y   ( 'i ) ,  adj.  frothy  ;  foamy. 

spun,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  spin. 

spunk  (spungk),  n.  touchwood; 
mettle. 

spunk-y  ('i),  adj.  mettlesome; 
plucky. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  lot :  Irio,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


spu 


791 


squ 


spur  (sper),  n.  a  rowel  with  sharp 
points  worn  on  the  heel  of  boots 
for  inciting  a  horse ;  any  incen- 
tive to  action ;  largest  root  of  a 
tree;  something  projecting;  stiff, 
sharp  spine  on  a  cock's  leg,  &c. : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  spurred,  p.pr. 
spurring],  to  prick  with  a  spur; 
incite  to  action ;  hasten :  v.i.  to 
travel  with  haste ;  push  on. 

spu-ri-ous  (spu'ri-us),  adj.  not 
genuine  ;  counterfeit ;  illegitimate  ; 
false. 

spurn  (spern),  v.t.  to  drive  away, 
as  with  the  foot ;  reject  with  con- 
tempt ;  treat  with  disdain  ;  v.i.  to 
manifest  contempt  in  rejecting 
anything :  n.  disdainful  rejection. 

spur-ri-er  (spur'i-er),  n.  a  spur 
maker. 

spurt  (spert),  v.i.  to  issue  forth 
suddenly  or  violently  in  a  stream 
or  jet ;  make  a  sudden  brief  ef- 
fort :  v.t.  to  throw  out  in  a 
stream  or  jet :  n.  a  sudden  or 
forcible  ejection  of  a  liquid  ;  brief, 
sudden  effort. 

sput-ter  (sput'er),  v.i,  to  throw- 
out  moisture  in  scattered  drops ; 
speak  rapidly  and  indistinctly ; 
spit :  v.t.  to  emit  in  small  parti- 
cles with  a  crackling  or  splutter- 
ing noise :  n.  moist  matter  thrown 
out  in  small  drops. 

spu-tum  (spfi'tum),  n.  saliva; 
spittle. 

spy  (spl),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  spied, 
p.pr.  spying],  to  discover,  espe- 
cially at  a  distance ;  gain  sight 
of;  detect;  explore;  examine  se- 
cretly :  v.i.  to  scrutinize ;  play  the 
spy :  n.  a  person  who  in  time  of 
war  enters  the  enemy's  camp  to 
gain  information  as  to  its  move- 
ments, &c. ;  one  who  keeps  watch 
on  others ;  secret  agent. 
Syn.  detective,  scout. 

spy-glass  ('glus),  n.  a  small  tele- 
scope. 

squab  (skwob),  n.  a  person  of 
short,  fat  figure;  kind  of  sofa; 
stuffed  cushion ;  nestling  of  a 
pigeon :  adj.  short  and  fat ; 
bulky  :  adv.  with  a  heavy  fall. 

squab-pie   ('pi),  n.  pigeon-pie. 

squab-hie  ('!),  v.i.  to  wrangle  or 
dispute  in  a  noisy  manner :  v.t.  to 
disarrange :  said  of  type  set  up : 
n.  a  noisy  wrangle  ;  dispute. 


squad  (skwod),  n.  a  small  party 
of  soldiers  assembled  for  drill, 
&c. ;  any  small  party. 

squad-ron  ('run),  n.  a  division  of 
a  regiment  of  cavalry,  comprising 
two  troops ;  detachment  of  war 
vessels  employed  on  some  particu- 
lar service. 

squal-id  (skwol'id),  adj.  extremely 
dirty  ;  foul ;  poverty-stricken. 

squall  (skwawl),  n.  a  sudden  and 
violent  gust  of  wind,  often  ac- 
companied with  rain,  sleet,  &c. ;  a 
loud  scream :  v.i.  to  scream  or 
cry  violently. 

squally   ('i),  adj.  gusty. 

squa-loid  (skwa'loid),  adj.  shark- 
like. 

squal-or  (skwol'er  or  skwa'ISr), 
n.  foulness ;  dirt. 

squa-moid  (skwa'moid),  adj. 
scaly. 

squa-mose  ('mos),  adj.  covered 
with,  or  like,  scales.  Also  squa- 
mous. 

squan-der  (skwon'der),  v.t.  to 
spend  lavishly  or  wastefully ; 
dissipate :  v.i.  to  be  wasteful  or 
prodigal. 

square  (skwar),  n.  a  parallelo- 
gram having  4  equal  sides  and  4 
right  angles ;  anything  nearly  re- 
sembling a  square ;  an  area  of  4 
sides  having  houses  on  each  side ; 
square  body  of  troops ;  a  mathe- 
matical instrument  for  measuring, 
right  angles ;  product  of  a  number 
multiplied  by  itself :  adj.  having  4 
equal  sides  and  4  equal  angles ; 
forming  a  right  angle ;  having  a 
straight  front ;  true ;  upright ; 
honest ;  just ;  well-set ;  stout :  v.t. 
to  form  with  4  equal  sides  and  4 
equal  angles ;  multiply  by  itself ; 
reduce  to  a  given  standard ;  ad- 
just ;  regulate ;  make  even ;  place 
at  right  angles  with  the  keel :  v.i. 
to  accord  or  agree  (-with  with)  ; 
fit ;  assume  a  boxing  attitude 
(with  t/p). 

square-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  square 
form. 

square-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  square. 

square  measure  (mezh'er),  n. 
the  square  of  a  lineal  measure. 

square-rigged  ('rigd),  adj.  hav- 
ing the  sails  extended  on  yards 
suspended  horizontally  by  the 
middle. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


squ 


792 


sta 


square-root  ('root),  n.  that  num- 
ber or  quantity  which,  multiplied 
by  itself,  produces  the  given 
number  or  quantity,  as  2  is  the 
square-root  of  4. 

squash  (skwosh),  v.t.  to  crush, 
especially  into  a  flat  mass  or 
pulp  :  n.  something  soft  and  easily 
crushed ;  something  unripe  and 
soft ;  unripe  pea  cod ;  shock  of 
soft  bodies ;  sudden  fall  of  a  soft 
body  ;  a  gourd. 

squash-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  squashy. 

squashy  ('i),  adj.  easily  crushed; 

Soft. 

squat  (skwot),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
squatted,  p.pr.  squatting],  to  sit 
down  on  the  hams  or  heels ;  cover 
or  lie  close,  as  an  animal ;  to  set- 
tle on  public  land  ;  settle  on  the 
land  of  another  without  a  title : 
(ii/j.  sitting  on  the  hams  and 
heels ;  crouching :  n.  the  posture 
of  one  who  squats ;  small  vein  of 
ore. 

squat-ter  ('er),  one  who  squats; 
one  who  settles  on  new  or  unculti- 
vated land  without  a  title ;  in 
Australia  and  New  Zealand,  one 
who  leases  land  for  pasturing 
sheep  from  the  Government 

squaw  (skwaw),  n.  a  North 
American  Indian  woman  or  wife. 

squawk  (skwawk),  v.i.  to  utter  a 
loud,  harsh  noise :  n.  a  harsh 
squeak. 

squeak  (skwek),  v.i.  to  utter  a 
short,  shrill,  sharp  cry ;  make 
a  sharp  disagreeable  noise ;  break 
silence ;  confess :  n.  a  short,  shrill, 
sharp  cry ;  a  sharp  disagreeable 
noise. 

squeal  (skwel).  v.i.  to  cry  with  a 
sharp,  shrill,  prolonged  sound ; 
to  turn  informer:  n.  a  sharp, 
shrill,  prolonged  sound. 

saueam-ish  (skwem'ish).  adj. 
sickish  at  stomach ;  easily  dis- 
gusted ;  nice  to  excess  in  taste ; 
fastidious  about  trifles;  scrupu- 
lous. 

sqnee-gee  (skwe'je),  n.  a  hoe- 
shaped  implement  with  an  india- 
rubber  edge  or  plate  for  cleaning 
pavements,  &c. 

squeez-a-ble  (skwez'a-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  squeezed. 

squeeze   (skwez),  v.t.  to  press  be- 


tween two  bodies ;  crush  ;  embrace 
forcibly  ;  compress ;  force  by  com- 
pression ;  cause  to  pass :  v.i.  to 
press;  push  between  close  bodies: 
n.  the  act  of  squeezing;  compres- 
sion between  bodies ;  facsimile  in 
some  soft  substance ;  a  forcible 
embrace. 

squelch  (skwelch),  v.t.  to  crush; 
silence :  n.  a  heavy  blow. 

squib  (skwib),  n.  a  kind  of  fire- 
work ;  petty  lampoon ;  sarcastic 
publication :  v.i.  to  use  or  write 
squibs  or  sarcastic  reflections : 
contend  in  petty  dispute. 

squid  (skwid),  n.  a  name  for  va- 
rious 10-armed  cephalopods ;  cut- 
tlefish. 

squill  (skwil),  n.  a  genus  of 
plants  allied  to  the  lily,  used  in 
medicine. 

squint  (skwint),  adj.  looking  ob- 
liquely :  said  of  the  eyes :  v.i.  to 
see  or  look  obliquely ;  have  the 
vision  distorted :  v.t.  to  cause  to 
squint :  n.  the  act  or  habit  of 
looking  obliquely. 

squirm  (skwerm),  v.i.  to  wriggle; 
writhe. 

squir-rel  (skwer'el),  n.  a  small, 
agile,  reddish-brown  rodent  with 
a  long  bushy  tail. 

squirt  (skwert),  v.t.  to  eject  in 
a  stream  from  a  small  orifice ; 
spurt :  n.  a  small  stream  or  jet ; 
an  instrument  for  ejecting  water, 
&c. 

stab  (stab),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
stabbed,  p.pr.  stabbing],  to  pierce 
with,  or  as  with,  a  pointed  weap- 
on;  kill  or  wound;  injure  se- 
cretly, or  by  malicious  falsehood 
or  slander :  v.i.  to  pierce ;  inflict 
a  wound :  n.  a  thrust  or  wound 
with  a  sharp-pointed  weapon ;  a 
malicious  injury  done  secretly. 

sta-bil-i-ty  (sta-bil'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  stable  or 
firm;  firmness  of  character: 
strength  of  purpose  or  resolution  ; 
fixedness.  Also  stableness. 

sta-ble  ('bl),  adj.  fixed;  firm; 
constant :  n.  a  building  for  lodging 
horses,  cows,  &c. :  v.t.  to  put  or 
keep  in  a  stable :  v.i.  to  dwell  or 
shelter,  as  in  a  stable. 

sta-bling  ('bling),  n.  the  act  of 
putting  into  a  stable ;  accommoda- 
tion. 


late,  rniir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  </ien. 


sta 


793 


sta 


stack  (stak),  n.  a  large  quantity 
of  hay,  corn,  wood,  &c.,  piled  up 
in  circular  or  regular  form ; 
number  of  chimneys  standing  to- 
gether :  v.t.  to  pile  into  a  stack. 

sta-di-um  (sta'di-um),  n.  [pi.  sta- 
dia (-a)],  a  Greek  linear  measure 
=  606%  ft. ;  the  course  for  foot- 
races    at     the     Olympic     games : 
hence  a  race-course. 

staff  (staf).  n.  [pi.  staves,  staffs 
I  stavz,  stafs)  ].  a  stick  carried  for 
support  in  walking  or  for  defense ; 
support ;  prop ;  pole,  handle,  or 
bar ;  wand  as  a  badge  of  office ; 
stanza  or  a  series  of  verses ;  the 
five  lines  and  four  spaces  between 
them  on  which  music  is  written  ; 
flagstaff ;  an  establishment  of  offi- 
cers attached  to  an  army  or  its 
commander ;  number  of  persons 
engaged  in  any  undertaking  or 
work. 

8yn.  prop,  support,  stay. 

stag  (stag),  n.  the  male  of  the  red 
deer ;  male  of  the  ox  kind,  cas- 
trated at  a  certain  age ;  an  out- 
side irregular  dealer  in  stocks. 

stag-bee-tle  ('be-tl),  n.  a  beetle 
having,  in  the  male,  mandibles  re- 
sembling a  stag's  horn. 

stage  (staj),  n.  an  elevated  plat- 
form, especially  in  a  theater ; 
place  of  scenic  entertainments  or 
representations ;  the  theatrical 
profession ;  place  of  rest  on  a 
journey  ;  field  of  action  ;  degree  of 
progress ;  coach  :  v.t.  to  put  on  the 
stage,  as  a  play. 

sta-ger  (sta'jer),  n.  a  horse  for 
drawing  a  stage  coach  ;  one  who 
has  long  acted  on  the  stage  of 
life :  a  person  practiced  in  cun- 
ning :  one  who  is  experienced ;  a 
player. 

stag-ger  (stag'er),  v.i.  to  totter 
or  reel ;  begin  to  doubt,  weary,  or 
give  way;  hesitate:  v.t.  to  cause 
to  totter  or  reel ;  ghock ;  make 
less  confident :  n.  a  sudden  reeling 
or  tottering :  pi.  a  disease  of 
horses  and  cattle ;  vertigo. 
N.i/n.  reel,  totter. 

stag-ing  (stfij'ing),  n.  a  tempo- 
rary structure  of  boards  and 
posts :  business  of  running  and 
managing  stage  coaches ;  style  of 
play  production. 


stag-nan-cy  (stag'nan-si),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  stagnant. 

stag-nan t  ('nant),  adj.  not  flow- 
ing, or  running  in  a  stream  ;  mo- 
tionless :  not  brisk  ;  torpid ;  dull. 

stag-nate  ('nat),  v.i.  to  cease  to 
flow  or  run ;  be  motionless ;  be- 
come torpid,  inactive,  or  dull ;  be- 
come impure  or  foul. 

stag-na-tion  (-na'shun).  n.  the 
state  or  quaiity  of  being  stagnant. 

sta-gy  (stfi'ji).  adj.  characteristic 
of  the  stage ;  unreal. 

staid  (stad),  adj.  sober;  sedate; 
regular ;  steady  ;  not  volatile. 

stain  (stfm).  v.t.  to  blot;  spot; 
tinge  with  color ;  dye :  soil  with 
guilt  or  infamy  ;  tarnish  ;  pollute  : 
v.i.  to  take  stains ;  become 
stained  :  n.  discoloration ;  spot  of 
color  different  from  the  ground ; 
spot  or  blot ;  taint  of  guilt  or  in- 
famy ;  cause  of  reproach. 

Syn.   soil,   discolor,   spot,  sully, 
tarnish. 

stair  (star),  n.  one  of  a  series  of 
steps  for  ascending  to  a  higher 
level ;  a  step :  pi.  a  flight  of  steps. 

stair-case  ('kas),  n.  a  set  of  steps 
in  a  house  with  railings,  &c. 

staith  (stath),  n.  an  elevated 
staging  upon  a  wharf  with  a  line 
of  rails  for  discharging  coals,  &c. 

stake  (stak),  n.  a  post  or  strong- 
stick  sharpened  at  one  end  and 
fixed  in  the  ground ;  palisade ; 
post  to  which  a  person  condemned 
to  be  burnt  was  secured :  hence 
martyrdom  ;  that  which  is  pledged, 
wagered,  or  put  to  hazard ;  prize 
contested  for ;  small  anvil :  v.t.  to- 
fasten  or  support  with  stakes ;  de- 
fend with,  or  mark  out  the  limits 
of,  with  stakes ;  wager  or  pledge. 

stal-ac  tite  (stal-nk'tlt).  n.  an 
icicle-like  incrustation  of  carbon- 
ate of  lime,  &c.,  formed  by  perco- 
lation in  caverns,  &c. 

stal-ag-mite  (-ag'mlt).  n.  a  cone 
of  carbonate  of  lime,  &c.,  formed 
on  the  floor  of  a  cavern  in  a  simi- 
lar manner  to  a  stalactite. 

stale  (stal),  adj.  not  fresh  or 
new  ;  vapid  ;  tasteless  ;  worn  out 
by  use  or  familiarity ;  trite ;  com- 
mon ;  decayed ;  past  the  prime : 
v.t.  to  make  stale ;  wear  out :  v.i. 
to  discharge  urine :  said  of  horses. 

stale-mate  ('mat),  n.  the  position 


late,  msir,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sta 


794 


sta 


of  a  king  in  chess,  when  he  cannot 
move  without  being  placed  in 
check :  v.t.  to  subject  to  stale- 
mate ;  bring  to  a  stand. 

stale-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  stale. 

stalk  (stawk),  v.t.  to  pursue 
stealthily  and  under  cover  so  as 
to  kill,  as  game :  v.i.  to  walk  with 
high  and  proud  steps ;  walk  behind 
a  stalking-horse :  n.  the  stem  or 
main  axis  of  a  plant ;  support 
which  attaches  a  flower  or  fruit 
to  a  plant  or  tree ;  anything  like 
a  stalk ;  a  high,  proud,  stately 
step. 

stalk-ing-horse  ('ing-hors),  n.  a 
horse,  or  figure  of  a  horse,  behind 
which  a  hunter  conceals  himself 
from  his  game ;  a  mask. 

stall  (stawl),  n.  that  part  of  a 
stable  where  a  horse  or  ox  is  kept 
and  fed ;  a  bench  or  table  where 
goods  are  exposed  for  sale;  small 
house  or  shed  where  business  is 
carried  on  ;  seat  of  a  church  dig- 
nitary in  the  choir  of  a  cathedral ; 
canonry ;  reserved  seat  in  a  thea- 
ter, &c. :  v.t.  to  place  or  keep  in 
a  stall :  v.i.  to  kennel,  as  dogs. 

stall-age  (Tij),  n.  rent  paid  for  a 
stall ;  right  of  erecting  a  stall  at 
a  fair. 

stal-lion  (stal'yun),  n.  an  uncas- 
trated  male  horse  kept  for  breed- 
ing. 

stal  -  wart  (stawl'wSrt),  adj. 
sturdy  ;  strong ;  tall  and  stout ; 
brave ;  daring. 

sta-men  (sta'men),  n.  the  male 
organ  of  a  flower. 

stam-in-a  (stam'in-a),  n.pl.  tone 
and  vigor  of  the  animal  system  ; 
backbone  ;  power  of  endurance. 

stam-in-al  ('in-SD,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  consisting  in,  stamens 
or  stamina ;  tonic. 

stam-in-if-er-ous  (-if'e"r-us),  adj. 
bearing  stamens. 

stam-mer  (stam'Sr),  v.i.  to  hesi- 
tate or  falter  in  speaking,  espe- 
cially from  an  impediment  in 
speech :  stutter :  v.t,  to  utter  or 
pronounce  with  difficulty  or  hesi- 
tation :  n.  difficulty  in  pronounc- 
ing or  speaking ;  stutter. 

stam-mer-ing  (-ing),  n.  imper- 
fect utterance  in  speech :  adj. 
hesitating  in  speech. 


stamp  (stamp),  v.t.  to  strike  with 
the  sole  of  the  foot  by  thrusting 
it  downwards  ;  crush  or  pulverize  ; 
impress  ;  fix  deeply  ;  make  valid  ; 
affix  a  stamp  to ;  coin :  v.i.  to 
strike  or  beat  the  foot  forcibly  on 
the  ground  :  n.  the  act  of  stamp- 
ing ;  die ;  the  impression  made ; 
official  mark  on  dutiable  things ; 
small  piece  of  paper  having  a  cer- 
tain device  and  value  impressed 
upon  it  by  government,  required 
legally  to  be  affixed  to  a  letter, 
document,  &c. ;  currency ;  char- 
acter or  reputation  ;  authority. 

stain -pede  (stam-ped'),  n.  a  sud- 
den panic  seizing  a  herd  of  ani- 
mals causing  them  to  run  violent- 
ly away ;  any  sudden  flight  or 
rush :  v.t.  to  cause  to  take  to  sud- 
den flight :  v.i.  to  start  off  in  a 
panic. 

stanch  (stanch),  adj.  firm;  con- 
stant ;  trustworthy  ;  zealous  :  v.t. 
to  stop  the  flowing  of,  as  blood. 
Also  staunch. 

stan-chion  (stan'shun),  n.  a  sup- 
port or  post  of  iron  or  wood. 

stand  (stand),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
stood,  p.pr.  standing],  to  be  erect; 
occupy  a  certain  position ;  cease 
to  move ;  be  at  rest  or  fixed  ;  con- 
tinue :  remain  without  injury  or 
ruin  ;  be  safe ;  not  to  fail  or  yield  ; 
be  obstinate ;  be  firm  ;  be  placed ; 
become  a  candidate ;  hold  a  course 
at  sea;  continue  in  force;  stag- 
nate: v.t.  to  endure;  sustain; 
abide  by  ;  set  in  an  erect  position  ; 
pay  for :  n.  a  stop  or  halt ;  inter- 
ruption ;  station  for  the  hire  of 
vehicles ;  raised  platform  for 
spectators ;  small  table ;  state  of 
perplexity  or  difficulty  ;  resistance. 

stand  ard  ('erd),  n.  an  ensign  or 
flag,  especially  a  national  ensign ; 
that  which  is  established  by 
authority  as  a  fixed  rule  or  meas- 
ure ;  established  rule  or  model ; 
criterion ;  a  standing  tree  not  sup- 
ported by  a  wall;  proportion  of 
weights  of  fine  metal  and  alloy 
established  by  authority. 

stand-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
stopping  or  of  being  erect  on  the 
feet ;  duration ;  maintenance  of 
position  ;  reputation  ;  rank  or  stat- 
us :  adj.  remaining  erect ;  stag- 
nant ;  lasting ;  established  or  set- 
tled ;  fixed. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he",  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sta 


795 


sta 


titan-hope  (stan'hop  or  'up),  n.  a 
light  two-wheeled  carriage  with- 
out a  top. 

stannary  (stan'a-ri),  n.  [pi. 
stannaries  (-riz)],  a  tin  mine  or 
works :  adj.  pertaining  to  tin 
mines. 

stan-nic  ('ik).  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  got  from,  tin. 

s  tan -nif-er -ous  (-if'er-us),  adj. 
yielding  tin. 

stan-nous  ('us),  adj.  of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  containing  tin. 

staii -za  ('za),  n.  a  number  of 
lines  or  verses  connected  with  and 
adjusted  to'  each  other,  usually 
ending  in  a  pause  ;  part  of  a  poem 
containing  every  variation  of 
measure  in  the  poem. 

stanza  ic  (-zfi'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  consisting  of,  stanzas. 

sta-pes  (sta'pez),  n.  the  stirrup 
bone  of  the  ear. 

sta-ple  (sta'pl).  n.  the  chief  pro- 
duction or  industry  of  a  country 
or  district :  settled  market  or  em- 
porium ;  principal  element  or 
topic ;  unmanufactured  or  raw 
material,  as  cotton,  flax,  or  wool 
fiber ;  loop  of  metal  for  holding 
a  bolt,  &c. :  adj.  chief;  regularly 
produced ;  established  in  com- 
merce :  v.t.  to  sort  according  to 
its  staple,  as  cotton,  &c. 

•ta-pler  ('pier),  n.  one  who  deals 
in  staple  commodities ;  a  wool 
sorter. 

•tar  (star),  n.  any  celestial  body, 
especially  one  that  is  self-lumi- 
nous ;  anything  resembling  a  star ; 
a  planet  supposed  to  influence  a 
person's  destiny ;  an  ornamental 
rayed  badge;  an  asterisk  (*)  ;  a 
person  of  distinguished  eminence, 
especially  in  the  theatrical  pro- 
fession:  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  starred, 
p.pr.  starring],  to  set  or  adorn 
with  stars :  r.t.  to  shine  as  a 
star;  be  preeminent;  appear  as 
principal  actor  among  inferior 
players. 

•tar-board  Chord),  n.  the  right- 
hand  side  of  a  vessel  looking 
towards  the  bow :  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  lying  on  the  right  side  of 
a  vessel  :  v.t.  to  put  to  the  right 
or  starboard  side  of  a  vessel. 

•tar  cham-ber  (cham'ber),  n.  an 
ancient  civil  and  criminal  court 


at  Westminster,  notorious  for  its. 
despotism  and  injustice  during: 
the  reign  of  Charles  I. 

starch  (starch),  /<.  a  widely  dif- 
fused vegetable  substance :  used 
for  laundry  purposes,  &c. :  v.t.  to- 
stiffen  with  starch  ;  make  stiff. 

starched  (stiircht),  adj.  stiffened 
with  starch  ;  formal ;  precise. 

starch-y  (stiirch'i),  adj.  consist- 
ing of  starch;  stiff;  formal;  pre- 
cise. 

stare  (star),  n.  a  fixed  look  with 
wide-open  eyes ;  a  starling :  v.i. 
to  look  with  fixed  eyes  wide  open ; 
look  earnestly :  be  very  conspic- 
uous ;  stand  out  prominently  :  v.t* 
to  gaze  at. 

stark  (stark),  adj.  stiff;  strong r 
adv.  wholly  or  completely. 

star-ling  (stiir'ling).  n.  a  passer- 
ine bird  of  the  genus  Sturnus ; 
piles  driven  round  the  piers  of 
a  bridge  for  its  protection. 

starred  (stard),  p.adj.  decorated 
wTith  stars  ;  influenced  by  the  stars. 

star-ri-ness  (star'i-nes).  n.  the- 
state  or  quality  of  being  starry. 

star-ry  ('i),  adj.  abounding  in, 
consisting  of,  or  proceeding  from, 
stars ;  star-shaped. 

star-stone  ('ston),  n.  a  variety 
of  sapphire. 

start  (start),  v.i.  to  be  moved  or 
twitched  suddenly,  as  by  sudden 
alarm,  &c. ;  shrink ;  move  ab- 
ruptly ;  set  out ;  commence  a  race, 
career,  &c. ;  loosen  :  v.t.  to  origi- 
nate or  set  going ;  rouse  sud- 
denly from  concealment ;  empty  ; 
dislocate ;  punish  with  a  rope's 
end :  n.  the  act  of  starting ;  out- 
set ;  a  sudden  motion  or  twitch ; 
sudden  fit  or  excitement ;  quick 
spring ;  starting  post. 

star-throat  (star'throt),  n.  a 
humming-bird. 

start -le  (stiirt'l),  v.i.  to  move 
suddenly,  as  by  an  alarm  ;  to  feel 
sudden  alarm  :  v.t.  to  frighten  sud- 
denly ;  shock. 

star-va-tion  (stiir-va'shun),  nl 
the  state  of  being  starved. 

starve  (starv),  v.i.  to  suffer  ex- 
treme hunger;  perish  with  hunger 
or  cold :  v.t.  subdue  by  famine ; 
destroy  by  want  of  any  kind. 

starveling  Cling),  adi.  hungry; 
weak ;  lean :  n.  a  thin,  weak, 
pining  animal  or  plant. 


late,  mar,  mask,  c-at,  awl;  he,  her,  lot;  line,  tin;  vote,  pdrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  t/ten. 


sta 


796 


sta 


sta-sis  (sta'sis),  n.  arrest  of  the 
circulation  of  blood  in  the  ves- 
sels. 

state  (stfit),  n.  circumstances  or 
condition  ;  position  or  situation  ; 
case;  quality:  pomp;  principal 
persons  constituting  the  govern- 
ment of  a  country  ;  legislature ; 
whole  body  of  people  united  un- 
der one  government;  civil  power: 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  body  politic; 
used  on  state  occasions ;  ceremo- 
nial :  v.t.  to  express  the  details 
of ;  represent  fully  in  words ;  nar- 
rate. 

Syn.  commonwealth,  realm. 

State,  n.  one  of  the  federated 
commonwealths  composing  the 
United  States. 

stat-ed    ('ed),  adj.  fixed;  regular. 

stat-ed-ly  (-11),  adv.  at  fixed 
times. 

state-li-ness  ('Ii-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  stately :  ma- 
jestic appearance. 

state-ly  ('li),  adj.  [comp.  state- 
lier, superl.  stateliest],  grand; 
majestic ;  dignified ;  displaying 
state  or  dignity. 

state-ment  ('ment),  n.  the  act  of 
stating ;  that  which  is  stated ; 
narrative  or  recital. 

sta-ter  (sta'ter),  n.  a  gold  coin  of 
ancient  Greece. 

states-man  (stats'man).  n.  [pi. 
statesmen  ('men)],  one  who  is 
skilled  in  public  affairs  and  the 
art  of  government ;  politician. 

states-in an-ship  (-ship),  n.  the 
qualification  or  skill  of  a  states- 
man. 

state-tri-al  ('tri-al),  n.  a  trial 
for  political  offenses. 

stat-ic  (stat'ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to  bodies  at  rest  or  in  equilibrium  ; 
acting  by  mere  weight  without 
producing  motion.  Also  statical : 
n.pl.  that  branch  of  mechanics 
which  treats  of  the  equilibrium, 
pressure,  weight.  &c.,  of  bodies  at 
rest. 

«tat-ic-al-ly  ('ik-Sl-li),  adv.  in  a 
statical  manner. 

sta-tion  (sta'shun),  n.  place  where 
a  person  or  thing  stands ;  posi- 
tion;  rank  or  condition  of  life; 
class  or  order ;  place  on  a  rail- 
way for  passengers  or  goods :  dis- 
trict police  office ;  military  quar- 


ters ;  post  for  war-vessels :  v.t.  to 
place  in  a  certain  post,  rank,  or 
situation  ;  appoint  or  assign. 

sta-tion-a-ry  (-a-ri),  adj.  fixed; 
not  moving ;  not  improving. 

sta  tioii-er  ('shun-er),  n.  one  who 
sells  paper,  pens,  pencils,  writing 
materials,  &c. 

sta-tion-er-y  (-er-i),  n.  stationer's 
articles. 

sta-tist  (sta'tist),  n.  a  statisti- 
cian. 

sta-tis-tic  (sta-tis'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  statistics.  Also  sta- 
tistical. 

sta-tis-tic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  by 
statistics. 

stat-is-ti  clan  (stat-is-tish'an),  n. 
one  skilled  in  statistics. 

sta-tis-tics  (sta-tis'tiks),  n.  the 
science  of  the  classification  and 
arrangement  of  facts  relating  to 
the  condition  of  a  people  or  class, 
domestic  economy,  health,  longev- 
ity, &c. 

sta  tor  (sta'ter),  n.  the  part  of 
a  dynamo  or  motor  which  remains 
at  rest. 

stat-u-a-ry  (stat'u-a-ri),  n.  a 
sculptor ;  the  art  of  carving  stat- 
ues ;  statues  collectively. 

stat-ue  ('u),  n.  the  representation 
of  a  living  being  sculptured  or 
modeled  in  some  solid  material : 
v.t.  to  form  a  statue  of ;  place,  as 
a  statue. 

stat-u-esque  ( -u-esk' ) ,  adj.  hav- 
ing the  characteristics  of  a  statue  ; 
immobile. 

stat-u-ette  (-u-ef),  n.  a  little 
statue. 

stat-ure  ('iir),  n.  the  natural 
height. 

status  (sta'tus),  n.  condition; 
social  standing  or  place ;  rank. 

sta-tus  quo  (kwO),  f^-l  present 
or  previous  condition  or  position. 

stat-u-ta-ble  (stat'u-tA-bl) ,  adj. 
made  or  introduced  by  statute ;  ac- 
cording to  law  or  statute. 

stat-u-ta-bly  (-ta-bli),  adv.  con- 
formably to  statute. 

stat-nte  ('lit),  n.  a  law  expressly 
enacted  by  the  legislature  of  a 
country  or  state  ;  written  law  ;  an 
act  of  a  corporation  or  of  its 
founders,  designed  to  be  a  per- 
manent rule. 


late,  mlir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  t/ten. 


sta 


797 


ste 


stat-u-to-ry  ('ii-to-ri),  adj.  en- 
acted by  statute :  depending  on 
statute  for_its  authority. 

stave  (stav),  n.  [pi.  staves 
(stavz)],  one  of  the  thin  nar- 
row strips  of  wood  forming  the 
sides  of  a  cask  ;  a  pole  or  piece  of 
wood  of  some  length ;  the  five 
parallel  lines  and  the  four  con- 
tained spaces  on  and  within  which 
the  notes  and  rests  are  written 
[Music]:  pi.  of  staff:  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  staved,  stove,  p.pr.  stav- 
ing], to  break  a  hole  in;  burst; 
pour  out ;  delay  or  put  off. 

stay  ( stfi ) ,  n.  a  large,  strong 
rope  which  stiffens  and  supports 
a  mast;  stop  or  stand;  prop  or 
support :  abode  or  continuance  in 
a  place :  pi.  pair  of  corsets :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  stayed,  p.pr.  stay- 
ing], to  hold  up  or  support;  sus- 
tain ;  endure ;  restrain  ;  delay  ; 
tack :  v.i.  to  remain  or  abide ; 
wait ;  rest ;  stand  still ;  continue  ; 
cease;  hold  out  or  last. 

stead  (sted),  n.  the  place  or 
room  which  another  had  or  might 
have. 

stead-fast  ('fast),  adj.  firmly 
fixed  or  established ;  steady ;  con- 
stant ;  uniform. 

stead-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  steady 
manner. 

stead-i-ness  Ci-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  steady. 

stead-y  Ci),  adj.  [comp.  steadier, 
super],  steadiest],  fixed;  regular; 
firm  ;  constant  in  feeling  or  pur- 
pose ;  resolute  :  undeviating  ;  un- 
wavering ;  uniform:  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  steadied,  p.pr.  steadying],  to 
make  or  keep  steady  or  firm ; 
make  constant  or  resolute ;  regu- 
late :  interj.  be  fixed. 

steak  Cstak).  n.  a  slice  of  beef, 
&c..  for  broiling. 

steal  (stel),  v.t.  [p.t.  stole,  p.p. 
stolen,  p.pr.  stealing],  to  take  by 
theft  or  feloniously ;  take  without 
leave  or  right ;  withdraw  or  con- 
vey clandestinely ;  gain  secretly 
and  gradually :  v.i.  to  commit 
theft ;  slip  in  and  out  un- 
perceived. 

stealth  (stelth),  n.  secret  means 
employed  to  accomplish  an  ob- 
ject ;  underhand  procedure. 

sitealth-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a 
stealthy  manner. 


stealth-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  bein?  stealthy. 

stealth-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  stealth- 
ier.  supcrl.  stealthiest],  done  or 
performed  by  stealth  ;  clandestine  ; 
sly. 

steam  (stem),  n.  vapor  into  which 
water  is  changed  when  heated  to 
boiling-point ;  vapor  :  any  exhala- 
tion :  v.i.  to  emit  steam  ;  rise  or 
pass  off  in  steam  ;  move  by  steam  : 
r.t.  to  apply  steam  to. 

steam-er  ('er),  n.  a  vessel  pro- 
pelled by  steam  ;  road  locomotive  ; 
an  apparatus  for  steaming 
articles. 

steam  i-ness  Ci-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  steamy ;  misti- 
ness. 

steam -y  ('i),  adj.  consisting  of,  or 
like,  steam. 

steam-tur-bine  (tur'bin),  n.  a 
steam  engine  in  which  the  steam 
acts  upon  a  rotating  turbine  in- 
stead of  on  a  piston. 

ste-a-rate  (ste'a-rat),  n.  any  salt 
of  stearic  acid. 

ste-ar-ic  (-ar'ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  obtained  from,  stearin. 

ste-a-rin  ('a-rin),  n.  a  constit- 
uent of  most  animal  and  some 
vegetable  fats ;  tallow. 

ste-a-tite   Ca-tlt),  n.  soapstone. 

steed  (sted),  n.  a  horse,  especially 
one  which  is  spirited. 

steel  (stel),  n.  iron  refined  and1 
combined  with  carbon :  any  in- 
strument of  steel ;  anything  made 
of  steel  ;  anything  of  extreme 
hardness  ;  a  chalybeate  medicine  : 
adj.  made  of,  or  resembling,  steel : 
v.t.  to  overlay,  edge,  or  tip  with 
steel ;  make  hard  or  invulnerable ; 
render  like  steel. 

steel  i-ness  Ci-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  steely. 

steel-ing  Cing).  n.  the  process 
of  overlaying,  edging,  or  point- 
ing with  steel ;  acierage. 

steel-y  ('i),  adj.  made  of,  or 
like,  steel :  hard  ;  inflexible  ;  col- 
ored like  steel. 

steel-yard  ('yard),  n.  a  kind  of 
balance,  consisting  of  a  single 
weight  moved  along  a  graduated 
beam. 

steen-ing  (sten'ing).  n.  a  lining 
of  stone,  brick,  &c.,  of  a  well  op 
similar  structure. 


late.  mar.  mAsk.  cat.  awl ;  he.  her.  let :  lino,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  miite,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


ste 


798 


ste 


steep  (step),  adj.  rising  or  de- 
scending with  g-eat  inclination  ; 
precipitous :  n.  a  precipitous 
place :  v.t.  to  soak  in  a  liquid ; 
dip ;  imbue. 

X.f/'i.    high,    precipitous,    sharp. 
Ant.    (see  flat,   low). 

steep-en  ('n),  v.i.  to  become  steep 
or  steeper. 

stee-ple  (ste'pl),  n.  a  tower  or 
turret  tapering  to  a  point ;  spire. 

stee-ple-chase  (-chas),  n.  a  kind 
of  cross-country  horse-race. 

stee-pled  ('pld),  adj.  furnished 
with,  like,  or  adorned  with,  a 
steeple. 

steer  (ster),  n.  a  young  male  of 
the  ox  kind  ;  bullock :  v.t.  to  direct 
the  course  of  (a  vessel)  with  the 
helm  ;  control ;  guide :  v.i.  to  di- 
rect a  ship  in  its  course ;  move ; 
be  governed. 

steer-age  ('aj),  n.  the  act  or 
practice  of  steering ;  that  part  of 
a  ship  allotted  to  the  poorer  pas- 
sengers. 

.steer-age-way  (-wa),  n.  rate  of 
motion  through  the  water  of  a 
vessel  sufficient  to  enable  her  to 
feel  the  effect  of  the  helm. 

steere  (ster),  v.t.  to  give  a  cer- 
tain angle  of  elevation  to  (the 
bowsprit  of  a  vessel). 

«teer-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  angle  of 
elevation  of  a  bowsprit  with  the 
horizon. 

stein-bock  (stin'bok).  n.  a  small 
antelope  of  South  Africa.  Also 
steenbok. 

stellar  (stel'Sr),  adj.  pertaining 
to  stars ;  astral ;  starry.  Also 
stellary. 

•stel-late  ('at),  adj.  star-like; 
radiated. 

stel-li-form  ('i-f6rm),  adi.  star- 
shaped. 

stel-lu-lar   ('u-iar),  adj.  radiated. 

stem  (stem),  n.  the  principal 
axis  of  a  tree  or  plant ;  anything 
resembling  a  stem ;  race :  pedi- 
gree ;  progeny :  branch  of  a  fam- 
ily :  the  forepart  of  a  vessel ;  the 
unchangeable  part  of  an  in- 
flected word  :  the  upright  or  down- 
right line  joined  to  the  body  of  a 
note  [Music]  :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
stemmed,  p.pr.  stemming],  to  re- 
sist or  check ;  dam  up :  v.i.  to 
move  forward  against  an  obstacle. 


stem-pie  ('pi),  n.  a  crossbar  of 
wood  in  a  mining  .shaft  for  as- 
cending and  descending. 

stench  (stench),  n.  a  strong  of- 
fensive odor. 

sten-cil  (sten'sil),  n.  a  thin  plate 
of  metal  with  a  pattern,  &c.,  cut 
out,  used  for  marking,  &c. :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  stenciled,  p.pr.  sten- 
ciling], to  mark  or  color  with  a 
stencil. 

sten-p  graph  ('o-grAf),  n.  writ- 
ing in  shorthand :  v.t.  to  write 
or  report  in  shorthand. 

ste-nog-ra-pher  (ste-nog'ra-fer) , 
n.  a  shorthand  writer.  Also  sten- 
ographist. 

sten-o-graph-ic  (sten-o-graf'ik) , 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  written  in, 
shorthand. 

ste-nog-ra-phy  (ste-nog'ra-fi),  n. 
the  art  of  writing  in  shorthand. 

Sten-tor  (sten'ter),  n.  a  person 
with  a  very  powerful  voice :  from 
the  Greek  herald  in  the  Trojan 
war. 

sten-to-ri-an  (-to'ri-an),  adj.  ex- 
tremely loud. 

step  (step),  n.  the  distance  meas- 
ured by  the  foot  in  walking  or 
running ;  pace  ;  small  distance ; 
footstep  ;  action  ;  measure  ;  pro- 
cedure ;  gait ;  stair ;  round  of  a 
ladder :  pi.  portable  framework 
of  stairs:  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  stepped, 
p.pr.  stepping],  to  make  a  move- 
ment by  a  single  change  of  the 
position  of  the  foot;  walk; 
advance  or  retire  by  pacing ;  go 
or  come  as  by  chance ;  walk 
slowly :  v.t.  to  set,  as  the  foot ; 
measure  by  steps ;  fix.  as  a  mast : 
prefix  denoting  relation  by  mar- 
riage only. 

steppe  (step),  n.  a  name  for  the 
vast  barren  plains  of  Russia. 

stere  (star),  n.  in  the  metric  sys- 
tem, a  unit  of  cubic  measure  = 
35.31  cubic  feet. 

stereo,  a  prefix  meaning  solid, 
firm,  as  stfereogram,  a  picture  rep- 
resenting objects  on  a  plane  sur- 
face as  if  in  relief :  n.  an  abbr.  of 
stereotype.  Also  stereograph. 

ster-e-om-e-ter  ( ster-e-om'e-ter ) , 
•».  an  instrument  for  measuring 
the  solid  contents  of  a  body ;  an 
instrument  for  determining  specific 
gravity. 


hite.  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin :  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ste 


799 


sti 


ster-e-om-e-try  (-om'e-tri),  n. 
the  art  of  measuring  the  cubical 
contents  of  bodies ;  the  art  of 
determining  the  specific  gravity  of 
bodies. 

ster-e-op-ti-con  (-op'ti-kon).  n.  a 
magic-lantern  showing  photo- 
graphic slides  as  if  in  relief. 

ster-e-o-scope  (ster'e-o-skop),  n. 
a  binocular  optical  instrument  by 
means  of  which  two  pictures  ap- 
pear as  one  and  stand  out  in  re- 
lief. 

ster-e-o-scop-ic  (-skop'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to.  characteristic  of,  or 
adapted  to,  the  stereoscope.  Also 
stereoscopical. 

ster-e-o-type  ('e-o-tlp),  n.  a  metal 
plate  cast  from  a  mold  taken 
from  a  page  of  movable  types : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  stereotyped,  p.pr. 
stereotyping],  to  cast  or  print  in 
stereotype  ;  fix  permanently  :  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  done  by,  stereo- 
type. 

ster-ile  ('il),  adj.  barren;  pro- 
ducing little  or  no  crop ;  destitute 
of  ideas. 

Syn.  barren,  unfruitful. 
Ant.    (see  fertile). 

ster-il-i-ty  (-il'i-ti),  n.  barren- 
ness ;  infecundity. 

ster-il-i-za-tion  (-za'shun),  n. 
the  act  or  process  of  rendering 
stqrile ;  state  of  being  sterile. 

ster-il-ize  Cil-iz),  v.t.  to  make 
sterile ;  deprive  of  the  power  of 
reproduction,  as  bacteria. 

ster-ling  ('ling),  adj.  pure;  un- 
adulterated; genuine;  noting 
English  money  of  standard  value ; 
of  high  merit. 

stern  (stern),  adj.  harsh  or 
severe  in  countenance  or  man- 
ners ;  austere  ;  unrelenting  ;  stead- 
fast ;  being  in  the  stern :  n.  the 
after  part  of  a  vessel. 

ster-nal  Cnftl),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  sternum. 

ster-num  ('num),  n.  the  breast 
bone. 

stern-sheets  ('shetz),  n.  that  part 
of  a  boat  furnished  with  seats  for 
passengers. 

stern-way  ('wa),  n.  movement  of 
a  vessel  backwards. 

ster-to-rous  (steVto-rus),  adj. 
characterized  by  deep  snoring. 

stet  (stet),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  stetted, 


p.pr.  stetting],  to  mark  with  the 
word  stet  (let  it  stand)  on  a 
proof,  indicating  that  something- 
marked  for  omission  is  to  remain. 

steth-om-e-ter  ( steth-om'e-ter ) , 
n.  an  apparatus  for  measuring  the 
external  movements  of  the  walls 
of  the  chest  during  respiration. 

steth-o-scope  ('6-skop),  n.  an  in- 
strument for  examining  the  chest, 
or  ascertaining  diseases  of  the 
chest  by  sound  produced  in  the 
thorax. 

steth-o-scop-ic  (-skop'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  by  means  of, 
the  stethoscope.  Also  stethoscop- 
ical. 

steth-o-sco-py  ('o-sko-pi),  n.  ex- 
amination by  the  stethoscope. 

steve  (stev),  v.t.  to  stow  in  a 
ship's  hold. 

stev-e-dore  ('e-dor),  n.  one  who 
loads  or  unloads  a  vessel  in  port, 
or  stows  cargo  in  a  ship's  hold. 

stew  (stii),  v.t.  to  boil  slowly  or 
with  a  simmering  heat :  v.i.  to  be 
boiled  slowly  or  gently :  n.  a  dish 
prepared  by  stewing ;  a  store- 
pond  :  4)1.  a  brothel. 

stew-ard  ('erd),  n.  one  who  man- 
ages the  domestic  concerns  of  a 
family  or  institution  ;  manager  of 
a  large  estate  or  farm ;  person 
employed  at  a  hotel,  club,  or  on 
board  ship  to  superintend  culinary 
affairs;  a  college  official  who- 
superintends  the  kitchen  arrange- 
ments ;  a  fiscal  agent ;  an  officer 
of  the  royal  household ;  manager 
at  races,  sports,  &c. 

stew-ard-ess  (-es),  n.  a  woman 
who  attends  to  female  passengers 
on  board  ship. 

stew-ard-ship  (-ship),  n.  the 
office  of  a  steward ;  management. 

sthen-ic  (sthen'ik),  adj.  charac- 
terized by  morbid  activity  of  the 
heart  and  blood  vessels. 

sti  ac-cia-to  (ste-iit-ch'a'to),  n.  in 
sculpture,  the  lowest  kind  of  re- 
lief [Italian]. 

stibial  (stib'i-al),  adj.  like  an- 
timony. 

stib-i-al-ism  (-izm),  n.  antimo- 
nial  poisoning. 

stib-i-um   ('i-um),  n.  antimony. 

stic-ca-do  (stik-a'do) ,  n.  a  musical 
instrument  of  wooden  bars  of 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sti 


800 


stl 


graduated  lengths,  played  with  a 
small   mallet. 

stick  (stik),  n.  a  small  branch 
or  shoot  cut  off  a  tree ;  walking 
stick  ;  staff ;  printer's  composing- 
stick  ;  thrust  or  stab  with  a 
pointed  instrument ;  an  incom- 
petent or  dull  speaker:  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
;>./;.  stuck,  p.pr.  sticking],  to  stab 
or  thrust ;  pierce  ;  fasten  ;  fix  in  ; 
make  to  cohere ;  attach ;  set  with 
something  pointed  ;  compose  or  set 
up  (type)  :  v.i.  to  be  fixed;  re- 
main ;  cleave ;  adhere  ;  be  fastened 
by  piercing ;  be  stayed ;  hesitate 
(with  at). 

stick-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  sticky. 

stick-le  ('!),  v.i.  to  wrangle  or 
contend  pertinaciously,  especially 
on  insufficient  grounds,  for  some- 
thing of  little  importance. 

*tick-le-back  (-bak),  n.  a  spiny- 
backed  fish. 

stick -y  ('i).  adj.  [comp.  stickier, 
siiperl.  stickiest],  adhesive;  glu- 
tinous ;  viscous. 

stiff  (stif),  adj.  not  easily  bent; 
rigid  ;  inflexible ;  stubborn  ;  not 
liquid  or  fluid;  strong ;  violent ; 
not  natural  or  easy  ;  constrained  ; 
affected ;  formal ;  severe ;  not 
written  with  ease. 

stif -fen  ('n),  v.t.  to  make  stiff; 
make  more  thick  or  viscous ;  make 
torpid  :  v.L  to  become  stiff ;  grow 
more  obstinate. 

stif -fen-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  act  of 
making  stiff ;  material  for  mak- 
ing anything  stiff. 

stiff-necked  ('nekt),  adj.  in- 
flexibly obstinate ;  stubborn. 

stifle  (stif'l),  v.t.  to  suffocate; 
smother  ;  extinguish  ;  deaden  ;  sup- 
press or  conceal :  v.i.  to  be  suffo- 
cated :  n.  the  first  joint  above  a 
horse's  thigh,  next  the  buttock. 
Syn.  choke,  suffocate,  smother. 

stiff  ma  (stig'ma),n.  [pi.  stigmas, 
stigmata  ('maz,  'm&-td)],  a  mark 
made  with  a  branding-iron ;  mark 
of  infamy  or  disgrace ;  the  re- 
ceptive upper  part  of  the  pistil  of 
a  flower  on  which  the  pollen  which 
fertilizes  it  falls :  pi.  the  coun- 
terparts of  the  marks  of  the 
wounds  in  Christ's  body,  supposed 
to  be  impressed  on  the  bodies  of 
certain  saints  (stigmata). 


stig-ma-tize  ('m:°i-tiz),  v.t.  to 
mark  with  a  stigma  or  brand ; 
hold  up  to  disgrace,  reproach,  or 
infamy. 

stile  (stil),  n.  a  set  of  steps  to 
pass  from  one  side  of  a  fence 
or  wall,  &c.,  to  the  other;  the 
gnomon  of  a  sun-dial ;  an  upright 
piece  in  framing  or  paneling. 

sti-let-to  (sti-let'6),  n.  a  small 
dagger  with  a  thin,  rounded,  and 
pointed  blade  ;  pointed  instrument 
for  making  eyelet  holes. 

still  (stil),  adj.  at  rest;  without 
motion  ;  quiet ;  calm  ;  silent ;  not 
effervescent:  adv.  to  this  time; 
nevertheless  ;  always  ;  after  that : 
v.t.  to  make  still ;  calm ;  lull ; 
pacify ;  render  motionless :  n.  an 
apparatus  for  distilling  liquids. 

stilt  (stilt),  n.  a  pole  of  wood 
with  a  rest  for  the  foot ;  used  in 
pairs  in  walking :  v.t.  to  set  or 
raise  on  stilts. 

stilt-ed  Ced),  adj.  inflated;  pom- 
pous. 

stil-ton  (stil'tun),  n.  a  rich  kind 
of  cheese. 

stim-u-laiit  (stim'u-lant),  adj. 
serving  to  stimulate ;  producing 
transient  increase  of  vital  energy  : 
n.pl.  medicines  or  alcoholic  bev- 
erages having  such  an  effect. 

stim-u-late  ('u-lfit),  v.t.  to  excite 
or  rouse  ;  animate  ;  goad  ;  enonur- 
age  ;  excite  greater  vitality  in  :  v.i. 
to  act  as  a  stimulus. 

stim-n-la-tive  ('u-la-tiv),  adj. 
having  the  power  of  stimulating : 
n.  anything  that  stimulates. 

stim-u-la  tor  (-ter),  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  stimulates. 

stim-u-lus  Cu-lus),  n.  [pi.  stimuli 
(-11)],  that  which  stimulates;  a 
spur;  anything  exciting  to  ac- 
tion ;  incentive ;  stimulant. 

sting  (sting),  n.  the  sharp- 
pointed,  poisonous  weapon  with 
which  certain  animals  and  insects 
are  furnished ;  one  of  the  stiff, 
sharp-pointed,  hollow  hairs  of  cer- 
tain plants ;  anything  that  gives 
acute  mental  or  physical  pain ; 
the  thrust  of  a  sting :  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  stung,  p.pr.  stinging],  to 
pierce  or  wound  with,  or  as  with, 
a  sting ;  cause  acute  pain  to ; 
goad. 

sting-a-ree  ('a- re),  n.  the  sting- 
ray. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


sti 


801 


sto 


sting-ing  ('ing),  p.adi.  piercing, 
as  with  a  sting ;  acutely  painful ; 
pungent ;  adapted  for  stinging. 

stin-gy  (stin'ji),  adj.  [comp.  stin- 
gier, superl.  stingiest],  close  and 
covetous ;  meanly  avaricious ; 
miserly ;  niggardly. 

stink  '(stingk),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
stunk,  p.pr.  stinking],  to  emit  a 
strong,  offensive  odor :  v.t.  to 
cause  to  stink :  n.  a  strong,  of- 
fensive odor;  disgusting  smell;  an 
unpleasant  exposure. 

stink-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  emitting 
a  stink. 

stint  (stint),  v.t.  to  restrain  with- 
in certain  limits :  v.i.  to  stop  or 
cease :  n.  a  limit ;  quantity  as- 
signed. 

stipe  (stip),  n.  the  stalk  of  a 
frond  or  of  a  pistil  ;  stem  of  a 
fungus.  Also  stipes. 

sti-pend  (stT'pend),  n.  salary,  es- 
pecially clerical  income. 

sti-pen-di-a-ry  (-pen'di-a-ri),  ad). 
receiving  stipend  or  salary :  n. 
one  who  performs  services  for  a 
salary. 

stip-ple  (stip'l),  v.t.  to  engrave 
by  means  of  dots ;  paint  by  small, 
short  touches. 

stip-pler  ('ler),  n.  a  brush  used 
for  stippling. 

stip-u-late  ('u-lat),  v.t.  to  ar- 
range or  settle  definitely  or  by 
special  mention. 

stip-u  la-tion  (-u-la'shun) ,  n.  the 
act  of  stipulating ;  contract,  agree- 
ment, or  bargain  ;  a  special  con- 
dition in  a  contract. 

stip -u -la-tor  ('u-la-ter),  n.  one 
who  stipulates,  contracts,  or  cove- 
nants. 

stip-nle  Cul),  n.  a  small  leaf-like 
appendage  at  the  base  of  petioles. 

stir  fstPr),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  stirred, 
p.pr.  stirring],  to  put  into  motion  ; 
move;  incite;  agitate;  animate; 
rouse ;  instigate :  v.i.  to  move  or 
exert  one's  self ;  be  in  motion ; 
change  place ;  rise  in  the  morn- 
ing :  n.  bustle  ;  agitation  ;  tumult ; 
noise  ;  public  disturbance  ;  excite- 
ment. 

stir-a-bont  ('a-bout),  «.  oatmeal 
porridge. 

stirk  (sterk),  n.  a  yotmg  bull  or 
heifer. 


stirps  (sterps).  n.  [pi.  stirpes 
Cpez)],  family;  race;  stem;  root. 

stir-rer  (ster'er),  n.  one  who 
stirs. 

stir-ring  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
moving :  adj.  busy ;  bustling ; 
excinng ;  stimulating. 

stir-rup  (stir'up  or  steVup),  n. 
an  iron  hoop  suspended  by  a  strap 
in  which  a  horseman  sets  his  foot 
when  he  mounts  or  rides. 

stitch  (stich),  n.  a  single  pass 
of  a  needle  and  thread  through 
anything  made  by  sewing ;  link  of 
yarn  in  knitting;  sudden,  sharp, 
local  pain  ;  a  furrow :  v.t.  to  form 
stitches  in ;  unite  by  stitches ; 
form  (land)  into  furrows:  v.i.  to 
practice  stitching. 

stitch-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
sewing ;  work  sewn ;  formation  of 
land  into  furrows. 

stith-y  (stith'i),  n.  a  smith's 
forge ;  anvil. 

stive  (stiv),  v.t.  to  make  close, 
hot,  or  sultry ;  stuff  up ;  pa,ck  or 
press  closely  together :  v.i.  to  be 
stifled. 

stiv-er  ('er),  n.  a  Dutch  coin, 
value  2  cents :  hence  anything  of 
little  value. 

sto-a  (sto 'a) ,  n.  a  portico  or  porch. 

stoat  (stot),  n.  a  weasel. 

stoc-cade  (stok-ad'),  n.  a  thrust 
in  fencing. 

stock  (stok),  n.  the  trunk  or  stem 
of  a  tree  or  plant ;  pillar,  log,  or 
post ;  trunk  into  which  a  graft 
is  inserted ;  a  blockhead ;  race, 
family,  or  lineage  ;  fund  ;  capital ; 
share  of  a  public  debt ;  store ; 
cattle;  stiff  cravat;  part  of  a  fire- 
arm to  which  the  barrel  and  lock 
are  attached  ;  foundation  of  soups, 
&c. ;  a  kind  of  flower :  pi.  a  wood- 
en frame  in  which  the  legs  of 
criminals  were  confined ;  public 
funds ;  shares  of  capital  in  a  cor- 
porate company ;  frame  on  which 
a  ship  is  built :  v.t.  to  store  up ; 
fill ;  supply :  v.i.  to  take  in  or 
obtain  supplies:  adj.  kept  in 
stock ;  permanent. 

stock-ade  (ad'),  n.  a  line  of  posts 
used  as  a  barrier  for  defense  or 
enclosure  for  cattle:  v.t.  to  sur- 
round with,  or  defend  by,  a  stock- 
ade. 

stock-fish  ('fish),  n.  salted  and 
dried  fish. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sto 


802 


sto 


stock-i-net  (-i-nef),  n.  an  elastic 
textile  fabric. 

stock-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  close-fit- 
ting covering  for  the  foot  and  leg. 

•tock-job-ber  ('job-Cr),  n.  one 
who  deals  or  speculates  in  stocks 
and  shares.  1 

stock-still  ('stil),  adj.  motionless. 

stodg-y    (stoj'i),  adj.  wet. 

Sto-ic  (sto'ik),  n.  a  disciple  of  the 
Greek  philosopher  Zeno,  who 
taught  that  a  wise  man  should 
be  governed  by  the  reason,  sub- 
due all  passions,  and  be  indiffer- 
ent to  pleasure  or  pain  ;  one  who 
proposes  such  doctrines :  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Stoics :  indifferent 
to  pleasure  or  pain.  Stoical. 

sto-ic-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  stoical 
manner. 

stoi-chi-om-e-try  ( stoi-ki-om'e- 
tri),  n.  the  science  of  estimating 
the  atomic  weights,  &c.,  of  chem- 
ical elements  and  their  compounds. 

sto-i-cism  (sto'i-sizm),  n.  the  doc- 
trines and  maxims  of  the  Stoics ; 
real  or  assumed  insensibility  to 
pleasure  or  pain. 

stoke  (stok),  v.t.  maintain  and 
tend  the  fire  in :  as,  to  stoke  a 
furnace :  v.i.  to  act  as  a  stoker. 

stok-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  supplies 
fuel  to,  and  attends  to  the  fur- 
nace of,  an  engine  ;  a  fireman. 

sto-la  (sto'ia),  n.  [pi.  stolse 
('16)1,  a  long,  loose  garment  worn 
by  Roman  matrons. 

stole  (stol),  n.  a  stola;  a  long, 
narrow  scarf  fringed  at  the  ends, 
worn  by  bishops,  priests,  and 
deacons  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
and  Anglican  Churches :  p.t.  of 
steal. 

sto-len,  p.p.  of  steal. 

stol  id  (stol'id),  adj.  stupid;  dull; 
impassive. 

stol-id-i-ty  f'i-ti),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  stolid  ;  intellectual 
dulness. 

stolon  (sto'lon),  n.  a  trailing 
branch  or  creeping  sucker  which 
sends  down  roots. 

sto-ma  Cma),  n.  [pi.  stomata 
(sto'mS-ta)],  a  minute  breathing 
pore  or  aperture. 

stom-ach  (stum'flk),  n.  the  prin- 
cipal organ  of  digestion  in  the 
body  ;  appetite  ;  inclination  ; 


haughtiness :  v.t.  to  resent ;  put 
up  with. 

stoiu  ach-er  ('ak-er),  n.  an  orna- 
mental breast  covering,  worn  by 
women. 

sto  macli-ic  (sto-mak'ik) .  adj. 
pertaining  to,  exciting  or  strength- 
ening the  stomach :  n.  a  strength- 
ening medicine  for  the  stomach. 

stp-mat-ic  (sto-mat'ik),  n.  a  medi- 
cine for  diseases  of  the  mouth. 

stomp,  another  form  of  stamp. 

stone  (stdn).  n.  a  hard  mass  of 
earthy  or  mineral  matter ;  gem ; 
material  of  stone  used  for  build- 
ing, &c. :  calculus ;  hard  seed  shell 
of  certain  fruits  ;  a  weight  of  vary- 
ing value,  usually  14  Ib.  avoir- 
dupois ;  insensibility ;  hardness : 
v.t  to  pelt  or  kill  with  stones ; 
free  from  stones,  as  fruit. 

stone  age  (aj),  n.  the  period  of 
civilization  when  stone  weapons, 
implements,  &c.,  were  used  prior 
to  introduction  of  bronze. 

stone-blind  ('blind),  adj.  quite 
blind. 

stone-chat  ('chat),  n.  a  small 
British  bird. 

stone  cut-ting  ('kut-ing),  n. 
hewing  or  dressing  stone. 

stone-ware  ('war),  n.  a  coarse 
kind  of  pottery  baked  hard  and 
glazed. 

stone- wort  ('wert),  ».  a  plant  of 
the  genus  Chara. 

ston-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  stony 
manner. 

ston-i-ness  ('i-nes).  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  stony. 

ston-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  stonier, 
superl.  stoniest],  pertaining  to,  of 
the  nature  of,  or  like,  stone ; 
rocky ;  hard ;  cruel ;  inflexible ; 
pitiless. 

stood,  p.t.  of  stand. 

stool  (stool),  n.  a  seat  without  a 
back  for  one  person,  usually  sup- 
ported with  3  legs ;  the  seat  used 
in  evacuating  the  bowels ;  evacua- 
tion of  the  bowels. 

stoop  (stoop),  v.i.  to  bend  the 
body  downward  and  forward ;  de- 
scend from  rank  or  dignity  ;  sub- 
mit ;  condescend ;  sweep  down  on 
prey :  n.  inclination  downward 
and  forward ;  descent  from  dig- 
nity ;  condescension  ;  fall  of  a  bird 
upon  its  prey ;  stairway,  veranda, 
or  porch  with  seats ;  a  flagon. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sto 


803 


str 


stop  (stop),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
stopped,  p.pr.  stopping],  to  hinder, 
check,  or  impede ;  render  impass- 
able ;  intercept ;  desist  from ; 
regulate  the  sounds  of ;  deduct ; 
suspend :  v.i.  to  cease  from  any 
motion  or  action ;  reside  tem- 
porarily :  n.  the  act  of  stopping ; 
state  of  being  stopped  ;  cessation  ; 
a  device  for  arresting  or  limiting 
musical  sounds ;  series  of  organ 
pipes  ;  mark  used  in  punctuation : 
inter j.  stay  !  cease  ! 

stop-gap  ('gap),  n.  a  temporary 
expedient. 

stop-page  ('aj),  n.  the  act  of 
stopping ;  state  of  being  stopped  ; 
obstruction ;  deduction  from  pay. 

stop-per  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  stops ;  that  which 
closes  a  vent  or  hole. 

stop-ping  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
halting ;  stoppage  ;  something  that 
fills  up,  or  closes. 

stop-pie  ('!),  n.  a  cork 'or  "plug : 
v.t.  to  close  with  a  stopple. 

stor-age  (stor'aj),  n.  safe  keeping 
of  goods  in  a  warehouse,  &c. ; 
price  for  storage. 

sto-rax  (sto'raks),  n.  a  balsamic 
resin. 

store  (stor),  n.  a  large  number 
or  great  quantity  ;  stock  accumu- 
lated ;  abundance  or  plenty  ;  ware- 
house ;  shop :  pi.  naval  and  mili- 
tary arms,  ammunition,  clothing, 
provisions,  &c. :  v.t.  to  furnish  or 
supply  with  stores ;  gather  in 
quantities ;  accumulate ;  hoard 
up  ;  warehouse. 

stor  led  ('id),  adj.  furnished  with 
stories ;  told  in  a  story. 

stork  (stork),  n.  a  large  wading 
bird  with  long  legs  and  large 
pointed  bill. 

storm    (storm),    n.    a    violent   at- 
mospheric   disturbance ;    tempest 
heavy  fall  of  rain,  snow,  or  hail 
violent    commotion    or    agitation , 
tumult:  calamity;  violent  assault 
011  a  fortified  place :  v.t.  to  attack 
with    violence  or  open   force :   v.i. 
to    blow    violently ;    be    angry    or 
rage. 

Xi/n.     tempest,     agitation,     dis- 
turbance. 

Ant.  (see  calm). 

storm-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  stormy 
manner. 


storm-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  tempest- 
uousness. 

storm-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  taking 
of  a  fortified  place  by  a  violent 
and  open  assault :  p.adj.  violently 
angry  or  raging. 

storm-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  stormier, 
superl,  stormiest],  characterized 
by,  or  proceeding  from,  storms ; 
tempestuous ;  violent. 

tiyn.  rough,  boisterous,  tempest- 
uous. 

Ant.  (see  calm). 

stor-thing  (stor'ting),  n.  [Nor.] 
the  Norwegian  parliament. 

sto-ry  (sto'ri),  n.  [pi.  stories 
('riz)],  a  fictitious  narrative; 
pretty  tale ;  short  romance ;  his- 
tory ;  stage  or  floor  of  a  build- 
ing ;  division  of  a  house  reached 
by  one  flight  of  stairs. 

Syn.  account,  legend,  tale,  myth. 
Ant.   (see  history). 

stoup  (stoop),  n.  a  flagon;  recep- 
tacle for  holy  water ;  a  liquid 
measure. 

stout  (stout),  adj.  corpulent; 
thick-set ;  stormy  ;  lusty  ;  brave  ; 
resolute :  n.  a  strong  kind  of  por- 
ter. 

stove  (stov),  n.  an  apparatus  for 
enclosing  a  fire  for  cooking  or 
heating ;  hothouse :  v.t.  heat  or 
dry,  as  in  a  stove  :  p.t.  of  stave. 

stow  (sto),  v.t.  to  fill  by  packing 
closely  ;  lay_  up  ;  pack. 

stow-age  ( 'a  j ) ,  n.  the  act  of  stow- 
ing ;  state  of  being  stowed ;  ac- 
commodation for  stowing  things ; 
money  paid  for  stowage. 

stow-a-way  ('a-wu),  n.  one  who 
conceals  himself  on  a  vessel  leav- 
ing port  to  obtain  a  free  passage. 

stra-bis-mus  (stra-biz'mus),  n. 
squinting. 

stra-bot-o-my  (-bot'6-mi),  n.  a 
surgical  operation  for  the  removal 
of  squinting. 

strati  die  (strad'l),  v.t.  to  stand 
or  sit  astride  of :  v.i.  to  stand  or 
walk  with  the  legs  wide  apart:  n. 
the  act  of  standing,  sitting,  or 
walking  with  the  legs  wide  apart; 
a  stock  option  giving  the  holder 
the  right  of  both  "put"  and  "call." 

strag-gle  (strag'l),  v.i.  to  wander 
from  the  direct  course  or  way ; 
ramble  ;  rove ;  roam  idly  about ; 
be  dispersed  or  scattered ;  occur 
at  intervals. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


str 


804 


sti" 


strag-u-lum  ('li-luin),  n.  the 
mantle  of  a  bird. 

strahl-ite   (straFit),  ».  actinolite. 

straight  (strat),  adj.  not 
crooked  ;  right,  as  a  line  stretched 
between  two  points ;  direct ;  up- 
right ;  undiluted ;  consistent  in 
support  of  a  candidate  or  party  : 
adv.  in  a  straight  manner ;  di- 
rect ;  at  once. 

straight-en  ('en),  v.t.  to  make 
straight. 

straight-f  or- ward  ( -f  or'werd ) , 
adj.  not  deviating ;  honest ;  open. 

straight-spo-ken  ( 'spo-ken ) ,  adj. 
plain-spoken. 

straight-way  ('wa),  adv.  at  once. 

strain  (stran),  n.  stock;  lineage; 
race ;  descent ;  tune  or  melody  ; 
manner  of  speech  or  action ;  a 
violent  effort ;  injury  by  over- 
exertion  :  v.t.  to  put  to  its  utmost 
strength ;  draw  out  with  force ; 
stretch ;  injure  by  overtasking ; 
make  uneasy  or  unnatural ;  filter : 
v.i.  to  make  violent  efforts ;  be 
filtered. 

strain- er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  strains ;  an  apparatus 
for  filtering. 

strait  (strat),  adj.  narrow;  not 
broad  ;  confined  ;  distressful ;  diffi- 
cult :  n.pl.  a  narrow  passage  of 
water  connecting  two  seas ;  diffi- 
culty ;  poverty. 

Syn.  narrow,  confined. 

strait-en  ('en),  v.t.  to  make  nar- 
row ;  contract ;  confine ;  put  into 
difficulties ;  embarrass :  v.i,  to  be- 
come narrow. 

strait  -  jack-et  ('jak-et),  n.  a 
kind  of  garment  for  confining  mad 
or  delirious  persons.  Also  strait- 
waistcoat. 

strait-laced  ('last),  adj.  laced 
tightly ;  strict  in  manners  or  mor- 
als. 

strake  (strak),  n.  the  iron  tire 
by  which  the  felloes  of  a  wheel 
are  secured ;  continuous  line  of 
planking  of  a  vessel  from  stem  to 
stern ;  a  trough  for  washing  brok- 
en ore. 

stra-mo-ni-nm  ( stra-mo'ni-um  ) , 
n.  the  thorn-apple,  commonly 
called  jimson-weed. 

strand  (strand),  n.  the  shore  of 
a  sea,  ocean,  or  large  lake ;  one 
of  the  divisions  or  twists  of  a 
rope :  v.t.  to  drive  or  force  upon 


the  sea-shore  ;  run  aground  ;  bring 
into  a  state  of  embarrassment : 
v.i.  to  be  lifted  or  be  driven 
ashore. 

strange  (stranj),  adj.  belonging 
to  another  country  ;  not  domestic  ; 
novel ;  unusual ;  reserved  ;  inex- 
perienced ;  unfamiliar. 

strange-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  strange 
manner. 

strange-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  strange. 

strang-er    ('er),   n.    a   foreigner; 
guest  or  visitor ;   one  who  is  un- 
known or  acquainted  ;  one  not  ad- 
mitted to  fellowship. 
Syn.  alien,  foreigner. 
Ant.    (see  friend). 

stran-gle  (strang'gl),  v.t.  to 
choke;  suffocate  by  compressing 
the  windpipe ;  suppress  or  stifle : 
pi.  a  disease  in  horses. 

stran-gu-la-tion  ( -gu-la'shun ) , 
n.  the  act  of  strangling ;  state  of 
being  strangled  ;  suffocation  ;  close 
constriction. 

stran-gu-ry  ('gu-ri),  n.  painful 
voiding  of  urine  by  drops. 

strap  (strap),  n.  a  long,  narrow 
piece  of  leather  or  cloth ;  razor- 
strop  :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  strapped, 
p.pr.  strapping],  to  fasten  or  bind 
with  a  strap ;  beat  with  a  strap. 

strap-per  ('er),  n.  one  who  uses 
a  strap ;  a  person  unusually  tall. 

strap-ping  ('ing),  adj.  tall; 
strong ;  well-made  ;  handsome. 

strass  (stras),  n.  a  kind  of  color 
less  glass  used  as  the  base  of 
artificial  paste  gems. 

stra-ta,  pi.  of  stratum. 

strat-a-gem  ( strat' a-jem),  n.  a 
device  or  scheme  for  defeating  an 
enemy,  especially  in  war ;  an  arti- 
fice or  plan  for  deception  of  any 
kind,  or  for  gaining  some  advan- 
tage. 

stra-teg-ic  (stra-tej'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  effected  by,  strategy 
or  artifice.  Also  strategical :  n. 
pi.  the  science  of  military  war- 
fare ;  direction  of  a  campaign. 

strat-e-gy  (strat'e-ji),  n.  strateg- 
ics ;  use  of  artifice  or  stratagem 
in  carrying  out  some  design. 

strat-i-fi-ca-tion  (-i-fi-ka'shun), 
n.  the  process  of  being  arranged 
or  deposited  in  layers. 

strat-i-fied  ('i-fid),  adj.  arranged 
in  strata. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon,- 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


atr 


805 


str 


strat-i-f  orm  ( 'i-f  orm ) ,  adj. 
strata-like. 

strat-i-fy  ('i-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
stratified,  p.pr.  stratifying],  to 
form,  deposit,  or  arrange,  in  strata 
or  layers. 

stra-tum  (stra'tum),  n.  [pi.  strata 
('ta)].  a  bed  of  earth  or  rock, 
consisting  generally  of  a  series  of 
layers :  an  artificial  layer. 

stra-tus  ('tus),  n.  a  cloud  appar- 
ently resting  horizontally  on  the 
earth's  surface. 

straw  (straw),  n.  the  stalk  of 
grain ;  bundle  of  such  stalks  when 
cut  and  thrashed ;  anything  pro- 
verbially worthless ;  mere  trifle. 

straw-ber-ry  ('ber-i),  n.  [pi. 
strawberries  (-iz)],  a  plant  of  the 

fenus  Fragaria  and  its  well- 
nown  fruit. 

straw- worm  ('werm),  n.  the  cad- 
dis-worm. 

straw-y  ('i),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
made  of.  or  like,  straw. 

atray  (stra),  v.i.  to  wander  from 
limits  or  the  direct  path ;  deviate ; 
err :  v.t.  to  mislead :  adj.  gone 
astray  ;  wandering. 

streak  (strek),  n.  a  line  of  color 
different  from  the  ground  color ; 
stripe :  v.t.  to  form,  or  mark  with, 
streaks ;  stripe. 

streak-y  ('i).  adj.  having  streaks  ; 
with  .alternate  layers  of  fat  and 
lean. 

stream  (strem),  n.  a  current  of 
water  or  other  fluid ;  anything 
flowing  out  of  a  source ;  river, 
rivulet,  or  brook;  drift  or  tend- 
ency :  v.i.  to  issue  or  flow  in  a 
stream ;  run  in  a  current ;  issue 
forth. 

stream-er  ('er),  n.  a  long  narrow 
flag  or  pennon  ;  the  aurora  bore- 
alis. 

stream-let  ('let),  n.  a  little 
stream  ;  a  rivulet ;  a  rill. 

stream-tin  ('tin),  n.  diluvial  ore 
in  tin  mines. 

stream-y  ('i),  adj.  abounding  in, 
or  full  of,  streams ;  flowing  in 
streams. 

street  (stret),  n.  a  public  road 
in  a  city  or  town  lined  with  houses 
on  either  side. 

street  Ar-ab  (ar'ab),  n.  a  neg- 
lected child  who  lives  in  the 
streets. 


street-car    ('kiir),  n.  a  car  that 

runs  on  a  street-railway._ 
street-rail-way    (-ral'wa),    n.    a 

railway  laid  on  the  surface  of  the 
streets,  distinguished  from  a  rail- 
road, elevated  road,  or  sub-way 
road. 

strength  (strength),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  strong ;  active 
or  passive  power ;  muscular  force  ; 
vigor ;  power  of  endurance  or  re- 
sistance ;  toughness ;  numbers  or 
amount  of  any  body,  as  an  army  ; 
vigor  of  style ;  intensity,  as  of 
light  or  color ;  legal  or  moral 
force ;  potency  of  liquors. 

strength-en  ('en),  v.t.  to  make 
strong ;  confirm ;  cause  to  in- 
crease in  power  or  security  :  v.i. 
to  become  stronger. 

Syn.   fortify,   invigorate. 
Ant.    (see   weaken). 

stren-u-ous  (stren'u-us),  adj.  ur- 
gent or  eagerly  pressing  ;  ardent ; 
zealous  ;  strong  ;  vigorous  ;  bold  ; 
earnest ;  valiant. 

stress  (stres),  n.  urgency;  strain; 
pressure  ;  force  ;  importance  ; 
weight ;  violence ;  force  of  utter- 
ance. 

stretch  (strech),  v.t.  to  draw  out 
to  a  greater  length  or  width ;  ex- 
tend or  expand ;  strain ;  exag- 
gerate :  v.i.  to  be  extended  ;  reach ; 
sail  by  the  wind  under  press  of 
canvas :  n.  the  act  of  stretching ; 
state  of  being  stretched;  strain; 
effort;  extension;  direction;  ut- 
most extent  of  meaning. 

stretch-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  stretches ;  a  foot- 
board used  in  rowing ;  a  frame  or 
litter  for  carrying  the  sick  or 
dead. 

strew  (stroo),  v.t.  to  spread  by 
scattering ;  scatter  loosely. 

stri-ae  (stri'e),  n.pl.  fine  thread- 
like lines  ;  slight  furrows  ;  fillets 
between  the  channels  of  columns. 

stri-ate  ('at),  adj.  marked,  or 
formed  with,  striae. 

strick-en  (strik'en).  p.adj.  far 
advanced :  p.p.  of  strike. 

strict  (strikt),  adj.  vigorous; 
exact ;  severe  ;  nice  to  an  extreme  ; 
careful ;  rigidly  interpreted ; 
straight  and  narrow. 

stric-ture  ('tur),  n.  a  morbid  con- 
traction of  any  passage  of  the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let  ;•  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pGrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


str 


806 


str 


body,  especially  of  the  urethra ; 
censure  or  adverse  criticism. 

stride  (strid),  n.  a  long  step; 
straddle :  v.i.  to  walk  with  long 
steps ;  straddle :  v.t.  to  pass  by 
long  steps. 

stri-dent  (stri'dent),  adj.  harsh; 
shrill ;  grating  or  creaking. 

strid-u-la-tion  ( strid-u-1  u'shun ) , 
n.  the  power  possessed  by  certain 
male  insects  of  making  shrill 
sounds  bv  the  friction  of  parts  of 
their  bodies. 

strid-u-lous  ('u-lus),  adj.  produc- 
ing a  shrill,  harsh,  creaking 
sound. 

strife  (strlf),  n.  contention  for 
superiority  ;  discord  ;  conflict ; 
quarrel ;  enmity ;  war. 

stri-ga  (strl'gfi),  n.  [pi.  strigfe 
CJe)],  the  fluting  of  a  column: 
pi.  small,  upright,  stiff  hairs, 
swelled  at  their  bases. 

strig-il  (strij'il),  n.  an  instru- 
ment for  scraping,  used  by  the 
ancients  after  the  bath. 

strike  (strlk),  v.t.  [p.t.  struck, 
p.p.  struck,  stricken,  p.pr.  strik- 
ing], to  hit  with  a  blow  or  with 
force  ;  dash  ;  collide ;  pass  quick- 
ly ;  lower  or  take  down  ;  notify  by 
sound ;  affect  strongly  or  sensi- 
bly ;  produce  by  a  blow  or 
friction  ;  coin  or  mint ;  ground  ; 
light  upon ;  make,  as  a  bargain  : 
v.i.  to  make  a  quick  blow  or 
thrust ;  hit ;  sound  by  being 
struck ;  pay  homage,  as  by  lower- 
ing a  flag  or  sail  in  token  of  re- 
spect or  submission ;  cease  from 
work :  n.  cessation  of  work  for 
higher  wages ;  an  instrument  for 
leveling  a  measure,  as  of  grain ; 
four  bushels ;  direction  of  the  out- 
crop of  a  stratum. 

striking  ('ing),  adj.  affecting 
with  strong  emotions  ;  impressive  ; 
forcible  ;  wonderful ;  surprising. 

string  (string),  n.  a  small  cord 
or  line ;  cord  of  a  musical  instru- 
ment ;  cord  on  which  things  are 
filed  ;  series  of  things  connected  : 
v.t.  {p.t.  &  p.p.  strung,-  p.pr. 
stringing],  to  furnish  with 
strings ;  put  in  tune ;  thread  on  a 
string ;  file ;  deprive  of  strings 

strin-gen-cy  (strin'jen-si),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  stringent. 


strin-gent  (strin'jent),  adj.  se- 
vere ;  rigid  ;  strict ;  binding  ;  tense. 

string-i-ness  (string'i-nes),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being 
stringy. 

string-y  ('i),  adj.  consisting  of, 
or  like,  string  ;  filamentous ; 
viscid. 

strip  (strip),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
stripped,  p.pr.  stripping],  to  make 
naked ;  deprive  of  a  covering ; 
skin  or  peel ;  rob  or  pillage ;  be- 
reave ;  take  away ;  milk  dry :  v.i. 
to  undress :  n.  a  long  narrow 
piece ;  trough  for  washing  ore ; 
waste,  as  destruction  of  fences. 

stripe  (strip),  v.t.  to  variegate 
with  lines  of  different  colors ; 
form  the  stripes  upon ;  lash  or 
whip :  n.  a  line  or  long  narrow 
division  of  anything  of  a  differ- 
ent color  to  the  ground ;  stroke 
or  weal  made  by  a  whip,  &c. ; 
party  badge  or  color. 

strip-ling  (stripping),  n.  a 
youth. 

strive  (striv),  v.i.  to  make  ex- 
ertions or  efforts ;  labor  hard  or 
earnestly  ;  aim  ;  struggle  ;  contend 
in  emulation. 

strob-ile  (strob'il),  n.  the  cone  or 
fruit  of  the  pine-tree. 

stro-cal  (stro'kal),  n.  a  glass- 
maker's  shovel. 

strode,  p.t.  of  stride. 

stroke  (struk),  n.  a  knock  or 
blow;  calamity  or  affliction;  sud- 
den effect ;  hostile  blow  or  attack  ; 
touch  of  a  pencil  or  pen  ;  sound 
of  a  clock ;  length  of  the  recti- 
linear motion  of  a  piston,  &c. ; 
sweep  of  an  oar;  the  principal 
oarsman  in  a  boat  who  sets  the 
time  to  the  rowers :  v.t.  to  rub 
gently  with  the  hand  in  one  di- 
rection ;  soothe. 

stroll  (strol),  v.i.  to  wander  on 
foot ;  ramble  or  rove  idly :  n.  a 
leisurely  ramble. 

strol-ler  ('er),  n.  one  who 
strolls ;  an  itinerant  player ; 
vagrant. 

stro-ma  (stro'ma).  n.  [pi.  stro- 
mata  ('mn-ta)],  the  basis  of  an 
organ  or  tissue. 

strong  (strOng),  adj.  having 
strength  ;  robust ;  healthy  ;  vigor- 
ous ;  having  power  of  endurance ; 
powerful ;  violent ;  muscular ;  af- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  bee,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


str 


807 


stu 


fecting  the  senses ;   ardent ;   well- 
fortified  ;  rising  to  higher  prices. 
Syn.  robust,  sturdy,  powerful. 
Ant.  (see  weak) . 

strong-hold  ('hold),  n.  a  for- 
tress. 

stron-ti-a  (stron'shi-a),  n.  an 
oxide  of  strontium. 

stron-ti-um  ('shi-um),  n.  a  me- 
tallic element  forming  the  base  of 
strontia. 

strop  (strop),  n.  a  strip  of  leath- 
er for  sharpening  razors :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  stropped,  p.pr.  strop- 
ping], to  sharpen  on  a  strop. 

stro-phe  (stro'fe),  n.  that  part  of 
a  song  or  dance  in  the  ancient 
Greek  drama  performed  by  the 
chorus  in  turning  from  the  right 
to  the  left ;  the  first  of  two  stan- 
zas. 

stro-phic  (stro'fik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  consisting  of,  strophes. 

stroii  d  (stroud),  n.  a  kind  of 
coarse  blanket  used  by  the  North 
American  Indians. 

struck,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  strike. 

struct-u-ral  (strukt'u-ral),  adj. 
pertaining  to  structure. 

struct-ure  ('ur),  n.  an  edifice  or 
building ;  manner  or  form  of 
building ;  form ;  make  ;  arrange- 
ment of  parts  or  organization  of 
a  vegetable  or  animal  substance. 

strug-gle  (strug'l),  v.i.  to  use 
violent  efforts  with  contortions  of 
the  body ;  strive  with  effort ;  be 
in  pain  or  agony ;  contend :  n. 
a  violent  effort  with  contortions  of 
the  body  ;  pain  or  agony ;  labor ; 
contest. 

strum  (strum),  v.t.  &  v.i.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  strummed,  p.pr.  strumming], 
to  play  badly  and  noisily  on  a 
stringed  instrument. 

stru-ma  (stroo'ma),  n.  scrofula. 

stru-mous  ('mus),  adj.  scrofulous. 

strum-pet  (strum'pet),  n.  a 
prostitute. 

strung,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  string. 

strut  (strut),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
strutted,  p.pr.  strutting],  to  walk 
with  affected  dignity :  n.  a  proud 
step  or  walk  with  the  head  erect ; 
a  support  of  timber. 

Stru-thi-o  (stroo'thi-o),  n.  a 
genus  of  birds,  containing  the 
ostriches. 

strych-nic    (strik'nik),    adj.    per- 


taining to,  derived  from,  or  con- 
taining, strychnine. 

strych-nine  ('nin),  n.  a  highly 
poisonous  alkaloid  extracted  from 
nux  vomica. 

stub  (stub),  n.  the  stump  of  a 
tree ;  a  stub-nail :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
stubbed,  p.pr.  stubbing],  to  grub 
up  by  the  roots ;  root  out ;  strike 
against  some  fixed  obstacle :  as, 
to  stub  one's  toe. 

stubbed  (stubd),  adj.  short  and 
thick.  Also  stubby. 

stub-bi-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  stubby. 

stub-ble  ('!),  n.  short  stalks  or 
stumps  of  grain  left  in  the  ground 
after  reaping. 

stub-born  ('ern),  adj.  inflexibly 
headstrong ;  obstinate  ;  contuma- 
cious ;  refractory ;  not  easily 
worked  or  melted,  as  a  metal. 

stub-nail  ('nal),  n.  a  short, 
thick  nail. 

stuc-co  (stuk'6),  n.  [pi.  stuccoes 
('oz)],  plaster  used  as  a  coating 
for  walls  or  internal  decorations ; 
work  executed  in  stucco :  v.t.  to 
overlay,  or  decorate,  with  stucco. 

stuck,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  stick. 

stuck-up  (stuk'up),  adj.  con- 
ceited. 

stud  (stud),  n.  an  ornamental 
knob  or  button  ;  large-headed  or- 
namental nail ;  an  upright  beam 
or  scantling ;  collection  of  breed- 
ing horses  and  mares  ;  place  where 
they  are  kept ;  horses  kept  for 
racing,  hunting,  &c. :  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  studded,  p.pr.  studding],  to 
adorn  with,  or  as  with,  studs ;  set 
with  detached  ornaments  or  prom- 
inent objects. 

stud-ding  ('ing),  n.  material  for 
studs  or  joists ;  studs  or  joists 
collectively. 

stud-ding-sail  ('ing-sal),  ».  a 
light  sail  set  at  the  side  of  a 
square  sail  to  increase  its  area  in 
light  winds. 

stu -dent  (stu 'dent),  n.  one  who  is 
engaged  in  study ;  scholar ;  one  de- 
voted to  books  or  learning;  syste- 
matic observer. 

stud-horse  (stud'hSrs),  n.  a  stal- 
lion. 

stud-ied  ('id),  adj.  qualified  by 
study  ;  well-read  ;  precise  or  form- 
al ;  premeditated. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


HtU 


808 


stu 


stu-di-o  (stu'di-o),  n.  an  artist's 
workroom. 

stu-di-ous  ('di-us),  adj.  devoted  to 
study  or  the  acquisition  of  knowl- 
edge ;  diligent ;  designed  ;  deliber- 
ate ;  careful  (with  of). 

stud-y  (stud'i),  n.  the  application 
of  the  mind  to  acquisition  of 
knowledge ;  any  particular  branch 
of  learning ;  sketched  ideas  of  a 
painter,  &c.,  for  his  future  in- 
struction or  improvement ;  a  room 
set  apart  for  a  study  :  v.i.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  studied,  p.pr.  studying],  to 
apply  the  mind  closely  to  a  sub- 
ject ;  endeavor  diligently :  v.t.  to 
examine  closely  in  order  to  learn 
thoroughly ;  con  over ;  devote 
one's  thoughts  to. 

^tu-fa  (stoo'fa),  n.  a  jet  of  steam 
issuing  from  a  fissure  in  the  earth. 

stuff  (stuf),  n.  materials  out  of 
which  anything  is  made ;  textile 
fabrics  ;  furniture  ;  goods  ;  refuse 
matter ;  nonsense :  v.L  to  fill  by 
crowding  something  into ;  press 
or  pack ;  fill  with  seasoning ;  fill 
the  skin  of  (a  dead  animal)  for 
preservation  in  its  natural  form : 
v.i.  to  eat  gluttonously. 

stuif-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  stuffy. 

stuff-y  ('i),  adj.  close  or  ill-venti- 
lated ;  sulky. 

stul  ti-fi  cation  ( stul-ti-fi-ka'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  stultifying; 
the  state  of  being  stultified. 

stul-ti-fi-er  ('ti-fi-er),  n.  one  who 
stultifies. 

stul-ti-fy  ( 'ti-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
stultified,  p.pr.  stultifying],  to 
render  foolish  ;  make  nugatory. 

stum  Me  (stum'bl),  v.i.  to  trip  up 
or  fall  in  walking;  light  (with  on 
or  upon)  ;  slide  into  error  or 
crime :  n.  a  trip  in  walking  or 
running ;  failure  or  blunder. 

stump  (stump),  n.  that  part  of  a 
tree  which  remains  in  the  ground 
after  the  trunk  is  cut  down  ;  part 
remaining  after  amputation,  &c. ; 
an  artist's  soft  pencil  or  rubber ; 
one  of  three  posts  of  the  wicket 
at  cricket :  v.t.  to  lop  off ;  reduce 
to  a  stump ;  defeat :  v.i.  travel 
about  making  speeches  for  elec- 
tioneering purposes ;  to  walk 
clumsily. 

Sitump-or-a-tor  (-or'a-ter),  n.  one 


who  harangues  the  people  on 
some  current  question,  usually 
political. 

stump-speech  ('spech),  n.  an 
electioneering  speech. 

stump-y  ( 'i ) ,  adv.  full  of  stumps ; 
short  and  thick. 

stun,  (stun),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
stunned,  p.pr  stunning],  to  ren- 
der senseless  by,  or  as  by,  a  blow ; 
confuse  with  noise ;  surprise  com- 
pletely ;  astonish. 

stung,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  sting. 

stunk,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  stink. 

stun-ning  ('ing),  adj.  remarkably 
fine  or  large. 

stunt  (stunt),  v.t.  to  check  in 
growth  or  progress :  v.i.  to  become 
stunted :  n.  a  check  in  growth ; 
something  stunted ;  an  allotted 
task  ;  a  performance. 

stupe  (stup),  n.  flax,  flannel,  &c., 
steeped  in  warm  water  or  medica- 
ments used  as  a  compress.  &c. 

stu-pe-fa-ci-ent  (-pe-fa'shi-ent), 
n.  a  narcotic. 

stu-pe-fac-tion  (-fak'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  stupefying ;  state  of 
being  stupefied ;  insensibility ; 
torpor ;  stupidity. 

stu-pe-fac-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  caus- 
ing stupefaction. 

stu-pe-fi-er  ('pe-fi-er),  n.  one  who 
or  that  which,  stupefies. 

stu-pe-fy  ('e-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
stupefied,  p.pr.  stupefying],  to  de- 
prive of  sensibility  ;  make  stupid  ; 
dull. 

stu-pen-dous  (-pen'dus),  adj. 
overcoming  the  senses  by  its  vast- 
ness  ;  astonishing. 

stu-pid  ('pid),  adj.  deficient  in 
understanding  ;  insensible ;  dull ; 
silly  ;  nonsensical. 

Syn.  dull,   foolish,   obtuse,   wit- 
less. 

stu-pid-i-ty     ('i-ti).     n.     extreme 
dullness   of   perception   or  under- 
standing ;   crass  ignorance ;   folly. 
Syn.  dullness,  apathy,  slowness, 
obtuseness. 

Ant.   (see  cleverness). 

stu-por  ('per),  n.  suspension  or 
great  diminution  of  sensibility ; 
numbness ;  lethargy ;  intellectual 
insensibility. 

stur-di-ly  (ster'di-li),  adv.  in  a 
sturdy  manner. 

stur-di-ness  ('di-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  sturdy. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


stu 


809 


sub 


stur-dy  ('di),  adj.  hardy;  robust; 
stout ;  strong  ;  stubborn  ;  vigorous  ; 
forcible. 

stur-geon  ('jun),  n.  a  large,  car- 
tilaginous fish  of  the  genus 
Acipenser,  the  roes  of  certain 
species  of  which  are  made  into 
caviare,  and  isinglass  from  the 
air-bladder. 

stut-ter  (stut'er),  .i.  to  speak 
with  hesitation  or  stammering : 
v.t.  to  utter  in  a  stammering  man- 
ner :  n.  hesitation  or  stammering 
in  speech.  Also  stuttering. 

sty  (sti),  n.  a  pen  or  enclosure 
for  swine ;  a  filthy  or  mean  place ; 
a  kind  of  boil  upon  the  eyelid : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  stied,  p.pr.  sty- 
ing],  to  shut  up  in  a  filthy  or 
mean  place. 

Styg-i-an  (stij'i-an),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  Styx,  the  river  of 
Hades,  over  which  the  dead  were 
ferried  by  the  boatman  Charon : 
hence  infernal ;  hellish. 

style  (stil),  n.  a  pointed  instru- 
ment used  by  the  ancients  for 
writing  upon  wax  tablets ;  the 
gnomon  of  a  dial ;  appellation  or 
title ;  distinctive  manner  of  writ- 
ing with  regard  to  the  choice  of 
words,  &c. ;  manner  of  speaking ; 
characteristic  mode  of  expression 
or  execution  ;  method  of  reckoning 
time;  fashion;  manner;  the  stalk 
between  the  ovary  and  stigma  of  a 
flower ;  a  probe :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
styled,  p.pr.  styling],  to  designate 
or  name. 

sty-li-form  ('li-form),  adj.  like  a 
style. 

stylish  ('lish),  adj.  fashionable; 
modish. 

•ty-list  ('list),  n.  a  master  of 
literary  style. 

sty-lo-bate  ('lo-bat),  n.  an  un- 
interrupted base  below  a  range  of 
columns. 

sty-lo-graph  ('lo-graf),  n.  a  sty- 
lographic  pen. 

sty-lo-graph-ic  (-graf'ik) ,  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  used  in,  a  stylo- 
graphic  pen,  or  stylography. 

sty-log-ra-pny  (sti-log'ra-fi),  n.  a 
method  of  writing  or  tracing  by 
means  of  a  style. 

sty-loid  ('loid),  adj.  resembling 
a  style  or  pen ;  pertaining  to  a 
particular  bone. 


styp-tic  (stip'tik),  adj.  stopping 
bleeding. 

styr-a-cine  (stir'a-sin),  n.  a  crys- 
talline substance  obtained  from 
storax.  Also  styracin. 

su-a-ble  (su'a-bl),  adj.  capable  of 
being,  or  liable  to  be,  sued. 

su-ant  ('ant),  adj.  uniform;  level. 

sua-si-ble  (swa'si-bl),  adj.  easily 
persuaded. 

sua-sion  ('zhun),  n.  persuasion. 

sua-sive   ('siv),  adj.  persuasive. 

suave  (swav),  adj.  pleasant  in 
manner. 

suav-i-ty  (swav'i-ti),  n.  urbanity; 
gentleness. 

sub,  prefix  meaning  under,  6e- 
neath,  below,  slightly. 

sub-ac-id  (sub-as'id),  adj.  slightly 
acid. 

sub -al  tern  (-awl'tern),  n.  a  com- 
missioned officer  under  the  rank 
of  captain  :  adj.  inferior. 

sub-al  ter-nate  (-ter'nat),  adj. 
successive. 

sub-due  (-du),  v.t.  to  overcome  or 
conquer ;  vanquish  ;  reduce  ;  low- 
er ;  tone  down. 

sub-ja-cent  (sub-ja'sent) ,  adj.  ly- 
ing under  or  below  ;  situated  lower 
but  not  directly  beneath. 

sub-ject  ('jekt),  adj.  under  the 
power  or  control  of  another ;  sub- 
ordinate ;  disposed ;  liable :  n.  one 
who  is  under  the  power  or  control 
of  another ;  that  which  is  treated 
in  writing,  speaking,  &c. ;  theme ; 
topic ;  design ;  a  dead  body  for 
dissection  ;  substance  ;  material ; 
theme  of  a  proposition ;  the  Ego, 
as  distinguished  from  the  non-Ego 
or  object ;  theme  of  a  movement 
[Music]  :  v.t.  (sub- jekt')  to  bring 
under  the  power  or  control  of ; 
render  subordinate  ;  enslave  ;  sub- 
jugate ;  render  liable ;  expose. 

8yn.  exposed  to,   liable,  obnox- 
ious, inferior,   subordinate. 
Ant.  (see  exempt). 

sub-jec-tion  (-jek'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  subjecting ;  state  of  being 
subjected. 

sub-jec-tive    Ctiv),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  subject  as  opposed  to 
the    object ;    derived    from    one's 
own    consciousness. 
>•'//».  objective 

sub-jec-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
subjective  manner. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rcb,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sub 


810 


sub 


sub-jec  tive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  subjec- 
tive. Also  subjectivity. 

sub-jec-tiv-ism  ('iv-izm),  n.  the 
philosophical  doctrine  that  knowl- 
edge is  relative  or  purely  subjec- 
tive. 

sub  join  (-join'),  v.t.  to  affix. 

snb-ju-gate  ('ju-gat),  v.t.  to  con- 
quer by  force ;  bring  under 
dominion. 

sub-ju-ga-tion  (-ga'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  subjugating ;  state  of  being 
subjugated. 

sub-ju-ga-tor  ('ju-ga-ter),  n.  one 
who  subjugates. 

sub-junc-tive  (-jungk'tiv),  adj. 
noting  a  form  of  the  verb  express- 
ive of  contingency,  condition,  or 
hypothesis. 

sub-li-mate  ('li-mat),  v.t.  to  con- 
vert (a  solid)  by  heat  into  vapor, 
which  on  cooling  returns  to  the 
solid  state  ;. refine  and  exalt. 

sub-lime  (-Urn'),  adj.  awakening 
feelings  of  awe  and  reverence ; 
high  in  place  or  excellence ;  ex- 
alted in  nature ;  elevated  in  man- 
ner or  style :  n.  that  which  is 
awe-inspiring  in  works  of  nature 
or  art  as  distinguished  from  the 
beautiful  (with  the)  :  v.t.  to 
dignify  or  exalt ;  render  noble : 
v.i.  to  be  capable  of  sublimation. 

sub  lime  ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  sub- 
lime manner. 

sub-lim-i-ty  (-lim'i-ti),  n.  lofti- 
ness of  style  or  sentiment ;  eleva- 
tion ;  moral  grandeur ;  excellence. 

sub-ma-rine  (sub-ma-ren') ,  adj. 
under  water.  A  submarine  boat 
is  one  that  can  be  propelled  under 
water. 

sub-merge  (-merj'),  v.t.  to  place 
under  water ;  overwhelm :  v.i.  to 
be,  or  lie,  under  water. 

sub  mer  siou  (-mer'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  submerging ;  state  of  hi'ing 
submerged.  Also  submergence. 

siib-mis-sion  (-mish'un),  n.  the 
art  of  submitting  or  yielding ; 
obedience. 

sub  miss  ive  (-mis'iv).  adj.  yield- 
ing to  authority  ;  obedient ;  hum- 
ble. 

submissively  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
submissive  manner. 

sub  miss  ive-iiess  (-nes),  «.  the 
state  or  quality  df  being  submiss- 
ive. 


sub  mit  (-mit'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
submitted,  p.pr.  submitting]  ,  to 
yield  to  the  authority  of  another; 
surrender ;  resign  ;  refer  to  judg- 
ment or  discretion  ;  comply  with  : 
v.i.  to  be  subject ;  yield. 

sub-mit-ter  ('er),  n.  one  who  sub- 
mits. 

sub-mul-ti-ple  (-mul'ti-pl),  n.  a 
number  or  quantity  which  is  con- 
tained in  another  a  certain  num- 
ber of  times  exactly,  as  4  is  the 
submultiple  of  28. 

sub-or-di-nate  (-or'di-nat).  adj. 
inferior  in  rank,  value,  power,  or 
importance  :  n.  one  who  is  inferior 
to  another  in  rank,  &c. :  v.t.  to 
place  in  a  lower  order ;  render 
subject. 

sub-or-di-nate-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
subordinate  manner. 

sub-or-di-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  subordinating  or  plac- 
ing in  a  lower  order ;  subjection  ; 
state  of  being  subordinate ;  in- 
feriority of  rank,  position,  &c. 

sub-orn.  (-6rn'),  v.t.  to  procure  or 
induce  to  commit  perjury ;  pro- 
cure by  indirect  means  or  by 
secret  collusion. 

sub-or-na-tion  (-or-nfi'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  inducing  a  person  to 
commit  perjury  by  bribes  or  per- 
suasion. 

sub-poe-na  (-pe'na),  n.  a  writ 
commanding  the  attendance  of  a 
person  in  court  as  a  witness  under 
a  penalty :  v.t.  to  serve  with  a 
subpoena. 

sub  scribe  (-skrib'),  v.t.  to  write 
or  annex  (one's  name)  to  a  paper 
or  document;  give  or  promise  (a 
sum  of  money)  for  some  object 
by  writing  one's  name;  publish 
(a  book)  by  subscription:  v.i.  to 
give  consent. 

sub-scrip-tion  (-skrip'shun),'  n. 
the  act  of  subscribing;  name  sub- 
scribed ;  signature ;  sum  of  money 
subscribed. 

sub-£e-quence  ('se-kwens),  n.  the 
act  or  state  of  being  subsequent. 

sub  se-quent  ('se-kwent),  adj. 
following  or  coming  after  in  time 
or  order;  posterior. 

Syn.  succeeding  following. 
Ant.   (see  previous). 

sub-serve  (-serv'),  v.t.  to  be  sub- 
servient to ;  promote ;  serve  in- 
strumentally. 


late,  mS. r,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sub 


811 


sub 


subsesqui,  prefix,  meaning  combi- 
nation in  the  proportion  of  two 
to  three. 

sub-sess-ile  (-ses'il),  adj.  having 
very  short  foot-stalks. 

sub-side  (-sid'),  v.i.  to  sink  or 
fall  to  the  bottom ;  tend  down- 
wards ;  settle ;  abate ;  become 
tranquil  or  calm. 

sub-si-dence  ('dens),  n.  the  act  of 
subsiding  or  sinking  down  ;  down- 
ward tendency. 

sub-sid-i-a-ri-ly  ( -sid'i-a-ri-li ) , 
adv.  so  as  to  assist. 

sub-sid-i-a-ry  ('i-a-ri),  adj.  auxil- 
iary ;  furnishing  additional  sup- 
plies :  n.  an  auxiliary. 

sub-si-dize  ('si-dlz),  v.t.  to  fur- 
nish with  a  subsidy. 

sub-si-dy  Csi-di),  n.  [pi.  subsi- 
dies (-diz)],  pecuniary  aid  granted 
by  one  government  to  another, 
especially  for  war  expenses ;  pub- 
lic grant  or  subvention  to  aid  an 
enterprise  for  the  public  conveni- 
ence. 

Syn.  aid,  bonus,  bounty,  grant, 
tribute. 

sub-sist  (-sist'),  v.i.  to  have  exist- 
ence ;  to  retain  the  present  state ; 
inhere ;  have  the  means  of  liveli- 
hood. 

sub-sist-ence  ('ens),  n.  means  of 
support ;  maintenance  ;  livelihood  ; 
inherence. 

sub-stance  ('stans),  n.  matter  or 
material ;  characteristic  and  es- 
sential part  of  anything ;  pur- 
port ;  wealth  or  property. 

sub-stan  tial      (-stan'shal) ,     adj. 
belonging     to,     or     having,     sub- 
stance ;    containing    the    essential 
Earts  ;  solid  ;  material ;  corporeal ; 
aving     considerable     wealth     or 
property :   n.pl.   essential  parts. 
N///I.  solid,  durable. 
Ant.  (see  unsubstantial). 

snb-stan- tial-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
substantial  manner ;  essentially. 

sub-stan-ti-ate  ('shi-at),  v.t.  to 
establish  the  truth  of  by  proof  or 
competent  evidence. 

sub-stan-ti-yal  ( -stan-tl'val ) , 

nilj.  pertaining  to,  or  of  the  na- 
ture of.  a  substantive. 

snb-stan-tive  I'stan-tiv),  adj.  ex- 
pressing existence;  real;  essen- 
tial: n.  that  part  of  speech  which 
expresses  the  existence  of  any- 


thing material  or  immaterial ; 
noun. 

sub-stan-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
substantive  manner  ;  essentially  ; 
as  a  substantive  or_iioun. 

sub-sti-tute  ('sti-tut),  v.t.  to  put 
in  the  place  of  another ;  change : 
n.  one  who,  or  that  which,  is  put 
in  the  place  of  another. 

sub-sti-tu-tion  (-tu'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  substituting ;  state  of  being 
substituted. 

sub-suiue  (-sum'),  v.t.  to  include 
under  a  more  general  class  or 
under  something  else. 

sub-tan-gent  (-tan'jent).  n.  the 
part  of  the  axis  of  a  curve  inter- 
cepted between  the  tangent  and 
the  ordinate. 

sub-tend  (-tend'),  v.t.  to  extend 
under  or  be  opposite  to. 

subter,  a  prefix  meaning  under. 

sub-ter-fuge  ('ter-fuj),  n.  an 
evasion  or  artifice  ;  trick  ;  shift. 

sub-ter-ra-ne-an  (ra'ne-an),  adj. 
below  the  surface  or  beneath  the 
earth.  Also  subterraneous. 

sub-tile  (sub'til  or  sut'l),  adj. 
thin  ;  delicately  constructed  ;  fine  ; 
delicate  ;  refined  ;  acute  ;  cunning  ; 
artful. 

sub-tile-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  subtile 
manner. 

sub-tile-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  subtile.  Also 
subtility. 

sub-tie  (sut'l),  adj.  artful;  in- 
sinuating; crafty. 

sub-tle-ty  (-ti),  n.  acuteness  of 
intellect ;  cunning ;  shrewdness. 
Subtleness. 

sub-tract  (-trakf),  v.t.  to  with- 
draw or  take  away,  as  a  part  from 
a  whole ;  deduct. 

sub-trac-tion  (-trak'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  subtracting. 

sub-tract-ive  ('iv),  adj.  tending, 
or  having  power,  to  subtract. 

sub-tra-hend  ('tr:\-hend),  n.  the 
quantity  or  number  to  be  sub- 
tracted from  another. 

sub-trip-le  (-trip'l),  adj.  contain- 
ing a  third. 

su-bu-late  (su'bu-lat),  adj.  awl- 
shaped. 

sub-urb  (sub'erb),  n.  an  outlying 
district  of  a  city  or  town ;  en- 
virons (usually  pi.). 

sub-ur-ban     (-er'ban),    adj.    per- 


liite,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sub 


812 


Suo 


taining  to,  in,  or  living  within,  the 
suburbs. 

sub-ven-tion  (-ven'shun),  n.  a 
government  grant  or  subsidy. 

sub-ver-sion  ( -ver'shun ) ,  n.  the  act 
of  subverting  ;  overthrow  ;  ruin. 

sub-ver-sive  ('siv),  adj.  tending 
to  subvert. 

sub-vert  (-vert'),  v.t.  to  turn  up- 
side down  ;  ruin  ;  overthrow  ;  cor- 
rupt. 

Syn.    destroy,    overturn,     ruin, 
supplant. 

Ant.  (see  preserve). 

sub-vert-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  subverted. 

sub-way  ('wft),  n.  an  under- 
ground passage. 

sue,  another  form  of  sub. 

suc-ceed  (suk-sed'),  v.t.  to  take 
the  place  of  ;  follow  :  v.i.  to  follow 
in  order ;  obtain  one's  wishes ; 
be  successful ;  accomplish  some- 
thing attempted  ;  end  with  advan- 
tage ;  prosper. 

Syn.  win,  achieve,  attain,  pros- 
per, thrive. 

Ant.   (see  fail). 

sue -cess  (-ses'),  n.  the  prosperous 
termination  of  any  enterprise ; 
prosperity. 

successful  (-fool),  adj.  ending 
in  success ;  prosperous  ;  fortunate. 

suc-cess-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
successful  manner. 

suc-ces-sion  ('shun),  n.  the  act 
of  following  in  order ;  lineage ; 
act  or  right  of  coming  in  the 
place  of  another;  rotation,  as  of 
crops. 

suc-ces-sion-al  (-&!)•  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  implying,  succes- 
sion ;  consecutive. 

suc-ces-sive  ('iv),  adj.  following 
in  uninterrupted  order ;  legiti- 
mate ;  consecutive. 

suc-ces-sive-ly  (-li),  adv.  consecu- 
tively. 

suc-ces-sor  ('er),  n.  one  who  suc- 
ceeds or  follows  in  the  place  or 
character  of  another. 

suc-cinct  (-singkf),  adj.  tersely 
expressed. 

snc-cor  ('er),  v.t.  to  help  or  re- 
lieve when  in  difficulty  or  distress  ; 
aid  :  n.  relief  ;  aid. 

suc-co-tash  ('6-tash),  n.  a  dish 
of  green  maize  and  beans  boiled 
together. 


suc-cu-la  ('u-la),  n.  an  axis  or 
cylinder  without  a  drum,  with 
staves  to  move  it  round. 

suc-cu-lence  ('u-lens),  n.  juici- 
ness. 

suc-cu-lent  ('u-lent),  adj.  juicy: 
said  of  plants  replete  \yith  juices. 

suc-cumb  (-kum').  v.i.  to  yield; 
submit. 

suc-cur-sal  (-ker'sal),  adj.  an- 
nexed and  assistant,  as  a  chapel 
of  ease. 

such  (such),  adj.  the  same  that, 
or  as  referred  to ;  denoting  a  par- 
ticular person  or  thing  ;  certain  ; 
very  great. 

suck  (suk),  v.t.  to  draw  in  with 
the  mouth  :  v.i.  to  draw  milk  from 
the  breast :  n.  the  act  of  sucking ; 
milk  drawn  from  the  breast. 

suck-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or  that 
which,  sucks ;  piston  of  a  pump ; 
a  tube  through  which  anything 
is  drawn  ;  shoot  of  a  plant  from 
the  lower  part  of  the  stem ;  a 
sweet. 

suck-ing  ('ing),  adj.  drawing 
with  the  mouth  or  with  an  instru- 
ment ;  very  young. 

suck-le  ('!),  v.t.  to  nurse  at  the 
breast. 

suck-ling  ('ling),  n.  an  unweaned 
child  or  animal. 

su-crose  (su'kros),  n.  cane- 
sugar. 

suc-tion  (suk'shun),  n.  the  act 
or  process  of  sucking ;  act  of 
drawing  fluids  by  the  removal  of 
the  atmospheric  pressure. 

suc-to-ri-al(-to'ri-al),  adj.  adapted 
to,  or  living  by,_sucking. 

su-da-ri-um  (su-da'ri-um),  n.  the 
cloth  on  which  Christ  is  said  to 
have  miraculously  impressed  his 
image  when  He  wiped  his  face 
with  it  on  the  way  to  Calvary. 

su-da-tion  ('shun),  n.  the  act  of 
sweating. 

su-da-to-ri-um  (-to'ri-um),  n.  a 
sweating-bath. 

sud-den  (sud'n),  adj.  happen- 
ing unexpectedly  ;  instantaneous ; 
without  notice ;  quick. 

su-dor-if-er-ous  (su-dor-if'er-us) , 
adj.  secreting  perspiration. 

su-dor-if-ic  (-if'ik),  adj.  causing 
perspiration :  n.  a  medicine  pro- 
ducing such  an  effect. 

Sn-dra  (soo'dra).  n.  the  lowest  of 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Slid 


813 


sui 


the  fo^^  great  castes  into  which 
the  Hindus  are  divided.  Also 
Soodra. 

suds    (sudz),  n.pl.  soapy  water. 

sud-sy    (sud'zi).  adj.  like  suds. 

sue  (su),  v.t.  to  prosecute  at  law: 
v.i.  to  entreat ;  beg  ;  petition  :  pay 
court ;  institute  legal  proceedings 
with  for). 

sn-et  Cet),  n.  the  hard  fat  around 
the  kidneys  and  loins  of  sheep  and 
oxen. 

suf-fer  (suf'er).  v.t.  to  feel  with 
a  sense  of  pain ;  undergo ;  bear ; 
be  affected  by  ;  allow  ;  tolerate  : 
v.i.  to  feel  pain  or  punishment ; 
be  in  distress ;  endure  loss  or  in- 
jury. 

auf-fer-a-ble  (-a-bl).  adj.  that 
may  be  allowed  or  tolerated ;  per- 
missible. 

suf-fer-ance  ('fer-ans),  n.  pa- 
tience under  pain ;  toleration ; 
negative  consent ;  permission. 

suf-fer-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  state 
of  enduring  physical  or  mental 
pain  ;  distress ;  loss  or  injury  en- 
dured. 

snf-fice  (-Is'),  v.i.  to  be  sufficient: 
v.t.  to  satisfy. 

suf-fi-cien-cy  (-fish'en-si),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  suffi- 
cient ;  competence ;  self-confi- 
dence ;  conceit. 

suf-fi-cient  Cent),  adj.  equal  to 
any  end  or  purpose ;  adequate ; 
competent. 

suf-fix  Ciks),  n.  a  letter  or  syl- 
lable added  at  the  end  of  a  word  ; 
affix:  v.t.  (suf-iks')  to  add,  as 
a  letter  or  syllable  at  the  end  of 
a  word. 

snf-fo-cate  ('6-kat).  v.t.  to  choke 
by  stopping  respiration  ;  smother ; 
stifle. 

snf-fo-ca-tion  (-ka'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  suffocating;  state  of  be- 
ing suffocated. 

suf-frage  ('raj),  n.  vote,  or  right 
to  vote :  franchise ;  voice  or  vote 
given  on  a  controverted  subject : 
pi.  united  prayer  of  a  congrega- 
tion. 

suf-fra-gette  (suf'ra-jet),  n.  a 
woman  advocate  of  the  exercise 
of  the  suffrage  by  women. 

suffuse  (-fuz'),  v.t.  to  spread 
over  as  with  a  fluid  or  a  color. 

suf  f u-sion   (-fu'zhun),  n.  the  act 


of  suffusing ;   state  of  being  suf- 
fused. 

sug-ar  (shoog'er),  n.  a  sweet  crys- 
talline substance  obtained  from 
the  sugar-cane,  beet,  &c. ;  any 
substance  resembling  sugar ;  flat- 
tery :  adj.  pertaining  to,  like,  made 
of,  or  yielding,  sugar ;  sweet :  v.t. 
to  sprinkle  or  mix  with  sugar ; 
sweeten  ;  flatter. 

sug-ar-i-ness  ('er-i-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  sweet  or 
like  sugar. 

sug-ar-y  ('er-i),  adj.  like,  com- 
posed of,  or  fond  of,  sugar ;  sweet. 

sng-gest  (sug-jesf  or  suj-est'), 
v.t.  to  introduce  indirectly  to  the 
mind  or  thoughts ;  hint ;  insinu- 
ate ;  allude  or  refer  to :  v.i.  to 
make  suggestions. 

sug-ges-tion  (-jes'chun),  «.  the 
act  of  suggesting ;  thing  sug- 
gested ;  hint. 

Syn.     hint,     innuendo,     sugges- 
tion. 

sug-gest-ive  ('iv),  adj.  contain- 
ing, or  full  of,  suggestion. 

sug-gest-ive-ly  (-H),  adv.  by  way 
of  suggestion. 

su-i-ci-dal  ( su'i-sl-dal ) ,  adj.  per- 
taining to.  or  partaking  of,  su- 
icide ;  fatal  to  one's  own  interests. 

su-i-ci-dal-ly  (-i),  adv.  in  a  sui- 
cidal manner. 

su-i-cide  ('i-sid),  n.  a  person  who 
kills  himself  ;  self-murder  ;  ruin  of 
one's  own  interests. 

snint  (swint),  n.  a  peculiar  fatty 
substance  obtained  from  sheep's 
wool. 

suit  (siit).  n.  a  set  of  things  cor- 
respondent to  each  other,  as  of 
the  same  kind  ;  petition  or  prayer ; 
courtship ;  one  of  four  sets  of  a 
pack  of  cards ;  an  action  or  proc- 
ess at  law  for  the  recovery  of  a 
right  or  claim  :  v.t.  to  be  fitted  to ; 
fall  in  with ;  accommodate ; 
please :  v.i.  to  correspond  or  ac- 
cord ;  agree. 

Syn.  accord,  agree. 
Ant.  (see  disagree). 

suit-a-bil-i-ty  (-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  suitable. 
Also  suitableness. 

suit-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  fitting;  ap- 
propriate. 

suit-a-bly  ('a-bli),  adv.  in  a  suit- 
able manner. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sui 


814 


sum 


suite,  (swet),  n.  a  retinue  or  com- 
pany ;  series ;  set,  as  of  rooms, 
furniture,  &c. 

suit-or  (siit'er),  n.  a  petitioner; 
supplicant ;  lover ;  party  to  a 
lawsuit. 

sul-cate    (sul'kat),  adj.  grooved. 

sulk  (sulk),  v.i.  to  be  sulky. 

sulk-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  sulky 
manner. 

sulk-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  sulky. 

sulk-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  sulkier, 
supcrl.  sulkiest],  silently  sullen: 
n.  a  kind  of  two-wheeled  carriage. 

sul-leii  (sul'en),  adj.  morosely 
silent ;  gloomily  angry  ;  dismal ; 
heavy. 

sul-ly  ('i),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  sullied, 
p.pr.  sullying],  to  tarnish  or  soil; 
dirty  ;  stain  :  n.  a  tarnish  or  stain. 

sul-phate  ('fat),  n.  a  salt  of  sul- 
phuric acid. 

sul-phi tie  ('fid),  n.  a  compound 
of  sulphur  with  a  metal  or  other 
element. 

sul-phite  ('fit),  n.  a  salt  of  sul- 
phurous acid. 

snl-phur  ('fer),  n.  a  non-metallic 
element,  brittle  and  of  a  yellow 
color,  insoluble  in  water,  but 
fusible  by  heat. 

sulphur-ate  (-at),  v.i.  to  com- 
bine with,  or  subject  to  the  action 
of,  sulphur:  adj.  pertaining  to,  or 
of  the  color  of,  sulphur. 

sul-phur-a-tor  ('fer-a-ter) ,  n.  an 
apparatus  for  bleaching  by  the 
fumes  of  sulphur. 

siil-phu-re-ous  (-fu're-us),  adj. 
consisting  of,  impregnated  with, 
or  having  the  qualities  of,  sul- 
phur. Also  sulphurous. 

sul-phu-ret,  same  as  sulphide. 

sul-phu-ret-ted  ('fu-ret-ed), 

adj.  combined  with  sulphur. 

sul  phu-ric  (-fu'rik),  adj.  ob- 
tained from,  or  containing,  sul- 
phur. 

sulphuric  ac-id  (as'id),  n.  a 
heavy,  corrosive  liquid  composed 
of  sulphur,  oxygen,  and  water ;  oil 
of  vitriol. 

sul  phur-ous  ac-id  ('fur-us  as'- 
id), n.  an  acid  composed  of  ' 
parts  of  oxygen  and  2  parts  of 
sulphur. 

snl-phur-y  ('fgr-i),  adj.  like  sul- 
phur. 


sultan  ('tan),  n.  the  title  of  a 
Mohammedan  sovereign,  especial- 
ly the  sovereign  of  the  Ottoman 
Empire.  Feminine  sultana. 

sul  tan-ate  ('tfm-at),  n.  the  rule 
or  domin.jn  of  a  sultan. 

sul-tan-ship  (/tan-ship) .  n.  the 
office,  rank,  or  dignity  of  a  sultan. 

sul-tri-ly  (-tri-li),  adv.  oppress- 
ively. 

sul  tri-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  sultry. 

sill-try  ('tri),  adj.  [comp.  sul- 
trier, superl.  sultriest],  very  hot, 
close,  and  oppressive ;  close  and 
heavy  with  a  moist  heat. 

sum  (sum),  n.  the  aggregate  of 
two  or  more  things  taken  to- 
gether ;  whole ;  total ;  quantity  of 
money  ;  substance  ;  compendium  ; 
utmost  degree ;  arithmetical  prob- 
lem for  solution :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
summed,  p.pr.  summing],  to  add 
into  one  amount ;  condense  into 
few  words. 

su-mac  (su'mak  or  shu'mak),  n. 
a  plant  or  shrub  the  dried  leaves 
and  roots  of  which  are  used  in 
tanning,  dyeing,  and  medicine. 

sum-ma-ri-ly  (sum'a-ri-15).  adv. 
in  a  short  way  or  method ;  con- 
cisely. 

suin-ma-rize  ('a-rlz),  v.t.  to  state 
concisely. 

sv.m-ma-ry  ('a-ri),  adj.  brief;  la- 
conic ;  compendious ;  done  in  a 
short  way  or  method :  n.  an 
abridgment ;  compendium. 

sum-ma-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  forming  a  total ;  aggregate. 

sum-mer  ('er),  n.  that  part  of 
the  year  which  comprises  the 
hottest  months,  June,  July,  and 
August;  a  large  piece  of  timber 
to  receive  the  ends  of  the  joists ; 
horizontal  girder :  v.i.  to  pass  the 
summer:  v.t.  to  feed  or  keep  dur- 
ing the  summer. 

sum-mit  ('it),  n.  the  top  or  high- 
est point. 

sum-moii  Cun),  v.t.  to  cite  or  call 
by  authority ;  command  to  appear 
in  court:  invite:  rouse  to  exer- 
tion: n.pl.  a  citation  to  appear  in 
court  on  a  certain  day ;  document 
containing  such  a  citation ;  au- 
thoritative call. 

sum-pit     (sum'r>it),    n.    the    poi- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he,  hf-r.  let ;  Hue.  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


815 


sup 


soned  arrow  used  with  a  sumpi- 
tan. 

sum-pi-tan  ('pi-tan),  n.  a  kind  of 
long  blowpipe,  used  by  the  Ma- 
lays. 

sump-tu-a-ry  (sump'tu-a-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  regulating,  ex- 
pense. 

sump-tu-a-ry  laws  (lawz).  n.pl. 
laws  to  limit  excessive  expendi- 
ture on  dress  or  other  luxuries. 

s  urn  p-tu-ous  ('tu-us),  adj.  ex- 
pensive ;  costly  ;  luxurious  ;  mag- 
nificent. 

sun  (sun),  n.  the  luminous  body 
around  which  the  earth,  and  other 
planets.  &c.,  of  the  solar  system 
revolve;  the  source  of  light  and 
heat  to  the  earth  ;  any  center  of 
a  system  of  worlds ;  anything  like 
the  sun  in  splendor  or  power ; 
sunshine :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  sunned, 
p.pr.  sunning],  to  expose  to  the 
sun's  rays ;  warm  or  dry  in  the 
sun. 

Sun-day  ('da),  n.  the  first  day  of 
the  week,  the  Christian  Sabbath, 
or  Lord's  Day :  adj.  pertaining  to 
Sunday. 

sun-der  ('der),  v.t.  to  divide  or 
rend. 

sun-dew  ('du).  n.  a  plant  of  the 
genus  Drosera,  whose  leaves  se- 
crete a  dew-like  viscid  fluid. 

sun-dries  Cdriz).  n.pl.  numerous 
small  or  miscellaneous  articles  or 
matters. 

sun-dry  ('dri),  adj.  various;  sev- 
eral. 

sung,  p.p.  of  sing. 

sunk,  p.t.  &  p.p  of  sink. 

sunk-en  (sungk'en),  adj.  lying  on 
the  bottom  of  the  sea  ;  fallen  or 
pressed  down. 

sunn  (sun),  n.  an  East  Indian 
plant,  the  fiber  of  which  is  used 
as  a  substitute  for  hemp. 

Snn-na  ('a),  n.  a  collection  of 
oral  laws  and  precepts  of  Moham- 
med handed  down  by  tradition, 
and  esteemed  as  of  equal  value 
with  the  Koran  by  the  Sunnites. 

sun-ni-ness  Ci-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  sunny. 

Snn-nites  Cits),  n.pl.  the  ortho- 
dox Mohammedans  who  regard  the 
Sunna  as  equally  binding  with 
the  Koran. 

sun-ny     ('I),    adj.    pertaining    to, 


like,  proceeding  from,  or  exposed 
to,  the  sun ;  bright ;  warm ; 
cheerful. 

sun-shine  ('shin),  n.  the  light  or 
rays  of  the  sun ;  warmth  ;  bright- 
ness. 

sun-stroke  ('strok),  n.  a  kind  of 
apoplexy,  caused  by  the  intense 
heat  of  the  sun's  rays. 

sun-up  ('up),  n.  sunrise. 

sup  (sup),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  supped, 
p.pr.  supping],  to  take  into  the 
mouth  with  the  lips ;  sip :  v.i.  to 
take  supper :  n.  a  small  mouthful, 
as  of  a  liquid  ;  sip. 

super,  prefix  meaning  over,  above, 
beyond,  in  excess. 

su-per-an-nu-ate  (su-per-an'u- 
at),  v.t.  to  pension  on  account  of 
old  age  or  infirmity. 

su-per-an-nu-a-tion  (-u-a'shun ) , 
n.  the  state  of  being  superannu- 
ated ;  pension  granted  to  one  who 
is  superannuated. 

su-perb  (sii-perb'),  adj.  grand; 
proud ;  stately ;  elegant ;  first- 
rate  ;  sumptuous. 

su-per-car-go  (su-per-kar'go),  n. 
a  person  or  officer  in  a  merchant 
vessel  who  superintends  the  cargo 
and  commercial  affairs  of  a  ship 
during  its  voyage. 

su-per-cil-i-a-ry  (-sil'i-a-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  situated  above, 
the  eyebrow. 

su  -  per  -  cil  -  i-  ous  ('i-us) ,  adj. 
haughty  ;  proud  ;  disdainful ;  dic- 
tatorial ;  overbearing. 

su-per-cil-i-um  (-sil'i-um),  n.  the 
eyebrow. 

su-per-er-o-ga-tion  (-er-o-ga'- 
shun),  n.  the  performance  of  more 
than  is  required  by  duty. 

su-per-er-og-a-to-ry  ( -er-og'a-to- 
ri),  adj.  performed  beyond  what 
is  required  by  duty. 

su-per-fi-cial    (-fish'al),  adj.   per- 
taining to,   or  being  on   the  sur- 
face ;  slight ;  not  deep  ;  unlearned. 
Syn.    flimsy,    shallow,    untrust- 
worthy. 

Ant.  (see  thorough). 

su-per-fl-cial-i-ty  (-al'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  super- 
ficial ;  slight  knowledge.  Also  su- 
perficialness. 

su-per-fi-cies  (-fish'ez),  n.  su- 
perficial area  or  exterior  face  of 
a  body. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  •  mute,  nut :  thin,  f /k-n. 


5>Up 


816 


sup 


su-per-flu-i-ty  (-floo'i-ti),  n.  [pi. 
superfluities  (-tiz)],  suberabund- 
ance ;  excess. 

su-per-flu-ous  ('floo-us),  adj. 
more  than  enough  or  necessary ; 
excessive. 

Syn.  unnecessary,  excessive. 
Ant.   (see  necessary). 

su-per-fron-tal  (-fron'tal),  n. 
that  part  of  an  altar-cloth  which 
hangs  over  the  frontal. 

su-per-heat  (-hef),  v.t.  to  heat 
to  an  extreme  degree ;  heat 
(steam)  until  it  resembles  a  per- 
fect gas. 

su-per-in-duce  (-in-dus'),  v.t.  to 
bring  in  or  upon  as  an  addition  to 
something  else ;  superadd. 

sn  per  iii-tend  (-in-tend').  v.t.  to 
have,  or  exercise  the  charge  or 
oversight  of ;  direct  or  control. 

su-per-in-tend-ence  ( -tend'ens ) , 
n.  supervision  ;  oversight ;  control. 

su-per-in-tend-ent  Cent),  n. 
one  who  superintends ;  overseer. 

su  -  pe  -  ri  -  or  (su-pe'ri-or) ,  adj. 
higher  or  above  in  place,  position, 
rank,  dignity,  office,  or  excellence  ; 
stronger  ;  surpassing  others  ;  un- 
conquered  ;  preferable  ;  beyond  the 
powe'r  or  influence  of ;  placed 
above  another  organ  :  n.  one  who 
is  superior  to  others ;  one  of 
higher  rank  or  position ;  head  of 
a  religious  house. 

su-pe-ri-or-i-ty  (-ri-or'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  superior ; 
preeminence ;  advantage. 

su-per-la-tive  (-per'la-tiv),  adj. 
superior  to  all  others ;  highest  in 
degree :  n.  a  word  expressing  the 
highest  degree  of  anything. 

su-per-la-tive-ly  (-H),  adv.  in  a 
superlative  manner. 

su-per-la-tive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  superla- 
tive. 

su-per-nal  ('nal),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  situated  in,  a  higher  place 
or  region  ;  celestial. 

su  per  nat-ii-ral  (-nat'u-ral) .  adj. 
beyond,  or  exceeding,  the  powers 
or  laws  of  nature. 

Syn.     miraculous,      preternatu- 
ral. 

Ant.   (see  natural). 

su-per-nat-u-ral-ism  (-izm),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  su- 


pernatural ;  the  doctrine  that  rev- 
elation is  the  only  means  by 
which  man  acquires  the  knowledge 
of  God. 

su-per-nat-u-ral-ist  (-ist),  n. 
one  who  believes  in  the  doctrine 
of  supernaturalism. 

su-per-nat-u-ral-ly  (-li),  adv.  in 
a  supernatural  manner. 

su-per-num-er-a-ry  (-num'er-a- 
ri),  n.  [pi.  supernumeraries 
(-riz)],  a  person  or  thing  be- 
yond the  stated  or  required  num- 
ber :  adj.  exceeding  the  number 
stated  or  required. 

su-per-phos-phate  (-fos'fat),  n. 
a  phosphate  containing  the  great- 
est quantity  of  phosphoric  acid 
capable  of  entering  into  combina- 
tion with  the  base. 

su  -  per  -  roy  -  al  (-roi'al),  adj. 
noting  a  size  of  paper  larger  than 
royal,  27  te  X  20%  in. 

su-per-scribe  (-skrib'),  v.t.  to 
write  or  inscribe,  or  engrave  on 
the  outside  or  top. 

su-per-scrip-tion  (-skrip'shun) , 
n.  the  act  of  superscribing ;  the 
address  or  direction. 

su-per-sede  (-sed'),  v.t.  to  set 
aside  or  render  null  and  void  by 
superior  power ;  come  into,  or 
take,  the  place  of. 

su-per-sti-tion  (-stish'un),  n. 
reverence  for,  and  belief  in,  the 
supernatural,  or  objects  which  are 
not  worthy  of  worship ;  false 
worship  or  religion  ;  extreme  ob- 
servance of  religious  rites  or 
ceremonies. 

su-per-sti-tions  ('us),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  characterized  by,  pro- 
ceeding from,  or  addicted  to  su- 
perstition ;  overscrupulous  and 
extreme  in  religious  rites  or  cere- 
monies. 

su-per-stmc-ture  (-struk'tur),  n. 
anything  built  or  founded  on 
something  else ;  a  building. 

su-per-ton-ic  (-ton'ik),  n.  in 
music,  the  note  next  above  the 
keynote. 

su-per-vene  (-ven'),  v.l.  to  come 
upon  as  something  extraneous ; 
occur. 

su-per-vise   (-ziz'),  v.t.  to  oversee. 

su-per- vision  (-vish'un),  n.  the 
act  of  supervising ;  superintend- 
ence. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sup 


817 


sur 


su-per-vis-or  (-viz'er),  n.  an 
overseer. 

su-per-yi-so-ry  (-vi'zo-ri),  adj. 
exercising  supervision. 

su-pine  (su-pm'),  adj.  lying  on 
the  back  ;  indolent ;  careless  ;  in- 
attentive; negligent:  n.  a  Latin 
verbal  noun,  ending  in  urn,  and  u. 

su-pine-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  supine 
manner. 

su-pine-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  supine. 

sup-per  (sup'er),  n.  the  evening 
meal. 

sup-plant  (-plant'),  v.t.  to  dis- 
place and  take  the  place  of,  as  by 
craft :  supersede. 

sup-pie  (']),  adj.  flexible;  yield- 
ing ;  servile :  v.t.  to  make  supple : 
v.i.  to  grow  pliant. 

sup  ple-ment  Cle-ment),  v.t.  to 
add  something  to  ;  fill  up  or  sup- 
ply :  n.  something  added  to  render 
anything  more  complete  or  supply 
defects  or  errors ;  appendix ;  the 
quantity  by  which  an  arc  or  angle 
falls  short  of  a  semicircle. 

sup-ple-men-tal  (-men'tal),  adj. 
serving  as  a  supplement ;  addi- 
tional. Supplementary. 

sup-ple-ness  (sup'1-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  supple  ; 
pliancy. 

sup  pli  ant  (sup'li-ftnt),  adj.  be- 
seeching ;  entreating ;  suing :  n. 
one  who  supplicates ;  humble  pe- 
titioner. Also  supplicant. 

sup-pli-cate  (-kilt),  v.t.  to  ask  or 
beg  humbly  and  earnestly ;  ad- 
dress in  prayer ;  beseech  ;  implore. 

sup-pli-ca-tion  (-ka'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  supplicating ;  humble  and 
earnest  prayer  or  entreaty. 

sup-pli-ca-to-ry  CH-kfi-to-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  containing,  or  of 
the  nature  of,  supplication. 

sup-pli-er  (-H'er).  n.  one  who.  or 
that  which,  supplies. 

sup-ply  (-11'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  sup-  \ 
pli<'d,  p.pr.  supplying!,  to  furnish 
with  what  is  required;  provide; 
serve  instead  of;  fill:  n.  [pi.  sup- 
plies (-liz')].  the  act  of  supply- 
ing; thing  supplied:  amount  of 
money  or  food  required  for  daily 
necessaries,  as  of  an  army,  &c. 
(usually  pi.) . 

sup-port  (-port'),  v.t.  to  sustain; 
bear  up  ;  endure  ;  uphold ;  favor ; 


second  ;  incur ;  carry  on  ;  provide 
for  or  nourish :  n.  the  act  of  sup- 
porting ;     that     which     supports ; 
maintenance  ;  livelihood  :  aid. 
Syn.  bear,  keep,  maintain,  prop. 
Ant.   (see  abandon) . 

sup-pose  (-poz'),  v.t.  to  imagine; 
admit  without  proof ;  assume  as 
true ;  think. 

Syn.    guess,    imagine,    surmise, 
think. 

Ant.  (see  ascertain). 

sup-po-si-tion  (-po-zish'unl ,  n. 
the  act  of  supposing;  thing  sup- 
posed ;  assumption. 

sup-pos-i-ti-tious  ( -poz-i-tish'us) , 
adj.  supposed  or  imaginary ;  not 
genuine ;  counterfeit. 

sup-pos-i-to-ry  (-poz'i-to-ri),  n.  a 
medicated  mass,  usually  in  the 
form  of  a  cone,  for  introduction 
into  some  cavity  of  the  body, 
where  it  dissolves. 

sup-press  (-pres'),  v.t.  to  subdue; 
crush  ;  keep  in  or  down  ;  quell ; 
conceal ;  restrain  the  publication 
of ;  arrest  the  normal  secretions 
of. 

sup-pres-sion  (-presh'un),  n.  the 
act  of  suppressing ;  stoppage ; 
concealment :  omission. 

sup  -  press  -  ive  (-pres'iv) ,  adj. 
tending  to  suppress. 

sup-press-or  ('er),  n.  one  who 
suppresses. 

snp-pu-rate  ('u-rat),  v.i.  to  gen- 
erate pus. 

sup-pu-ra-tiou  (-ra'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  generating  pus ;  pus  gener- 
ated in  a  sore. 

sup-pu-ra-tive  ('u-ra-tiv),  adj. 
tending  to  produce,  or  accompa- 
nied by,  suppuration :  n.  a  medi- 
cine to  promote  suppuration. 

supra,  a  prefix  meaning  above,  be- 
yond, over  as  swpralapsarian. 

su-prem-a-cy  (su-prem'a-si),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  su- 
preme ;  highest  authority. 

sn-preme  (-prem'),  adj.  highest 
in  power  or  authority ;  most  ex- 
cellent ;  extreme  ;  utmost. 

su-preme-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  su- 
preme manner. 

sur,  a  prefix  meaning  over,  "beyond, 
nlore.  upon,  as  surcharge  (ser- 
oharj'),  n.  an  excessive  charge, 
load,  or  burden  ;  an  overcharge  be- 
yond what  is  just  and  right :  v.t. 


late.  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot :  mf.on 
cook  :  mute,  nut ;  thin    Men. 


sur 


818 


sur 


to  charge  more  than  is  due ;  over- 
load. 

su-rah  (soo'ra),  n.  a  soft,  twilled 
silk  fabric. 

su-rat  (soo-raf),  n.  a  kind  of 
short  coarse  cotton. 

stir-base  (ser'bfis),  n.  a  cornice, 
or  series  of  mouldings,  on  the  top 
of  the  base  of  a  pedestal,  &c. 

sur-cin-gle  ('sing-gl),  n.  a  girth, 
belt,  or  girdle  for  passing  around 
the  body  of  a  horse  and  securing 
the  saddle  or  some  burden,  &c. ; 
girdle  of  a  cassock. 

sur-coat  ('kot),  n.  a  coat  worn 
over  another  coat  or  garment. 

surd  (serd),  n.  a  mathematical 
quantity  that  cannot  be  expressed 
by  rational  numbers,  or  has  no 
root,  as  3 :  adj.  not  expressible 
by  rational  numbers ;  involving 
surds ;  uttered  with  the  breath. 

sure  (shoor),  adj.  fit  to  be  de- 
pended upon  ;  certain  ;  reliable  ; 
infallible  ;  firm  ;  safe  :  adv.  cer- 
tainly ;  securely. 

sure-ly  ('li),  adv.  certainly;  with- 
out risk,  hazard,  or  doubt. 

sure-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  sure ;  certainty. 

sure-ty  ('ti),  n.  [pi.  sureties 
('tiz)],  certainty;  security 
against  loss  or,  damage ;  guaran- 
tee ;  hostage ;  one  who  becomes 
jointly  bound  with  another ;  bail. 

sure-ty-ship  (-ship),  n.  the  state 
of  being  surety ;  obligation  of  be- 
ing bound  to  answer  for  another. 

surf  (serf),  n.  the  swell  of  the  sea 
that  breaks  and  foams  upon  the 
shore  or  the  rocks. 

sur-face  (ser'fas),  n.  the  exterior 
part  or  upper  face  of  anything ; 
superficies;  outside. 

surf -boat  (serf'b5t),  n.  a  strong, 
light  boat  for  landing  through  the 
surf. 

sur-feit  (ser'fit),  n.  excess  in  eat- 
ing or  drinking ;  sickness  caused 
by  such  excess :  v.t.  to  feed  to  ex- 
cess and  sickness. 

surf-man  (serf'man),  n.  a  boat- 
man of  a  surf-boat. 

surf-y  ('0,  adj.  covered  with  surf. 

surge  (serj),  n.  a  large  wave  or 
billow  ;  great  roll ;  swell :  v.i.  to 
roll  or  rise  high. 

sur-geon    (ser'jun),  n.  a  medical 


practitioner,  especially  one  who 
practices  surgery. 

sur-geon-cy  (-si),  n.  the  post  of  a 
surgeon  in  the  army  or  navy. 

sur-ger-y  ('jer-i),  n.  the  act  and 
art  of  treating  injuries  or  dis- 
eases by  manual  operations  ;  place 
where  a  surgeon  operates  or  keeps 
his  medicines. 

sur-li-ly  (ser'li-li),  adv.  in  a 
surly  manner. 

sur-ii-iiess  ('li-nes),  n.  surly  be- 
havior. 

sur-ly  ('li),  adj.  [comp.  surlier, 
supcrl.  surliest],  gloomily  mo- 
rose ;  rough  ;  uncivil ;  churlish ; 
snarling ;  ill-natured. 

sur-mise  (-miz'),  n.  guess  or  con- 
jecture ;  suspicion  :  v.t.  to  imagine 
without  certain  knowledge ;  sus- 
pect ;  conjecture ;  fancy. 

sur-mount  (-mount'),  v.t.  to  rise 
above ;  overcome ;  conquer ;  van- 
quish ;  exceed. 

sur-nanie  ('nam),  n.  a  name 
added  to  the  baptismal  names ; 
family  name :  v.t.  to  give  the  fam- 
ily name  to. 

snr-pass  (-pas'),  v.t.  to  exceed; 
excel ;  go  beyond  in  excellence  or 
badness. 

sur-plice  ('plis),  n.  the  outer 
linen  vestment  with  w7ide  sleeves, 
worn  by  the  officiating  clergy  and 
choristers  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
and  Anglican  Churches. 

sur-plus  ('plus),  n.  that  which  re- 
mains over  and  above  what  is  re- 
quired ;  excess :  adj.  exceeding 
what  is  required. 

sur-prise  (-priz') ,  n.  the  act  of 
taking  unawares  ;  astonishment ; 
sudden  emotion,  confusion,  or  per- 
plexity:  v.t.  to  take  unawares; 
confuse  or  perplex ;  assail  unex- 
pectedly ;  astonish. 

sur-prise  par-ty  ('p'ar-ti),  n.  a 
party  who  visit  the  house  of  a 
mutual  friend  unexpectedly,  each 
bringing  some  article  of  food  for 
supper. 

snr-prls-ing  (-prlz'ing),  adj. 
causing  surprise  or  astonishment ; 
extraordinary. 

sur-ren-der  (-ren'der),  v.t.  to 
yield  to  the  power  of  another; 
give  up  on  compulsion ;  cede ;  re- 
sign :  v.i.  to  yield  ;  give  up  one's 
self  into  the  power  of  another •„  n. 


late,  niiir,  mfisk,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  naooa, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sur 


819 


3US 


the  act  of  yielding  into  the  power 
or  possession  of  another ;  a  yield- 
ing or  giving  up. 

Syn.     cede,     relinquish,     yield, 
abandon. 

sur-rep-ti-tious  ( -rep-tish'us ) , 
adj.  done  by  stealth  or  fraud ;  un- 
authorized. 

sur-ro  gate  (sur'o-gat),  n.  the 
deputy  of  a  bishop,  who  is  author- 
ized to  issue  marriage  licenses. 

sar-round  (-round'),  v.t.  to  en- 
close on  all  sides  ;  encompass  ;  en- 
viron ;  invest :  n.  a  precipitous 
place  where  animals  are  sur- 
rounded and  driven  over  and  cap- 
tured. 

Syn.    encircle,    encompass,    en- 
viron. 

sur-roy-al  (-roi'al),  n.  the  crown 
antler  of  a  stag. 

sur-tax  (ser'taks),  n.  an  addi- 
tional tax:  v.t.  (ser-taks'),  to  im- 
pose a  surtax  on. 

sur-tout  (-too'),  n.  a  wide-skirted 
coat  reaching  below  the  knees. 

sur  -  veil  -  lance  ( -val'yAns) ,  n. 
watch  ;  oversight ;  inspection. 

sur-vey  (-va'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
surveyed,  p.pr.  surveying],  to  in- 
spect or  take  a  view  of  ;  overlook  ; 
examine ;  measure  and  estimate, 
as  land:  n.  (ser'vfi),  the  act  of 
surveying ;  particular  view  or  ex- 
amination ;  customs  district. 

sur-vey-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  art  or 
business  of  measuring  land. 

sur-vey-or  ('er),  n.  one  who  sur- 
veys ;  one  whose  business  it  is  to 
measure  land. 

sur-vi-val  (-vi'val),  n.  continu- 
ance beyond  the  life  of  another ; 
any  ancient  use,  custom,  or  belief 
continuing  to  the  present  day. 

•ur-vive  (-vlv'),  v.t.  to  live  longer 
than  ;  outlive :  v.i.  to  remain  alive. 

sur-vi-vor  ('ver),  n.  ona  who  out- 
lives another ;  the  longer-lived  of 
two  joint  tenants,  &c. 

sur-vi-vor-ship  (-ship),  n.  the 
state  of  outliving  another;  a  re- 
versionary benefit  contingent  upon 
some  surviving  life. 

sus,  prefix,  another  form  of  sub. 

sus-cept-i-bil-i-ty  ( sus-sept-i-bil'- 
i-ti),  n.  the  state  or  quality  of  be- 
ing susceptible;  impressibility; 
sensibility  ;  capability.  Also  sus- 
ceptibleness. 


sus-cept-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  admitting  something  additional, 
or  any  change,  influence,  affection, 
&c. ;  easily  acted  upon ;  impress- 
ible. Also  susceptive. 

sus-cept-i-bly  ('i-bli),  adv.  in  a 
susceptible  manner. 

sus-lik  ('lik),  n.  a  squirrel-like 
rodent. 

sus-pect  (-pekt'),  v.t.  to  have  a 
suspicion  of ;  imagine  to  exist ; 
conjecture;  mistrust:  n.  (sus'- 
pekt),  a  person  suspected  to  be 
guilty  of  some  crime. 

sus-pend  (-pend'),  v.t.  to  make  to 
hang  by  anything ;  delay ;  inter- 
rupt ;  cause  to  cease  for  a  time ; 
debar  temporarily. 

sus-pend-er  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  suspends :  pi.  braces. 

sus-pense  (-pens'),  n.  a  state  of 
uncertainty,  doubt,  or  anxiety ; 
indecision ;  act  of  withholding  the 
judgment ;  temporary  cessation  of 
a  man's  right. 

sus-pens-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  suspended,  or  held 
from  sinking. 

sus-pen-sion  (-pen'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  suspending ;  state  of  being 
suspended ;  a  keeping  in  doubt ; 
uncertainty  :  delay  ;  interruption  ; 
temporary  privation  of  power,  of- 
fice, privilege,  or  rights  ;  continua- 
tion of  a  note  from  one  chord  to 
another  [Music]. 

sus-pen-sor  Cser).  n.  something 
that  suspends ;  a  suspensory. 

sus-pen-so-ry  ('so-ri).  adj.  that 
suspends :  n.  a  suspensory  band, 
or  pcuch. 

sus-pi-cion  (-pish'un),  n.  the  act 
of  suspecting ;  distrust ;  want  of 
confidence ;  imagination  of  some- 
thing wrong  on  slight  or  insuffi- 
cient proof ;  hint ;  very  small 
quantity. 

sus-pi-cious  ('us),  adj.  full  of, 
inclined  to.  or  cherishing,  sus- 
picion ;  open  to,  or  exciting,  sus- 
picion ;  doubtful. 

sus-tain  (-tan),  v.t.  to  hold  up 
or  support ;  maintain  ;  keep  ;  sup- 
port ;  nourish ;  bear ;  endure ; 
strengthen. 

Syn.  maintain,  support. 

sus-tained  (-tand),  adj.  main- 
tained at  a  certain  pitch  or  level ; 
uniform. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  inoon, 
took  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sus 


820 


swa 


sus-ten-ance  ('ten-fins),  n.  that 
which  supports  life;  food;  main- 
tenance or  support. 

sus-ten-ta-tion  (-ta'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  sustaining ;  support  or 
maintenance. 

sutler  (sut'ler),  n.  a  person  who 
follows  an  army  and  sells  pro- 
visions, liquor,  &c.,  to  the  troops. 

Sn-tras  (soo'traz).  n.pl.  certain 
aphorisms  summarizing  the  teach- 
ing of  the  Brahmans,  and  giving 
the  essence  of  their  doctrines  in 
short,  connected  sentences. 

sut-tee  (sut-f'M.  n.  a  Hindu 
widow  who  immolates  herself  on 
the  funeral  pile  of  her  deceased 
husband ;  a  form  of  widow  sacri- 
fice, formerly  common  among  the 
Hindus,  in  which  the  wife  was 
burnt  with  her  deceased  husband 
on  his  funeral  pile. 

nut -tee-ism  ('izm),  n.  the  prac- 
tice or  rite  of  self-immolation 
among  Hindu  widows. 

su-tu-ral  (su'tu-ral),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  situated  at,  a  suture. 

su-ture  ('tur),  n.  the  drawing 
together  of  the  edges  of  a  wound 
by  sewing ;  lines  of  junction  of 
the  bones  of  the  skull  ;  seam  at 
the  union  of  two  margins  of  a 
plant. 

su-zc-rain  (su'ze-rftn),  n.  a  feudal 
lord,  to  whom  fealty  is  due ;  su- 
perior or  paramount  ruler. 

sn-ze-rain-ty  (-ti),  n.  the  office, 
or  dignity,  of  a  suzerain ;  para- 
mount authority. 

swab  (swob),  n.  a  mop  for  clean- 
ing decks,  floors,  &c. ;  clumsy  per- 
son or  lubber:  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
swabbed,  p.pr.  swabbing],  to  rub 
or  clean  with  a  swab. 

swad-dle  (swod'l),  v.t.  to  swathe 
or  bind  tightly,  especially  infants. 

s wad-tiling  ('ling),  adj.  binding 
tightly. 

swag  (swag),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
twagged,  p.pr  swagging],  to  sink 
down  by  its  own  weight;  hang 
heavily:  sag:  n.  an  unequal,  hob- 
bling motion  ;  thieves'  booty. 

swag-ger  ('5r),  v.i.  to  bully  or 
bluster ;  strut  haughtily  or  witli 
affected  superiority :  n.  an  affected 
or  insolent  manner  of  walking ; 
noisy  boastfulness. 

swain  (swan),  n.  a  peasant;  rus- 
tic lover ;  sweetheart. 


swallow  (swol'6),  n.  a  well- 
known  migratory  passerine  bird ; 
any  species  of  swift  resembling 
the  swallow ;  groove  round  a 
tackle-block ;  the  gullet  or  esoph- 
agus ;  voracity ;  as  much  as 
can  be  swallowed  at  once :  v.t. 
to  take  into  the  stomach  through 
the  esophagus;  absorb;  engulf : 
engage  entirely ;  retract ;  put  u'^ 
with :  v.i.  to  perform  the  act  of 
swallowing. 

swal-low-tailed  (-tald),  adj.  like 
a  swallow's  tail ;  having  tapering 
or  forked  skirts. 

swam,  p.t.  of  swim. 

swamp  (swomp),  n.  wet  or  boggy 
land ;  soft,  low  land  saturated 
with  water :  v.t.  to  plunge,  over- 
whelm, or  sink  in,  or  as  in,  '& 
swamp ;  overset  or  sink  in  water ; 
plunge  into  inextricable  difficul- 
ties ;  ruin. 

swamp-y  ('i),  adj.  consisting  of, 
or  like,  a  swamp. 

swan  (swon),  n.  a  web-footed  mrcl 
of  the  genus  Cygnus,  with  a  very 
long  neck,  and  remarkable  for  its 
grace  in  swimming. 

swan-skin  (swon'skin),  ».  a 
kind  of  soft,  fine-twilled  flannel ; 
very  thick,  closely-woven  woolen 
cloth  used  by  printers. 

swap  (swop),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
swapped,  p.pr.  swapping],  to  ox- 
change  or  barter :  n.  barter ;  a 
blow  or  stroke :  adv.  hastily ;  sud- 
denly. 

sward  (swawrd),  n.  the  grassy 
surface  of  land. 

sward-ed  ('ed),  adj.  covered  with 
sward. 

sware,  old  p.t.  of  swear. 

swarm  (swawrm),  v.i.  to  throng 
together  in  a  crowd ;  collect  and 
rise  from  the  hive :  said  of  bees ; 
breed  multitudes ;  to  climb  a  tree, 
&c.,  by  embracing  it  with  the 
arms  and  legs  alternately  (with 
up)  :  n.  a  cluster  of  insects,  es- 
pecially bees ;  crowd  or  multitude 
in  motion. 

swarth-i-ly  (swfn-th'i-li),  ndr. 
with  a  swarthy  hue. 

swartli-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  swarthy. 
Also  swartness. 

swarth-y    ('i),  adj.  of  a  dark  or 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin.  then. 


swa  «a 

tawny   hue ;    dark-skinned.      Also 
swart,  swarth. 

swash  (swosli),  n.  a  dashing  or 
splashing  of  water :  v .i.  to  dash 
or  splash  water  about. 

swash-ing  ('ing),  adj.  crushing; 
slashing. 

swash  y  ('i),  adj.  soft  like  fruit 
too  ripe. 

swath  (swawth),  n.  a  line  or 
ridge  of  grass  or  grain  as  cut 
down  by  the  mower ;  sweep  of  a 
scythe  in  mowing. 

swathe  (swaM),  v.t.  to  bind  with 
a  bandage  or  roller ;  wrap :  n.  a 
bandage  or  roller. 

sway  (swa),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
swayed,  p.pr.  swaying],  to  move 
backwards  and  forwards ;  in- 
fluence by  power  or  moral  force ; 
bias ;  govern :  v.i.  to  incline  on 
one  side ;  be  drawn  by  weight :  n. 
the  swing  or  sweep  of  a  weapon  ; 
cast  of  the  balance ;  anything 
moving  with  power  and  bulk ; 
rule  ;  dominion  ;  authority  ;  con- 
trol ;  inclination  or  weight  on 
one  side. 

swear  (swar),  v.i.  [p.t.  swore, 
sware,  p.p.  sworn,  p.pr.  swear- 
ing], to  make  a  solemn  declara- 
tion by  appealing  to  God  for  the 
truth  of  what  is  affirmed ;  give 
evidence  on  oath  ;  use  profane  lan- 
guage :  v.t.  to  utter  or  affirm  by 
appeal  to  God ;  cause  to  take, 
or  bind  by,  an  oath. 

sweat  (swet),  n.  the  moisture 
which  exudes  from  the  pores  of 
the  skin  :  toil ;  exertion  :  v.i.  to 
exude  moisture  through  the  pores 
of  the  skin ;  perspire ;  labor ; 
drudge :  v.t.  to  cause  to  sweat ; 
oppress  by  employing  at  an  un- 
fair rate  of  wages. 

sweat-ing-sys-tem  ('ing-sis-tem) , 
n.  the  system  by  which  middlemen 
employ  people  to  work  at  their 
own  homes  for  unfair  wages. 

Swe-den-bor-gi-an  (swe-den-b6r'- 
ji-ftn),  adj.  pertaining  to,  or 
characteristic  of,  the  doctrines  of 
Swedenborg,  a  Swedish  mystic, 
the  founder  of  the  New  Jerusalem 
Church. 

sweep  (swep),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
swept,  p.pr.  sweeping],  to  brush, 


swe 

rub  over,  or  clean,  with  a  broom, 
&c. ;  drive  or  carry  along  or  off 
with  force ;  strike  with  a  long 
stroke ;  touch  in  passing :  v.i.  to 
pass  with  violence,  speed,  or 
pomp  ;  pass  with  celerity  or  force  ; 
move  along  with  a  long  reach  :  n. 
the  act  of  sweeping ;  general  de- 
struction :  ran  ore ;  extent :  di- 
rection of  a  curve ;  rapid  survey 
with  the  eye ;  extent  of  a  stroke ; 
chimney-sweeper ;  large  oar ; 
blackguard. 

sweep-stakes  ('staks),  n.pl.  the 
whole  money  or  other  things 
staked  or  won  at  a  horse-race  or 
in  gaming. 

sweet  (swet),  adj.  pleasing  to  the 
senses,  as  smell,  taste,  &c. ;  tast- 
ing like  sugar ;  luscious; 
fragrant  ;  melodious ;  soft ; 
gentle;  kind;  obliging;  loved;  not 
stale  or  putrid  ;  fresh  ;  not  salted  : 
n.  a  term  of  endearment :  n.pl. 
confectionery ;  homemade  wines. 

sweet-bread  ('bred),  n.  a  calf's 
pancreas. 

sweet-bri-ar  ('bri-er) ,  n.  a 
thorny  shrub  of  the  rose  kind ; 
eglantine. 

sweet-corn  ('kSrn),  n.  a  kind 
of  maize  of  a  sweet  taste,  exten- 
sively used  as  a  table  food. 

sweet-en  ('n),  v.t.  to  make 
sweet ;  render  mild,  kind,  grateful, 
or  pleasing ;  render  less  painful, 
difficult,  or  laborious ;  palliate : 
v.i.  to  become  sweet. 

sweet-flag  ('flag),  n.  an  aro- 
matic plant  with  sword-shaped 
leaves ;  calamus. 

sweet-heart  ('hart),  n.  a  lover; 
one  who  is  the  object  of  a  lover's 
affection. 

sweet-ish  ('ish),  adj.  somewhat 
sweet. 

sweet-meat  ('met),  n.  a  confec- 
tion made  wholly  or  partly  of 
sugar. 

sweet-po-ta-to  (-po-ta'to),  n.  a 
plant  and  its  edible  root ;  yam. 

sweet-will-iam  (-wil'yam).  n. 
a  beautiful  flowering  plant  of  the 
pink  kind. 

swell  (swel),  v.i.  [p.t.  swelled, 
p.p.  swelled,  swollen,  p.pr.  swell- 
ing], to  expand  or  enlarge;  in- 
crease in  bulk ;  heave ;  be  in- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  lino,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch.  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


swe 


822 


Swi 


flated ;  rise  and  increase  by  de- 
grees ;  be  puffed  up ;  grow  in 
violence :  v.t.  to  heighten  ;  cause 
to  rise  or  increase ;  inflate ;  di- 
late :  n.  extension  of  bulk ;  act  or 
state  of  swelling ;  gradual  in- 
crease of  sound ;  succession  of 
large  waves ;  gradual  elevation  of 
land  ;  a  distinguished  personage  ; 
fop :  adj.  dandified. 

swell-ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  becoming 
inflated  ;  turgid :  n.  the  act  of  in- 
creasing in  bulk ;  tumor  or  any 
morbid  enlargement. 

swel-ter  ('ter),  v.t.  to  perspire 
profusely ;  faint  with  excessive 
heat. 

swel-try   ('tri),  adj.  sultry. 

swept,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  sweep. 

swerve  (swerv),  v.i.  to  turn 
aside  from  any  prescribed  line  or 
rule  of  duty  :  deviate ;  incline. 

swerv-ing  ('ing),  n.  deviation. 

swift  (swift),  adj.  moving  far  in 
a  short  time ;  rapid ;  quick ; 
ready  ;  sudden  :  adv.  rapidly  :  n. 
a  bird  allied  to  the  swallow ;  n 
species  of  moth ;  the  common 
newt ;  current  of  a  stream. 

swift-er  ('er),  n.  a  rope  for  con- 
fining the  bars  of  the  capstan  in 
their  sockets ;  the  foremost  or 
aftermost  shroud  ;  a  rope  used  as 
a  fender  to  a  boat. 

swill  (swil),  v.t.  to  drink  greedily 
or  grossly ;  inebriate :  n.  drink 
taken  in  excessive  quantities : 
liquid  food  for  animals,  parti^u- 
larly  the  refuse  or  leavings  of  the 
kitchen,  as  given  to  swine. 

swim  (swim),  v.i.  [p.t.  swam, 
swum,  p.p.  swum,  p.pr.  swim- 
ming], to  float  on  water  or  other 
liquid ;  move  progressively  in  the 
water  by  the  hands  and  feet;  be 
conveyed  along  by,  or  as  by,  a 
current ;  glide  smoothly ;  over- 
flow ;  be  iVizr.y :  v.t.  to  cause  to 
swim  or  float:  n.  the  act  of 
swimming ;  air-bladder  of  fishes. 

swim-mer  ('er).  n.  one  who 
swims:  water-spider;  water-fowl; 
protuberance  on  a  horse's  leg ;  a 
kind  of  dumpling. 

swim-ming  ('ing),  n.  the  act  or 
art  of  floating  or  moving  pro- 
gressively in  the  water  by  the 
hands  and  feet. 

swim-ming-ly    ('ing-li),    adv.    in 


a  smooth,  easy,  gliding  manner ; 
with  great  success  or  without 
hindrance. 

swin-dle  (swin'dl),  v.t.  to  cheat 
grossly  and  deliberately  under 
pretense  of  fair  dealing :  n.  a 
gross  fraud. 

swiu-dling  ('dling),  adj.  cheat- 
ing grossly. 

swine  (swin),  n.  any  animal  of 
the  genus  Sus  with  bristly  skin 
and  long  snout ;  pig. 

swing  (swing),  v.i.  \p.t.  &  p.p. 
swung,  p.pr.  swinging],  to  wave 
or  vibrate  to  and  fro ;  oscillate ; 
practice  swinging ;  float  round 
with  the  tide ;  be  hanged :  v.t.  to 
move  to  and  fro ;  wave  loosely ; 
brandish :  n.  the  act  or  state  of 
swinging ;  contrivance  for  swing- 
ing to  and  fro :  full  course. 

swinge  (swinj),  v.t.  to  whip  or 
thrash  :  n.  sweep  or  swing  of  any- 
thing in  movement ;  sway ;  in- 
fluence. 

swin-gle  (swing'gl),  v.t.  to 
cleanse  (flax)  by  beating:  v.i.  to 
dangle :  n.  that  part  of  a  flail 
which  strikes  the  grain. 

swin-gle-tree  (-tre),  n.  the  cross- 
bar of  a  carriage,  &c.,  to  the  ends 
of  which  the  traces  of  the  horse 
are  fastened. 

swi-nish  (swl'nish),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  like,  or  characteristic  of, 
swine ;  bestial. 

swink  (swingk),  v.i.  to  toil; 
drudge. 

svripe  (swlp).  n.  a  vigorous  blew 
at  cricket  or  golf  ;  sweeping  blow  : 
pi.  thin  or  small  beer :  v.i.  &  v.t. 
to  deliver  a  strong  blow ;  hit  out 
with  great  force  at  cricket,  &c. ; 
take  and  carry  away  ;  purloin. 

swirl  (sworl).  v.i.  to  rush  along 
in,  or  form,  eddies  :  n.  a  whirling 
or  eddying  motion. 

swish  (swish),  v.t.  to  lash;  flog. 

Swiss  (swis).  adj.  pertaining  to 
Switzerland,  its  language,  or  its 
inhabitants. 

switch  (swich),  n.  a  noble,  thin, 
flexible  rod ;  a  movable  rail  for 
transferring  a  railway  carriage, 
&c.,  from  one  line  to  another ;  a 
device  for  connecting  one  electric 
circuit  with  another :  v.t.  to  lash 
or  flog ;  shunt. 

Swit-zer  (swit'ser),  n.  Swiss. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moOn. 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


swi 


823 


sym 


swiv-el  (swiv'l),  n.  something 
fixed  in  another  body  so  as  to 
turn  round  in  it ;  twisting  link  in 
a  chain  ;  a  kind  of  small  cannon 
u-hich  turns  on  a  pivot :  v.t.  &  v.i. 
{p.t.  &  p.p.  swiveled.  p.pr.  swivel- 
ing"),  to  turn  on  a  swivel  or  pivot. 

swol-len,  p.p.  of  swell. 

swoon  (swoon),  v.i.  to  sink  into 
a  fainting  fit,  with  apparent  sus- 
pension of  the  vital  and  mental 
powers :  n.  the  act  of  swooning ; 
syncope. 

swoon-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
fainting. 

swoop  (swoop),  v.t.  to  fall  upon 
and  seize  at  once,  as  prey :  v.i. 
to  catch  prey  while  on  the  wing  : 
n.  a  sudden  falling  upon  and 
seizing. 

sword  (sQrd),  «.  a  keen-edged 
weapon  for  cutting  and  thrust- 
ing ;  destruction  by  war ;  emblem 
of  authority,  power,  justice,  or 
vengeance. 

swore,  p.t.  of  swear. 

sworn,  p.p.  of  swear :  adj.  bound 
by  an  oath. 

Syb-a-rite  (sib'a-rit),  n.  an  ef- 
feminate voluptuary  :  from  the  in- 
habitants of  Sybaris,  Italy,  an  an- 
cient Greek  city  noted  for  its 
luxury. 

Syb-a-rit-ic  (-rit'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  like,  or  characteristic 
of,  a  Sybarite. 

syc-a-more  ('a-m6r),  n.  a  tree  of 
the  maple  family ;  the  fig-mul- 
berry of  the  East ;  the  button- 
wood. 

sy-cee  (si-se'),  n.  pure  native  sil- 
ver cast  into  small  hemispherical 
ingots  by  the  Chinese,  and  used  as 
silver  currency. 

syc-o-phan-cy  (sik'o-ffin-si),  n. 
obsequious  or  servile  flattery. 

syc-o-phant  Co-fftnt),  n.  a  mean 
or  servile  flatterer,  especially  of 
great  men ;  parasite. 

sy-en-ite  (sl'en-it),  n.  a  granitic 
rock  found  at  Syene  in  Egypt. 

syl-lab-ic  (sil-ab'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
in?  to,  or  consisting  of,  a  syllable. 

syl-lab-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  in 
syllables. 

eyl-lab-i-ca-tion  or  syl  lab-i-fl- 
ca-tion  (-kn'shun),  n.  the  for- 
mation of  syllables. 

syi-iao  i  fy  ('i-1'1),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 


syllabified,  p.pr.  syllabifying],  to 
form  into  syllables. 

syl  la-ble  ('a-bl),  n.  that  part  of 
a  word  which  can  be  uttered  dis- 
tinctly by  a  single  effort  of  the 
voice ;  anything  proverbially  con- 
cise. 

syl-la-bub,  same  as  sillibub. 

syl-la-bus  ('a-bus),  n.  a  table  of 
contents ;  compendium  of  the 
heads  of  a  discourse ;  abstract. 

syl-lo-gism  ('6-jizm),  n.  an  argu- 
ment stated  in  logical  form,  con- 
sisting of  three  propositions,  the 
first  two  being  called  the  prem- 
ises and  the  last  the  conclusion 
which  contains  the  matter  to  be 
proved. 

syl-lp-gis-tic  (-jis'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  consisting  of,  a 
syllogism. 

syl-lo-gis-tic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
in  a  syllogistic  form. 

sylph  (silf),  n.  an  imaginary  be- 
ing inhabiting  the  air ;  fairy. 

syl-van  (sil'van),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  inhabiting,  or  growing  in,  a 
wood  or  grove ;  rustic ;  woody ; 
shady. 

sym,  prefix,  another  form  of  syn. 

sym-bi-o-sis  (sim-bi-6'sis) ,  n.  the 
more  or  less  permanent  united  life 
of  certain  animal  and  vegetable 
organisms  rendering  mutual  serv- 
ice to  each  other. 

sym-bi-ot-ic  (-ot'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  symbiosis. 

sym-bol  ('bol).  n.  an  emblem  or 
sign  representing  something  else ; 
type ;  mark  or  character  used  as 
an  abbreviation ;  a  creed. 

sym-bol-ic  ('ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  serving  as,  or  of  the  nature  of, 
a  symbol:  n.pl.  the  study  of 
creeds.  Also  symbolical. 

sym-bol-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv.  by 
symbols. 

sym-bol-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  repre- 
sent by  a  symbol :  v.i.  to  have  a 
typical  resemblance ;  agree. 

sym-bol-ism  ('bol-izm).  n.  the 
use  of,  or  the  being  represented 
by,  symbols ;  science  of  creeds. 

sym-met-ric-al  (-met'rik-al),  adj. 
having  corresponding  parts  or  re- 
lations ;  harmonious ;  proportion- 
ate. Also  symmetric. 

sym-met-ric-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
symmetrical  manner. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin :  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  m5on, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


sym 


824 


syn 


sym-met-rize  ('et-riz),  v.t.  to 
make  symmetrical. 

sym-met-ry  ('et-ri),  n.  the  due 
proportion  of  the  several  parts  of 
a  body  to  each  other ;  harmony  or 
adaptation  of  parts  to  each  other ; 
proportion. 

Syn.   proportion. 

sym-pa-thet-ic  (-pa-thet'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  expressing,  or  in- 
ducing, sympathy  ;  compassionate. 
Also  sympathetical. 

s  y  xn-p  a-t  h.  e  t-i  c-a  1-1  y  (-al-li), 
adv.  in  a  sympathetic  manner. 

sym-pa-thize  ('pa-thiz),  v.i.  to 
have  a  mutual  feeling  with  an- 
other ;  be  compassionate. 

sym-pa-thy  ('pa-thi),  n.  mutual 
feeling  of  pleasure  or  pain  ;  com- 
passion ;  reciprocal  action  of  the 
organs  of  a  body. 

Syn.     commiseration,     compas- 
sion, condolence. 

sym-phon-ic  (-fon'ik),  adj.  agree- 
ing in  sound.;  pertaining  to  a  sym- 
phony. Also  symphonious. 

sym-pho-ny  ('fo-ni),  n.  [pi.  sym- 
phonies (-niz)],  harmony  of 
sound ;  a  musical  composition  for 
a  full  band  of  instruments ;  in- 
strumental introduction  or  ending 
of  a  vocal  composition. 

sym-po-si-uni  (-po'zi-um),  n.  [pi. 
symposia  (-a)],  a  banquet;  a 
drinking  together ;  merry-making ; 
an  article  in  a  magazine  in  which 
various  writers  express  their 
views  on  some  given  topic. 

symp-tom  (simp'tom),  n.  that 
which  indicates  the  existence  of 
something  else  of  which  it  is  the 
effect ;  token  or  sign. 

symp-to-mat-ic  (-to-mat'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  serving  as,  or  indi- 
cating, a  symptom.  Also  sympto- 
matical. 

symp-to-mat-ic-al-ly  ( -al-li ), 
adv.  by  symptoms. 

syn,  a  prefix  meaning  with,  to- 
gether, as  synantherous :  adj.  hav- 
ing stamens  united  by  their 
anthers. 

syn-ner-e-sis  (sin-erVsis),  n.  the 
contraction  of  two  vowels  into 
one. 

syn-a-gpg-ic-al  ('a-goj'ik-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  synagogue. 

syn-a-gogue   ('a-gog),  n.  a  relig- 


ious assembly  of  Jews  for  wor- 
ship ;  Jewish  place  of  worship. 

syn-cliro-iiisru  ( sing'kro-nizm ) , 
n.  concurrence  in  time  of  two  or 
more  events  ;  tabular  arrangement 
of  contemporaneous  historical 
events. 

syn-chro-nize  ('kro-niz),  v.t.  to 
cause  to  agree  in  time :  v.i.  hap- 
pen simultaneously. 

syn-ciro-nous  ('kro-nus),  adj. 
happening  at  the  same  time.  Also 
synchronal. 

syn-cli-nal  ('kli-nal),  adj.  noting 
a  line  or  axis  formed  when  strata 
dip  in  opposite  directions  and 
meet  in  a  common  central  point  or 
line. 

syn-co-pate  ('ko-pat),  v.t.  to  con- 
tract by  omitting  a  letter  or  let- 
ters from  the  middle  of  (a  word)  ; 
unite  (the  last  note  of  one  bar  to 
the  first  note  of  the  next)  by  a 
slur. 

syn-co-pa-tion  (-pa'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  syncopating. 

syn-co-pe  ('ko-pe),  n.  the  omis- 
sion of  a  letter  or  letters  from 
the  middle  of  a  word ;  fainting 
caused  by  interruption  of  the 
heart's  action. 

syn-cret-ic  (sin-kret'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  characteristic  of, 
syncretism. 

syn-cre-tism  ('kre-tizm),  n.  the 
attempt  to  blend  opposite  and 
contradictory  tenets  into  one  sys- 
tem to  produce  union  and  concord. 

syn-dic  ('dik),  n.  a  government 
official  invested  with  varying 
powers  in  different  countries ; 
chief  magistrate ;  municipal  or 
other  official. 

syn-di-cate  ('di-kat),  n.  a  body 
of  syndics ;  a  combination  of  cap- 
italists to  promote  some  special 
undertaking  or  speculation. 

syn-ec-do-clie  (-ek'do-ke),  n.  a 
rhetorical  figure  in  which  the 
whole  is  put  for  a  part,  or  a  part 
for  the  whole. 

syn-er-gy  ('er-ji),  n.  correlation 
between  different  organs. 

syn-od  ('od),  n.  a  council  or  meet- 
ing of  ecclesiastics  for  consulta- 
tion on  religious  matters ;  a 
church  council  composed  of  sev- 
eral presbyters. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  rroon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


syn 


825 


syz 


syn-od-al  ('od-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  synod  or  synods. 

syn-od-ic  (-od'ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  transacted  by,  a  synod. 
Also  synodical. 

syn-od-ic-al-ly  (-al-i),  adv.  by  the 
authority  of  a  synod. 

syn-oe-cious  (-e'shus),  adj.  having 
both  male  and  female  flowers  on 
the  same  receptacle. 

syn-o-nym  ('6-nim).  n.  a  word 
having  nearly  the  same  significa- 
tion as  another. 

syn-op-sis  (-op'sis).  n.  a  general 
or  collective  view  of  any  subject ; 
summary. 

syn-op-tic  (-op'tik),  adj.  giving  a 
general  view  of  the  whole  or  prin- 
cipal parts  of  a  thing.  Also  syn- 
optical. 

syn-op-tic-al-ly  (-al-i),  adv.  in  a 
synoptical  manner. 

syn-tac-tic  (-tak'tik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  arranged  according 
to,  the  rules  of  syntax.  Also  syn- 
tactical. 

syn-tac-tic-al-ly  (-al-i),  adv.  in 
a  syntactical  manner. 

syn-tax  ('taks),  n.  that  part  of 
grammar  which  teaches'  of  the 
proper  construction  and  arrange- 
ment of  words  in  a  sentence. 

syn-the-sis  ('the-sis),  n.  [pi.  syn- 
theses (-sez)L  composition  or 
putting  of  two  or  more  things  to- 
gether :  opposed  to  analysis ;  the 
method  or  process  of  deducing 
and  combining  complex  ideas  from 
simple  ones. 

syn-tliet-ic  (-thet'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  synthesis.  Also  syn- 
thetical. 

syn-thet-ic-al-ly  (-al-i),  adv.  by 
synthesis. 

syn-to-nin  ('to-nin),  n.  muscle 
fibrine. 

syph-i-lis  (sif'i-lis),  n.  venereal 
disease. 

sypli-i-lit-ic  (-lit'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to.  of  the  nature  of,  or 
affected  with,  syphilis. 


syph-i-loid  ('i-loid),  adj.  resem- 
bling syphilis. 

sy-pion,  another  form  of  siphon. 

sy-ren,  another  form  of  siren. 

Syr-i-ac  (sir'i-ak),  adj.  pertaining 
to  Syria,  its  inhabitants,  or  lan- 
guage. Also  Syrian. 

Sy-rin-ga  ( si-ring' ga),  n.  a  genus 
of  plants,  including  the  lilac. 

syr-inge  (sir'inj),  n.  a  small  tube 
with  a  handle  and  worked  like  a 
pump :  v.t.  to  inject  or  cleanse 
with  a  syringe. 

syr-up  (sir'up),  n.  a  saturated  or 
medicated  solution  of  sugar  in 
water ;  liquid  refuse  of  sugar. 

sys-tem  (sis'tem),  n.  combina- 
tion of  parts  in  a  whole :  orderly 
arrangement  according  to  some 
common  law ;  collection  of  rules 
and  principles ;  connected  body  of 
principles  in  science  or  art ; 
method  of  transacting  business. 
Syn.  method,  plan,  order. 

sys-tem-at-ic  (-at'ik),  adj.  meth- 
odical ;  according  to  system.  Also 
systematical. 

Syn.   orderly,    regular,    method- 
ical. 

Ant.    (see  chaotic). 

sys-tem-at-ic-al-ly  (-al-i),  adv. 
in  a  systematic  manner. 

sys-tem-a-tize  ('tem-fi-tiz),  v.t. 
to  reduce  to  a  system. 

sys-to-le  ('to-le),  n.  the  shorten- 
ing of  a  long  syllable ;  contraction 
of  auricles  and  ventricles  of  the 
heart  for  expelling  the  blood  and 
circulating  it  through  the  body. 

sys-to-lic  (sis-tol'ic) ,  adj.  per- 
taining to  systole ;  contracting. 

sys-tyle  ('till,  adv.  having  columns 
so  arranged  that  they  are  distant 
two  diameters  from  each  other : 
having  a  row  of  columns  set 
closely  together. 

syz-y-gy  (siz'i-ji),  n.  [pi.  syzygies 
(-jiz)],  the  point  at  which  the 
moon  or  a  planet  is  in  conjunc- 
tion with,  or  in  opposition  to,  the 
sun ;  times  of  new  and  full  moon. 


late;  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tab 


826 


tab 


tab  (tab),  n.  a  shoe  latchet ;  tag; 
border  of  a  woman's  cap. 

tab-ard  Card),  n.  a  loose  garment 
or  mantle  worn  over  armor ; 
herald's  coat. 

tab-a-ret  ('a- ret),  n.  a  strong 
satin-striped  silk  used  in  uphol- 
stering. 

tab-a-sheer  (-sher),  n.  a  siliceous 
substance  found  in  the  stems  of 
bamboos  and  certain  grasses,  used 
in  the  East  as  a  medicine. 

tab-by  ('i),  adj.  brindled;  having 
a  variegated,  wavy,  or  watered 
appearance :  n.  a  kind  of  wavy  or 
watered  silk  ;  mixture  of  stone  or 
shell  with  mortar ;  tabby-cat :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  tabbied,  p.pr.  tabby- 
ing], to  water  or  cause  to  look 
wavy. 

tab-by-cat  ('i-kat),  n.  a  brindled 
cat. 

tab-by-ing  ('i-5ng),  n.  the  proc- 
ess of  passing  fabrics  under  a  cal- 
ender to  give  them  a  watered, 
wavy  appearance. 

tab-e-fac-tion  (-e-fak'shun) ,  n. 
the  act  or  condition  of  wasting 
away. 

tab-er-nac-le  ('er-nak-1).  n.  a 
temporary  dwelling,  movable  res- 
idence, or  tent ;  the  human  body  as 
the  temporary  dwelling  of  the 
soul ;  the  movable  structure  or 
place  of  worship  carried  by  the 
Israelites  in  the  wilderness :  re- 
ceptacle for  the  consecrated  Host 
in  Roman  Catholic  Churches ; 
place  of  worship :  v.i.  to  sojourn  ; 
take  up  a  temporary  residence. 

tab-er-nac-le-work  (-werk),  n. 
sculptured  tracery  or  canopy  wprk. 

tab-in-et  (tab'in-et),  n.  a  mixed 
woolen  and  silk  fabric,  used  for 
window-curtains,  &c. 

tab-la-tiire  ('hVtur).  n.  a  paint- 
ing on  walls  or  ceilings ;  single 
piece  comprehended  in  one  view ; 
division  of  the  skull  into  two 
tables. 

ta-ble  (ta'bl).  n.  a  flat  smooth 
board,  furnished  with  legs ;  flat 

surface:  persons  sitting  at  a  re- 
past or  entertainment ;  fare  ;  sup- 


ply of  food ;  entertainment ;  tab- 
let ;  index  or  syllabus :  pi.  collec- 
tion of  many  particulars  brought 
into  view ;  collection  of  num- 
bers or  figures  methodically  ar- 
ranged ;  the  Ten  Commandments, 
consisting  of  two  tables :  Holy 
Eucharist  or  Lord's  Supper; 
smooth,  simple  member  or  orna- 
ment, usually  rectangular :  pi. 
backgammon  :  adj.  pertaining  to  a 
table :  v.t .  to  catalogue  or  index ; 
lay  or  place  on  a  table  (as  a  re- 
port) for  future  consideration: 
v.i.  to  board. 

ta-bleau  (t;vblo'),  n.  [pi.  ta- 
bleaux or  tableaus  (tu-bloz')],  a 
striking  and  vivid  representation. 

ta-bleau  vi-vant  (ve-vang'),  n.  a 
living  picture ;  a  picturesque  rep- 
resentation by  one  or  more  silent 
and  motionless  performers  suit- 
ably costumed  and  posed.  [Fr.] 

ta-ble  d'hote  (tii'bl-dot),  n.  a 
meal  for  several  persons  at  the 
same  hour  and  at  a  fixed  price ; 
ordinary.  [Fr.] 

ta-ble-land  (ta'bl-land),  n.  a  pla- 
teau. 

tab-let  (tab'let),  n.  small  table: 
medicine  in  the  form  of  a  small 
flat  disk ;  small  flat  piece  of  ivory, 
&c.,  for  memoranda ;  ancestral 
monument ;  small  flat  cake,  as  of 
soap,  sweetmeats,  &c 

ta-ble-turn-ing  (ta'bl-tern-ing) , 
n.  the  movement  of  tables  said  to 
be  caused  by  the  agency  of  spirits. 

tab-li-er  (tab-li-a'),  n.  a  kind  of 
large  apron  or  small  overskirt. 

tabloid  (tab'loid),  n.  a  tablet 
containing  a  specified  portion  of  a 
drug. 

ta-boo  (tn-boo'),  n.  a  relic:ion=! 
rite  formerly  prevalent  among  the 
Polynesians  by  which  persons  and 
things  were  rendered  sacred  and 
inviolable  ;  ban  ;  prohibition  :  v.t. 
\p.t.  &  p.p.  tabooed,  p.pr.  taboo- 
in  ?],  to  forbid  approach  to,  or 
use  of.  Also  tabu. 

ta-bor  (ta'ber),  n.  a  small  drum, 
beaten  with  one  stick.  Also  ta- 
bour. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tab 


827 


tai 


tab-o-ret  (tab'6-ret),  n.  a  small 
tabor ;  an  ornamental  cushioned 
stool. 

tab-o-rine  (-rin),  n.  a  side- 
drum  ;  a  drum-head  in  a  hoop  of 
wood  with  jingles  to  increase  the 
noise ;  tambourine. 

tab-u-lar  (tab'u-lar).  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  in  the  form  of,  a 
table  ;  formed  in  plates  or  laminaj  ; 
set  down,  computed,  or  arranged 
in,  tables  or  schedules. 

tab-u-late  ('u-lat).  v.t.  to  reduce 
to.  or  arrange  in,  tables  or  synop- 
ses ;  shape  with  a  flat  surface. 

tac-a-ma-hac  (tak'a-ma-hak),  n. 
a  kind  of  resin  from  the  balsam 
poplar. 

tache  (tach),  n.  a  button;  loop; 
catch,  clasp,  or  other  fastening. 

ta-chom-e-ter  (tS.-kom'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring  ve- 
locity. 

ta-chym-e-ter  (-kim'e-ter) ,  n.  a 
surveyor's  instrument  for  making 
rapid  measurements. 

tac-it  (tas'it),  adj.  implied,  but 
not  expressed  verbally. 

tac-i-turn  ('i-tern),  adj.  habitu- 
ally silent. 

Syn.  close,  mute,  reticent,  silent, 
reserved. 

Ant.   (see  unreserved). 

tac-i-turn-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  habitual 
silence. 

tack  (tak),  n.  a  small  broad- 
headed  nail ;  supplement  or  ap- 
pendage ;  direction  of  a  vessel  in 
regard  to  the  trim  of  her  sails: 
v.t.  to  fasten  with  tacks ;  fasten 
slightly ;  attach :  v.i.  to  change 
the  course  of  a  vessel  by  shifting 
the  position  of  her  sails. 

tack-le  ('I),  n.  the  ropes,  rigging, 
&c.,  of  a  vessel ;  apparatus  for 
raising  or  lowering  heavy  weights 
consisting  of  pulleys  and  ropes; 
implements  or  gear:  v.t.  to  har- 
ness ;  seize  or  lay  hold  of ;  deal 
with  or  attack  vigorously. 

tack-ling  ('ling),  n.  the  furni- 
ture of  the  masts  and  yards  of  a 
vessel ;  instruments  of  action ; 
gear. 

tact  (takt),  n.  nice  discernment 
and  delicate  skiil  in  saying  and 
doing  exactly  what  is  expedient 
or  suitable  in  given  circumstances. 

tac-tic    (tak'tik),    adj.   pertaining 


to  the  art  of  tactics.     Also  tacti- 
cal. 

tac-ti-cian  (-tish'an),  n.  one 
skilled  in  tactics. 

tac-tics  ('tiks),  n.  naval  and  mili- 
tary evolutions ;  science  of  dis- 
posing and  maneuvering  naval 
and  military  forces  for  battle. 

tac-tile  ('til),  adj.  perceptible  by 
the  touch ;  capable  of  being 
touched. 

tac-til-i-ty  (-til'i-ti),  n.  percepti- 
bility by  the  touch. 

tac-tu-al  (tak'tu-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  organs  of  touch. 

tad-pole  (tad'pol),  n.  the  young 
aquatic  larva  of  an  amphibian,  es- 
pecially that  of  the  frog. 
I  tael  (tal),  n.  a  Chinese  money  of 
account,  value  about  $1.05 ;  a 
weight  of  1  1-3  oz. 

taf-fer-el,  same  as  taffrail. 

taf-fe-ta  (taf'e-ta),  n.  a  fine, 
thin,  glossy  silken  fabric.  Also 
taffety. 

taff-rail  ('ral),  n.  the  upper  flat 
part  of  the  stern  of  a  ship ;  rail 
round  a  ship's  stern. 

taf-fy  ('i),  n.  molasses  candy; 
toffy  ;  flattery. 

taf-i-a  ('i-a),  n.  rum  distilled 
from  molasses. 

tag  (tag),  n.  *a  point  of  metal  at 
the  end  of  a  string  or  a  lace ; 
something  small  attached  to  an- 
other ;  anything  paltry  or  mean  ; 
a  children's  game :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
tagged,  p.pr  tagging],  to  fix  a  tag 
to ;  append  or  tack  on ;  follow 
closely  and  persistently. 

tagl-ia  (tal'ya),  n.  a  peculiar 
combination  of  pulleys. 

tag-rag  ('rag),  n.  the  rabble. 

tahr  (tar),  n.  the  Himalayan  wild 
goat. 

tail  (tal),  n.  the  end  of  the  ba^c- 
bone  of  an  animal's  body,  usually 
hanging  loose ;  hinder,  or  inferior 
part  of  anything:  anything  pen- 
dant ;  luminous  appendage  of  the 
nucleus  of  a  comet ;  catkin  ;  limi- 
tation :  v.i.  to  depart  one  after 
another,  as  a  crowd  (with  off). 

tail-age  Caj),  n.  tax  or  toll. 
Also  tallage. 

tail-board  ('b6rd).  n.  the  mova- 
ble board  at  the  rear  of  a  cart. 

tail-ing  ('ing),  ».  the  part  of  a 
projecting  stone  or  brick  inserted 


late,  mar,  mfisk,  cat,  awl  :  In",  lior,  lot  :  lino,  tin  ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  </ien. 


tai 


828 


Tal 


in  a  wall ;  refuse  of  stamped  ore 
thrown  behind  the  rail  of  the 
washing  apparatus :  pi.  chaff. 

tail-or  ('er),  n.  one  whose  busi- 
ness is  to  cut  out  and  make  men's 
clothes  and  ladies'  costumes. 
Feminine  tailoress. 

taint  (tfmt),  n.  corruption;  in- 
fection ;  spot  or  stain  ;  disgrace  : 
v.t.  to  imbue  or  impregnate  with 
anything  noxious;  infect;  cor- 
rupt :  v.i.  to  be  corrupted  by  in- 
cipient putrefaction. 

take  (tak),  v.t.  [p.t.  took,  p.p. 
taken,  p.pr.  taking],  to  lay  or 
seize  hold  of ;  obtain ;  receive 
mentally  ;  capture ;  engage  or  in- 
terest ;  choose ;  use  or  require ; 
catch  ;  assume  ;  conduct  or  lead  ; 
transport ;  tolerate ;  swallow  ; 
note  or  take  down ;  make  or  per- 
form (a  journey  or  walk)  :  v.i.  to 
have  recourse  ;  have  the  intended 
effect ;  please :  n.  the  amount  or 
quantity  received  or  caught,  espe- 
cially fish. 

Syn.  accept,  receive. 
Ant.    (see  give). 

tak-cr  ('er),  n.  one  who  takes, 
seizes,  or  captures ;  one  who  ac- 
cepts a  bet. 

tak-ing  ('ing),  adj.  attractive; 
alluring ;  pleasing  '  infectious  :  n. 
the  act  of  gaining  possession ; 
seizure  ;  agitation  :  pi.  receipts. 

tal-a-poin  (tal'a-poin),  n.  a  Bud- 
dhist monk  of  Ceylon,  Siam,  &c. ; 
kind  of  monkey. 

talari  a  (ta-la'ri-a),  n.pl.  the 
small  wings  attached  to  the  ankles 
of  Mercury  or  Hermes,  the  mes- 
senger of  the  gods. 

tal-bot  (tawl'bot),  «.  a  quick- 
scented  hunting-dog,  with  long 
pendulous  ears. 

talc  (talk),  n.  a  hydrous  silicate 
of  magnesia  occurring  in  thin 
flakes. 

tale  (tal),  n.  a  narrative  or  story  ; 
fable  ;  anecdote  ;  reckoning  ;  num- 
ber reckoned. 

tal-ent  (tal'ent),  n.  among  the  an- 
cients, a  weight,  coin,  or  sum  of 
money  of  varying  value ;  mental 
capacity  ;  eminent  ability  ;  skill ; 
cleverness ;  gift. 

tal-ent-ed  ('ent-ed),  adj.  en- 
dowed with  talents  or  eminent 
ability. 


tal-i-pes    (M-pez),  n.  club-foot. 
tal-i-pot    (M-pot),  n.  the  gigantic 

fan-palm  of  Ceylon  and  India. 
Also  taliput. 

tal-is-man  (Ms-man),  n.  [pi.  talis- 
mans (-manz)J,  a  magical  figure 

cut  in  metal  or  stone  supposed  to 
possess  magical  virtues  in  avert- 
ing evil,  &c. ;  something  that  pro- 
duces an  extraordinary  effect. 

tal-is-man-ic  (Mk),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  having  the  properties  of, 
a  talisman;  magical. 

talk  (tawk),  v.i.  to  utter  words; 
speak  familiarly  ;  converse  ;  prat- 
tle :  v.t.  to  utter ;  make  a  subject 
of  conversation  :  n.  familiar  con- 
verse ;  colloquy ;  subject  of  dis- 
course ;  rumor ;  conference. 

talk-a-tive  ('a-tiv),  adj.  addicted 
to  much  talking. 

Syn.  garrulous,  communicative, 
loquacious. 

Ant.   (see  silent). 

talk-a-tive-ly  (-11),  adv.  in  a 
talkative  manner. 

talk-a-tive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  talkative. 

talk-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of  con- 
versing :  adj.  loquacious. 

tall  (tawl),  adj.  high  in  stature; 
lofty  ;  extravagant. 

tal  lage,   same  as  tailage. 

tal -low  (tal'6),  n.  the  melted  fat 
of  oxen  and  sheep ;  candle-grease : 
v.t.  to  grease  or  smear  with  tal- 
low ;  fatten. 

tal-ly  (M),  n.  [pi.  tallies  (Mz)], 
a  stick  notched  to  match  another 
stick,  used  for  keeping  accounts ; 
one  thing  made  to  match  or  suit 
another :  v.t.  to  make  to  corre- 
spond :  v.i.  to  be  fitted ;  match. 

tal-ly-ho  (-ho),  inter'].  &  n.  the 
huntsman's  cry  to  incite  his 
hounds ;  a  four-in-hand  coach. 

tal-ly-man  (-man),  n.  [pi.  tally- 
men (-men)],  one  who  sells  goods 
to  be  paid  for  by  instalments. 

tal-ly-shop  (-shop),  n.  a  shop 
where  goods  are  sold  on  the  tally- 
system. 

tal-ly-sys-tem  (-sis-tern),  n.  the 
practice  of  selling  goods  on  credit 
to  be  paid  for  by  instalments. 

tal -mi-gold  ('mi-gold),  n.  Abys- 
sinian gold ;  cheap  imitation  of 
gold. 

Tal-mud     ('mud),     n.     the     book 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thia:  then. 


Tal 


829 


tan 


which  contains  the  whole  body  of 
the  Jewish  civil  and  canonical 
laws  and  traditions,  with  the  com- 
mentaries and  speculations  of  the 
Rabbis,  consisting  of  two  parts, 
the  Mishnah  and  Gemara. 

Tal-mnd-ic  ('ik).  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  in,  the  Talmud.  Also  Tal- 
mndical,  Talmudistic. 

Tal-mud-ist  ('mud-ist),  n.  one 
learned  in  the  Talmud. 

tal-on  ('on),  n.  the  claw  of  a  bird 
of  prey ;  an  ogee  molding. 

ta-lus  (ta'lus),  n.  the  ankle-bone; 
sloping  part  of  a  work ;  sloping 
heap  of  broken  rocks  accumulated 
at  the  foot  of  a  cliff. 

tam-a-bil-i-ty  (tam-a-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being  tam- 
able. Tamableness. 

tam-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  capable  of 
being  tamed. 

ta-ma-le  (ta-ma'le),  n.  a  kind  of 
dumpling,  made  of  minced  chicken 
and  corn-meal,  seasoned  with  red 
pepper,  wrapped  in  corn-husks, 
and  boiled  or  cooked  by  steam. 

ta-man-dti-a  (ta-man'du-a).  n. 
the  small  ant-eater  of  South 
America. 

tam-a  rack  (tam'a-rak),  n.  the 
American  black  larch. 

tam-a-rin  ('a-rin),  n.  a  South 
American  monkey  with  a  squirrel- 
like  tail. 

tam-a-rind  ('a-rind).  n.  a  legu- 
minous and  lofty  tropical*  tree, 
yielding  long  pods  which  contain 
a  soft  acid  pulp. 

tam-a  risk  ('a-risk),  ».  a  tree  or 
shrub  of  the  genus  Tamarix.  with 
small  pink  or  white  flowers  and 
feathery  branches. 

tam-bac,  same  as  tombac. 

tarn  hour  ('ber).  n.  a  drum-like 
frame  on  which  a  kind  of  embroid- 
ery with  threads  of  gold,  silver, 
and  silk  are  worked  in  the  figures 
of  flowers,  &c. ;  drum ;  the  naked 
part  of  certain  capitals  of  drum- 
like  appearance ;  enclosure  of 
stockade  work  :  v.t.  to  embroider 
with,  or  upon,  a  tambour. 

tam-bonr-ine  (-en'),  n.  a  small 
hand-drum  with  little  cymbals  in- 
serted in  the  hoop ;  a  sprightly 
French  stage  dance. 

tame  (tarn),  adj.  domesticated; 
spiritless ;  insipid :  v.t.  to  bring 


from  a  wild  to  a  domesticated 
state ;  subdue. 

tame-less  ('les),  adj.  wild;  not 
capable  of  being  tamed. 

tam-i-ny  ('i-ni),  n.  a  kind  of 
woolen  or  worsted  cloth. 

tamp  (tamp),  v.t.  to  block  up 
with  clay  or  similar  material  the 
blast-hole  in  a  rock  to  direct  the 
course  of  the  explosion  :  drive  in 
or  down  by  repeated  gentle 
strokes. 

tarn-pan  ('pan),  n.  a  venomous 
South  African  tick. 

tam-per  ('per),  v.i.  to  meddle  so 
as  to  injure  or  alter  anything ; 
use  bribery ;  try  small  experi- 
ments. 

tam-pi-on  ('pi-on),  «.  a  stopper, 
especially  for  the  mouthpiece  of 
a  cannon.  Also  tompion. 

tam-tam  ('tarn),  same  as  tom- 
tom. 

tan  (tan),  n.  the  bark  of  the  oak 
or  other  trees  bruised  and  broken 
by  a  mill  for  tanning  hides :  adj. 
tan-colored:  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
tanned,  p.pr.  tanning],  to  con- 
vert (a  hide)  into  leather  by 
steeping  it  in  an  infusion  of  bark 
or  tannin ;  make  brown  by  expos- 
ure to  the  sun ;  beat :  v.i.  to  be- 
come sunburnt. 

tan  dem  ('dem),  adv.  with  two 
horses  or  persons  one  before  the 
other :  n.  a  vehicle  with  two 
horses  harnessed  one  before  the 
other ;  a  bicycle  or  tricycle  for 
two,  one  riding  before  the  other. 

tang  (tang),  n.  a  strong  taste  or 
flavor ;  something  that  leaves  be- 
hind a  taste  peculiar  to  itself; 
that  part  of  a  knife,  fork,  tool, 
&c.,  which  is  inserted  into  the 
handle ;  sound  or  tone :  v.i.  to 
make  a  ringing  sound. 

tan-gen-cy  ('jen-si),  n.  a  contact 
or  touching. 

tan-gent  ('jent),  adj.  touching: 
n.  a  straight  line  that  meets  or 
touches  a  circle  or  curve,  but 
when  produced,  does  not  cut  it. 

tan-gen-tial  (-jen'shal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  in  the  direction  of, 
a  tangent. 

tan-gen-tial-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  the 
direction  of  a  tangent. 

tan-ger-ine  (-jer-en'),  n.  a  small 
orange. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl:  he.  her,  let:  line,  tin;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin.  then. 


tan 


830 


tar 


tau-ghin  (tan'gin).  n.  a  Mada- 
gascar tree,  from  the  seeds  of 
which  a  powerful  poison  is  ob- 
tained ;  the  ordeal-tree. 

tan-gi-bil-i-ty  (tan-ji-bil'i-ti),  n. 
the  state  or  quality  of  being 
tangible.  Also  tangibleness. 

tan-gi-ble  ('ji-bl),  adi.  percept- 
ible to  the  touch ;  capable  of 
being  possessed  or  realized ;  evi- 
dent ;  real. 

tan-gle  (tang'gl),  v.t.  to  inter- 
weave so  as  to  render  difficult 
to  unravel ;  implicate  ;  embarrass  ; 
entangle ;  complicate :  v.i.  to  be 
entangled :  n.  a  knot  of  things 
interwoven  confusedly  in  one 
another:  complication;  perplex- 
ity ;  a  kind  of  seaweed  with  long 
broad  fronds. 

tan-gly  ('gli),  adj.  interweaved ; 
.  covered  with  seaweed. 

tan-gram  (tan'gram),  n.  a  Chi- 
nese toy  for  forming  combinations 
of  figures  by  small  squares. 

tank  (tangk),  n.  a  large  cistern 
or  reservoir  for  storing  water  or 
other  liquid. 

tank-ard  ('erd),  n.  a  drinking 
vessel  with  a  lid. 

tan-nate  (tan'at),  n.  a  salt  of 
tannic  acid. 

tanner  ('er),  n.  one  who  tans 
hides. 

tan-ner-y  (-i),  n.  [pi.  tanneries 
(-iz)],  a  place  where  hides  are 
tanned  ;  process  of  tanning. 

tan-nic  ('ik),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  obtained  from,  bark. 

tan-nic  ac-id  (as'id),  n.  an 
astringent  principle  in  oak-bark, 
and  gall-nuts.  Also  tannin. 

tan-ning  ('ing),  n.  the  process  of 
converting  hides  into  leather. 

tan-sy  Czi),  n.  a  bitter  aromatic 
plant  with  small  yellow  flowers. 

tan-tal-i-za-tion  (-t/U-i-za'shun) . 
n.  the  act  of  tantalizing;  state  of 
being  tantalized. 

tan-tal-ize  ('tfil-Iz),  v.t.  to  tease 
or  torment  by  exciting  hopes  or 
fears  which  will  not  be  realized  ; 
provoke :  from  the  classic  fable 
of  Tantalus. 

tan-tal-iz-ing  (-ing),  adj.  teas- 
ing or  tormenting. 

tan-ta-mount  ('ta-mount),  adj. 
equivalent  in  value  or  significa- 
tion. 


tan-tiv-y  (-tiv'i),  n.  a  gallop: 
adv.  swiftly. 

tan-trum  ('trum),  n.  a  sudden 
outburst  of  temper  or  passion. 

tap  (tap),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  tapped, 
p.pr.  tapping],  to  strike  or  touch 
lightly;  broach  (a  vessel)  to  let 
out  a  fluid ;  put  a  new  sole  or 
heel  on;  find  a  new  outlet  for; 
bore  into :  n.  a  gentle  blow,  or 
touch  ;  pat ;  place  where  liquor  is 
drawn  and  retailed  ;  pipe  through 
which  liquor  is  drawn  from  a 
cask. 

tape  (tap),  n.  a  narrow  band  of 
linen  or  cotton  cloth. 

ta-per  (ta'per),  n.  small  wax 
candle ;  small  light :  adj.  growing 
smaller  or  regularly  narrowed 
towards  the  point,  or  from  the 
bottom  to  the  top :  v.i.  to  become 
gradually  more  slender:  v.t.  to 
narrow  to  a  point. 

ta-per-ing  (-ing),  adj.  gradually 
diminishing  towards  a  point. 

tap-es-try  (tap'es-tri),  n.  a  tex- 
tile fabric  of  wool  or  silk  orna- 
mented with  a  raised  design, 
figures,  &c.,  used  for  hangings : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  tapestried,  p.pr. 
tapestrying],  to  hang,  or  adorn 
with,  tapestry. 

tap-es-try  car-pet  (kar'pet),  n. 
a  kind  of  carpet  somewhat  re- 
sembling Brussels. 

tap-et-i  Cet-i),  n.  a  South  Ameri- 
can hare. 

tape-worm  (tap'werm),  n.  a  flat 
ribbon-like  intestinal  worm 
(Tsenia  solium). 

tap-i-o-ca  (tap-i-o'ka),  n.  a  far- 
inaceous food  obtained  from  the 
root  of  the  cassava. 

ta-pir  (ta'per),  n.  a  South  Ameri- 
can quadruped  allied  to  the  hog. 

ta-pis  (ta-pe'),  n.  a  carpet 
[French]. 

tap-pet  (tap'et).  n.  a  small  lever 
or  projection  for  changing  or 
regulating  motion. 

tap-ping  ('ing),  n.  a  tap;  act  of 
tapping ;  a  surgical  operation  for 
the  relief  of  dropsy. 

tap-root  ('root),  n.  the  main  root 
of  a  plant. 

tap-ster  Cster).  n.  one  whose 
business  is  to  draw  liquor  from 
a  cask. 

tar  (tar),  n.  a  thick,  dark-brown, 
oily,  viscous  substance  obtained 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  theu. 


tar 


831 


tas 


by  distillation  from  pine,  or  fir 
trees,  coal,  &c. ;  a  sailor :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  tarred,  p.pr.  tarring], 
to  smear  with,  or  as  with,  tar. 

tar-an-tass  (tar-an-tas') ,  n.  a 
large  four-wheeled  Russian  spring- 
less  carriage. 

tar-an-tel-la  (-an-tel'a),  n.  a  wild, 
rapid  Neapolitan  dance ;  music 
for  such  a  dance. 

tar-an-tu-la  ('tu-la),  n.  a  large 
spider  whose  bite  was  formerly 
supposed  to  produce  an  irresistible 
mania  for  dancing. 

tar-ax-a-cin  (-aks'a-sin),  n.  the 
bitter  crystalline  principle  of  the 
root  of  the  dandelion. 

tar-boosh  (tar-boosh'),  n.  a  kind 
of  red  fez  with  a  blue  tassel  worn 
by  Orientals. 

tar-di-ly    ('di-li),  adv.  slowly. 

tar-di-ness  ('di-nes),  n.  slowness 
of  pace  or  motion  ;  reluctance. 

tar-dy  ('di),  adj.  [comp.  tardier, 
superl.  tardiest],  moving  with  a 
slow  pace  or  motion  ;  dilatory  ;  re- 
luctant j  late. 

tare  (tar),  n.  darnel;  weight  of 
the  cask,  package,  &c.,  which  con- 
tains the  commodity  which  is 
weighed  with  it  and  for  which  an 
allowance  is  made. 

tar-get  (tar'get),  n.  a  small 
shield ;  butt  or  mark  set  up  for 
rifle  and  artillery  practice. 

tar-iff  (tar'if),  n.  a  schedule  or 
table  of  dutiable  goods,  specifying 
the  customs  rates,  &c.,  to  be  paid 
or  allowed  on  articles  exported  or 
imported ;  a  duty  levied  accord- 
ing to  such  a  schedule :  v.t.  to  fix 
a  duty  on. 

tar-la-tan  (tiir'lu-tAn),  n.  a  thin, 
transparent  dress-muslin. 

tarn  (tarn),  n.  a  small  mountain 
lake ;  marsh. 

tar-nish  (tiir'nish),  v.t.  to  dimin- 
ish the  luster  of ;  sully :  v.i.  to 
lose  luster ;  become  dull. 

ta-ro  (ta'ro),  n.  a  plant  of  the 
Arum  kind,  the  roots  of  which  are 
used  for  food  by  the  South  Sea 
Islanders. 

tar-pau-lin  (-paw'lin),  n.  stout 
water-proof  canvas. 

tar-ry  (tar'i),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
tarried,  p.pr.  tarrying],  to  stay  be- 
hind ;  delay  :  linger. 

tar-sal  (tar'sal),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  tarsus. 


tar-si-a  ('si-a),  n.  a  kind  of  medi- 
aeval Italian  wood  inlaying. 

tar-sus  ('sus),  n.  [pi.  tarsi  ('si)], 
the  instep,  consisting  of  several 
bones :  pi.  the  connective  carti- 
lages of  the  eyelids ;  foot  of  an  in- 
sect or  crustacean. 

tart  (tart),  adj.  sharp  to  the 
taste ;  acid ;  severe ;  keen :  n. 
small  open  pie. 

tar-tan  (tar' tan),  n.  woolen 
cloth,  checkered  with  various  col- 
ors ;  small  Mediterranean  coast- 
ing vessel :  adj.  made  from,  or 
like,  tartan. 

tar-tar  ('tar),  n.  the  white  earthy 
substance  deposited  on  the  teeth, 
&c. 

Tar-tar,  n.  an  inhabitant  of  Tar- 
tary  (also  Tatar)  ;  a  person  of 
keen,  irritable  temper. 

Tar-ta-re-an  (-ta're-an),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Tartarus  or  Hell ;  in- 
fernal. 

tar-tar  e-met-ic  (e-met'ik),  adj. 
antimony  combined  with  potas- 
sium and  tartaric  acid. 

tar-tar-ic  ac-id  (-tar'ik  as'id),  n. 
an  acid  found  in  the  juice  of 
grapes,  berries,  &c. 

Tar-ta-rus  ('ta-rus),  n.  the  deep 
and  sunless  abyss  of  the  infernal 
regions ;  Hades. 

ta-sim-e-ter  (ta-sim'e-ter),  n.  an 
electrical  instrument  for  measur- 
ing minute  variations  in  tempera- 
ture, moisture,  motion,  &c. 

task  (task),  n.  business  or  study 
imposed  by  another :  usually  a 
definite  amount ;  lesson  to  be 
learned ;  duty ;  burdensome  em- 
ployment :  v.t.  to  impose  a  task 
upon  ;  burden. 

tas-sel  ('!).  n.  a  pendent  orna- 
ment of  silk,  wool,  &c. ;  a  male 
goshawk ;  pendent  flower  or  head 
of  certain  plants,  as  maize. 

tas-seled  ('Id),  p.adj.  adorned 
with  tassels. 

tas-set  (tas'et),  n.  armor  protect- 
ing the  front  of  the  thigh. 

tast-a-ble  ( tilst'a-bl ) ,  adj.  savory. 

taste  (tast),  v.t.  to  perceive  by 
the  tongue  and  palate ;  obtain 
pleasure  from  ;  test  by  eating  or 
sipping  a  little ;  participate  in ; 
experience :  v.i.  to  try  by  the 
palate ;  have  a  flavor ;  enjoy  mod- 
erately :  n.  the  sensation  produced 
on  the  tongue  and  palate  by 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  Men. 


tas 


832 


tax 


something  taken  into  the  mouth ; 
quality    or    flavor ;    relish  ;    trial ; 
experiment ;  intellectual   relish  or 
discernment    of    the    sublime    or 
beautiful ;     choice     of     pleasures, 
pursuits,  &c. ;  a  sample. 
Syn.  flavor,  relish,  savor. 
Ant.    (see  tastelessness). 

taste-ful  ('fool),  adj.  savory; 
characterized  by,  or  showing,  good 
taste. 

Syn.     dainty,     delicate,     tasty, 
nice,   artistic. 

Ant.    (see  distasteful). 

taste-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  taste- 
ful manner. 

tast-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  with  good 
taste. 

tast-y  ('i),  adj.  showing  taste; 
savory. 

tat  (tat),  n.  coarse  cloth  made 
from  jute;  pony  [East  Indian]. 

tatt  (tat),  v.t.  to  make  by  tatting. 

tat-ter  ('er),  n.  a  loose  hanging 
rag  :  pi.  rags  :  v.t.  to  make  ragged  ; 
rend. 

tat-ter-de-mal-ion  (-ter-de-mal'- 
yun),  n.  a  ragged  fellow. 

tat-tie  ('i),  n.  a  split  bamboo 
door  or  window  screen,  over 
which  water  is  made  to  trickle  to 
cool  the  air  [East  Indian].  Also 
tatty. 

tat-ting  ('ing),  n.  a  kind  of  nar- 
row lace  for  edging,  made  with  a 
small  hand-shuttle ;  art  of  making 
such  kind  of  lace. 

tat-tle  ('!),  v.t.  to  talk  idly  or 
triflingly ;  prate ;  tell  tales  or  se- 
crets :  n.  trifling  or  idle  talk. 

tat-too  (-too'),  n.  a  beat  of  drum, 
especially  for  warning  soldiers  to 
retire  to  their  quarters;  marks  or 
figures  made  by  puncturing  the 
skin  with  a  needle  and  rubbing 
a  stain  or  dye  into  the  wounds  :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  tattooed,  p.pr.  tattoo- 
ing], to  mark  permanently  (the 
skin)  by  puncturing  it  and  stain- 
ing the  wounds. 

tattoo-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  opera- 
tion or  practice  of  tattooing  the 
body. 

tau  (taw),  n.  a  cross  resembling 
the  (Jreek  letter  T  (tau). 

taught,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  teach. 

taunt  (tant  or  tawnt),  adj.  lofty: 
n.  bitter  or  sarcastic  reproach ; 
scoff ;  insulting  invective :  v.t.  to 


reproach  with  bitter,  sarcastic,  or 
insulting  language ;  revile. 

tau-ri-form  (taw'ri-form),  adj. 
having  the  form  of  a  bull. 

taut  (tawt),  adj.  tight;  stretched; 
snug;  secure. 

t  a  u-t  o-l  o  g-ic-al  (-to-loj'ik-al), 
adj.  of  the  nature  of  tautology. 

tau-to-log-ic-al-ly  (-li).  adv.  in 
a  tautological  manner. 

tau-tol-o-gy  (-tol'o-ji),  n.  repe- 
tition of  the  same  thing  or  idea 
in  different  words ;  sameness  of 
words  or  of  meaning. 

tav-ern  (tav'ern).  n.  an  inn  or 
public-house ;  a  hotel. 

taw  (taw),  v.t.  to  dress  (skins) 
to  make  them  into  leather :  n.  a 
game  at  marbles ;  a  marble  to  be 
played  with. 

taw-dri-ly    ('dri-li),  adv.  gaudily. 

taw  dri-ness  ('dri-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  tawdry. 

taw-dry  Cdri),  adj.  showy  or  fine 
without  elegance ;  gaudily  dressed. 

taw-ny  Cni),  adj.  of  a  yellowish- 
brown  color. 

taws  (tawz).  n.nl.  a  leathern 
strnp  with  fringed  end,  used  as 
an  instrument  of  punishment. 

tax  (taks),  n.  a  rate  or  duty  on 
income  or  property ;  excise ;  im- 
post ;  burdensome  or  oppressive 
duty  :  r.t.  to  impose  a  rate  or  duty 
upon  for  state  or  municipal  pur- 
poses ;  burden  or  oppress ;  accuse. 
X//H.  custom,  duty,  impost,  ex- 
cise, toll,  assessment,  rate. 

tax-a-bil-i-ty  (-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  of  being  taxable. 

taxable  ('a-bl),  adj.  subject  or 
liable  to  taxation. 

tax-a-tion  (-a'shun).  n.  the  act  of 
taxing :  rate  or  tax  imposed  ;  sys- 
tem of  raisinar  revenues  ;  examina- 
tion of  a  bill  of  costs. 

tax-i-cab  (tax'i-cab),  n.  a  motor 
cab  of  recent  invention,  bavins:  a 
mechanical  device  for  registering 
time  .ind  distance  traversed,  the 
rate  of  fare  being  based  on  these. 

tax-i-der-mist  ('i-der-mist),  n. 
one  who  is  skilled  in  taxidermy. 

tax-i-der-my  ('i-der-mi),  n.  the 
art  of  stuffing  and  arranging 
specimens  of  natural  history. 

tax-i-me-ter  (tax'i-me-ter).  n.  an 
automatic  device  for  measuring 
the  distance  travelled  by  a  taxicali. 

tax-in    ('in),  n.  the  resinous  sub- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  miite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tax 


833 


stance    obtained    from    the    leaves 
of  the  yew-tree. 

tax-on-o-my  (-on'6-mi),  n.  that 
department  of  natural  history 
which  treats  of  the  laws  and  prin- 
ciples of  classification. 

taz-za  (tat'sa).  n.  an  ornamental 
cup  or  vase  with  a  large  shallow 
bowl,  a  foot,  and  sometimes 
handles. 

tea  (te),  n.  the  prepared  leaves  of 
the  tea  plant  (Thea  Sinensis)  ; 
the  beverage  obtained  by  the  in- 
fusion of  the  dried  leaves ;  after- 
noon repast  at  which  tea  is 
served ;  an  infusion  of  other  sub- 
stances, as  beef :  v.i.  to  take  tea. 

teach  (tech),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
taught,  p.pr.  teaching],  to  impart 
knowledge  to  ;  instruct ;  inform  ; 
cause  to  learn  or  acquire  skill  in : 
v.i.  to  give  instruction. 

N//H.     drill,      educate,      inform, 
train. 

teach-ing   ('ing),  n.  instruction. 

teak  (tek),  n.  a  very  hard  dura- 
ble timber  obtained  from  an  In- 
dian tree. 

teal  (tel),  n.  a  species  of  small, 
wild,  fresh-water  duck. 

team  (tern),  n.  two  or  more 
horses,  &c.,  harnessed  to  the  same 
vehicle  for  drawing ;  litter ; 
brood ;  number  of  persons  associ- 
ated together  to  form  a  side  in  a 
game,  or  to  perform  a  certain 
piece  of  work. 

team-ster  ('ster),  n.  the  driver  of 
a  team. 

tear  (ter),  n.  a  small  drop  of  the 
watery  fluid  secreted  by  the 
lachrymal  gland  of  the  eye ;  any- 
thing tear-like,  or  shaped  like  a 
tear;  a  rent  (tar)  :  v.t.  (tar) 
[p.t.  tore,  p.p.  torn,  p.pr.  tear- 
ing], to  separate  by  violence; 
rend  :  disrupt;  lacerate:  v.i.  to  be 
rent :  rave  or  rant. 

tear-ful  (ter'fool),  adj.  shedding 
tears. 

tease  (tez).  v.t.  to  comb  or  un- 
ravel, as  wool  or  flax ;  separate 
thf  fibers  of;  irritate  or  annoy; 
vex  by  petty  requests  or  raillery : 
n.  one  who  teases. 

N.yn.   taunt,   tantalize,   torment, 
vex. 

teas-el  Cl),  n.  a  biennial  plant, 
with  hooked  burrs,  which  are  used 


for  raising  the  nap  of  woolen 
cloth.  Also  teazel. 

teat  (tet),  n.  the  nipple  of  the  fe- 
male breast ;  mammilla. 

tech-i-ly  (tech'i-li),  adv.  in  a 
techy  manner. 

tech-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  techy. 

tech-nic  (tek'nik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  mechanical  arts :  re- 
lating to  art,  science,  or  to  a  par- 
ticular profession.  Also  techni- 
cal :  n.pl.  those  branches  of  learn- 
ing which  relate  to  the  arts;  doc- 
trine of  arts  in  genera1!. 

tech-nique  (-nek'),  n.  artistic 
execution. 

tech-no-log-ie-al  (-no-loj'ik-al) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  technology. 

tecli-nol-o-gist  (-nol'o-jist),  n. 
one  skilled  in  technology. 

t  e  c  h-n  o  1-o-g  y  ('o-ji),  «.  the 
science  of  the  industrial  arts. 

tech-y  (tech'i),  adj.  peevish;  irri- 
table. 

tec-ton-ics  (tek-ton'iks),  n.  the 
science  or  art  of  construction. 

ted  (ted),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  tedded, 
p.pr  tedding],  to  turn  or  spread 
for  drying,  as  new-mown  hay. 

Te  De-urn  (te  de'um),  n.  an 
ancient  hymn  of  the  Christian 
Church  sung  at  matins  and  on  oc- 
casions of  thanksgiving :  said  to 
have  been  composed  by  Hilary, 
Bishop  of  Aries. 

te-di-ous  (te'di-us),  adj.  weari- 
some by  continuance  or  repeti- 
tion ;  tiresome. 

te-di-nm  ('di-um),  n.  wearisome- 
ness. 

tee  (te),  n.  the  mark  aimed  at  in 
quoits  and  curling;  nodule  of 
earth  from  which  the  ball  is 
struck  at  golf ;  umbrella-shaped 
finial  of  a  Buddhist  tope ;  short 
piece  of  connective  pipe. 

teem  (tern),  v.i.  to  be  prolific;  be 
full ;  be  stocked  to  overflowing. 

teem  ing   ('ing),  p.adj.  prolific. 

teen  (ten),  n.  sorrow:  pi.  years 
of  one's  age  ending  in  teen. 

teeth,  pi.  of  tooth. 

teeth-ing  (tefA'ing),  n.  dentition. 

tee-tp-tal  (te-to'tal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  teetotalers  or  teetotal- 
ism. 

tee-to-tal-er  (-er),  n.  a  total  ab- 
stainer. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tee 


834 


tel 


tee-tp-tal-ism  (-izm).  n.  entire 
abstinence  from  intoxicating 
liquors. 

tee-to-tnm  (-to'tum),  n.  a  child's 
toy  used  in  games  of  chance ;  a 
kind  of  refreshment  house  for  the 
working  classes. 

teg-men  (teg'men),  n.  [pi.  teg- 
mina  ('mi-na)].  a  covering;  in- 
ner layer  of  the  coating  of  a 
seed :  pi.  scaly  coat  of  the  leaf- 
buds  of  trees. 

teg-u-ment  ('u-ment),  n.  natural 
covering  or  envelope ;  skin. 

te-liee  (te-he'),  n.  a  titter:  v.i.  to 
titter. 

teil  (tel),  n.  the  linden. 

tei-no-scope  (ti'no-skop),  n.  a 
prism  telescope  for  the  correction 
of  the  chromatic  aberration  of 
light. 

tel  a-mon  (tel'a-mon),  n.  [pi. 
telamones  (-mo'nez)],  a  figure  of 
a  man,  usually  colossal,  used  as  a 
column  or  pilaster. 

tel-au-to-graph  ( tel-aw'to-graf ) , 
n.  a  telegraphic  instrument  for  re- 
producing writings  or  drawings  at 
a  distance. 

tel-e-du  ('e-doo),  n.  the  stinking 
badger  of  Java  and  Sumatra. 

tel-e-gram  ('e-gram),  n.  a  tele- 
graphic communication. 

tel-e-graph  ('e-graf),  n.  an  in- 
strument or  apparatus  for  com- 
municating intelligence  rapidly 
between  certain  points,  especially 
by  means  of  electricity :  v.t.  to 
convey  by  telegraph :  signal :  v.i. 
to  send  a  telegraphic  message. 

tel-e-graph-er  (tel 'e-graf -er  or  te- 
log'rA-fer),  n.  one  who  sends  tele- 
graphic messages ;  telegraphist. 

tel-e-graph-ic  (tel -e-graf 'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  done  by  means  of, 
or  communicated  by,  telegraph. 

tel  e-graph-ic-al-ly  (-al-i),  adv. 
by  telegraph. 

tel-e-graph -1st  (tel'e-graf-ist  or 
te-leg'rfi-fist),  n.  one  skilled  in 
telegraphy. 

tel-e-graph-plant  (-plant),  n.  a 
leguminous  East  Indian  plant, 
the  leaves  of  which  have  a  jerky 
movement. 

tel-e-graph-y  (tel'e-graf-i  or  te- 
leg'ra-fi).  n.  the  science  or  art  of 
constructing  and  working  tele- 
graphs. 


tel-e-pl-o-gy  (tel-e-ol'6-ji),  n.  the 
doctrine  of  the  final  causes  of 
things. 

tel-ep-a-thy  (tel-ep'a-thi),  n.  the 
transference  of  thought  from  one 
person  to  another  by  the  exercise 
of  the  will. 

tele -phone  (tel'e-fon),  n.  an  in- 
strument for  transmitting  sound 
to  a  distance  by  means  of  elec- 
tricity :  v.t.  &  v.i.  to  communicate 
by  telephone. 

tel-e-phon-ic  (-fon'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  conveyed  by  means 
of,  the  telephone. 

tel-e-phon-ist  (tel'e-fo-nist),  n. 
one  who  is  skilled  in,  or  operates, 
a  telephone. 

tel-e-pho-ny  (tel'e-fo-ni  or  tel- 
ef'o-ni),  n.  the  science  or  art  of 
transmitting  sounds  at  a  distance. 

tel-e-pho-tog-ra-f  y  ( tel-e-f  o-tog'- 
ra-fi),  n.  the  reproduction  of  pho- 
tographs at  a  distance  by  aid  of 
the  telegraph. 

tel-e-post  (tel'e-post),  n.  a  new 
system  of  telegraphing  by  aid  of 
a  punched  tape,  by  which  it  is 
claimed  that  1,000  or  more  words 
per  minute  can  be  sent. 

tel-e-scope  (tel'e-skop),  n.  an  op- 
tical instrument  for  viewing  ob- 
jects at  a  distance :  v.t.  to  drive 
into  one  another,  as  railway  car- 
riages in  collision. 

tel-e-scop-ic  (-skop'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  visible  by,  or  like,  a 
telescope.  Also  telescopical. 

tel-e-scop-ic-al-ly  (-fil-i),  adv. 
by  means  of  a  telescope. 

tel-e-sco-pist  ('e-sk5-pist),  n.  one 
who  is  skilled  in  using  the  tele- 
scope. 

tel-e-sco-py  ( 'e-sko-pi ) ,  n.  the  art 
or  science  of  using  or  construct- 
ing a  telescope. 

tel-ic  (tel'ik),  adj.  noting  the 
final  end  or  purpose. 

tell  (tel),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  told, 
p.pr.  telling],  to  express  or  make 
known  by  words ;  narrate ;  enu- 
merate ;  explain ;  communicate ; 
confess :  v.i.  to  give  an  account ; 
report :  play  the  informer ;  act  ef- 
fectively. 

tell-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  tells, 
narrates,  or  communicates ;  a 
bank  clerk  whose  duty  is  to  re- 
ceive and  pay  money  over  the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tel 


835 


ten 


counter ;  one  of  two  members  of 
a  legislative  body  who  count  votes 
on  a  division  for  each  party. 

tell-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of  re- 
lating :  adj.  effective. 

tell-tale  ('tal),  adj.  telling  tales: 
n.  a  person  who  officiously  or  ma- 
liciously divulges  the  private  con- 
cerns of  others ;  an  automatic  de- 
vice for  counting  or  indicating 

tel-lu-ric  (tel-u'rik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  derived  from,  the 
?arth  or  the  metal  tellurium. 

tel-lu-ri-um  ('ri-um),  n.  a  rare 
element  usually  found  associated 
with  other  metals. 

tel-o-type  (tel'o-tip),  n.  an  elec- 
tric telegraph  that  prints  the  mes- 
sage. 

tel-pher-age  ('fer-aj).  n.  a  sys- 
tem of  automatic  haulage  by 
electricity. 

te-mer-i-ty    (te-mer'i-ti),   n.   fool- 
hardiness  :  rashness ;  precipitancy. 
Syn.  rashness,  heedlessness,  au- 
dacity, hastiness. 
Ant.   (see  caution.) 

tem-per  (tem'per),  v.t.  to  modify 
or  regulate ;  qualify ;  assuage ; 
calm  ;  bring  to  a  due  proportion  ; 
bring  to  a  proper  degree  of  elas- 
ticity or  hardness :  n.  due  propor- 
tion of  different  qualities  or  in- 
gredients :  state  of  a  metal  as  to 
its  hardness  or  elasticity ;  mental 
disposition  ;  equanimity  :  mood  ; 
natural  inclinations ;  heat  of 
mind  or  passion  ;  irritation. 

tem-per-a-ment  ('per-a-ment) . 
n.  natural  constitution  or  organi- 
zation ;  due  mixture  of  opposite 
or  different  qualities. 

tem-per-ance  Cper-ans),  n.  mod- 
eration, especially  in  respect  to 
the  appetites  or  passions ;  pa- 
tience :  sobriety ;  total  abstinence. 

tem-per-ate  Cper-at),  adj.  mod- 
erate ;  not  characterized  by  pas- 
sion or  indulgence  of  the  appe- 
tites: abstemious;  calm;  not 
liable  to  excess  of  heat  or  cold. 

tem-per-ate-ly  (-li).  adv.  mod- 
erately. 

tem-per-ate-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  tem- 
perate. 

tem-per-a-ture  ('per-a-ttir),  n. 
state  of  a  body  with  respect  to 


sensible     heat ;     degree     of     any 
quality. 

tem-pered  ('perd),  adj.  consti- 
tutionally disposed :  hardened. 

tem-pest  ('pest),  n.  wind  rush- 
ing with  great  violence,  usually 
accompanied  by  rain,  hail,  &c. ; 
hurricane ;  tumult. 

tem-pes-tu-ous  (-pes'tu-us),  adj. 
very  stormy ;  pertaining  to,  or 
like,  a  tempest ;  violent. 

Tem-plar  ('pier),  n.  one  of  a 
religious  and  military  order,  es- 
pecially in  the _ 12th  century. 

tern-plate  ('plat),  n.  a  mold  or 
pattern  used  by  masons,  brick- 
layers. &c.,  in  cutting  or  setting 
out  their  work.  Also  templet. 

tem-ple  ('pi),  n.  an  edifice  for 
the  worship  of  a  deity  or  deities  ; 
residence  of  a  divinity ;  place  of 
public  worship :  the  flat  part  of 
either  side  of  the  head  above  the 
cheek-bones. 

tem-po-ral  ('po-ral),  adj.  per- 
taining to  time  ;  secular ;  meas- 
ured or  restricted  by  time ;  civil 
or  political. 

tem-po-ra-ri-ly  ('po-ra-ri-li),  adv. 
for  a  time. 

tem-po-ra-ri-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  of  being  temporary. 

tem-po-ra-ry  (-ri),  adj.  existing 
or  continuing  for  a  limited  time 
or  some  special  purpose. 

Syn.  fleeting,  transient,   transi- 
tory. 

Ant.   (see  permanent). 

tem-pp-rize  ('po-rlz),  v.i.  to  com- 
ply with  the  times ;  yield  to  cur- 
rent opinion  ;  parley  ;  delay. 

tempt  (tempt),  v.t.  to  put  to 
trial ;  test ;  persuade  to  evil ; 
defy  ;  allure  ;  entice. 

temp-ta-tion  (temp-ta'shun),  n. 
the  state  of  being  tempted ;  en- 
ticement, especially  to  evil. 

tempt-er  (tempt'er),  «.  one  who 
tempts;  the  Devil  (with  the). 
Fern,  temptress. 

tempt-ing  ('ing),  adj.  alluring; 
seductive. 

ten  (ten),  adj.  one  more  than  0; 
twice  5 :  n.  the  sum  of  5  and  5 ; 
ten  units. 

ten-a-bil-i-ty  (-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  tenable. 
Also  tenableness. 

ten-a-ble    ('u-bl),  adj.  capable  of 


lilts,  mar,  mSsk,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ten 


836 


ten 


being    held,     maintained,     or    de- 
fended. 

ten-ace  ('as),  n.  in  whist,  the 
holding  by  the  fourth  hand  of  the 
best  and  third  best  of  the  suit 
led. 

te-na-cious  (te-na'shus),  adj. 
holding  fast  or  firmly ;  cohesive ; 
tough  ;  obstinate. 

Syn.  pertinacious,  retentive. 

te-nac-i-ty  (-nas'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  tena- 
cious ;  cohesiveness  ;  adhesiveness. 

ten-an-cy  (ten'an-si),  n.  [pi.  ten- 
ancies (-siz)],  the  holding  of  land 
or  tenements  on  certain  con- 
ditions and  for  a  specified  time ; 
tenure. 

ten-ant  Cant),  n.  one  who  holds 
lands  or  tenements  on  certain  con- 
ditions and  for  a  specified  time  ; 
occupant :  v .t.  to  hold  as  a  tenant. 

ten-ant-ry  (-ri),  n.  tenants  col- 
lectively. 

tench  (tench),  n.  a  fresh-water 
fish  of  the  carp  kind. 

tend  (tend),  v.t.  to  care  for;  at- 
tend ;  watch  over  or  protect ; 
accompany  ;  swing  at  the  turn  of 
the  tide :  said  of  a  vessel :  v.i.  to 
move  in  a  particular  direction ; 
be  directed  to  any  end  or  pur- 
pose ;  contribute. 

tend-en-cy  (tend'en-si),  n.  in- 
clination ;  aim;  direction  or 
course. 

Ryn.   aim.   drift,    scope. 

ten-der  ('der),  adj.  easily  im- 
pressed or  injured ;  sensitive ; 
soft ;  not  hard  ;  weak  and  feeble  ; 
easily  influenced  by  love,  pity,  &c. ; 
compassionate  ;  pathetic  ;  gentle  ; 
careful :  n.  a  vehicle  attached  to 
a  locomotive  containing  coal  and 
water;  smaller  vessel  attending  a 
larger  one ;  an  offer  or  proposal 
for  acceptance  ;  offer  of  a  sum  due 
in  money  under  specified  legal 
conditions :  v.t.  to  offer  for  ac- 
ceptance :  v.i.  to  make  an  offer  to 
do  certain  work  or  supply  certain 
goods  for  a  specified  price. 

ten-der-foot  ('der-foot),  n.  one 
who  is  new  to  life  in  a  mining 
region  or  frontier  district. 

ten-der-ling  (-ling),  n.  one  of  the 
first  horns  of  a  deer;  one  made 
tender  by  excessive  care  or  affec- 
tion. 

ten-der-ness   (-nes),  n.  kindness; 


benevolence  ;    sensibility  ;    pathos  ; 
caution  ;  soreness. 

tend-ing  (tend'ing),  n.  the  act  of 
attending ;  the  swinging  round  of 
a  vessel  upon  her  anchor. 

ten-di-nous  (ten'di-nus),  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  tendon ;  sinewy. 

ten-don  ('dun),  n.  the  hard  bun- 
dle of  fibers  which  connects  the 
muscles  to  the  bones. 

ten-dril  ('dril),  n.  the  slender, 
twining  part  of  a  plant  which  at- 
taches itself  to  a  supporting  body. 

ten-e-ment  ('e-ment),  n.  a  house, 
shop,  land,  &c.,  held  by  a  tenant ; 
dwelling  house ;  suite  of  rooms ; 
any  kind  of  permanent  property, 
as  land,  rents,  &c. 

ten-et  ('et),  n.  a  doctrine,  dogma, 
opinion,  or  belief  held  or  main- 
tained as  true. 

8yn.  position,  view,  conviction, 
belief. 

ten-fold  ('fold),  adj.  &  adv.  ten 
times  as  much  or  as  many. 

ten-nis  ('is),  n.  a  game  played 
with  rackets. 

ten-on  ('un),  n.  the  end  of  a  tim- 
ber cut  wedge-shaped  for  fitting 
into  a  mortise  in  another  timber : 
v.t.  to  form  tenons  in. 

ten-or  ('er),  n.  manner  of  conti- 
nuity; general  tendency  or  drift ; 
purport  or  substance  ;  exact  copy 
of  a  writing ;  the  highest  of  adult 
male  voices  between  bass  and 
alto :  adj.  pertaining  to,  or 
adapted  for,  tenor. 

ten-or-clef  (-kief),  n.  the  C 
clef,  when  placed  on  the  third 
line  of  the  staff. 

tense  (tens),  adj.  drawn  tightly; 
rigid  ;  not  lax  :  n.  a  modification  in 
the  inflection  of  a  verb,  express- 
ing time  of  action. 

tense-ly  ('li),  adv.  with  tension. 

tense-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  tense.  Also  ten- 
sility. 

ten-sile    (ten'sil),  adj.  ductile. 

ten-sion  ('shun),  n.  the  act  of 
stretching  or  straining ;  the  state 
of  being  stretched  ;  mental  strain  ; 
strong  excitement  of  feeling ;  ex- 
pansive or  elastic  force. 

ten-sor  ('ser),  n.  a  muscle  that 
stretches. 

tent  (tent),  n.  a  temporary  shel- 
ter or  habitation ;  usually  of  can- 
vas, supported  by  poles  and  ropes  ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  m56n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ten 


837 


tet 


Rechabite  lodge ;  plug  or  roll  of 
lint  for  dilating  a  wound,  &c. ;  a 
variety  of  sacramental  wine. 

ten-ta-cle  (ten'ta-kl).  n.  a  proc- 
ess or  organ  in  certain  inverte- 
brate animals  used  for  feeling, 
prehension,  or  locomotion. 

ten-tac-u-lar  (-tak'u-lar),  adj. 
pertaining  to  tentacles. 

ten-tac-u-lum  (-tak'u-lum) ,  n. 
[pi.  tentacula  (-la)],  a  tentacle. 

ten-ta-tive  ('ta-tiv),  adj.  experi- 
mental. 

ten-ta-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  by  ex- 
periment. 

ten-ter  ('ter).  n.  a  frame  for 
stretching  cloth  on  by  hooks ;  a 
tenter-hook :  v.t.  to  hang  or 
stretch  on  tenters. 

ten-ter-hook  (-hook),  n.  a  sharp, 
hooked  nail ;  anything  that  pain- 
fully strains. 

tenth  (tenth),  adj.  next  in  order 
after  the  ninth :  the  ordinal  of 
ten. 

te-nu-i-ty  ( te-nii'i-ti),  n.  thin- 
ness ;  rarity. 

ten-u-ous  (ten'u-us),  adj.  slen- 
der ;  not  dense. 

ten-lire  ('iir),  n.  conditions  under 
whk-h  a  tenement  is  held;  right 
or  manner  of  holding  real  estate ; 
manner  of  holding :  term  of  hold- 
ing. 

tep-e-fac-tion  (tep-e-fak'shun), 
n.  the  act  of  warming  or  making 
tepid. 

tep-e-fy  ('e-fi).  v*t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
tepefied,  p.pr.  tepefying],  to  make 
tepid  :  r.i.  to  become  tepid. 

tep-id  ('id),  adj.  moderately 
warm  :  lukewarm. 

tep-id-i-ty  (tep-id-i-ti).  n.  moder- 
ate warmth.  Also  tepidness. 

ter,  a   prefix  meaning  three  times. 

ter-apn  (te'r'af),  n.  [pi.  teraphim 
('a-fiin)l,  a  tutelary  household 
god  or  image,  consulted  by  the 
ancient  Hebrews  as  an  oracle. 

ter-a-tol-o-gy  (-a-tol'o-ji),  n.  that 
branch  of  biology  which  treats  of 
malformations  or  deviations  from 
the  normal  type  of  animal  and 
plant  structure. 

terce,  same  as  tierce. 

ter-cel  (ter'sel),  n.  the  male  of 
the  falcon.  Also  tassel. 

ter-cen-ten-a-ry  ( -sen'ten-a-ri ) , 
adj.  comprising  300  years :  indi- 
cating an  event  three  centuries 


old :    as    the    tercentenary    of    the 
discovery  of  America. 

ter-cine  ('sin),  n.  the  outer  coat 
of  the  ovule  of  a  plant ;  chorion. 

ter-e-binth  ('e-binth),  n.  the  tur- 
pentine-tree. 

ter-e-Mn-thine  (-bin'thin),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  of  the  nature  of,  or 
like,  turpentine. 

ter-giv-er-sa-tion  (-jiv-er-sa'- 

shun),  n.  evasion;  subterfuge. 

term  (term),  n.  a  limit  or  boun- 
dary ;  limited  time ;  subject  or 
predicate  of  a  proposition ;  num- 
ber of  a  compound  mathematical 
quantity ;  expression ;  condition 
or  arrangement ;  word  or  expres- 
sion noting  something  peculiar  to 
an  art  or  science ;  time  during 
which  the  law  courts  are  open ; 
time  during  which  instruction  is 
given  in  universities,  schools,  &c. ; 
time  when  rent  is  paid  [Scotch]  : 
pi.  conditions  or  stipulations :  v.t. 
to  name,  designate,  or  express. 

Syn.    boundary,    limit,     period, 
time. 

ter-ma-gant  (ter'ma-gant),  adj. 
noisy  and  violent :  n.  a  noisy,  vio- 
lent woman. 

ter-mi-nal  ('mi-nal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  end  or  extremity; 
arranged  according  to  the  termi- 
nations :  n.  a  limit  or  boundary ; 
end ;  one  of  the  ends  of  a  con- 
ducting circuit  of  a  dynamo,  &c. 

ter-mi-nate  ('mi-nat),  v.t.  to 
limit  or  bound ;  end :  v.i.  to  be 
limited  or  ended. 

ter-mi-na-tipn  (-na'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  terminating ;  a  bound  or 
limit ;  end  ;  conclusion  or  result ; 
final  syllable  or  letter. 

ter-mi-na-tor  ('mi-na-ter) ,  n.  one 
who,  or  that  which,  terminates ; 
the  dividing  line  between  the  il- 
luminated and  non-illuminated 
part  of  the  moon. 

ter-mi-nol-o-gy  (-mi-nol'o-ji),  n. 
the  definition  of  technical  terms. 

ter-mi-nus  ('mi-nus),  n.  [pi.  ter- 
mini (-m)],  a  limit  or  boundary; 
station  at  the  end  of  a  railway. 

ter-mite    ('mlt).  n.  the  white  ant. 

tern  (tern),  n.  an  aquatic  bird  al- 
lied to  the  gull :  adj.  arranged  in 
threes. 

ter-na-ry  ( ter'na-ri ) ,  adj.  pro- 
ceeding by.  or  consisting  of, 
threes:  n.  the  number  3. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he.  h<~r,  let:  line,  tin:  vote,  porch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  tinm. 


Ter 


838 


Tes 


Terp-si-cho-re-an  ( terp-si-ko-  re'- 
an),  adj.  pertaining  to  Terpsi- 
chore or  to  dancing. 

ter-ra  (ter'a),  n.  the  earth  ;  earth. 

ter-race  ('as),  n.  a  raised  level 
space  or  platform  of  earth  with 
sloping  sides,  usually  laid  with 
turf ;  flat  roof  on  an  oriental 
house ;  large  open  balcony  or  gal- 
lery ;  row  of  houses :  v.t.  to  form 
into  a  terrace. 

ter-ra  cot-ta  (kot'a),  n.  a  com- 
position of  fine  clay  and  sand 
used  for  statues,  &c.,  and  hard- 
ened by  heat ;  a  work  of  art  exe- 
cuted in  terra  cotta. 

ter-ra  Ja-pon-i-ca  (jS-pon'i-ka) , 
n.  pale  catechu  or  gambier. 

ter-ra-pin  ('u-pin),  n.  a  species 
of  fresh-water  tortoise,  much  es- 
teemed for  food. 

ter-ra-que-ous  (-ra'kwe-us),  adj. 
consisting  of  land  and  water. 

ter-res-tri-al  (-res'tri-nl),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  existing  on,  or  con- 
sisting of,  earth  ;  belonging  to  the 
present  world  ;  not  celestial. 

ter-res-tri-al -ly  (-i),  adv.  in  a 
terrestrial  manner. 

ter-ret  ('et),  n.  one  of  the  rings 
on  a  harness-pad  through  which 
the  driving  reins  pass. 

ter-ri-ble  (ter'i-bl),  adj.  exciting 
or  causing  fear  or  awe  ;  dreadful ; 
extreme ;  severe. 

ter-ri-ble-ness  (-nes) ,  n.  dread- 
fulness. 

ter-ri-bly  (-bli),  adv.  violently; 
dreadfully. 

ter-ri-er  ('i-er),  n.  a  breed  of 
small  dogs. 

ter-ri-fy  ('i-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
terrified,  p.pr.  terrifying],  to 
frighten  or  alarm  exceedingly. 

ter-ri-to-ri-al  (-i-tp'ri-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  a  territory  ;  limited 
to  a  particular  district. 

ter-ri-to-ri-al-ly  (-H),  adv.  as 
regards  territory. 

ter-ri-to-ry  Ci-to-ri).  n.  [pi.  ter- 
ritories (-riz)],  the  extent  of  land 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  a  state, 
sovereign,  city,  &c. ;  large  tract 
of  land. 

>Sfj/n.  dominion. 

Ter-ri-to-ry,  n.  an  undeveloped 
roirion,  under  a  temporary  govern- 
ment, that  ultimately  may  become 


a  State;  e.  g.  the  United  States, 
and  Canadian  Territories. 

ter-ror  ('er),  n.  extreme  fear; 
fright ;  cne  who  excites  extreme 
fear. 

ter-ror-ism  (-izm).  n.  a  system 
of  government  by  terror ;  intimi- 
dation. 

ter-ror-ist  (-ist),  n.  one  who  gov- 
erns by  terror,  especially-  an  agent 
of  the  revolutionary  tribunal  dur- 
ing the  Reign  of  Terror  in 
France. 

ter-ror-ize  (-Iz),  v.t.  to  intimi- 
date or  coerce  by  terror. 

ter-ry  ('i),  n.  a  heavy  corded  pile 
fabric. 

terse  (ters).  adj.  elegantly  and 
forcibly  concise. 

X;/».  brief,  concise,  pithy,  short. 
Ant.   (see  lengthy). 

terse-ly  Cli),  adv.  in  a  terse  man- 
ner. 

terse-ness  ('nes),  n.  quality  of 
being  terse. 

ter-tian  (ter'sh&n),  adj.  occur- 
ring, or  recurring,  every  third 
day  :  n.  an  intermittent  fever  the 
paroxysms  of  which  recur  every 
other  day. 

ter-ti-a-ry  ('shi-a-ri),  adj.  of  the 
third  order,  rank,  or  formation. 

tes-sel-late  (tes'el-at).  v.t.  to  lay 
with  squares  or  checkered  work. 

tes-se-ra  ('e-ra).  n.  [pJ.  tesserae 
(-re)],  a  cube  of  marble,  gkss, 
&c.,  used  in  mosaic  work. 

test  (test),  n.  anything  by  which 
the  nature  of  a  substance  is  tried  ; 
examination  by  a  cupel ;  stand- 
ard ;  discrimination ;  proof :  v.t. 
to  put  to  the  proof ;  compare 
with  a  standard ;  try ;  refine  in 
a  cupel ;  examine  or  try  by  means 
of  a  reagent. 

tes-ta  (tes'ta),  n.  [pi.  testa? 
('te)l,  the  outer  integument  or 
covering  of  a  seed ;  shelly  cover- 
ing of  certain  animals. 

tes-ta-ceous  (-tft'shus),  adj.  con- 
sisting of,  or  having,  a  hard 
shell. 

tes-ta-cy  Cta-si),  n.  the  state  or 
fact  of  leaving  a  valid  will. 

tes-ta-ment  ('ta-ment),  n.  a  sol- 
emn, authentic  instrument  in 
writing  disposing  of  the  estate  of 
a  person  deceased ;  will. 

Tes-ta-ment,  n.  one  of  the  two 
great  divisions  of  the  Bible. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  he"r,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pflrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tes 


839 


leu 


tes-ta-men-ta-ry  (-men'ta-ri), 
adj.  pertaining  to,  bequeathed  by, 
or  done  by,  a  will.  Also  testa- 
mental. 

tes-tate  ('tat),  adj.  having  left 
a  will. 

tes-ta-tor  (-ta'ter),  n.  one  who 
makes  and  leaves  a  will.  Fern. 
testatrix. 

tes-ter  Cter),  n.  an  old  English 
coin,  value  od. ;  a  flat  canopy ; 
one  who  tests. 

tes-tes   ('tez).  n.pl.  the  testicles. 

tes-ti-cle  ('ti-kl),  n.  one  of  the 
two  glands  which  secrete  the  sem- 
inal fluid  in  males. 

tes-ti-fy  ('ti-fi),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
testified,  p.pr.  testifying],  to  bear 
witness ;  make  a  solemn  declara- 
tion ;  give  evidence :  v.t.  affirm  or 
declare  solemnly  on  oath ;  bear 
witness  to. 

tes-ti-ly  ('ti-Ii),  adv.  in  a  testy 
manner. 

tes-ti-mo-ni-al  (-ti-mo'ni-al),  n. 
a  writing  or  certificate  bearing 
testimony  to  character,  profi- 
ciency, &c. ;  a  present  given  as  a 
token  of  respect ;  acknowledgment 
of  services  rendered,  &c. :  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  containing  testi- 
mony. 

tes-ti-mo-ny  (-ti-mo-ni),  n.  [pi. 
testimonies  (-niz)],  evidence; 
proof ;  solemn  declaration ;  pro- 
fession ;  the  two  tables  of  the 
Law ;  divine  revelation. 

Syn.     affirmation,     proof,     evi- 
dence, witness. 

test  i  ness  (test'i-nes),  n.  peev- 
ishness. 

test-ing  f'ing),  n.  the  operation 
of  refining  gold  and  silver ;  assay ; 
proof ;  trial. 

tes  tis  Ctes'tis),  n.  [pi.  testes 
('tez)  ],  a  testicle. 

tes-tn-di-nal  (-tu'di-nal),  adj. 
tortoise-like. 

tes-tu-di-nate  ('di-nat),  adj. 
arched  like  a  tortoise's  shell. 

tes-tu-do  (-tu'do),  n.  [pi.  tes- 
tudines  ('di-nez)],  a  protective 
covering  used  by  the  ancient  Ro- 
man soldiers  in  besieging  a  city, 
by  overlapping  their  shields ;  a 
screen  to  shelter  miners  in  places 
likely  to  cave  in;  an  encysted 
tumor. 
tes-ty  (tes'ti),  adj.  [comp.  tes- 


tier, superl.  testiest],  peevish; 
morose ;  irritable. 

tet-a-nus    (tet'a-nus),  n.  lockjaw. 

tetch-y,  same  as  techy. 

tete-a-tete  (tat-a-taf),  n.  pri- 
vate or  confidential  conversation ; 
a  kind  of  settee. 

tete-de-pont  (-de-p6ng'),  n.  [pi. 
tetes-de-pont],  a  work  thrown  up 
to  defend  the  entrance  of  a 
bridge  [French]. 

teth-er  (teth'er) ,  n.  a  rope  for 
confining  an  animal  within  cer- 
tain limits ;  scope  or  freedom  al- 
lowed :  v.t.  to  confine,  as  an 
animal,  within  certain  limits. 

tetra,  a  prefix  meaning  four,  as 
tfe^rabranchiate,  adj.  having  four 
branchiae  or  gills. 

tet-ra-chord  (tet'ra-k6rd),  n. 
half  of  the  octave  scale  [Music]  ; 
an  instrument  with  four  strings. 

tet-rad  ('rad).  n.  the  number  4; 
collection  of  four  things ;  tetra- 
valent  radical  or  element. 

tet-ra-gon  ('ra-gon),  n.  a  plane 
figure  with  four  sides  and  four 
angles. 

Tet-ra-gram -ma  ton  (-gram '5.- 
ton),  n.  the  mystic  number  4 
symbolical  among  the  ancient 
Jews  of  the  Deity. 

tet-ra-he-dral  (-he'dral),  adj. 
four-sided. 

tet-ra-he-dron  (-he'dron),  ».  a 
solid  figure  bounded  by  four  trv 
angles. 

tet-ram-e-ter  (tet-ram'e-ter),  n. 
a  verse  or  line  consisting  of  four 
measures. 

tet-ra-pod  (tet'ra-pod),  n.  a  four- 
foot,  d  insect. 

tet-rarch  (tet'rark),  n.  a  Ro- 
man governor  whose  jurisdiction 
extended  over  the  fourth  part  of 
a  province ;  petty  prince. 

tet-rarch-ate  (-at),  n.  the  office 
or  jurisdiction  of  a  tetrarch.  Also 
tetrarchy. 

tet-ra-style  ( tet'ra-stil ) .  n.  a. 
building  or  portico  with  four  col- 
umns in  front. 

tet-ter  ('er),  n.  a  cutaneous  dis- 
ease characterized  by  itching  and 
redness ;  herpes. 

Ten-ton  (tu'ton),  n.  one  of  the 
German  race. 

Teu-ton-io  ('ik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  characteristic  of,  the  Teu- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot  •  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Teu 


840 


the 


tons  or  the  Teutonic  languages, 
Low  German,  Scandinavian,  and 
High  German. 

Teu-ton-ism  ('on-i^m),  n.  a  Ger- 
manism. 

tex-as  (teks'as),  n.  the  pilot- 
house, &c.,  on  the  hurricane  deck 
of  a  steamer. 

text  (tekst),  n.  that  on  which  a 
comment  is  written ;  original 
words  of  an  author ;  verse,  &c.,  of 
Scripture  forming  the  subject  of 
a  sermon ;  topic ;  theme  for  com- 
position, argument,  &c. ;  text- 
hand. 

text-book  ('book),  n.  a  standard 
book  of  instruction. 

text-hand  ('hand),  n.  a  large 
hand  in  writing. 

tex-tile  (teks'til),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  formed  by,  weaving ;  ca- 
pable of  being  woven. 

tex-tu-al  ('tu-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  contained  in,  or  serving  for,  a 
text. 

tex-ture  ('tur),  n.  manner  of 
weaving ;  web ;  disposition  of  the 
several  parts  of  a  body  in  connec- 
tion with  each  other ;  filaments 
or  fibers  interwoven  ;  tissue. 

tlial-a-mus  (thal'a-mus),  n.  the 
place  where  a  nerve  originates  or 
is  supposed  to  originate ;  recep- 
tacle of  a  flower. 

tha  las-sic  (th:\-las'ik) ,  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  formed  in.  the  sea. 

thal-as-sog-ra-phy  ( thal-as-og'ra- 
fi),  n.  the  science  of  marine  or- 
ganisms. 

tha-ler  (ta'ler),  n.  a  German  sil- 
ver coin,  value  about  72  cents. 

thai  li-um  (thal'i-um),  n.  a  rare 
metallic  element. 

than  (than),  con;,  used  after  the 
comparative  degree  of  adjectives 
and  adverbs  expressing  diversity 
or  comparison. 

than-age  (than'aj),  n.  the  dis- 
trict or  jurisdiction  of  a  thane. 

than-a-toid  (than'a-toid),  adj. 
death-like. 

than-a-tol-o-gy  (-a-tol'o-ji),  n.  a 
treatise  on,  or  the  doctrine  of, 
death. 

thane  (than),  n.  a  title  of  honor 
or  dignity  among  the  Anglo-Sax- 
ons, held  by  persons  having  large 
territorial  possessions. 

thane-ship     ('ship),    n.    the   dig- 


nity,    state,    or    property    of    a 
thane. 

thank  (thangk),  v.t.  to  express 
gratitude  or  obligation  to. 

thank-ful  ('fool),  adj.  grateful. 
tiyn.  grateful,  obliged. 

thank-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  grate- 
fully. 

thank-less  ('les),  adj.  ungrate- 
ful ;  not  obtaining  or  deserving 
thanks. 

Syn.  ungracious,  profitless,  un- 
grateful,   unthankful. 

thanks  (thangks),  n.pl.  an  ex- 
pression of  gratitude  or  obliga- 
tion. 

thanks  -  giv  -  ing  (thangks-giv'- 
ing),  n.  the  act  of  expressing 
gratitude  for  favors  and  mercies ; 
a  public  celebration  of  divine 
goodness ;  a  day  so  set  apart. 

Thanks-giv-ing  Day  (da),  n.  a 
day  set  apart  annually,  usually 
the  last  Thursday  in  November, 
for  thanksgiving  to  God  for  na- 
tional mercies. 

that  (that),  pron.  &  adj.  [pi.  those 
(thoz)],  not  this  but  the  other: 
con;',  because ;  since. 

thatch  (thach).  n.  straw,  reeds, 
&c.,  used  for  covering  the  roofs 
of  cottages,  stacks,  &c. :  v.t.  to 
cover  with,  or  as  with,  thatch. 

thau  -ma-trope  ( thaw'ma-trop) , 
n.  an  optical  toy  for  showing  the 
persistence  of  an  impression  on 
the  eye  after  the  luminous  object 
is  withdrawn. 

thau-ma-tur-gic  (-ter'jik),  adj* 
pertaining  to,  or  done  by,  thau- 
maturgy  :  n.  legerdemain  ;  magical 
feats. 

than-ma-tnr-gy  ('ma-ter-ji),  n. 
the  act  of  performing  miracles; 
legerdemain ;  magic. 

thaw    (thaw),  v.i.  to  melt  or  be- 
come liquid,  as  ice  or  snow ;   be- 
come milder  or  more  genial :  v.t. 
to  dissolve :  n.  the  melting  of  ice 
or  snow  by  rise  of  temperature. 
Syn.  melt,  dissolve,  liquefy. 
Ant.  (see  freeze). 

the-a  (the'a),  n.  the  tea  plant. 

the-a-ter,  the-a-tre  ('a-ter),  n. 
a  public  building  where  dramatic 
representations  are  given ;  large 
room  arranged  for  lectures,  ana- 
tomical demonstrations,  &c. ; 
scene  or  sphere  of  action. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut :  thin,  then. 


the 


841 


the 


the-at-ric-al  (-at'rik-nl).  apper- 
taining to,  or  adapted  for,  a  thea- 
ter, or  scenic  representations ;  re- 
sembling the  manner  of  actors ; 
histrionic,  pompous :  n.pl.  dra- 
matic performances. 

N.I/H.     dramatic,     showy,     cere- 
monious, meretricious. 

the-at-ric-al -ly  (-li),  adv.  iu  a 
manner  adapted  for  the  stage. 

the-at-ro-phone  ('ro-fon),  n.  an 
automatic  telephone  connected 
with  a  theater  by  which  a  person 
may  hear  a  dramatic  performance 
while  seated  at  home. 

the-ba-ine  ('ba-in),  n.  a  poison- 
ous alkaloid  found  in  opium.  Also 
thebin. 

The-ban  ('ban),  adj.  pertaining  to 
Thebes,  or  to  its  inhabitants. 

The-ban  Year  (yer),  n.  the  an- 
cient Egyptian  year  consisting  of 
305  days,  6  hours. 

the-ca  f'ka),  n.  a  sheath;  seed- 
case  of  a  fern. 

th.ee  (the),  pron.  objective  case 
of  thou. 

theft  (theft),  n.  the  act  of  steal- 
ing ;  robbery. 

N//H.        robbery,        depredation, 
spoliation. 

the-ine  (the'in),  n.  the  bitter  and 
volatile  principle  of  tea,  identical 
with  caffeine  in  coffee. 

theirs  (/7iarz),  pron.pl.  possessive 
case  of  they. 

the-ism  (the'izm),  n.  the  belief  in 
the  existence  of  a  God :  opposed 
to  atheism. 

the-ist  ('ist),  n.  one  who  believes 
in  the  existence  of  a  God :  op- 
posed to  atheist. 

the-ist-ic  ('ik),  adj.  pertaining  to 
theism  or  theists.  Also  theistical. 

them  (them),  pron.  the  objective 
case  of  they. 

theme  (them),  n.  the  subject  or 
topic  of  a  discourse  or  disserta- 
tion ;  short  essay  on  a  given  sub- 
ject ;  radical  of  a  noun  or  verb ; 
series  of  notes  selected  as  the 
subject  of  a  new  composition 
[Music], 
N//».  subject,  topic,  text,  essay. 

then  (then),  conj.  in  consequence; 
therefore ;  in  that  case :  adv. 
next ;  at  that  or  another  time ; 
immediately. 


thence  (thens),  adv.  from  that 
place  or  time. 

the-o-bro-mine  (the'o-bro'min), 
n.  an  alkaloid  contained  in  cacao- 
beans. 

the-oc-ra-cy  (-ok'ra-si),  n.  the 
government  of  a  state  by  the  im- 
mediate direction  of  God;  the 
state  thus  governed. 

the-oc-ra-sy  ('ra-si).  n.  a  mixture 
of  the  worship  of  different  deities, 
as  of  God  and  idols ;  the  intimate 
union  of  the  soul  with  God  in 
contemplation. 

the-o-crat  ('5-krat),  n.  one  living 
under  a  theocracy. 

the-o-crat-ic  (-krat'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  theocracy;  adminis- 
tered by  the  immediate  direction 
of  God. 

the-od-i-cy  (-od'i-si) .  n.  a  vindi- 
cation of  the  dealings  of  divine 
Providence,  and  the  freedom  of 
the  human  will. 

the-od-o-lite  (-od'o-lit),  n.  an  in- 
strument for  measuring  horizontal 
and  vertical  angles  and  ascertain- 
ing distances  and  heights. 

the-od-o-lit-ic  (-lit'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  ascertained  by 
means  of,  the  theodolite. 

the-og-o-ny  (-og'o-ni),  n.  that 
branch  of  mythology  which  treats 
of  the  origin  or  genealogy  of  an- 
cient deities ;  a  poem  treating  of 
such  genealogies. 

the-o-lo-gi-an  (-o-lo'ji-an),  n. 
one  versed  in  theology ;  professor 
of  divinity ;  a  divine. 

the-o-log-ic-al  (-loj'ik-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  theology. 

the-ol-o-gy  (-ol'o-ji),  n.  [pi.  the- 
ologies (-jiz)],  the  science  that 
treats  of  the  existence,  nature, 
and  attributes  of  God,  especially 
of  man's  relations  to  God ;  di- 
vinity. 

the-oph-a-ny  (-of'a-ni),  n.  a 
manifestation  of  God  to  man  by 
actual  experience. 

the-or-bo  (-6r'bo),  n.  a  kind  of 
large  lute  with  two  necks. 

the-o-rem  ('6-rem),  n.  a  proposi- 
tion to  be  proved. 

the-o-ret-ic-al  (-o-ret'ik-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  depending  ca, 
theory  ;  not  practical ;  speculative. 
Also  theoretic. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQreh,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


the 


842 


thi 


the-o-ret-ic-al-ly  (-H),  adv.  in 
or  by  theory. 

the-o-ret-ics  ('iks),  n.pl.  the 
speculative  part  of  a  science. 

the-o-rist  ('6-rist),  n.  one  who 
theorizes ;  speculatist. 

the  o-rize  ('6-riz),  v.i.  to  form  a 
theory  or  theories  ;  speculate. 

the-o-ry  ('o-ri),  n.  [pi.  theories 
(-riz)],  an  exposition  of  the  ab- 
stract principles  of  a  science  or 
art  considered  apart  from  prac- 
tice ;  hypothesis ;  philosophical  ex- 
planation of  moral  or  physical 
phenomena. 

Syn.  speculation,  scheme,  plea, 
hypothesis,  conjecture. 

the-o-soph-ic  (-6-sof'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining  to    theosophy    or   theoso- 
£hists.  Also  theosophical. 
e-os-o-phism      (-os'o-fizm),     n. 
pretension    to    divine    wisdom    or 
illumination. 

the-os-o-phist  ('o-fist).  n.  a  be- 
liever in  theosophy.  Also  theosoph. 

the-os-o-phy  ('o-fi),  n.  a  system 
of  philosophy  which  professes  to 
investigate  the  unexplained  laws 
of  nature,  the  powers  of  man  over 
nature,  and  the  direct  knowledge 
of  God  attained  by  extraordinary 
illumination. 

ther-a-peu-tic  ( ther-a-pfi'tik ) , 
adj.  curative :  n.pl.  the  art  or  sci- 
ence of  curing  diseases. 

there  (thar),  adv.  in  that  place; 
at  that  point  or  stage. 

there-fore     (^ar'    or    ther'for), 
adv.  &  con/,  for  that  or  this  rea- 
son ;  for  that  reason  or  purpose. 
Syn.  accordingly,  consequently, 
hence. 

therm,  a  prefix  meaning  heat. 
Also  thermo. 

ther-mic  (ther'me),  n.pl.  hot 
springs  or  baths. 

ther-mal  ('mal),  adj.  pertaining 
to  heat ;  warm. 

ther  -  met  -  ro  -  graph  (-met'ro- 
gr&f),  n.  a  self-registering  ther- 
mometer. Also  thermometrogrftph. 

ther-mom-e-ter  (-mom'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
degree  of  heat  or  temperature  of 
bodies. 

ther-mo-met-ric  (-mo-met'rik), 
adj.  pertaining  to,  made,  or  as- 
certained by,  a  thermometer.  Also 
thermometrical. 


ther-mo-met-ric-al-ly  ( -al-i ) , 
adv.  by  means  of  a  thermometer. 

ther-mo  pile  ('mo-pil),  n.  an  in- 
strument for  indicating  slight 
variations  of  temperature. 

ther-mo-scope  ('mo-skop),  n.  an 
instrument  indicating  relative  dif- 
ferences in  temperature. 

ther-mo-stat  ('mo-stat),  n.  an 
automatic  apparatus  for  regulat- 
ing temperature. 

ther-mot-ic  (-mot'ik).  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  produced  by,  heat : 
n.pl.  the  science  of  heat. 

ther-mo t-ro-pisiu  ('ro-pizm),  n. 
the  phenomena  exhibited  by  some 
plants  of  turning  towards  the 
sun  or  source  of  heat. 

the-sau-rus  (the-saw'rus),  n.  a 
storehouse  or  treasury ;  lexicon 
or  dictionary. 

these,  pi.  of  this. 

the-sis  (the'sis),  n.  [pi.  theses 
('sez)],  an  essay  or  dissertation 
on  some  particular  subject ;  sub- 
ject set  a  student  on  which  to 
write  prior  to  granting  him  a 
degree ;  the  exercise  itself ;  in 
logic,  an  affirmation. 

Thes-pi-an  ('pi-ant,  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  Thespis,  the  founder  of 
Greek  drama :  hence  dramatic. 

the-ta  (the'tfi),  n.  the  Greek  th 
(0). 

the-ur-gic  (-er'jik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  theurgy  or  supernatural 
magic. 

thews  (thuz),  n.pl.  muscles; 
strength. 

they,  pi.  of  he,  she,  or  it. 

thick  (thik),  adj.  not  thin;  com- 
pact ;  dense ;  not  clear  or  trans- 
parent ;  misty ;  muddy ;  indis- 
tinct ;  dull ;  very  intimate ;  closely 
set ;  crowded ;  following  in  quick 
succession :  adv.  closely ;  indis- 
tinctly ;  to  a  great  depth  ;  fast :  n. 
the  thickest  part. 

Syn.     dense,      close,      compact, 
solid,   coagulated,    muddy,   turbid, 
misty,  foggy,  vaporous. 
Ant.   (see  thin). 

thick-en  ('n),  v.t.  to  make  thick 
or  thicker ;  render  dense ;  in- 
spissate ;  make  dark  or  obscure : 
v.i.  become  thick  or  thicker. 

thick-en-ing  ('en-ing),  n.  some- 
thing added  to  a  liquid  mass  to 
irake  it  thicker. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


thi 


843 


tho 


thick-et  ('et),  n.  a  close  wood  or 
cluster  of  trees. 

thick-set  ('set),  adj.  closely 
planted  ;  having  a  thick  body :  n. 
a  close,  thick  hedge. 

thief  (thef),  n.  [pi.  thieves 
(thevz)],  one  who  takes  unlaw- 
fully what_  is  not  his  own. 

thieve   (thev),  v.t.  &  v.i.  to  steal. 

thiev-ish  ('ish),  adj.  addicted  to 
theft ;  dishonest ;  obtained  by 
stealing. 

thigh  (thi),  ».  the  thick  muscular 
part  of  the  leg  between  the  knee 
and  the  trunk. 

thill  (thil),  n.  the  shaft  of  a  cart 
or  other  vehicle ;  floor  of  a  coal 
mine. 

thill-er   ('er),  n.  the  shaft  horse. 

thim-ble  (thim'bl),  «.  a  cup- 
shaped  metallic  protective  coyer 
for  the  finger  in  sewing ;  anything 
like  a  thimble ;  an  iron  ring  be- 
longing to  a  sail,  fitted  to  re- 
ceive a  rope. 

thim-ble-rig  (-rig),  n.  a  sleight- 
of-hand  trick  in  which  a  pea  is 
pretended  to  be  hidden  under  one 
of  three  thimbles :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
-rigged,  p.pr.  -rigging!,  to  cheat 
by  means  of  the  thimble-rig  trick. 

thin  (thin),  adj.  [comp.  thinner, 
superl.  thinnest],  having  little 
thickness ;  slim ;  slender ;  not 
dense  or  thick ;  not  close  or 
crowded  ;  poor ;  slight ;  meager ; 
not  full  or  well  grown  :  adv.  not 
thickly :  v.t.  to  make  thin ;  atten- 
uate :  v.i.  to  grow  thin. 

Xy/H.  slim,  slender,  slight,  flimsy, 
attenuated,  lean,  scraggy. 

thine  ( //an ) ,  pron.  &  adj.  be- 
longing to,  relating  to,  or  being 
the  property  of,  thee. 

thing  (thing),  n.  whatever  is  dis- 
tinct, or  conceived  to  be  distinct, 
from  one's  self  or  other  intelli- 
gent beings  ;  inanimate  matter ; 
part  or  portion ;  an  object  of 
pity  and  contempt:  pi.  clothes; 
furniture :  luggage,  &c. 

think  (thingk),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
thought,  i>.pr.  thinking],  to  have 
the  mind  occupied  on  some  sub- 
ject ;  form  an  opinion  by  reason- 
ing ;  believe ;  judge ;  intend  or 
purpose  ;  imagine  ;  recollect ;  con- 
sider or  reflect ;  presume :  v.t.  to 
imagine. 


Syn.  cogitate,  consider,  reflect, 
ponder,  contemplate,  meditate, 
muse,  conceive,  fancy,  imagine, 
apprehend,  hold,  esteem,  reckon, 
consider,  regard,  deem,  believe, 
opine. 

think  a-Me  ( 'a-bl ) ,  adj.  con- 
ceivable. 

thiuk-ing  ('ing),  adj.  having  the 
faculty  of  thought ;  capable  of 
a  regular  train  of  thought :  n. 
meditation  ;  judgment. 

thin-ness  (thin'nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  thin. 

third  (ttierd),  adj.  the  next  after 
the  second :  the  ordinal  of  three ; 
noting  one  of  three  equal  parts :  n. 
a  third  part  of  anything ;  an  in- 
terval of  three  diatonic  sounds 
and  two  intervals  [Music!. 

thirst  (therst),  n.  the  sensation 
of  a  desire  to  drink ;  great  desire 
for  drink  ;  drought ;  eager  desire  : 
v.i.  to  be  thirsty. 

thirst-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  thirsty 
manner. 

thirst-i-ness  ('i-nes).  n.  the  state 
of  being  thirsty. 

thirst-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  thirstier, 
superl.  thirstiest],  feeling  thirst. 

thir-teen  (ther'ten),  adj.  10  and 
3 :  n.  the  number  of  10  and  3. 

thir-teenth  ('tenth)  adj.  next 
in  order  after  the  twelfth :  the 
ordinal  of  thirteen. 

thir-ti-eth  ('ti-eth),  adj.  next  in 
order  after  the  twenty-ninth. 

thir-ty  ('ti),  adj.  three  times 
more  than  10 :  n.  the  sum  of  three 
tens. 

this  (this),  pron.  &  adj.  [pi. 
these,  (thez)],  that  which  is  pres- 
ent ;  that  which  is  just  now  or 
last  mentioned. 

thistle  (this'l),  n.  a  plant  with 
a  prickly  stem  and  leaves,  of  the 
genus  Carduus. 

thith-er  (thif/t'er),  adv.  to  that 
place  or  end. 

thole  (thol),  n.  a  pin  set  in  the 
gunwale  of  a  boat  to  serve  as  a 
fulcrum  for  the  oar. 

thong  (thong),  n.  a  thin  leather 
strap  or  string  for  fastening  some- 
thing ;  striking  part  of  a  whip. 

tho-rac-ic  (tho-ras'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  thorax. 

tho-rax  ('raks),  n.  the  chest,  con- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  miite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tho 


844 


thr 


taining     the     heart,     lungs,    &c. ; 
breast-plate  or  cuirass. 

thp-rite  (tho'rlt),  n.  an  isometric 
mineral ;  a  powerful  high  explo- 
sive. 

tho-ri-um  ('ri-uui),  n.  a  rare 
metallic  element.  Also  thprinum. 

thorn  (thorn),  ».  a  prickle  or 
spine  ;  prickly  tree  or  shrub ;  any- 
thing that  troubles  or  annoys ; 
care. 

thorn-back  ('bak),  n.  a  species  of 
spiny  ray  or  skate. 

thorn-y  ('i),  adj.  full  of  thorns; 
harassing ;  annoying. 

thor-ough  (thur'G),  adj.  passing 
through  or  to  the  end ;  perfect ; 
finished ;  complete. 

Syn.    accurate,    correct,    trust- 
worthy, reliable,  complete. 
Ant.    (see  superficial). 

thor-ough  bass  (bas),  n.  the  sci- 
ence of  harmony ;  an  accompani- 
ment to  a  continued  bass  by 
means  of  figures  [Music]. 

thor-ough-bred  (-bred),  adj.  of 
pure  and  unmixed  breed ;  com- 
pletely instructed ;  accomplished  ; 
high-spirited. 

thor-ough-fare  (-far),  n.  a  pas- 
sage from  one  street  opening  to 
another ;  an  unobstructed  way  for 
traffic. 

thor-ough-ly  (-li).  adv.  com- 
pletely ;  fully. 

thor-ough-paced  (past),  adj.  go- 
ing all  lengths ;  complete. 

those,  pi.  of  that. 

thon  (thou) ,  pron.  [pi.  you],  2d 
per.  sing,  of  I. 

though  (tho),  con;',  granting,  or 
supposing  that ;  notwithstanding 
that ;  if :  adv.  nevertheless  ;  how- 
ever. 

thought  (thawt),  n.  the  act  of 
thinking;  that  which  the  mind 
thinks  ;  meditation  ;  study  ;  care 
or  anxiety :  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  think. 

Syn.  idea,  conception,  imagina- 
tion, fancy,  conceit,  notion,  sup- 
position, care,  provision,  con- 
sideration, opinion,  view,  senti- 
ment, reflection,  deliberation. 

though t-ful  ('fool),  adj.  full  of 
thought ;  contemplative ;  atten- 
tive ;  considerate  for  others ;  anx- 
ious or  careful. 

X//H.  considerate,  careful,  re- 
flective, cautious,  heedful,  con- 


templative,     provident,      pensive, 
dreamy. 

Ant.  (see  thoughtless). 

thought-ful-ly  ('i).  adv.  in  a 
thoughtful  manner ;  with  thought. 

thought-less  ('los).  adj.  unthink- 
ing ;  heedless  :  inattentive  ;  incon- 
siderate. 

Syn.     inconsiderate,     rash,     im- 
provident,  precipitate,   heedless. 

thought-read-ing  ('rod-ing),  n. 
the  act  or  art  of  discerning  what 
another  person  is  thinking  of ; 
mind-reading. 

thought-read-er  ('red-er),  n. 
one  who  practices  thought-read- 
ing. 

thou-sand  (thou'zand).  adj.  con- 
sisting of  1,000  :  n.  1,000  ;  a  large 
number. 

thou-sandth  ('zandth),  adj.  next 
in  order  after  999th :  the  ordinal 
of  1,000. 

thral-dom  (thrawl'dum),  n.  serf- 
xlom  ;  slavery. 

thrall   (thrawl),  n.  a  slave;  serf. 

thrash  (thrash),  v.t.  to  beat  out 
(grain)  from  the  husk ;  beat  or 
flog  soundly :  v.i.  to  perform  the 
operation  of  thrashing ;  drudge. 

thrash-er  ('er),  n.  one  who 
thrashes ;  a  species  of  shark,  the 
sea-fox ;  a  thrashing  machine. 

thrash-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  opera- 
tion of  separating  grain  from  the 
husk ;  a  sound  flogging. 

thread  (thred),  n.  a  very  thin 
line  or  cord  of  flax,  cotton,  silk, 
or  other  fibrous  substance  twisted 
and  drawn  out ;  a  filament ;  uni- 
form tenor ;  something  continued 
in  a  long  course ;  spiral  part  of  a 
screw:  v.t.  to  pass  through  the 
eye  of ;  pierce  through. 

thread-bare  ('bar),  adj.  worn  to 
the  threads ;  poverty-stricken ; 
hackneyed ;  dull. 

threat  (thret),  n.  a  menace:  v.t. 
&  v.i.  to  menace. 

threat-en  ('n),  v.i.  to  use 
threats :  v.t.  terrify  by  menaces. 

threat-en-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  act 
of  one  who  threatens;  menace: 
adj.  indicating  a  menace  or  some 
impending  evil. 

three  (thre),  adj.  noting  the  sum 
of  2  and  1 :  n.  a  number  the 
sum  of  2  and  1. 

three-pence      (thrip'ens),     n.     a 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


thr 


845 


tftr 


small  British  silver  coin,  value 
6  cents. 

thren-o-dy  (thren'o-di),  n.  a 
dirge. 

thresh,  same  as  thrash. 

thresh-old  (thresh'old),  n.  the 
sill  of  a  door ;  entrance ;  door ; 
place  or  point  of  entrance. 

threw,  p.t.  of  throw. 

thrice  (thris),  adv.  three  times; 
repeatedly. 

thrift  (thrift),  n.  frugality;  eco- 
nomical management ;  good  hus- 
bandry ;  increase  of  wealth; 
profit';  a  plant. 

thrift-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  thrifty 
manner. 

thrift-i-ness  ('i-nes),-«.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  thrifty. 

thrift-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  thriftier, 
superl.  thriftiest],  characterized 
by  economy  and  good  manage- 
ment ;  frugal. 

thrill  (thril),  v.t.  to  pierce;  cause 
to  have  a  shivering,  tingling,  or 
exquisite  sensation :  v.i.  to  pene- 
trate, as  something  sharp ;  feel  a 
sharp  tingling  or  exquisite  sensa- 
tion running  through  the  whole 
body ;  quiver :  n.  a  thrilling  sen- 
sation ;  quiver. 

thrive  (thriv),  v.i.  \p.t.  thrived, 
throve,  p.p.  thrived,  thriven,  p.pr. 
thriving],  to  prosper  by  industry, 
economy,  and  good  management ; 
increase  or  prosper  in  business, 
&c. ;  grow  rich ;  grow  vigorously 
or  luxuriantly ;  increase  or  flour- 
ish. 

thriv -ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  increas- 
ing in  wealth  ;  prosperous  or  suc- 
cessful ;  growing. 

thro',  contr.  of  through. 

throat  (throt),  n.  the  fore-part 
of  the  neck  of  an  animal  con- 
taining the  windpipe  and  gullet ; 
contracting  part  of  a  vessel,  &c. 

throat-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  guttur- 
al utterance. 

throat-y    ('i),   adj.  guttural. 

throb  (throb),  v.i.  to  beat,  as  the 
pulse,  with  more  than  usual 
force ;  palpitate :  n.  a  strong 
pulsation. 

throe  (thro),  n.  agony;  extreme 
pain,  especially  in  parturition : 
v.i.  to  be  in  agony. 

throm-bo-sis     (throm-bo'sis),     n. 


the   obstruction   of  a  blood-vessel 
by  a  clot  of  blood. 

throne  (thron),  n.  a  chair  of 
state ;  sovereign  power  and  dig- 
nity :  v.t.  to  place  upon  a  throne ; 
exalt. 

throng  (throng),  n.  a  multitude; 
crowd :  v.t.  to  crowd  or  press  to- 
gether ;  annoy  with  numbers :  v.i. 
to  come  in  multitudes. 

Syn.    crowd,     host,    jam,    con- 
course. 

thros-tle  (thros'l),  n.  the  song- 
thrush  ;  a  machine  for  spinning 
wool  and  cotton. 

thros-tling  ('ling),  n.  a  disease 
in  cattle,  characterized  by  a  swell- 
ing in  the  throat. 

throt-tle  (throt'l),  v.t.  to  strangle 
or  choke  by  pressure  on  the  wind- 
pipe :  n.  the  windpipe ;  a  throttle- 
valve. 

throt-tle- valve  (-valv),  n.  a 
valve  in  the  steam-pipe  of  a  boiler 
for  controlling  the  flow  of  steam 
to  any  apparatus. 

through  (throd),  prep,  from  end 
to  end  of ;  between  the  sides  of ; 
in  the  midst  of ;  among ;  by  the 
agency  of :  adv.  from  end  to  end ; 
from  the  beginning  to  the  end. 

throve,  p.t.  of  thrive. 

throw  (thro),  v.t.  \p.t.  threw,  p.p. 
thrown,  p.pr.  throwing],  to  fling 
or  hurl ;  cast  to  a  distance ;  cast 
in  any  manner ;  propel ;  overturn  ; 
put  on  hastily  or  carelessly ; 
strip ;  shape  or  form  roughly ; 
give  utterance  to  ;  produce  ;  twist 
or  wind  :  n.  the  act  of  flinging  or 
hurling ;  a  cast  of  dice ;  distance 
a  missile  can  be  thrown  ;  stroke, 
as  of  a  slide-valve ;  potter's  wheel. 

thrum  (thrum),  «.  the  end  of  a 
weaver's  thread ;  coarse  yarn : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  thrummed,  p.pr. 
thrumming],  to  fringe  or  put  tufts 
on ;  play  idly  or  unskilfully  on 
(a  stringed  instrument)  with  the 
fingers :  v.i.  to  strum ;  drum. 

thrush  (thrush),  n.  a  sweet- 
songed  b.ird  of  the  genus  Merula ; 
a  disease  of  infants  characterized 
by  minute  white  ulcers  in  the 
mouth  and  fauces ;  an  inflamma- 
tory and  suppurating  affection  in 
the  feet  of  horses. 

thrust  (thrust),  v.t.  to  push  or 
drive  with  force;  urge  or  impel: 
v.i.  to  push  forward ;  enter  by 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let:  line,  tin;  vote,  pSrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  </ien. 


thr 


846 


tib 


pushing;  intrude;  attack  with  a 
pointed  weapon  :  n.  a  violent  or 
sudden  push  ;  stab. 

thrust-ing  ('ins),  n.  the  act  of 
pushing  with  force  or  violence: 
pi.  white  whey  expressed  from 
the  curd. 

thud  (thud),  n.  a  dull  sound  pro- 
duced by  a  body  falling  on  a  com- 
paratively soft  substance. 

thug  (thug),  n.  one  of  n  fraternity 
of  robbers  and  assassins  in  India 
who  practiced  secret  murder  as 
an  act  of  propitiation  to  the  god- 
dess Kali ;  a  ruffian. 

thug-gee  (-e'),  n.  the  practice  of 
murder  by  the  thugs.  Also  thug- 
gism,  thuggery. 

Thu-le  (thu'le),  n.  the  name  given 
by  the  ancient  geographers  to  the 
most  northern  part  of  the  world 
as  then  known. 

thumb  (thum),  «.  the  short, 
thick  digit  of  the  human  hand  :  v.t. 
to  handle  awkwardly ;  soil  with 
the  thumb :  v.i.  to  play  awk- 
wardly. 

thumb-screw  ('skroo),  n.  a 
screw  to  turn  with  the  finger  and 
thumb ;  an  instrument  of  torture 
for  compressing  the  thumb.  Also 
thumbkins. 

thum  mini  ('m),  n.pl.  a  myste- 
rious symbol  worn  on  the  breast- 
plate of  the  Jewish  high  priest 
signifying  perfection. 

thump  (thump),  n.  a  hard, 
heavy  blow :  v.t  to  strike  or  beat 
with  dull  heavy  blows :  v.i.  to 
fall  or  strike  with  a  dull  heavy 
blow. 

thump-er  ('er),  n.  one  who.  or 
that  which,  thumps ;  something 
huge ;  barefaced  lie. 

thuu-der  (thun'der),  n.  the  noise 
accompanying  a  flash  of  light- 
ning ;  loud  noise ;  an  alarming 
denunciation  or  threat :  v.i.  to  pro- 
duce thunder ;  make  a  loud  noise : 
v.t.  to  utter  with  a  loud  and 
threatening  voice. 

thun-der-bolt  (-bolt),  h.  a  shaft 
of  lightning ;  something  resem- 
bling lightning  in  suddenness  and 
terror ;  dreadful  denunciation,  es- 
pecially ecclesiastical  censure ; 
daring  or  irresistible  hero ;  a 
belemnite. 
thun-der-ing  (-ing),  adj.  emit- 


ting, or  producing  a  great  noise 
like  thunder ;  very  great :  n.  the 
report  accompanying  a  discharge 
of  lightning. 

thunder-struck  (-struk),  p.adj. 
astonished  or  struck  dumb  by 
sudden  amazement,  &c. 

thun-der-y  (-i),  adj.  produced  by, 
or  accompanied  with,  thunder. 
Also  thunderous. 

thu-ri-ble  (thu'ri-bl),  n.  a  censer. 

thu-ri-fer  ('ri-fer),  n.  one  who 
attends  the  priest  at  mass,  &c., 
find  carries  the  thurible. 

Thurs-day  (therz'da),  n.  the  fifth 
day  of  the  week. 

thus  (thus),  adv.  in  this  or  that 
manner ;  to  this  degree  or  ex- 
tent;  so:  n.  (thus)  the  resin  of 
the  spruce  fir. 

thwack  (thwak),  v.t.  to  strike 
with  something  flat  and  heavy ; 
thump :  n.  a  heavy  blow  with 
something  blunt  and  hard  ;  thump. 

thwart  (thwawrt),  adj.  cross- 
wise ;  oblique  :  prep.  &  adv.  across  : 
n.  a  seat  in  a  boat  extending 
from  side  to  side :  v.t.  oppose ; 
run  counter  to ;  frustrate. 

thy  (thl) ,  pron.  poss.  case  of  thou. 

thy-ine  (thi'in),  adj.  noting  a 
kind  of  wood  of  the  cedar  family 
yielding  a  resin  called  sandarach. 

thyl-a-cine  (thil'a-sin),  «.  the 
zebra  wolf  of  New  Zealand. 

thyme  (tun),  n.  a  common  aro- 
matic herb  of  the  genus  Thymus. 

thy-roid  (thi'roid),  adj.  shield- 
shaped  ;  noting  one  of  the  carti- 
lages of  the  larynx. 

thyr-soid  (ther'soid),  adj.  thyrsus- 
shaped. 

thyr-sus  Csus),  n.  [pi.  thyrsi 
('si)l,  a  staff  or  spear  entwined 
with  ivy  and  vine  leaves  and 
grapes  with  a  cone  at  the  top, 
carried  at  the  festivals  of  Bac- 
chus by  his  devotees. 

thy-self,  emphatic  for  thy. 

ti-a-ra  (tl-a'ra),  n.  the  triple 
crown  worn  by  the  Pope ;  a  lofty 
headdress  worn  by  the  ancient 
Persians ;  the  miter  of  the  Jew- 
ish high  priest ;  diadem. 

tib-i-a  (tib'i-a),  n.  the  inner  and 
larger  of  the  two  leg  bones ;  shin- 
bone. 

tib-i-al  ('i-al),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  tibia. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  modn, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tic 


847 


til 


tic  (tik),  n.  neuralgia.  Also  tic- 
douloureux. 

tick  (tik),  n.  a  name  for  various 
parasites  which  infest  dogs,  sheep, 
&c. ;  a  case  for  holding  feathers, 
&c.,  for  bedding ;  small  mark ; 
small,  quick,  distinct  sound  or 
beat ;  credit :  v.i.  to  make  a  small, 
quick,  distinct  sound ;  go  on 
credit :  v.t.  to  mark  off  by  a  tick. 

tick-et  ('et),  n.  a  label  or  card 
giving  its  possessor  some  specific 
right ;  label  specifying  price,  &c., 
of  goods ;  printed  list  of  candi- 
dates at  an  election  :  v.t.  to  dis- 
tinguish by,  or  as  by,  a  ticket. 

tick-ing  ('ing),  n.  cloth  used  for 
bed-ticks. 

tick-le  ('!),  v.t.  to  touch  lightly 
so  as  to  produce  a  thrilling  sen- 
sation, usually  accompanied  by 
laughter ;  gratify  and  amuse :  v.i. 
to  feel  titillation. 

tick-ler  I'ler).  n.  one  who,  or  that 
which,  tickles  ;  something  puzzling 
or  difficult. 

ticklish,  ('lish),  adj.  sensible  to 
slight  touches ;  easily  tickled ; 
critical ;  precarious ;  difficult ; 
delicate  to  handle  or  achieve. 

tick-seed  ('sed),  n.  a  common 
name  for  plants  of  the  genera 
Corispermum  and  Coreopsis. 

tidal  (tid'ul),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  tides ;  ebbing  and  flowing  like 
the  tides. 

tide  (tld),  n.  the  regular  rising 
and  falling  of  the  sea,  rivers,  &c. ; 
stream  ;  time ;  season ;  turning- 
point  ;  tendency ;  in  mining,  period 
of  twelve  hours :  v.t.  to  drive  with 
the  stream :  v.i.  to  work  in  or  out 
of  a  river  or  harbor  by  drifting 
with  the  tide. 

ti-di-ly  ('di-li),  adv.  in  a  tidy 
manner. 

ti-di-ness    Cdi-nes),  n.  neatness. 

ti-dings    ('dingz),  n.pl.  news. 

ti-dol-o-gy  (-dol'o-ji),  n.  the  sci- 
ence of  tides. 

ti-dy  ('di),  adj.  [comp.  tidier. 
sit  perl,  tidiest],  kept  or  dressed  in 
proper  and  habitual  neatness ; 
trim  ;  neat ;  orderly  :  n.  an  orna- 
mental cover  for  the  back  of  a 
chair,  &c. :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  tidied, 
p.pr.  tidying],  to  make  neat  or 
tidy  :  put  in  proper  order. 

tie    (ti),  n.  a  knot  or  fastening; 


bond  ;  obligation  ;  beam  or  rod  for 
holding  two  parts  together ;  equal- 
ity in  numbers;  knot  of  hair; 
curved  line  placed  over  or  under 
two  or  more  notes,  signifying 
they  are  to  be  slurred,  or  be 
sounded  as  one  [Music]  :  v.t.  to 
fasten  with,  or  as  with,  a  cord ; 
bind ;  restrict ;  unite,  as  notes 
[Music]  :  v.i.  to  make  an  equal 
score. 

Syn.     bind,     restrain,     restrict, 
oblige,   secure,    unite,   join,   band, 
ligament,  ligature. 
Ant.  (see  loose). 

tier  (ter),  n.  a  row  or  rank,  es- 
pecially one  of  two  or  more  rows 
placed  one  above  the  other. 

tierce  (ters),  n.  a  cask  of  42 
gallons  ;  sequence  of  three  cards ; 
thrust  in  fencing;  a  third 
[Music]. 

tier-eel  (ter'sel),  n.  a  male  hawk. 

tiff  (tif),  n.  a  fit  of  anger;  slight 
quarrel ;  small  draught  of  liquor : 
v.i.  to  be  in  a  fit. 

tif-fa-ny  ('a-ni),  n.  a  thin  gauze 
or  silk. 

tige  (tezh),  n.  the  shaft  of  a  co'.- 
umn  from  the  astragal  to  the 
capital. 

ti-ger  (ti'ger),  n.  a  large,  fierce, 
rapacious  quadruped  of  the  genus 
Felis ;  a  servant-boy  in  livery. 

ti-ger-flow-er  (-flou-er),  n.  a 
flower  of  the  Iris  order,  spotted 
yellow  and  orange. 

ti-ger-lil-y  (-lil-i),  n.  a  handsome 
lily  having  flowers  spotted  with 
orange. 

ti-ger-wood  (-wood),  n.  a  valua- 
ble wood  yielded  by  a  tree  of 
British  Guiana. 

tight  (tit),  adj.  not  loose;  close; 
tenacious ;  compactly  built ;  fit- 
ting close  to  the  body ;  not  leaky ; 
taut ;  snug ;  parsimonious  ;  ill-sup- 
plied or  stringent ;  drunk  :  n.pl. 
closely  fitting  underclothing  worn 
by  actors. 

tight-en  ('en),  v.t.  to  make  tight, 

ti-gress  (tl'gres),  n.  the  female  of 
the  tiger. 

ti-grine  ('grin),  adj.  tiger-like. 

ti-grish  ('grish),  adj.  resembling 
a  tiger ;  fierce. 

til-de  (til'de),  n.  a  mark  C^,) 
placed  over  n  in  Spanish  words 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


til 


848 


tin 


to  indicate  that  the  vowel  fol- 
lowing it  is  to  be  sounded  as  a  y. 

tile  (til),  n.  a  thin  slab  of  baked 
clay,  used  for  roofing,  &c. ;  hat ; 
door  of  a  Masonic  lodge :  v.t.  to 
cover  with  tiles;  guard  (the  door 
of  a  lodge). 

til-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  roofs 
houses  with  tiles ;  door-keeper  of 
a  Masonic  lodge.  Tyler. 

til-i-a-ceous  (-i-Fi'shus),  adj. 
allied  to,  or  like,  the  limetree. 

till  (til),  n.  a  money  drawer  in 
a  desk  or  counter ;  a  glacial  de- 
posit of  unlaminated  clay,  sand, 
and  gravel :  prep,  to  the  time  of : 
adv.  to  the  time  when :  conj.  to 
the  degree  that ;  until :  v.t.  to 
prepare  (land)  for  seed,  &c. ; 
cultivate. 

till-age  ('aj).  n.  land  prepared 
for  crops  ;  husbandry  :  agriculture. 

till-er  ('er),  n.  a  husbandman; 
handle  or  lever  for  turning  the 
rudder  of  a  vessel ;  a  sprout 
springing  from  a  root  or  stump. 

tilt  (tilt),  n.  a  tent;  the  cloth 
covering  of  a  cart  or  wagon ; 
cover  of  a  boat  or  stern  awning ; 
a  thrust ;  a  mediaeval  military 
exercise  or  pageant  in  which  the 
combatants  on  horseback  at- 
tacked each  other  with  lances ;  a 
tilt-hammer;  upheaval  of  strata 
to  a  higher  angle :  v.t.  to  cover 
with  an  awning ;  point  or  thrust 
with,  or  as  with,  a  lance ;  forge 
with  a  tilt-hammer ;  raise  on  end ; 
incline :  y.i.  to  run  or  ride  and 
thrust  with  a  lance. 

tilth  (tilth),  n.  cultivated  land; 
tillage  ground. 

tilt-ham-mer  (tilt'ham-gr),  n.  a 
heavy  hammer  used  in  iron 
foundries,  worked  by  steam  or 
hydraulic  power. 

tilt-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  process  by 
which  blister-steel  is  rendered  duc- 
tile ;  inclination  forward ;  act  of 
one  who,  or  that  which,  tilts. 

tim-ber  (tim'ber).  n.  the  body  or 
stem  of  a  tree ;  wood  suitable  for 
buildings,  carpentry,  shipbuilding, 
&c. ;  piece  of  wood  for  building  or 
already  framed ;  wooded  land :  v.t. 
to  furnish  or  construct  with  tim- 
ber. 

tim  b  re  ('her),  n.  tone  or  char- 
acter of  musical  sound. 


timbrel  ('brel).  n.  a  kind  of 
drum  or  tabret. 

time  ( tim ) ,  n.  measure  of  dura- 
tion, whether  past,  present,  or 
future ;  particular  period  of  du- 
ration ;  age  or  period  during  which 
anything  occurred  or  a  person 
lived ;  present  life  or  existence ; 
season  ;  era  ;  epoch  ;  proper  time  ; 
repetition  ;  leisure  ;  musical  meas- 
ure or  duration  of  sounds ;  tense ; 
hour  of  travail :  v.t.  to  adapt  to 
the  time  or  occasion  ;  do  at  the 
proper  season  ;  r.egulate  or  meas- 
ure :  v.i.  to  keep  or  beat  time. 

Syn.    duration,    season,    period, 
era.  age,  date,   span,  spell. 

time-bar-gain  (-bar'gen),  n.  an 
agreement  to  buy  or  sell  at  a  cer- 
tain time. 

time-ist.     Same  as  timist. 

time-li-ness  ('li-nes),  n.  season- 
ableness. 

time-ly  ('li),  ad),  [comp.  timelier, 
superl.  timeliest],  being  or  oc- 
curring in  time ;  opportune. 

timid  (tim'id),  adj.  wanting  in 
courage  ;  faint-hearted  ;  fearful. 

ti-mid-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  want  of  cour- 
age. 

tim-ist  (tlm'ist).  n.  one  who  keeps 
time  [Music]. 

tim-or-ous  (tim'er-us),  adj.  fear- 
ful of  danger ;  full  of  scruples. 

tim-o-thy  grass  ('o-thi  gras),  n. 
a  valuable  grass  used  for  fodder. 

tin  (tin),  n.  a  silyery-white,  soft, 
malleable,  and  fusible  metal ;  thin 
plates  of  iron  covered  with  tin ; 
a  cylindrical  vessel  of  tin  ;  money  : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  tinned,  p.pr.  tin- 
ning], to  cover  with  tin,  or  with 
tinned  iron ;  put  into  tins  for 
preservation. 

tiii-a-mou  ('a-moo),  n.  a  South 
American  bird,  resembling  the 
partridge. 

tin-cal  (ting'kal),  n.  crude  borax. 

tinc-tp-ri-al  (tingk-to'ri-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  relating  to,  or  im- 
parting, a  color. 

tinc-ture  ('tur),  n.  a  tinge  or 
shade  of  color ;  slight  taste  or 
quality ;  solution  of  any  medicine 
in  or  by  means  of  spirits  of  wine ; 
fine  or  more  volatile  parts  of  a 
substance:  v.t.  to  dye  or  color; 
tinge. 

tin-der    ('der),  n.  any  inflamma- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pdrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tin 


849 


tit 


ble  material  used  to  kindle  a  fire 
from  a  spark,  as  rotten  wood  or 
scorched  linen. 

tine  (tin),  n.  a  tooth  or  spike. 

tin-foil  (tin'foil),  n.  tin  beaten 
into  thin  leaf. 

ting  (ting),  n.  a  sharp,  bell-like 
sound ;  that  part  of  a  Chinese 
temple  which  contains  the  idol. 

tinge  (tinj),  v.t.  to  stain  or  color; 
impregnate  with  something 
foreign ;  dye :  n.  a  slight  degree  of 
some  color,  taste,  or  quality  im- 
parted to  a  substance  ;  tint. 

tin-gle  (ting'gl),  v.i.  to  feel  a 
thrilling  sensation,  or  pain :  v.t. 
to  ring ;  cause  to  tingle :  n.  a 
thrilling  sensation  or  pain. 

tink-er  (tink'er),  n.  a  member  of 
metal  pots,  kettles,  &c. :  v.t.  to 
patch  up :  v.i.  meddle  in  an 
officious  manner. 

tin-kle  ('kl),  n.  a  small,  quick, 
sharp,  ringing  sound :  v.i.  to  make 
such  a  sound :  v.t.  to  cause  to 
give  out  a  tinkle. 

tinned  ( tind ) ,  adj.  covered  with 
tin  ;  packed  or  put  up  in  tins. 

tin-plate  ('plat),  n.  iron-plate 
coated  with  tin. 

tin-sel  ('sel),  n.  a  kind  of  cloth 
overlaid  or  interwoven  with 
gold  and  silver ;  thin  glittering 
metallic  plate ;  anything  showy 
but  of  little  value;  something  su- 
perficial and  gaudy  :  adj.  showy  to 
excess ;  superficial ;  outwardly 
fine  but  really  worthless :  v.t.  to 
decorate  with,  or  as  with,  tinsel ; 
make  outwardly  gaudy,  while 
valueless  in  reality. 

tint  (tint),  n.  a  slight  coloring 
distinct  from  the  principal  color; 
hue  or  shade  :  v.t.  to  give  a  slight 
coloring  to. 

tin-tin-nab-u-la-tion  ( tin-ti-nab- 
u-lfi'shun),  n.  a  tinkling  sound,  as 
of  bells. 

tin-to  ('to),  n.  a  red  Madeira 
wine. 

tin-tom-e-ter  (-tom'e-ter) ,  n.  an 
apparatus  for  estimating  shades 
of  color  by  comparison  with 
standard  shades  or  tints. 

tin-type,  same  as  ferrotype. 

ti-ny  (ti'ni),  adj.  [comp.  tinier, 
superl.  tiniest] ,  very  small ;  puny. 

tip  (tip),  n.  a  point  or  top  of 
anything  small ;  end ;  ferrule  or 


nozzle ;  anther ;  gentle  stroke ; 
small  present ;  private  hint,  es- 
pecially in  betting  ;  tilt :  v.t,  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  tipped,  p.pr.  tipping],  to 
form  a  point  to  ;  cover  the  end  of ; 
strike  lightly ;  give  private  hint 
to ;  give  a  small  present  to ;  tilt 
up. 

iS'?/n.  lean,  dip,  tilt,  careen,   in- 
cline. 

tip-cat  ('kat),  n.  a  game  played 
with  a  small  piece  of  wood  pointed 
at  both  ends. 

tip-per    ('er),  n.  a  kind  of  ale. 

tip-pet  ('et),  n.  a  narrow  cape,  or 
covering  of  cloth  or  fur  for  the 
neck  or  shoulders. 

tip-ping  ('ing),  n.  the  peculiar 
articulation  given  to  the  flute  by 
the  player's  tongue  striking  the 
roof  of  the  mouth. 

tip-pie  ('!),  v.i.  to  drink  spirits 
or  strong  liquors  habitually ; 
drink  frequently  in  small  quan- 
tities :  n.  liquor. 

tip-si-ly  ('si-li),  adv.  in  a  tipsy 
manner. 

tip-si-ness  ('si-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  tipsy. 

tip-staff  ('staf),  n.  a  constable. 

tip-ster  ('ster).  n.  one  who  sup- 
plies private  information  about 
racehorses,  &c. 

tip-sy    ('si),  adj.  intoxicated. 

tip-sy-cake  (-kak),  n.  sponge 
cake  soaked  in  wine  and  stuck 
over  with  almonds. 

tip-toe  ('to),  n.  the  end  of  a  toe: 
a<ln.  on  tiptoe ;  stealthily :  v.i.  to 
walk  or  stand  on  tiptoe ;  be  on 
the  strain,  or  alert. 

tip:top  ('top),  n.  the  highest 
point  or  degree ;  best  of  any- 
thing :  adj.  most  excellent. 

ti-rade  (ti-rad'),  n.  a  long,  violent, 
declamatory  speech  ;  strain  of  cen- 
sure or  reproof;  filling  of  an  in- 
terval by  the  intermediate  dia- 
tonic notes. 

tire  (tir),  n.  a  band  or  hoop  of 
iron  or  rubber  binding  the  felloes 
of  wheels :  v.t.  to  exhaust  the 
strength  of  by  labor;  weary  or 
fatigue ;  exhaust  the  patience  of : 
v.i.  to  become  weary  or  fatigued. 
8yn.  exhaust,  harass,  weary, 
fag. 

Ant.   (see  refresh). 

tire-some      ('sum),     adj.     weari- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl:  he.  her,  lot:  lino,  tin;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  1 7<en. 


tir 


850 


toa 


some  ;  tedious  ;  fatiguing ;  annoy- 
ing. 

tire-some-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  tire- 
some manner. 

tire-some-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  tiresome. 

tir-wit    (ter'wit),  n.  the  lapwing. 

Tis-ri  (tiz'ri),  n.  the  seventh 
month  of  the  ecclesiastical,  and 
first  month  of  the  Jewish  civil 
year,  corresponding  to  part  of  Sep- 
tember and  October.  Also  Tishri. 

tis-sue  (tish'66),  n.  a  woven  fab- 
ric, especially  thin,  transparent 
silk  used  for  veiling,  formerly  in- 
terwoven with  gold  or  silver 
threads ;  any  thin  or  delicate  tex- 
ture or  fabric :  thin  'cellular  or- 
ganization of  parts,  consisting  of 
forms  closely  compacted  and  per- 
forming special  functions ;  con- 
nected series :  v.t .  to  form  tis- 
sue of ;  interweave. 

tis  sued   ('God),  adj.  variegated. 

tis-sue-pa  per  (-pa-per),  n.  very 
thin,  gauze-like  paper. 

tit  (tit),  n.  morsel  or  bit;  small 
horse;  titmouse;  name  for  vari- 
ous species  of  small  singing 
birds. 

ti-tan-ic  (ti-tan'ik).  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  characteristic  of,  or  like 
the  Titans,  the  fabled  giants  of 
classic  mythology  :  hence,  huge ; 
of  enormous  strength. 

ti-ta-ni-um  (-ta'ni-um),  n.  a  rare, 
and  extremely  hard  metal,  allied 
to  tin :  found  in  combination. 

tit-bit    ('bit),  n.  a  choice  morsel. 

tit-for-tat  (-tat),  nt  exact 
equivalent  or  fair  retaliation. 

tithe  (tlth),  n.  the  tenth  part  of 
anything,  especially  the  tenth  part 
of  the  annual  increase  of  the 
profit  arising  from  land,  stock, 
&c.,  allotted  to  the  support  of  the 
clergy ;  small  part :  v.t.  to  tax 
or  levy  a  tithe  of. 
tith-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  taking  or 

levying  of  tithes. 

tit-il-late   (tit'i-lnt),  v.t  to  tickle. 
tit-il-la-tion      C-lii'shun).     n.     a 
tickling    or    itching    sensation    or 
state  of  feeling. 

tit-i-vate  Ci-vat),  v.t.  to  make 
smart  or  adorn. 

tit-lark  ('lark),  n.  any  small  sing- 
ing bird  of  the  genus  Anthus. 
ti-tle     (ti'tl1),     n.    an    inscription 


over  or  at  the  beginning  of  some- 
thing   serving    to    designate     it ; 
name ;      appellation     of     dignity, 
rank,  distinction,  or  preeminence ; 
claim  of  right ;  presentation  to  a 
curacy  as  a  condition  of  ordina- 
tion :   v.t.   to  entitle. 
ti-tle-deed    (-ded),  n.  the  instru- 
ment or  written  evidence  of  right 
of  ownership   of   property. 
tit-mouse    (tit'mous),  n.   [pi.  tit- 
mice    ('mis)],    a    small,    active, 
perching  bird.  Also  tit. 
tit-rate    (tit'rat),  v.t.  to  estimate 
or   determine   the  strength   of  by 
volumetric    analysis. 
ti-tra-tion    (ti-tra'shun),  n.  volu- 
metric  analysis. 

tit-ter   (tit'er),  v.i.  to  laugh  with 
restraint ;    giggle ;    see-saw :    n.    a 
restrained   laugh. 
tit-tie  (tit'l),  n.  a  small  particle; 

iota. 
tit-tle-tat-tle     (-tat'l),    n.    idle, 

trifling  talk. 

tit-u-lar  (Ti-lar),  adj.  existing  in 
name  or  title  only ;  nominal :  n. 
one  who  is  invested  with  a  title  to 
an  office,  but  does  not  possess  the 
power  and  authority  appertain- 
ing to  it. 

to    (too),   prep,  noting  motion   to- 
wards ;  _in   accordance   with. 
toad    (tod),  n.  a  batrachian   rep- 
tile,   resembling   the   frog,   of   the 
genus  Bufo. 

toad-eat-er  ('et-er),  n.  a  syco- 
phant. 

toad-fish   ('fish),  n.  a  fish  with  a 
large    head    and    wide   mouth,    of 
the  genus  Batrachus. 
toad-stone     ('ston),    n.    a    local 
name   for   a    kind   of   basaltic   or 
igneous  rock ;  bufonite. 
toad-stool   ('stool),  n.  a  name  of 
numerous  species  of  fungi  of  the 
genus  Agaricus. 

toad-y  ('i).  n.  a  sycophant:  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  toadied,  p.pr.  toady- 
ing], to  fawn  upon  as  a  syco- 
phant :  v.i.  to  play  the  sycophant. 
toad-y-ism  (-izm),  n.  sycophancy. 
toast  (tost),  n.  bread  scorched 
or  browned  before  the  fire ;  one 
who  is  named  when  a  health  is 
drunk :  v.t.  to  brown  or  heat  at 
the  fire ;  show  honor  to  in  drink- 
ing ;  name  when  a  health  is 
drunk. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pCrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mfite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tob 


851 


tol 


to-bac-co  (to-bak'5),  n.  an  Ameri- 
can plant  of  the  genus  Nico- 
tiana,  the  dried  leaves  of  which 
are  used  for  smoking,  chewing,  or 
as  snuff. 

tp-bac-co-nist  (-nist),  n.  a  dealer 
in  tobacco,  cigars,  &c. 

to  bine  ('bin),  n.  a  stout,  twilled, 
dress  silk. 

to-bog-gan.  (-bog'an),  n.  a  kind 
of  sledge  in  which  one  or  more 
persons  sit  for  sliding  dowrn  snow- 
covered  hills  or  inclines :  v.i.  to 
slide  downhill  by  means  of  a  to- 
boggan. 

toe-sin  (tok'sin),  n.  an  alarm-bell. 

tod-die  (tod'l),  v.i.  to  walk  with 
short,  tottering  steps  like  a  child : 
n.  a  toddling  walk. 

tod-dler  ('ler),  n.  one  who  tod- 
dles ;  a  young  child. 

tod-dy  ('i),  n.  a  sweet  juice  ob- 
tained from  certain  palms ;  mix- 
ture of  spirit  and  water  sweet- 
ened. 

to-dy  (to'di),  n.  a  small  "West 
Indian  bird. 

toe  (to),  n,  one  of  the  terminal 
members  of  the  foot  of  a  man  or 
animal ;  forepart  of  a  horse's 
hoof ;  a  projection  :  v.t.  to  touch, 
reach,  or  strike  with  the  toe  or 
toes. 

tof-fy  (tof'i),  n.  a  sweetmeat; 
taffy. 

to-ga  (t<VgA).  n.  I  pi.  togas  (gaz), 
togs?  ('je)],  the  loose  outer  gar- 
ment worn  by  the  ancient  Ro- 
mans. 

to-ga  vir-il-is  (vir'il-is) .  n.  the 
toga  assumed  by  Roman  youths  at 
the  age  of  fourteen. 

to-geth-er  (too-ge^'er),  adv.  in 
company  or  association ;  mutual- 
ly ;  in  union  or  concert ;  uninter- 
ruptedly. 

tog-ger-y  (tog'er-i),  n.  clothes; 
articles. 

tog-gle  ('!),  n.  a  small  wooden 
pin  tapering  towards  both  ends 
and  grooved  round  its  center; 
button  or  frog. 

tog-gle-joint  (-joint),  n.  an 
elbow  or  knee  joint. 

toil  (toil),  n.  labor  oppressive  to 
mind  or  body  ;  fatiguing  exertion  ; 
snare ;  net :  v.i.  to  labor  or  work 
with  pain  or  fatigue. 

toi-let     ('let),    n.    a    covering    of 


linen,  silk.  &c.,  spread  over  a  bed- 
room or  dressing-room  table ; 
dressing-table ;  style  or  manner  of 
dressing;  attire. 

toi-li-nette  (-li-nef),  n.  a  cloth 
the  weft  of  which  is  of  woolen 
yarn  and  the  warp  of  cotton  and 
silk. 

toil-some  ('sum),  adj.  laborious; 
wearisome. 

toil-some-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a  toil- 
some manner. 

tpil-some-ness  (-nes),  n.  labor- 
iousness. 

To-kay  (to-ka'),  n.  a  rich  Hun- 
garian wine. 

to-ken  ('kn),  n.  a  mark  or  sign; 
memorial  of  affection,  &c. ;  symbol 
of  good  faith  or  authenticity ; 
piece  of  metal  not  coined  by  au- 
thority, but  current  by  suffer- 
ance. 

to-la  ('la),  n.  in  British  India, 
I  a  weight  for  gold  and  silver  = 
\  ISO  grains  troy. 

told,  p.t.  and  p.p.  of  tell. 

To-le-do    (-le'do),   n.   a   sword  or 

sword-blade  of  the   finest  temper, 

!    made  originally  at  Toledo,  Spain. 

tol-er-a-ble  (tol'er-a-bl).  adj.  en- 
durable ;  supportable ;  fairly  good. 

tol-er-a-ble-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  tolera- 
ble. 

tol-er-a-bly   (-bli),  adv.  passably. 

tol-er-ance  ('er-ans),  n.  endur- 
ance ;  toleration. 

tol-er-ant  ('er-ant),  adj.  dis- 
posed to,  or  favoring,  toleration. 

tol-er-ate  ('er-at),  v.t.  to  endure; 
permit ;  allow  so  as  not  to  hinder 
or  prohibit. 

N //«..   allow,   admit,   receive,   let, 
Buffer,   permit,   endure,   abide. 
Ant.    (see  oppose). 

tol-er-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  tolerating ;  allowance  of  that 
which  is  not  wholly  approved ; 
recognition  of  the  right  of  private 
judgment  in  religious  opinions 
and  modes  of  worship  differing 
from  those  of  the  established 
Church  ;  freedom  from  bigotry. 

toll  (tol),  n.  the  sound  of  a  bell 
slowly  repeated  at  short  inter- 
vals ;  a  duty  or  tax  on  travelers 
or  goods  passing  along  a  public 
road  or  bridge ;  tax  or  duty  paid 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  lot ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tol 


852 


too 


for  some  privilege :  v.i.  to  sound 
or  ring  slowly,  as  a  bell ;  annul. 

to-lu  (to'lu),  n.  a  balsam  produced 
by  a  South  American  tree  (My- 
roxylon  toluifcra). 

tom-a-hawk  (tom'a-hawk) ,  n.  a 
hatchet  used  by  the  North  Ameri- 
can Indians  in  war  and  the  chase  : 
v.t.  to  strike,  or  kill  with  a  toma- 
hawk. 

to-man  (to'miin),  n.  a  gold  coin 
current  in  Persia,  value  about 
$1.76. 

to-ma-to  (to-ma'  or  to-ma'to),  n. 
[pi.  tomatoes  ('toz)l,  a  plant  and 
its  well-known  fleshy  fruit.  Also 
love-apple. 

tomb  (toom),  n.  a  grave,  or 
vault ;  monument  erected  to  en- 
close and  preserve  the  memory  of 
the  dead :  v.t.  to  entomb. 

tom-bac  (tom'bak),  n.  an  alloy 
of  copper  and  zinc. 

torn-boy  ('boi),  n.  a  wild,  romp- 
ing girl. 

tom-cat  ('kat),  n.  a  full-grown 
male  cat. 

torn-cod  ('kod),  n.  a  small  edible 
fish  of  the  cod  kind. 

tome  (torn),  n.  a  large  book. 

to  men  tose  (to-men'tos),  adj. 
covered  so  closely  with  hairs  as 
to  be  scarcely  discernible ;  nappy. 
Also  tomentous. 

to -m  en-turn  ('turn),  n.  the 
closely  matted  down  on  the  leaves 
or  stems  of  certain  plants. 

torn-fool  ('fool),  n.  a  great  fool; 
silly  trifler. 

tom-fool-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  non- 
sense ;  absurd  trifles  or  ornaments. 

to-min  (to'min),  n.  a  jeweler's 
weight  of  12  grains. 

tom-pi-on  (tom'pi-on),  n.  the 
stopper  or  plug  of  a  cannon ;  the 
iron  button  to  which  a  charge  of 
grape  shot  is  affixed.  Also  tam- 
pion. 

torn-tit   ('tit),  n.  the  titmouse. 

tom-tom  ('torn),  n.  a  drum  flat 
at  one  end  and  convex  at  the 
other:  used  in  Africa  and  the 
East  Indies.  Also  tam-tam. 

ton  (tun),  n.  20  hundredweight; 
40  cubic  feet  in  ship  measure- 
ment;  prevailing  fashion  (tong). 

to-nal-i-ty  (to-nal'i-ti),  n.  key 
relationship ;  accuracy  of  pitch. 


tone  (ton),  n.  sound,  or  character 
of  sound  :  note  ;  accent ;  quality  of 
the  voice ;  prevailing  style  or 
character;  state  of  the  body  with 
reference  to  the  healthy  perform- 
ance of  its  animal  functions ; 
harmony  of  the  colors  of  a  paint- 
ing ;  interval  of  sound ;  chant 
[Music]  :  v.t.  to  bring  to  a  re- 
quired shade  of  color ;  mitigate. 

tongs  (tongs),  n.pl.  a  metal  in- 
strument with  two  jointed  limbs 
for  grasping  anything. 

tongue  (tung),  n.  the  chief  in- 
strument of  speech,  and  the  organ 
of  taste ;  power  of  speech ;  man- 
ner of  speaking  ;  dialect ;  idiom  ; 
discourse  ;  mere  words  ;  fluency  ; 
clapper  of  a  bell ;  anything  re- 
sembling a  tongue  ;  promontory  : 
v.t.  to  modulate  or  modify  with 
the  tongue ;  scold :  v.i.  talk ; 
prate. 

ton-ic  (ton'ik),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  based  on,  the  key-note :  in- 
creasing tension  ;  strengthening : 
n.  a  strengthening  medicine. 

to-nite  (to'nit),  n.  a  powerful  ex- 
plosive. 

Ton-ka  bean  (tong'kS  ben),  n. 
the  aromatic  kernels  of  the  fruit 
of  a  shrubby  plant  of  Guiana, 
used  for  scenting  snuff,  &c.  Also 
Tonkuin  bean. 

ton-nage  (tun'aj),  n.  the  weight 
of  goods  carried  in  a  boat  or  ship  ; 
carrying  capacity  of  a  vessel ; 
duty  or  toll  on  vessels  ;  collective 
shipping  of  any  port  or  country. 

ton-sils  (ton'silz),  n.pl.  two  al- 
mond-shaped glands  situated  at 
the  two  sides  of  the  fauces  of  the 
throat. 

ton-sil-i-tis  (-sil-i'tis),  n.  inflam- 
mation of  the  tonsils. 

ton-sp-ri-al  (ton-so'ri-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  shaving  or  to  a  bar- 
ber. 

ton-sure  ('shur),  n.  the  •  act  of 
clipping  the  hair  or  of  shaving 
the  crown  of  the  head ;  the 
corona  thus  worn  by  Roman 
Catholic  clerics :  v.i.  to  give  the 
tonsure  to. 

ton-tine  (-ten'),  n.  loan  raised  on 
life  annuities  with  benefit  ac- 
cruing to  the  last  survivor. 

too       (too),      adv.      more      than 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


too 


853 


tor 


enough  ;     likewise ;     in    addition ; 
over  and  above ;   also. 

took,  p.t.  of  take. 

tool  (tool),  n.  an  instrument  of 
manual  operation ;  one  who  acts 
as  the  instrument  of  another:  r.t. 
to  shape  with  a  tool ;  drive,  as  a 
coach. 

Syn.    utensil,    weapon,    imple- 
ment, instrument. 

tool-ing  ('ing),  n.  workmanship 
performed  with  a  tool. 

toon  (toon),  n.  the  valuable  dark 
wood  of  a  large  cedar  tree  of  the 
East  Indies  and  Australia. 

toot  (toot),  v.t.  to  sound,  as  a 
horn  or  flute  :  n.  a  blast  on  a  horn. 

tooth  (tooth),  n.  [p!.  teeth 
(teth)  ],  one  of  the  hard  bony  proc- 
esses growing  in  the  jaws  used 
for  biting  and  chewing :  any  pro- 
jection resembling  a  tooth  ;  palate 
or  taste :  v.t.  to  indent  or  form 
into  teeth. 

tooth-some  ('sum),  adj.  palata- 
ble. 

tooth -some-ly  (-li),  adv.  palata- 
bly. 

toothsome-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
quality  of  being  toothsome. 

tooth-wort  Cwert),  n.  a  plant  of 
various  genera  having  indented 
leaves. 

top  (top),  n.  the  highest  part; 
summit ;  upper  side  or  surface ; 
highest  person,  place,  or  rank ; 
crown  of  the  head ;  small  plat- 
form at  the  head  of  the  lower 
mast ;  a  child's  toy :  v.t.  [p.t:  & 
p.p.  topped,  p.pr.  topping],  to 
cover  or  place  on  the  top ;  rise  to 
the  top  of ;  excel ;  cut  off  the  top 
of. 

Syn.      summit,      apex,      head, 
crown,  surface. 

Ant.  (see  bottom). 

to-pau  (to'paw),  n.  the  rhinoce- 
ros-bird. 

topaz  ('pasO.  n.  a  crystallized 
mineral  of  various  colors  used  as 
a  gem. 

to-paz-o-lite  ('o-lit),  n.  a  variety 
of  garnet. 

top-boots  (top'bootz).  n.pl.  high 
boots  with  light  colored  tops,  used 
for  riding,  &c. 

tope  (top),  n.  a  mound-shaped 
Buddhist  monument  containing 
relics;  grove  of  trees  [Hindu]. 


to-pee  (to-pe'),  n.  a  cork  or  pith 
helmet.  Also  topi. 

to-per    ('per),   n.   a   drunkard. 

top-gal-lant  (top'gal-ant),  adj. 
situated  above  the  topmast :  n.  a 
topgallant  mast  or  sail. 

top-ham-per  ('ham-per),  n.  a 
ship's  rigging,  spars,  &c. 

To-phet  (td'fet),  M.  a  place 
situated  southeast  of  Jerusalem, 
in  the  Valley  of  Hinnom,  where 
fire  was  burnt  in  honor  of  Moloch  : 
subsequently  made  a  burial  place : 
hence  hell. 

top-ic  (top'ik),  n.  a  subject  of 
discourse,  conversation,  or  argu- 
ment ;  theme. 

Syn.    theme,    subject,    question, 
issue,  matter. 

top-ic-al  (-al),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  consisting  of,  a  topic  or  top- 
ics ;  relating  to  a  place ;  local. 

top-ic-al-ly  (-i),  adv.  in  a  topical 
manner ;  locally. 

top-mast  ('mast),  n.  the  second 
mast  from  the  deck  of  a  ship. 

to-pog-ra-pher  (to-pog'ra-fer).  n. 
one  who  describes  particular 
places  in  writing. 

top-o-graph-ic  ( top-o-graf 'ik ) , 
adj.  descriptive  of  a  particular 
place.  Topographical. 

tpp-o-graph-ic-al-ly  (-al-li),  adv. 
in  a  topographic  manner. 

to-pog-ra-phy  (to-pog'ra-fi),  n. 
the  scientific  description  of  a 
particular  place,  &c. ;  the  features 
of  a  region  or  locality. 

top-ping  (top'ing),  adj.  rising 
above  ;  surpassing :  n.  the  act  of 
cutting  off  the  top. 

top-pie  ('!).  v.t.  to  overturn:  v.t. 
to  fall  forward;  tumble  down. 

top-sail  ('sal),  n.  the  sail  second 
from  the  deck. 

top-sy-tnr-vy  Csi-ter-vi) ,  adv.  in 
an  inverted  position ;  in  con- 
fusion :  adj.  disordered  ;  chaotic. 

toqne   (tok),  n.  a  kind  of  bonnet. 

tor  (tor),  n.  high  pointed  bill; 
jutting  rock. 

To-rah  (to'rsi).  n.  the  Mosaic 
law  ;  Pentateuch.  Also  Thorah. 

torch  (torch1),  n.  a  large  light 
formed  of  resinous  wood,  flax, 
<s-c.,  soaked  in  some  inflammable 
substance,  and  carried  in  the 
hand  :  any  Ucht  used  in  the  man- 
ner of  a  torch  ;  flambeau. 

tore,  p.t.  of  tear. 


late,  mar,  mflsk,  cat,  awl  :  he.  her,  lot :  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tor 


854 


tot 


tor-e-a-dor  (tor-e-a-dor') ,  n.  a  bull 
fighter. 

to-reu-tic  (to-roo'tik) ,  adj.  per- 
taining to  carved  or  sculptured 
work,  especially  to  metallic  work 
in  basso-relievo. 

tor-meiit  (tor'ment),  n.  extreme 
pain;  torture;  anguish:  r.t.  (tor- 
ment') to  put  to  extreme  pain, 
physical  or  mental ;  torture ; 
harass. 

tor-m en-til  ('men-til),  n.  an  as- 
tringent root. 

torn    (torn),  p.t.  of  tear. 

tor-na-do  (tor-na'do),  n.  [pi. 
tornadoes  ('doz)J,  a  violent  tem- 
pest or  whirlwind. 

to-rose  (to'ros),  adj.  swelling  in 
knobs ;  uneven. 

tor-pe-do  (tor-pe'do),  n.  [pi.  tor- 
pedoes ('doz)],  a  submarine  ap- 
paratus for  destroying  ships  by 
explosion  ;  kind  of  firework :  the 
cramp-fish :  v.t.  to  destroy  by  a 
torpedo. 

tor-pes-cent  (-pes'ent),  adj.  be- 
coming torpid. 

tor-pid  ('pid),  adj.  numb;  in- 
active. 

tpr-pid-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  inactivity; 
insensibility. 

tor-pi-fy  ('pi-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
torpified,  p.pr.  torpifying],  to 
make  torpid  ;  benumb. 

tor-por  ('per),  n.  numbness;  in- 
activity. 

torque  (t6rk),  n.  a  twisted  collar 
or  necklace  worn  by  certain  an- 
cient barbaric  nations. 

tor-re-fy  (tor're-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  torrefied,  p.pr.  torrefying], 
to  dry  by  fire;  roast  (ores). 

tor-rent  Cent),  n.  a  vio'ent  and 
rapid  stream ;  heavy  fall,  as  of 
rain ;  strong  current,  rising  sud- 
denly and  rushing  rapidly  along. 

tor-rid  ('id),  adj.  dried  with  heat; 
extremely  hot ;  burning ;  parch- 
ing. 

•Sfj/n.    burning,     hot,     parching, 
scorching,  sultry. 

tor-sion  (tor'shun),  n.  the  act  of 
turning  or  twisting ;  the  wrench- 
ing or  twisting  of  a  body  by 
lateral  force. 

tor-so  ('so),  n.  [pi.  torsos,  torsi 
('soz.  'sf-)],  the  trunk  of  a  statue, 
especially  one  having  the  head 
or  limbs  mutilated. 


tort  (tOrt),  n.  in  law,  any  wrong, 
injury,  or  damage. 

tor-tile  (tor'til),  adj.  bent; 
twisted ;  wreathed. 

tor-til-la  (-tel'ya),  n.  a  thin  un- 
leavened cake  of  maize  baked  on 
a  heated  iron  plate. 

tor-toise  (tor'tis),  n.  a  reptile  of 
the  family  Testudinidse  with  a 
very  hard  shell  or  test ;  a  testudo. 

tor-tu-ons  Ctti-us),  adj.  crooked; 
twisted  ;  wreathed  ;  underhand  ; 
indirect ;  deceitful. 

Syn.  twisted,  winding,  crooked, 
indirect. 

tor-tnre  Ctiir).  n.  agony  of  mind 
or  body ;  excruciating  pain ; 
pain  inflicted  as  a  punishment  or 
as  a  means  of  extorting  a  confes- 
sion :  v.t.  to  punish  with,  or  as 
with,  torture ;  put  to  the  rack ; 
excruciate ;  vex ;  wrest  from  the 
true  meaning. 

Syn.    torment,    anguish,   agony. 

to-ms  (to'rus),  n.  a  large  semi- 
circular molding  in  the  base  of 
a  column  ;  that  part  of  a  flower 
on  which  the  carpels  are  seated. 

To-ry  (td'ri).  -n.  [pi.  Tories 
(/riz)],  in  English  politics,  a 
Conservative :  adj.  pertaining  to 
Conservatives. 

To-ry-ism  (-izm),  n.  the  princi- 
ples of  the  Tories  or  Conserva- 
tives. 

toss  (tos),  v.t.  to  throw  with  the 
hand  ;  throw  upward  ;  jerk  ;  put 
into  violent  motion ;  cause  to  rise 
and  fall :  v.i.  to  roll  or  tumble ; 
be  tossed :  n.  a  throwing  upward 
or  with  a  jerk. 

toss-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
throwing  upward ;  a  rolling  or 
tumbling. 

tot  (tot),  n.  anything  small  or 
insignificant ;  a  term  of  endear- 
ment ;  pi.  a  series  of  figures  in 
column  form  to  be  added  up  as 
an  exercise  in  rapid  calculation : 
v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  totted,  p.pr.  tot- 
ting], to  add;  count  up. 

to-tal  (t5'tal),  ad/,  whole;  com- 
plete ;  full ;  not  divided :  n.  the 
whole  sum  or  amount ;  complete- 
ness. 

to-tal-i-ty  (-tal'i-ti),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  total ;  entire 
quantity,  amount,  or  sum. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pCrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tot 


855 


tow 


to-tal-ly  ('tal-i),  adv.  entirely; 
fully. 

tote  (tot),  v.t.  to  carry. 

to-tem  (to'tem),  n.  an  animal 
used  as  the  symbol  or  name  of 
a  tribe  or  clan. 

tot-ter  (tot'er).  v.i.  to  shake  as 
if  about  to  fall ;  be  unsteady ; 
stagger;  reel. 

tpt-ter-y  ('er-i),  adj.  shaking  as 
if  about  to  fall ;  unsteady. 

tot-tlish   ('lish),  adj.  unsteady. 

tou-can  (tpo-kan').  n.  a  fruit- 
eating  tropical  bird  with  a  long 
curved  beak. 

touch,  (tuch),  v.t.  to  come  in  con- 
tact with ;  perceive  by  feeling ; 
handle  slightly  ;  play  ;  reach  ;  at- 
tain to ;  meddle  with ;  treat  of 
in  a  superficial  manner;  add  a 
light  stroke  to ;  affect  the  senses 
or  sensibility  of ;  injure  or  hurt : 
v.i.  to  be  in  contact;  call  in  at 
a  port :  n.  the  act  of  touching ; 
state  of  being  touched  ;  contact ; 
sense  of  feeling ;  action  of  the 
hand  on  a  musical  instrument ; 
tried  qualities :  emotion  or  affec- 
tion ;  single  stroke  on  a  paint- 
in  jr,  &c. 

touch-i-ly    ('i-li),    adv.   peevishly. 

touch-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  irri- 
tabilitv. 

touch-ing  ('ing),  adj.  pathetic:  n. 

the  act  of  coming  in  contact  with  : 

prep,  with  respect  to ;  concerning. 

N//H.   tender,   affecting,   moving, 

pathetic. 

touch-stone  ('ston),  n.  Lydian 
stone  or  basanite,  used  for  testing 
the  purity  of  gold  and  silver: 
hence  a  criterion. 

touch-wood  ('wood),  n.  dried 
fungus  or  decayed  wood  which 
easily  ignites  and  burns  slowly. 

touch-y  ( 'i) ,  adj.  irritable ;  peevish. 

tough  (tuf),  adj.  flexible  without 
being  brittle ;  not  easily  broken 
or  fractured  ;  able  to  endure  hard- 
ship ;  strong ;  firm ;  tenacious ; 
viscous;  difficult;  not  easy  to 
masticate  :  n.  a  rough. 

tough-en  ('n).  v.i.  to  grow  or  be- 
come tough :  v.t.  to  make  tough. 

tough -ish  ('ish),  adj.  somewhat 
tough. 

tou-pee  (too-pe'),  n.  a  small  vig, 
or  curl. 

tour    (toor),  n.  a  circuitous  jour- 


ney ;  excursion  ;  trip  :  v.i.  to  make 
a  tour:  v.t.  to  make  a  tour  or  cir- 
cuit of :  as,  to  tour  the  country. 

tour-bil-lion  (-bil'yun).  n.  an  oi> 
namental  rotating  firework. 

tour-ist   ('ist),  n.  excursionist. 

tour-ma-line  ('ma-lin),  n.  a 
transparent  aluminous  mineral  of 
various  colors,  some  varieties  of 
which  are  used  as  gems. 

tonr-na-ment  ('na-ment),  n.  a 
mock  fight  by  knights  on  horse- 
back ;  contest  of  skill.  Also  tour- 
ney. 

tour-ni-quet  ('ni-ket).  n.  a  sur- 
gical instrument  for  compressing 
an  artery  and  arresting  hemor- 
rhage. 

tou-sle  or  tou-zle  (tou'zl),  v.t. 
to  pull  or  tear ;  worry ;  put  in 
disorder. 

tout  (tout),  v.i.  to  look  out  for 
customers :  n.  one  who  secretly 
watches  racehorses  in  training,  in 
order  to  give  private  information 
to  his  clients  to  guide  them  in  bet- 
ting ;  a  touter. 

tout-en-sem-ble  (too-tang-sam'- 
bl),  n.  the  general  effect  of  a 
work  of  art,  costume,  &c.,  re- 
garded as  a  whole. 

tout-er  (tout'er),  n.  one  who 
hangs  about  to  secure  the  cus- 
tom of  tourists  for  a  particular 
hotel,  &c. 

tow  (to),  n.  the  coarse  part  of 
flax  or  hemp :  v.t.  to  drag,  as  a 
vfssel,  through  the  water  by 
means  of  a  rope. 

tow-age  ('aj).  n.  the  act  of  tow- 
ing; price  paid  for  towing. 

to-ward  (to'erd),  prep,  in  the  di- 
rection of ;  with  a  tendency  to ; 
with  respect  to :  ado.  near ;  at 
hand.  Also  towards. 

tow-el  (tou'el).  n.  a  cloth  for 
wiping  the  hands,  &c.,  after  wash- 
ing. 

tow-el-ing  (-ing),  n.  cloth  for 
towels. 

tow-er  (tou'er),  n.  a  lofty  build- 
ing, square  or  circular,  usually 
flat  on  the  top ;  fortress ;  high 
headdress  worn  by  women  in  the 
17th  century :  v.i.  to  rise  to  a 
great  height ;  soar. 

tow-er-ing  ('er-ing),  adj.  very 
high  ;  soaring  ;  violent ;  outrage- 
ous. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  lino,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tow 


856 


tra 


town  (toun),  n.  any  collection  of 
houses  larger  than  a  village,  es- 
pecially one  having  a  market,  and 
not  being  a  city ;  the  inhabitants 
of  a  town  ;  township. 

town-ship  ('ship),  n.  the  district 
or  territory  into  which  many  of 
the  States  are  divided  and  sub- 
ordinate to  the  county. 

tox-e-mi-a,  tox-se-mi-a  (toks-e'- 
ini-u),  n.  blood  poisoning. 

tox-ic   ('ik),  adj.  poisonous. 

tox-i-col-o-gist  (-i-kol'o-jist),  n. 
one  skilled  in  toxicology. 

tox-i-col-o-gy  ('6-ji),  n.  the  sci- 
ence that  treats  of  poisons,  their 
effects,  antidotes,  &c. 

tox-i-co-ma-ni-a  (-ko-ma'ni-a),  n. 
&  mania  for  intoxicating  or  poi- 
sonous drugs,  as  opium. 

tox-in  (toks'in),  n.  a  poison  pro- 
duced by  the  action  of  bacteria 
upon  organic  matter. 

toy  (toi),  n.  a  child's  plaything; 
something  of  no  real  value ;  bau- 
ble ;  plaything :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
toyed,  p.pr.  toying],  to  dally  amo- 
rously ;  trifle. 

trace  (tras),  n.  a  mark  left  by 
anything  passing  ;  footprint ;  small 
quantity :  pi.  the  straps,  &c.,  by 
which  a  vehicle  is  drawn  by  a 
horse :  v.t.  to  delineate  by  marks  ; 
follow  by  tracks  or  footsteps ;  fol- 
low exactly. 

Syn.   track,   token,   sign,   mark, 
footstep. 

trace-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  traced. 

trac-er-y  ('er-i),  ».  architectural 
ornamentation  in  Gothic  struc- 
tures. 

tra-che-a  (tra-ke'a),  n.  the  wind- 
pipe ;  p.t.  the  air-tubes  in  the 
bodies  of  insects  (tracheae) . 

tra-che-al  ('ke-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  trachea. 

tra-che-ot-o-my  (-ot'o-mi),  n.  the 
surgical  operation  of  making  an 
opening  into  the  windpipe. 

tra-chi-tis  (-ki'tis),  n.  inflamma- 
tion of  the  trachea.  Also  tra- 
cheitis. 

trach-yte  (trak'it),  n.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  the  feldspathic  class  of 
igneous  rocks. 

tra-cnyt-ic  (trfi-kit'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  consisting  of,  or  re- 
sembling, trachyte. 


tra-cing  (tra'sing),  n.  the  act  of 
one  who  traces ;  regular  path ; 
mechanical  copy  by  marking  on 
thin  paper  over  the  original. 

track  (trak),  n.  a  mark  or  im- 
pression left  by  the  foot ;  beaten 
path ;  course  or  way ;  course  for 
racing ;  permanent  way  of  a  rail- 
road :  v.t.  to  pursue  by  following 
the  footprints  or  marks  left  be- 
hind. 

track-age   ('aj),  n.  towage. 

tract  (trakt),  n.  a  short  treatise, 
usually  on  some  religious  subject; 
region  of  indefinite  extent ;  ex- 
panse. 

tract-a-bil-i-ty  (-a-bil'i-ti),  n. 
docility. 

tract-a-ble  ('a-bl),  adj.  docile; 
easily  instructed  or  managed. 

Syn.  docile,  manageable,  amen- 
able. 

tract-ate  (trakt'at),  n.  a  small 
book  or  treatise. 

trac-tile    ('til),   adj.  ductile. 

trac-tion  ('shun),  n.  the  act  of 
drawing ;  state  of  being  drawn ; 
attraction. 

trac-tive  ('tiv),  adj.  serving,  or 
used,  to  draw  along ;  pulling. 

trac-tor  ('ter),  n.  that  which 
draws,  or  is  used  in  drawing. 

tract-rix  ('riks),  n.  a  curve, 
the  tangent  of  which  is  always 
equal  to  a  given  line.  Also 
tractatrix,  tractory. 

trade  (trad),  n.  commerce;  busi- 
ness ;  buying  and  selling  for 
money ;  dealing  by  way  of  sale  or 
exchange  ;  traffic  ;  persons  engaged 
in  a  particular  business :  adj.  per- 
taining to,  carried  on  by,  or 
characteristic  of,  a  trade :  pi.  the 
trade  winds :  v.i.  to  carry  on  com- 
merce ;  buy  and  sell ;  traffic :  v.t. 
to  sell  or  exchange  in  commerce. 

Syn.  traffic,  commerce,  dealing, 
occupation,  employment,  office. 

trade-mark  ('mark),  n.  a  dis- 
tinguishing device  affixed  by  a 
merchant  to  his  goods  to  show  his 
exclusive  right,  or  as  a  guarantee 
of  genuineness. 

trade-price  ('prls),  n.  price  of 
an  article  as  charged  to  the  re- 
tailer. 

trad-er  ('er),  n.  one  engaged  in 
trade  or  commerce ;  merchant ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pdrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tra 


857 


tra 


shopkeeper;  vessel  engaged  in  any 
particular  trade. 

trades-un-ion  (z'iin-yun),  n.  an 
organized  combination  of  work- 
men for  the  protection  of  their 
interest  in  any  particular  trade 
or  industry. 

trades-un-ion-ism  (-izm),  n.  the 
principles  and  practices  of  trades- 
unions. 

trades-un-ion-ist  (-ist),  n.  a 
member  of  a  trades-union. 

trade-winds  ('windz),  n.pl.  cer- 
tain ocean  winds  in  or  near  the 
torrid  zone  which  blow  steadily 
from  the  same  quarter  period- 
ically. Also  trades. 

trad-ing  ('ing),  adj.  pertaining 
to  trade. 

tra-di-tion  (tra-dish'un),  «.  the 
oral  transmission  of  events,  opin- 
ions, doctrines,  practices,  &c., 
through  successive  generations 
without  written  memorials;  that 
which  is  so  handed  down ;  an- 
cient custom. 

tra-di-tion-al  ('un-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  derived  from,  or 
handed  down  by  tradition. 

tra-di-tion-al-ly  ('un-al-i),  adv. 
in  a  traditional  manner. 

tra-duce  (tra-dus'),  v.t.  to 
slander. 

traf-fic  (traf'ik),  n.  business  or 
trade  ;  commerce  ;  transportation 
of  nersons  or  goods  on  a  railway, 
vehicle,  ship.  &c. ;  intercourse : 
v.i.  to  trade ;  bargain :  v.t.  to 
barter. 

Syn.      trade,      exchange,     com- 
merce, intercourse. 

trag-a-canth  (trag'a-kanth).  n. 
a  gum  obtained  from  various 
species  of  Astragalus. 

tra-ge-di-an  (tnl-je'di-nn) ,  n.  an 
actor  or  writer  of  tragedies. 

tra-ge-dienne  C-zha-dyen'  or 
-je'di-en),  n.  an  actress  of  tragedy. 

trag-e-dy  (traj'e-di),  n.  [pi.  trag- 
edies (-diz)l,  a  dramatic  poem  of 
elevated  style,  representing  some 
event  or  series  of  events  in  the 
life  of  a  person  or  persons  and 
having  usually  a  fatal  ending;  a 
melancholy  and  fatal  event ;  an 
event  in  which  human  lives  are 
lost  by  murderous  violence  or 
some  catastrophe. 

trag-ic    ('ik),   adj.    pertaining   to 


tragedy  ;    calamitous  ;    fatal ;    ter- 
rible.    Also  tragical. 

trag-ic-al-ly  (-al-i),  adv.  in  a 
tragic  manner. 

trail  (tral),  v.t.  to  draw  or  drag^ 
along  the  ground ;  hunt  or  fol- 
low by  tracking :  v.i.  to  be  drawn 
out  in  length  ;  fall  or  hang  down  ; 
grow  or  climb  at  great  length  :  n. 
the  track  followed  by  a  hunter ; 
scent  left  by  a  track ;  anything 
drawn  out  in  length ;  the  entrails  » 
of  birds  and  fishes  served  up  for 
the  table. 

train  (tran),  n.  a  series  of  rail- 
way carriages  or  trucks  coupled 
together ;  something  drawn  or 
dragged  behind  as  the  skirt  of  a 
robe,  &c. ;  retinue ;  procession ; 
connected  series  ;  suite  ;  process  ; 
line  of  gunpowder  laid  to  fire  a 
charge ;  a  heavy  kind  of  Canadian 
sledge :  v.t.  to  instruct  by  exer- 
cise ;  drill ;  educate ;  draw  along ; 
form  to  a  proper  shape ;  discipline 
or  tame  for  use ;  prepare  for  ath- 
letic contests  or  horse-racing ; 
trace  (a  lode)  to  its  head. 

train-er  ('er),  n.  an  instructor, 
especially  one  who  prepares  men 
or  horses  for  exercises  of  skill, 
races,  &c. 

train-oil  ('oil),  n.  oil  obtained 
by  boiling  whale's  blubber. 

trait  (trat),  n.  a  peculiar  feature 
or  characteristic ;  touch. 

trai-tor  (tra'ter),  n.  one  who  is 
guilty  of  treason  or  the  betrayal 
of  his  country  to  an  enemy  by 
breach  of  trust ;  one  who  betrays 
any  confidence  ;  a  deceiver.  Femi- 
nine traitress  or  traitoress. 

trai-tor-ous  ('ter-us),  adj.  guilty 
of  treason ;  perfidious. 

tra-jec-to-ry  (tra-jek'to-ri),  n. 
[pi.  trajectories  (-riz)],  the  curve 
described  by  a  body  in  space,  un- 
der the  action  of  certain  forces, 
as  a  comet,  or  stone  thrown  up- 
wards. 

tram  (tram),  n.  one  of  the  rails 
of  a  tramway  ;  a  tramway ;  tram- 
way-car: shaft  of  a  cart:  v.i.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  trammed,  p.pr.  tramming], 
to  travel  by  tram-car  f  English] : 
v.t.  to  transport  on  a  tramway. 

tram-ble  ('bl),  v.t.  to  wash  (ore) 
in  a  particular  manner. 

tram-mel  ('el),  n.  a  net  used  for 
fowling  or  fishing ;  shackle  for 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  iot ;  mo5n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tra 


858 


tra 


horses ;  anything  that  impedes 
progress,  action,  or  freedom  :  v.t. 
to  impede  or  hinder ;  shackle. 

Kyn.  fetter,  shatter,  clog,  bond, 
chain,  imnediment.  hindrance. 

tra-mon-ta-na  (trii-mon-ta'na) , 
n.  a  cold,  blighting  north  wind  pe- 
culiar to  the  Mediterranean. 

tramp  (tramp),  v.t.  to  tread  upon 
forcibly  and  repeatedly ;  travel 
over  on  foot :  v.i.  to  wander :  n. 
a  vagrant  foot  traveler;  journey 
on  foot ;  sound  of  tramping. 

tram-pie  ('pi),  v.t.  to  tread  nnd^r 
the  feet ;  prostrate  by  trending ; 
treat  with  insult  or  contempt :  v.i. 
to  stamp  rapidly  and  ren^atedly 
with  the  feet ;  tread  roughly. 

tram-poos  (tram-poos'),  v.i.  to 
tramp ;  walk  heavily ;  wander 
about. 

tram-way  ('wa),  n.  a  street  rail- 
way ;  metal  track  for  wagons  or 
trucks.  Tramroad. 

trance  (trans),  n.  a  state  in 
which  the  soul  appears  to  be  ab- 
sent from  the  body  or  rapt  in 
visions ;  temporary  suspension  of 
sensation  and  volition  while  the 
heart  and  lungs  continue  to  act ; 
swoon  ;  catalepsy  :  v.t.  to  place  in, 
or  as  in,  a  state  of  trance. 

tra-neen  (trfi-nen'),  n.  crested 
dog's-tail  grass. 

tranquil  (trang'kwil).  ndi. 
calm ;  quiet ;  undisturbed ;  not 
agitated. 

8j/n.    still,    unruffled,    peaceful, 
quiet,   hushed. 

Ant.    (see  noisy). 

tranquil  ize  ('kwil-Iz),  v.t.  to 
make  tranquil  or  calm. 

tran-quil-li-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  calm- 
ness ;  quiet. 

tran-quil-ly  ('kwil-i),  adv.  in  a 
tranquil  manner. 

trans,  a  prefix,  meaning  over, 
across,  beyond,  through,  on  the 
other  side. 

trans-act  (trans-akt') ,  v.t.  to 
manage,  as  business ;  carry 
through  ;  negotiate. 

trans-ac-tion  (-ak'shun),  n.  the 
management  of  any  business  or 
affair:  that  which  is  done  or  per- 
formed; a  proceeding;  affair:  pi. 
report  of  a  scientific  or  learned 
society. 


Syn.      negotiation,      occurrence, 
proceeding,   affair. 

trans-ac-tor  ('ter),  n.  one  who 
transacts. 

tran-scend  (tran-send'),  v.t.  to 
rise  above ;  surpass  ;  surmount ; 
excel ;  exceed. 

tran-scend-en-cy  ('en-si),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  tran- 
scendent ;  supereminence.  Also 
transcendence. 

tran-scend-ent  ('ent),  adj.  sur- 
passing others  in  excellence ; 
noting,  in  the  Kantian  philosophy, 
speculations  concerning  matters 
outside  the  range  of  the  human 
intellect  or  experience. 

tran  -  seen  -  dent  -  al  ('a! ) .  ad .;. 
noting  that  which  lies  beyond  the 
limits  of  experience  or  external 
to  the  senses  ;  speculative  ;  meta- 
physical ;  yacue ;  supereminent. 

Syn.    original,    intuitive,    tran- 
scendent. 

tran-scen-dent-al-ism  ( 'al-izm ) , 
n.  the  Kantian  philosophy  which 
affirms  that  the  primary  principles 
of  knowledge  are  ascertained  by 
the  investigation  of  that  which 
is  a  priori,  or  independent  of  ex- 
perience ;  a  religious  movement  in 
the  United  States,  1830,  associ- 
ated with  Emerson  and  Chan- 
ning. 

tran-scribe  (-skrib'),  v.t.  to  copy. 

tran-script  ('skript),  n.  a  writ- 
ten copy  from  an  original. 

tran-scrip-tion  (-skrip'shun),  n. 
a  copy. 

tran-sept  ('sept),  n.  that  part  of 
a  church  at  right  angles  on  either 
side"  to  the  chancel. 

trans-fer  (trans-fer'),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  transferred,  p.pr.  transfer- 
ring], to  convey  from  one  person 
or  place  to  another ;  convey,  as  a 
right,  title,  &c. ;  produce  by  im- 
pression, as  an  engraving  from  a 
lithographic  stone:  n.  (trans'fer) 
conveyance  of  a  right,  title,  prop- 
erty, &c.,  from  one  person  to  an- 
other; deed  by  which  such  a 
transfer  is  executed  ;  removal ;  a 
soldier  transferred  from  one  troop 
or  company  to  another;  drawing 
or  writing  printed  off  from  one 
surface  to  another. 

trans-f  er-a-bil-i-ty      (-a-bil'i-ti ) , 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tra 


859 


tra 


n.  the  quality  of  being  transfer- 
able. 

trans-fer-a-ble  ('&-bl),  adj.  capa- 
ble of  being  transferred.  Also 
transferrible. 

trans-fer-ee  (-fer-e'),  n.  tbe  per- 
son to  whom  anything  is  trans- 
ferred. 

trans-fer-rer  (-fer'er),  n.  one 
who  makes  a  transfer. 

trans-fig-u  ra-tion  (-fig-u-ra'- 
shun),  n.  a  change  of  form  or  ap- 
pearance, especially  the  super- 
natural change  in  the  personal  ap- 
pearance of  Jesus  Christ  on  the 
Mount. 

trans-fig-ure  (-fig'ur),  v.t.  to 
change  the  outward  form  or  ap- 
pearance of. 

trans-fix  (-fiks'),  v.t.  to  pierce 
through. 

trans-fix-ion  (-fik'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  transfixing ;  state  of  being 
transfixed. 

trans  -  form  (-form'),  v.t.  to 
change  the  shape  or  appearance 
of ;  convert  or  change  the  char- 
acter of ;  transmute  ;  metamor- 
phose;  change  the  form  of  (an 
algebraic  equation)  into  another 
of  different  form  without  altering 
its  value. 

t  r  a  n  s-f  o  r-m  a-t  ion  ( -f  Or-ma' 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  transforming; 
state  of  being  transformed  ;  trans- 
mutation ;  metamorphosis ;  change 
of  character ;  conversion. 

trans-form-er  (-form'er),  n.  an 
induction  coil  for  raising  or  low- 
ering electric  pressure. 

trans-fuse  (-fuz'),  v.t.  to  pour 
out  of  one  vessel  into  another ;  in- 
stil ;  transfer,  as  blood,  from  the 
veins  of  a  person  or  animal  to 
those  of  another. 

trans-fu-sion,  (-fu'zhun),  n.  the 
act  of  transfusing ;  state  of  being 
transfused. 

trans-gress  (-gres'),  v.i.  to  of- 
fend by  the  violation  or  infraction 
of  any  law,  rule,  &c. ;  sin :  v.t. 
break  or  violate. 

trans-gres-sion  (-gresh'un),  n. 
the  act  of  violating  any  law  or 
rule  of  moral  duty  ;  fault ;  offense  ; 
sin. 

trans-gress-or  (-gres'er),  n.  an 
offender. 


tran-sient  (tran'shent) ,  adj.  fleet- 
ing ;  brief. 

Syn.   brief,   momentary,    transi- 
tory, flying. 

tran-sit  (tran'sit).  n.  a  passage 
through  or  over ;  passage  of  a 
heavenly  body  across  the  meridian, 
of  a  place ;  passage  of  an  inferior 
planet  across  the  sun's  disc. 

tran-si-tion  (-sish'un),  n.  the 
passage  from  one  place  or  state 
to  another ;  change,  as  of  key  in 
music  or  of  the  subject  of  dis- 
course. 

tran-si-tion-al  (-sish'un-al) .  adj. 
involving  or  denoting  transition. 

tran-si-tive  ('si-tiv),  adj.  noting 
an  action  passing  from  a  subject 
to  an  object. 

tran-si-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
transitive  manner. 

tran-si-tive-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  transi- 
tive. 

tran-si-to-ri-ly  ('si-to-ri-li),  adv. 
with  a  short  continuance. 

tran-si-to-ri-ness  (-nes),  n. 
shortness  of  duration. 

tran-si-to-ry  ('si-to-ri),  adj.  con- 
tinuing but  a  short  time ;  eva- 
nescent ;  fleeting ;  unstable. 

trans-late  (trans-laf).  v.t.  to 
render  from  one  language  into 
another ;  interpret ;  remove  to 
another  place  or  position  ;  remove 
to  heaven  without  dying. 

trans-la-tion  (-la'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  translating ;  that  which  is 
translated  ;  removal ;  version  ;  re- 
moval of  a  bishop  from  one  see 
to  another. 

trans-la-tor  ('ter),  n.  one  who 
translates. 

trans-lu-cent  (-lu'sent),  adj. 
semi-transparent. 

trans-mi-gra-tion  (mi-gra'shun), 
n.  the  passing  of  the  soul  after 
death  from  one  body  into  that  of 
another ;  metempsychosis. 

trans-mis-si-bil-i-ty  ( -mis-i-bil'- 
i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  trans- 
missible. 

trans-mis-si-ble  ('i-bl),  adj. 
that  may  be  passed  from  one  to 
another,  or  through  a  body  or  sub- 
stance. 

trans-mis-sion  (-mish'un),  n. 
the  act  of  transmitting ;  the 
things  transmitted ;  passage 
through.  Also  transmittal. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tra 


S60 


tra 


trans-mit  (-mif),  v.t.  \p.t.  &  p.p. 
transmitted,  p.pr.  transmitting], 
to  cause  or  suffer  to  pass  over  or 
through  ;  send  from  one  place  or 
person  to  another. 

trans-mit-ter  ('er),  n.  one  who, 
or  that  which,  transmits ;  a  tele- 
graphic or  telephonic  sending  in- 
strument. 

trans-mu-ta-tion  ( -mu-ta'shun ) , 
n.  change  from  one  form,  nature, 
substance,  or  species  into  another. 

trans-mute  (-mut) ,  v.t.  to  change 
from  one  form,  nature,  suhstance, 
or  species  into  another. 

tran-som  (tran'som),  n.  a  cross- 
beam over  a  door  or  over  the 
sternpost  of  a  vessel ;  horizontal 
mullion  or  crossbar  in  a  window. 

trans  -  par  -  en  cy  ( trans-par'- 
en-si).  n.  [pi.  transparencies 
(-siz)],  the  state  or  quality  of 
being  transparent ;  a  picture 
painted  on  a  semi-transparent 
material  through  which  a  light 
shines. 

trans-par-ent  ('ent),  adj.  having 
the  property  of  transmitting  rays 
of  light ;  clear. 

tran-spi-ra-tion  (-spi-ra'shun) , 
n.  exhalation  through  the  pores  of 
the  skin. 

tran-spire  ('splr),  v.i.  to  be  ex- 
creted through  the  pores  of  the 
skin  ;  be  exhaled  ;  become  known  ; 
come  to  pass ;  occur :  v.t.  to  per- 
spire •  exhale. 

trans-plant  (trans-plant') ,  v.t.  to 
remove  and  plant  in  another 
place ;  remove  and  establish. 

trans-plan-ta-tion  (-plan-ta'- 
shun),  n.  the  act  of  transplanting. 

trans-port  (-p6rt'),  v.t.  to  carry 
across  or  from  one  place  to 
another ;  banish  as  a  criminal ; 
carry  away  by  violence  of  passion, 
or  pleasure:  n.  (trans'port),  con- 
veyance for  baggage  or  stores ;  a 
vessel  employed  for  carrying 
troops,  stores,  &c.,  from  one  place 
to  another;  violent  manifestation 
of  anger ;  rapture  ;  ecstasy. 

trans-ppr-ta-tion  ( -por-tfi'shun  ) , 
n.  banishment  for  crime;  con- 
veyance. 

trans-port-ing  (-pdrt'ing),  adj. 
ravishing ;  ecstatic. 

trans-pose  (-poz'),  v.t.  to  change 
the  place  or  order  of,  by  putting 


each  in  the  place  of  the  other ; 
change  the  key  of;  change  (a 
term)  from  one  side  of  an  equa- 
tion to  the  other  by  changing  the 
sign. 

trans-po-si-tion  (-po-zish'un),  n. 
the  act  of  transposing ;  state  of 
being  transposed.  Also  trans- 
posal. 

traii-sub-stan-ti-a-tion  (tran- 
sub-stan-shi-a'shun),  n.  *he  doc- 
trine that  after  consecration  the 
elements  in  the  Eucharist  are  con- 
verted into  the  veritable  body  and 
blood  of  Christ. 

tran-sude  (-sud'),  v.i.  to  pass  or 
ooze  through  the  pores  or  inter- 
stices of  a  substance. 

trans-verse  (trans-vers'),  adj. 
lying  or  being  across  or  cross- 
wise ;  broader  than  long. 

trans-verse-ly  ('Ii),  adv.  in  a 
transverse  direction. 

trap  (trap),  n.  an  instrument 
shutting  suddenly  with  a  spring 
for  snaring  game,  vermin,  and 
other  animals  ;  snare  ;  ambush  ; 
stratagem  ;  a  game  nlayed  with  a 
bat,  ball,  and  shoe-shaped  block 
of  wood ;  a  carriage  on  springs ; 
contrivance  for  preventing  the 
escape  of  foul  air  from  a  drain  ; 
heavy  igneous  rock  composed  of 
feldspar,  hornblende,  &c. :  pi.  bag- 
gage;  portable  articles:  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  trapped,  p.pr.  trapping], 
to  catch  in,  or  as  in,  a  trap ;  en- 
snare ;  take  by  stratagem ;  fur- 
nish with  a  trap :  v.i.  to  set  traps 
for  game. 

tra-peze  (tra-pez'),  n.  a  swing- 
ing horizontal  bar  suspended  at 
each  end  by  a  rope,  used  by 
gymnasts. 

tra-pe-zi-um  (-pe'zi-um),  n.  a 
plane  figure  bounded  by  4  right 
lines,  of  which  (  no  two  are 
parallel ;  the  outermost  bone  of 
the  second  row  of  the  carpus. 

trap-e-zoid  (trap'e-zpid),  n.  a 
plane  figure  with  4  sides,  having 
2  sides  parallel  to  each  other. 

trap-per  ('er).  n.  one  who  traps 
animals,  especially  to  obtain  the 
fur. 

trap-pings  ('ingz),  n.pl.  orna- 
mented articles  of  dress ;  super- 
ficial decorations ;  ornaments  for 
horses. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tra 


861 


tre 


trash  (trash),  n.  refuse;  worth- 
less or  useless  matter ;  rubbish  ; 
decayed  leaves  and  stems  of  the 
sugar-cane. 

tiyn.  nonsense,  twaddle,  trifles. 

trash-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  trashy 
manner. 

trash-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  trashy. 

trash-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  trashier, 
superl,  trashiest],  worthless;  use- 
less. 

trass  (tras),  n.  a  tufaceous  al- 
luvium or  volcanic  earth,  used  as 
a  hydraulic  cement.  Also  terras. 

tran-mat-ic  (traw-mat'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  applied  to,  suitable 
for,  or  produced  by,  wounds. 

tra-va-do  (tru-vfi'do).  n.  a  sud- 
den squall  accompanied  with 
lightning  and  rain  [Spanish]. 

trav-ail  (trav'il  or  'al),  n.  labor 
with  pain ;  severe  toil ;  parturi- 
tion :  v.i.  to  suffer  the  pains  of 
childbirth. 

trave  (trfiv),  n.  a  wooden  frame 
for  confining  a  horse  while  being 
shod. 

trav-el  (trav'el),  v.i.  to  journey, 
especially  to  foreign  or  distant 
places ;  proceed ;  move :  v.t.  to 
journey  over :  n.  the  act  of 
journeying,  especially  to  foreign 
or  distant  places :  p'.  an  account 
of  occurrences  and  things  seen 
during  a  journey. 

Syn.  trip,  ramble,  peregrina- 
tion, excursion,  journey,  tour, 
voyage. 

trav-eled  ('eld),  p.adj.  having 
made  journeys :  hence  experi- 
enced. 

trav-el-er  ('el-er),  n.  one  who 
travels ;  one  who  journeys  from 
place  to  place  to  solicit  custom 
for  a  mercantile  house ;  a  ring 
that  slides  along  a  rope  or  spar. 

trav-erse  ('ers),  adj.  lying  or  be- 
ing across  :  adv.  athwart ;  cross- 
wise :  n.  a  cross  piece,  something 
lying  or  placed  across  something 
else ;  a  gallery  or  loft  of  communi- 
cation in  a  church  or  large  build- 
ing ;  formal  denial  of  the  plead- 
ings of  the  opposite  party  in  a 
lawsuit ;  parapet  and  trench 
across  a  ditch  ;  the  turning  of  a 
gun  to  command  different  points : 
v.t.  to  lay  or  place  in  a  cross  di- 


rection ;  thwart ;  multiply  ;  travel 
or  pass  over;  survey  carefully; 
turn  to  one  side  or  the  other  and 
point,  as  a  piece  of  ordnance ; 
plane  across  the  grain  ;  deny  form- 
ally :  v.i.  to  turn  as  on  a  pivot ; 
move  round ;  tread  or  move  cross- 
wise. 

tray-es-ty  ('es-ti),  n.  [pi.  trav- 
esties (-tiz)],  a  burlesque  or  par- 
ody: v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  travestied, 
p.pr.  travestying],  to  burlesque  or 
parody. 

trawl  (trawl),  n.  a  large  net  of 
peculiar  construction  used  in 
deep-sea  fishing :  v.i.  to  fish  with 
a  trawl. 

trawl-er  ('er),  n.  one  who 
trawls ;  a  fishing  vessel  used  in 
trawling. 

trawl-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  or 
process  of  fishing  with  a  net  which 
drags  along  the  bottom  of  the 
sea. 

tray  (tra),  n.  [pi.  trays  (traz)], 
a  broad,  flat  vessel  for  holding  or 
carrying  dishes,  glasses,  &c. ; 
salver. 

tray-fill  ('fool),  n.  [pi.  trayfuls 
('foolz)],  as  much  as  a  tray  will 
contain. 

treach-er-ons  (trech'er-us),  adj. 
betraying  a  trust ;  perfidious ; 
faithless. 

Syn.      traitorous,      treasonable, 
disloyal,     faithless,    false-hearted, 
perfidious,   sly,   false. 
Ant.   (see  trustworthy). 

treach-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  [pi.  treach- 
eries (-iz)],  treasonable  or  per- 
fidious conduct ;  perfidy ;  viola- 
tion of  allegiance  or  faith ;  trea- 
son. 

trea-cle  (tre'kl),  n.  a  syrup 
drained  from  sugar  in  the  process 
of  refining ;  molasses. 

tread  (tred),  v.i.  [p.t.  trod,  p.p. 
trodden,  p.pr.  treading],  to  step 
or  walk,  especially  to  walk  with 
a  more  or  less  stately  or  meas- 
ured step  ;  copulate,  as  birds  :  v.t. 
to  wnik  on  ;  crush  under  the  feet; 
subdue  or  vanquish. 

tread-le  ('I),  n.  that  part  of  a 
loom  or  other  machine  moved  by 
the  foot. 

tread-mill  ('mil),  n.  a  large 
wheel  driven  by  persons  treading 
on  the  steps  of  the  periphery. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot :  moon, 
cook:  mute,  nut:  thin, 


tre 


862 


tre 


trea-son  (tre'zn),  n.  the  offense 
of  betraying  the  state  or  subvert- 
ing the  government  of  the  state 
to  which  the  offender  belongs ;  re- 
bellion. 

treas-ure  (trezh'iir),  n.  accumu- 
lated wealth  ;  abundance  ;  plenty  ; 
something  highly  valued :  v.t.  to 
lay  up  or  collect  for  future  use ; 
hoard  ;  accumulate  ;  value  highly. 

treas-ur-er  (-er),  n.  one  who  has 
the  charge  of  a  treasure ;  a  public 
officer  who  receives  the  money  col- 
lected from  taxes,  duties,  &c. ;  one 
who  has  charge  of  collected  funds. 

treas-ur-er-ship  (-ship),  n.  the 
office  of  a  treasurer. 

-treas-ur-y  ('ur-i),  n.  [pi.  treas- 
uries (-iz)L  a  place  or  building 
where  the  public  revenues  are  de- 
posited and  the  public  debts  dis- 
charged ;  that  department  of  a 
government  which  has  charge  of 
the  finances ;  the  officials  consti- 
tuting such  a  department ;  collec- 
tion of  valuable  information  or 
facts. 

"treas-ur-y  note  (not),  n.  a  de- 
mand note  issued  by  the  United 
State  treasury,  and  by  law  made 
a  legal  tender  for  all  debts,  public 
and  private,  except  duties  on  im- 
ports and  interest  on  the  public 
debt. 

treat  (tret),  v.t.  to  handle  or  man- 
age in  a  particular  manner ;  be- 
have towards ;  entertain  with  food 
or  drink  without  cost  to  the 
guests ;  discourse  on ;  manage  in 
the  application  of  remedies :  v.i.  to 
discuss  ;  negotiate  ;  agree  ;  give  a 
gratuitous  entertainment :  n.  an 
entertainment  given  as  an  expres- 
sion of  regard ;  something  which 
affords  great  pleasure. 

trea-tise  (tre'tis),  n.  a  written 
composition  on  some  particular 
subject,  in  which  its  principles  are 
discussed  or  explained. 

treatment  (tret'ment),  n.  act  or 
manner  of  treating ;  usage ;  man- 
agement ;  manipulation. 

trea-ty  (tre'ti),  n.  [pi.  treaties 
(-iz)L  the  act  of  treating  for  the 
adjustment  of  differences  or  for 
forming  an  agreement ;  league  or 
agreement  between  two  states, 
&c. ;  negotiation. 

treb-le     (treb'l),    adj.    threefold; 


triple ;  pertaining  to  the  highest 
vocal  or  instrumental  part  [Mu- 
sic] :  n.  the  highest  vocal  or  in- 
strumental part ;  soprano  :  v.t.  to 
make  threefold :  v.i.  to  become 
threefold. 

tree  (tre),  n.  any  woody  plant 
having  a  single  trunk  and 
branches ;  anything  resembling  a 
tree ;  a  piece  of  timber ;  cross : 
v.t.  to  drive  to  a  tree ;  place  in 
difficulty :  v.i.  to  take  refuge  in  a 
tree. 

tree-mail  ('niil).  n.  a  cylindrical 
wooden  pin  used  for  securing  the 
planks  of  a  ship  to  the  timbers. 
Also  trenail. 

tre-foil  ('foil),  n.  any  plant  of 
the  genus  Trifolium,  including  the 
clovers ;  an  ornamental  foliation 
used  in  architecture  resembling 
three-leaved  clover. 

trek  (trek),  v.i.  to  travel  by  wag- 
on, especially  in  search  of  a  new 
settlement :  n.  a  journey  by  wagon 
[South  Africa]. 

trel-lis  (trel'is),  n.  a  structure  or 
frame  of  lattice-work  for  support- 
ing vines,  &c. 

trel-lis-work  (-werk),  n.  small 
bars  nailed  together  crosswise. 

trem-hle  (trem'bl),  v.i.  to  shake 
involuntarily,  as  with  fear,  cold, 
weakness,  &c. ;  shudder ;  totter ; 
quaver,  as  sound :  n.  an  involun- 
tary shaking ;  shiver. 

trem-bling  ('bling),  adj.  shaking 
as  with  fear;  quivering. 

tre-men-dous  (tre-men'dus),  adj. 
exciting  fear  or  terror ;  dreadful ; 
terrible  ;  terrific ;  marvelous. 

trem-o-lite  (trem'o-lit),  n.  a 
white  variety  of  hornblende. 

trem-o-lo  (trem'o-lo),  n.  a  trem- 
ulous or  fluttering  effect  in  vocal 
or  instrumental  music ;  mechan- 
ical device  in  an  organ  by  which 
a  tremolo  is  produced. 

trem-or  (trem'er),  n.  an  involun- 
tary trembling;  quivering  or  vi- 
bratory motion. 

trem-u-lous  ('u-lus),  adj.  trem- 
bling: quivering;  shaking;  af- 
fected with  fear  or  timidity ;  vi- 
bratory. 

trench  (trench),  n.  a  long,  nar- 
row cut  or  ditch  excavated  in  the 
earth;  open  ditch  for  draining  ;  an 
excavation  made  to  interrupt  the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tre 


863 


tri 


advance  of  an  enemy,  or  to  cover 
the  advance  of  troops  to  a  be- 
sieged place :  v.t.  to  form  a  ditch 
in ;  dig  or  cultivate  deeply  :  v.i.  to 
encroach. 

trench-ant  ('ant),  adj.  sharp; 
keen  ;  severe. 

trench-er      ('er),     n.     one     who  | 
trenches ;   a   large   wooden   plate ; 
trencher-cap. 

trench-er-cap  (-kap),  n.  a  col- 
lege cap. 

trend  (trend),  n.  inclination  in  a 
particular  direction  ;  general  tend- 
ency :  v.i.  to  have  a  particular  di- 
rection ;  tend ;  stretch. 

trep-an  (trep-an'),  n.  a  cylindri- 
cal saw  of  peculiar  construction 
used  in  the  operation  of  trepan- 
ning:  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  trepanned, 
p.pr.  trepanning],  to  perform  the 
operation  of  trepanning :  v.t.  to 
perforate  with  a  trepan. 

trep-an-ning  ('ing),  n.  the  sur- 
gical operation  of  making  a  per- 
foration in  the  skull  and  taking 
out  a  piece  to  remove  pressure  on 
the  brain. 

tre-pang  (tre-pang'),  n.  the  b§che- 
cle-mer. 

treph-ine  (tref-in'),  n.  a  surgical 
instrument  for  removing  a  disk 
of  bone  from  the  skull :  v.t.  to 
operate  on  with  a  trephine ;  to 
trepan. 

trep-i-da-tion  (trep-i-dfi'shun),  n. 
an  involuntary  trembling;  state 
of  terror  or  alarm ;  confused 
haste. 

tres-pass  (tres'pas),  v.i.  to  com- 
mit any  offense ;  sin  ;  enter  un- 
lawfully upon  the  land  of  an- 
other: intrude;  violate  any  recog- 
nized rule  of  duty  or  social  life : 
n.  the  act  of  trespassing ;  any  of- 
fense or  injury  done  to  the  person 
or  property  of  another ;  trans- 
gression ;  sin. 

tress  (tres),  n.  a  braid  or  lock  of 
hair. 

tres-sel,  same  as  trestle. 

tres-tle  (tres'l),  n.  a  movable 
form  for  supporting  anything ; 
frame  of  a  ta«ble. 

tres  -  tie  -  board  (-b5rd).  n.  a 
draughtman's  designing  board. 

tres-tle-tree  (-tre),  n.  one  of 
two  stout  bars  of  timber  secured 
horizontally  to  a  mast  to  support 
the  cross-trees. 


tres-tle- work  (-werk),  n.  a  via- 
duct, pier,  or  scaffold  supported 
on  trestles  connected  together 
with  cross-beams  and  braces. 

trey  (tra),  n.  a  3  at  cards  or  dice ; 
card  with  3  spots. 

tri,  a  prefix  meaning  three,  three- 
fold, as  Wangled,  adj.  having  3 
angles. 

tri-a-ble  (tri'a-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  tried  or  subjected  to  test. 

tri-ad  (tri'ad),  n.  a  union  of  3; 
an  element  which  can  replace  or 
directly  unite  with  3  atoms  of 
hydrogen  or  similar  monatonic 
element ;  the  common  chord  of  a 
tone  with  its  third  and  fifth 
[Music]. 

tri-al  (trl'al),  n.  an  attempt  or 
endeavor ;  examination  by  test  or 
experience ;  test  of  virtue,  &c.,  by 
suffering  or  temptation ;  proof ; 
verification  ;  state  of  being  tried ; 
judicial  examination. 

tri-an-dri-an  (tri-an'dri-an),  adj. 
having  3  equal  and  distinct  sta- 
mens. Also  triandrous. 

tri-an-gle  ('aug-gl),  n.  a  plane 
figure  bounded  by  3  lines,  and 
having  3  angles ;  a  frame  of  3 
halberds  to  which  offenders 
against  military  discipline  were  se- 
cured to  be  flogged ;  a  musical  in- 
strument of  steel  in  the  form  of  a 
triangle,  sounded  by  being  struck 
with  a  rod. 

tri-a.n-gu-lar  (-ang'gii-lnr),  adj. 
having  3  angles;  shaped  like  a 
triangle. 

tri -an-gu -late  ('gu-lat),  v.t.  to 
divide  into  triangles ;  survey  by 
means  of  triangles. 

tri-an-gu-la-tion  (-Ifi'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  triangulating ;  the  divi- 
sion of  a  district  or  a  country  into 
triangular  portions,  as  in  a  trigo- 
nometrical survey. 

tri-bal  ('bal),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  characteristic  of,  a  tribe. 

tri-bal-isni  (-izm),  n.  the  state  of 
existing  in  tribes ;  tribal  charac- 
teristics or  feeling. 

tri-ba-sic  (-ba'sik),  adj.  noting 
an  acid  in  which  3  equivalents  of 
hydrogen  have  been  replaced  by  a 
metal. 

tribe  (trib),  n.  a  family,  race,  or 
class,  constituting  a  distinct  por- 
tion of  a  people ;  a  family  or 
series  of  generations  descended 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


trl 


864 


tri 


from  a  common  ancestor,  but 
kept  distinct ;  nation  of  uncivil- 
ized people  under  one  chief ;  a 
group  of  animals  or  plants  inter- 
mediate between  an  order  and  a 
genus. 

tri-brach.  (tri'brak),  n.  a  poetic 
foot  of  3  short  syllables. 

trib-u-la-tion  ( trib-u-la'shun ) . 
n.  severe  affliction ;  deep  sorrow ; 
acute  trial. 

tri-bu-nal  (trl-bu'nal),  n.  the 
seat  of  a  judge ;  court  of  justice. 

trib-une  (trib'un),  n.  an  ancient 
Roman  official  elected  by  the  peo- 
ple to  safeguard  their  liberties ;  a 
bench  or  elevated  place ;  raised 
stand  or  rostrum  from  which 
speeches  are  delivered. 

trib-une-ship  (-ship),  n.  the 
office  or  authority  of  a  tribune ; 

Eeriod  during  which  a  tribune 
eld  office. 

trib-u-ta-ry  (trib'u-ta-ri),  adj. 
paying  tribute  ;  yielding  supplies  ; 
contributing  to  make  up  a  greater 
object  of  the  same  kind :  n.  a 
state  or  government  which  pays 
tribute  to  a  superior;' a  stream  or 
river  flowing  into  a  larger  one. 

trib-ute  ('ut),  n.  an  annual  or 
stipulated  sum  of  money,  &c., 
paid  by  one  state  to  another ;  per- 
sonal contribution  made  in  token 
of  services  rendered  or  acknowl- 
edgment due. 

trice  (tris).  n.  an  instant:  v.t. 
to  haul ;  hoist  and  secure  with 
a  small  rope. 

tri-cen-ten-a-ry,  same  as  tercen- 
tenary. 

tri-ceps  (tri'seps),  n.  the  great 
three-headed  extensor  muscle  of 
the  arm. 

tri-clii-na  (tri-ki'na),  n.  [pi.  tri- 
china}  ('ne)j,  a  nemotoid  para- 
sitic worm,  which  infests  the 
muscles  of  swine  and  human 
beings. 

tricli  i  no-sis  (trik-i-no'sis),  «. 
the  disease  produced  by  the  pres- 
ence of  trichinae  in  the  muscles 
and  intestines.  Also  trichiniasis. 

trich-ol-ogy  (tric-ol'6-ji),  n.  the 
scientific  study  of  the  hair,  es- 
pecially for  the  cure  of  baldness. 

tri  chord  (tri'kQrd),  n.  a  three- 
stringed  instrument ;  a  piano  hav- 
ing three  strings  to  each  key  for 
the  greater  part  of  its  compass. 


tri-chro-ism  ('kro-izm),  n.  the 
property  of  certain  crystals  of 
transmitting  various  colors  in 
three  different  directions. 

trick  (trik),  n.  a  stratagem  or 
artifice ;  wile ;  vicious  habit  or 
practice  ;  deception  ;  imposition  ; 
legerdemain ;  clever  contrivance 
to  puzzle,  amuse,  or  annoy  ;  whole 
number  of  cards  falling  to  the 
winner  in  one  round :  pi.  frolic : 
v.t.  to  cheat ;  impose  upon ;  de- 
ceive;  delineate  without  color; 
decorate  or  set  off  (with  out). 

trick-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  deception; 
cheating  ;  fraud  ;  imposture. 

trick-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a  tricky 
manner. 

trick  i-ness  ('i-nes).  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  tricky. 

trick-le  ('!),  v.i.  to  flow  gently 
down  or  in  a  small  stream  ;  run 
down  in  drops :  n.  a  small  gentle 
stream. 

trick-ster  ('ster),  n.  a  cheat;  de- 
ceiver. 

trick-sy  ('si),  adj.  full  of  tricks; 
pretty. 

trick-track  ('trak),  n.  an  old 
game  resembling  backgammon. 

trick-y  ( 'i ) ,  adj.  given  to  tricks  ; 
knavish ;  shifty ;  artful ;  cun- 
ning. 

tri-clin-ic  (tri-klin'ik),  adj.  hav- 
ing 3  unequal  axes  intersecting 
at  oblique  angles. 

tri-clin-i-um  (-klin'i-um),  n.  [pi. 
triclinia  (-a)],  a  couch,  usually 
accommodating  3  persons  for  re- 
clining at  meals;  a  dining-room 
furnished  with  couches  on  3  sides. 

tri-col-or  ('kul'er),  n.  a  national 
flag  of  3  colors  arranged  in  equal 
stripes. 

tri  con  ta  lie-dral  ( -kon-ta-he'- 
drul ) ,  adj.  having  30  sides. 

tri-cy-cle  (trl'si-kl).  n.  a  three- 
wheeled  modernized  form  of 
velocipede :  v.i.  to  ride  on  a  tri- 
cycle. 

tri-dent  ('dent),  n.  a  scepter  or 
spear  with  3  prongs,  especially 
the  scepter  of  Neptune :  hence 
sovereignty  of  the  sea. 

tri-deii  tate  (-den'tiit).  adj.  hav- 
ing 3  teeth  or  prongs. 

tried  (trid),  p.adj.  proved; 
tested  ;  trustworthy  ;  faithful. 

tri-en-ni-al    (trl-en'i-al),  adj.   oc- 


Jate,  niiir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tn 


865 


tri 


curring  in,  or  continuing  for, 
three  j-ears. 

tri-en-ni-al-ly  (-i),  adv.  once  in 
3  years'. 

tri-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  tries  or 
makes  experiments  ;  a  judge  ;  test. 

tri-fid    ('fid),  adj.  three-cleft. 

tri-fle  ('fl),  n.  anything  of  little 
value  or  importance ;  a  light  kind 
of  dish  made  of  sponge-cakes 
soaked  in  sherry  and  covered  with 
jam,  cream,  &c. :  v.i.  to  act  or 
talk  with  levity  ;  indulge  in  light 
or  frivolous  amusements :  v.t.  to 
waste  or  fritter  away. 

tri-fling  ('fling),  adj.  of  small 
value  or  importance. 

tri  -  f  o  -  li  -  ate  (-fo'li-at),  adj. 
three-leaved. 

tri-fo-ri-um  ('ri-um),  n.  the  open 
gallery  or  arcade  above  the 
arches  of  a  church,  separating 
the  nave  arches  from  the  aisles. 

tri-fur-cate  (-fer'kat),  adj.  three- 
forked. 

trig  (trig),  adj.  trim;  neat:  v.t. 
[pi.  &  p.p.  trigged,  p.pr.  trig- 
ging], to  skid  or  stop  (a  wheel)  : 
n.  a  skid. 

trlg-ger  ('er),  n.  a  catch  which, 
when  pulled,  releases  the  hammer 
of  a  gun. 

tri-glyph  (tri'glif),  n.  an  orna- 
ment of  the  Doric  frieze  placed 
directly  over  each  column  and  at 
equal  distances. 

trig-o-nal  (trig'6-nal),  adj.  three- 
cornered. 

trig-o-no-met-ric  (-o-no-met'rik) , 
adj.  pertaining  to,  or  done  by, 
trigonometry.  Trigonometrical. 

trig-o-no-met-ric-al-ly  (-al-i), 
adv.  by  trigonometry. 

trig-o-nom-e-try  (-nom'e-tri),  n. 
the  science  of  measuring  the  sides 
and  angles  of  triangles,  and 
ascertaining  the  relations  between 
them  by  certain  parts  which  are 
given. 

tri-he-dral  (-he'dral),  adj.  hav- 
ing 3  sides. 

tri-he-dron  Cdron),  n.  a  figure 
having  3  sides. 

tri  -  lat  -  er  -  al  (-lat'§r-al ) ,  adj. 
three-sided. 

tri-lat-er-al-ly  (-i),  adv.  with  3 
sides. 

tri-lin-e-ar  (-lin'e-ar),  adj.  three- 
lined. 


tri-lith  ('lith),  n.  a  monument 
formed  by  three  stones,  two  up- 
right and  one  across  the  others. 
Also  trilithon. 

trill  (tril),  n.  a  shake  or  quaver 
of  the  voice :  v.t.  to  sing  with  a 
quaver :  v.i.  to  quaver. 

tril -lion  (tril'yun),  n.  in  the 
French  system  of  numeration,  fol- 
lowed in  the  United  States,  a 
unit  with  12  ciphers  annexed ;  in 
the  English  system,  a  unit  with 
18  ciphers  annexed. 

tri-lo-bite  (-tri'lo-blt),  n.  a  fos- 
sil crustacean  of  the  Palaeozoic 
period. 

tril-o-gy  (tril'6-ji),  n.  a  series  of 
three  dramas  each  complete  in 
itself,  but  forming  one  poetical 
and  historical  picture. 

trim  (trim),  adj.  [comp.  trimmer, 
superl.  trimmest],  neat;  compact; 
in  good  order  or  service :  v.t.  [p.t. 
&  p.p.  trimmed,  p.pr.  trimming], 
to  decorate  or  adorn  ;  make  trim  ; 
adjust ;  make  smooth  :  v.i.  to  bal- 
ance or  fluctuate  between  parties. 

trim-mer  ('er).  n.  one  who 
trims ;  time-server ;  joist  into 
which  others  are  framed. 

tri-inor-phism  (tri-mSr'fizm),  n. 
the  property  of  crystallizing  in 
three  forms ;  co-existence  among 
individuals  of  the  same  species  of 
3  distinct  forms,  unconnected  by 
intermediate  gradations. 

Trin-i-ta-ri-an  (trin-i-ta'ri-an), 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  Trinity,  or 
the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity. 

Trin-i-ta-ri-an-ism  (-izm).  n. 
the  doctrine  that  there  are  three 
Persons  in  the  Trinity. 

Trin-i-ty  ('i-ti).  n.  the  union  of 
the  Father,  the  Son,  and  the  Holy 
Ghost  in  one  Godhead  :  one  God 
as  to  substance,  three  Persons  as 
to  individuality. 

Trin-i-ty  Sun-day  (sun'da),  n. 
the  Sunday  next  after  Whitsun- 
day. 

trin-ket  (tring'ket),  n.  anything 
small  and  of  little  value ;  small 
ornament  or  jewel. 

tri-np-mi-al  ( tri-no'mi-al ) ,  adj. 
consisting  of  3  terms,  connected 
by  the  sign  +  or  — . 

tri-o  (tre'6),  n.  a  set  of  3 ;  3 
united ;  composition  for  3  voices 
or  instruments. 


Jate,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  lot ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


trt 


tro 


trip  (trip),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
tripped,  p.pr.  tripping],  to  run  or 
step  lightly  or  nimbly ;  take  short, 
quick  steps;  stumble;  err;  take 
an  excursion :  n.  a  nimble,  short 
step  ;  stumble  ;  mistake  ;  journey. 

trip-ar-tite  (trip'ar-tit  or  tri- 
plir'tlt),  adj.  divided  into  3  parts. 

tripe  (trip),  n.  the  large  stomach 
of  a  ruminating  animal  prepared 
for  food. 

triph-thong  (trip'thong),  n.  a 
combination  of  3  vowels  in  one 
sound. 

trip-le  ('!),  adj.  threefold;  con- 
sisting of  3  united;  3  times  re- 
peated :  v.t.  &  v.i.  to  increase 
threefold. 

trip-let  ('let),  n.  3  united:  pi.  3 
children  at  one  birth. 

trip-li-cate  ('li-kat),  adj.  three- 
fold. 

tri-pod  (tri'pod),  n.  a  three-legged 
stool  or  table ;  the  seat  supported 
by  3  legs  on  which  the  pythoness 
sat  when  giving  responses  at  the 
Delphic  oracle. 

trip-o-li  (trip'6-li),  n.  an  earthy 
substance  consisting  of  siliceous 
shells  of  diatoms. 

trip-tych  ('tik),  n.  a  writing-tab- 
let in  3  parts ;  a  panel,  usually  an 
altar  piece,  consisting  of  3  com- 
partments, two  of  them  folding 
over  the  middle  one  which  is  fixed. 

tri-reme  (tri-'rem),  n.  an  ancient 
galley  with  three  banks  of  oars. 

tri-sect  (tri-sekf),  v.t.  to  divide 
into  three  equal  parts. 

tri-sec-tion  (-sek'shun),  n.  divi- 
sion into  3  parts,  especially  an 
angle  into  3  equal  parts. 

tri-syl-la-ble  (tri-BU'ft-bl),  n.  a 
word  of  three  syllables. 

trite   (trlt),  adj.  worn  out;  stale. 
Syn.   stale,   old,  ordinary,   com- 
monplace, hackneyed. 
Ant.   (see  novel). 

trite-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  trite  man- 
ner. 

trite-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  quality 
of  being  trite. 

tri-the-ism    (tri'the-izm),    n.    the* 
doctrine  that  the  three  Persons  in 
the    Trinity     are    three    distinct 
Gods. 

trit-u-rate  (trit'ii-rat),  v.t.  to 
rub,  grind,  or  bruise  to  powder. 

trit-u-ra-tion    (-rfi'shun),   n.   the 


act  of  triturating  or  reducing  to 
powder. 

tri-umph.  (tri'umf),  n.  a  grand 
procession  in  honor  of  a  general 
who  has  gained  a  decisive  victory  ; 
state  of  joy  at  success ;  victory ; 
conquest :  v.i.  to  rejoice  over  suc- 
cess ;  obtain  a  victory. 

Syn.  achievement,  ovation,  vic- 
tory, conquest,  jubilation. 
Ant.    (see  failure). 

tri-um-phal  (-um'fal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  indicating,  or  in  honor 
of,  a  triumph. 

tri-um-phant  ('funt),  adj.  re- 
joicing for  victory ;  victorious. 

tri-um-vir  (-um'ver),  n.  [pi.  tri- 
umviri ('vi-ri)],  one  of  three  men 
united  in  office. 

tri-um-vi-rate  ('vi-rat),  n.  a  co- 
alition of  three  men  in  office  or 
authority. 

tri-une  (Tin),  adj.  3  in  one. 

triv-a-lent  (triv'a-lent),  adj.  ca- 
pable of  being  combined  with,  or 
replaced  by,  3  atoms  of  hydrogen. 

triv-et  ('ot),  n.  a  stand  for  hold- 
ing a  kettle,  &c.,  near  the  fire. 

triv-i-al  ('i-al),  adj.  trifling;  com- 
monplace. 

Syn.  trifling,  petty,  small,  frivo- 
lous, unimportant,  insignificant. 
Ant.   (see  important). 

triy-i-al-i-ty  (-al'i-ti),  n.  [pi 
trivialities  (-tiz)l.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  trivial. 

tro-che  (tru'ke),  n.  a  medicinal 
lozenge. 

tro-chee  ('ke),  n.  a  metrical  foot 
of  2  syllables :  the  first  long,  the 
second  short. 

troch-le-a  (trok'le-a),  n.  a  pulley, 
or  grooved  pulley-like  surface. 

troch-le-ar  (trok'le-fir),  adj.  pul- 
ley-like :  said  of  certain  muscles. 

trod,  p.t.  of  tread. 

trog-Io-dyte  (trog'lo-dlt),  «.  a 
cave  dweller:  said  of  certain 
tribes. 

Tro-.ian  (tro'jan),  adj.  pertaining 
to  Troy. 

troll  (trol),  n.  a  giant  or  giantess 
of  supernatural  powers ;  sorcer- 
ess ;  a  kind  of  song ;  reel  on  a  fish- 
ing-rod :  v.t.  to  sing  the  parts  of 
in  succession :  v.i.  to  fish,  as  for 
pike,  with  a  rod  and  line  running 
on  a  reel. 

trol-ley  ( trol'i ) ,  n.  a  kind  of  truck  ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he",  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  p6rch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tro 


867 


tru 


a  grooved  metal  wheel  traveling 
in  contact  with  a  live  electric 
wire. 

trol-ley  car  (kar),  n.  a  car  pro- 
pelled by  means  of  a  trolley  and 
an  electric  motor. 

trollop    ('up),   11.   a   slattern. 

trom-bone  (trom'bon),  n.  a  large 
brass  instrument  of  the  trumpet 
kind. 

tro-mom-e-ter  (tro-mom'e-ter),  n. 
an  instrument  for  measuring 
earth  tremors. 

ftroop  (troop),  n.  a  multitude; 
small  body  of  cavalry,  usually  GO ; 
soldiers  collectively ;  company  of 
performers :  v.i.  to  march  in  a 
body  ;  collect  in  crowds. 

troop-er  ('er),  n.  a  cavalryman; 
troopship. 

trope  (trop),  n.  a  word  or  expres- 
sion used  in  a  sense  different  from 
its  usual  signification ;  figurative 
word. 

tro-phy  ('fi),  n.  [pi.  trophies 
('fiz)J,  a  memorial  of  a  victory; 
memento. 

trop-ic  (trop'ik),  n,  one  of  the 
two  small  circles  of  the  celestial 
sphere,  situated  at  each  side  of 
the  equator,  at  a  distance  of  23° 
28'  and  parallel  to  it,  within  the 
limits  of  which  the  sun  moves  in 
his  yearly  course ;  region  between 
the  tropics. 

trop-ic-al  Cik-al).  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  situated  within,  the  tropics ; 
figurative. 

trop-ic-al -ly  (-i),  adv.  figura- 
tively. 

trot  (trot),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  trotted, 
p.pr.  trotting],  to  move  faster 
than  a  walk :  v.t.  to  cause  to  trot : 
n.  the  pace  of  a  horse  a  little 
faster  than  a  walk  ;  jogging  pace  ; 
term  of  endearment. 

troth  (troth),  n.  betrothal;  fidel- 
ity. 

trot-ter  (trot'er),  n.  a  trotting 
horse  ;  sheep's  or  pig's  foot. 

trou-ba  dour  (troo'ba-door),  n. 
one  of  a  class  of  lyric  poets  who 
flourished  in  the  south  of  France 
and  north  of  Italy  llth-13th  cen- 
tarie*. 

troub-le  (trub'l),  n.  mental  agita- 
tion, distress,  or  worry ;  fault  or 
interruption  in  the  stratum  of  a 


mine :  v.t.  to  agitate,  distress,  or 
worry ;  give  occasion  of  labor  to. 

troub-le-some  (-sum),  adj.  caus- 
ing trouble. 

trough,  (trof),  n.  a  long,  hollow 
vessel  for  holding  a  liquid,  food, 
&c. ;  anything  hollowed  out. 

trounce  (trouns),  v.t.  to  beat 
soundly. 

trounc-ing  ('ing),  n.  a  severe 
beating. 

troupe  (troop),  n.  a  company  of 
performers. 

trou-sers  (trou'zerz),  n.pl.  a  gar- 
ment worn  by  men  and  boys,  from 
the  waist  to  the  ankles,  and  cover- 
ing each  leg  separately. 

trous-seau  (troo-so'),  n.  [pi. 
trousseaux  (-soz)],  a  bride's  out- 
fit. 

trout  (trout),  n.  a  fresh-water 
fish  allied  to  the  salmon,  but 
smaller. 

tro-ver  (tro'ver),  n.  the  gaining 
possession  of  goods  by  finding  or 
other  means ;  an  action  at  law  for 
goods  found  and  not  delivered  on 
demand. 

trow  (trou),  v.i.  to  believe;  trust. 

trow-el  ('el),  n.  a  flat,  triangular 
tool  used  for  spreading  mortar ;  a 
gardener's  tool. 

troy- weight  (troi'wat),  n.  a 
weight  of  12  ounces  to  the  pound, 
used  by  goldsmiths  and  jewelers. 

tru-an-cy  (troo'Sn-si),  n.  playing 
truant. 

tru-ant  ('ant),  n.  one  who  ab- 
sents himself  from  school  without 
leave ;  one  who  idles  away  from 
duty  or  business ;  loiterer :  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of, 
a  truant ;  idle 

truce  (troos),  n.  a  temporary 
peace  or  cessation  of  hostilities ; 
brief  cessation. 

truck  (truk),  n.  a  wheeled  vehicle 
for  carrying  goods ;  small  wooden 
wheel ;  small  wooden  cap  on  the 
top  of  a  flagstaff,  &c. ;  barter  ;  gar- 
den vegetables :  v.t.  to  send  by 
truck  ;  peddle  ;  hawk  :  v.i.  to  ex- 
change commodities  ;  barter  ;  ne- 
gotiate. 

truck-le  ('!),  n.  a  small  wheel  or 
caster :  v.t.  trundle ;  move  on 
rollers :  v.i.  to  yield  obsequiously 
to  another's  will. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tru 


868 


tru 


truck-le-bed  (-bed),  n.  a  trundle- 
bed. 

tru-cu-lence  ('cu-lens),  n.  feroc- 
ity. 

tru-cu-lent  ('cu-lent),  adj.  fero- 
cious ;  of  fierce  aspect. 

trudge  ( tru j ) ,  v.i.  to  travel  on 
foot,  especially  with  labor  or  fa- 
tigue. 

true  (troo),  adj.  [comp.  truer,  su- 
pcrl.  truest],  conformable  to  fact; 
faithful' 01  loyal;  genuine;  right- 
ful ;  correct. 

•S'f/w.  genuine,  actual,  sincere, 
true-hearted,  unaffected,  honest, 
upright,  veritable,  real,  veracious, 
authentic,  exact,  accurate,  correct. 

true-blue  ('bloo),  adj.  of  inflexi- 
ble honesty  and  fidelity. 

truf-fle  (truf'l),  n.  a  fleshy  under- 
ground fungus  much  esteemed  as 
a  table  delicacy. 

tru -ism  (troo'izm),  n.  a  self-evi- 
dent truth. 

tru-ly  ('Ii),  adv.  in  agreement 
with  truth  or  fact ;  precisely  ;  sin- 
cerely ;  honestly. 

trump  (trump),  n.  a  trumpet;  a 
winning  card ;  one  of  the  suit  of 
cards  that  takes  any  of  the  other 
suits ;  a  genuine  good  fellow :  v.t. 
to  take  with  a  trump  card :  v.i.  to 
play  a  trump  card. 

tmmp-er-y  ('er-i).  n.  worthless 
finery  ;  rubbish  :  adj.  worthless ; 
insignificant. 

trump-et  ('et),  n.  a  metal  wind 
instrument  formed  of  a  single 
curved  tube ;  an  organ  stop :  v.t. 
to  publish  by,  or  as  by,  the  sound 
of  trumpet ;  noise  abroad  ;  praise 
extravagantly. 

trump-et-er  ('er),  n.  one  who 
sounds  a  trumpet ;  one  who  pro- 
claims;  self-flatterer;  a  variety 
of  pigeon  ;  an  American  swan. 

trnn-cal  (trung'kal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  trunk. 

trim-cat e  ('kat),  adj.  anpearing 
as  if  cut  off  at  the  tip :  v.t. 
(trung-kaf),  to  lop. 

trnn-ca-ted  ('ka-ted),  adj.  cut  off 
short. 

truncheon  (trun'chun),  n.  a 
short  staff  or  cudgel ;  baton  or 
staff  of  authority :  v.t.  to  beat 
with  a  truncheon. 

trnn-dle   ('dl),  v.t.  to  roll  along; 


roll,  as  on  small  wheels :  n.  a 
little  wheel ;  truck. 

trun-dle-bed  ('bed),  n.  a  low 
bed  that  runs  on  casters. 

trunk  (trungk),  n.  the  stem  of  a 
tree ;  body  of  an  animal,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  head  and 
limbs;  main  body  of  anything; 
elephant's  proboscis ;  large  travel- 
ing box  or  chest ;  shaft  of  a 
column. 

trunk-hose  ('hoz) ,  n.  large 
breeches  reaching  to  the  knees. 

trun-nion  (trun'yun),  n.  one  of 
the  two  bosses  which  project  from 
the  opposite  sides  of  a  cannon. 

truss  (trus),  n.  a  surgical  ap- 
paratus for  the  relief  of  hernia ; 
a  bundle  or  package;  timbers 
fastened  together  for  the  support 
of  a  roof;  rope  or  iron  for  keep- 
ing the  center  of  the  lower  yard 
to  the  mast ;  tuft  of  flowers 
formed  at  the  top  of  the  main 
stalk  or  stem  of  certain  plants : 
v.t.  to  bind  or  pack  close ;  seize- 
and  carry  off;  skewer;  make  fast. 

trust  (trust),  n.  confidence; 
faith  ;  credit ;  special  reliance  on 
presumed  integrity ;  combination 
of  capitalists  to  secure  a  mo- 
nopoly ;  an  estate  held  for  the 
benefit  of  another :  v.t.  to  place 
confidence  in;  rely  upon;  credit; 
sell  upon  credit  to :  v.i.  to  have 
trust  in :  adj.  held  in  trust. 

trus-tee  (trus-te'),  n.  a  person  to- 
whom  nroperty  or  the  manage- 
ment of  property  is  committed 
for  the  benefit  of  others. 

trus-tee-ship  ('ship),  n.  the  office 
or  functions  of  a  trustee. 

trust-ful  (trust'fool),  adj.  full  of 
trust ;  faithful. 

trust-ful-ly  (-i),  adv.  in  a  trust- 
ful manner. 

trust-i-ness  (M-nes),  n.  the  qual- 
ity of  being  trusty. 

trust-y  ('i).  adj.  [comp.  trustier, 
super!,  trustiest],  justly  deserving 
confidence _;  faithful. 

truth,  (trooth),  n.  [pi.  truths], 
agreement  with  reality ;  eternal 
principle  of  right,  or  law  of 
order  ;  veracity  ;  fidelity  ;  fact. 

truth-ful  ('fool),  adj.  according 
to,  adhering  to,  or  speaking,  the 
truth  ;  reliable. 

truth-ful-ly  (-i),  adv.  in  a 
truthful  manner. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  a,wl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  :  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


try 


869 


turn 


try  (trn,  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  tried. 
p.pr.  trying],  to  prove  by  experi- 
ment ;  test  or  prove ;  examine ; 
purify  or  refine ;  subject  to  se- 
vere trial ;  examine  judicially  ; 
subject  to  strain ;  n,  an  attempt 
or  experiment. 

try-ing  ('ing),  adj.  afflictive; 
difficult. 

try-sail  C'sal).  n.  a  sail  set  on 
the  fore  and  main  masts,  rigged 
with  a  boom  and  gaff. 

tryst  (trist),  n.  a  rendezvous; 
place  of  mppting ;  appointment  to 
meet ;  meeting  in  accordance  with 
appointmpnt. 

tsar,   another   form   of   czar. 

tsar-i-na,    same    as    czarina. 

tset-se  (tset'se),  n.  an  irritating 
African  fly  whose  bite  is  fatal  to 
oxen,  horses,  &c. 

T-square  (te'skwar) ,  n.  a 
draughtsman's  ruler. 

tu-a-te-ra  (toO-fi-ta'ra),  n.  a  New 
Zealand  carnivorous  lizard. 

-tub  (tub),  n.  a  small  cask  ;  sponge 
bath  :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  tubbed,  p.pr. 
tubbing"),  to  place  in  a  tub  :  v.i.  to 
take  a  sponge  bath. 

•tub-by    ( '\ ) ,   adj.  tub-shaped. 

-tube  Ctfilil.  n.  a  hollow  cylinder 
for  conveying  fluids  :  pipe  ;  sub- 
way :  r.t.  to  furnish  with  P  tube. 

tu-ber  (tu'br-r).  n.  a  thickened, 
roundish,  underground  stem. 

tu-ber-cle  (-kl).  n.  a  small  hard 
local  tumor;  little  tuber. 

"tu-ber-cu-lar  ('kfi-ler),  adj.  full 
of  small  knobs  or  tubercles. 

tu-ber-cu-lo-sis  C-lo'sis).  n.  a  dis- 
ease accompanied  by  the  forma- 
tion of  small  tubercles  in  the  tis- 
sues. 

tu-ber-ous  Cber-us),  adj.  consist- 
ing of  roundish  fleshy  tubers. 

tu-ber-ose  Cber-os),  «.  an  odorif- 
erous plant  with  a  tuberous  root 
and  liliaceous  flowers. 

tu-bing  ('bing),  n.  material  for 
tubes. 

tu-bu-lar  ('bu-lar).  adj.  tube- 
shaped  ;  consisting  of  a  tube  or 
tubes. 

tuck  (tuk),  n.  a  fold  in  a  dress; 
roll  of  a  drum :  v.t.  to  thrust  or 
press  in  ;  gather,  or  turn  up ;  fold 
under. 

tuck-a-hoe  Cft-ho).  n.  a  curious 
vegetable  production  somewhat 


resembling  the  truffle ;  Indian 
bread. 

tuck-er  ('er),  n.  ornamental  frill- 
ing or  article  of  dress  for  shading 
the  bosom  of  a  woman. 

tu-cuxn  (too'kum),  n.  a  South 
American  palm,  yielding  a  valua- 
ble fiber. 

Tues-day  (tiiz'da),  n.  the  3rd  day 
of  the  week. 

tu-fa  (too'fa),  n.  friable  volcanic 
rock  or  scoria? ;  soft  or  porous 
stone  formed  by  the  deposition  of 
carbonate  of  lime  from  water. 
Tuff. 

tuft  (tuft),  n.  a  collection  of 
small  things  forming  a  knot  or 
bunch :  v.t.  to  separate  into,  or 
adorn  with,  tufts. 

tuft-hun-ter  (-hun'ter).  n.  one 
who  courts  the  acquaintance  of 
persons  of  rank. 

tug  (tug),  n.  a  pull  with  great  ef- 
fort ;  steam  towing  vessel :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  tugged,  p.pr.  tugging], 
to  pull  or  draw  with  continued  ef- 
fort ;  tow :  r.t'.  to  strain  in  labor. 

tu-i-ticm  (tu-ish'un),  n.  act  or 
business  of  teaching  ;  instruction  ; 
fee  for  instruction. 

tu-lip  Clip),  n.  a  liliaceous  plant 
with  bell-shaped  flowers. 

tulle  (tool),  n.  a  delicate  silk 
lace  or  netting. 

tnm-ble  (tum'bl),  v.i.  to  fall  sud- 
denly and  violently  ;  roll  about : 
v.t.  to  throw  down  ;  turn  over :  n, 
a  fall :  a  rolling  over. 

tum-bler  ('bier),  n.  one  who  tum- 
bles :  posture  maker ;  a  kind  of 
drinking-glass ;  variety  of  pigeon. 

tum-brel  ('brel),  n.  a  cart  that 
may  be  tilted  up ;  two-wheeled 
covered  cart  for  conveying  tools, 
ammunition,  &c.,  in  a  military 
train.  Also  tumbril. 

tu-mid  Cmid),  adj.  swollen;  dis- 
tended ;  bombastic ;  pompous. 

tu-mid-i-ty  Ci-ti).  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  tumid. 

tu-mor  ('mer).  n.  a  morbid  swell- 
ing or  enlargement  of  any  part  of 
the  body. 

tuiu-tum  (tum'tum),  n.  a  West 
Indian  dish  of  boiled  plantain. 

tu-mult  (tn'mult),  n.  the  commo- 
tion of  a  number  of  people;  noisy 
confusion ;  riot. 

tn-mnl-tn-ons    (-mul'tu-us),    adj. 


late,  mar,  mflsk,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  mo5n, 
cook  ;  miite,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


turn 


870 


tur 


characterized  by,  or  full  of,  tu- 
mult ;  disorderly ;  agitated. 

Syn.    turbulent,    riotous,    disor- 
derly, disturbed,  confused,  unruly. 
Ant.  (see  orderly). 

tu-mu-lus  ('mu-lus),  n.  [pi.  tu- 
muli (-IT)],  an  artificial  hillock 
raised  over  a  grave. 

tun  (tun),  n.  a  large  cask;  meas- 
ure of  wine  =  252  gallons ;  fer- 
menting vat  of  a  brewery. 

tun-a-ble  (tfm'a-bl),  adj.  capable 
of  being  tuned  ;  harmonious  ;  me- 
lodious. 

tun-dra  (toon'drfi),  n.  a  stretch 
of  mossy,  marshy,  flat  land  in 
Northern  Siberia. 

tune  (tun),  n.  a  series  of  musical 
notes  with  unity  of  key-note  ;  mel- 
ody ;  short  musical  composition ; 
just  intonation  ;  fit  disposition  or 
right  mood :  v.t.  to  cause  to  pro- 
duce the  proper  sounds ;  harmo- 
nize. 

Syn.  tone,  air,  melody,  strain. 

tune-ful  ('fool),  adj.  musical; 
harmonious. 

tune-ful-ly  (-li),  adv.  harmoni- 
ously. 

tun-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  tunes 
musical  instruments. 

tnng-sten  (tung'sten),  n.  a  rare, 
heavy,  greyish-white  metal. 

tung-stic  ac-id  ('stik  as'id),  n. 
an  acid  of  tungsten  consisting  of 
1  equivalent  of  tungsten  and  3  of 
oxygen. 

tn-nic  (tu'nik),  n.  an  under- 
garment worn  by  both  sexes  of 
the  ancient  Romans ;  loose  kind  of 
frock  worn  by  women  and  boys ; 
military  coat ;  membrane  covering 
some  organ ;  covering,  as  of  a 
seed. 

tu-ni-ca-ted  ('ni-ka-ted),  adj. 
covered  with  a  membrane. 

tu-ni-cle  (tu'ni-kl),  n.  a  small 
tunic;  a  close-fitting  vestment 
worn  by  Roman  Catholic  bishops 
and  sub-deacons. 

tun-nel  (tun'el),  n.  a  vaulted  un- 
derground passaee  cut  through  a 
hill  or  under  a  river;  funnel: 
shaft  of  a  chimney ;  net  wide  at 
the  mouth  and  ending  in  a  point : 
v.t.  to  form  a  tunnel  through  or 
under. 

tun-ny  ('i),  n.  [pi  tunnies  ('iz)L 


a  large  marine  fish  allied  to  the 
mackerel. 

tu-pe-lo  (tu'pe-lo),  n.  a  North 
American  tree  with  red  berries 
and  a  very  hard  wood. 

tu-ra-cine  (too'ra-sin),  n.  a  red 
pigment. 

Tu-ra-ni-an  (tu-ra'ni-an),  adj. 
noting  generally  those  languages 
and  peoples  not  included  in  the 
Aryan  and  Semitic  families. 

tur-ban  (ter'ban),  n.  the  head- 
dress worn  by  Orientals,  consist- 
ing of  a  cap  around  which  a  sash 
is  wrapped. 

tur-ba-ry  ('ba-ri),  n.  right  of 
digging  turf  on  the  land  of  an- 
other: place  where  turf  is  dug. 

tur-bid  ('bid),  adj.  muddy;  thick. 
Syn.  foul,  thick,  muddy,  impure, 
unsettled. 

tur-bine  ('bin).  «.  a  wheel  turn- 
ing on  a  vertical  axis  and  driven 
by  steam  or  water. 

tur-bit  ('bit),  n.  a  variety  of 
pigeon. 

tur-bot  ('bot),  n.  a  large  flat  fish. 

tur-bu-lence  ('bu-lens),  n.  disor- 
der ;  agitation. 

tur-bu-lent  Cbu-lent),  adj.  tu- 
multuous ;  agitated ;  insubordi- 
nate ;  riotous. 

Tur-co  ('ko),  n.  an  Arab  sharp- 
shooter in  the  French  arry. 

Tur-co-phile  ('ko-fil),  n.  a  sup- 
porter of  the  Turks  in  their 
domination  over  the  Slavonic 
Christians.  Also  Turcophil. 

tu-reen  (tii-ren'),  n.  a  deep  table- 
vessel  for  holding  soup. 

turf  (terf),  n.  the  grassy  surface 
of  untilled  land  :  race-course  ;  oc- 
cupation of  racing  (with  the)  : 
v.t.  to  cover  with  turf. 

turf-i-ness  Ci-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  turfy. 

turf -ing  ('ing),  n.  the  laying 
down  of  turf. 

turf-ite  ('It),  n.  one  who  makes 
his  living  by,  or  is  devoted  to, 
horse- racing. 

turf-y  ('i),  adj.  abounding  in,  or 
like,  turf. 

tur-ges-cence  (-jes'ens) ,  n.  infla- 
tion. 

tur-ges-cent  Cent),  adj.  growing 
inflated. 

tur-gid    ('jid),  adj.  distended  be- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


tur 


871 


twe 


yond  the  natural  size ;  inflated ; 
bombastic. 

•tur-gid-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the  state  of 
being  turgid.  Also  turgidness. 

Turk  (terk),  n.  a  native  of  Tur- 
key ;  Mohammedan  ;  troublesome, 
mischievous  boy. 

tur-key  ('i),  n.  a  large  gallina- 
ceous bird. 

Turk-ish  ('ish),  «.  the  language 
of  the  Turks :  adj.  pertaining  to 
Turkey  or  the  Turks. 

Turk-ish-bath  (-bath),  n.  a  hot 
air  bath. 

tur-mer-ic  (ter'mer-ik),  n.  the 
root-stock  of  an  East  Indian 
plant,  yielding  a  yellow  color  used 
in  dyeing. 

tur-moil  ('moil),  n.  harassing  la- 
bor ;  worrying  confusion  ;  noise. 

turn  (tern),  v.t.  to  cause  or  make 
to  go  round  :  change  the  direction 
of ;  change  from  one  state  to  an- 
other ;  reverse ;  convert ;  trans- 
form ;  translate ;  bend  back ; 
blunt ;  make  giddy  ;  nauseate  ;  ex- 
pel :  v.i.  to  have  a  circular  mo- 
tion ;  be  changed ;  move  as  on  a 
pivot;  recoil:  n.  the  act  of  turn- 
ing ;  movement  in  a  circular  di- 
rection ;  bend  or  curve ;  change  of 
direction ;  opportunity ;  good  or 
evil  act ;  short  spell :  form  or 
cast ;  fright  or  shock ;  single  twist 
or  bend  of  a  rope. 

turn  dun  ('dun),  n.  a  flat  piece 
of  wood  shaped  like  a  fish  which 
when  whirled  in  the  air  makes  a 
roaring  noise :  used  by  certain 
savage  races. 

turn-er  Cer),  n.  one  who  turns; 
one  who  turns  articles  in  a  lathe  : 
a  kind  of  pigeon. 

turn-er-y  ('§r-i),  n.  articles  made 
in  the  lathe. 

tnra-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of  one 
who,  or  that  which,  turns  ; 
deviation  ;  a  winding. 

turn-ip  ('ip),  n.  a  well-known 
plant  with  a  solid  bulbous  root. 

turn-key  ('ke),  n.  a  prison 
warder. 

turn-pike  ('plk),  n.  a  gate  or 
bar  to  stop  vehicles,  and  some- 
times foot  passengers,  &c.,  until 
toll  is  paid. 

tnr-pen-tine  ('pen-tin),  n.  the 
resinous  or  viscid  juice  of  pine 
and  fir  trees. 


tur-pi-tude  ('pi-tud),  n.  moral 
depravity. 

tur-qnoise  (ter'koiz),  n.  a  pre- 
cious stone. 

tur-ret  (tur'et),  n.  a  small  tower; 
cylindrical  rotary  iron  tower  on 
a  man-of-war. 

tur-ret-ed  (-ed),  adj.  furnished 
with  turrets. 

tur-tle  (ter'tl),  n.  a  large  edible 
sea-tortoise ;  the  turtle-dove. 

tur-tle-dove  (-duv),  n.  a  species 
of  dove,  noted  for  its  gentleness 
and  tenderness. 

Tus-can  Or-der  (tus'kSn  or'der), 
n.  the  most  simple  of  the  5  orders 
of  classic  architecture. 

tush  (tush),  interj.  an  expression 
of  contempt,  rebuke,  or  silence. 

tusk  (tusk),  n.  the  long,  pointed 
tooth  on  each  side  of  the  upper 
jaw  of  certain  mammals. 

tus-sah  (tus'a),  n.  an  inferior 
kind  of  silk.  Also  tussore,  tusseh. 

tns-sle  ('!),  n.  a  scuffle:  v.i.  to 
scuffle  or  struggle. 

tus-sock  ('ok),  n.  a  tuft,  clump, 
or  small  hillock  of  grass ;  a 
species  of  tuffy  grass,  valuable  for 
fodder.  Also  tussac. 

tut   (tut),  interj.  hush!  be  quiet! 

tu-tel-age  (tu'tel-uj),  n.  guardian- 
ship. 

tu-te-la-ry  ('te-la-ri),  adj.  pro- 
tecting. 

tu-ten-ag  ('ten-ag),  n.  Chinese 
copper. 

tu-tor  ('ter),  n.  a  teacher;  guard- 
ian :  v.t.  to  instruct ;  train  or 
discipline. 

tu-to-ri-al  (-to'ri-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  exercised  by,  a  tu- 
tor or  instructor. 

tu-tor-ship  ('ter-ship).  n.  the 
office  of  a  tutor ;  guardianship. 

twad-dle  (twod'l),  n.  silly  talk: 
v.t.  to  talk  in  a  silly  or  weak 
manner. 

twain   (twan),  n.  &  adj.  two. 

twang  (twang),  n.  a  sharp, 
quick,  vibrating  sound ;  affected 
nasal  tone  of  voice :  v.t.  &  v.i.  to 
sound  with  a  sharp,  vibrating 
noise. 

tweak  (twek),  v.t.  to  pinch  or 
pull  with  a  sudden  jerk  and 
twist :  n.  a  s^udden  sharp  pull  or 
pinch. 


late,  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


twe 


872 


typ 


tweed  (twed),  n.  a  soft,  woolly 
cloth  material. 

twee-zers  ( twe'zers ) .  n.pl.  small 
pinchers  for  pulling  out  hairs. 

twelfth  (twelfth),  adj.  next  in 
order  after  the  eleventh :  n.  one 
of  12  equal  parts. 

Twelfth  Day   (da),  n.  Epiphany. 

twelve-mo  (twelv'mo),  n.  duo- 
decimo. 

twen-ti-eth  (twen'ti-eth),  adj. 
the  ordinal  of  20:  n.  one  of  20 
equal  parts. 

twen-ty  ('ti),  adj.  twice  10:  n. 
the  number  which  is  one  more 
than  19 ;  a  score. 

twice  (twis),  adv.  two  times; 
doubly. 

twid-dle  (twid'l),  v.t.  to  twirl  in 
a  light  manner ;  touch  lightly : 
v.t.  to  move  with  a  quivering  mo- 
tion :  n.  a  twist  of  the  fingers. 

twig  (twig),  n.  a  small  shoot  or 
branch :  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  twigged, 
p.pr.  twigging],  to  notice;  under- 
stand :  v.i.  to  comprehend. 

twi-light  (twl'lit),  n.  the  faint 
light  before  sunrise  and  after  sun- 
set ;  partial  illumination :  adj.  ob- 
scure ;  shaded. 

twill  (twi|),  n.  an  appearance  of 
diagonal  lines  in  textile  fabrics ; 
fabric  woven  with  a  twill :  v.t.  to 
weave,  as  a  fabric,  with  diagonal 
lines. 

twin  (twin),  adj.  double;  closely 
resembling :  n.  one  of  two  born 
at  a  birth ;  any  person  or  thing 
very  like  another. 

twine  (twin),  v.t.  to  twist;  wind 
round ;  unite  close/y :  v.t.  to  be 
closely  united  by  twisting :  n.  a 
twist ;  strong  thread. 

twinge  (twinj),  v.t.  to  affect  with 
a  sudden  sharp  pain  ;  twitch :  v.i. 
to  suffer  a  twinge :  n.  a  sudden 
sharp  pain. 

twin-kle  (twing'kl),  n.  a  quick 
motion  of  the  eye ;  short,  tremu- 
lous light ;  an  instant :  v.i.  to 
open  and  shut  the  eyes  rapidly ; 
blink ;  shine  with  a  tremulous, 
sparkling  light ;  quiver. 

twirl  (twerl),  v.t.  to  move  or 
turn  round  rapidly  ;  whirl :  v.i.  to 
rotate  rapidly :  n.  a  quick,  cir- 
cular motion  ;  convolution. 

twist  (twist),  v.t.  to  unite  or 
form  by  winding  together;  wind 


spirally;  interlace;  writhe  or  con- 
tort ;  cause  to  turn  from  a  direct 
line :  v.i.  to  be  contorted ;  move 
in  a  curve :  n.  the  act  of  twisting ; 
convolution  ;  manner  of  twisting  ; 
cord  or  thread ;  kind  of  roll  to- 
bacco. 

twit  (twit),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
twitted,  p.pr.  twitting],  to  annoy 
by  reminding  of  a  fault,  &c. ;  up- 
braid. 

twitch  (twich),  v.t.  to  pull  with 
a  sudden  jerk  :  v.i.  to  contract  or 
move  quickly  or  spasmodically  :  n. 
a  sudden  jerk  or  pull ;  short 
spasmodic  convulsion. 

twitch-grass  ('gras),  n.  couch- 
grass. 

twite  (twit),  n.  the  mountain 
linnet. 

twit-ter  (twit'er),  v.i.  to  make  a 
succession  of  small,  tremulous 
sounds,  as  a  bird  ;  feel  a  tremu- 
lous, nervous  motion  :  n.  a  small, 
tremulous  noise ;  slight  nervous 
agitation. 

two  (too),  adj.  one  and  one:  n. 
tht-  number  of  one  and  one. 

two-pen-ny  (tup'en-i),  adj.  of 
the  value  of  twopence  ;  trumpery  ; 
vulgar ;  worthless. 

two-ply  (too'pli),  adj.  of  two 
thicknesses. 

Ty-coon  (tl-koon'),  n.  the  title 
formerly  assumed  by  the  com- 
mander-in-chief  of  the  Japanese 
army. 

ty-ing  (ti'ing),  p.pr.  of  tie:  n. 
the  process  of  washing  ores. 

ty-ler,   same   as   tiler. 

tym-pan  (tim'pan),  n.  the  parch- 
ment-covered frame  on  which 
sheets  are  laid  to  be  printed. 

tym-pan-ic  (-pan'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  a  tympan  or  tympanum. 
Also  tympanal. 

tym-pa-num  ('pa-num).  n.  the 
membranous  wall  which  separates 
the  internal  from  the  external 
ear;  the  drum  of  the  ear:  flat 
triangular  part  of  a  pediment; 
hollow  drum-shaped  wheel. 

type  (tip),  v.t.  to  typify;  repro-  ' 
duce  by  a  typewriter :  n.  an  em- 
blem, sign,  or  symbol ;  figure  or 
design  stamped  on  coin ;  distin- 
guishing mark ;  general  form  or 
structure  ;  original  design  ;  a  letter 
in  metal  or  wood  for  printing 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  m65n, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


typ 


873 


tyr 


from.  Different  sizes  of  printing 
types  are  indicated  by  distin- 
guishing names  and  by  means  of 
a  unit  of  type  measurement,  which 
in  the  United  States  is  one- 
twelfth  of  a  pica. 

Syn.     emblem,     symbol,     figure, 
sign,  letter,  sort,  kind. 

SIZES   OF   TYPE. 

Brilliant   =    3Va   point. 
Diamond  =  4  or  4%  point. 
Pearl  =  5  point. 
Agate   =   5Va   point. 
Nonpareil  =  6  point. 
Minion  =  7  point. 
Brevier  =  S  point. 
Bourgeois  =  9  point. 
Long  primer  —  10  point. 
Small    pica   =   11    point. 
Pica  —  12  point. 
English  ==  14  point. 
Columbian   =   16   point. 
Great  primer  =  18  point. 

type-met-al  Cmet-al),  n.  an  alloy 
of  lead,  antimony,  and  tin  for 
casting  type. 

type-wr\ter  ('ri-ter),  «.  a  me- 
chanical contrivance  for  produc- 
ing letters  by  means  of  an  inked 
ribbon  and  types ;  a  typewriting 
machine ;  an  operator  of  a  type- 
writing machine. 

ty-phoid  (ti'foid),  adj  pertain- 
ing to,  or  like,  typhus :  n.  an  en- 
teric fever  occasioned  by  defective 
drains,  &c. 

ty-phoon  (-foon'),  n.  a  violent 
tornado  in  the  Chinese  and  Jap- 
anese seas. 

ty-phus  ('fus),  n.  a  contagious 
fever  often  occurring  as  an  epi- 
demic. 

typ-ic-al  (tip'ik-51),  adj.  figura- 
tive. 

typ-ic-al-ly  (-i),  adv.  figuratively. 

typ-i-fy    ('i-fl),    v.t.    [p.t,    &    p.p. 


typified,  p.pr.  typifying],  to  rep- 
resent by  an  image  or  emblem ; 
foreshadow. 

ty-pist  (ti'pist),  n.  one  who  op- 
erates a  typewriting  machine. 

ty-pog-ra-pher  (ti-pog'ra-fer),  n. 
a  printer. 

ty-po-graph-ic-al  (-p5-graf'ik-al) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  the  art  of 
printing.  Also  typographic. 

ty-po-graph-ic-al-ly  (-i),  adv. 
by  means  of  type ;  employed  in 
printing. 

ty-pog-ra-pliy  (-pog'ra-fi),  n.  the 
art  of  printing. 

ty-pol-o-gy  (-pol'6-ji),  n.  the  doc- 
trine of  Scripture  types  or  fig- 
ures. 

ty-ran-nic-al  (-ran'ik-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of, 
a  tyrant ;  despotic ;  cruel.  Also 
tyrannic. 

ty-ran-nic-al-ly  (-i),  adv.  in  a 
tyrannical  manner. 

tyr-an-nize  (tir'an-lz),  v.i.  to  act 
like  a  tyrant ;  rule  with  oppress- 
ive severity. 

tyr-an-nous  (Tm-us),  adj.  arbi- 
trary ;  tyrannical. 

tyr-an-ny  ( 'an-i ) .  n.  the  govern- 
ment or  conduct  of  a  tyrant ;  se- 
verity ;  absolute  monarchy  impe- 
riously administered. 

ty-rant  (ti'rant) ,  n.  an  oppressor ; 
despot. 

Tyr-i-an  (tir'5-5n),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  ancient  Tyre ;  of  a  rich 
purple  color. 

ty-ro  (ti'ro),  n.  a  beginner; 
novice. 

Ryn.  novice,  beginner,  learner. 

Tyr-o-lese  (tir-o-lez'),  adj.  per- 
taining to  the  Tyrol  or  its  natives. 

tyr-o-li-enne  (-o-le'en).  n.  a  pop- 
ular song  of  the  Tyrolese  mount- 
aineers, accompanied  with  danc- 
ing. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


UDI 


874 


umb 


-u 


n-biq-ui-tons  (u-bik'wi-tus) ,  adj. 
existing  everywhere ;  omnipresent. 

u-biq-ui-ty  ('wi-ti),  n.  omnipres- 
ence. 

ud-der  (ud'der),  n.  the  glandular 
organ  of  a  mammal  which  secretes 
the  milk. 

ng-li-ly  (ug'li-li),  adv.  in  an 
ugly  manner. 

ng-li-ness  (-nes),  n.  total  ab- 
sence of  beauty ;  deformity,  phys- 
ical or  moral. 

ug-ly  ('li).  adj.  [comp.  uglier, 
fUtterl.  ugliest],  that  which  is 
offensive  to  the  eye ;  deformed ; 
morally  repellent ;  ill-natured. 

Syn.    unsightly,    plain,    homely, 
ill-favored,   hideous. 
Ant.    (see  beautiful). 

iih  Ian  (u'lan),  n.  one  of  a  kind 
of  light  cavalry,  or  lancer,  in  the 
German  army. 

u-kase  (-kas').  n.  a  Russian  im- 
perial decree  having  the  force  of 
a  law. 

nl-cer  (ul'ser),  n.  a  sore,  attended 
with  a  secretion  of  pus. 

ul-cer-ate  (-at),  v.t.  to  affect 
with  an  ulcer :  v.i.  to  be  formed 
into  an  ulcer. 

ul-cer-a-tion     (-a'shun),     n.     the 

Srocess  of  forming  into  an  ulcer. 
-cer-ous  ('ser-us),  adj.  ulcer- 
like. 

nle  (ul),  n.  a  Mexican  tree  which 
yields  caoutchouc. 

nl-na  ('na).  n.  the  larger  of  the 
two  bones  that  form  the  fore-arm. 

nl-nar  ('ner),  adj.  pertaining  to 
the  ulna, 

nl-ster  (ul'ster),  n.  a  long,  loose 
overcoat  of  coarse  cloth. 

_l-te-ri-op  (-te'ri-§r),  adj.  lying 
beyond  or  on  the  further  side ; 
more  distant ;  beyond  something 
else  either  expressed  or  implied. 

nl-ti-ma  ('ti-ma),  n.  the  last 
syllable  of  a  word. 

nl-ti-mate  (ti-mat),  adj.  being 
the  last ;  utmost ;  furthest ;  ex- 
treme ;  final. 

nl  ti mate  ly   (-H).  adv.  finally. 

nl-ti-iua-tum       (-ti-ma'tum) ,      n. 


[pi.  ultimata,  ultimatums  ('ta, 
'tumz)],  final  conditions  offered 
as  the  basis  of  an  agreement 
prior  to  the  declaration  of  hos- 
tilities. 

ul-ti-mo  ('ti-mo),  adv.  in  the 
month  preceding  the  present. 

ul-tra    ('trfi),    adj.   extreme. 

ul-tra-ma-rine  (-ma-ren),  n.  a 
beautiful,  permanent,  blue  pig- 
ment, originally  obtained  from 
lapis-lazuli. 

ul-tra-inon-tane  (-mon'tan),  adj. 
being  beyond  the  mountains  (the 
Alps)  ;  pertaining  to,  or  charac- 
teristic of,  ultramontanism. 

ul-tra-mon-tan-ism  (-izm),  n. 
extreme  views  of  the  Pope's  au- 
thority and  infallibility. 

nl-tra-mon-tan-ist  (-ist),  n.  a 
supporter  of  ultramonranism. 

ul-u-la-tion.  (ul-u-la'shun),  n.  a 
howling  like  a  dog. 

um-bel  (um'bel).  »?.  a*  fan-like 
inflorescence  radiating  from  a 
common  center. 

um-bell-if-er-ous  (-if'er-us).  adj. 
producing  or  bearing  umbels. 
Umbellate,  umbellated. 

nm-ber  ('her),  n,  a  brown  pig- 
ment ;  the  grayling :  adj.  of  an 
olive-brown  color. 

um-bil-ic-al  (-bil'ik-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  formed  like,  the 
navel. 

um-bles  ('biz),  n.pL  a  deer's  en- 
trails. 

um-bo  ('bo),  n.  the  boss  of  a 
shield;  point  of  a  bivalve-shell 
immediately  above  the  hinge. 

UIH  bra  ('bra),  n.  the  dark  cone 
of  shadow  projected  from  a  planet 
or  satellite  on  the  side  opposite  to 
the  sun ;  the  dark  central  part  of 
a  snnspot. 

um-brage  ('brnj).  n.  screen  of 
trees  or  foliage :  offense. 

Syn.  offense,  dissatisfaction,  dis- 
pleasure,  resentment. 

nm-bra-geous  (-bra'jus),  adj. 
shady. 

um-brel-la  (-brel'a),  n.  a  covered 
sliding  frame  carried  in  the  hand 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  he"r,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin,  then. 


urn  I 


875 


und 


as   a   screen   against   the   rain   or 
sun. 

nm-lant  (dom'lout).  n.  the  change 
of  a  vowel  in  one  syllable 
through  the  influence  of  a  vowel 
in  the  succeeding  syllable. 

•um-pire  lum'pir),  n.  a  third  party 
to  whom  a  dispute  is  referred  for 
settlement :  one  chosen  in  a  game 
to  see  that  its  rules  are  observed  : 
v.i.  to  act  as  umpire. 

Syn.   referee,   arbitrator,   judge, 
arbiter. 

n-na-nim-i-ty  (u-na-nim'i-ti),  n. 
agreement  in  opinion. 

N///(.   accord,    agreement,   unity, 
concord. 

Ant.   (see  discord). 

n-nan  i-mous  (-nan'i-nius),  adj. 
agreeing  in  opinion. 

Syn.  agreeing,   like-minded. 

un-arm    (un-iirm'),  v.t.  to  disarm. 

n-nau  (u'naw),  n.  the  two-toed 
sloth. 

nn-be-lief  (un'be-lef),  n.  skepti- 
cism. 

nn-bend  (-bend'),  v.i.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  unbent,  p.pr.  unbending],  to 
free  from  flexure ;  relax :  un- 
fasten from  the  yards  and  spars : 
v.i.  to  become  relaxed :  act  with 
freedom  or  condescension. 

un-can-ny  (-kan'i),  adj.  weird; 
mysterious  ;  dangerous  ;  unpropi- 
tious  [Scotch]. 

nn-chan-cy  (-chan'si),  adj.  un- 
lucky ;  perilous. 

un-cle  fung'kl).  n.  the  brother  of 
one's  father  or  mother ;  husband 
of  one's  aunt ;  pawnbroker. 

un-con-scion-a-ble  ( un-kon'shun- 
a-bl),  adj.  out  of  all  reason  or 
expectation. 

unc-tion  (ungk'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  anointing  as  a  symbol  of  con- 
secration ;  ointment;  anything 
soothing:  sham  fervor  or  suavity. 

nnc-tn-ons  ('tu-us),  adj.  oily; 
soothing ;  lenitive ;  extremely 
bland. 

nn-dec-a-gon  (un-dek'a-gon),  n. 
a  plane  figure  with  11  sides  or  11 
angles. 

nn-de-cen-na-ry  ( -de-sen'il-ri ) , 
adj.  eleventh ;  once  in  11  years. 
Undecennial. 

nn-der  ('dor),  prep,  beneath; 
subordinate  to:  in  subjection  to; 
less  than  ;  during  the  time  of. 


Syn.     below,     underneath,     be- 
neath, subordinate,  lower,  inferior, 
Ant.  (see  above). 

nn-der-go  (-go'),  v.t.  to  pass 
through  or  experience ;  suffe_r._ 

un-der-grad-n-ate  ( -grad'u-at ) , 
n.  a  member  of  a  university  who 
has  not  taken  his  first  degree. 

uii-der-hand  (-hand),  adj.  done 
by  meanness  or  fraud  ;  clandestine. 

un-der-lay  (un'der-la),  «.  a  layer 
of  paper  to  raise  the  matter  to  be 
printed  to  a  proper  level. 

un-der-stand  (-der-stand') ,  v.t.  to 
perceive  by  the  mind ;  be  in- 
formed of  ;  assume  or  imply  ;  know 
by  experience :  v.i.  to  have  un- 
derstanding ;  be  informed. 

tm-der-stand-ing  ('ing),  n.  the 
rational  faculties ;  intellect ;  in- 
telligence ;  wisdom ;  skill. 

Syn.  knowledge,  intellect,  intel- 
ligence, faculty,  comprehension, 
mind,  reason,  brains. 

un-der-take  (-tak'),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  undertook,  p.pr.  undertaking], 
to  take  under  one's  management ; 
assume  ;  attempt ;  answer  for : 
v.i.  to  take  upon  one's  self ;  guar5- 
antee. 

Syn.  engage  in,  embark  in, 
agree,  promise. 

un-der-tak-er  ('der-tak-er) ,  n. 
one  who  undertakes  to  perform 
any  office  or  business ;  one  who 
manages  funerals. 

un-der-tak-ing  ('ing),  n.  any 
business  or  project  a  person  en- 
gages to  perform. 

un-der-write  (-rlt),  v.t.  [p.t.  un- 
derwrote, p.p.  underwritten,  p.pr. 
underwriting],  to  subscribe  one's 
name  to  (a  policy  of  marine  in- 
surance) :  v.i.  to  follow  the  calling 
of  an  underwriter. 

nn-der-writ-er  ('der-rTt-er),  n. 
one  who  subscribes  his  name  to 
a  policy  of  marine  insurance. 

nn-der-writ-ing  (-ing),  n.  the 
calling  of  an  underwriter ;  marine 
insurance. 

nn-dine  (un-den'),  n.  a  water- 
nymph. 

mi-due  (vm-du'),  adj.  improper; 
excessive ;  not  legal. 

nn-dn-late  ('dii-lat).  v.t.  &  v.i. 
to  wave,  or  move  like  waves ;  vi- 
brate. 


late,  miir,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


und 


876 


Uni 


un-du-la-tion  (-la'shun),  n.  a 
waving  motion  or  vibration. 

un-du-la-to-ry  ('du-la-to-ri),  adj. 
undulating ;  vibratory. 

un-du-la-to-ry  the-o-ry  (the'o- 
ri),  n.  the  theory  that  light  is 
caused  by  vibrations  transmitted 
through  an  ethereal  medium  in 
wave-like  undulations. 

un-du-ly  ('li),  adv.  excessively; 
improperly. 

un-earned  in-cre-ment  (-ernd' 
in'kre-ment),  n.  the  increase  of 
the  value  of  land  or  property 
without  labor  or  expenditure  on 
the  part  of  the  proprietor. 

un-e-qual  (-e'kwal),  adj.  not 
equal ;  not  regular  or  uniform  ;  ill- 
matched  ;  disproportionate ;  in- 
sufficient. 

8yn.  uneven,  not  alike,  irregu- 
lar,   insufficient. 
Ant.  (see  even). 

un-gual  (ung'gwal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  having,  a  nail,  claw,  or 
hoof. 

un-guent  ('gwent),  n.  an  oint- 
ment ;  lubricating  substance. 

nn-gu-late  ('gu-lat),  adj.  hoof- 
shaped. 

uni,  a  prpfix,  meaning  one,  or  pro- 
ducing one,  as  unicellular :  adj. 
formed  of  one  cell. 

u  ni-corn  (u'ni-k6rn),  'n.  a  fabled 
animal  resembling  a  horse,  but 
•with  a  straight  horn  projecting 
from  the  forehead. 

u-ni-form  ('ni-form),  adj.  having 
only  one  form  ;  consistent  with  it- 
self ;  same  in  form,  manner,  or 
character ;  equable :  n.  an  official 
or  regulation  dress. 

N///I.  regular,  symmetrical,  even, 
equal,   alike,   unvaried. 
Ant.    (see   irregular). 

u-ni-form-i-ty  Ci-ti),  n.  resem- 
blance ;  conformity  to  one  pat- 
tern ;  accord. 

u-ni-fy  ('ni-fl),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
unified,  p.pr.  unifying],  to  form 
into  one ;  make  a  unit  of. 

u-ni-lat  er-al  (-lat'er-al),  adj. 
one-sided. 

u-ni-loc-u-lar  (-lok'ii-ler) ,  adj. 
one-celled. 

union  (un'yun),  n.  the  act  of 
uniting  or  making  one :  com- 
bination ;  coalition  ;  concord  ;  con- 
junction ;  agreement  between 


parts;   harmony  in  color;   trades- 
union. 

tiyn.  junction,  combination,  alli- 
ance,   confederacy,    league,    coal- 
ition,   agreement,    concert. 
Ant.   (see  disunion). 

un-ioii-ism  (-izm),  n.  trades-un- 
ionism. 

un-ion  1st  (-ist),  n.  a  trades- 
unionist. 

un-ion-jack  (-jak),  n.  the  nation- 
al flag  of  great  Britain  and  Ire- 
land. 

u-ni-ped  (u'ni-ped),  adj.  one- 
footed. 

n-nique  (-nek'),  adj.  without  an- 
other of  the  same  kind ;  un- 
paralleled. 

Syn.  unequal,  uncommon,  rare, 
choice,  matchless. 
Ant.  (see  common). 

u-ni-son  ('ni-sun),  n.  accordance 
of  sound  ;  concord  ;  harmony. 

u-nit  ('nit),  n.  one;  a  single  per- 
son or  thing ;  standard  amount  or 
quantity. 

U-ni-ta-ri-an  (-ni-ta'ri-fln),  n. 
one  who  denies  the  doctrine  of 
the  Holy  Trinity,  regarding  the 
Godhead  as  unipersonal :  adj.  per- 
taining to  Unitarians. 

U-ni-ta-ri-an-ism  (-izm),  n.  the 
doctrines  of  the  Unitarians. 

u-nite  (-mf),  v.t.  to  incorporate 
into  one ;  make  to  agree  or  ad- 
here ;  join  by  a  legal  or  moral 
bond :  v.i.  to  become  one ;  com- 
bine ;  commingle. 

Syn.     join,     conjoin,     combine, 
concert,   add,   attach,   incorporate, 
embody,    clench,    merge. 
Ant.    (see   separate). 

U-nit-ed  Breth-ren  <"ed  brefft'- 
ren),  n.pl.  the  Moravians. 

u-ni-ty  ('ni-ti),  n.  the  state  of  be- 
ing one ;  concord ;  uniformity ; 
agreement ;  harmony. 

u-ni-ver-sal  (-ni-ver'sal).  adj.  nil- 
pervading:  embracing  or  compre- 
hending the  whole  ;  general :  _  n. 
in  logic,  a  proposition  which 
affirms  the  predicate  to  belong  to 
the  whole  of  the  subject. 

Ryn.   general,   all,   entire,   total, 
catholic. 

Ant.  (see  sectional) . 

U-ni-ver-sal -ism  (-izm).  n.  the 
doctrine  that  all  mankind  will 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Uni 


877 


ultimately  be  saved,  together  with 
Satan  and  the  fallen  angels. 

U-ni-ver-sal-ist  (-ist),  «.  a  be- 
liever in  Universalism. 

u-ni-ver-sal-i-ty  (-sal'i-ti),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  univer- 
sal. 

u-ni-ver-sal-ly  ('sal-i),  adv.  with- 
out exception. 

u-ni-verse  ( 'ni-vers) ,  n.  the  whole 
system  of  created  things  ;  world. 

u  ni-ver-si-ty  (-ver'si-ti).  n.  [pi. 
universities  (-tiz)],  an  assemblage 
of  colleges  or  incorporated  in- 
stitutions for  instruction  in  the 
higher  branches  of  art,  science, 
&c.,  and  empowered  to  confer  de- 
grees in  the  several  arts  and 
faculties. 

nn-kempt  (un-kempf),  odj.  un- 
combed ;  rough. 

unless  (-les'),  con},  except;  if 
not. 

tin-man  (-man'),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
unmanned,  p.pr.  unmanning],  to 
deprive  of  courage  or  fortitude ; 
emasculate. 

un-nerve  (-nerv'),  v.t.  to  deprive 
of  strength  or  power ;  weaken. 

unplaced  (-plast'),  adj.  not 
placed  ;  not  holding  a  government- 
al office  ;  not  among  the  first  three 
at  the  end  of  a  race. 

un-ru-li-ness  (-rii'li-nes).  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  unruly. 

un-ru-ly  (-ru'li).  adj.  disregarding 
restraint  or  authority  ;  ungoverna- 
ble :  turbulent. 

N.I/O.   ungovernable,  unmanagea- 
ble, refractory. 

.\nt.    (see  docile). 

un-sex  (-seks'),  v.t.  to  deprive  of 
the  characteristic  qualities  of  a 
woman. 

un-to    ('too),  prep.  to. 

Tin-truth  (-trooth'),  n.  a  false- 
hood. 

up  (up),  adv.  on  high:  above  the 
horizon  ;  from  a  lower  to  a  higher 
position. 

u-pas  (u'pSs),  n.  a  tree,  common 
in  Java,  with  a  poisonous  juice. 

•op-braid  (up-brad'),  v.t.  to  re- 
proach. 

Tip-cast  Ckfist),  adj.  directed  up- 
wards :  n.  the  ventilating  shaft 
of  a  mine  through  which  the  air 
passes  after  circulating  below. 

•np-heav-al   (-hev'al),  n.  a  lifting 


from  below ;  a  lifting  of  strata  by 
some    internal    force. 

up-heave  (-hev'),  v.t.  to  lift  up 
from  beneath. 

up-hol-ster  (-hol'ster).  v.t.  to 
supply  with  house-furnishings. 

up-hol-ster-er  ( -er),  n.  one  who 
supplies  upholstery. 

up-hol-ster-y  ( 'ster-i ) ,  «.  the  busi- 
ness of  an  upholsterer ;  articles  of 
house-furnishing. 

up-lancl-cot-t  on  ( 'land-kot-un ) , 
n.  cotton  with  a  short  fiber. 

np-on  (-on'),  prep,  on;  resting  on 
the  top  or  surface ;  relating  to ; 
noting  assumption,  security,  or 
time. 

up-per  ('er),  adj.  higher  in  place, 
rank,  or  dignity. 

up-pish  ('ish),  adj.  arrogant;  as- 
suming. 

up-right  ('rit),  adj.  erect;  just; 
honest ;  equitable ;  elevation  of  a 
building ;  timber  supporting  a 
rafter. 

N»/H.  vertical,  perpendicular, 
just,  erect,  equitable,  fair,  pure, 
honorable. 

Ant.   (see  horizontal). 

up-roar  Cr6r),  n.  noisy  disturb- 
ance ;  bustle  and  clamor. 

up-roar-i-ous  ('i-us),  adj.  making 
great  noise  and  tumult. 

up-set  (-set'),  v.t.  to  overthrow; 
put  out  of  normal  condition :  n. 
(up'set)  the  act  of  upsetting; 
state  of  being  upset :  adj.  fixed. 

up-shot   ('shot),  n.  final  result. 

up-start  ('start),  n.  one  who 
suddenly  rises  from  a  humble  posi- 
tion to  wealth  or  influence :  adj. 
suddenly  raised  to  a  position  of 
wealth  and  influence. 

Tip-town  Ctoun),  adj.  situated  in, 
or  living  in,  the  upper  part  of  a 
town. 

up-turn  (-tern') ,  v.t.  &  v.i.  to 
turn  up. 

up- wards  Cwerdz).  adv.  towards 
a  higher  place  or  source.  Also  up- 
ward. 

n-rae-mi-a,  same  as  uremia. 

u-rse-mic,  same  as  uremic. 

n-ra-nin  (u'ra-nin),  n.  a  brown- 
ish-red dye. 

u-ra-ni-um  (-ra'ni-tim).  n.  a  me- 
tallic element  which  possesses 
radio-active  properties  and  is  the 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ura 


878 


usu 


basis  of  pitch-blende,  from  which 
radium    is   extracted. 

u-ra-nog-ra-phy  (-ra-nog'ra-fi),  n. 
a  description  of  the  heavens,  and 
the  character  and  relation  of  the 
fixed  stars ;  the  construction  of 
celestial  maps,  globes,  &c. 

u-rate  ('rat),  n.  a  salt  of  uric 
acid. 

nr  ban  (er'ban),  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  city  or  town. 

ur-bane  (-ban'),  adj.  polite;  re- 
fined. 

ur-ban-i-ty  (-ban'i-ti),  n.  polite- 
ness ;  refinement. 

ur-ce-o-late  (er'se-o-lat),  adj. 
urn-shaped. 

ur-chin  ('chin),  n.  a  small  boy; 
a  hedge-hog ;  a  sea  urchin ;  a 
pert  or  rough  little  fellow ;  a 
mischievous  elf:  adj.  mischievous. 

u-re-a  (u're-a),  n.  the  chief  solid 
constituent  of  the  urine  of  mam- 
mals. 

u-re-mi-a  (u-re'mi-a),  n.  poison- 
ing of  the  blood  by  the  presence 
of  urea  and  other  hurtful  sub- 
stances. 

n-re-mic  (-re'mik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  uremia. 

urge  (erj),  v.t.  to  incite;  impel; 
provoke :  v.i.  act  with  earnest- 
ness ;  insist  upon ;  allege  proofs. 

Syn.  incite,  impel,  push,  drive, 
instigate,  stimulate,  press,  solicit, 
induce. 

urg-en-cy  ('en-si),  n.  pressure  of 
necessity  ;  importunity. 

ure;  ent  Cent),  adj.  pressing;  call- 
ing for  immediate  attention. 

Syn.  pressing,  important,  im- 
perative, immediate,  wanted,  seri- 
ous. 

Ant.    (see  unimportant). 

u-ric  ac-id  (as'id),  n.  a  peculiar 
and  characteristic  substance  found 
in  urine. 

u-rim  ('rim),  n.pl.  a  mystic  orna- 
ment worn  by  the  Jewish  high 
priest  constituting,  with  the 
thummim,  the  oracle  by  which 
Jehovah  declared  his  will. 

u-ri-nal  ('ri-nal),  n.  a  place  of 
convenience. 

u-ri-na-ry  Cri-na-ri),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  like,  urine. 

u-riiie  ('rin),  n.  the  excretion 
from  the  kidneys. 

u-ri-iio  sco-py  (ii'ri-no-sko-pi) ,  n. 


the    diagnosis    of    disease    by    ex- 
amination of  the  patient's  urine. 

urn  (era),  n.  a  roundish  vessel  of 
various  materials  bulging  in  the 
middle,  usually  with  a  foot  or 
pedestal ;  a  vessel  in  which  the 
ashes  of  the  dead  are  prostM-vod. 

ur-si-form  (er'si-f6nn),  adj.  bear- 
like. 

ur-sine  ('sin),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  resembling,  a  bear. 

u-ru-bu  (oo'roo-boo),  n.  the  black 
vulture  of  Central  America. 

us  (us),  pron.  objective  of  we. 

us-able  (uz'a-bl),  adj.  that  can 
be  used. 

us-age  ('aj),  n.  mode  of  using; 
treatment ;  habitual  or  long  con- 
tinued use  or  custom. 

Syn.  custom,  fashion,  practice, 
prescription. 

us-ance  ('ans),  n.  the  time  fixed 
for  the  payment  of  a  bill  of  ex- 
change. 

use  (us),  n.  the  act  of  using;  ap- 
plication of  anything  to  a  par- 
ticular purpose  ;  employment ;  cus- 
tom or  practice  ;  treatment :  v.t. 
(uz)  to  make  use  of;  employ; 
avail  one's  self  of ;  possess  or  en- 
joy for  a  time ;  habituate :  v.t.  to 
be  accustomed. 

Syn.  usage,  practice,  habit,  cus- 
tom, avail,  advantage,  utility, 
benefit,  application,  employ,  exer- 
cise, occupy,  accustom,  practice, 
inure. 

Ant.  (see  disuse,  desuetude, 
abuse). 

use-ful  ('fool),  adj.  full  of  use, 
profit,  or  advantage :  beneficial. 

Syn.   advantageous,   serviceable, 
available,  helpful,  beneficial,  good. 
Ant.    (see  useless). 

use-ful-ly  (-i),  adv.  in  a  useful 
manner. 

use-less  ('les),  adj.  having,  or  be- 
ing of,  no  use. 

Syn.  unserviceable,  fruitless, 
idle,  profitless. 

Ant.   (see  useful). 

ush-er  (ush'er),  n.  a  doorkeeper; 
an  officer  who  introduces  strang- 
ers or  walks  before  persons  of 
rank ;  assistant  master :  v.t.  to  in- 
troduce or  escort  (with  in  or 
forth'}. 

n-su-al  (ii'zhu-al),  adj.  habitual; 
customary. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pCroh,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


usu 


879 


uxo 


Syn.  ordinary,  common,  accus- 
tomed, habitual,  wonted,  custom- 
ary, general. 

Ant.    (see  unusual). 

•u-su-al-ly    (-i),  adv.  ordinarily. 

•n-su-f  met  ( 'zii-f  rukt ) .  n.  the 
temporary  use  and  enjoyment  of 
lands  and  tenements  belonging  to 
another. 

Ti-sur-er  ('zhur-er),  n.  one  who 
lends  money  at  an  exorbitant  rate 
of  interest. 

u-su-ri-ous  (-zhoo'ri-us),  adj. 
practicing  usury. 

u-surp  (-zerp'),  v.t.  to  take  pos- 
session of  by  force,  or  without 
right :  applied  to  seizure  and  use 
of  office,  functions,  powers,  rights, 
&c. 

N;/H.  arrogate,  seize,  appro- 
priate, assume. 

n-sur-pa-tion  (-zer-pa'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  usurping,  especially  the 
unlawful  seizure  of  regal  power. 

u-surp-er  (-zerp'er),  n.  one  who 
usurps. 

u-su-ry  Czhii-ri),  .n.  interest  on 
money  beyond  the  current  rate  of 
interest ;  practice  of  lending 
money  at  exorbitant  interest. 

u-ten-sil  (-ten'sil),  n.  an  imple- 
ment, especially  one  used  for 
domestic  or  culinary  purposes. 

•u-ter-ine  Cter-in),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  womb ;  born  of  the 
same  mother,  but  by  a  different 
father. 

u-ter-us   ('ter-us),  n.  the  womb. 

u-til-i-ta-ri-an  ( -til-i-ta'ri-an ) , 
<idj.  pertaining  to,  or  aiming  at, 
utility  :  n.  one  who  holds  the  doc- 
trino  of  utilitarianism. 

•u-til-i-ta-ri-an-ism  (-izm),  n.  the 
doctrine  that  virtue  is  defined  and 
enforced  by  its  tendency  to  pro- 
mote the  highest  happiness  of 
mankind. 


u-til-i-ty  (-til'i-ti),  n.  usefulness; 
intrinsic  value. 

u-til-ize  ('til-iz),  v.t.  to  make  use- 
ful or  profitable. 

ut-most  (ut'most),  adj.  in  the 
greatest  degree ;  most  distant ; 
furthest ;  extreme  :  n.  the  extreme 
limit  or  extent. 

Syn.  farthest,  remotest,  utter- 
most, greatest. 

U-to-pi-an  (u-to'pi-an),  n.  per- 
taining to  the  imaginary  island, 
described  by  Sir  Thomas  More  in 
his  '"Utopia,"  where  the  most  per- 
fect system  of  laws  and  institu- 
tions existed  :  hence  ideal ;  vision- 
ary. 

u-to-pi-an-ism  (-izm),  n.  ideal 
schemes  for  social  happiness  or 
perfection. 

ut-ter  (ut'er).  adj.  entire;  abso- 
lute ;  unqualified ;  total :  v.t.  to 
speak ;  pronounce;  publish 
abroad  ;  circulate,  especially  coun- 
terfeit coins  or  notes. 

Syn.  extreme,  excessive,  sheer, 
mere,  pure,  speak,  articulate,  ex- 
press, pronounce,  issue. 

ut-ter-ance  (-ans),  n.  vocal  ex- 
pression ;  speech ;  style  of  speak- 
ing. 

ut-ter-most  ('er-most),  adj.  ex- 
treme ;  in  the  furthest,  greatest, 
or  highest  degree :  n.  the  furthest 
extent  or  degree. 

n-ve-a  (u've-a),  n.  the  posterior, 
dark-colored  layer  of  the  iris. 

u-vn-la  ('vu-la),  n.  the  fleshy, 
conical  body,  attached  to  the  soft 
palate,  hanging  at  the  back  part 
of  the  tongue. 

u-vn-lar  (Vtt-lar),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  uvula. 

ux  -  p  -  ri  -  cms  ( uks-6'ri-us) ,  adj. 
foolishly  or  excessively  fond  of  a 
wife. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


vac 


880 


Val 


-v- 


va-can-cy  (ya'kan-si),  n.  [pi. 
vacancies  (-siz)],  state  of  being 
vacant  or  empty  ;  listlessness  ;  un- 
occupied office ;  open  or  un- 
occupied space. 

va-cant  ('kant),  adj.  empty;  free 
from  thought  or  reflection ;  not 
occupied. 

8yn.     empty,      unfilled,      unoc- 
cupied, thoughtless,  unthinking. 
Ant.   (see_ occupied). 

va-cate  ('kat),  v.t.  to  make  va- 
cant ;  annul ;  give  up  the  pos- 
session of. 

va-ca-tion  (-ka'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  vacating ;  intermission  of  a 
stated  employment,  or  judicial 
proceedings ;  school  holidays. 

vac-ci-nal  (vak'si-nal),  adj.  per- 
taining to  vaccine  or  vaccina- 
tion. 

vac-ci-nate  ('si-nat),  v.t.  to  in- 
oculate with  vaccine  matter  as  a 
protection  against  smallpox. 

vac-ci-na-tion  (-na'shun),  n.  act 
of  vaccinating. 

vac-ci-na-tor  ('si-na-ter),  n.  one 
who  vaccinates. 

vac-cine  ('sin),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  obtained  from,  cows ;  caused  by 
the  cowpox :  n.  a  liquid  taken 
from  the  udder  of  a  cow  affected 
with  cowpox. 

vacillate  (yas'il-at),  v.i.  to 
fluctuate  in  mind  or  opinion ;  be 
unsteady ;  waver. 

vac-il-la-tion  (-a'shun).  n.  fluc- 
tuation of  mind ;  unsteadiness. 

va-cu-i-ty  (va-ku'i-ti),  n.  empti- 
ness ;  vacant  state  of  mind  or 
expression. 

vac-u-ole  (vak'u-ol),  n.  a  small 
cell  or  cavity  in  the  interior  of 
organic  cells  or  protoplasm. 

vac-nous  (-us),  adj.  empty;  va- 
cant. 

vac-u-um  (-um).  n.  a  space  de- 
void of  all  matter ;  void. 

va-de  me -cum  (vfi'de  me'kum),  n. 
a  manual  for  ready  reference. 

vag-a-bond  (vag'a-bond),  adj. 
without  fixed  habitation ;  roam- 
ing ;  idle  :  n.  a  vagrant ;  scamp. 


va-ga-ry  (va-ga'ri),  n.  [pi.  va- 
garies ('riz)],  a  wild  freak; 
whim. 

va-gi-na  (-ji'na),  n.  the  canal 
which  leads  from  the  external 
orifice  to  the  uterus  ;  sheath. 

vag-i-nal  (vaj'i-nal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  like,  a  vagina  or 
sheath. 

vag-i-nate  ('i-nat),  adj.  invested 
with  a  sheath. 

va-gran-cy  (va'gran-si),  n.  a 
state  of  wandering  without  a  set- 
tled home ;  habits  and  life  of  a 
vagrant. 

va-grant  ('grant),  adj.  wander- 
ing from  place  to  place  without  a 
settled  home :  n.  a  tramp. 

tiyn.  wanderer,  beggar,  tramp, 
vagabond,  rogue. 

vague  (vag),  adj.  indefinite;  un- 
settled. 

Syn.     unsettled,     undetermined, 
uncertain,   pointless,   indefinite. 
Ant.    (see  definite). 

vague-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  vague 
manner. 

vague-ness  ('nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  vague. 

vails  (vfi)z),  n.pl.  gratuities  given 
to  servants. 

vain  (van),  adj.  [comp.  vainer, 
super!,  vainest],  empty;  unreal; 
deceitful ;  producing  no  good 
results  ;  conceited  ;  ostentatious. 

Syn.  useless,  fruitless,  empty, 
worthless,  inflated,  proud,  conceit- 
ed, unreal,  unavailing. 

Ant.  (see  effectual,  humble). 

vain-glo-ri-ous  (-glo'ri-us),  adj. 
elated  by  one's  achievements ; 
boastful. 

val-ance  (val'ans),  n.  hanging 
drapery  for  a  bed,  window,  &c. 

vale  (val),  n.  a  tract  of  low  land 
between  hills ;  valley. 

val-e-dic-to-ry  (-dik'to-ri),  adj. 
bidding  farewell. 

va-lence  (va'lens),  n.  the  de- 
gree of  combining  power  of  an 
atom. 

Va-len-ci-ennes  (va-len-si-enz') , 
n.  a  rich  kind  of  lace. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


val 


881 


vaB 


va-len-ti-a  (-len'shi-a),  «.  a 
waistcoat  material.  Also  Valen- 
cia. 

val-en-tine  (val'en-tm).  n.  a 
sweetheart  chosen  on  St.  Val- 
entine's day ;  love  missive  sent 
on  February  14th_. 

va-le-ri-an  (va-le'ri-an).  n.  a 
plant  of  the  genus  Valeriana,  with 
a  valuable  medicinal  root. 

val-et  (val'a),  n.  a  servant  who 
attends  on  a  gentleman's  person : 
v.t.  to  act  as  valet  to. 

val-e-tu-di-na-ri-an  ( -e-tii-di-na'- 
ri-an),  adj.  sickly;  seeking  to  re- 
cover health :  n.  an  invalid. 

Val-hal-la  (-hal'a),  n.  in  Scandi- 
navian mythology,  the  palace  of 
immortality,  in  which  the  souls 
of  heroes  slain  in  battle  dwell. 

val-iant  ('yant),  adj.  brave; 
heroic. 

8yn.  brave,  bold,  valorous,  cour- 
ageous, gallant. 

Ant.    (see  cowardly). 

val-id  ('id),  adj.  having  legal 
force ;  not  weak  or  defective ; 
sound  ;  well-grounded. 

Syn.  weighty,  strong,  powerful, 
efficient,   sound,   binding. 
Ant.    (see   invalid). 

va-lid-i-ty  (va-lid'i-ti),  «.  legal 
force  ;  soundness  ;  strength  ;  just- 
ness. 

va-lise  (va-les'),  n.  small  port- 
manteau. 

val-la-tion  (-la'shun),  n.  a  ram- 
part. 

val-ley  (val'i),  n.  [pi.  valleys 
('iz)L  a  tract  of  land  situated 
between  ranges  of  hills  or 
mountains,  usually  traversed  by 
a  river. 

val-lis-ne-ri-a  (-is-ne'ri-a),  n.  a 
fresh-water  plant. 

va-lo-ni-a  (vfi-lo'ni-a),  n.  a  trade 
name  for  the  large  acorn-cups  of 
two  kinds  of  oak. 

val-or  (val'er),  n.  bravery;  in- 
trepidity. 

Syn.    courage,    gallantry,    bold- 
ness, bravery,  heroism. 
Ant.    (see  cowardice). 

val-or-ous  ('er-us),  adj.  brave; 
intrepid. 

val-u-a-ble  Cfi-A-bl) ,  adj.  pos- 
sessing useful  qualities ;  having 
value  or  worth  ;  costly  :  n.  a  thing 
or  possession  of  value. 


val-u-a-tion  (-ii-a'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  valuing ;  estimated  worth  or 
price ;  estimation. 

val-ue  ('u),  n.  that  which  renders- 
anything  useful  or  estimable ; 
price  ;  importance  ;  excellence  :  v.t. 
to  estimate  the  worth  of ;  ap- 
praise ;  esteem. 

Syn.  appraise,  assess,  reckon, 
appreciate,  estimate,  prize,  treas- 
ure, esteem. 

Ant.    (see  despise). 

val-ued  ('ud),  adj.  highly  es- 
teemed or  prized. 

valve  (valv),  n.  a  lid  or  cover 
opening  in  one  direction  and  shut- 
ting in  another ;  one  of  the  divi- 
sions of  a  shell. 

va-mose  (va-m5s').  v.i.  to  decamp. 

vamp  (vamp),  n.  the  upper  leath- 
er of  a  boot  or  shoe ;  a  piece  added 
to  something  old  to  give  it  a  new- 
appearance  ;  an  improvised  ac- 
companiment :  v.t.  to  furnish  with 
an  upper  leather;  patch  (with 
up)  ;  improvise  an  accompani- 
ment to. 

vam-pire  (vam'pir),  n.  a  fabled 
demon  or  ghost  that  sucks  the 
blood  of  persons  asleep ;  a  kind 
of  bat. 

van  (van),  n.  the  front  of  an 
army  or  fleet ;  a  large  covered 
wagon  for  moving  household 
goods,  &c. 

va-na-di-nm  (va-na'di-um),  n.  a 
rare  metallic  element. 

Van-dal  (van'dal),  n.  one  of  a 
Teutonic  race  inhabiting  the 
south  shores  of  the  Baltic,  noted 
for  their  fierceness  and  destruc- 
tion of  works  of  art,  when  plun- 
dering Rome,  5th  century. 

van-dal  (van'dal),  n.  one  who  is 
hostile  to  art  or  literature ;  one 
who  ruthlessly  destroys  what  is 
artistic  or  venerable. 

van-dal -ism  (-izm),  n.  hostility 
to  works  of  art  or  literature ; 
wanton  destruction  of  what  is  ar- 
tistic, &c. 

vane   (van),  n.  a  weather-cock. 

vang  (vang),  n.  a  rope  for  steady- 
ing the  extremity  of  the  peak  of 
a  gaff  to  the  side  of  a  ship. 

va-nes-sa  (va-nes'sa).  n.  one  of  a 
species  of  handsome  butterflies. 

van-gnard  (van'gard),  n.  the  ad- 
vance guard  of  an  army. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


van 


882 


vaa 


vanilla  (va-nil'ft),  n.  the  dried 
fruit  of  an  orchid,  used  for  fla- 
voring. 

van-ish  (van'ish),  v.i.  to  disap- 
pear. 

Syn.  disappear,  fade,  melt,  dis- 
solve. 

van-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  [pi.  vanities 
(-tiz)],  love  of  indiscriminate  ad- 
miration ;  empty  pride  or  con- 
ceit ;  fruitless  desire  or  endeavor ; 
idle  show  ;  emptiness. 

Xyn.    emptiness,    conceit,    self- 
conceit,   affectedness. 
van-ning    ('ing),  «.  a  method  of 

cleansing  ore. 

vanquish  ( vang'kwish) ,  v.t.  to 
conquer ;  subdue ;  refute  in  argu- 
ment. 

van-tage  ('taj),  n.  advantage;  in 
lawn  tennis,  the  first  point  after 
deuce. 

vap-id  (vap'id),  adj.  dull;  insipid. 
Syn.    dull,    flat,    insipid,    stale, 
tame. 

Ant.  (see  sparkling). 
va-pid-i-ty     (va-pid'i-ti),    n.    the 

state  or  quality  of  being  vapid. 
va-por  (va'per),  n.  the  gas  into 
which  most  liquids  and  solids  are 
converted  by  heat ;  steam  ;  mist ; 
whim  :  pi.  hysteria  ;  melancholia  : 
v.i.  to  pass  off  in  vapor ;  bully. 

Syn.  fume,  smoke,  mist,  fog, 
steam. 

va-por-ize  (va'per-Iz),  v.t.  to  con- 
vert into  vapor. 
va-por-ous   ('per-us),  adj.  full  of, 

or  like,  vapor ;  unreal. 
•va-por-y   (-i),  adj.  full  of  vapors. 
va-que-ro    (va-ka'ro),  n.  a  herds- 
man   [Mexican]. 

va-ri-a-bil-i-ty  (va-ri-a-bil'i-ti) , 
n.  the  state  or  quality  of  being 
variable ;  changeableness.  Also 
variableness. 

va-ri-a-ble  ('ri-S-bl),  adj.  change- 
able ;  inconstant ;  fickle. 

Syn.  changeable,  unsteady, 
shifting,  inconstant,  wavering, 
fickle,  fitful,  restless. 

Ant.   (see  constant). 
va-ri-a-bly      (-bli),     adv.     in     a 

variable  manner. 
va-ri-ance  ('ri-ans),  n.  difference; 

quarrel. 

variant  ('ri-ant).  adj.  variable; 
different :  n.  a  different  form  of 
substantially  the  same  thing. 


va-ri-ate  ('ri-at),  v.t.  to  diversify. 

va-ri-a-tion  ( -ri-a'shun ) ,  n. 
a  partial  change ;  difference ;  in- 
flection ;  deviation  of  the  magnetic 
needle  from  the  true  north  ;  tend- 
ency in  organisms  produced  by  the 
same  parents  to  vary  slightly. 

var-i-cel-la  (-var-i-sel'a) ,  n. 
chickenpox. 

var-i-co-cele  ('i-ko-sel),  n.  a 
swelling  of  the  veins  of  the  scro- 
tum or  of  the  spermatic  cord. 

var-i-cose  ('i-kos),  adj.  abnormal- 
ly swollen  or  enlarged :  said  of 
veins. 

va-ried  (va'rid),  adj.  altered; 
partially  changed ;  various. 

va-ri-e-gate  (vfi'ri-e-gat),  v.t.  to 
mark  with  different  colors  or 
tints ;  diversify. 

va-ri-e-ga-tion  (-ga'shun),  n. 
diversity  of  colors. 

va-ri-e-ty  (-ri'e-ti),  n.  [pi.  vari- 
eties (-tiz)],  intermixture  or  suc- 
cession of  different  things ;  vari- 
ation ;  diversity ;  change ;  sub- 
division or  peculiar  form  of  a 
species. 

Syn.    difference,    diversity, 
change,     diversification,     mixture, 
medley,  miscellany. 
Ant.    (see  sameness). 

va-ri-o-la  (va-ri'o-la),  n.  small- 
pox. 

va-ri-o-rum  (va-ri-o'rum),  adj. 
noting  an  edition  of  a  book  with 
the  notes  of  various  commentators. 

va-ri-ous  ('ri-us),  adj.  different; 
several. 

va-rix  ('riks),  n.  dilatation  of  a 
vein. 

var-let  (viir'let),  n.  formerly  a 
servant,  footman,  or  page ;  a 
scoundrel. 

varnish  ('nish),  n.  a  viscid, 
resinous  liquid  used  for  giving  a 
gloss  to  wood  or  metal  work:  v.t. 
to  cover  with  varnish ;  give  a 
gloss  to  or  over ;  palliate. 

va-rus  (va'rus),  n.  a  variety  of 
clubfoot. 

va-ry  (va'ri),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
varied,  p.pr.  varying],  to  change; 
make  of  different  kinds ;  alter : 
v.i.  to  undergo  a  change ;  alter- 
nate ;  swerve ;  disagree. 

vas-cu-lar  (vas'ku-ler),  adj.  con- 
sisting of,  or  containing,  vessels 


late,  m&r,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  h§r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


vas 


883 


vei 


as  part  of  a  structure  of  animal 
and   vegetable   organisms. 

vase  (vas  or  viiz),  n.  a  vessel  for 
various  purposes,  especially  one 
of  antique  or  ornamental  pattern. 

vase-e-line  (vas'e-lin),  n.  petro- 
leum jelly. 

vas-sal  ('al),  n.  a  feudal  tenant; 
bondman  :  adj.  servile. 

vas-sal-age  (-ajj,  n.  the  state  of 
being  a  vassal ;  political  servi- 
tude ;  vassals  collectively :  terri- 
tory held  in  vassalage.  Also  vas- 
salry. 

vast  (vast),  adj.  of  great  extent; 
great  in  number  or  degree ;  very 
spacious  ;  immense  :  n.  boundless 
space  ;  empty  waste  ;  sea. 

N///I.         spacious,         boundless, 
mighty,  immense,  enormous,  colos- 
sal, gigantic,  huge,  prodigious. 
Ant.   (see  confined). 

vat  (vat),  n.  a  large  tub  or  vessel, 
especially  one  used  for  brewing  or 
leather  making. 

Vat-i-can  ('i-kan),  n.  the  palace 
of  the  Pope  at  Rome  ;  the  papal 
authority. 

Vat-i-can-ism  (-izm),  n.  ultra- 
montanism. 

vaude-ville  (vfid'vil),  n.  a  light. 
gay,  or  topical  song ;  a  short 
drama  with  comic  songs. 

vault  (vawlt),  n.  an  arched  roof; 
cellar  ;  prison  ;  cavern  ;  tomb  of 
masonry  ;  sky  ;  leap  :  v.t.  to  shape 
as  a  vault ;  arch :  v.i.  to  leap, 
spring,  or  bound ;  exhibit  feats  of 
leaping. 

vault-ed  ('ed),  adj.  arched;  con- 
cave. 

vaunt  (viint  or  vawnt).  v.i.  to 
boast :  v.t.  to  brag  of ;  display 
boastfully :  n.  a  boast ;  vain  dis- 
play. 

Xf/M.    boast,    brag,    puff,    hawk, 
advertise,    flourish,    parade. 

vaunt-ing  ('ing),  n.  vainglorious 
boasting. 

vaunt-lay  ('la),  n.  hounds  sud- 
denly turned  off  to  precede  the 
rest  of  the  kennel. 

Ve-a-dar  (ve'a-dar),  n.  the  13th 
or  intercalary  month  of  the  Jewish 
calendar. 

veal  (vel),  n.  calf's  flesh. 

vec-tor  (vek'ter),  n.  a  directive 
quantity,  as  a  straight  line,  force, 
or  velocity. 


Ve-da  (va'da),  n.  [pi.  vedas 
('daz)],  one  of  the  four  oldest 
sacred  books  or  collection  of 
hymns  of  the  Hindus,  of  great 
antiquity,  the  basis  of  Brahman- 
ism. 

Ve-dan-ta  (-dan'ta),  n.  a  Hindu 
system  of  philosophy  based  on  the 
Vedas. 

ve-dette  (ve-def),  n.  a  mounted 
sentinel.  Also  vidette. 

veer  (ver),  v.i.  to  change  direc- 
tion, as  the  wind ;  wear :  c.t.  to 
turn  ;  direct  to  a  different  course. 

veg-e-ta-ble  (vej'e-ta-bl),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  having  the  nature  of. 
produced  by,  or  consisting  of 
plants :  n.  a  plant  deriving  its 
nourishn  ent  from  the  earth  by 
means  of  roots ;  a  plant  or  root 
cultivated  for  the  table,  &c. 

veg-e-ta-ri-an  (-ta'ri-an),  n.  one 
who  abstains  from  a  meat  diet 
and  lives  on  fruit,  vegetables,  or 
farinaceous  food  :  adj.  pertaining 
to  vegetarians  or  vegetarianism. 

veg-e-ta-ri-an-ism  (-tern),  n.  the 
theory  and  practice  of  living  as  a 
vegetarian. 

veg-e-tate  ('e-tfit).  v.i.  to  grow 
as  a  plant ;  live  a  useless,  indolent 
life. 

veg-e-ta-tion  (-ta'shun) ,  n.  plants 
or  vegetables  collectively. 

veg-c-ta-tive  ('e-ta-tiv),  adj. 
growing  or  having  the  power  of 
growing,  as  plants. 

ve-he-mence  (ve'he-mens),  n. 
impetuosity;  violent  ardor;  ani- 
mated fervor.  Also  vehemency. 

ve-he-ment  ('he-ment),  adj.  very 
violent  or  forcible ;  passionate ; 
ardent ;  energetic. 

ve-hi-cle  (ve'hi-kl).  n.  any  kind 
of  carriage  or  conveyance ;  a 
medium. 

ve-hic-u  lar  (-hik'u-ltLr).  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  serving  as,  a  ve- 
hicle. 

ve"*  (val),  n.  a  covering  more  or 
less  transparent  for  the  face ; 
curtain  or  covering  for  conceal- 
men :  v.t.  to  cover  with,  or  as 
with,  a  veil ;  hide ;  conceal. 

vein  (van),  n.  one  of  the  vessels 
which  convey  blood  from  the  ar- 
teries to  the  heart ;  branching  rib 
of  a  leaf;  seam  of  rock  filled  with 
metallic  or  mineral  matter;  train 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  lino,  tin;  vote,  porch,  lot;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


vel 


884 


ven 


of  thought ;  particular  disposition, 
genius,  or  style :  v.t.  to  nil  or 
cover  with,  or  as  with,  veins. 

vein-ous  ('us),  adj.  full  of  or 
provided  with  veins. 

ve-la-ri-um  (ve-hl'ri-um),  n.  the 
great  awning  stretched  over  open 
theatres  in  ancient  Rome.  Also 
velum. 

veldt  (velt),  n.  open  country 
[South  Africa].  Also  veld. 

vel-lum  (vel'um),  n.  fine  parch- 
ment. 

ve-loc-i-pede  (ve-los'i-ped),  n.  a 
light  carriage  propelled  by  the 
feet ;  the  original  form  of  the 
bicycle. 

ve-loc-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  [pi.  velocities 
(-tiz)],  speed;  rate  of  movement 
of  a  body. 

ve-lpu-te  (ve-156'ta),  n.  a  rich 
white  sauce. 

ve-lu-ti-nous  (-lu'ti-nus),  adj. 
velvety ;  soft. 

vel- vet  (vel' vet),  n.  a  silk  fabric 
with  short,  close,  soft  nap ;  fine 
do\\  on  the  horns  of  young  deer. 

vel-vet-een  (-en'),  n.  imitation 
velvet. 

ve-iial  (ve'nal),  adj.  that  may 
be  bought,  or  bribed ;  mercenary  ; 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  veins. 

Syn.    salable,    mercenary,    hire- 
ling. 

Ant.    (see   unpurchasable). 

ve-nal-i-ty  (-nal'i-ti),  n.  prostitu- 
tion of  talents  or  services  for 
money  or  reward. 

ve-na-tion  (ve-na'shun),  n.  the 
arrangement  of  veins  in  a  leaf, 
or  insect's  wing. 

Tend  (vend),  v.t.  to  sell;  offer 
for  sale. 

ven-dace  (ven'das),  n.  a  small 
salmonoid  fish. 

ven-dee  (-de'),  n.  the  buyer. 

ven-det-ta  (ven-det'3,).  n.  a  kind 
of  blood-feud. 

ven-di-ble  (ven'di-bl),  adj.  sal- 
able. 

ven-dor  ('der),  n.  the  seller.  Also 
vender. 

ve-neer  (ve-ner'),  v.t.  to  overlay 
wilh  a  thin  slice  of  ornamental  or 
more  valuable  wood :  hence  give  a 
gloss  to :  n.  a  thin  strip  of  supe- 
rior wood  for  overlaying ;  outside 
show ;  pretense. 

ven-er-a-ble      (ven'er-a-bl),     adj. 


worthy  of  being  venerated  or 
reverenced ;  rendered  sacred  by 
religious  or  lofty  associations ; 
title  of  an  archdeacon. 

Syn.  grave,  sage,  wise,  old,  rev- 
erend. 

ven-er-ate  ('er-at),  v.t.  to  es- 
teem as  sacred  ;  regard  with  the 
highest  respect ;  revere. 

ven-er-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the 
highest  degree  of  respect  and  rev- 
erence; respect  associated  with 
awe. 

ve-ne-re-al  (ve-ne're-al),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  arising  from,  sexual 
intercourse ;  aphrodisiac. 

ven-er-y  (ven'er-i),  n.  sexual  in- 
tercourse ;  hunting. 

ven-e-sec-tion  ( ven-e-sek'shun ) , 
n.  the  operation  of  opening  a 
vein  ;  phlebotomy. 

Ve-ne-tian  (-ne'shfln).  adj.  per- 
taining to  Venice  or  its  inhabit- 
ants. 

Ve-ne-tian-blind  (-blind),  n.  a 
window-blind  formed  of  long  thin 
slats  of  wood. 

ve-ne-tian-door  (-dor),  n.  a  door 
with  long  narrow  side-lights. 

venge-ance  (venj'ans),  n.  the  in- 
fliction of  pain  on  another  for  an 
injury  received. 

venge-ful  ('fool),  adj.  vindictive; 
retributive. 

venge-ful-ly  (-i),  adv.  in  a 
vengeful  spirit. 

ve-ni-al  (ve'ni-al),  adj.  pardona- 
ble. 

Syn.      pardonable,      excusable, 
justifiable. 

Ant.   (see  grave). 

ve-ni-al-ly    (-i),   adv.   pardonably. 

ven-i-son  (ven'zn),  n.  deer's  flesh. 

ven-om  ('um),  n.  poison  intro- 
duced into  the  system  by  a  bite  or 
sting ;  spite. 

Syn.  poison,  virus,  spite,  malice, 
malignity. 

ven-om-ous  (-us),  adj.  full  of 
venom ;  poisonous ;  malignant ; 
spiteful. 

ve-nous  (ve'nus),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  contained  in,  or  consisting  of, 
veins. 

vent  (vent),  n.  a  small  opening 
for  the  escape  of  air,&c. ;  chimney- 
flue  ;  outlet ;  rectum  ;  utterance  : 
v.t.  to  give  an  opening  to. 

ven-ti-late     (ven'ti-lat),    v.t.     to 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ven 


860 


ver 


open  to  the  free  passage  of  air ; 
expose  to  free  discussion. 

ven-ti-la-tion  (-h'l'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  ventilating :  state  of  being 
ventilated  ;  free  discussion. 

ven-ti-la-tor  ('ti-la-ter),  n.  a  con- 
trivance for  regulating  the  free 
admission  of  air. 

ven-tral  (ven'tral),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  the  belly. 

ven-tri-cle  ('tri-kl).  n.  a  small 
cavity  in  an  animal  body. 

ven-tril-o-quism.  ( -tril'6-kwizm ) , 
n.  the  act  or  art  of  speaking  as 
from  another  source  than  the 
voice. 

ven-tril-o-qnist  (-kwist),  n.  one 
who  practices  ventriloquism. 

ven-ture  Ctur),  n.  an  undertak- 
ing of  chance  or  danger ;  risk ; 
speculation  :  v.t.  to  risk ;  send  on 
a  venture :  v.i.  to  dare.  ' 

Syn.  speculation,  chance,  peril, 
stake. 

ven-ture-some  (-tiir'sum),  adj. 
intrepid ;  rash.  Also  venturous. 

ven-ture-some-ness  (-nes),  n. 
intrepidity ;  rashness. 

ven-tu-rine  (ven'tu-rin) ,  n.  a 
powder  made  of  fine  gold  wire : 
used  for  japanning. 

ven-ue  (ven'u),  n.  the  place  where 
an  action  in  law  is  laid. 

ve-ra-cious  (ve-ra'shus),  adj. 
truthful ;  true. 

ve-rac-i-ty  (-ras'i-ti),  n.  truth- 
fulness ;  truth. 

Syn.  truth,  truthfulness,  credi- 
bility, accuracy. 

A  at.   (see  falsehood). 

ve  ran-da  (-ran'da),  n.  a  kind  of 
covered  balcony  or  open  portico 
supported  by  light  pillars.  Also 
verandah.  • 

verb  (verb),  n.  that  part  of  speech 
which  signifies  to  be,  to  do,  or  to 
suffer. 

ver-bal  Cal),  adj.  expressed  in 
words :  oral ;  literal :  n.  a  noun 
derived  from  a  verb. 

X///i.  oral,  spoken,  literal,  parole, 
unwritten. 

ver-bal-ism  (-izm),  n.  something 
expressed  verbally. 

ver-bal-ly  (-i),  adv.  orally;  ver- 
batim. 

ver-ba-tim  (ver-ba'tim),  adv. 
word  for  word. 


Ver-be-na  (-be'nS).  n.  a  genus  of 
ornamental  fragrant  plants. 

ver-bi-age   ('bi-aj),  n.  verbosity. 

ver-bose  (-bos'),  adj.  wordy;  pro- 
lix. 

ver-bose-ly  ('li),  adv.  with  ver- 
bosity. 

ver-bos-i-ty  (-bos'i-ti),  n.  the  use 
of  more  words  than  are  necessary. 
Also  verboseness. 

ver-dan-cy  ( 'dan-si ) ,  n.  green- 
ness ;  inexperience. 

ver-dant  ('dant),  adj.  green; 
fresh ;  inexperienced  ;  gullible. 

verd-an-tique  (verd-an-tek').  n. 
a  green  incrustation  on  ancient 
copper  and  brass  coins ;  a  beauti- 
ful mottled  marble. 

ver-der-er  (ver'der-er),  n.  an 
English  official  who  has  charge  of 
the  royal  forests. 

ver-dict  ('dikt),  n.  the  finding  of 
a  jury  on  a  trial ;  judgment ;  de- 
cision. 

Syn.  judgment,  finding,  decision, 
answer. 

ver-di-gris  ('di-gres),  n.  the  blue- 
green  substance  which  forms  on 
copper  or  brass :  used  as  a  pig- 
ment. 

ver-di-ter  ('di-ter),  n.  a  blue  or 
green  pigment. 

ver-dure  ('dur),  n.  freshness  of 
vegetation. 

verge  (verj),  n.  a  rod,  mace,  &c., 
carried  as  an  emblem  of  au- 
thority ;  shaft  of  a  column ; 
spindle  of  a  watch-balance ; 
border  or  limit :  v.i.  to  approach 
or  come  near. 

verg-er  ('er),  n.  a  sword  or 
mace  bearer ;  an  official  who  has 
care  of  the  interior  of  an  Eng- 
lish cathedral. 

ver-i-fi-a-ble  (ver'i-fi-a-bl),  ad}. 
capable  of  being  verified. 

ver-i-fl-ca-tion  (-i-H-kfi'shun),  n. 
the  act  of  proving  to  be  true ; 
confirmation ;  state  of  being  veri- 
fied. 

ver-i-fy  ('i-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
verified,  p.pr.  verifying],  to  prove 
to  be  true  ;  fulfill. 

ver-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  truth;  cer- 
tainly. 

ver-i-si-mil-i-tude  (-'i-si-mil'i- 
tiid ) ,  n.  the  appearance  of  truth ; 
probability. 


Ifite,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


ver 


886 


ves 


ver-i-ta-ble  ('i-ta-bl).  adj.  true; 
genuine. 

ver-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  [pi.  verities 
(-tiz)J,  agreement  with  fact; 
truth  ;  reality. 

ver-juice  (ver'joos),  n.  an  acid 
liquor  expressed  from  unripe 
grapes,  apples,  &c. :  hence  sour- 
ness ;  tartness. 

ver-mi-cel-li  (-mi-sel'i),  n.  the 
stiff  paste  or  dough  of  fine  flour 
made  into  tubes. 

ver-mic-u-lar  (-mik'u-lar),  adj. 
worm-like.  Also  ve_rmiform. 

ver-mi-fuge  ('mi-fuj),  n.  a  medi- 
cine or  substance  to  expel  or 
destroy  worms  froi-i  or  in  the 
body.  Also  vermicide. 

ver-mil-ion  (-mil'yun),  n.  a  bril- 
liant red  pigment :  v.t.  to  color  or 
dye  with  vermilion. 

ver-min  ('min),  n.  noxious  small 
animals  or  insects,  as  rats,  fleas, 
&c. ;  low,  despicable  persons. 

ver-muth.  ('mooth),  n.  a  liqueur 
of  absinthe,  aromatic  herbs,  &c., 
for  creating  an  appetite. 

ver-nac-u-lar  (-nak'u-ler),  adj. 
pertaining  to,  or  characteristic  of, 
one's  native  country  or  lan- 
guage :  n.  native  idiom. 

ver-nal  ('nal),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  appearing  in,  the  spring. 

ver-ni-er  ('ni-er),  n.  a  graduated 
scale  that  sub-divides  the  smallest 
divisions  on  a  straight  or  circular 
scale. 

ver-sa-tile  ('sa-til),  adj.  turning 
with  ease  from  one  thing,  subject, 
or  opinion  to  another ;  many- 
sided  ;  variable. 

ver-sa-til-i-ty  (-til'i-ti),  n.  qual- 
ity of  being  versatile. 

verse  (vers),  n.  a  measured  line 
of  poetry  ;  stanza  ;  poetry  ;  short 
division  of  any  composition,  es- 
pecially of  the  chapters  of  the 
Bible ;  part  of  an  anthem  for  per- 
formance by  a  single  voice  to 
each  part. 

versed  (verst,)  adj.  skilled;  con- 
versant. 

ver-si-cle  (ver'si-kl),  n.  a  little 
verse ;  short  verse  or  text  sung  by 
priest  and  people  alternately. 

ver-si-fi-ca-tion  ( ver-si-fi-ka/- 

shun).  n.  the  art  or  practice  of 
composing  metrical  verses. 


ver-si-fl-er  ('si-fl-er),  n.  a  com- 
poser of  verses. 

ver-sion  ('shun),  n.  a  translation 
from  one  language  into  another ; 
particular  account  or  description. 

verst  (verst),  n.  the  Russian 
mile  =  3,500  English  feet. 

ver-sus  (ver'sus),  prep,  against 
(Latin). 

ver-te-bra  ('te-bra),  n.  [pi.  ver- 
tebra? (-bre)l,  a  single  bone  of 
the  spinal  column. 

ver-te-bral  ('te-bral),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  forming  part  of, 
the  vertebrae. 

Ver-te-bra-ta  (-bra'ta),  n.pl.  one 
of  the  great  divisions  of  the  ani- 
mal kingdom,  including  those  ani- 
mals which  have  a  bony  or 
cartilaginous  backbone. 

ver-te-brate  ('te-brat),  adj.  be- 
longing to  the  Vertebrate :  n.  one 
of  the  Vertebrata. 

ver-tex  ('teks),  n.  [pi.  vertices 
('ti-sez)],  the  top.  summit,  or 
crown ;  apex ;  zenith ;  point  in 
any  figure,  opposite  to,  and  most 
distant  from,  the  base. 

ver-ti-cal  Cti-kal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to.  or  situated  at,  the  vertex ; 
directly  overhead;  perpendicular 
to  the  plane  of  the  horizon. 

ver-ti-cal -ly  (-i),  adv.  perpen- 
dicularly. 

ver-ti-cil  ('ti-sil),  n.  a  whorl. 
Also  verticel. 

ver-ti-go    ('ti-go),  n.  giddiness. 

ver-tu  ('too),  n.  artistic  skill: 
hence  works  of  art,  curios,  &c. 
(Italian). 

ver-vain  ('van),  n.  a  plant  of  the 
genus  Verbena  :  formerly  supposed 
to  possess  magical  properties  and 
used  in  medicine. 

verve  (verv),  n.  the  enthusiasm 
which  animates  a  poet  or  artist ; 
spirit ;  energy. 

ver-y  (ver'i),  adj.  [comp.  verier, 
superl.  veriest],  real;  actual; 
true :  adv.  extremely. 

ves-i-ca-tion  (ves-i-ka'shun),  n. 
the  process  of  raising  blisters  on 
the  skin. 

ves-i:ca-to-ry  ('i-ka-to-ri),  adj. 
raising  blisters. 

ves-i-cle  ('i-kl),  n.  a  bladder-like 
vessel  or  cavity  ;  cyst ;  sac. 

ves-ic-u-lar    (-ik'u-ler),    adj.   con- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Ves 


887 


vie 


sisting  of  vesicles ;  full  of  inter- 
stices. 

Ves-per  ('per),  n.  the  evening 
star ;  Venus  when  appearing  after 
sunset ;  evening. 

ves-pers  (ves'perz),  n.pl.  the  6th 
hour  of  the  Roman  Breviary ; 
evening  songs. 

ves-sel  ('el),  n.  a  utensil  for  hold- 
ing something,  especially  liquids ; 
hollow  structure  made  to  float  on 
water ;  ship ;  tube  or  canal  in 
which  the  fluids  of  a  body  are 
contained  ;  instrument ;  recipient. 

vest  (vest),  n.  waistcoat;  body 
garment,  usually  with  short 
sleeves :  v.t.  to  clothe  with,  or  as 
with,  a  garment ;  invest  closely ; 
give  fixed  right  of  possession. 

ves-ta  (ves'ta),  n.  a  wax  match. 

ves-tal  ('tal),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  sacred  to,  the  Roman  goddess 
Vesta  ;  chaste  ;  pure  :  n.  a  virgin  ; 
nun. 

Ves-tal  Vir-gins  (ver'jinz),  n.pl. 
the  six  virgin  priestesses  who 
tended  the  sacred  fire  on  the  altar 
of  the  temple  of  Vesta,  at  Rome. 

ves-ted  (ves'ted),  adj.  clothed; 
fixed. 

ves-ti-bule  Cti-bul),  n.  porch  or 
entrance  into  a  house ;  small  bony 
cavity  of  the  ear. 

ves-tige  ('tij).  n.  a  mark  left  in 
passing ;  track  ;  remains  of  some- 
thing pre-existent. 

vest-meat  (vest'ment).  n.  a  gar- 
ment, especially  a  priestly  gar- 
ment ;  dress. 

ves-try  (ves'tri),  n.  [pi.  vestries 
('triz)],  a  room  in  a  church 
whore  ecclesiastical  vestments,  &c., 
are  kept  and  parochial  meetings 
held  ;  meeting  of  parishioners  for 
parish  business. 

vefi-try-man  (-mftn).  n.  [pi.  ves- 
trymen (-men)],  a  member  of  a 
vestry  elected  by  the  parishioners. 

ves-ture  ('tiir),  n.  clothing;  cov- 
ering. 

vetch  (vech),  n.  a  common  name 
for  leguminous  plants  used  for 
green  fodder,  as  tans. 

vet-er-an  (vet'er-an),  adj.  long 
exercised  or  experienced,  especial- 
ly in  military  life :  n.  one  thus  ex- 
perienced. 

vet-er-an -ize  (-iz),  v.i.  to  re-en- 
list. 


vet-er-i-na-ri-an  ( vet-er-i-na'ri- 
an),  n.  one  who  practices  the  art 
of  healing  diseases  and  injuries  ot 
domestic  animals. 

vet-er-i-na-ry  ('er-i-na-ri),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  art  of  healing 
the  diseases  of  domestic  animals, 
as  horses,  &c. 

ve-to  (ve'to),  n.  [pi.  vetoes 
('toz)].  the  right  of  stopping  or 
preventing  the  enactment  of  a 
law ;  authoritative  prohibition : 
v.t.  to  reject  by  veto ;  refuse  as- 
sent to ;  prohibit. 

vex  (veks),  v.t.  to  irritate  by 
small  annoyances  or  provoca- 
tions ;  harass  ;  tease  ;  agitate. 

vex-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  vexing ;  state  of  being  vexed  ; 
annoyance ;  worry. 

Syn.    chagrin,    mortification. 
Ant.    (see  pleasure). 

vex-a-tious  ('shus),  adj.  causing 
vexation  ;  annoying  ;  troublesome  ; 
harassing. 

vexed  (vokst).  adj.  much  debated 
or  contested,  but  not  settled. 

vex -ing  ('ing),  p.adj.  annoying; 
provoking. 

vi-a  (vi'a),  adv.  by  way  of  [Latin]. 

vi-a-duct  ('a-dukt),  n.  an  arched 
structure  for  conveying  a  rail- 
way, road,  &c.,  over  low  ground. 

vi-al  ('al),  n.  a  small  glass  bottle 
or  vessel :  v.t.  to  put  in  a  vial. 
Also  phial. 

vi-ands  ('andz),  n.pl.  dressed 
meat ;  food. 

vi-at-i-cum  (-at'i-kum),  n.  the 
Eucharist  administered  in  the  R.O- 
man  Catholic  Church  to  a  per- 
son in  danger  of  death. 

vi-brant  ('brant),  adj.  vibrating; 
resonant. 

vi-brate  ('brat),  v.i.  to  move 
backwards  and  forwards ;  oscil- 
late;  shake;  quiver;  swing; 
weaver :  v.t.  to  cause  to  quiver. 
Syn.  oscillate,  swing,  sway, 
wave,  undulate,  thrill. 

vi-bra-tion  (-bra'shun).  n.  the 
act  of  vibrating ;  oscillation  ;  res- 
onance. 

vi-bra-tp-ry  ('bra-to-ri).  adj.  con- 
sisting in,  or  causing,  vibrations. 

vic-ar  (vik'Sr),  n.  a  deputy;  in- 
cumbent of  an  appropriated  bene- 
fice, who  receives  the  small  tithes. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  lot ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut :  thin,  then. 


vie 


888 


vlg 


vic-ar-age  (-aj),  n.  the  benefice, 
or  residence,  of  a  vicar. 

vic-ar-ap-o-stol-ic  (-ap-o-stol'ik), 
n.  in  the  Koman  Catholic  Church 
a  missionary  bishop  with  powers 
direct  from  the  Pope. 

vic-ar-gen-er-al  (-jen'er-al),  n. 
the  assistant  of  a  bishop,  who  as- 
sists him  in  ecclesiastical  suits 
and  visitations. 

vi-ca-ri-ous  (vi-ka'ri-us),  adj. 
substituted,  or  performed,  in  the 
place  of  another. 

•vice  (vis),  n.  a  fault,  defect,  or 
blemish ;  immoral  practice  or 
habit ;  depravity  ;  immorality  ;  a 
vise. 

Syn.    vileness,    corruption,    de- 
pravity,     pollution,      immorality, 
wickedness,  guilt,  iniquity,  crime. 
Ant.  (see  virtue). 

vice,  prefix  meaning  in  place  of, 
second  in  rank. 

vice-ge-rent  (-je'rent),  n.  one 
deputed  by  superior  authority  to 
exercise  the  functions  of  another. 

vice-re-gal  (-re'gal),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  a  viceroy. 

vice-roy  ('roi),  n.  a  governor  of 
a  country  ruling  in  the  name  and 
by  the  authority  of  the  sovereign. 

vice-roy-al-ty  ('al-ti),  n.  the 
office,  dignity,  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
viceroy. 

Vi-chy  wa-ter  (ve'shi  waw'ter), 
n.  a  mineral  effervescent  water. 

vic-i-nage  (vis'i-naj),  n.  a  neigh- 
borhood. 

vic-iu-i-ty  (vis-in'i-ti),  n.  near- 
ness in  place ;  proximity. 

vi-cious  (vish'us),  adj.  character- 
ized by  vice  or  blemish ;  faulty ; 
corrupt  in  moral  principles  or  con- 
duct ;  unruly ;  spiteful. 

Syn.  corrupt,  depraved,  debased, 
bad,    contrary,    unruly,    demoral- 
ized, profligate,  faulty. 
Ant.    (see  gentle). 

vi-cis-si-tude  (vi-sis'i-tiid),  n. 
change. 

vic-tim  (vik'tim),  n.  a  living  be- 
ing, usually  some  animal,  sacri- 
ficed to  a  deity ;  some  person  or 
thing  destroyed  or  injured  in  the 
pursuit  of  some  object,  or  by  some 
accident;  dupe. 

Syn.   sacrifice,   food,   prey,   suf- 
ferer, dupe,  gull. 

vic-tim-ize  (-lz),  v.t.  to  make  a 
victim  of ;  swindle. 


vic-tor  ('ter),  n.  conqueror;  one 
who  wins  or  gains  an  advantage : 
Feminine  victoress. 

vic-tp-ri-a  (-to'ri-a),  n.  a  kind  of 
carriage  for  t\yo  _persous. 

vic-to-rine  (-to-ren'),  n.  a  small 
fur  tippet. 

vic-to-ri-ous  (-to'ri-us),  adj.  hav- 
ing conquered  in  battle  or  contest ; 
emblematic  of  victory ;  trium- 
phant. 

vic-to-ry  ('to-ri),  n.  [pi.  victories 
(-riz)],  the  defeat  of  an  enemy  in 
battle,  or  an  antagonist  in  a  con- 
test. 

vict-nal  (vit'l),  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  victualed,  p.pr.  victualing], 
to  supply  or  store  with  provisions 
f<  .•  food :  n.pl.  food ;  meat. 

vict-ual-er  ('1-er),  n.  one  who 
provides  food ;  the  keeper  of  a 
house  of  entertainment. 

vi-cu-na  (vi-koon'ya),  n.  an  ani- 
mal of  Mexico  and  Chili,  allied  to 
the  llama,  furnishing  a  fine  long, 
reddish  wool. 

vi-de  (vi'de),  v.t.  see  [Latin]. 

vi-del-i-cet  (vi-del'i-set),  adj.  to 
wit;  namely  [Latin]. 

vi-dette,  same  as  vedette. 

vie  (vi),  v.i.  to  strive  for  superior- 
ity ;  rival ;  endeavor. 

Vi-en-nese  (ye-en-ez'),  adj.  per- 
taining to  Vienna  or  to  its  in- 
habitants. 

view  (vu),  v.t.  to  look  upon;  see; 
regard  attentively ;  survey  men- 
tally ;  examine  intellectually  ;  con- 
sider :  n.  the  act  of  seeing ;  pros- 
pect :  survey  ;  purpose ;  mental  or 
intellectual  perception ;  sketch  or 
picture:  judgment;  opinion. 
Syn.  prospect,  survey. 

vig-il  (vij'il),  n.  a  watching;  de- 
votion in  the  usual  hours  of  sloop- 
ing  ;  eve  preceding  a  feast  of  the 
Church. 

vig-i-lance  ('i-lans),  n.  watch- 
fulness ;  caution. 

vig-i-lant  ('i-lant),  adj.  attentive 
to  discover  and  avoid  danger; 
alert ;  cautious. 

Syn.     wary,      alert,     watchful, 
careful. 

Ant.  (see  heedless). 

vign-ette  (vin-yef),  n.  a  small 
engraving  not  enclosed  by  a  def- 
inite border ;  a  portrait  of  the 
head  and  bust  only. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


vig 


vie 


vig-or  ('er).  n.  physical  or  men- 
tal strength  and  energy  ;  force. 

vig-or-ous  ('er-us),  adj.  full  of 
physical  or  mental  strength  and 
energy  ;  robust ;  forcible. 

vi-ha-ra  (vi-ha'ni),  n.  a  Bud- 
dhist temple  or  monastery. 

vi-king  (vi'king),  n.  one  of  the 
old  Scandinavian  pirates,  who 
(8th  to  10th  centuries)  ravaged 
the  coasts  of  Europe 

vile  (vil),  adj.  worthless;  despica- 
ble :  morally  base  or  impure ; 
wicked. 

vile-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  vile  man- 
ner. 

vile-ness    ('nes),  n.  baseness. 

vil-i-fi-er  (vil'i-fl-er),  n.  a  de- 
famer. 

vil-i-fy  ('i-fi),  y.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
vilified,  p.pr.  vilifying],  to  de- 
fame ;  debase  by  slander. 

villa  ('a),  n.  a  country  seat; 
suburban  residence. 

vil-lage  ('aj),  n.  a  small  assem- 
blage of  houses,  less  than  a  town 
but  larger  than  a  hamlet. 

vil-lag-er  (-er),  n.  an  inhabitant 
of  a  village. 

vil-lain  ('in  or  'an),  n.  originally 
a  serf  or  feudal  tenant  of  the 
lowest  class ;  scoundrel. 

vil-lain-ous  (-us),  adj.  charac- 
terized by  extreme  depravity ; 
vile ;  mean. 

vil-lain-y  (-i),  n.  extreme  de- 
pravity ;  atrocious  wickedness. 

vil-lan-age  (-aj),  n.  the  state  or 
condition  of  a  serf.  Also  vil- 
leinage. 

vil-lein,  same  as  villain. 

vil-li  ('I),  n.pl.  long,  straight, 
soft  hairs  on  plants ;  velvet-like 
hairs  set  closely  together. 

vil-lous  ('us),  adj.  covered  with 
long,  thin,  soft  hairs ;  downy ; 
shaggy. 

vi-na  ceons  (vi-mi'shus) .  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  like,  grapes  or  wine  ; 
wine-colored. 

vin-ai-grette  (vin-a-gref).  n.  a 
small  perforated  box  of  gold,  &c., 
for  holding  aromatic  vinegar  or 
smelling-salts. 

vin-ci-ble  (vin'si-bl).  adj.  capable 
of  being  conquered  or  overcome. 

vin-cu-lum  (ving'ku-lum),  n.  a 
bond  of  union  ;  tie;  horizontal  bar 
placed  over  several  algebraical 


quantities  to  indicate  they  are  to 
be  treated  as  one. 

vin  tli-cate  (vin'di-kat),  v.t.  to 
prove  to  be  valid ;  defend  success- 
fully ;  assert  a  right  to :  justify. 

vin-di-ca-tion  (-ka'shun),  n. 
justification  against  denial,  cen- 
sure, or  oppression  ;  defense  ;  sup- 
port by  proof. 

vin-di-ca-tor  ('di-ka-ter),  n.  one 
who  vindicates. 

vin-di-ca-to-ry  (-to-ri).  adj. 
serving  to  vindicate,  justify,  or 
punish. 

vin-dic-tive  (-dik'tiv),  adj.  given 
to,  or  prompted  by,  revenge. 

vin-dic-tive-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
vindictive  manner. 

vine  (vin),  n.  any  woody,  climb- 
ing plant  of  the  genus  Vitis,  es- 
pecially the  common  grape. 

vin-e-gar  (vin'e-ger),  n.  an  acid 
obtained  by  fermentation  from 
wine,  beer.  &c. :  hence  anything 
sour,  actually  or  metaphorically. 

vi-ner-y  (vl'ner-i),  «.  a  place 
where  grapes  are  cultivated  arti- 
ficially. 

vine-yard  (vin'yard),  n.  a  plan- 
tation of  vines  producing  grapes. 

vin-ic  (vin'ik),  adj.  pertaining  to 
wine. 

vin-or-di-naire  (vang-6r-de-nar') . 
n.  a  kind  of  claret :  the  common 
wine  of  France. 

vi-nous  (vi'nus),  adj.  pertaining 
to.  haying  the  qualities  of,  or 
like,  wine. 

vin-tage  (vin'taj),  n.  the  yearly 
crop  or  produce  of  the  grape ; 
wine  produced  in  one  season. 

vint-ner  (vint'ner),  n.  wine  mer- 
chant. 

vi-ol  (vi'ol),  n.  a  four-stringed 
musical  instrument  played  with 
a  bow. 

vi-o-la  (ve-o'la),  n.  the  tenor  vio- 
lin. 

vi-o-la-ble  (vi'o-la-bl),  adj.  ca- 
pable of  being  violated  or  broken. 

vi-o-late  ('o-lat),  v.t.  to  trans- 
gress ;  break  forcibly ;  injure ; 
ravish  ;  outrage  ;  desecrate  ;  treat 
with  irreverence ;  disturb. 

vi-o-la-tipn  (-Ifi'shun),  n.  the  act 
of  violating,  infringing,  or  injur- 
ing ;  rape  ;  outrage  ;  act  of  irrever- 
ence or  profanation. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  hf-r.  lot :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  m6on, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


vio 


890 


Vis 


vi-o-la-tor  ('o-la-ter),  n.  one  who 
violates. 

vi-o-lence  ('o-lens),  n.  physical  or 
moral  force ;  vehemence ;  unjust 
strength  or  power  applied  to  any 
purpose  ;  assault ;  outrage  ;  crime  ; 
rape ;  eagerness  ;  infringement. 

vi-o-lent    ('6-lent),  adj.   urged  or 
driven   by    force ;    vehement ;    im- 
petuous ;  forcible  ;  furious ;  severe. 
8yn.     boisterous,     furious,     im- 
petuous,   vehement. 
Ant.    (see  gentle). 

vi-o-let  ('6-let),  n.  a  plant  of  the 
genus  Viola ;  a  color  like  that  of 
the  violet. 

vi-o-lin  (-5-lin'),  n.  a  four-stringed 
musical  instrument,  played  with 
a  bow. 

vi-o-lin-ist  ('ist),  n.  performer 
on  the  violin. 

vi-o-lon-cel-list  ( ve-o -lon-chel'- 
ist),  n.  a  performer  on  the  vio- 
loncello. 

vi-o-lon-cel-lp  (-chel'o),  n.  a 
large  four-stringed  instrument  of 
the  viol  class.  _ 

vi-o-lo-ne  (ve-o-lo'na),  n.  a 
double-bass  viol  [Music]. 

vi-per  (vi'per),  n.  venomous  ser- 
pent of  various  species ;  a  crafty, 
malignant  person. 

vi-per-ous  (-us),  adj.  viper-like; 
malignant. 

vi-ra-go  (vi-ra'go),  n.  a  bold,  tur- 
bulent woman. 

vir-gin  (ver'jin),  n.  a  woman 
who  has  preserved  her  chastity ; 
maiden;  the  Virgin  Mary  (with 
the)  :  adj.  pertaining  to,  or  be- 
coming, a  virgin  :  chaste  ;  modest ; 
pure  ;  new  ;  unmixed. 

vir-gin-al  (-al),  adj.  maidenly; 
chaste :  n.  a  16th  century  musical 
instrument. 

vir-gin-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the  state  of 
a  virgin ;  maidenhood ;  virgin 
purity. 

vir-ile  (vir'il),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  characteristic  of,  mature  man- 
hood ;  masculine  ;  manly  ;  procrea- 
tive. 

vir-il-i-ty  (-il'i-ti),  n.  manhood; 
power  of  procreation. 

vir-tn,  same  as  vertu. 

vir-tu-al  (ver'tfi-al),  adj.  in  es- 
sence or  effect,  though  not  in  fact ; 
having  the  efficacy  without  the 
material  or  sensible  part. 


vir-tu-al-ly  (-li),  adv.  practically. 

v  i  r  - 1  u  e  ('tu) ,  n.  rectitude  ; 
strength  ;  efficacy ;  valor ;  chas- 
tity ;  legal  force._ 

vir-tu-o-so  (-tu-o's6'».  n.  [pi.  vir- 
tuosi ('se)],  one  skilled  in  the 
fine  arts,  antiquities,  &c. ;  a  skilled 
performer  on  a  musical  instru- 
ment. 

vir-tu-ous  ('tii-us),  adj.  pos- 
sessing, or  exhibiting,  virtue ; 
moral ;  chaste. 

Syn,   upright,   honest,   moral. 
Ant.    (see  profligate). 

vir-u-lence  (vir'u-lens),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  virulent ; 
extreme  bitterness. 

vir-u-lent  ('u-lent),  adj.  very 
poisonous  or  venomous ;  actively 
injurious  to  life  or  health ;  bitter 
in  enmity  ;  malignant. 

vi-rus  (vi'rus),  n.  organic,  con- 
tagious, or  poisonous  matter,  by 
which  disease  or  poison  is  intro- 
duced into  the  system  ;  something 
that  acts  as  a  moral  poison. 

vis  (vis),  n.  power;  force. 

vis  in-er-ti-se  (in-er'shi-e),  n.  the 
resistance  in  a  body  either  to 
change  its  state  of  rest  or  state 
of  motion. 

vis-age  (viz'aj),  n.  the  counte- 
nance. 

vis-a-vis  (ve-za-ve'),  n.  one  who 
is  face  to  face  with  another :  adv. 
face  to  face. 

vis-ce-ra  (vis'er-a),  n.pl.  the  in- 
testines. 

vis-ce-ral  ('er-al),  adj.  pertaining 
to  the  viscera. 

vis-cid  ('id),  adj.  sticky;  glu- 
tinous. 

vis-cid-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  stickiness; 
glutinousness.  Also  viscosity. 

vis-count  (vi'kount),  n.  a  noble- 
man next  in  rank  below  an  earl. 
Feminine  viscountess. 

vis-cous  (vis'kus),  adj.  adhesive 
or  glutinous. 

vis-cus    ('kus),  n.  an  entrail. 

vise  (vis),  n.  a  two- jawed  instru- 
ment for  holding  work. 

vis-i-bil-i-ty  (viz-i-bil'i-ti),  n. 
perceptibility.  Also  visibleness. 

vis-i-ble  ('i-bl),  adj.  perceptible 
by  the  eye,  in  view ;  obvious ;  ap- 
parent. 

Vis-i-goth-ic  (-i-goth'ik),  adj. 
pertaining  to  the  Visigoths,  a 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


vis 


891 


viv 


branch  of  the  Goths  that  settled 
in  Southern  France  and  Spain. 

vi-sion  (vizh'un),  n.  the  act  or 
sense  of  seeing ;  sight ;  object  of 
sight ;  divine  revelation  ;  appari- 
tion ;  creation  of  the  imagination. 
Kyn.  apparition,  ghost,  phan- 
tom, specter. 

vi-sion-al  (-ill),  adj.  pertaining  to 
vision. 

vi-sion-a-ry  (-a-ri).  adj.  existing 
only  in  the  imagination ;  unreal : 
n.  an  unpractical  schemer. 

vis-it  (viz'it),  n.  the  act  of  call- 
ing to  see  another :  brief  stay  of 
friendship,  courtesy,  or  business ; 
official  inspection :  v.t.  to  call 
upon  ;  inspect  officially  ;  overtake 
or  chastise :  v.i.  to  be  in  the  habit 
of  making  calls ;  maintain  social 
intercourse.  * 

vis-i-tant    ('i-tant),  n.  a  visitor. 

vis-i-ta-tipn  (-i-ta'shun),  n.  the 
act  of  visiting ;  official  visit ;  in- 
fliction of  good  or  evil ;  retributive 
affliction. 

vi-site  (ve-zet'),  n.  a  light  lace  or 
silk  cape  for  summer  wear. 

vis-i-tor  (vis'i-ter),  n.  one  who 
visits ;  official  inspector. 

vis-or,  see  vizor. 

vis-ta  (vis'tfi),  n.  [pi.  vistas 
('taz)].  n.  a  view,  especially 
through  an  avenue ;  the  trees 
forming  such  an  avenue. 

vis-u-al  (vizh'u-al),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  used  in,  sight. 

vis-u-al-ize  (-Iz),  v.t.  to  make 
visible ;  see  in  fancy. 

vi-tal  (yi'tal),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
supporting,  or  necessary  to,  life ; 
mortal ;  essential. 

vitalism  (-izm),  n.  the  theory 
which  refers  vital  phenomena  to 
a  vital,  as  distinct  from  a  merely 
physical,  force. 

vi-tal-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  vital  force. 

vi-tal-ize  ('tal-Iz),  v.t.  to  endow 
with  life;  animate. 

vi-tal-ly    (-i),   adv.   essentially. 

vi-tals  ('talz),  n.pl.  the  organs 
of  the  body  essential  to  life,  as  the 
heart,  lungs,  &c. 

vi-ta-scope  (vi'tA-skdp),  n.  an 
apparatus  for  projecting  kineto- 
praphic  pictures  in  life  size  upon 
a  canvas. 

vi-tel-lin    (-tel'in),    n.    the    albu- 


minoidal  substance  in  the  yolk  of 
eggs. 

vi-tel-lus  ('us),  n.  the  yolk  of  an 
egg. 

vi-ti-ate  (vish'i-at),  v.t.  to  render 
faulty  or  defective ;  taint ;  de- 
prave ;  annul. 

vit-i-cul-ture  (vit'i-kul-tur),  n. 
vine  culture. 

vitreo,  a  prefix  meaning  pertain- 
ing to,  or  like  glass,  as  vitreo- 
electric,  exhibiting  positive  or 
vitreous  electricity. 

vit-re-ous  (vit're-us),  adj.  con- 
sisting of,  like,  or  obtained  from, 
glass. 

vi-tres-cence  (vi-tres'ens).  n.  the 
quality  of  being  vitrescent. 

vi-tres-cent  ('ent),  adj.  capable 
of  being  turned  into  or  becoming 
like  glass. 

vit-ric  (vit'rik),  adj.  glass-like. 

vit-ri-fac-tion  (-ri-fak'shun),  n. 
the  art  or  process  of  vitrifying. 

vit-ri-fied  ('ri-fid),  adj.  converted 
into  glass. 

vit-ri-form  (-form),  n.  having 
the  form  or  appearance  of  glass. 

vit-ri-fy  ('ri-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
vitrified,  p.pr.  vitrifying],  to  con- 
vert by  heat  and  fusion  into  glass  : 
v.i.  to  be  converted  into  glass. 

vit-ri-ol  ('ri-ol),  n.  the  popular 
name  for  sulphuric  acid. 

vi-tu-per-ate  (yl-tu'per-at),  v.t. 
to  censure  abusively. 

vi-tn-per-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n. 
abusive  censure. 

vi-tu-per-a-tive  ('per-a-tiv),  adj. 
characterized  by,  or  containing, 
abuse. 

vi-va  (ve'va),  inter j.  hurrah! 
[Italian]. 

vi-va-cious  (vi-va'shus),  adj. 
lively ;  gay. 

vi-vac-i-ty  (-vas'i-ti),  n.  liveli- 
ness ;  animation. 

vi-va-ri-um  (vl-vn'ri-um),  n.  a 
place  for  the  artificial  keeping  of 
animals  in  their  natural  state. 

vi-va  vo-ce  ('v&  vo'se),  orally 
[Latin]. 

vive  (vev),  inter  j.  long  life  or 
success  to  [French]. 

viv-id  (viv'id).  adj.  life-like;  real- 
istic ;  forming  brilliant  images. 

viv-i-fy  (viv'i-fi),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
vivified,  p.pr.  vivifying],  to  endue 
with  life ;  quicken. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  hf-.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


viv 


892 


vol 


vi-vip-a-rous  (vi-vip'a-rus),  adj. 
producing  young  alive. 

viv-i-sect  (viv-i-sekt'),  v.t.  to  dis- 
sect the  living  body  of. 

viv-i-sec-tion  (-sek'shun),  n.  the 
dissection  of  a  living  animal  for 
scientific  study. 

viv-i-sec-tioxi-ist  (-sek'shun-ist) , 
n.  one  who  practices  or  upholds 
vivisection.  Also  vivisector. 

vix-en  (viks'n),  n.  a  female  fox; 
quarrelsome,  ill-tempered  woman. 

viz.   (viz),  adv.  namely 

vi-zier  (vi-zer'),  n.  a  high  officer 
or  councilor  of  state  in  Moham- 
medan countries. 

vi-zor  (vi'zer),  n.  the  upper  mov- 
able part  of  a  helmet ;  the  fore- 
piece  of  a  cap. 

vo-ca-ble  (vo'ka-bl),  n.  a  word; 
term. 

vo-cab-u-la-ry  (-kab'u-la-ri),  n. 
[pi.  vocabularies  (-riz)],  a  col- 
lection of  words  of  a  language, 
science,  &c.,  arranged  alphabeti- 
cally and  explained ;  words  used. 

vo-cal  ( vo'kul ) ,  adj.  pertaining  to, 
full  of.  or  endowed  with,  voice  or 
speech ;  oral ;  having  a  vowel 
character ;  produced  in  the  lar- 
ynx. 

vo-cal-ist    (-ist),  n.  a  singer. 

vo-cal  ize  (-Iz) ,  v.t.  to  form  into 
voice ;  utter  distinctly. 

vo-cal-ly  ('kal-i),  adv.  with  the 
voice. 

vo-ca-tipn  (-ka'shun),  n.  calling; 
occupation. 

voc-a-tive  (vok'a-tiv).  adj.  noting 
the  case  of  a  noun,  adjective,  or 
pronoun  in  which  a  person  or 
thing  is  addressed :  n.  the  vocative 
case. 

vo-cif-er-ate  (vo-sif'er-at),  v.i.  to 
clamor ;  bawl :  v.t.  to  utter  with 
a  loud  voice. 

vo-cif-er-a-tion  (-a'shun),  n. 
violent  outcry. 

vo-cif-er-ons  ('er-us),  adj.  clam- 
orous ;  noisy. 

vod-ka  (vod'ka),  n.  a  Russian 
intoxicant  distilled  from  rye. 

voe    (vo),  n.  a  fiord;  creek. 

vogue  (vog),  n.  fashion. 

voice  (vois),  n.  sound  uttered  by 
the  mouth,  especially  by  a  human 
being ;  utterance  or  mode  of  utter- 
ance ;  faculty  of  speech ;  lan- 
guage ;  expressed  opinions ;  vote 


or  suffrage :  v.t.  to  give  utterance 
or  expression  to. 

void  (void),  adj.  empty;  wanting: 
v.t.  to  nullify ;  declare  vacant ; 
quit ;  to  emit  or  send  out :  n.  a 
vacuum. 

vo-lant  (vo'lant),  adj.  flyiug ; 
nimble. 

Vo-la-puk  (-la-puk'),  n.  a  system 
of  universal  language  for  com- 
mercial intercourse. 

vol-a-tile  ('a-til),  adj.  easily 
passing  into  the  aeriform  state ; 
diffusing  freely  ;  lively  ;  sprightly  ; 
fickle. 

vol-a-til-ize  ('a-til-iz),  v.t.  to  ren- 
der volatile  ;  evaporate. 

vol-a-til-i-ty  ('i-ti),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  volatile. 

vol-can-ic  (-kan'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  proceeding  from,  or  pro- 
duced by,  a  volcano. 

vol-can-ize  ('kau-iz),  v.t.  to  sub- 
ject to  volcanic  action. 

vol-ca-no  (-ka'no),  n.  [pi.  vol- 
canoes ('noz)],  a  conical  hill  or 
mountain  from  which  the  prod- 
ucts of  volcanic  action  are  ejected 
with  great  heat  in  the  form  of 
lava,  &c. 

vo-li-tion  (vo-lish'un),  n.  the  act 
or  power  of  willing  or  exerting 
choice. 

vol-i-tive  (vol'i-tiv),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to,  or  having  the  power  of, 
will. 

vol-ley  ('i),  n.  [pi.  volleys  ('iz)], 
the  simultaneous  discharge  of  a 
number  of  small-arms ;  explosive 
burst ;  return  of  a  ball  at  tennis 
before  it  reaches  the  ground ; 
bowling  a  ball  full  to  the  top  of 
the  wicket:  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  vol- 
leyed, p.pr.  volleying],  to  dis- 
charge with,  or  as  with,  a  volley . 
v.i.  to  be  thrown  out  at  once ;  re- 
turn a  ball  before  it  touches  the 
ground ;  bowl  a  ball  full  on  the 
wicket. 

volt  (volt),  n.  the  circular  tread 
of  a  horse ;  sudden  leap  to  avoid  a 
thrust  in  fencing ;  standard  unit 
of  electro-motive  force. 

vpl-ta-ic  (vol-ta'ik),  adj.  pertain- 
ing to  electricity  generated  by 

.  chemical  action  or  galvanism. 

vol-tam-e-ter  (-tam-e-ter),  n.  .an 
instrument  for  measuring  the 
work  of  a  voltaic  current. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moun, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


VOI 


893 


vow 


vol-u-bil-i-ty  (-u-bil'i-ti),  n.  ex- 
cessive fluency  of  speech. 

vol-u-ble  ('u-bl),  adj.  fluent  in 
speech. 

vol-ume  ('um),  n.  a  single  book; 
space  occupied,  measured  in  cubic 
units  ;  mass  or  bulk ;  quantity  or 
fullness  of  voice  or  tone :  pi.  a 
great  deal. 

vol-u-met-ric  (-u-met'rik),  adj. 
measured  by  volume. 

vol  ii-mi-nous  Cmi-nus),  adj.  ex- 
tensive ;  copious ;  consisting  of,  or 
having  produced,  many  books. 

vol-tm-ta-ri-ly  ('un-ta-ri-li),  adv. 
spontaneously. 

vol-un-ta-ri-ness  (-ri-nes),  n. 
spontaneousuess. 

vol-un-ta-ry  ('un-ta-ri),  adj.  act- 
ing from  choice  or  free  will ;  spon- 
taneous ;  designed  ;  gratuitous  :  n. 
an  organ  solo  played  before,  dur- 
ing, or  after,  a  church  service. 

vol-un-teer  (-un-teV),  n.  one  who 
enters  into  any  service  of  his  own 
free  will,  especially  military  serv- 
ice ;  a  foreigner  who  gives  his 
services  in  exchange  for  board  and 
residence :  v.i.  to  offer  one's  serv- 
ices voluntarily,  especially  for 
military  service:  v.t.  to  offer  or 
bestow  without  constraint  or  com- 
pulsion. 

vo-lup-tu-a-ry  (vo'lup-iu-a-ri),  n. 
one  given  to  sensual  enjoyments 
or  luxury :  adj.  devoted  to  luxury 
or  pleasure. 

tiyn.    epicure,    sensualist. 

vo-lup-tn-ou.s  ('tu-us),  adj.  given 
to  the  enjoyment  of  sensual 
pleasures  or  luxury  ;  sensual ;  ex- 
citing sensual  desires. 

vo-lute  (vo-luf),  n.  a  spiral 
scroll  forming  the  chief  feature  of 
the  Ionic  capital. 

vo-lut-ed  ('ed),  adj.  having  a 
spiral  scroll. 

vo-mer  (vo'mer),  n.  the  thin, 
slender  bone  forming  the  partition 
between  the  nostrils. 

vom-i-ca  (vom'i-ka>,  n.  an  ab- 
sr-f'ss  in  the  lungs. 

vein-it  fit),  v.i.  to  eject  the  con- 
tents of  .the  stomach  by  the 
mouth :  v.t.  to  throw  un  from  the 
stomach;  discharge  with  violence: 
n.'  matter  ejected  by  the  stomach  ; 
an  emetic. 


vom -it-ing  (-ing),  n.  the  act  of 
ejecting  matter  from  the  stomach. 

vom-i-to  (vo-me'to,  vom'i-to),  n. 
yellow  fever  in  its  most  acute  form 
[Spanish]. 

voo-doo  (voo-doo'),  n.  a  system 
of  magic  and  superstitious  rites, 
said  to  be  accompanied  with  can- 
nibalism and  human  sacrifices, 
prevalent  among  certain  negro 
races. 

vo-ra-cious  (vo-ra'shus),  adj. 
greedy  in  eating ;  ravenous ;  ra- 
pacious. 

vo-rac-i-ty  (-ras'i-ti),  n.  the  qual- 
ity of  being  voracious. 

vo-rant  (vo'rant),  adj.  devouring 
or  swallowing. 

vor-tex  (vSr'teks).  n.  [pi.  vortices 
('ti-sez)],  the  hollow  and  circular 
form  assumed  by  a  liquid  when 
set  in  rotation ;  whirlpool. 

vo-ta-ry  (vo'ta-ri),  n.  [pi.  vo- 
taries (-riz)],  one  addicted  to 
some  particular  pursuit  or  con- 
dition of  life ;  one  consecrated  by 
a  vow. 

vote  (vot),  n.  an  expression  of 
choice  or  preference  for  some  par- 
ticular candidate  for  an  office,  &c., 
by  ballot  or  other  method  of 
suffrage ;  decision  by  the  major- 
ity :  v.t.  to  choose  by  suffrage ; 
characterize :  v.i.  to  give  a  vote. 
Syn.  suffrage,  voice. 

vot-er  ('er),  n.  an  elector. 

vot-ing  ('ing),  n.  expression  of 
opinion  or  preference  by  suffrage. 

vot-ive  ('iv),  adj.  given,  conse- 
crated, or  promised  by  vow. 

vouch  (vouch),  v.t.  to  attest; 
guarantee. 

Syn.    affirm,    asseverate,     aver, 
assure. 

vouch-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  gives 
attestation  or  witness ;  a  docu- 
ment guaranteeing  the  accuracy 
of  accounts. 

vouch-safe  (-snf),  v.t.  to  conde- 
scend to  grant ;  concede. 

vous-soir  (voo-swilr'),  n.  one  of 
the  wedge-like  stones  forming  the 
arch  of  a  bridge. 

vow  (vou),  n.  a  solemn  promise 
or  pledge  to  fulfil  some  engage- 
ment hereafter,  especially  one 
made  to  God  ;  pledge  of  fidelity  or 
affection :  v.t.  to  promise  solemn- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat.  awl  :  lie.  hir.  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


894 


vyi 


ly ;  consecrate  to  God :  v.i.  to 
make  a  solemn  promise. 

vow-el  ('el),  n.  a  simple  vocal 
sound  ;  a  letter  representing  such 
a  sound :  adj.  vocal. 

voy-age  (voi'aj),  n.  a  journey  by 
water  from  one  country  or  place 
to  another :  v.i.  to  make  a  voyage : 
v.t.  to  travel  or  pass  over. 

voy-ag-er  (-er),  n.  a  traveler  by 
water. 

voy-a-geur  (vwa-ya-zher'),  n.  a 
Canadian  boatman. 

vrai  -  sem  -  blance  (vra  -  sang- 
blangs' ) ,  n.  an  appearance  of 
truth. 

vnl-can-ite  (vul'kan-It).  n.  vul- 
canized india-rubber. 

vnl-can-ize  (-iz),  v.t.  to  change 
the  properties  of  (india-rubber) 
by  combination  with  sulphur, 
white  lead,  and  other  substances, 
rendering  it  hard  and  non-elastic. 

vul-gar  ('ger),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
characteristic  of,  or  used  by,  the 
multitude  or  common  people ; 
common ;  general ;  vernacular ; 
plebeian ;  unrefined ;  coarse; 
mean :  n.  the  uneducated  or  un- 
refined class. 

vnl-gar  frac-tions  (frak'shunz), 
n.pl.  common  fractions :  ex- 
pressed by  placing  the  numerator 


above  the  denominator,  with  a 
horizontal  or  oblique  line  between. 

vul-ga-ri-an  (-ga'ri-an),  n.  a 
rich  person  with  vulgar  ideas. 

viil-gar-ism  ('ger-izm),  n.  a  vul- 
gar phrase  or  expression. 

vul-gar-i-ty  (-gar'i-ti),  n.  coarse- 
ness of  manners  or  language. 

Vul-gate  ('gat),  n.  an  ancient 
Latin  version  of  the  Scriptures  in 
use  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  made  originally  by  St. 
Jerome :  adj.  pertaining  to,  or 
contained  in,  the  vulgate. 

vul-ner-a-bil-i-ty  ( vu  1-ner-a-bil'- 
i-ti),  n.  the  quality  of  being  vul- 
nerable. Also  vulnerableness. 

vul-ner-a-ble  ('ner-a-bl),  adj. 
capable  of  being  wounded ;  sus- 
ceptible of  wounds  or  injury. 

vul-pine  ('pin),  .adj.  pertaining 
to,  like,  or  characteristic  of,  a 
fox ;  cunning. 

vul-pin-ite  ('pin-it),  n.  a  variety 
of  gypsum  susceptible  of  a  fine 
polish. 

vul-ture  ('tur),  n.  a  large,  carniv- 
orous, voracious  bird  of  prey. 

vul-tur-ine  (-in),  adj.  vulture- 
like. 

vul-vi-form  ('vi-f6rm).  adj.  like 
a  cleft  with  projecting  edges. 

vy-ing  (vi'ing),  p.adj.  competing; 
emulating. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


wab 


895 


wai 


w 


wab-ble,  same  as  wobble. 

wack-e  (wak'e),  n.  a  German 
miner's  name  for  a  soft  earthy 
variety  of  trap-rock. 

wad  (wod),  n.  a  mass  of  soft  or 
flexible  material  used  for  stuffing 
garments ;  small  mass  of  tow,  &c., 
used  for  keeping  the  powder,  &c., 
in  place  in  a  gun  ;  a  kind  of  plum- 
bago:  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  wadded, 
p.pr.  wadding],  to  form  into,  or 
stuff  with,  a  wad. 

wad-die  ('i),  n.  a  thick  club  used 
by  the  Australian  aborigines. 
Also  waddy. 

wad-ding  ('ing),  n.  a  soft  stuff  of 
loose  texture  used  for  stuffing  gar- 
ments, &c. 

wad-die  ('!),  v.i.  to  move  from 
side  to  side  in  walking :  n.  a 
clumsy,  rocking  gait. 

wad-dler  (ler),  n.  one  who  wad- 
dles. 

\rade  (wad),  v.i.  to  walk  through 
any  substance  that  yields  to  the 
feet,  as  water,  snow,  &c. :  v.t.  to 
ford. 

wad-y  ('i),  n.  the  channel  of  a 
water-course  which  is  dry  except 
in  the  rainy  season.  Also  wadi. 

wa-fer  (wa'fer),  n.  a  small  col- 
ored paste  disk  for  securing  let- 
ters, &c. ;  small  disk  of  unleav- 
ened bread  used  in  the  Eucharist 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

waf-fle  (wof'l),  n.  a  soft  indented 
cake,  baked  in  an  iron  utensil  over 
a  flame  or  coals. 

waft  (waft),  v.t.  to  bear  along  on 
a  buoyant  medium :  v.i.  to  float. 

wag  (wag),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  wagged, 
p.pr.  wagging],  to  move  back- 
wards and  forwards :  v.t.  to  cause 
to  oscillate  :  n.  the  act  of  wagging ; 
a  droll,  humorous  fellow. 

*rage  (waj),  v.t.  to  engage  in,  or 
carry  on,  especially  war  ;  venture  : 
n.  payment  for  service  rendered ; 
hire  (usually  pi.). 

wa-gen-boom  ( va'gen-boom ) ,  n. 
a  South  African  tree  yielding  a 
tough  wood,  used  for  wagon 
wheels.  Also  wagon-tree. 


wa-ger  (wa'jer),  n.  a  subject  on 
which  bets  are  laid ;  something 
staked  on  an  issue  :  v.t.  to  hazard  ; 
to  stake :  v.i.  to  bet. 

wag-ger-y  (wag'er-i),  n.  mischiev- 
ous merriment ;  tricks  of  a  wag ; 
good-humored  sarcasm. 

wag-gish  ('ish),  adj.  humorous, 
sportive. 

wag-gle  ('!),  v.i.  &  v.t.  to  move 
from  side  to  side :  n.  a  movement 
from  side  to  side. 

wag-on  ('un),  n.  a  four-wheeled 
heavy  vehicle  for  carrying  goods, 
agricultural  produce,  &c. 

wag-on-er  (-er),  n.  the  driver  of 
a  wagon. 

wag-on-ette  (-ef),  n.  a  light, 
open,  four-wheeled  pleasure  car- 
riage. 

waptail   Ctal),  n.  a  small  bird. 

waif  (waf),  n.  anything  found 
without  an  owner;  a  homeless 
wanderer. 

wail  (wfil),  v.t.  to  lament:  v.i.  to 
express  sorrow  audibly :  n.  loud 
lamentation.  Also  wailing. 

wain   (wan),  n.  a  wagon. 

wain-scot  ('skut),  n.  paneled 
wooden  lining  on  walls :  v.t.  to 
line  with  paneled  boarding. 

wain-scot-ing  (-ing),  n.  material 
used  to  wainscot  a  house. 

wain-wright  ('rit),  n.  a  maker 
of  wagons. 

waist  (wast),  n.  the  narrowest 
part  of  the  body  just  below  the 
ribs ;  middle  part. 

waist-coat  (wast'kot  or  wes'kut 
[colloquial]),  n.  a  short,  sleeve- 
less men's  garment  covering  the 
chest  and  waist. 

wait  (wat),  v.i.  to  stay  in  expec- 
tation ;  lie  in  ambush  ;  watch  ;  re- 
main quiet ;  follow  someone  ;  at- 
tend :  v.t.  to  await ;  postpone. 

Syn.    await,    expect,    look    for, 
wait  for. 

wait-er  ('er),  n.  a  servant  in  at- 
tendance at  table ;  salver  or  tray. 
Feminine  waitress. 

•wait-ing  ('ing),  adj.  serving;  at- 
tendant. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


wal 


890 


•waits  (watz),  n.pl.  nocturnal 
musicians  who  perform  in  the 
streets  of  English  towns  at 
Christmastide. 

•waive  (wav),  v.t.  to  give  up  a 
claim  to ;  forego. 

wake  (wak),  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
waked  or  woke,  p.pr.  waking],  to 
be  awake  ;  be  roused  from  sleep ; 
cease  to  sleep ;  be  active :  v.t.  to 
rouse  from  sleep  ;  revive  ;  watch  ; 
n.  a  vigil ;  watching  of  a  dead 
body  prior  to  burial ;  track. 

wake  f  ul  ('fool),  adj.  watchful. 
Syn.  vigilant,  watchful. 
Ant.  (see  sleepy). 

wa-ken,  same  as  wake. 

wale  (wal),  n.  a  mark  left  by  the 
stroke  of  a  whip,  &c. :  v.t.  to  mark 
with  a  wale. 

walk  (wawk),  v.i.  to  advance  by 
alternate  steps ;  go  at  a  moderate 
pace ;  take  exercise ;  go  restlessly 
about ;  pursue  a  certain  course  of 
life  or  action :  v.t.  to  traverse ; 
cause  to  walk :  n.  act  or  manner 
of  walking ;  step  or  pace ;  road ; 
pface  for  pedestrian  exercise ; 
course  of  life  or  action ;  deport- 
ment ;  frequented  track. 

walk  1st  ('ist),  n.  a  professional 
pedestrian. 

•wall  (wawl),  n.  a  structure  of 
stone,  brick,  &c. ;  side  of  a  build- 
ing ;  rampart ;  means  of  protec- 
tion :  v.t.  to  enclose  with,  or  as 
with,  a  wall :  defend  or  protect. 

wal  la  ba  Ca-ba),  n.  a  tree  of 
Guiana,  yielding  a  valuable  deep- 
red  timber. 

wal-let  (wol'et),  n.  a  bag  or  knap- 
sack ;  a  pocketbook. 

wall-eye  (wawl'l),  n.  an  eye.  the 
iris  of  which  is  white :  said  of 
horses. 

wall-flow  er  ('flou-er),  n.  a  plant 
of  the  genus  Cheiranthus  with 
sweet-scented  flowers ;  one  who,  at 
a  ball  or  party,  takes  no  part. 

•wal  lop  (wol'up),  v.i.  to  boil  with 
a  continued  bubbling :  v.t.  to  beat 
soundly :  n.  a  blow :  gallop 
[Scotch]. 

wal -low  ('o),  v.i.  to  roll  one's 
body  in  the  mire ;  tumble  or  roll 
in  anything  soft ;  live  in  vfce  or 
filth :  n.  a  kind  of  rolling  walk  ;  a 
place  to  which  an  animal  resorts 
to  wallow. 


wal-nut  (wawl'nut\  n.  a  tree  of 
the  genus  Juglans,  yielding  an  edi- 
ble fruit  and  valuable  wood. 

Wal-pur-gis  Night  (val-poor'- 
gis  nit),  M.  the  eve  of  May  Day, 
when  witches  are  supposed  to  hold 
high  revelry. 

wal-rus  (wol'rus),  n.  a  large,  car- 
nivorous, marine  mammal  with 
powerful  tusks. 

waltz  (wawltz),  n.  a  kind  of 
dance ;  music  for  such  a  dance : 
v.i.  to  dance  a  waltz. 

wam-pee  (wom-pe'),  n.  a  fruit 
much  esteemed  by  the  Chinese. 

wam-pum  (wom'pum),  n.  beads 
made  of  shells,  used  by  the  North 
American  Indians  as  money  and 
for  ornamental  belts. 

wan    (won),  adj.  pale;   sickly. 

wand  (wond),  n.  a  long,  slender 
rod ;  staff  of  authority. 

wan-der  (won'der),  v.i.  to  ram- 
ble about  aimlessly ;  stroll ;  de- 
part from ;  be  delirious. 

Syn.  range,  ramble,  roam,  rove, 
stroll. 

wan-der-oo  (-55),  n.  a  large 
bearded  monkey  of  Southern  In- 
dia. 

wane  (wan.),  v.i.  to  grow  less;  de- 
crease :  said  of  the  illuminated 
part  of  the  moon ;  fail :  n.  the  de- 
crease of  the  illuminated  part  of 
the  moon. 

wang-hee  (wang-he'),  n.  a  bam- 
boo imported  from  Japan  and 
China,  used  for  walking-sticks,  &c. 

wan-ness  (won'nes),  n.  wan  con- 
dition. 

•want  (wawnt),  n.  absence  or 
scarcity  of  what  is  needed  or  de- 
sired ;  deficiency  ;  necessity  ;  pon- 
ury :  v.t.  to  be  destitute  of ;  have 
need  of;  desire:  v.i.  to  be  defi- 
cient ;  not  to  be  present ;  come 
short. 

Syn.  lack,  need. 

Ant.   (see  abundance). 

want-ing  ('ing),  adj.  deficient; 
absent. 

•wan-ton  (won'tun),  adj.  licen- 
tious ;  lustful ;  unrestrained  ;  rov 
ing  ;  sportive  ;  luxurious  ;  trifling  . 
n.  a  lascivious  man  or  woman. 

wap-i-ti  (wop'i-ti),  n.  the  Ameri- 
can elk. 

•war  (wawr),  n.  a  contest  between 
states  carried  on  by  force ;  armed 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pSrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


war 


897 


conflict ;  state  of  hostility ;  en- 
mity :  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  warred,  p.pr. 
warring],  to  make  war;  fight; 
strive  violently. 

war-ble    (wawr'bl),  v.t.  &  v.i.   to 
sing   in   a   thrilling   or   quavering 
manner ;  sing,  as  birds ;  utter  mu- 
sically :   n.   a   soft,   sweet   flow  of 
melodious  sounds ;  carol. 
war-bier  ('bier),  n.  one  who  war- 
bles :  a  singing-bird. 
war-bling    ('bling),  adj.  singing; 

quavering. 

ward  (wawrd),  v.t.  to  guard;  de- 
fend from  danger;  turn  aside 
(with  of)  :  v.i.  to  be  vigilant ;  act 
on  the  defensive :  n.  guard ;  de- 
fense ;  particular  division  of  a 
city  or  town ;  custody ;  person  en- 
trusted to  the  care  of  a  guardian. 
ward-en  ('en),  n.  a  guardian; 
keeper ;  head  official ;  church- 
warden. 

ward-er    ('er),   n.  keeper;   guard. 
ward-robe      ('rob),     n.     portable 
closet    for    clothes ;    wearing    ap- 
parel. 
ward-room    ('room),   n.    a   cabin 

for  naval  lieutenants. 
ware-house      (war'hous),     n.     a 
building  for  storing  goods :  v.t.  to 
doposit  in  a  warehouse. 
wares     (wfirz),    n.    merchandise; 

goods. 

war-fare  (wawr'far),  n.  hostili- 
ties ;  war ;  contest ;  military  life 
or  service. 

war-i-ly  (war'i-li),  adv.  cau- 
tiously. 

war-i-ness   Ci-nes).  n.  caution. 
war-lock  (wawr'lok),  n.  a  wizard. 
warm   (wnwrm),  adj.  having  heat 
in   a  moderate  degree ;  subject  to 
heat ;    zealous ;    excited ;    passion- 
ate :  well-off :  v.t.  to  make  warm  ; 
excite :  v.i.  to  become  warm. 
warm-blood-ed     (-blud'ed),    adj. 
denoting  animals  whose  tempera- 
ture ranges  98°  to  112°  Fahr. 
warm  col-ors   (kul'erz),  n.pl.  col- 
ors having  yellow  or  red  for  their 
basis. 

warmth  ('th).  n.  moderate  heat; 
earnestness  or  irritability ;  anima- 
tion ;  glowing  effect  produced  by 
the  use  of  warm  colors. 
warn  (wawrn),  v.t.  to  give  notice 
of  possible  danger ;  caution  :  ex- 
postulate ;  summon  by  authority. 


warn-ing  ('ing),  n.  caution 
against  danger  ;  previous  notice  ; 
notice  to  quit. 

warp  (wawrp),  n.  the  threads 
which  extend  lengthwise  in  the 
loom,  and  are  crossed  by  the 
woof ;  towing-rope ;  a  twist  out 
of  the  true  shape :  v.t.  to  turn  or 
twist  out  of  shape ;  pervert ;  ar- 
range (yarns)  on  a  warp  beam; 
tow  or  move  (a  vessel)  with  a 
warp  attached  to  some  fixed  ob- 
ject ;  run,  as  yarn,  off  the  winches 
into  hulks  to  be  tarred :  v.i.  to 
swerve  or  deviate. 
warp-ing  ('ing),  n.  preparation 
of  the  warp ;  fertilization  of  es- 
tuary land  by  flooding  it  with 
water. 

war-rant  (wor'ant),  v.t.  to  guar- 
antee ;  give  assurance  to ;  author- 
ize ;  maintain  ;  mark  as  safe  :  as- 
sure :  n.  a  commission  giving  au- 
thority ;  writ  for  arresting  a  per- 
son ;  voucher ;  security. 
war-rant -y  (-i),  n.  guarantee; 
security. 

war-ren     ('en),    n.    an    enclosure 

for   protecting   game   or   animals, 

especially  rabbits ;  fish  preserve. 

war-rior  (wiir'yer,  war'i-er),  n.  a 

soldier ;   fighter. 

wart  (wawrt),  n.  a  dry  excres- 
cence on  the  human  skin  and  cer- 
tain animals. 

wa-ry  (wa'ri),  adj.  [comp.  warier, 
supcrl.  wariest],  cautious;  cir- 
cumspect. 

Syn.  circumspect,  cautious. 
Ant.    (see  foolhardy). 
was,  p.t.  of  be. 

wase  (wfiz),  n.  a  circular  straw 
head-covering  used  by  porters 
when  carrying  loads. 
wash  (wosh).  v.t.  to  cleanse  with 
water ;  cover  with  water ;  overlay 
with  thin  metal ;  cover  with  a 
thin  coat  of  color;  cleanse  with  a 
moral  pollution  :  v.i.  to  cleanse  by 
washing :  n.  the  act  of  washing ; 
waste  liquor ;  alluvial  matter ; 
shallow  part  of  an  arm  of  a  sea 
or  of  a  river ;  bog  or  marsh ;  cos- 
metic lotion. 

Syn.  clean,  rinse,  wet,  moisten, 
tint,  stain. 

wash-er  Cer),  n.  one  who.  or  that 
which,  washes ;  ring  of  metal. 


late.  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  h§r,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ; 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


898 


wax 


leather,    &c.,    used    to   secure    the 
tightness  of  a  joint,  screw,  &c. 

•wash-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
cleansing  with  water ;  clothes 
washed  at  one  time. 

•wasp  (wosp),  n.  a  winged  insect 
with  a  sharp  sting ;  peevish,  irri- 
table person. 

wasp-ish  ('ish),  adj.  petulant  and 
irritable ;  slender-waisted. 

•wassail  (wos'el),  n.  a  merry- 
making accompanied  with  drink- 
ing, especially  at  Christmas-time ; 
liquor  of  ale,  apples,  and  sugar  r 
v.i.  to  carouse. 

•waste  (wast),  v.t.  to  destroy  wan- 
tonly ;  diminish ;  squander ;  im- 
pair: v.i.  to  be  diminished:  adj. 
lying  unused  ;  unproductive  :  dev- 
astated ;  untilled :  n.  the  act  of 
wasting ;  dissipation  of  property ; 
useless  expenditure ;  uncultivated 
country ;  refuse. 

Syn.  squander,  dissipate,  lavish, 
destroy,  decay,  dwindle,  wither. 

waste-fill  ('fool),  adj.  causing 
waste  ;  spending  property  extrava- 
gantly or  uselessly. 

Syn.  extravagant,  profligate. 
Ant.   (see  economical). 

waste-ful-ly  (-i),  adv.  in  a  waste- 
ful manner. 

watch  (woch),  n.  close  observa- 
tion ;  guard ;  vigilance ;  sentry ; 
attendance  without  sleep ;  watch- 
man ;  division  of  the  night ;  period 
during  which  part  of  a  crew  are 
on  duty  on  deck  (4  hours)  : 
pocket  timepiece :  v.i.  to  be  or 
keep  awake ;  keep  guard  ;  act  as 
an  attendant :  v.t.  to  tend  ;  guard  ; 
keep  in  view. 

watcli-ful  ('fool),  adj.  vigilant; 
wary. 

watch-ful-ly  (-5),  adv.  in  a 
watchful  manner. 

•watch -word  ('werd),  n.  a  pass- 
word. 

wa-ter  (waw'ter),  n.  a  colorless, 
inodorous,  transparent  fluid,  con- 
sisting of  2  volumes  of  hyflrogen 
to  one  of  oxygen  ;  rain  ;  sea  ;  any 
collection  of  water ;  luster  of  a 
diamond ;  urine ;  stock  issued 
without  provision  for  the  payment 
of  interest :  v.t.  to  supply  with 
water ;  irrigate  ;  wet  with  water ; 
dilute :  v.i.  to  get  or  take  in 
water ;  have  a  longing  desire. 


wa-tered  ('terd),  adj.  supplied 
with  water ;  sprinkled ;  having  a 
wavy  appearance. 

wa-ter-i-ness  ('ter-i-nes),  ft. 
watery  condition. 

wa-ter-logged  (-logd),  adj.  sat- 
urated or  filled  with  water  so  as 
to  be  unmanageable:  said  of  a 
ship. 

wa-ter-y  ('ter-i),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  like,  water ;  transparent  or 
thin  ;  tasteless  ;  tearful. 

watt  (wot),  n.  an  electrical  unit 
of  power. 

wat-tle  ('!),  n.  a  twig  or  flexible 
rod  ;  a  hurdle  of  interwoven  rods  ; 
fleshy  lobe  under  the  throat  of  a 
fowl,  turkey,  &c. ;  kind  of  acacia : 
v.t.  to  twist  or  interweave  (twigs 
or  rods)  one  with  another:  n.  bird 
with  wattles. 

wat-tle-bird  (-berd),  n.  an  Aus- 
tralian honey-bird. 

waul  (wawl),  n.  the  cry  of  a  cat. 

wave  (wnv),  n.  the  alternate  ris- 
ing and  falling  of  water  above  its 
natural  level ;  undulation ;  state 
of  vibration  propagated  through 
a  system  of  particles  or  elastic 
medium  ;  signal  made  by  waving : 
v.i.  to  move  like  a  wave ;  play 
loosely ;  undulate :  v.t.  to  brand- 
ish ;  beckon ;  raise  into  inequali- 
ties of  surface. 

wav-er  ('er),  v.i.  to  move  to  and 
fro  ;  vacillate  ;  hesitate  or  be  unde- 
termined. 

wav-er-ing  (-ing),  adj.  hesitat- 
ing ;  undecided. 

wave-son  ('sun),  n.  goods  float- 
ing on  the  waves  after  shipwreck. 

wav-i-ness  Ci-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  wavy. 

wav-y  ('i),  adj.  rising  and  swell- 
ing in  waves ;  full  of  waves ;  un- 
dulating. 

wax  (waks),  n.  beeswax;  any  te- 
nacious substance  like  beeswax  ; 
cerumen  of  the  ear ;  rage :  v.t.  to 
smear,  rub,  or  join,  with  wax  :  v.i. 
to  increase  in  size ;  become. 

wax-bill  ('bil),  n.  a  finch  with  a 
red  conical  bill  resembling  wax. 

wax-en  ('en),  adj.  made  of,  like, 
or  consisting  of,  wax. 

wax -i -ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  waxy. 

wax-wing  ('wing),  n.  a  small 
bird  the  secondary  quills  of  whose 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


899 


web 


wings  are  tipped  with  small  horny 
appendages  resembling  sealing- 
wax. 

wax-y  ('i),  adj.  consisting  of,  or 
like,  wax  ;  adhesive  ;  angry. 

•way  (wa).  n.  a  road;  route;  pro- 
gression ;  motion  ;  course  ;  length 
of  space ;  distance ;  relative  posi- 
tion or  motion ;  tendency ;  ad- 
vance in  life  :  manner  ;  will ;  plan. 
Ni/«.  method,  plan,  system, 
means,  manner,  mode,  form,  fash- 
ion, course,  process,  road,  route, 
track,  path,  habit,  practice. 

way-lay  ('la),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
waylaid,  p.pr.  waylaying],  to  be- 
set by  the  road  or  in  ambush. 

way- ward  ('werd),  adj.  per- 
verse; fro  ward. 

we   (we  I.  pr'/n.  pi.  of  I. 

weak      ( \vek  I .      adj.     wanting 
strength,     vigor,     spirit,     discern- 
ment,   or   wisdom  ;    feeble  ;    soft ; 
pliant ;   unfortified  ;   vacillating. 
Syn.  feeble,  infirm. 
Ant.   (see  strong). 

weak-en  ('n),  v.t.  to  make  weak; 
reduce  in  quality  or  strength :  v.i. 
to  become  weak. 

Syn.   debilitate,    enfeeble,   ener- 
vate,  invalidate. 

Ant.    (see  strengthen). 

•weak  verb  (verb),  n.  a  verb  the 
p.t.  &  p.p.  of  which  are  formed 
by  adding  cd  or  d. 

•weal  (wel),  n.  welfare;  pros- 
perity ;  mark  of  a  stripe :  v.t.  to 
mark  with  stripes. 

weald  (weld),  n.  a  wood  or  for- 
est :  wold. 

wealth  (welth),  n.  riches;  afflu- 
ence. 

wealth-i-ly    ('i-li),   adv.  richly. 

wealth  i  ness  ('i-nes),  n.  opu- 
lence. 

wealth-y  ('i),  adj.  \comp.  wealth- 
ier, siipcrl.  wealthiest],  rich; 
affluent. 

•wean  (wen),  v.t.  to  accustom  and 
reconcile  to  a  want  or  deprivation 
of  the  breast ;  alienate  the  affec- 
tions from  any  object  or  habit. 

weap-on  (wep'n),  n.  any  instru- 
ment of  offense  or  defense. 

wear  (wfir).  r.t.  \p.t.  wore,  p.p. 
worn.  />./"'•  wearing],  to  impair 
or  waste  by  time,'  usage,  friction, 
&c. :  carry  as  covering  on  the 
body;  put  (a  vessel)  on  another 


tack ;  bear  or  carry :  v.i.  to  be 
wasted  or  worn  by  friction  or 
usage ;  last  under  use :  n.  the  act 
of  wearing ;  state  of  being  worn. 

wear-i-ly  (wer'i-li),  adv.  in  a 
weary  manner. 

wear-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  wearied. 

wear-i-some  ('i-sum),  adj.  fatig- 
uing ;  tedious. 

Syn.  tedious,  tiresome. 
Ant.   (see  interesting). 

wear-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  wearier, 
superl.  weariest],  worn  out  physi- 
cally or  mentally ;  having  the 
patience  exhausted ;  causing 
weariness;  irksome:  v.t.  [p.t.  & 
p.p.  wearied,  p.pr.  wearying],  to 
wear  out  or  make  weary  ;  harass 
by  something  irksome :  v.i.  to  be- 
come weary,  tired,  or  fatigued ; 
become  impatient. 

Syn.  harass,  jade,  tire,  fatigue. 
Ant.  (see  refresh). 

wea-sand  (we'zand),  n.  the  wind- 
pipe. 

wea-sel  ('zel),  n.  a  small  carniv- 
orous animal  with  short  legs  and 
a  long  body. 

weati-er  (weift'er),  n.  the  state 
of  the  atmosphere  with  respect  to 
cold,  heat,  wet,  dryness,  &c..:  v.t. 
to  expose  to,  or  season  by  expos- 
ure to,  the  air ;  sail  to  the  wind- 
ward of  ;  endure  or  resist  bravely  : 
v.i.  to  undergo  change  by  the  ac- 
tion of  the  weather. 

weath-er-cock  (-kok),  n.  a  vane. 

weath-er-gage  (-gaj),  n.  the 
situation  of  a  versel  when  to  the 
windward  of  another. 

weath  er-helni  (-helm),  n.  a 
term  applied  to  a  vessel  when  she 
is  inclined  to  come  near  to  the 
wind. 

weath-er-side  (-sid).  n.  that  side 
of  a  vessel  under  sail  on  which 
the  wind  blows. 

weave  (wev),  v.t.  to  twist  or 
interlace,  as  threads,  together; 
form,  as  cloth,  in  a  loom ;  com- 
pose or  fabricate :  v.i.  to  practice 
weaving ;  work  with  a  loom. 

wea-zen  (we'zn),  adj.  sharp  and 
thin ;  withered. 

web  (web),  n.  texture  of  threads, 
or  thread-like  materials;  any- 
thing carefully  contrived ;  tissue 
or  texture ;  large  roll  of  paper  for 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl  :  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  :  mute,  nut :  thin,  then. 


web 


900 


wel 


newspapers ;  membrane  uniting 
the  fingers  and  toes  in  many 
water-birds  and  amphibians :  v.t. 
[p.t.  &  p.p.  webbed,  p.pr.  web- 
bing], to  unite  or  surround  with, 
or  as  with,  a  web ;  entangle. 

web-bing  ('ing),  n.  a  narrow 
woven  fabric  of  cotton  or  flax. 

wed  (wed),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p./i. 
wedded  or  wed,  p.pr.  wedding],  to 
marry  ;  unite  together  :  v.i.  to  con- 
tract marriage. 

wed-ding  ('ing),  n.  marriage; 
nuptial  ceremonies  or  festivities. 

wedge  (wej),  n.  a  piece  of  wood 
or  metal,  thick  at  one  end  and 
thin  at  the  other,  used  for  rending 
or  compressing,  &c. ;  one  of  the 
mechanical  powers ;  mass  of 
metal :  v.t.  to  cleave,  force,  drive, 
or  fasten,  with  a  wedge ;  press 
closely. 

Wedg-wopd  ware  ('wood  war), 
n.  a  superior  kind  of  semi-vitrified 
pottery,  invented  by  Josiah  Wedg- 
wood (1730-95). 

wed-lock  ('lok),  n.  matrimony. 

Wednesday  (wenz'dfi),  n.  the 
fourth  day  of  the  week. 

wee   (we),  adj.  very  small. 

weed  (wed),  n.  any  plant  grow- 
ing uncultivated  or  noxious  to 
cultivated  crops ;  anything  use- 
less or  troublesome :  pi.  a  widow's 
mourning  garments ;  a  cigar  or 
tobacco :  v.t.  to  free  from  weeds, 
or  anything  offensive  or  hurtful. 

weed-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
of  being  weedy. 

weed-y  ('i),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  consisting  of,  weeds ;  long- 
legged,  thin,  and  lank. 

week  (wek),  n.  a  period  of  seven 
days. 

week-day  (-da),  n.  any  day  of 
the  week  except  Sunday. 

week-ly  ('li),  adj.  continuing  for, 

or  produced  within,  or  happening 

in,  a  week :  adv.  once  a  week  :  n. 

[pi.  weeklies   ('liz)],  a  periodical 

^    issued  once  a  week. 

•ween  (wen),  v.i.  to  think,  fancy. 

weep  (wep),  v.i.  to  express  grief 
by  shedding  tears :  v.t.  to  lament ; 
pour  forth. 

weep-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
shedding  tears ;  discharging  a 
liquid  in  small  drops. 


wee-ver  (we'ver),  n.  a  kind  of 
fish. 

wee-vil  (we'vl),  n.  a  small  beetle, 
the  larvae  of  which  are  very  de- 
structive to  grain.  &c. 

weft  (weft),  n.  the  woof  or  pil- 
ing of  cloth  crossing  the  warp. 

wehr-wolf,  same  as  werewolf. 

•weigh  (wa),  v.t.  to  ascertain  the 
weight  of ;  examine  by  the  bal- 
ance :  reflect  on  carefully :  v.i.  to 
have  weight ;  bear  heavily :  n.  a 
certain  quantity  by  weight. 

weight  (wat),  n.  the  quality  of 
being  heavy  ;  gravity  ;  quantity  of 
matter  as  ascertained  by  the  bal- 
ance ;  a  definite  mass  of  metal 
for  ascertaining  the  weight  of 
other  bodies  ;  mass  ;  something  op- 
pressive ;  pressure ;  power ;  im- 
portance. 

Syn.  gravity,  heaviness,  burden, 
load. 

Ant.   (see  lightness). 

weight-i-ly  ('i-li),  adv.  in  a 
weighty  manner ;  heavily ;  im- 
pressively. 

weight-i-ness  ('i-nes).  n.  heavi- 
ness ;  importance ;  force. 

weight-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp. 
weightier,  superl.  weightiest],  hav- 
ing weight ;  heavy  ;  ponderous ; 
momentous  ;  important ;  serious. 

weir  (wer),  n.  a  dam  across  a 
stream  to  raise  the  level  of  the 
water;  enclosure  of  twigs,  &c.,  for 
catching  fish. 

weird  (werd),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  connected  with,  fate  or  destiny  ; 
supernatural ;  caused  by  magical 
influence :  n.  a  spell  or  charm. 

wel-come  (wel'kum),  adj.  re- 
ceived with  gladness  or  hospital- 
ity ;  producing  gladness ;  free  to 
enjoy  gratuitously :  n.  kind  re- 
ception to  a  guest  or  newcomer : 
v.t.  to  salute  with  kindness ;  re- 
ceive with  hospitality. 

weld  (weld),  v.t.  to  unite  to- 
gether by  hammering  or  fusion, 
as  two  pieces  of  heated  iron. 

wel-fare  (wel'far),  n.  prosperity; 
happiness. 

wel-kin   ('kin),  n.  the  sky. 

well  (wel),  n.  a  spring  or  fount- 
ain; shaft'sunk  to  reach  a  supply 
of  water  or  other  liquid ;  some- 
thing resembling  a  well  in  shape: 
v.i.  to  flow  or  issue  forth :  adv. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


wel 


901 


wna 


right :  justly  ;  suitably  ;  adequate- 
ly :  favorably;  far;  not  a  little: 
od}.  good  in  condition  or  circum- 
stances ;  fortunate ;  sound  in 
body  :  healthy  ;  safe. 

well-bred  ('bred),  adj.  refined  in 
manners :  cultivated. 

Wel-ling-to-ni-a  (-ing-to'ni'a) . 
n.  a  name  for  the  big  trees  of 
California. 

Wei  ling-tons  ('ing-tunz),  n.pl. 
long-leered  boots. 

Welsh  (welsh),  adj.  pertaining  to 
Wales,  its  inhabitants,  or  lan- 
guage :  n.  the  people  of  Wales 
collectively ;  the  language  of 
Wales. 

Welsh-rab-bit  (-rab'it),  n. 
melted  cheese  spread  upon  toast. 

welt  (welt),  n.  a  narrow  strip 
of  leather  around  a  shoe  between 
the  upper  leather  and  sole :  v.t.  to 
furnish  with  a  welt. 

welt-er  ('er),  v.t.  to  roll  in  mud 
or  foul  matter ;  wallow :  v.t.  to 
cause  to  rise  and  fall,  as  waves  : 
n.  that  in  which  any  person  or 
animal  welters  :  adj.  pertaining  to. 
or  noting,  the  most  heavily 
weighted  race  of  a  meeting. 

wel-witsch-i-a  (wel-wich'5-a).  n. 
an  African  plant  producing  only 
two  large  leaves. 

•wen  Cwen),  n.  a  fleshy  and  mov- 
able tumor. 

wench  (wench),  n.  a  young  girl 
or  maiden :  usually  in  an  in- 
vidious or  bad  sense;  female  col- 
ored servant. 

wend  (wend),  r.i.  to  go;  pass: 
v.t.  to  direct  (one's  way  or 
course). 

went,  p.t.  of  go. 

wept,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  weep. 

were,  p.t.  pi.  of  be. 

were-wolf  ('woolf),  n.  a  person 
transformed  into  a  wolf  in  form 
or  appetite,  either  permanently  or 
at  certain  periods.  Also  wer- 
wolf. 

wert,  2  per.  sing,  of  were. 

Wes-ley-an  (wes'H-an).  adj.  per- 
taining to  John  Wesley  or  to 
Wi'-Ocynnism :  n.  a  Wesleyan 
Methodist. 

Wes-ley-an-ism  (-izm),  n.  the 
doctrines  and  church  polity  of  the 
sect  of  Arminian  Methodists. 


founded  by  John  Wesley,  1739 ; 
Methodism. 

west  (west),  n.  one  of  the  4  car- 
dinal points,  exactly  opposite  the 
east ;  point  where  the  sun  appears 
to  set :  adj.  pertaining  to,  situated 
at.  lying  toward,  proceeding  to- 
ward, or  coming  from,  the  west : 
adv.  towards  the  west. 

West,  n.  the  Occident;  country  or 
region  lying  west  of  any  partic- 
ular place. 

west-ern  ('ern),  adj.  tending  to, 
or  passing  toward,  the  west. 

West-ern,  adj.  of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Occident  or  to  a  western  re- 
gion or  country. 

west- ward  ('werd).  adv.  towards 
the  west.  Also  westwards. 

•wet  (wet),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  wetted 
or  wet,  p.pr.  wetting],  to  make 
wet ;  saturate  or  moisten  with 
water  or  some  other  liquid :  n. 
water ;  moisture ;  rainy  or  misty 
weather ;  a  drink  :  adj.  containing, 
consisting  of,  or  soaked  with,  wa- 
ter or  some  other  liquid ;  very 
damp :  rainy  or  misty. 

weth-er  (wetfft'er),  n.  a  castrated 
ram. 

wet-ness  (wet'nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  wet ;  humidity  ; 
moisture. 

wet-nurse  ('ners),  n.  a  nurse 
who  suckles  the  child  of  another. 

wey  (wa),  n.  a  unit  of  weight  or 
measure,  varying  with  different 
articles. 

whack  (hwak),  n.  a  smart  re- 
sounding blow ;  large  piece :  v.t. 
to  strike  with  a  smart  resounding 
blow. 

whack-er  ('e"r),  n.  one  who 
whacks ;  something  very  large, 
especially  a  lie. 

•whale  (hwal),  n.  a  large  mammal 
of  the  Cetacea.  many  species  of 
which  yield  oil  and  whalebone ; 
a  fish  of  great  size. 

wharf  (hwawrf),  n.  \p1.  wharfs 
or  wharves  (hwawrfs,  hwawrvz)  ], 
a  quay  or  erection  on  the  shore 
of  a  harbor,  river.  &o.,  foi  dis- 
charging or  taking  in  cargoes, 
passengers.  &c. 

wharf -in-ger  Cin-jer),  n.  thfr 
owner  of  a  wharf. 

•what  (hwot).  pron.  that  which; 
the  thing  that ;  how  great ;  some- 


late,  mar,  mfisk.  cat.  awl  :  he.  hPr,  lot ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Tvha 


902 


whi 


thing:  adj.  of  what  sort,  char- 
acter, &c. 

what-not  ('not),  n.  an  article  of 
furniture  with  shelves  for  books, 
ornaments,  &c. 

wheal    (hwel),  n.  a  weal. 

•wheat  (hwet),  n.  an  annual 
cereal  grain  from  which  flour  is 
manufactured. 

wheat-ear  ('er),  ».  a  small  mi- 
gratory singing  bird,  with  a  con- 
spicuous white  patch  at  the  base 
of  its  tail. 

wheat-en  ('n),  adj.  made  of 
wheat. 

whee-dle  (hwe'dl),  v.t.  to  entice 
with  flattering  words ;  cajole ; 
coax. 

wheel  (hwel),  n.  a  circular  frame 
or  solid  piece  of  wood  or  metal 
turning  on  its  own  axis ;  any 
wheel-shaped  mechanical  contriv- 
ance ;  an  old  instrument  of  tort- 
ure ;  a  circular  revolving  fire- 
work :  v.t.  to  cause  to  rotate ; 
convey  on  wheels :  v.i.  to  turn  on, 
or  as  on,  an  axis.  » 

wheel-er  ('er),  n.  one  who 
wheels;  the  horse  nearest  to  the 
wheels  of  a  carriage. 

wheel-man  ('man),  n.  [pi.  wheel- 
men ('men)],  a  cyclist;  a  steers- 
man. 

wheel-wright  ('rit),  n.  a  maker 
of  wheels  and  wheeled  carriages. 

wheeze  (hwez),  v.i.  to  breathe 
hard  and  audibly :  n.  a  puffing  or 
blowing,  as  in  labored  breathing. 

wheez-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  act  of 
breathing  hard  and  audibly. 

wheez-y  ('i),  adj.  affected  with 
wheezing. 

whelk  (hwelk).  n.  a  large  ma- 
rine gasteropod. 

whelm  (hwelm),  v.t.  to  over- 
whelm. 

whelp  (hwelp),  n.  the  young  of 
a  dog,  lion,  fox,  &c. ;  eub :  v.i.  to 
bring  forth  young :  said  of  the  fe- 
male of  certain  animals,  as  the 
dog. 

when  (hwen),  adv.  at,  or  after, 
the  time  that ;  at  what  time ;  al- 
though. 

whence  (hwens),  arlr.  from  what 
place,  source,  or  origin  ;  how. 

where  (hwar),  adv.  at  which 
place  or  places  ;  whither. 


where-as  (-az'),  adv.  when  in 
fact  or  truth  ;  since. 

where-fore  ('for),  adv.  for 
which  or  what  reason  ;  why. 

wher-ry  (hwer'i),  n.  a  light, 
shallow  boat,  sharp  at  both  ends  ; 
small-decked  fishing-vessel ;  liquor 
made  from  the  juice  of  crab- 
apples  after  the  verjuice  is  ex- 
pressed. 

whet  (hwet),  v.t.  \_p.t.  &  p.p. 
whetted,  p.pr.  whettingl,  to  sharp- 
en, especially  by  rubbing  or 
friction  ;  stimulate. 

wheth-er  (hweto'Sr),  pron.  which 
of  two :  con/,  which  of  two  al- 
ternatives (followed  by  or). 

whet-stone  (hwet'ston),  n.  a 
stone  for  sharpening  edged  tools, 
&c. 

whey  (hwa),  n.  the  thin,  sweet, 
watery  part  of  milk,  after 
separation  from  the  curd. 

which  (hwich),  pron.  a  word  of 
interrogation  in  all  genders ;  the 
relative  serving  as  the  neuter  of 
who. 

whiff  (hwif),  n.  a  sudden  breath 
of  air,  smoke,  &c.,  as  from  the 
mouth;  light  puff;  kind  of  out- 
rigged  boat :  v.t.  to  puff  or  emit 
in  whiffs. 

whif-fle  ('I),  v.i.  to  veer  about 
like  the  wind ;  be  fickle  or  un- 
steady ;  prevaricate. 

whif-fle-tree,  sn.me  as  swingle- 
tree. 

whif-fling  ('ling),  n.  evasion; 
prevarication. 

Whig  (hwig),  n.  one  of  a  political 
party  in  the  United  States  that 
favored  a  protective  tariff,  and 
was  succeeded  by  the  present  Re- 
publican party  ;  one  of  a  political 
party  which  originated  in  the  17th 
century,  now  called  the  Liberal 
party :  adj.  pertaining  to  Whigs. 

while  (hwll),  n.  space  of  time; 
duration :  con/,  during  the  time 
that :  v.t.  to  cause  to  pass  :  spend  : 
usually  followed  by  av:<uj. 

whi-lom  (hwi'lom),  adv.  formerly  ; 
long  ago. 

whilst  (hwilst),  adv.  while. 

whim  (hwim),  n.  a  capricious 
fancy  ;  freak  ;  notion. 

whim-per  ('per),  v.t.  to  utter  in 
a  low,  whining,  or  crying  tone ; 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he,  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pCrch,  lot:  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


whi 


903 


whi 


v.i.  to  cry  with  a  low,  whining, 
broken  voice. 

whim-si-cal  ('zi-kal),  adj.  full 
of  whims ;  fantastical ;  odd  in  ap- 
pearance. 

•whim-si-cal-ly  (-i),  adv.  in  a 
whimsical  manner. 

•whin  (hwin),  n.  a  wild,  prickly 
plant  of  the  genus  Ulex ;  furze. 

whin-chat  ('chat),  n.  a  small 
singing  bird. 

•whine  (hwin),  v.i.  to  express  sor- 
row by  a  plaintive  cry  ;  murmur 
in  an  unmanly  manner :  n.  a 
plaintive  tone ;  mean  or  affected 
complaint. 

whin-ing  ('ing),  adj.  expressing 
murmurs  by  a  mean,  plaintive,  or 
canting  tone. 

•whin-ny  (hwin'i),  v.i.  to  utter  a 
sound  like  the  cry  of  a  horse :  n. 
the  act  of  whinnying :  adj. 
abounding  in  whins  or  furze. 

•whin-stone  (hwin'ston),  n.  a 
miner's  term  for  hard,  resisting 
rock. 

•whip  (hwip),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
whipped,  or  whipt,  p.pr.  whip- 
ping], to  strike  or  punish  with  a 
lash  or  some  other  instrument  of 
punishment  or  correction  ;  flog ; 
lash  with  sarcasm ;  beat  into  a 
froth  :  beat  out ;  sew  lightly  ;  fish 
in  with  a  rod  and  artificial  fly : 
•v.i.  to  move  nimbly ;  start  sudden- 
ly and  run  :  n.  an  instrument  for 
driving  horses  or  other  animals  or 
for  correction ;  coachman  or 
driver ;  whipper-in ;  endless  line 
used  for  saving  life  in  shipwreck ; 
small  tackle  with  a  single  rope  for 
hoisting ;  a  member  of  the  British 
Parliament  whose  duty  it  is  to 
summon  the  members  of  his  party 
to  important  divisions ;  the  sum- 
mons issued. 

whip-per  Cer),  n.  one  who  whips, 
especially  an  officer  who  inflicts 
the  penalty  of  legal  flogging ;  coal- 
whipper. 

•whip-per-in  (-er-in').  n.  a  hunts- 
man who  keeps  the  hounds  in  re- 
straint. 

whip-ping  Cing),  n.  the  act  of 
punishing  with  the  lash  or  rod. 

whip-poor-will  ( hwip'pe"r-wil ) , 
n.  a  small  American  bird,  named 
from  its  cry. 

•whir     (hwer),    v.i.     [p.t.    &    p.p. 


whirred,  p.pr.  whirring],  to  re- 
volve quickly  with  a  whizzing 
noise :  n.  a  whizzing  noise. 

•whirl  (hwerl),  v.t.  to  turn  round 
rapidly :  v.i.  to  turn  or  move 
round  with  velocity ;  move  along 
swiftly  :  n.  a  turning  with  veloc- 
ity ;  rapid  rotation  or  whirling 
motion. 

whirl-i-gig  ('i-gig),  n.  a  child's 
toy  which  is  whirled  or  spun 
round. 

whirl-pool  ('pool),  n.  a  body  of 
water  moving  with  a  circular  mo- 
tion forming  a  vortex  or  gulf. 

•whirl-wind  ('wind),  n.  a  violent 
wind  moving  spirally  ;  sudden  vio- 
lent rush. 

•whisk  (hwisk),  v.t.  to  sweep  or 
stir  rapidly ;  move,  or  carry  off, 
nimbly :  v.i.  to  move  rapidly  and 
nimbly :  n.  the  act  of  whisking ; 
small  bundle  of  grass,  hair,  &c., 
used  as  a  brush  ;  small  instrument 
used  for  beating  or  whisking,  es- 
pecially eggs. 

whisk-ers  ('erz),  n.pl.  the  hair  on 
a  man's  cheeks ;  the  bristly  hairs 
on  the  upper  lip  of  a  cat,  &c. 

whis-ky  (hwis'ki),  n.  an  intoxi- 
cant distilled  from  barley,  rye,  &c. 
Also  whiskey. 

whis-per  ('per),  v.i.  to  speak  in 
a  low  voice  or  as  not  to  be  over- 
heard :  v.t.  to  say  under  the 
breath :  n.  a  low,  soft  tone  of 
voice  audible  only  to  the  listener ; 
suggestion  or  insinuation. 

whist  (hwist),  n.  a  card  game: 
inter j.  hush ! 

whis-tle  (hwis'l),  v.i.  to  make  a 
shrill  sound  by  forcing  the  breath 
through  the  contracted  lips;  utter 
a  shrill  sound  :  v.t.  to  call  or  sig- 
nal by  a  whistle:  n.  the  shrill 
noise  of  one  who  whistles ;  small 
wind-instrument ;  throat. 

whis-tler  ('ler),  n.  one  who  whis- 
tles ;  broken-winded  horse ;  one 
who  keeps  an  unlicensed  dram- 
shop. 

whit  (hwit),  n.  the  smallest  par- 
ticle. 

•white  (hwit).  adj.  being  without 
color  or  of  the  hue  of  pure  snow: 
hence  pure ;  innocent ;  having  sil- 
very hair ;  hoary  :  n.  a  white  man ; 
albumen  of  an  egg :  v.t.  to  white- 
wash. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin ;  vOte,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


whi 


904 


who 


white-bait  ('bat),  n.  a  small, 
delicate  fish. 

•white-cap  ('kap),  n.  a  redstart; 
one  of  a  self-constituted  tribunal 
of  persons  who  visit  the  houses  of 
offenders  against  morality  and 
punish  them  by  whipping. 

white-feath-er  (,'feM-er),  n. 
cowardice. 

white  fri-ar  (frl'er),  n.  a  Car- 
melite monk. 

White  House  (hous),  n.  the  of- 
ficial residence  at  Washington  of 
the  United  States  President. 

white-lie   ('II),  n.  pious  fraud. 

white-liv-ered  ('liv-erd),  adj. 
cowardly. 

whit-en  ('en),  v.t.  to  make  white; 
blanch. 

white-pre-cip-i-tate  ( -pre-sip'i- 
tat),  n.  ammonia  compounded 
with  corrosive  sublimate. 

white-py-ri-tes»  (-pi-ri'tez),  n.  a 
sulphuret  of  iron. 

white-smith  ('smith),  n.  a  tin- 
smith. 

white-squall  ('skwawl),  n.  a 
squall  not  preceded  by  clouds. 

white-swel-ling  ('swel-ing),  n. 
a  scrofulous  inflammation  about 
the  joints. 

•white-throat  ('throt),  n.  a  small 
migratory  singing-bird. 

white-vit-ri-pl  ('vit-ri-ol),  n. 
sulphate  of  zinc. 

white-wash  ('wosh),  n.  a  com- 
position of  lime,  whiting,  size, 
water,  &c.,  for  whitening  ceilings, 
&c. :  v.t.  to  whiten  with  white- 
wash ;  clear  from  imputation  or 
disgrace:  clear  (a  bankrupt) 
from  his  obligations  by  judicial 
process. 

white- win e  ('win),  n.  a  name 
for  wines  of  a  clear,  transparent 
color. 

white-wood  ('wood),  n.  tulip-tree 
wood. 

whith-er  (hwitf/i'er),  adv.  to 
what  place ;  to  what ;  how  far. 

whit-ing  (hwit'ing),  n.  pulverized 
chalk  cleansed  from  impurities ; 
an  edible  fish. 

whit-low  (hwit'Io),  n.  a  sore 
about  the  quick  of  the  nail ;  felon  ; 
a  foot  disease  in  sheep. 

Whit-sun  ('sun),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  observed  at,  Whitsuntide, 
or  the  season  of  Pentecost. 


Whit-sun-day  ('sun-da),  n.  the 
seventh  Sunday  after  Easter, 
commemorating  the  day  of  Pente- 
cost. 

whit -tie  (hwit'l),  v.t.  to  cut, 
dress,  or  sharpen  with  a  knife; 
reduce  bit  by  bit. 

•whiz  (hwiz)  ,  v.i.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
whizzed,  p.pr.  whizzing],  to  make 
a  humming  or  hissing  noise :  n. 
a  humming  or  hissing  noise. 

•who  (hoo),  pron.  referring  to  one 
or  more  persons :  used  relatively 
and  interrogatively. 

who-ev-er  (-ev'er).  pron.  every 
one  who  ;  whatever  person. 

whole  (hoi),  adj.  containing  all; 
complete ;  not  defective ;  hale  and 
sound ;  unbroken. 

Syn.  entire,  complete,  total,  in- 
tegral. 

Ant.  (see  part). 

whole-sale  ('sal),  n.  sale  of 
goods  by  the  piece  or  in  large 
quantity :  adj.  buying  or  selling 
in  large  quantities. 

whole-some  ('sum),  adj.  sound; 
promoting  or  favoring  morals, 
religion,  or  prosperity ;  salu- 
brious ;  salutary. 

whole-some-ly  (-li),  adv.  in  a 
wholesome  manner. 

whole-some-ness  (-nes),  n.  the 
state  or  quality  of  being  whole- 
some. 

whol-ly  (ho'li),  adv.  entirely:  ex- 
clusively. 

•whom  (hoom),  pron.  objective  of 
who. 

whoop  (hoop),  v.i.  to  utter  a  loud, 
shrill,  and  prolonged  cry  ;  shout : 
n.  a  loud  shout  of,  or  as  of,  pur- 
suit or  attack. 

whoop-ing-cough  ('ing-k6f),  n. 
a  violent,  convulsive  cough, 
characterized  by  its  whooping 
sound. 

whop  (hwop),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
whopped,  p.pr.  whopping],  to 
thrash  or  beat :  v.i.  to  fall  down 
suddenly  :  n.  a  blow  or  fall. 

whop-per  ('er),  n.  something  un- 
usually large ;  a  monstrous  lie. 

•whore  (hor),  n.  a  female  who 
prostitutes  her  body  for  hire; 
prostitute ;  adulteress :  v.i.  to- 
fornicate ;  practice  idolatry. 

whore-dom  ('dum),  n.  fornica- 
tion ;  idolatry. 


lute,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


who 


905 


wim 


whorl  (hwerl  or  hworl),  n.  any 
set  of  organs  or  appendages  ar- 
ranged in  a  circle  round  an  axis, 
as  flowers  or  leaves ;  turn  of  the 
spire  of  a  univalve  shell ;  fly  of 
a  spindle. 
whorled  (hwerld),  adj.  furnished 

with  whorls. 

whor-tle-ber-ry       ( h  wer'tl-ber-i ) , 
n.    a   small   shrub   and   its   edible 
blue  fruit._ 
whose    Uiooz),  pron.  pass,  of  who 

or  which. 

•why  (hwl).  adv.  for  what  cause, 
reason,  or  purpose :  interj.  used 
emphatically :  n.  the  reason  or 
cause. 

wick  (wik),  n.  the  cotton  or  sub- 
stance of  a  candle  or  lamp  which 
supplies  the  flame. 
wick-ed  ('ed),  adj.  evil  in  princi- 
ple or  practice  ;  sinful ;  immoral ; 
roguish. 

8yn.  iniquitous,  nefarious. 
Ant.    (see  virtuous). 
wick-er    ('er),  n.   a   pliant  osier: 

adj.  made  of  plaited  osiers. 
wick-et    ('et).    n.    a    small    gate; 
the  three  upright  stumps  in  crick- 
et at  which  the  ball  is  bowled. 
•wide     (wld),    adj.    extended    far 
each     way ;     broad ;     vast ;     very 
capacious ;     failing     to     hit     the 
mark:    adv.   to   a   great  distance; 
far  apart :   n.  a  ball  bowled  out- 
side  the   bowling-crease. 
wide-ly    ('li),   adv.  extensively. 
wid-en    ('en),  y.t.  to  make  wide; 

throw  open  :  v.i.  to  enlarge, 
wide-ness       ('nes),      n.      width; 

breadth. 

wid-ow   (wid'o),  n.  a  woman  be- 
reaved   of    her    husband    and    re- 
maining   unmarried :    v.t.    to    be- 
reave of  a  husband. 
wid-ow-er    (-er),    n.    a    man    be- 
reaved   of   his    wife   and    remain- 
ing unmarried. 
•width     (width),    n.    extent    of    a 

thing  from  side  to  side. 
wield    (weld),  v.t.  to  use  or  em- 
ploy  with    the   hand ;    control    or 
sway ;  handle. 

wife  (wlf),  n.  [pi.  wives  (wlvz)l. 
a  woman  united  in  lawful  wed- 
lock to  a  man  ;  woman  in  some 
humble  employment. 
wife-ly  Cli),  adv.  like,  or  be- 
coming, a  wife. 


•wig  (wig),  n.  false  hair  worn  on 
the  head. 

wig-an  ('an),  n.  a  kind  of  canvas- 
like  cotton  fabric. 

wigged  (wigd),  adj.  wearing  a 
wig. 

wig-ging  (wig'ing),  n.  a  scolding. 

wig-gle,  same  as  wriggle. 

wight   (wit),  n.  a  human  being. 

wig-wag  (wig'wag),  n.  a  signal- 
ing flag :  v.t.  &  v.i.  to  communi- 
cate by  means  of  a  wigwag ;  to 
wave  to  and  fro. 

wig-warn  (wig'wawm),  n.  an 
Indian  hut. 

wild  (wild),  adj.  living  in  a  state 
of  nature ;  untamed ;  unculti- 
vated ;  native  ;  savage  ;  violent ; 
passionate ;  unreasonable ;  dis- 
orderly ;  reckless :  n.  a  desert. 

wil-der-ness  (wil'der-nes),  n.  a 
region  or  tract  of  land  unculti- 
vated and  uninhabited  ;  desert. 

wild-cat  (wild'kat),  adj.  unsafe; 
speculative ;  running  without  con- 
trol. 

•wile  (wil),  n.  a  sly  artifice; 
trick :  v.t.  to  cause  to  pass  pleas- 
antly (with  away);  cajole 
[Scotch]. 

wil-fnl  ('fool),  adj.  governed  by 
the  will  without  regard  to  rea- 
son ;  stubborn  ;  inflexible. 

wil-fnl-ly  (-i),  adv.  stubbornly; 
on  purpose. 

will  (wil),  n.  the  faculty  of  the 
mind  by  which  one  chooses  or  de- 
termines ;  command ;  pleasure ; 
divine  determination  ;  choice  ;  de- 
sire ;  feeling  towards ;  legal  dis- 
position of  one's  property  at 
death :  v.i.  to  exercise  the  will ; 
decree :  v.t.  to  determine  in  the 
mind;  command ;  direct ;  be- 
queath. 

8yn.  wish,  desire. 

wil-let  ('et),  n.  a  bird  allied  to 
the  snipe. 

wil-ling  ('ing),  adj.  inclined  to 
do  or  grant ;  complying ;  spon- 
taneous ;  voluntary. 

wil-low  Co),  n.  a  tree  of  the 
genus  Salix. 

wilt,  2  per.  sing,  of  will. 

Wil-ton  car-pet  (wil'tun  kiir'- 
pet),  n.  a  kind  of  imitation 
Brussels. 

wi-ly  (wi'li),  adj.  cunning;  crafty. 

wim-ple    (wim'pl),   n.   a   kind  of 


late,  mar.  mask.  cat.  awl :  he.  her,  let:  line,  tin;  vote,  pOrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook :  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


win 


906 


wip 


silk  or  linen  headcovering  for- 
merly worn  by  women,  and  still 
retained  by  nuns. 

win  (win),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p.  won, 
p.pr.  winning],  to  gain  by  su- 
periority in  a  contest  or  competi- 
tion ;  gain  or  obtain ;  bring  over 
to  one's  party ;  render  friendly  or 
favorable :  v.i.  to  be  successful ; 
triumph. 

Syn.  get,  obtain,  gain,  procure, 
effect,  realize,  accomplish,  achieve. 
Ant.    (see   lose). 

wince  (wins),  v.i.  to  twist  or 
turn  as  in  pain  or  uneasiness ; 
shrink ;  kick :  n.  the  act  of  winc- 
ing. 

win-cey  (win'si),  n.  linsey- 
woolsey. 

winch  (winch),  n.  the  crank  of 
a  wheel  or  axle. 

Win-ches-ter  (win'ches-ter),  n. 
a  light  repeating  rifle. 

wind  (wind),  n.  air  in  perceptible 
motion ;  lungs ;  power  of  respira- 
tion ;  breath  ;  flatulence  ;  anything 
insignificant  or  light  as  \yind ; 
idle  words :  v.t.  to  ventilate ; 
scent  with  the  nose,  as  hounds ; 
render  scant  of  breath  ;  allow  to 
rest,  as  a  horse,  in  order  to  let 
him  recover  breath:  v.i.  (wind) 
to  turn  round  something;  twist; 
meander :  v.t.  to  coil  or  encircle. 

wind-age  (wind'aj),  n.  the  differ- 
ence between  the  diameter  of  the 
bore  of  a  gun  and  of  a  shot  or 
shell ;  deflection  of  a  missile 
caused  by  the  wind. 

wind-fall  ('fawl),  n.  fruit  blown 
down  by  the  wind ;  unexpected 
good  fortune. 

wind-flower  ('flou-er),  n.  the 
anemone. 

wind-hov-er  ('hov-er),  n.  the 
kestrel. 

wind-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  windy ; 
flatulence ;  verbosity. 

wind-ing  (wind'ing),  n.  turning; 
twisting. 

wind-ing  sheet  (shet),  n.  a  cere- 
cloth. 

wind-lass  (wind'las),  n.  a  hori- 
zontal cylinder  or  roller  by  means 
of  which  heavy  weights,  &c.,  are 
raised. 

win-do w  (win'do),  n.  an  aper- 
ture, usually  glazed,  in  a  building 


to  admit  light ;  frame  in  such  an 
opening ;  anything  resembling  a 
window. 

wind-pipe  (wind'pip),  n.  the 
trachea. 

wind-ward  (wind'werd),  n.  the 
direction  from  which  the  wind 
blows  :  adv.  toward  the  wind  :  adj. 
on  the  side  toward  the  point  from 
which  the  wind  blows. 

wind-y  ('i),  adj.  [comp.  windier, 
superl.  windiest],  pertaining  to, 
like,  or  consisting  of,  wind ; 
boisterous  ;  windward  ;  exposed  to 
the  wind  ;  flatulent ;  empty. 

wine  (win),  n.  the  fermented 
juice  of  grapes ;  liquor  made  from 
the  juice  of  certain  fruits  ;  intoxi- 
cation ;  wine  party. 

wing  (wing),  n.  one  of  the  two 
anterior  limbs  of  a  bird,  or  in- 
sect, by  which  it  flies ;  anything 
resembling  a  wing ;  passage  by 
the  wing ;  flight ;  side  of  a  build- 
ing, army,  fleet,  &c.  ;  care  or  pro- 
tection :  v.t.  to  furnish  with,  or 
as  with,  wings ;  transport  by 
flight ;  supply  with  side-pieces ; 
wound  in  the  wing :  v.i.  to  fly. 

wink  (wingk),  v.i.  to  close  and 
open  the  eyelids  with  a  quick  mo- 
tion ;  hint  by  the  motion  of  the 
eyelids  ;  connive  ;  tolerate  :  n.  act 
of  winking :  hint  given. 

wink-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  r.ct  of 
shutting  and  opening  the  eyes 
rapidly;  act  of  conniving. 

win-ner  (win'er),  n.  one  who 
wins. 

win-ning  ('ing),  adj.  adapted  to 
gain  favor ;  attractive  ;  charming  : 
n.pl.  money  gained  in  any  contest 
or  game. 

win-now  ('o).  v.t.  to  separate  and 
drive  the  chaff  from  (grain)  by 
the  .wind  ;  fan  ;  sift  or  examine : 
v.i.  to  separate  chaff  from  grain. 

win-some  ('sum),  adj.  attractive; 
pretty. 

win-ter  ('ter),  n.  the  cold  season 
of  the  year;  period  or  condition 
resembling  winter:  v.i.  to  pass 
the  winter ;  hibernate :  v.t.  to  feed 
or  maintain  during  the  winter. 

win-ter-sol-stice  ( 'ter-sol-stis ) , 
n.  the  solstice  when  the  sun  en- 
ters Capricorn,  about  December 
21. 

wipe    (wip),  v.t.   to   rub   or  dust 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat.  awl ;  he.  h?r,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot :  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin.  then. 


wir 


907 


wif 


the  surface  of  with  something 
soft ;  dry  by  rubbing ;  cleanse,  as 
from  abuses;  obliterate  (with 
out)  :  n.  act  of  cleansing  by  .rub- 
bing ;  blow  or  crushing  repartee ; 
the  lapwinsr. 

•wire  (wir),  n.  a  metallic  thread 
of  uniform  diameter;  telegraph 
wire :  telegram :  v.t.  to  bind,  or 
snare,  with  wire ;  telegraph :  v.i. 
to  send  a  telegram. 

•wire-glass,  n.  glass  strengthened 
by  a  web  of  iron  wire  enclosed 
within  it. 

•wire-less  te-leg-ra-phy  (wir'les 
te-leg'ra-fi),  n.  any  form  of  tele- 
graphic communication  effected  by 
means  of  electricity  without  the 
use  of  wire  circuits. 

•wire-less  tel-e-pho-ny  (tel'e- 
fp-ni),  n.  telephonic  communica- 
tion without  the  use  of  wire  cir- 
cuits. 

•wire-pull-ing  ('pool-ing),  n.  se- 
cret influence  or  intrigue,  es- 
pecially for  political  purposes. 

wir-i-ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  wiry. 

wir-y  ('i),  adj.  made  of,  or  like, 
wire ;  strong  and  flexible ;  lean 
and  sinewy. 

wis-dom  (wiz'dom),  n.  knowledge 
practically  applied  to  the  best 
ends  :  natural  sagacity  ;  prudence  ; 
skill  in  affairs  ;  piety. 

X.v«.  prudence,  foresight,  sagac- 
ity, far-sightedness. 

Ant.    (see  foolishness). 

wis-dom-tooth  (-tooth),  n.  the 
name  popularly  given  to  the  third 
molar  in  each  jaw.  appearing  be- 
tween the  ages  of  17  and  2.1. 

•wise  fwiz),  adj.  judging  correctly 
from  experience;  possessing  wis- 
dom ;  skilful ;  learned  ;  discreet ; 
containing,  or  directed  by,  wis- 
dom :  tiiffi.r  denoting  manner  or 
mode  of  iti-thifi. 

wise-a-cre  Cfi-ker),  n.  a  would-be 
wise  person ;  pretender  to  learn- 
ing. 

wise-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  wise  man- 
ner. 

•wish  (wish),  v.i.  to  have  a  strong 
desire :  v.t.  to  desire  or  long  for ; 
express  desire  for :  n.  strong  or 
eager  desire ;  thing  desired. 

wish-ing    ('ing),  n.  a  wish. 


•wish-ing-bone  (-bon),  n.  the 
merry-thought.  Also  wishbone. 

•wish-wash  ('wosh),  n.  thin, 
weak  liquor. 

wisp  (wisp),  n.  a  handful  or  small 
bundle,  as  of  straw  or  hay. 

wist-ful  (wist'fool),  adj.  sadly 
longing ;  pensive. 

wist-ful-ly  (-i),  adv.  in  a  wistful 
manner. 

wis-ti-ti  (wis'te-te).  n.  the  mar- 
moset. 

wit  (\yit),  v.i.  to  know:  n.  knowl- 
edge ;  intellect  or  mental  faculties  ; 
sagacity  ;  talent ;  ingenuity  ;  pow- 
er of  combining  ideas  with  lu- 
dicrous effect ;  one  who  possesses 
wit ;  humorist. 
Syn.  humor,  satire,  fun,  raillery. 

•witch  (wich),  n.  a  woman  sup- 
posed to  have  formed  a  compact 
with  evil  spirits,  by  whose  means 
she  possessed  supernatural  pow- 
ers ;  sorceress ;  fascinating  young 
woman :  v.t.  to  bewitch  ;  enchant. 

witch-craft  ('kraft),n.  the  prac- 
tice of  witches ;  supernatural  or 
magical  powers. 

witch-er-y  ('er-i),  n.  witchcraft; 
fascination. 

witch-ha-zel  ('ha-zel),  n.  a  shrub 
or  small  tree  of  the  genus  Ham- 
amelis. 

•witch-ing,  same  as  bewitching. 

with  (with),  prep,  denoting  near- 
ness or  connection :  prefix  mean- 
ing opposition,  departure,  priva- 
tion, as  withstand,  withhold,  &c. 

withe  (with),  «.  a  tough  flexible 
twig,  especially  of  willow ;  band 
of  twigs  twisted  together. 

with-er  (wifTi'er),  v.t.  to  cause 
to  fade  and  become  dry ;  decay : 
v.i.  to  become  sapless. 

with-ers  (wiM'erz),  n.pl.  the 
highest  part  of  a  horse's  back,  be- 
tween the  shoulder-blades. 

with-in  (-in'),  prep,  inside;  in 
reach  of :  adv.  inwardly. 

with-y  (with'i),  n.  a  large  species 
of  willow ;  twig :  adj.  flexible  and 
tough. 

wit-ness  (wit'nes),  n.  attestation 
of  a  fact  or  event ;  testimony  ;  evi- 
dence :  n.  one  who  sees  or  has  per- 
sonal knowledge  of  anything ;  one 
who  attests :  v.t.  to  have  direct 
knowledge  of  ;  see  ;  give  testimony 
to;  see  the  execution  of  (a  docu- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


wit 


908 


woo 


menO  and  subscribe  it:  v.i.  to 
give  evidence. 

wit-ted  (wit'ed),  p.adj.  having 
wit  or  understanding. 

wit-ti-cism  ('i-sizrn),  n.  a  witty 
remark. 

wit-ti-ness  ('i-nes).  n.  the  quality 
of  being  witty. 

wit-ting-ly  ('ing-li),  adv.  with 
knowledge. 

wit-ty  ('i).  adj.  [comp.  wittier, 
superl.  wittiest],  smartly  or  clev- 
erly facetious ;  characterized  by, 
or  possessed  of,  wit ;  satirical. 

wive  (wiv),  v.t.  to  provide  with 
a  wife :  v.i,  to  marry. 

wiz-ard  (wiz'erd),  n.  one  supposed 
to  possess  supernatural  powers, 
usually  from  the  Evil  One ;  en- 
chanter ;  sorcerer ;  conjurer. 

wiz-en  ('en),  adj.  dried  up; 
shriveled :  v.i.  &  v.t.  to  dry  up 
or  shrivel. 

woad  (wod),  n.  a  plant  yielding 
a  blue  dye. 

woe  (wo),  n.  sorrow;  grief; 
misery. 

wo-ful  ('fool),  adj.  full  of,  or 
expressing,  woe  ;  sad  ;  mean.  Also 
woeful. 

wo-ful -ly  (-i),  adv.  in  a  woful 
manner. 

wold  (wold),  n.  a  forest  or  wood  ; 
plain  or  open  country :  pi.  a  hilly 
district. 

wolf  (woolf),  n.  [pi.  wolves 
(woolvz)],  a  fierce  carnivorous 
animal  of  the  dog  kind :  hence  a 
person  noted  for  rapacity  or 
cruelty. 

wolfish  ('ish),  ad),  like  a  wolf; 
ravenously  hungry. 

wolf's  -  bane  ( woolf s'ban),  n. 
aconite. 

•wolf's-foot  ('foot),  n.  club-moss. 

wol-ver-ene  (wool-ver-en'),  «.  a 
carnivorous  quadruped  ;  the  glut- 
ton. Wolverine. 

wom-an  (woom'an),  n.  [pi.  wom- 
en (wim'en)],  an  adult  person  of 
the  female  sex ;  female  attend- 
ant ;  wife. 

wom-an-hood  (-hood),  n.  the 
state,  character,  or  collective 
qualities,  of  a  woman. 

womanish  (-ish),  adj.  suitable 
to,  characteristic  of,  or  having  the 
qualities  of,  a  woman  ;  effeminate. 

wom-an  kind    (-kind),  n.  women 


collectively ;      women      of      one's 
household. 

•womb  (woom),  n.  the  uterus  of  a 
female ;  place  where  anything  is 
produced ;  large  or  deep  cavity : 
v.t.  to  breed  in  secret. 

worn-bat  (wom'bat),  n.  a  noctur- 
nal, burrowing,  Australian  mar- 
supial. 

won,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  win. 

won-der  (wun'der),  n.  the  state 
of  mind  produced  by  anything 
new,  strange,  unexpected,  or  sur- 
prising ;  astonishment ;  cause  of 
wonder  ;  marvel ;  miracle  ;  prod- 
igy :  v.i.  to  feel  wonder ;  be  aston- 
ished at. 

Syn.    admire,    amaze,    astonish, 
surprise,  marvel,  miracle,  prodigy. 

won-der-ful  (-fool),  adj'.  exciting 
wonder ;  strange.  Also  wondrous. 

won-der-ful-ly  (-i),  adv.  in  a 
wonderful  manner. 

won-ga  (wong'gu),  n.  a  large 
Australian  pigeon. 

wont  (wunt),  adj.  used  or  accus- 
tomed :  n.  habit  or  custom. 

wont-ed  ('ed),  adj.  habitual; 
usual. 

woo  (woo),  v.t.  to  solicit  in  love; 
invite  with  importunity :  v.i.  to 
court. 

wood  (wood),  n.  a  large  and  thick 
collection  of  growing  trees ;  solid 
part  of  trees ;  trunk  of  trees 
sawn  for  use. 

•wood-cock  ('kok),  n.  a  wild  fowl 
allied  to  the  snipe. 

wood-en  ('n),  adj.  made,  or  con- 
sisting of,  wood  ;  produced  as  from 
wood  ;  stiff  ;  awkward  ;  expression- 
less. 

wood-i  ness  ('i-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  woody. 

wood-man  ('man),  n.  a  forest 
officer;  forester;  one  who  fells 
timber ;  a  hunter. 

wood-peck-er  ('pek-er),  n.  a  bird 
that  taps  the  trunks  of  trees  to 
discover  insects. 

•wood-ruff  ('ruf),  n.  an  herb. 

wood-y  ('i),  adj.  abounding  in 
woods ;  consisting  of,  or  composed 
of,  or  like,  wood. 

woo-er  (wo5'er),  n.  one  who  woos. 

•woof  (woof),  n.  the  weft  or  cross- 
threads  in  weaving;  texture. 

woo-ing  (woo'ing),  adj.  courting: 
n.  the  act  of  soliciting  in  love. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pCrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


woo 


909 


wor 


•wool  (wool),  n.  the  soft  fine  hair 
which  covers  sheep,  goats,  &c. ; 
fine  fiber  resembling  wool ;  soft, 
thick  hair. 

wool-gath-er-ing  (-gatfft'er-ing), 
adj.  indulgence  of  idle  fancies. 

wool-en  ('en),  adj.  made  of  wool : 
n.  cloth  made  of  wool ;  pi.  woolen 
goods. 

wool-li-ness   Ci-nes),  n.  the  state 

•  or  quality  of  being  woolly. 

wool-ly  ('i),  adj.  consisting  of, 
like,  or  clothed  with,  wool. 

wool-pack  Cpak),  n.  a  bale  of 
wool,  240  Ibs. 

wool-sack  ('sak),  n.  a  sack  of 
wool ;  the  Lord  Chancellor's  seat 
in  the  British  House  of  Lords. 

wool-sta-ple  ('sta-pl),  n.  the  city 
or  town  where  wool  used  to  be 
brought  to  the  king's  staple  to  be 
sold. 

wool-sta-pler  ('sta-pler),  n.  a 
dealer  in  wool. 

wootz  '(wootz),  n.  a  very  fine  kind 
of  steel  imported  from  India,  used 
for  edged  tools. 

word  (werd),  n.  an  articulate 
sound,  or  combination  of  sounds, 
expressing  an  idea ;  constituent 
part  of  a  sentence ;  tidings ;  mes- 
sage or  communication;  declara- 
tion ;  promise :  pi.  language ; 
speech  ;  conversation  ;  dispute  : 
v.t.  to  express  in  words ;  phrase. 
Xj/n.  expression,  term. 

Word,  n.  the  Son  of  God;  Holy 
Scripture. 

word-book  ('book),  n.  a  vocabu- 
lary. 

word-build-ing  Child-ing),  n. 
the  formation  or  composition  of 
words. 

word-ed  ('ed),  adj.  expressed  in 
words. 

word-i  ness   ('i-nes),  n.  verbosity. 

word-ing  ('ing),  n.  the  manner 
in  which  anything  is  expressed  in 
words. 

word-paint-ing  ('pant-ing),  n. 
the  description  of  an  event,  &c., 
in  vivid,  realistic  language. 

word-y  ('i),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
consisting  of,  or  containing  many, 
words ;  verbose. 

wore,  p.t.  of  wear. 

work  (work'i.  n.  physical  or  in- 
tellectual effort  directed  to  some 
end ;  result  of  work ;  labor ;  em- 
ployment ;  duty ;  a  production  of 


an  art  or  science ;  causing  of 
motion  against  a  resisting  body ; 
pi.  moving  parts  of  a  mechanism ; 
industrial  manufacturing  estab- 
lishment ;  structures  in  civil  or 
military  engineering ;  moral  du- 
ties as  external  to  faith :  v.i.  to 

•  be  occupied  in  business  or  labor ; 
perform ;  act ;  be  in  a  state  of 
severe  exertion ;  ferment :  v.t.  to 
make  by  labor ;  influence  or  effect ; 
excite ;  manage  or  carry  out ;  sew 
or  embroider. 

Syn.  labor,  task,  toil. 
Ant.  (see  play). 

work-house  ('hous),  n.  a  poor- 
house  ;  a  house  where  convicts  are 
confined  to  labor. 

world  (werld).  n.  the  earth  and 
its  inhabitants ;  whole  system  of 
created  things  ;  universe ;  present 
state  of  existence ;  people  gen- 
erally ;  public  life  or  society ;  sec- 
ular life ;  sphere  or  domain  ;  very 
much. 

world-li-ness  ('li-nes),  n.  the 
state  of  being  addicted  to  gain 
and  temporal  pleasures. 

world-ling  ('ling),  n.  one  who 
is  devoted  to  the  pleasures  and 
advantages  of  the  present. 

world-ly  ('li),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  devoted  to,  this  life  and  its 
enjoyments  and  advantages. 

worm  (werm),  n.  any  small  creep- 
ing animal  entirely  destitute  of 
feet,  or  having  very  short  ones ; 
anything  that  gnaws  or  torments 
the  mind;  thread  of  a  screw; 
spiral  pipe  in  a  still  or  condenser ; 
a  groveling,  debased  creature :  v.i. 
to  work  slowly,  secretly,  and  grad- 
ually :  v.t .  to  undermine  by  slow 
and  se'cret  means. 

worm-wheel  ('hwel),  n.  a  wheel 
working  into  the  spiral  of  a  screw. 

worm- wood  ('wood),  n.  the  bit- 
ter plant  Absinthium,  used  as  a 
powerful  tonic ;  source  of  bitter- 
ness. 

worn,  p.p.  of  wear. 

wpr-ried  (wur'id),  adj.  harassed; 
tired. 

wor-ri-er  ('i-er),  n.  one  who  wor- 
ries. 

wor-ri-ment  ('i-ment),  n.  anx- 
iety ;  trouble. 

wor-ri-some  ('i-sum),  adj.  caus- 
ing worry. 

wor-ry   ('i),  v.t.   [p.t.  &  p.p.  wor- 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


wor 


910 


wre 


ried,  p.pr.  worrying],  to  tear  or 
mangle  with  the  teeth ;  harass 
with  anxiety  or  care ;  vex  or 
annoy ;  tease :  v.i.  to  feel  or  ex- 
press undue  anxiety  ;  he  fretful ; 
fight,  as  dogs  :  n.  harassing  trou- 
ble ;  anxiety  ;  perplexity. 

•worse  (wers),  adj.  [comp.  of 
bad]  :  n.  loss ;  defeat  ;  inferior 
state  or  condition  :  adv.  bad  in  a 
greater  degree. 

wor-ship  (wer'ship),  ».  in  Eng- 
land, a  title  of  honor  used  in  ad- 
dressing certain  magistrates,  es- 
pecially mayors :  act  of  paying 
divine  honor  to  God :  v.t.  to  pay 
divine  honors,  or  religious  ser- 
vice, to ;  reverence  with  great  re- 
spect :  v.i.  to  perform  acts  of 
homage  or  adoration,  especially 
religious  service. 

wor-ship-er  (-er),  n.  one  who 
worships. 

wor-ship-ful  (-fool),  adj.  claim- 
ing or  worthy  of  respect  or  honor ; 
a  term  of  respect. 

worst  (werst),  adj.  superl.  of 
bad ;  bad  or  evil  in  the  highest 
degree  ;  most  severe  or  dangerous  : 
adv.  worse  than  all  others :  n.  the 
most  evil  or  calamitous  state : 
v.t.  to  get  the  advantage  of  in  a 
contest;  overthrow:  defeat. 

wors-ted  (woos'ted),  n.  twisted 
thread  spun  out  of  woolen  yarn  : 
adj.  made  of  worsted. 

•wort  (wert),  n.  the  saccharine  in- 
fusion of  malt  which  ferments 
and  makes  beer ;  an  herb. 

worth  (werth),  n.  value;  price; 
moral  excellence:  adj.  equal  in 
value  to ;  having  estate  or  wealth 
to  the  value  of ;  deserving  of. 

wor-thi-ly  (wer'f7ii-15),  adv.  in  a 
worthy  manner ;  justly. 

wor-thi-ness  (-nes),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  worthy  ;  excel- 
lence. 

worth-less    (werth'les),  adi.  hav- 
ing no  value,  virtue,  or  excellence ; 
morally    bad ;    contempLible. 
Kyn.   valueless. 
Ant.   (see  valuable). 

wor-thy  ('tin),  adj.  [comp. 
worthier,  superl.  worthiest],  hav- 
ing worth  or  excellence ;  esti- 
mable :  n.  a  man  of  eminent 
worth. 

would,   p.t.   of   will. 


would-be  (wood'be),  adj.  pre- 
tending, or  desirous  of  being 
thought,  to  be :  n.  a  vain  pre- 
tender. 

•wound  (woond  or  wound),  n.  a 
breach  of  the  skin  and  ilesh  given 
to  an  ajiimal  body  by  violence ; 
hurt ;  injury :  v.t.  to  make  a 
wound  in  ;  lacerate  ;  injure  ;  hurt 
the  feeling  of :  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  wind 
(wound). 

wove,  p.t.  of  weave. 

wo-ven,   p.p.   of  weave. 

wow-wow  (wou'wou),  n.  a 
Javanese  ape. 

•wrack  (rak),  n.  seaweed  cast 
ashore  ;  ruin  ;  destruction  ;  a  thin, 
flying  cloud. 

wraith  (rath),  n.  the  supposed 
cliost  of  a  person  in  his  exact 
likeness  seen  immediately  before, 
or  at  the  time  of,  his  death 
[Scotch]. 

wran-gle  (rang'gl),  v.i.  to  dispute 
angrily  or  noisily  :  n.  an  angry  or 
noisy  dispute. 

wran-gler  ('gler),  n.  one  who 
wrangles ;  an  angry  or  noisy  dis- 
putant. 

wrap  (rap),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
wrapped  (wrapt),  p.pr.  wrap- 
ping], to  roll  or  wind  together; 
cover  with  something  rolled 
around ;  involve ;  conceal  by  en- 
veloping :  n.  a  wrapper,  shawl, 
or  rug. 

wrap-per  ('er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  wraps ;  that  in  which 
anything  is  inclosed  or  wrapped ; 
loose  over  or  upper  garment. 

wrasse  (ras),  n.  a  bony,  brightly 
colored  fish  of  the  genus  Labrus. 

wrath  (rath),  n.  violent  anger; 
indignation. 

wrath-ful  ('fool),  adj.  violently 
angry. 

wrath-ful-ly  (-i),  adv.  in  a 
wrathful  manner. 

•wreak  (rek),  v.t.  to  execute  in 
vengeance  _or  passion  ;  inflict. 

•wreath  (reth).  n.  anything  curled 
or  twisted ;  garland  or  chaplet. 

wreathe  (reth),  v.t.  to  twist  into 
a  wreath ;  intertwine :  v.t.  to  be 
interwoven. 

•wreck  (rek),  n.  the  destruction  of 
a  ship  by  being  driven  ashore,  or 
on  a  rock,  &c. ;  ruins  of  a  ship  so 
destroyed :  remains  of  anything 
ruined ;  destruction :  v.t.  to  de- 


late, mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  nioun, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


911 


wys 


stroy  or  cast  away,  as  a  ship, 
by  violence ;  ruin  or  destroy. 

wreck  age  ('aj),  n.  remains  of  a 
wrecked  vessel ;  act  of  wrecking ; 
state  of  being  wrecked. 

wreck-er.  ('er),  n.  one  who 
plunders,  or  causes,  wrecks ;  one 
who  removes  the  cargo  from  a 
wrecked  vessel. 

•wren  (ren),  n.  a  small  insessorial 
bird. 

wrench  (rench),  v.t.  to  wring  or 
pull  with  a  twist ;  strain :  ro.  a 
violent  twist ;  sprain  ;  instrument 
for  exerting  a  twisting  strain. 

wrest  (rest),  v.t.  to  twist,  wrench, 
or  force  from  by  violence  ;  distort ; 
turn  from  its  natural  meaning ; 
pervert:  n.  violent  pulling  or 
twisting ;  perversion. 

wrest-er  ('er),  n.  one  who  wrests. 

wres-tle  (res'l),  v.i.  to  contend, 
by  grappling  with,  or  striving  to 
trip  or  throw  down,  another ; 
strive  earnestly :  v.t .  to  contend 
against  in  wrestling :  n.  the  act 
of  one  who  wrestles ;  struggle. 
Also  wrestling. 

wres-tler  ('ler),  n.  one  who 
wrestles. 

•wretch,  (rech),  n.  a  despicable  or 
worthless  person  ;  one  sunk  in  the 
deepest  woe. 

wretcli-ed  ('ed),  adj.  miserable; 
unhappy ;  sunk  in  deep  misery  or 
woe  :  worthless  ;  of  miserable  qual- 
ity or  character. 

wrig-gle  (rig'l),  v.i.  to  twist  to 
and  fro :  r.t.  to  move  by,  or  as 
by.  wriggling:  n.  a  wriggling 
motion. 

wrig-gler  ('ler),  n.  one  who  wrig- 
gles. 

wright  frit),  n.  one  occupied  in 
some  mechanical  operation  ;  artifi- 
cer ;  carpenter  [Scotch]. 

wring  (ring),  v.t.  [p.t.  &  p.p. 
wrung,  p.pr.  wringing],  to  twist; 
turn  and  strain ;  force  or  com- 
press ;  extort :  n.  a  forcible  twist. 

wring-er  (ring'er),  n.  one  who,  or 
that  which,  wrings. 

wrin-kle  (ring'kl),  n.  a  small 
ridge  or  furrow  on  a  smooth  sur- 
face ;  crease :  useful  hint  or  idea : 
v.t.  to  form  or  cause  wrinkles ; 
crease  :  v.t.  to  become  wrinkled. 

wrist  (rist),  n.  the  joint  uniting 
the  hand  to  the  arm. 

writ    (rit),   n.   anything  written; 


a  written  document  to  enforce 
obedience  to  an  order  of  a  court  of 
justice. 

write  (rit),  v.t.  [p-t.  wrote,  p.p. 
written,  p.pr.  writing],  to  form 
with  a  pen  or  similar  instrument 
on  paper,  &c. ;  express  in  writing  ; 
engrave ;  produce,  as  an  author : 
v.i.  to  form  letters  with  the  pen ; 
send  letters ;  compose  books. 

writ-er     ('er),    n.    one    who,     or 
that  which,  writes ;  clerk  or  aman- 
uensis ;  author ;  journalist. 
8yn.  author,  penman. 

•writhe  (nth),  v.t.  to  twist  with 
violence ;  pervert :  v.i.  to  contort 
the  body. 

writ-ing  (rit'ing),  n.  the  act  of 
forming  letters  with  a  pen,  &c. ; 
composition,  manuscript,  or  book ; 
legal  instrument. 

•writ-ten  ( rit'n ) ,  adj.  reduced  to 
writing'. 

writ-ten  law  (law),  n.  statute 
law. 

wrong  (rong),  adj.  not  morally 
right ;  false  ;  unjust ;  mistaken  ; 
not  fit  or  suitable  ;  incorrect :  adv. 
unjustly  ;  erroneously.  Also  wrong- 
ly- 

8yn.    injustice,    injury. 
Ant.    (see  right). 

wrong-fill  ('fool),  adj.  contrary 
to  moral  law  or  justice ;  in- 
jurious. 

wrong-ful-ly  (-i),  adv.  in  a 
wrongful  manner. 

wrote,  p.t.  of  write. 

wroth  (rawth),  adj.  much  exas- 
perated. 

wrought  (rawt),  p.t.  &  p.p.  of 
work. 

wronght-i-rpn  ('I-ern),  n.  mal- 
leable iron  ;  iron  capable  of  being 
welded. 

•wrung,  p.t.  &  p.p.  of  wring. 

wry  (ri),  adj.  distorted;  twisted; 
turned  to  one  side ;  perverted ; 
false ;  showing  distaste,  disgust, 
impatience,  &c. 

wry-ly  ('li),  adv.  in  a  wry  man- 
ner. 

•wry-neck  ('nek),  n.  a  migratory 
bird,  allied  to  the  woodpecker;  a 
distorted  neck. 

•wry-ness  Cnes),  n.  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  wry  or  distorted. 

wych  (wich),  n.  a  brine  pit. 

wych-elm  ('elm),  n.  a  species  of 
elm. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl;  he.  her,  let;  line,  tin;  vote,  pdrch,  lot;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


xan 


912 


X 


xan-the-in  (zan'the-in),  n.  the 
yellow  coloring  matter  of  certain 
plants  and  flowers ;  a  whitish 
powder,  allied  to  uric  acid,  ob- 
tained from  urine  or  guano.  Also 
xanthin. 

xan-thic  ('thik),  adj.  tending  to 
a  yellow  color. 

xan-thic  ac-id  (as'id),  n.  a 
heavy,  colorless,  oily  liquid  con- 
sisting of  bisulphuret  of  carbon, 
water  and  an  oxide  of  ethyl. 

Xan-thip-pe  (zan-tip'e),  n.  a 
scolding  woman :  from  the  terma- 
gant wife  of  Socrates. 

xantho,  a  prefix,  meaning  yellow, 
as  xanthocarpous  :  adj.  having  yel- 
low fruit. 

xantho-phyll  ('tho-fil),  n.  the 
yellow  coloring  matter  of  wither- 
ing leaves. 

xan-thous  ('thus),  adj.  yellow; 
noting  races  having  brown,  flaxen, 
or  red  hair  and  blue  eyes. 

ace-bee  (ze'bek),  n.  a  small  three- 
masted  vessel  with  lateen  and 
square  sails. 

xe  ni-um  (ze'ni-um),  n.  in  ancient 
Greece,  a  present  given  to  a  guest 
or  foreign  ambassador. 

xeno,  a  prefix,  meaning  a  stranger, 
as  a;enogenesis,  heterogenesis. 

xe-iiem  (ze'non),  n.  a  newly  dis- 
covered gas,  associated  with  argon. 

xe  ra-si-a  (ze-ra'si-a),  n.  a  dis- 
ease of  the  scalp,  characterized  by 
dryness. 

xer-es  (zer'es),  n.  sherry. 

xe-ro-der-ma  (ze-ro-der'ma),  n.  a 
disease  of  the  skin  characterized 
by  dryness. 

xe-roph-thal-mi-a  (-rof-thal'mi- 
a),  n.  abnormal  dryness  of  the 
eyeball,  accompanied  by  redness 
and  irritation. 

xiphoid  (zi'foid),  adj.  sword- 
shaped. 


X-rays  (eks'raz),  n.  the  Roentgen 
rays. 

xy-lene  (zi'len),  n.  a  colorless 
oily  liquid  found  in  coal  and  wood 
tar.  Also  xylol. 

xy-lite  ('lit),  n.  a  kind  of  asbes- 
tos. 

xylo,  a  prefix,  meaning  wood. 

xy-lo-bal-sa-mum  (zl-lo-bal'sa- 
mum),  n.  a  balsam  obtained  from 
the  dried  wood  of  the  balsam- 
tree. 

xy-lo-gen  ('16-jen),  n.  lignin. 

xy-lo-graph  ('16-graf),  n.  an  en- 
graving on  wood ;  an  impression 
from  such  an  engraving. 

xy-lo-graph-ic       (-graf'ik),      adj. 

.  pertaining  to  xylography  or  wood 
engraving. 

xy-log-ra-phy  (-log'ra-fi),  n.  the 
art  or  process  of  making  prints 
from  the  natural  grain  of  wood ; 
a  kind  of  decorative  painting  on 
wood. 

xy-loid  (zi'loid),  adj.  like  wood. 

xy-loid-in  (-loid'in),  ».  an  explo- 
sive compound  produced  by  the 
action  of  nitric  acid  on  starch. 

xyl-ol,  same  as  xylene. 

xy-lo-nite  ('lo-nlt),  n.  a  kind  of 
compressed  gun-cotton,  resembling 
ivory,  used  for  making  various 
articles,  as  combs,  &c. 

xy-lo-phone  ('16-fon),  n.  a  music- 
al instrument  consisting  of  a 
graduated  series  of  wooden  bars. 
and  sounded  by  means  of  small 
wooden  hammers. 

Xy-ris  (zi'ris),  n.  a  genus  of 
tropical  sedge-like  plants. 

xys-ter  (zis'ter),  n.  a  surgical  in- 
strument for  scraping  bones. 

xys-tos  ('tos),  n.  a  long  covered 
portico  for  athletic  exercises.  Also 
xystus. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he.  her,  let ;  line,  tin :  vote,  pQrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


yac 


913 


yea 


Y 


yac-a-re  (yak'a-ra),  «.  a  South 
American  crocodile. 

yac-ca-wood  ('a-wood),  n.  the 
wood  of  a  tree  of  Jamaica,,  used 
for  cabinet-work. 

yacht  (yot),  n.  a  light,  and  quick- 
sailing  vessel  used  for  pleasure 
or  racing :  v.i.  to  sail  or  cruise 
about  in  a  yacht. 

yacht-ing  ('ing),  adj.  pertaining 
to  a  yacht :  n.  the  practice  of  sail- 
ing a  vacht. 

yachts-man  (yots'man),  n.  [pi. 
yachtsmen  ('men)],  the  owner  or 
sailer  of  a  yacht. 

ya-ger,  same  as  jager. 

ya-hoo  (ya-hoo'),  n.  a  savage: 
from  the  race  of  brutes  in  Gulli- 
ver's Travels. 

yak    (yak),  n.  a  kind  of  ox. 

yak-lace   ('las),  n.  a  coarse  lace. 

yak-sha  ('sha),  n.  a  Hindu 
gnome. 

yam  (yam),  n.  a  large  edible  tuber 
of  various  climbing  plants  of  the 
genus  Diosrorea. 

yank  (yangk),  v.t.  to  jerk  or 
twist :  v.i.  to  work  cleverly  and 
pushingly  :  «._a  jerk  or  twist. 

Yan-kee  Cke),  n.  the  popular 
name  of  New  England  Ameri- 
cans :  used  generally  for  citizens 
of  the  United  States  :  adj.  pertain- 
ing to.  or  characteristic  of,  citi- 
zens of  the  United  States. 

Yan-kee-Doo-dle  (-do-Vdl).  n.  a 
popular  melody  of  the  United 
States. 

Yan-kee-ism  (-izm),  n.  a  Yankee 
idiom,  practice,  or  custom. 

yank-ing  (yangk'ing),  adj.  act- 
ive ;  pushing. 

yan-o-lite  (yan'o-lit),  n.  a  kind 
of  garnet. 

yaourt  (yonrt).  n.  a  fermented 
liquor  prepared  from  milk,  similar 
to  koumiss. 

yap  (yap),  v.i.  \r>.t.  &  p.p. 
yapped,  p.pr.  yapping] .  to  yelp  or 
bark,  as  a  dog:  n.  a  yelp  or  bark. 

yap-ock  (yap'nk).  n.  a  South 
American  aquatic  opossum. 

yap-on    (yap'un,   yaw'pun),   n.   a 


kind  of  holly,  the  leaves  of  which 
are  used  as  tea.     South  Sea  tea. 

yard  (yard),  n.  a  standard  meas- 
ure of  length  —  3  ft.  ;  a  long  piece 
of  timber  on  a  mast  for  spread- 
ing square  sails ;  an  enclosure  ad- 
joining or  attached  to  a  house, 
or  where  some  manufacture  is 
carried  on. 

yarn  (yarn),  n.  spun  thread:  one 
of  the  threads  of  a  rope ;  a  sailors 
story,  especially  one  of  doubtful 
veracity :  v.i.  to  tell  a  story. 

yat-a-ghan  (yat'a-gan).  n.  a  dag- 
ger-like, double-curved  saber. 

yaup  (yawp),  n.  the  Hue  tit- 
mouse. 

yaw  (yaw),  v.i.  to  steer  wifdly  • 
deviate  from  the  right  course : 
said  of  a  ship ;  rise  in  blisters  or 
white  froth. 

yawl  (yawl),  n.  a  light,  decked, 
two-masted  boat ;  jolly-boat :  v.i. 
to  howl. 

yawn  (yawn),  n.  an  involuntary 
opening  of  the  jaws  through 
drowsiness,  &c. :  v.i.  to  gape  in- 
voluntarily. 

Syn.  gape,  open  wide. 

yawn-ing  ('ing),  adj.  gaping; 
drowsy. 

yawp   (vawp).  sa^e  as  yeln. 

y-clad   (e-klad').  ndj.  clothed. 

y-cleped  (-klepf),  adj.  called. 
Also  yclept. 

ye    (ye),  prow.;  nom.  nl.  of  thou. 

yea    (ya),  adv.  yes;  truly. 

yean   (yen),  v.t.  &  v.i.  to  lamb. 

yean-ling    ('ling),  n.   a   lamb. 

year  (yer),  n.  the  period  during 
which  the  earth  makes  one  com- 
plete revolution  round  the  sun 
(365%  days)  :  pi.  age ;  old  age. 

yearn  (yern),  v.i.  to  feel  an 
earnest  desire :  be  filled  with  eager 
longing  or  desire. 

8yn.  hanker  after,  long  for,  de- 
sire, crave. 

yeast  (yest).  n.  the  barm  or  fer- 
ment of  beer  or  other  liquor  in 
fermentation  :  froth  ;  any  prepara- 
tion for  raising  dough. 

yeast-i-ness  Ci-nos),  n.  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  yeasty. 


late,  mar,  m5sk,  cat,  awl :  he.  her.  let :  iTne.  tin  ;  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut:  thin, 


yea 


914 


you 


yeast-y  ('i),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
like,  or  containing,  yeast. 

yelk,    same    as   yolk. 

yell  (yen,  n.  a  sharp,  discordant 
cry,  as  of  agony :  v.t.  to  scream  : 
v.i.  to  utter  a  sharp,  discordant 
cry. 

Syn.  bellow,  cry  out.  scream. 

yel-low  Co),  adj.  of  a  bright,  pure 
color  resembling  gold  ;   jaundiced. 
ftyn.  golden,  saffron-like. 

yel-iow-ish  ('ish),  adj.  some- 
what yellow. 

yelp  (yelp),  v.i.  to  utter  a  sharp 
bark :  n.  a  sharp  bark. 

yeo-man  (yo'mun),  n.  [pi.  yeo- 
men ('men)],  in  England,  a  man 
possessed  of  a  small  landed  es- 
tate ;  farmer :  freeholder ;  an  offi- 
cer of  the  Royal  household ;  in 
the  United  States  navy,  a  petty 
officer  in  charge  of  stores. 

yeo-man-ry  (-ri),  n.  yeomen  col- 
lectively :  volunteer  cavalry. 

yer-lm    (yer'bu),  n.  Paraguay  tea. 

yerk  (yerk),  v.t.  to  jerk;  thrust 
suddenly;  lash  [Scotch]:  v.i.  to 
kick :  n.  a  sudden,  smart  thrust. 

yes  (yes),  adv.  yea  :  opposed  to  no. 

yes-ter-day  ('ter-da),  n.  the  day 
last  past ;  recent  time :  adv.  on 
the  day  last  past. 

yet  (yet),  adv.  in  addition:  still; 
moreover :  conj.  nevertheless ; 
however. 

Syn.  besides,  nevertheless,  how- 
ever, ultimately,  notwithstanding, 
still,  at  last,  so  far,  thus  far. 

yew  (yoo),  n.  a  large  evergreen 
tree  of  the  genus  Taxus :  adj. 
pertaining  to  yew  trees. 

yew-en    ('en),  adj.  made  of  yew. 

Yid-dish  (yid'ish),  n.  a  kind  of 
composite  language  spoken  by 
foreign  Jews  in  England. 

yield  (yeld).  v.t.  to  submit:  pro- 
duce :  concede :  v.i.  to  assent ; 
comply :  give  way ;  cease  opposi- 
tion :  give  a  return  or  produce : 
n.  product ;  return. 

»Sf»m.  bear,  give,  afford,  impart, 
communicate,  confer,  bestow,  ab- 
dicate, resisrn.  cede,  surrender,  re- 
linquish, relax,  quit,  forego,  give 
up,  let  go,  waive,  comply,  accede, 
assent,  acquiesce,  succumb,  sub- 
mit. 

yield-er   ('er),  n.  one  who  yields. 

yield-ing    ('ing),  adj.  inclined  to 


give  way  or  comply ;  accommodat- 
ing :  n.  the  act  of  producing ;  sub- 
mission ;  compliance. 

8yn.     supple,     pliant,     bending, 
unresisting,  compliant,  submissive. 
Ant.  (see  obstinate). 

yl,  a  suffix,  meaning  basis :  used 
as  a  characteristic  termination  of 
chemical  radicals. 

Y-level  (wi'lev-el),  n.  an  instru- 
ment for  measuring  heights  and 
distances. 

yo-del,    same   as   jodel. 

yo-jan  ('jan),  n.  in  the  East  In- 
dies, a  measure  of  length  =  5 
miles. 

yoke  (yok),  n.  a  piece  of  hol- 
lowed timber  for  connecting  two 
draught  oxen  together;  a  frame 
of  wood  fitted  to  a  person's 
shoulders  for  carrying  a  pail,  &c., 
suspended  to  each  end ;  bond,  tie, 
or  link;  pair  or  couple;  service; 
mark  of  slavery  ;  bar  attached  to 
the  rudder-head  to  which  the  steer- 
ing lines  are  fastened :  v.t.  to 
join  together ;  couple ;  place  a 
yoke  upon  ;  enslave  ;  confine. 
Syn.  couple,  link,  connect. 

yo-kel  (yo'kl),  n.  a  rustic. 

yolk  (yok),  n.  yellow  part  of  an 
egg ;  vitellus,  the  oily  secretion 
from  the  skin  of  a  sheep  which 
renders  the  wool  soft  and  pliable. 

yon-der  (yon'der),  adj.  being  at 
a  distance  within  view:  adv.  at 
that  place ;  there.  Also  yon. 

yore  (yor),  adv.  in  old  time;  long 
ago. 

Syn.  long  ago,  long  since.  < 

you  (u),  prow.  nom.  &  obj.  pi. 
of  thou :  now  used  for  thou  and 
thee. 

young  (yung),  adj.  being  in  the 
early  part  of  life  or  growth ;  inex- 
perienced ;  not  matured ;  raw ; 
vigorous ;  fresh ;  pertaining  to 
youth :  of  youthful  appearance : 
n.  offspring  collectively. 

Syn.  juvenile,  inexperienced,  ig- 
norant,   youthful. 

young-isn  ('ish),  adj.  somewhat 
young. 

young-ster  ('ster),  n.  a  young 
person :  lad. 

youn-ker  Cker),  n.  a  young  fel- 
low ;  stripling. 

your  (yoor),  pron.  pass.  pi.  of 
thou  or  you.  Also  yours. 


late.  mHr.  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin ;  v5te,  pSrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook :  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


you 


915 


Yul 


your-self  (-self),  pron.  [pi.  your- 
selves (-selvz')],  you  in  your  own 
person. 

yourts  (yoorts),  n.  the  under- 
ground dwellings  of  the  Eskimo. 

youth  (youth),  n.  [pi.  youths 
(yooths)],  early  life;  a  young 

Eerson  ;  young  persons  collective- 
j ;  condition  of  being  young. 

Syn.  boy,  lad,  minority,  adoles- 
cence,   juvenility. 

youth-ful  ('fool),  adj.  pertaining 
to  youth  or  the  early  part  of  life ; 
fresh ;  vigorous. 

Syn.    joung,     juvenile,     boyish, 
girljsh,  puerile. 

Ant.   (see  old). 
youth-ful-ly      (-i),     adv.     in     a 

youthful    manner. 

yowl  (youl),  n.  a  howl:  v.i.  to 
howl  or  yell. 


yt-tri-a  (it'ri-a),  n.  the  oxide  of 
yttrium. 

yt-tri-um  ('ri-um),  n.  the  metal- 
lic base  of  yttria.  _ 

yt-tro-ce-rite  (-ro-se'rlt),  n.  a 
mineral  of  violet-blue  color. 

yuc-ca  (yuk'a),  n.  a  sub-tropical 
American  plant  characterized  by 
its  stiff  lanceolate  leaves  ;  Adam's 
needle. 

ynfts  (yufts),  n.  a  kind  of  Rus- 
sian leather. 

yu-lan  (yoo'lan),  n.  a  species  of 
magnolia  with  snow-white  flow- 
ers. 

Yule   (yool).  n.  Christmas. 

Yule-log  ('log),  n.  a  large  block 
of  wood  formerly  put  upon  the 
hearth  on  Christmas  eve  to  form 
the  basis  of  the  Christmas  fire. 

Yule-tide  ('tid),  n.  Christmas- 
tide. 


late.  mar.  mask,  cat,  awl :  he,  her,  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  porch,  lot ;  moor 
cook ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  t lien. 


zaf 


916 


Zio 


zaf -f re  (zaf'er),  n.  impure  oxide 
of  cobalt,  of  an  intensely  blue 
color,  used  in  enameling,  pottery, 
&c.  Also  zaffer. 

za-im  (za'im),  n.  a  Turkish  mili- 
tary chief. 

za-mang  (za-mang'),  n.  a  huge 
leguminous  tree,  the  sweet  pulpy 
pods  of  which  are  used  for  feed- 
ing cattle. 

za-mouse  (za-moos'),  n.  a  West 
African  buffalo,  with  hair-fringed 
ears  and  without  a  dewlap. 

za-ny  (za'ni),  n.  a  buffoon  ;  merry  - 
andrew. 

zap-ti-ali  (zap'ti-a),  n.  a  Turkish 
policeman. 

zealot  (zel'ot),  n.  an  enthusiast; 
fanatic. 

Zeal-ot,  n.  one  of  a  fanatical  sect 
of  Jews  which  carried  on  a  des- 
perate struggle  with  the  Romans 
until  the  fall  of  Jerusalem  (70 
A.  D.). 

zeal  cms    ('us),  adj.  ardent  in  the 
pursuit  of  an  object ;  enthusiastic. 
Syn.  warm,  ardent,  fervent,  en- 
thusiastic, anxious. 
Ant.    (see  careless). 

ze-bec,  same  as  xebec. 

ze-bra  (ze'bra),  n.  a  wild  animal 
of  Africa  of  the  genus  Equus, 
with  black  and  white  stripes ;  a 
wood  much  used  in  cabinet-mak- 
ing. 

ze-bu  ('bu),  n.  the  Indian  ox  or 
cow,  with  long  pendulous  ears, 
and  large  prominent  hump  on  the 
shoulders. 

zech  stein  (zek'stin),  «.  mag- 
nesium limestone. 

ze-na-na  (ze-na'na),  n.  in  India, 
that  part  of  a  house  reserved  ex- 
clusively for  women.  Also  za- 
nana. 

Zend  (zend),  n.  the  Iranian  lan- 
guage of  ancient  Persia. 

Zend-A-ves-ta  (-a-ves'ta),  n.  the 
sacred  writings  of  the  Zoroas- 
trians,  ascribed  to  Zoroaster. 

zen-dik  ('dik),  n.  in  the  East,  a 
name  for  an  unbeliever. 

ze-nith    (ze'nith),  n.  the  point  in 


the  heavens  directly  over  the  head 
of  the  spectator ;  greatest  height. 

ze-o-lite  (ze'o-lit),  n.  an  exten- 
sive group  of  minerals,  consisting 
of  hydrated  silicates :  so  called 
from  their  frothing  when  under 
the  blowpipe. 

zeph-yr  (zef'er),  n.  the  west 
wind  ;  soft,  gentle  breeze. 

ze-ro  (ze'ro),  n.  a  cipher;  noth- 
ing; neutral  point  (  )  between 
any  ascending  or  descending  scale 
or  series. 

zest  (zest),  n.  relish;  keen  enjoy- 
ment. 

Syn.  relish,  gusto,  flavor. 
Ant.   (see_disgust). 

zeug-ma  (zug'ma),  n.  a  figure  in 
grammar  by  which  a  verb,  ad- 
jective, or  other  part  of  speech, 
relating  to  one  noun  is  referred  to 
another. 

Zif  (zif),  n.  the  second  month  of 
the  Jewish  ecclesiastical  year 
(part  of  May-June)  and  eighth 
of  the  civil  year. 

zig-zag  (zig'zag),  adj.  having 
short,  sharp  turns :  n.  something 
with  short,  sharp  turns. 

zimb  (zimb),  n.  a  dipterous  in- 
sect resembling  the  tsetse. 

zinc  (zingk),  n.  a  bluish-white 
metal. 

zin-cic  (zin'sik),  adj.  pertaining 
to,  or  containing,  zinc.  Also 
zincky,  zinky,  zinckic. 

zinc-ode  (zingk'od),  n.  the  nega- 
tive pole  of  a  voltaic  battery. 

zinc-o-grapb  ('d-graf),  n.  an  im- 
pression from  a  zinc  plate. 

zinc-og-ra-phy  (-og'ra-fi),  n.  the 
art  of  drawing  upon,  or  printing 
from,  zinc  plates. 

zinc-oid  ('oid),  adj.  zinc-like. 

zing-el  (zing'el),  n.  a  perch  found 
in  the  Danube. 

zink-en-ite  (zingk'en-it),  n.  a 
steel-grey  mineral,  a  sulphide  of 
antimony  and  lead. 

Zi-on  (zi'un).  H.  a  hill  in  Jeru- 
salem, the  royal  residence  of  King 
David  and  his  successors :  hence 
the  Church  of  God. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl ;  he,  her,  let ;  line,  tin  ;  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook  ;  mute,  nut ;  thin,  then. 


Zio 


917 


zoo 


Zi-on-ism  (-izm),  n.  a  project  for 
the  reestablishment  of  the  Jews 
as  a  nation  in  Palestine. 

zir-con  (zer'kon),  n.  a  heavy, 
hard,  sparkling  mineral. 

zir-co-ni-a  (-ko'ni-a),  n.  the  oxide 
of  zirconium. 

zir-co-ni-um  ('ni-um),  n.  a  rare 
metallic  element. 

zith-er  (zith'er),  n.  a  stringed 
musical  instrument,  consisting  of 
a  sounding  box  and  28  to  31 
strings. 

zo-an-thro-py  (zo-an'thro-pi),  «. 
a  kind  of  mania,  in  which  the 
patient  believes  himself  to  be 
transformed  into  an  animal. 

zo-bo  ('bo),  n.  an  ox-like  animal 
of  India.  Also  zobu. 

zo-di-ac  ('di-ak),  n.  an  imaginary 
broad  belt  in  the  heavens,  con- 
taining the  12  constellations  or 
signs  of  the  zodiac  which  the  sun 
traverses  annually. 

zo  tli-a-cal  (-di'a-kal),  adj.  per- 
taining to,  or  situated  within,  the 
zodiac. 

zo-di-a-cal  light  (lit),  n.  a  lu- 
minous tract  of  the  sky  of  trian- 
gular shape,  its  base  being  on  the 
horizon :  seen  in  the  evening  at 
twilight,  and  before  dawn. 

zp-e-trope  ('e-trop),  n.  an  optical 
instrument  by  means  of  which 
figures,  &c.,  on  a  circular  card 
appear  to  be  in  active  motion 
when  viewed  through  slots  in  the 
upper  side. 

zo-fra  ('fra),  n.  a  Moorish  carpet. 

Zola  ism  ('la-izm),  n.  excessive 
realism  in  the  literary  treatment 
of  the  worse  side  of  human  life 
or  nature :  from  Emile  Zola,  the 
French  realistic  novelist. 

zoll-ver-ein  (tsol'fer-m),  n.  the 
German  customs  union,  formed 
1827  and  further  extended  in 
1807  to  establish  uniform  rates ; 
a  customs  union. 

zo-nal  (zo'nAl),  adj.  pertaining  to, 
or  formed  of,  a  zone  or  zones. 

zone  (zon),  n.  one  of  the  5  great 
belts  into  which  the  surface  of 
the  earth  is  divided  with  respect 
to  latitude  and  temperature ;  that 
belt  or  district  within  which  cer- 
tain animal  or  plant  forms  of  life 
are  confined  ;  a  girdle  or  belt:  v.t. 


to  encircle  with,  or  as  with,  a 
zone. 

zoned  (zond),  n.  wearing  a  belt  or 
girdle  ;  having  zones  ;  striped. 

zoo,  a  prefix  meaning  animal,  as 
zoochemistry,  animal  chemistry. 

zoo  (zoo),  n.  a  park  or  other  large 
inclosure  in  which  live  animals 
are  kept  for  public  exhibition ; 
zoological  garden. 

zo-o-ge-og-ra-phy  (zo-o-je-og'ra- 
fi),  n.  the  study  of  the  geographi- 
cal distribution  of  animals. 

zo-6-ge-o-graph-ic-al  ( -o-graf 'ik- 
al),  adj.  pertaining  to  zoogeogra- 
phy. 

zo-b-glce:a  (-o-gle'a),  n.  a  mass  of 
bacteria'  inclosed  in  a  viscous, 
gelatinous  substance. 

zo-p-graph-ic  (-graf'ik),  adj.  per- 
taining to  zoography. 

zo-og-ra-phy  (-og'ra-fi),  n.  the 
description  of  animals,  their  forma 
and  habits. 

zo-oid  ('oid),  n.  an  animal  in  one 
of  its  inferior  stages  of  develop- 
ment ;  an  individual  of  a  com- 
pound or  colonial  animal  organi- 
zation. 

zo-ol-a-try  (-ol'a-tri),  «.  animal- 
worship. 

zo-6-lpg-ic-al  (-o-loj'ik-al),  adj. 
pertaining  to  zoology. 

zo-d-log-ic-al-ly  (-i),  adv.  accord- 
ing to  the  principles  of  zoology. 

zo-pl-o-gist  (-ol'o-jist),  n.  one 
skilled  in  zoology. 

zo-ol-o-gy  (-ol'6-j'i),  n.  that  part 
of  biology  that  treats  of  animals, 
their  structure,  classification, 
habits,  and  distribution. 

zo-o-mor-phism  (-mOr'fizm),  n. 
the  representation  of  a  deity  in  the 
form,  or  with  the  attributes,  of 
an  animal. 

zo  on  ('on),  n.  an  animal  which  is 
the  sole  product  of  a  single  ovum. 

zo-oph-i-list  (-of'i-list),  n.  a 
lover  of  animals. 

zp-o-phys-i-ol-o-gy  (-o-fiz-i-ol'o- 
ji),  n.  physiology  of  the  lower 
animals. 

zo-b-phyte  Co-fit),  n.  an  animal 
of  low  organization,  bearing  some 
external  resemblance  to  a  plant. 

zo-o-sperm  Co-sperm),  n.  the 
male  seed-cell. 

zo-o-spore  ('o-sp6r),  n.  the  active 
spores  of  certain  algae  endowed 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat.  awl :  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin  :  vote,  p6rch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin.  then. 


zoo 


918 


zyt 


with  motion  by  means  of  ciliated 
processes. 

zo-ot-o-mist  (-ot'o-mist),  n.  a 
comparative  anatomist. 

zo-6t-o-my  ('6-mi),  n.  the  dissec- 
tion or  anatomy  of  animals. 

zo-ril-la  (zo-ril'a),  n.  a  kind  of 
skunk. 

Zo-r  o-as-tri-an  ( -ro-as'tri-an ) , 
adj.  pertaining  to  Zoroaster,  the 
reputed  founder  of  the  Parsi  re- 
ligion, or  to  his  doctrines. 

Zo-ro-as-tri-an-ism  (-izm),  n. 
the  religious  system,  contained  in 
the  Zend-Avesta,  sai.d  to  have 
been  founded  by  Zoroaster,  the 
legislator  and  prophet-  of  an- 
cient 1'ersia. 

zou-ave  (zoo-av').  n.  a  soldier  of 
a  light  infantry  corps  of  the 
French  army,  wearing  an  Arab 
dress. 

zn-chet-to  (tsoo-kfit'o),  n.  a  skull- 
cap covering  the  tonsure  and  worn 
under  the  biretta.  Also  zuchetta. 

Zulu  (zoo'loo),  n.  one  of  a  war- 
like tribe  of  Kaffirs,  north  of 
Natal. 

znm-boo-ruk  (zum'boo-ruk),  n. 
a  small  swivel  cannon  fired  from 
the  back  of  a  camel. 

Zu-ni  (zoo'nye),  n.  one  of  a  tribe 
of  Pueblo  Indians  of  New  Mexico. 

zy-go-ma  (zi-go'ma),  n.  the 
cheek-bone. 

zyme  (zlm),  n.  the  germ  supposed 
to  be  the  poisonous  cause  of 
zymotic  diseases. 


zym-ic  (zim'ik),  adj.  produced  by 
fermentation. 

zy-mo-gen  (zi'mo-jen),  n.  any 
substance  that  by  internal  changes 
gives  rise  to  a  ferment.  Also  zy- 
mogene. 

zy-mol-o-gist  (-mol'o-jist),  n. 
one  skilled  in  zymology. 

zy-mol-o-gy  ('o-ji),  n.  the  doc- 
trine of  fermentation.  Also  zu- 
mology. 

zy-mom-e-ter  (-mom'e-ter),  n.  an 
instrument  for  ascertaining  the 
degree  of  fermentation  in  differ- 
ent liquids.  Zymosimeter. 

zy-mo-phyte  (zl'mo-flt),  n.  a 
bacteroid  ferment. 

zy-mo-sis  (zi-mo'sis),  n.  a  fer- 
mentation. 

zy-mot-ic  (-mot'ik),  adj.  produc- 
ing fermentation,  or  a  disease  in 
which  a  virus  works  through  the 
body  like  a  ferment,  as  cholera. 

zy-mot-ic  dis-eas-es  (dis'ez-ez), 
n.  a  class  of  contagious  or  epi- 
demic diseases,  supposed  to  be 
produced  by  a  virus  or  organism 
which  a^ts  like  a  ferment. 

zy-mot-ic-al-ly  (-al-i),  adv.  in  a 
zymotic  manner. 

zy-mur-gy  (zi'mer-ji),  n.  that 
branch  of  industrial  chemistry 
which  deals  with  the  processes  of 
fermentation  in  brewing,  wine- 
making,  &c. 

zy-thum  ('thum),  n.  an  ancient 
beverage  made  from  malt  and 
wheat. 


late,  mar,  mask,  cat,  awl :  he.  her,  let :  line,  tin :  vote,  pOrch,  lot ;  moon, 
cook;  mute,  nut;  thin,  tfften. 


APPENDIX, 


GR- BRIT- NAVAL  CANADA  JAPAN  WAR 


DENMARK  '    HOLLAND     NAVAL       '          NORWAY 


HOLLAND_  SWITZERLAND  NEWZEALAND 


MOROCCO  EGYPT  ARABIA  ''     MONTENEGRO 

FLAGS  OF  ALL  NATIONS 


BRAZIL 


SPAIN  ENSIdN  SPANISH  MERCHT  GREECE 

FLAGS  OF  ALL  NATIONS 


DICTIONARY  OF    FOREIGN  WORDS,  PHRASES,  COL- 
LOQUIALISMS, PROVERBS  AND 
QUOTATIONS 


Frequently  Met  With  in  Conversation  and  Literature* 
With  Their  Significance  in  English 


a  bas.  [Fr.]  DOWH  ;  at  the 
foot ;  upon  the  ground. 

a  bon  chat,  bon  rat.  [Fr.] 
Tit  for  tat ;  a  Roland  for  an 
Oliver. 

a  droite.     [Fr.]     To  the  right. 

a  fortiori.  [L.]  With  stronger 
reason. 

a  la  Francaise.  [Fr.]  After  the 
French  mode. 

a  la  mode.     [Fr.]     In  fashion. 

a  1'Anglaise.  [Fr.]  After  the 
English  fashion. 

a  1'outrance.  [Fr.]  To  the  ut- 
most. 

a  plomb.  [Fr.]  Perpendicu- 
larly. 

a  point.  [Fr.]  Just  in  time; 
exactly  right. 

a  posteriori.  [L.]  From  the 
effect  to  the  cause. 

a  propos.     [Fr.]     To  the  point. 

a  propos  de  bottes.  [Fr.]  Apro- 
pos to  hoots :  without  reason. 

a  priori.  [L.]  From  the  cause 
to  the  effect. 

a  vincnlo  matrimonii.  [L.] 
From  the  tie  of  marriage. 

ab  extra.     [L.]     From  without. 

ab  initio.  [L.]  From  the  be- 
ginning. 

ab  intra.     fL.]     From  within. 

ab  uno  disce  omnes.  [!>.] 
From  one  learn  all ;  from  a  single 
instance  infer  the  whole. 

ad  astra.  [L.]  To  the  stars,  or 
to  an  exalted  state. 

ad  astra  per  aspera.  [L.]  To 
the  stars  through  all  difficulties. 
(The  motto  of  Kansas.) 

ad  captandum  vulgus.  [L.] 
To  catch  the  rabble. 

ad  finem.     [L.J     To  the  end. 

ad  hominem.  [L.]  To  the  man  ; 
that  is,  to  his  interests  and  pas- 
sions. 

ad  iiifinitum.     [L.]     To  infinity. 


ad  interim.     [L.]     In  the  mean 

while. 

ad  libitum.  [L.]  At  pleasure. 
ad  nauseam.  [L.]  To  disgust. 
ad  valorem.  [L.]  According  to 

the  value. 

ad  vivum.     [L.]     To  the  life. 
adscriptns  glebae.  [L.]     Belong- 
ing or  attached  to  the  soil. 
pcquo     animo.       [L.]       With    an 

equable  mind ;  with  equanimity. 
affaire  d'amour.     [Fr.]     A  love 

affair. 
affaire    d'honneur.      [Fr.]      An 

affair  of  honor;  a  duel. 
affaire     du    coeur.       [Fr.]       An 

affair  of  the  heart. 
al-kai.      [Ind.]     Bye  bye.      (The 

motto  of  Washington.) 
aliens.     [Fr.]     Let  us  go;  come. 
alma  mater.      [L.]      A  fostering 

mother. 

alter  ego.     [L.]     Another  self. 
alter  idem.      [L.]     Another  pre- 
cisely similar. 

amende  bonorable.     [Fr.]     Sat- 
isfactory apology  ;  reparation. 
amour  propre.    [Fr.]     Self-love; 

vanity. 
ancien  regime.      [Fr.]     Ancient 

order  of  things. 
anglice.      [L.]      According  to  the 

English  manner. 
animis  opibusqne  parati.    [L.] 

Prepared  in  mind  and  resources ; 

ready   to   give   life   and   property. 

(The  motto  of  South  Carolina.) 
anno  actatis  suac.     [L.]      In  the 

year  of  his  (or  her)  age. 
anno     Christi.        [L.]        In     the 

year  of  Christ. 
anno  Domini.     [L.]     In  the  year 

of  our  Lord. 
anno  mundi.     [L.]     In  the  year 

of  the  world. 
ante   belluni.      [L.]      Before  the 

war. 
ante    meridiem.      [L.]      Before 

noon. 


919 


app 


920 


che 


appui.  [Fr.l  Point  of  support. 
aqua  vitse.  [L.]  Brandy;  spirit; 

alcohol. 
arbiter  elegantiarum.    [L.]    An 

umpire  in  matters  of  taste. 
argumentum       ad      hoinineni. 

[L.]      An    argument    deriving   its 

force    from    the    situation    of   the 

person  to  whom  it  is  addressed. 
argumentum  ad  ignorautiam. 

[L.]      An    argument   founded    on 

an  adversary's  ignorance  of  facts. 
arriere  pensee.    [Fr.]    A  mental 

reservation. 
au    coiitraire.       [Fr.]       On    the 

contrary. 

au  fait.  [Fr.]  Well  instructed. 
au  reste.  [Fr.]  As  for  the  rest. 
au  revoir.  [Fr.]  Adieu  until  we 

meet  again. 
auri    sacra    fames.      [L.]      The 

accursed  thirst  for  gold. 
aut    vincere    aut    mori.       [L.] 

Either  to  conquer  or  to  die. 
aux  ariiics.     [Fr.]     To  arms. 


bas-bleu.     [Fr.]     A  bluestocking. 

beau  monde.  [Fr.]  The  fash- 
ionable world. 

beaux  esprits.  [Fr.]  Gay  spir- 
its ;  men  of  wit. 

beaux  yeux.  [Fr.]  Handsome 
eyes ;  that  is,  attractive  looks. 

bel  esprit.  [Fr.]  A  brilliant 
mind. 

bete  noir.  [Fr.]  A  black  beast ; 
a  bugbear. 

billet  d'amour,  I  [Fr.]  A  love- 
billet  doux.  /  letter. 

bizarre.      fFr.]     Odd;  fantastic. 

blase.  [Fr.]  Pallid;  surfeited; 
rendered  incapable  of  continued 
enjoyment. 

bona  fide.     [L.]  In  good  faith. 

bon  gre  mal  gre.  [Fr.]  Will- 
ing or  unwilling. 

bou  jour.  [Fr.]  Good  day; 
good  morning. 

bon  soir.     [Fr.]     Good  evening. 

bonhomie.  [Fr.]  Good-natured 
simplicity. 

boulevard.  [Fr.]  A  public  walk 
or  street  occupying  the  site  of  de- 
molished fortifications. 

bouleversement.  [Fr.]  Over- 
turning :  subversion. 

bourgeois.  [Fr.]  A  man  of 
middle  rank  in  society. 

bourgeoisie.  [Fr.]  Middle 
classes  of  society  ;  traders. 


brochure.     [Fr.]     A  pamphlet. 
brusque.     [Fr.]     Rude ;  blunt. 


cacoethes.     [L.]     An  evil  habit. 

cacoetb.es  loquendi.  [L.]  A 
rage  for  speaking. 

cacoethes  scribendi.  [L.]  An 
itch  for  scribbling. 

csetera  desunt.  [L.]  The  re- 
mainder is  wanting. 

cacteris  paribus.  [L.]  Other 
things  being  equal. 

cafe.     [Fr.]     A  coffee-house. 

caleche.  [Fr.]  A  half-coach  or 
calash. 

canaille.     [Fr.]     The  rabble. 

cantatrice.  [It.]  A  female  pro- 
fessional singer. 

capias  ad  respondendum.  [L.] 
You  may  take  to  answer ;  a  writ 
for  taking  and  keeping  the  de- 
fendant to  answer  the  plaintiff 
in  the  action. 

capias  ad  satisf  aciendum. 
[L.]  You  may  take  to  satisfy;  a 
writ  for  taking  and  keeping  the 
party  named  until  he  gives  satis- 
faction to  the  party  by  whom  it  is 
issued. 

caput  mortuum.  [L.]  The 
worthless  remains. 

carpe  diem.  [L.]  Enjoy  the 
present  day. 

casus  belli.  [L.]  That  which 
involves  or  justifies  war. 

catalogue  raisonne.  [Fr.]  A 
catalogue  of  books  arranged  ac- 
cording to  their  subjects. 

caveat  emptor.  [L.]  Let  the 
buyer  beware. 

cedant  arma  togae.  [L.]  Let 
arms  yield  to  the  gown.  (The 
motto  of  Wyoming.) 

c'est  a  dire.  [Fr.]  That  is  to 
say. 

champs  Elysees.  [Fr.]  Ely- 
sian  Fields. 

chanson.     [Fr.]     A  scTng. 

chapeau  bas.     [Fr.l     Hats  off. 

chapeau  bras.  [Fr.]  A  mili- 
tary cocked  hat. 

charge  d'affaires.  [Fr.]  An 
inferior  diplomatic  representative 
at  a  foreign  court. 

charivari.  [Fr.]  A  mock  sere- 
nade of  discordant  music. 

chateaux  en  Espagne.  [Fr.] 
Castles  in  Spain,  the  land  of  ro- 
mance ;  castles  in  the  air. 

chef-d'oeuvre.  [Fr.]  A  master- 
piece. 


che 


921 


deu 


chere  amie.  [Fr.]  A  dear 
friend :  a  mistress. 

chevalier  d'industrie.  [Fr.] 
A  knight  of  industry ;  one  who 
lives  by  persevering  fraud. 

chronique  scandaleuse.  [Fr.] 
A  chronicle  of  vices  and  crimes. 

ci-devant.  [Fr.]  Formerly; 
former. 

circu,  or  circiter.      [L.]      About. 

citoyen.  [Fr.]  A  citizen;  a 
burgher. 

civilitas  successit  barbarum. 
[L.]  Civilization  succeeds  bar- 
barism. (The  motto  of  Minnesota 
when  a  territory.) 

coiffeur.     [Fr.]     A  hair-dresser. 

comme  il  faut.  [Fr.]  As  it 
should  be. 

compos  mentis.  [L.]  Of  a 
sound  mind. 

compte  rendu.  [Fr.]  Account 
rendered  ;  report. 

con  amore.  [It.]  With  love; 
earnestly. 

confrere.  [Fr.]  A  brother;  an 
associate. 

contretemps.  [Fr.]  An  awk- 
ward mishap  or  accident. 

conversazione.  [It.]  A  meet- 
ing of  company  for  conversation. 

coram  nobis.     [L.]     Before  us. 

coram  non  judice.  [L.]  Be- 
fore one  who  is  not  the  proper 
judge. 

cordon  sanitaire.  [Fr.]  A  line 
of  troops  to  prevent  the  spreading 
of  pestilence. 

corps  de  garde.  [Fr.]  A  body 
of  men  who  watch  in  a  guard- 
room; the  guard-room  itself. 

corps  de  garde  diplomatique. 
[Fr.]  A  diplomatic  body. 

corpus  delicti.  [L.]  The  sub- 
stance or  foundation  of  the  of- 
fense. 

corrigenda.  [Lr.]  Typograph- 
ical errors  to  be  corrected. 

couleur  de  rose.  [Fr.]  Rose 
color :  an  aspect  of  attractiveness. 

coti-p  d'etat.  [Fr.]  A  stroke  of 
policy  in  public  affairs. 

coup  de  grace.  [Fr.]  A  finish- 
in  Lr  stroke. 

coup  de  main.  [Fr.]  A  sudden 
enterprise  or  effort. 

coup  de  soleil.  [Fr.]  A  stroke 
of  the  sun. 

coute  qu'il  coute.  [Fr.]  Let 
it  cost  what  it  may. 

crescit  eundo.  [L.]  It  in- 
creases by  going.  (The  motto  of 
New  Mexico.) 


crescite,  et  multiplicamiiii. 
[L.]  Grow,  or  increase,  and 
multiply.  (The  motto  of  Mary- 
land.) 

crevasse.  [Fr.]  A  deep  crevice ; 
a  breach. 

crimen  falsi.  [L.]  Falsehood; 
perjury. 

crimen  laesse  majestatis.  [L.] 
High  treason. 

cui  bono?  [L.]  For  whose  bene- 
fit? Colloquially,  but  erroneously, 
of  what  use? 

cuisine.  [Fr.]  A  kitchen ;  cook- 
ery. 

cum  grano  sails.  [L.]  With 
a  grain  of  salt ;  with  some  allow- 
ance. 

cum  privilegio.  [L.]  With. 
privilege. 


dal  segno.  [It.]  Repeat  from 
the  sign. 

de  bonis  non.  [L.]  Of  the 
goods  not  yet  administered  on. 

de  facto.  [L.]  From  the  fact; 
really. 

de  gustibus  non  est  dispu- 
tandum.  [L.]  There  is  no  dis- 
puting about  tastes. 

de  jure.  [L.]  From  the  law; 
by  right. 

de  mortuis  nil  nisi  bonnm. 
[L.]  Say  nothing  but  good  of 
the  dead. 

de  nihilo  nihil  fit.  [L.]  Of 
nothing  nothing  is  made. 

de  novo.     [L.]     Anew. 

de  profnndis.  [L.]  Out  of  the 
depths. 

de  trop.  [Fr.]  Too  much,  or  too 
many ;  not  wanted. 

denors.  [Fr.]  Without ;  out  of  ; 
foreign  ;  irrelevant. 

Dei  gratia.  [L.]  By  the  grace 
of  God. 

demi-monde.  [Fr.]  Disrepu- 
table female  society ;  abandoned 
women. 

Deo  gratias.  [L.]  Thanks  to 
God. 

Deo  juvante.  [L.]  With  God's 
help. 

Deo  volente.     [L.]     God  willing. 

dernier  ressort.  [Fr.]  A  last 
resource. 

desnnt  caetera.  [L.]  The  re- 
mainder is  wanting. 

dens  ex  macnina.  [L.]  A 
god  from  the  machine ;  i.  e.,  from 
a  theatrical  contrivance  for  mak- 


die 


922 


est 


ing  gods  appear  in  the  air;  hence, 
an  unexpected  and  fortunate  oc- 
currence. 

dies  faustus.     [L.]     A  lucky  day. 

dies  infaustus.  [L.]  An  un- 
lucky day. 

dies  irae.     [L.]     Day  of  wrath. 

dies  11011.  [L.]  A  day  on  which 
judges  do  not  sit. 

Dicu  defend  le  droit.  [Fr.] 
God  defends  the  right. 

Dicu  et  mon  droit.  [Fr.]  God 
and  my  right. 

dirigo.  [L.]  I  direct  or  guide. 
(The  motto  of  Maine.) 

disjecta  membra.  [L.]  Scat- 
tered limbs  or  remains. 

distingue.  [Fr.]  Distinguished; 
eminent. 

distrait.  [Fr.]  Absent  in 
thought. 

divide  et  impera.  [L.]  Divide 
and  rule. 

d  o  1  c  e.  [It.]  Soft — used  in 
music. 

dolce  far  niente.  [It.]  Sweet 
doing-nothing ;  sweet  idleness. 

Domiiiits  vobiscum.  [L.]  The 
Lord  be  with  you. 

double  entente.  [Fr.]  Double 
meaning ;  a  play  on  words. 

douceur.  [Fr.]  Sweetness;  a 
bribe. 

dramatis  personac.  [L.]  Char- 
acters represented  in  a  drama. 

dulce  et  decorum  est  pro 
patria  mori.  [L.]  It  is  sweet 
and  honorable  to  die  for  one's 
country. 

dum  spiro,  spero.  Spes.  [L.] 
While  I  breathe,  I  hope.  Hope. 
(The  second  motto  of  South  Car- 
olina.) 

dum  vivimus,  vivamus.  [L.] 
While  we  live,  let  us  live. 

durante  vita.     [L.]     During  life. 


eau  de  vie.  [Fr.]  Water  of 
life ;  brandy. 

ecce  homo.  [L.]  Behold  the 
man ;  applies  specifically  to  any 
picture  representing  the  Saviour 
given  up  to  the  people  by  Pilate, 
and  wearing  the  crown  of  thorns. 

ecce  signum.  [L.]  Behold  the 
sicrn. 

e  pluribus  nnnm.  [L.]  One  out 
of  many ;  one  composed  of  many. 
(The  motto  of  the  United  States.) 

editio  princeps.  [L.]  The  first 
edition. 


egalite.   [Fr.]     Equality. 

eleve.  [Fr.]  A  pupil ;  a  foster 
child. 

elite.  [Fr.]  A  choice  or  select 
body  of  persons. 

eloge.      [Fr.]     A  funeral  oration. 

embonpoint.  [Fr.]  Plumpness; 
fleshiness. 

emeute.     [Fr.]     A  riot;  a  mob. 

employe  [F.]  One  who  is  em- 
ployed by  another ;  a  person  in 
service. 

en  arriere.     [Fr.]     In  the  rear. 

en  avant!     [Fr.]     Forward! 

en  deshabille.    [Fr.]    In  undress. 

en  famille.  [Fr.]  In  a  domestic 
state. 

en  fin.     [Fr.]  At  last ;  finally. 

en  passant.  [Fr.]  In  passing; 
by  the  way. 

en  plein  jour.  [Fr.]  In  broad 
day. 

en  rapport.  [Fr.]  In  a  condi- 
tion or  relation  of  sympathy. 

en  regie.  [Fr.]  In  order;  ac- 
cording to  rules. 

en  route.     [Fr.]     On  the  way. 

en  suite.     [Fr.]     In  company. 

enciente.     [Fr.]      Pregnant. 

enfans  perdus.  [Fr.]  Lost 
children  ;  a  forlorn  hope. 

enfant  gate.  [Fr.]  A  spoiled 
child. 

ennui.  [Fr.]  A  feeling  of  weari- 
ness and  disgust ;  tedium. 

ensemble.      [Fr.]     The  whole. 

ense  petit  placidam  sub  liber- 
tat  e  quiet  em.  [L.]  With  the 
sword  she  seeks  quiet  peace  under 
liberty.  (The  motto  of  Massa- 
chusetts.) 

entente  cordiale.  [Fr.]  Evi- 
dences of  good  will  and  justice 
toward  each  other,  exchanged  by 
the  chief  persons  of  two  states. 

entourage.  [Fr.]  Surround- 
ings ;  adjuncts. 

entree.  [Fr.]  Entry;  first  course 
at  table. 

entre  nous.  [Fr.]  Between  our- 
selves. 

entrepot.  [Fr.]  A  bonded  ware- 
house ;  a  free  port. 

ergo.     [L.]     Therefore. 

esprit  de  corps.  [Fr.]  The 
animating  spirit  of  a  collective 
body. 

esprit  des  loin.  [Fr.]  Spirit  of 
the  laws. 

esto  perpetua.  [L.]  Let  it  be 
perpetual. 


eat 


923 


hie 


est     modus     in     rebus.        [L.] 

There  is  a  medium  in  all  things. 
et  cum  spiritu  tuo.      [L.]     And 

with  thy  spirit. 
et  id   genus   omne.      [L.]      And 

every  thing  of  the  sort. 
et    tu    Brute!       [L.]      And    thou 

also.  Brutus ! 
eureka.      [Gr.]      I  have  found  it. 

(The  motto  of  California.) 
ex  animo.  [L.]  Heartily. 
ex  cathedra.  [L.]  From  the 

bench  :  with  high  authority. 
ex  officio.  [L.]  By  virtue  of  his 

office. 

ex  parte.     [L.]     On  one  side  only. 
ex   pede   Herculem.      [L.]      We 

recognize  a  Hercules  from  the  size 

of  the  foot ;   that  is.  we  judge  of 

the  whole  from  the  specimen. 
ex  post  facto.      [L.]      After  the 

deed  is  done. 

ex  tempore.     [L.]     Without  pre- 
meditation. 
ex     uno     disce     o  nines.        [L.] 

From  one  learn  all. 
excelsior.       [L.]       Higher;    more 

elevated.       (The    motto    of    New 

York.) 

excerpta.  [L.]     Extracts. 
exempli   gratia.      [L.]      By  way 

of  example. 

exeunt.     [L.]     They  go  out. 
exeunt  omnes.     [L.]     All  go  out. 
experimentum      crncis.         [  I..  ] 

The   experiment   of   the   cross ;    a 

decisive  experiment. 
expose.     [Fr.]     An  exposition. 


facile  princeps.     [L.]     Evidently 

preeminent ;  the  admitted  chief. 
fait   accompli.      [Fr.]      A   thing 

already  done. 

faubourg.     fFr.]     A  suburb. 
fautenil.     [Fr.]     An  easy  chair. 
faux  pas.     [Fr.]     A  false  step. 
felo  de  se.     [Fr.]     A  suicide. 
femme      couverte;        [Fr.]        A 

married  woman. 
femme    de    chambre.    [Fr.]      A 

chambermaid. 
ferae  naturae.      [L.]      Of  a   wild 

nature. 
festina     lente.        [L.]        Hasten 

slowly. 
fete  champetre.     [Fr.]     A  rural 

festival, 
feu     de    joie.       [Fr.]       A    firing 

of  guns  \u  token  of  joy  ;  a  bonfire. 
feuilleton.      [Fr.]      Bottom   part 

of  a  French  newspaper,  separated 


by  a  line  from  the  rest,  and  de- 
voted to  light  literature,  criti- 
cism, etc. 

fiacre.     [Fr.]     A  hack. 
fiat  justitia,  mat  ccelum.    [L.] 

Let    justice    be   done    though    the 

heavens  fall. 
fiat    lux.       [L.]       Let    there    be 

light. 
fidei    defensor.      [L.]      Defender 

of  the  faith. 
fides  Punica.     [L.]     Punic  faith  ; 

treachery. 
fidns    Achates.       [L.]       Faithful 

Achates  ;  i.  e.,  a  true  friend. 
filing    nullius.      [L.]      A   son   of 

nobody. 
filius    populi.       [L.]      A    son    of 

the  people. 
filius  terrae.      [L.]      One  of  low 

birth. 
fille     de     chambre.       [Fr.]       A 

chambermaid. 

fille  de  joie.     [Fr.]     A  prostitute. 
flagrante    bello.       [L.]      During 

hostilities. 
flagrante  delicto.     [L.]     In  the 

commission  of  the  crime. 
fortiter     in     re.        [L.]        With 

firmness  in  acting. 
franco.     [It.]     Post  free. 
friseur.     [Fr.]     A  hair-dresser. 
fuit  Ilium.     [L.]     Troy  has  been. 
fusillade.     [Fr.]   A    simultaneous 

discharge  of  fire-arms. 

G 

gallice.     [L.]     In  French. 

garcon.  [Fr.]  A  boy,  or  a 
waiter. 

garde  dn  corps.  [Fr.]  A  body 
guard. 

genius  loci.  [L.]  The  genius  of 
the  place. 

gens  d'armes.  [Fr.]  Armed  po- 
lice. 

glebae  ascriptns.  [L.]  A  serv- 
ant belonging  to  the  soil. 

Gloria  in  Excelsis.  [L.]  Glory 
to  God  in  the  highest. 

Gloria  Patri.  [L.]  Glory  be  to 
the  Father. 


haute     nonveaute.        [Fr.]        A 

great  novelty. 
haut  gout.      [Fr.]      High  flavor; 

fine  or  elegant  taste. 
hie  et  ubique.      [L.]      Here  and 

everywhere. 
hie  jacet.     [L.]     Here  lies. 


hie 


924 


Jeu 


hie  labor,  hoc  opus  est.      [L.] 

This  is  labor,  this  is  work. 

hoc  age.     [L.]     Do  this. 

hoc  temper e.    [L.]    At  this  time. 

honi  soit  qni  mal  y  pense. 
[Fr.]  Shame  on  him  who  evil 
thinks. 

hora  e  sempre.  [It.]  It  is  al- 
ways time. 

hors  de  combat.  [Fr.]  Out  of 
condition  to  fight. 

human  urn  est  errare.  [L.]  To 
err  is  human. 


ich  dieii.     [Ger.]     I  serve. 

id  est.     [L.]     That  is. 

id  genus  omne.  [L.]  All  of 
that  sort. 

ignotnm  per  ignotins.  [L.] 
That  which  is  unknown  by  some- 
thing still  more  unknown. 

imperium  in  imperio.  [L.] 
A  government  within  a  govern- 
ment. 

imprimatur.  [L.]  Let  it  be 
printed ;  a  license  to  print  a  book, 
etc. 

improwisatore.  [It.]  An  im- 
promptu poet. 

improwisatrice.  [It.]  An  im- 
promptu poetess. 

in  seternum.     [L.]     Forever. 

in  articnlo  mortis.  [L.]  At 
the  point  of  death ;  in  the  last 
struggle. 

in  commendam.     [L.]     In  trust. 

in  curia.     [L.]     In  the  court. 

in  equilibrio.  [L.]  In  equilib- 
rium. 

in  esse.     [L.]     In  being. 

in  extremis.  [L.]  At  the  point 
of  death. 

in  flap;  r  ante  delicto.  [L.] 
Taken  in  the  fact. 

in  forma  pauperis.  [L.]  As  a 
poor  man. 

in  future.  [L.]  In  future; 
henceforth. 

in  hoc  signo  vinces.  [L.]  In 
this  sign,  or  under  this  standard, 
thou  shalt  conquer. 

in  limine.  [L.]  At  the  thresh- 
old. 

in  loco  parentis.  [L.]  In  the 
place  of  a  parent. 

in  medias  res.  [L.]  Into  the 
midst  of  things,  or  affairs. 

in  memoriam.  [L.]  In  mem- 
ory. 

in  nnbibns.     [L.]   In  the    clouds. 

in  pcrpetuum.      [L.]      Forever. 


in  posse.  [L.]  In  possible  ex- 
istence. 

in  propria  persona.  [L.]  In 
person. 

in  p  u  r  i  s  naturalibns.  [L.] 
Quite  naked. 

in  re.     [L.]     In  the  matter  of. 

in  rem.     [L.]     Against  the  thing. 

in  ssecula  saeculorum.  [L.]  For 
ages  on  ages. 

in  situ.  [L.]  In  its  original 
situation. 

in  statu  quo.  [L.]  In  the  for- 
mer state. 

in  terrorem.  [L.]  As  a  warn- 
ing. 

in  toto.  [L.]  In  the  whole;  en- 
tirely. 

in  totidem  verbis.  [L.]  In  so 
many  words. 

in  transitu.  [L.]  On  the  pas- 
sage. 

in  ntrumque  paratus.  [L.] 
Prepared  for  either  event. 

in  vacuo.     [L.]     In  empty  space. 

in  verba  magistri  jurare.  [L.] 
To  swear  to,  or  by,  the  words  of 
another ;  to  adopt  opinions  on  the 
authority  of  another. 

in  vino  veritas.  [L.]  There  is 
truth  in  wine. 

infanta.  [Sp.]  A  princess  of 
the  blood  royal  in  Spain  and 
Portugal. 

infante.  [Sp.]  Any  son  of  the 
king,  except  the  eldest,  or  heir 
apparent. 

insouciance.  [Fr.]  Indiffer- 
ence ;  carelessness. 

inter  alia.  [L.]  Among  other 
things. 

inter  nos.  [L.]  Between  our- 
selves. 

ipse  dixit.  [L.]  He  himself 
said  it. 

ipsissima  verba.  [L.]  The 
very  words. 

ipso  facto.  [L.]  In  the  fact  it- 
self. 

ipso  jure.  [L.]  By  the  law  it- 
self. 


jacta  est  alea.  [L.]  The  die  is 
cast. 

je  ne  sais  quoi.  [Fr.]  I  know 
not  what. 

jeu  de  mots.  [Fr.]  A  play  on 
words ;  a  pun. 

jeu  d'csprit.  [Fr.]  A  witti- 
cism. 


Jup 


925 


Jupiter  tonans.  [L.]  Jupiter 
the  thunderer. 

jure  divino.  [L.]  By  divine 
law. 

jus  civile.     [L.]     Civil  law. 

jus  divinum.     [L.]     Divine  law. 

jus  et  norma  loqnendi.  [L.] 
The  law  and  rule  of  speech. 

jus  gentium.  [L.]  Law  of  na- 
tions. 

juste  milieu.  [Fr.]  The  golden 
mean. 

jnstitia  omnibus.  [L.]  Justice 
to  all.  (The  motto  of  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.) 


labor      ipse      voluptas.        [L.] 

Labor  itself  is  pleasure. 

labor  omnia  vincit.  [L.] 
Labor  conquers  everything. 

laissez  faire.      [Fr.]     Let  alone. 

Lapsus  linguae.  [L.]  A  slip  of 
the  tongue. 

laus  Deo.     [L.]     Praise  to  God. 

le  beau  monde.  [Fr.]  The  fash- 
ionable world. 

le  roi  et  1'etat.  [Fr.]  King  and 
state. 

le  roi  le  veut.  [Fr.]  The  king 
wills  it. 

le  roi  s'ayisera.  [Fr.]  The  king 
will  consider  or  deliberate. 

lese  majeste.  [F.]  High  trea- 
son. 

1'etoile  du  nord.  [Fr.]  the  star 
of  the  north.  (The  motto  of 
Minnesota.) 

lettre  de  cachet.  [Fr.]  A 
sealed  letter ;  a  royal  warrant. 

lettre  de  marque.  [Fr.]  A  let- 
ter of  marque  or  of  reprisal. 

lex  loci.  [L.]  The  law  of  the 
place. 

lex  non  scripta.  [L.]  The 
common  law. 

lex  scripta.     [L.]     Statute  law. 

lex  talionis.  [L.]  The  law  of 
retaliation. 

I'homme  propose,  et  Dieu  dis- 
pose. [Fr.]  Man  proposes, 
and  God  disposes. 

liaison.  fFr.]  An  alliance;  an 
illicit  connection. 

lite  pendente.  [L.]  During 
trial. 

litera  scripta  manet.  [L.] 
The  written  letter  remains. 

loco  citato.  [L.]  In  the  place 
rited. 

locum  tenens.  [L.]  A  deputy 
or  substitute ;  a  proxy. 


locus  in  quo.  [L.]  The  place  in 
which. 

lucidus  ordo.  [L.]  A  clear  ar- 
rangement. 

Incus  a  non  lucendo.  [L.]  A 
jeu  d'esprit  in  etymology,  which, 
assuming  that  lucus.  a  dark  wood 
or  grove,  is  derived  from  the  verb 
lucere,  to  shine,  supposes  it  must 
be  a  non  lucendo,  from  its  not 
being  light. 

lusns  naturae.  [L.]  A  sport  or 
freak  of  nature. 

M 

macte    virtute.       [L.]      Proceed 

in  virtue. 

ma  fois.     [Fr.]     Upon  my  faith. 
magna  est  veritas,  et  prevale- 

bit.     [L.]     Truth  is  mighty,  and 

it  will  prevail. 
magnum    opus.      [L.]      A    great 

work. 
magnus    Apollo.       [L.]       Great 

Apollo  ;  one  of  high  authority. 
maison    de    ville.       [Fr.]    *  The 

town-house. 

niaitre  d'hotel.  [Fr.]  A  house- 
steward. 

mal  a  propos.     [Fr.]     Ill-timed. 
malgre  nous.     [Fr.]     In  spite  of 

us. 

malum  in  se.     [L.]     Bad  in  it- 
self. 
mare   clausum.      [L.]      A  closed 

sea :  a  bay. 
materiel.       [Fr.]       Materials    or 

instruments     employed      (opposed 

to  personnel ) . 
mauvais      gout.         [Fr.]         Bad 

taste. 
mauvais     honte.        [Fr.]     False 

modesty. 
mega     biblion,     mega     kakon. 

[Gr.]    A    great    book    is    a    great 

evil. 

me  judice.     [L.]     I  being  judge. 
melange.      [Fr.]      A  medley. 
melee.        [FrJ      A     hand-to-hand 

fight ;  a  riot. 

memento   mori.      [L.]      Remem- 
ber dent)?. 
memorabilia.      [L.]      Things    to 

be  remembered. 
mens    sana    in    corpore    sano. 

[L.]      A  sound   mind   in  a   sound" 

body. 
mens  sibi  conscia  recti.      [L.] 

A  mind  conscious  of  rectitude. 
messalliance.      [Fr.]      Improper 

association  :  marriage  with  one  of 

lower  station. 


men 


926 


ore 


jiicuiu  et  tuum.  [L.]  Mine  and 
thine. 

xnirabile  dictu.  [L.]  Wonder- 
ful to  be  told. 

mise  en  scene.  [Fr.]  The  put- 
tin.?  in  preparation  for  the  stage. 

mittimus.  [L.]  We  send;  a 
writ  to  commit  an  offender  to 
prison. 

modus  operand!.  [L.]  Manner 
of  operation. 

montani  semper  liberi.  [L.] 
Mountaineers  are  always  free- 

-  men.  (The  motto  of  West  Vir- 
ginia.) 

mul turn  in  parvo.  [L.]  Much 
in  little. 

mutatis  mutandis.  [L.]  The 
necessary  changes  being  made. 

niutato  nomine.  [L.]  The 
name  being  changed. 

N 

naive.  [Fr.]  Having  native  or 
unaffected  simplicity. 

naivete.  [Fr.]  Native  sim- 
plicity. 

ne  plus  ultra.  [L.]  Nothing 
further. 

ne  quid  nimis.  [L.]  Not  any 
thing  too  much  or  too  far. 

nee.  [Fr.]  Born;  as,  Madame 
de  Stael,  nee  (that  is,  whose 
maiden  name  was)  Necker. 

negligee.  [Fr.]  An  easy,  un- 
ceremonious attire ;  undress. 

nemo  me  impune  lacessit.  [L.] 
No  one  wounds  me  with  im- 
punity. (The  motto  of  Scot- 
land.) 

nil  admirari.  [L.]  To  wonder 
at  nothing. 

nil  conscire  sibi.  [L.]  To  be 
conscious  of  no  fault. 

nil  desperandum.  [L.]  Never 
despair. 

nil  sine  numine.  [L.]  Nothing 
without  God.  (The  motto  of  Col- 
orado.) 

n'importe.  [Fr.]  It  matters 
not. 

noblesse  oblige.  [Fr.]  Rank 
imposes  obligation ;  much  is 
rightly  expected  of  one  of  high 
birth  or  station. 

nolens  volens.  [L.]  Whether 
he  will  or  not. 

noli  me  tangere.  [L.]  Don't 
touch  me. 

nolle  prosequi.  [L.]  To  be  un- 
willing to  proceed. 

nom  de  plume.  [Fr.]  A  pen 
name ;  an  assumed  title. 


nom  de  guerre.  [Fr.]  A  war 
name ;  a  traveling  title ;  a  pseu- 
donym. 

non  compos  mentis.  [L.]  Not 
in  sound  mind. 

non  constat.  [L.]  It  does  not 
appear. 

non  est  inventus.  [L.]  He 
has  not  been  found. 

non  liquet.    [L.]     It  is  not  clear. 

non  obstante.  [L.]  Notwith- 
standing. 

non  omnia  possumus  omnes. 
[L.]  We  can  not,  all  of  us,  do 
all  things. 

non  omnis  moriar.  [L.]  I 
shall  not  wholly  die. 

non  scquitur.  [L.]  It  does  not 
follow ;  an  unwarranted  conclu- 
sion. 

non  mi  ricordo.  [It.]  I  don't 
remember. 

nota  bene.     [L.]      Mark  well. 

n'oubliez  pas.  [Fr.]  Don't  for- 
get. 

nous  verrons.  [Fr.]  We  shall 
see. 

novus  homo.     [L.]     A  new  man. 

nuance.  [Fr.]  Shade;  grada- 
tion ;  tint. 

nunc  aut  nunqnam.  [L.]  Now 
or  never. 


obiit.     [L.]     He,  or  she,  died. 
obiter    dictum.      [L.]      A   thing 

said  by  the  way,  or  in  passing. 
obsta   principiis.      [L.]      Resist 

the  first  beginnings. 
odium  theologicum.     [L.]    The 

hatred  of  theologians. 
ceil    de    boeuf.       [Fr.]      A    bull's 

eye. 
ohe!  jam   satis.      [L.]      O,   now 

there  is  enough. 
omnia  vincit  amor.     [L.]    Love 

conquers  all  things. 
omnia  vincit  labor.    [L.]    Labor 

overcomes  all  things. 
on  dit.      [Fr.]     They  say;  flying 

rumor. 

onus  probandi.      [L.]     The  bur- 
den of  proving. 
ora   e  sempre.      [It.]      Now  and 

always. 

ora  pro  nobis.  [L.]     Pray  for  us. 
orator     fit,      poeta      nascitur. 

[L.]     The  orator  is  made,  but  the 

poet  is  born. 
ore  rotundo.     [L.]     With  round, 

full  voice. 
ore  tenus.      [L.]     As  far  as  the 

mouth. 


ora 


927 


pro 


oro  y  platu.  [Sp.]  Gold  and 
silver.  (The  motto  of  Montana.) 

O!  si  sic  omnia.  [L.]  O  that 
he  had  always  done  or  spoken 
thus. 

O  temporal  O  mores!  [L.]  O 
the  times  !  O  the  manners  ! 

otinm  cum  dignitate.  [L.I 
Ease  with  dignity ;  dignified  lei- 
sure. 

oubliette.  [Fr.]  Dungeon  of  a 
castle. 

oui  dire.     [Fr.]     Hearsay. 

outre.  [Fr.]  Out  of  the  com- 
mon course :  extravagant. 

ouvrier.  [Fr.]  A  workman;  an 
artisan. 


par  exemple.  [Fr.]  For  ex- 
ample. 

par  excellence.  [Fr.]  By  way 
of  eminence. 

pari  passu.  [L.]  "With  equal 
pace. 

par  110 bile  fratrnm.  [L.]  A 
noble  pair  of  brothers ;  two  just 
alike. 

parole  d'honneur.  [Fr.]  Word 
of  honor. 

particeps  criminis.  [L.]  An 
accomplice. 

parvenu.  [Fr.]  An  upstart; 
one  newly  risen  into  notice. 

pas  a  pas.     [Fr.]     Step  by  step. 

passe.  [Fr.]  Past;  out  of  use; 
faded  ;  worn  out. 

passe-partout.  [Fr.]  A  mas- 
ter-koy. 

pate  de  f  oie  gras.  [Fr.]  Goose- 
liver  pie. 

paterfamilias.  [L.]  The  father 
of  a  family. 

pater  noster.  [L.]  Our  Father ; 
the  Lord's  Prayer. 

pater  patriae.  [L.]  Father  of 
his  country. 

patois.  [Fr.]  Dialect  of  the 
lower  clas 

patres  conscript!.  [L.]  *  Con- 
script fathers ;  the  Roman  sen- 
ators. 

peccavi.     [L.]     I  have  sinned. 

peine  forte  et  dure.  [Fr.] 
Strong  and  severe  punishment. 

penchant.  [Fr.]  Inclination; 
liking. 

pendente  lite.  [L.]  Pending 
the  suit. 

pensee.     [Fr.]     Thought. 

per  annum.      [L.]     By  the  year. 

per  capita.     [L.]     By  the  head. 


per  centum.  [L.]  By  the  hun- 
dred. 

per  contra.      [L.]     Contrariwise. 

per  diem.     [L.]     By  the  day. 

per  se.  [L.]  By  itself  consid- 
ered. 

perdu.     [Fr.]     Lost. 

personnel.  [Fr.]  Body  of  per- 
sons employed  in  some  public 
service. 

petit  maitre.  [Fr.]  A  dandy ; 
a  coxcomb. 

petitio  principii.  [L.]  A  beg- 
ging of  the  question. 

peu-a-peu.  [Fr.]  Little  by  lit- 
tle. 

peu  de  chose.     [Fr.]     A  trifle. 

piece  de  resistance.  [Fr.]  A 
solid  joint. 

pirouette.  [Fr.]  A  whirl  on, 
the  toes,  as  in  dancing. 

pis  aller.     [Fr.]     The  last  shift. 

piu.     [It.]     More. 

plenp  jure.  [L.]  With  full  au- 
thority. 

plexus.      [L.]     A  net-work;  web. 

poco  a  poco.  [It.]  Little  by  lit- 
tle. 

poeta  nascitnr,  non  fit.  [L.] 
The  poet  is  born,  not  made. 

point  d'appui.  [Fr.]  Point  of 
support :  prop. 

pons  asinorum.  [L.]  Bridge  of 
asses. 

postmortem.     [L.]     After  death. 

post  obitum.     [L.]    After  death. 

pot-pourri.  [Fr.]  A  hotch- 
potch ;  a  medley. 

preux  chevalier.  [Fr.]  A  brave 
knight. 

prima  facie.  [L.]  On  the  first 
view. 

primus  inter  pares.  [L.]  Chief 
among  equals. 

principia,  non  homines.  [L.] 
Principles,  not  men. 

principiis  obsta.  [L.]  Resist 
the  first  beginnings. 

pro  aris  et  focis.  [L.]  For  our 
altars  and  firesides. 

pro  bono  publico.  [L.]  For 
the  public  good. 

pro  et  con.  [L.]  For  and 
against. 

pro  forma.  [L.]  For  the  sake 
of  form. 

pro  rata.     [L.]     In  proportion. 

pro  tanto.     [L.]     For  so  much. 

pro  tempore.  [L.]  For  the 
time. 

proces  verbal.  [Fr.]  A  writ- 
ten statement. 


pro 


928 


profaiiuin    vulgus.       [L.]       The 

profane  vulgar. 

proh  pndor.  [L.]  O.  for 
shame. 

propria  quae  maribus.  [L.] 
Those  things  which  are  appropri- 
ate or  peculiar  to  males  or  men, 
or  to  husbands. 

punica  fides.  [L.]  Punic  faith  ; 
treachery. 


qua.  [L.]  So  far  as  ; 'in  so  far 
as. 

quantum  libet.  [L.]  As  much 
as  you  please. 

quantum  meruit.  [L.]  As 
much  as  he  deserved. 

quantum  suificit.  [L.]  A  suffi- 
cient quantity. 

quantum  via.  [L.]  As  much 
as  you  will. 

quasi.     [L.]     As  if ;  in  a  manner. 

quelque  chose.  [Fr.]  A  trifle; 
something ;  anything. 

quid  pro  quo.  [L.]  One  thing 
for  another ;  an  equivalent. 

quid  rides?  [L.]  Why  do  you 
laugh  ? 

qui  transtulit,  sustinet.  [L.] 
He  who  transplanted,  still  sus- 
tains. (The  motto  of  Connecti- 
cut.) 

<iui  vive?  [Fr.]  Who  goes  there? 
— hence,  on  the  qui  vive,  on  the 
alert. 

quoad  hoc.  [L.]  To  this  ex- 
tent. 

quo  animo?  [L.]  With  what 
mind  or  intention? 

quo  jure?     [L.]     By  what  right? 

quod  erat  demonstrandum. 
[L.]  Which  was  to  be  demon- 
strated. 

quod  vide.     [L.]     Which  see. 

qnos  Deus  vult  perdere,  prius 
dementat.  [L.]  Those  whom 
God  wishes  to  destroy,  he  first 
makes  mad. 


rara  avis.     [L.]     A  rare  bird. 

recueil.      [Fr.]      Collection. 

reductio  ad  absurdum.  [L.] 
A  reducing  a  position  to  an  ab- 
surdity. 

regnant  populi.  [L.]  The 
people  rule.  (The  motto  of 
Arkansas.)  [Properly,  regnat 
populus.] 

re  infecta.  [L.]  The  business 
being  unfinished. 


religio  loci.  [L.]  The  religious 
spirit  of  the  place. 

renommee.  [Fr.]  Renown; 
fame. 

requiescat  in  pace.  [L.]  May 
he  rest  in  peace. 

res  angusta  domi.  [L.]  Nar- 
row circumstances  at  home ;  pov- 
erty. 

respice  finem.  [L.]  Look  to 
the  end. 

resume.  [Fr.]  A  summing  up; 
recapitulation. 

resurgam.  [L.]  I  shall  rise 
again. 

revenons  a  nos  moutons.  [Fr.] 
Let  us  return  to  our  sheep :  let 
us  return  to  our  subject. 

rifacimento.  [It.]  Renewal; 
re-establishment. 

robe  de  chambre.  [Fr.]  A 
dressing-gown  or  morning-gown. 

rouleau.     [Fr.]     A  little  roll. 

rudis  indigestaque  moles.  [L.] 
A  rude  and  undigested  mass. 

ruse  de  guerre.  [Fr.]  A  strat- 
agem of  war. 

rus  in  urbe.  [L.]  The  country 
in  town. 

S 

salle.     [Fr.]     A  hall. 

salon.  [Fr.]  An  apartment  for 
company  ;  a  fashionable  party  ;  or 
fashionable  society. 

salus  populi  suprema  est  lex. 
[L.]  The  welfare  of  the  people 
is  the  supreme  law.  (The  motto 
of  Missouri.) 

salve.  [L.]  Hail!  (The  motto 
of  Idaho.) 

sanctum  sanctorum.  [L.]  Holy 
of  holies. 

sans  ceremonie.  [Fr.]  With- 
out ceremony. 

sans  peur  et  sans  reproche. 
[Fr.]  Without  fear  and  without 
reproach. 

sartor  resartus.  [L.]  The 
cobbler  mended. 

sauve  qui  pent.  [Fr.]  Save 
himself  who  can. 

savoir  faire.      [Fr.]      Ability. 

savoir  vivre.  [Fr.]  Good  breed- 
ing. 

scandalum  magnatum.  [L.] 
Defamatory  speech  or  writing  to 
the  injury  of  persons  of  dignity. 

scire  facias.  [L.]  Cause  it  to 
be  known. 

seance.  [Fr.]  A  sitting  or  ses- 
sion. 


sec 


929 


tou 


secundum  artem.  [L.]  Accord- 
ing to  rule. 

secundum  natnram.  [L.]  Ac- 
cording to  the  course  of  nature. 

secundum  ordinem.  [L.]  In 
order. 

semper  felix.  [L.]  Always 
fortunate. 

semper  fidelis.  [L.]  Always 
faithful. 

semper  idem.  [L.]  Always  the 
same. 

semper  paratus.  [L.]  Always 
ready. 

senatus  con  suit  um.  [L.]  A 
decree  of  the  senate. 

se  non  e  vero,  e  ben  trovato. 
[It.]  If  not  true,  it  is  well 
feigned. 

sesquipedalia  verb  a. 
[L.]  Words  a  foot  and  a  half 
long. 

sic  itur  ad  astra.  [L.]  Such 
is  the  way  to  immortality. 

sic  passim.  [L.]  So  every- 
where. 

sic  semper  tyrannis.  [L.] 
Ever  so  to  tyrants.  (The  motto 
of  Virginia.) 

sic  transit  gloria  mnndi.  [L.] 
So  passes  away  earthly  glory. 

sic  vos  non  vobis.  [L.]  Thus 
you  do  not  labor  for  yourselves. 

sicut  ante.      [L.]      As  before. 

similia  similibus  curantur. 
[L.]  Like  things  are  cured  by 
like. 

simplex  munditiis.  [L.]  Of 
simple  elegance. 

sine  cura.  [L.]  Without  charge 
or  care. 

sine  die.  [L.]  Without  a  day 
appointed. 

sine  qua  non.  [L.]  An  indis- 
pcnsablo  condition. 

si  qureris  peninsulam  aniac- 
nam,  circumspice.  [L.]  If 
thou  sr-ekost  a  beautiful  penin- 
sula, behold  it  here.  (The  motto 
<>f  Michigan.) 

sit  tibi  terra  levis.  [L.I  May 
the  earth  lie  lightly  upon  thee. 

sitat  dens.  [L.]  Founded  by 
<Iod.  (The  motto  of  Arizona.) 

spubrette.  [Fr.j  An  intrigu- 
ing woman. 

stat  magni  nominis  umbra. 
[L.]  He  stands  the  shadow  of  a 
mighty  name. 

statn  quo  ante  bellum.  [L.] 
In  the  state  which  was  before  the 
war. 


status  quo.      [L.]     The  state  in 

which. 

stet.     [L.]     Let  it  stand. 
snaviter   in  modo,  fortiter  in 

re.       [L.]       Gentle    in    manners, 

but  resolute  in  deed. 
sub    judice.      [L.]      Under   con' 

sideration. 
sub  rosa.     [L.]     Under  the  rose; 

privately. 
sui   generis.      [L.]      Of   its  own 

kind. 
sui    juris.      [L.]      In   one's   own 

right. 
summum     bonum.       [L.]       The 

chief  good. 
suo    Marte.      [L.]      By   his   own 

strengtu. 
suum    cuique.      [L.]      Let    each 

have  his  own. 


tabula  rasa.     [L.]     A  smooth  or 

blank  tablet. 
tant    pis.      [Fr.]      So   much    the 

worse. 
tapis.     [Fr.]     A  carpet;  also,  the 

cover   of    a    council-table ;    hence, 

to  be  on  the  tapis  is  to  be  under 

consideration. 
tempora      mntantnr,      et      nos 

mutaniur   in   illis.      [L.]      The 

times    are    changed,    and    we   are 

changed  with  them. 
tempus      edax      rernm.         [L.] 

Time  the  devourer  of  all  things. 
tempus  fugit.      [L.]     Time  flies. 
terrse  filius.     [L.]      A  son  of  the 

earth  ;  that  is,  a  human  being. 
terra  firma.     [L.]      Solid  earth ; 

a  safe  footing. 

terra  incognita.      [L.]      An  un- 
known country. 
tertinm    quid.       [L.]       A    third 

something ;  a  nondescript. 
tiers-etat.      [Fr.]      The  third  es- 
tate; commons  or  commonalty. 
to  kalon.     [Gr.]     The  beautiful ; 

the  chief  good. 
to    prepon.      [Gr.]      The   proper 

or  becoming. 
totidem   verbis.      [L.]      In  just 

so  many  words. 
toties   quoties.      [L.]      As  often 

as. 
toto   coelo.      [L.]      By  the  whole 

heavens ;   diametrically   opposite. 
tout-a-fait.      [Fr.l    'Entirely. 
tout   au   contraire.      [Fr.]      On 

the  contrary. 
tout      ensemble.        [Fr.]        The 

whole  taken  together. 


ubi 


930 


zol 


U 

ubi   supra.      [L.]      Where  above 

mentioned. 
ultima,  ratio  regum.      [L.]    The 

last  argument  of  kings ;  war. 
ultima     thnle.        [L.]        Utmost 

limit. 

nna  voce.     [L.]     With  one  voice. 
uno     auimo.       [L.]       With     one 

mind ;   unanimously. 
usque    ad    aras.       [L.]      To    the 

very  altars. 
usque    ad    nauseam.      [L.]      To 

disgust. 
utile    dulci.       [L.]       The    useful 

with  the  pleasant. 
ut  infra.      [L.]     As  below,    i 
ut  supra.     [L.]     As  above  stated. 
uti    possidetis.       [L.]       As    you 

possess ;     state    of    present    pos- 
session. 


vatic  mecum.  [L.]  Go  with 
me ;  a  constant  companion. 

vse  victis.  [L.]  Woe  to  the 
vanquished. 

vale.     [L.]     Farewell. 

valet  clc  chambre.  [Fr.]  An 
attendant ;  a  footman. 

variorum  notae.  [L.]  The 
notes  of  various  authors. 

veni,  vidi,  vici.  [L.]  I  came, 
I  saw,  I  conquered. 

verbatim  et  literatim.  [L.] 
Word  for  word  and  letter  for  let- 
ter. 

verbum  sat  sapienti.  [L.]  A 
word  is  enough  for  a  wise  man. 

vcxata  qusestio.  [L.]  A  dis- 
puted question. 

via.      [L.]     By  the  way  of. 

via  media.  [L.]  A  middle 
course. 

vice.      [L.]      In  the  place  of. 

vice  versa.  [L.]  The  terms  be- 
ing exchanged. 


vide  ut  supra.     [L.]     See  what 

is  stated  above. 
vi  et  armis.     [L.]     By  force  and 

arms ;  by  main  force. 
vincit  amor  patriac.     [L.]    Love 

of  country  prevails. 
viucit      omixia     veritas.        [L.} 

Truth  conquers  all  things. 
vinculum     matrimonii.        [L.] 

The  bond  of  marriage. 
vis   a  vis.      [F.]      Opposite;   fac- 
ing. 
vis  a  tergo.      [L.]      A  propelling 

force  from  behind. 
vis    inertise.       [L.]      The    power 

of  inertia  ;    resistance. 
vis    vitse.       [L.]       The    vigor    of 

life. 
vitam    impendere    vero.       [L.] 

To  stake  one's  life  for  the  truth. 
vivat   regina.      [L.]      Long,  live 

the  queen. 
vivat   rex.      [L.]      Long  live   the 

king. 
viva  voce.      [L.]      Bv  the  living 

voice ;  by  oral  testimony. 
vive  la  republique!    [Fr.]    Long 

live  the  republic. 

vive  la  bagatelle!      [Fr.]      Sue- 
cess  to  trifling. 
vive  le  roi!     [Fr.]    Long  live  the 

king. 

voila.      [Fr.]      Behold ;  there  is. 
vox,    et    praeterea    nihil.      [L.] 

A  voice,  and  nothing  more. 
vox  populi,  vox  Dei.     [L.]    The 

voice  of  the  people  is  the  voice  of 

God. 

vraisemblance.     [Fr.]     Appear- 
ance of  truth. 


zonam  solvere.  [L.]  To  loose 
the  virgin  zone. 

zollverein.  [Ger.]  A  union 
among  the  German  states  for  the 
collection  of  custom-house  duties. 


DICTIONARY  OF  TERMS  USED  IN  COMMERCE   AND 

LAW 


A.  Capital  A  endorsed  on  the 
face  of  an  account  or  document 
may  mean  Audited,  Accepted,  or 
Approved.  Small  a,  written  @, 
means  at.  as,  10  yds.  @  14  cts. 

A.  1.  Of  first  quality.  Used 
technically  in  shipping,  but  ap- 
plied to  other  matters.  In  the 
American  system  the  registry  de- 
scends from  A  by  fractions,  Al, 
Al%.  AlV-.  Al%,  A2.  In  the 
English  system  whole  numbers 
are  used,  Al,  A2,  and  so  on. 

Abandonment.  In  marine  in- 
surance, the  abandonment  of 
property  insured  to  the  insurers. 

Abatement.  Amount  deducted 
from  a  bill  for  any  cause ;  a  dis- 
count ;  removal  of  a  nuisance. 

Abeyance.  Held  in  suspense,  as 
an  unsettled  estate. 

Abstract.  Abridgment  or  epit- 
ome of  a  deed  or  other  document. 

Acceptance.  Agreement  by  the 
drawee  of  negotiable  paper  to  pay 
the  same.  Agreement  to  terms 
offered. 

Acceptance  supra  Protest. 
Agreement  to  pay  a  note  or  bill 
after  it  has  been  protested,  for 
the  honor  of  the  maker  or  an  in- 
dorser. 

Acceptor.  lie  who  by  his  signa- 
ture makes  acceptance. 

Accessory.  One  who  instigates, 
encourages,  or  aids  in  the  offense 
of  another. 

Accommodation.  The  loan  of 
money  or  a  name  on  no  consider- 
ation but  favor. 

Accommodation  Paper.  Notes 
or  bills  not  representing  an  actual 
sale  or  trade  transaction,  but 
drawn  to  be  discounted  for  the 
benefit  of  drawer,  acceptor,  or  in- 
doners. 

Accord  and  Satisfaction.  ()f- 
fVr  and  acceptance  of  one  thing 
in  place  of  another  due. 

Account.  A  statement  of  sums 
and  amounts  due  from  one  per- 
son to  another.  Summary  of 
ili'bitx  and  crtdits. 

Accountant.  An  expert  in  ex- 
amining books. 

Account  Current.  A  running 
•  account  for  a  certain  period. 


showing  what  is  due  at  the  pres- 
ent time. 

Account  Sales.  The  account  of 
a  broker  or  commission  agent, 
showing  amount  and  rate  of 
sales,  expenses  of  freight,  com- 
mission, etc.,  and  net  amount  due 
the  principal. 

Accroach.  To  attempt  to  use 
power  without  authority. 

Acknowledgment.  A  receipt. 
In  law,  admission  of  facts. 

Acquittance.  A  written  receipt 
in  full,  or  discharge  from  all 
claims. 

Actioiiaire.  [Fr.]  The  holder 
of  shares  in  a  stock  company. 

Actuary.  Officer  of  a  life  insur- 
ance company ;  expert  in  vital 
statistics  and  annuities. 

Act  of  God.  A  cause  of  injury 
not  to  be  prevented  by  human 
means. 

Adjustment.  Settlement  of 
claims  in  marine  or  fire  insurance. 
Determining  amount  of  loss  and 
liability.  In  accounts,  the  set- 
tling of  a  disputed  account. 

Admiralty  Court.  A  court  hav- 
ing jurisdiction  in  maritime  mat- 
ters. 

Ad  Valorem.  [Lat.]  Accord- 
ing to  the  value. 

Ad  Valorem  Duties.  Duties 
levied  on  goods  according  to 
value ;  not  by  quantity,  weight,  or 
measure.  Opposed  to  Specific 
Duties. 

Administer.  To  settle  an  estate 
as  administrator  or  executor. 

Administrator.  One  who  has 
charge  of  the  estate  of  a  man 
dying  without  a  will,  or  appointed 
in  place  of  an  executor. 

Advances.  Money  paid  before 
goods  are  delivered  to  buyer,  or 
sold  by  broker. 

Adventure.  Shipment  of  goods 
on  shipper's  own  account,  as,  Ad- 
venture to  Rio  Janeiro. 

Adventure,  Bill  of.  Writing 
signed  by  master  of  ship  which 
carries  goods  at  the  owner's  risk. 

Adventure  in  Co.  Shipment  of 
goods  at  joint  risk  of  shipper  and 
consignee. 

Adverse  Possession.  Possession 
of  real  property  avowedly  con- 


931 


Adv 


932 


Art 


trary  to  the  claim  of  another  per- 
son. 

Advice.  Mercantile  information 
sent  by  letter,  called  Letter  of 
Advice. 

Affiant.  One  who  makes  an 
affidavit. 

Affidavit.  Declaration  under 
oath. 

Affiliation.  Establishment  of  pa- 
ternity. 

Affinity.  Connection  resulting 
from  marriage. 

Affreightment.  The  act  of 
hiring  a  ship  for  transportation 
of  goods. 

Agent.  One  who  acts  for 
another. 

Aggravation.  In  law,  something 
enhancing  crime  or  increasing 
damages. 

Agrarian.     Relating  to  land. 

Agreement.  A  contract.  Liter- 
ally, the  meeting  of  minds. 

Alias.  [Lat.]  A  second  or  as- 
sumed name. 

Alimony.  In  divorce  law,  pro- 
vision for  suport  of  a  wrife. 

Allegation.  Rule  for  obtaining 
the  proportion  of  ingredients  in 
making  mixtures,  and  the  value 
of  such  mixtures. 

Alliquot  Part.  A  number  con- 
tained within  a  larger  number  an 
exact  number  of  times. 

Allonge.  [Fr.]  A  paper  pasted 
on  a  note  or  bill  of  exchange  to 
allow  more  indorsements  than  the 
bill  has  room  for. 

Allotment  Ticket.  Order  for 
payment  of  wages  to  seaman's 
family  at  stated  intervals  during 
the  voyage. 

Allowance.  Deduction  from 
gross  weight  or  amount.  Sailor's 
rations. 

Alloy.  [Fr.,  d  ia  foj.]  Baser 
'metal  introduced  in  coinage ;  the 
union  of  different  metals.  Neither 
of  the  precious  metals  is  used  in 
absolute  purity  in  coinage.  Gold 
is  alloyed  with  silver  or  copper ; 
silver,  with  nickel,  brass,  or  cop- 
per. The  proportion  of  alloy 
differs  in  different  countries. 

Alluvion.  Gradual  increase  of 
the  shore  of  a  stream. 

Amotion.  A  turning  away  or 
removal. 

Amount  Gross.  The  total  sum 
or  aggregate. 

Amount    Net.      Total    sum    less 


proper     deduction     for     expenses, 
discount,  or  charges. 

Ancestor.  In  law,  embraces  col- 
laterals as  well  as  lineals. 

Anchorage.  A  spot  near  shore 
where  ships  are  in  safety.  Hold- 
ing ground. 

Anker.  A  foreign  measure  of 
about  ten  gallons. 

Annex.  To  take  permanently,  as 
to  annex  territory ;  fixtures  are 
annexed  to  the  freehold. 

Annuity.  A  sum  paid  yearly  or 
at  stated  intervals. 

Answer.  To  be  responsible  for ; 
to  reply. 

Antedate.     To  date  beforehand. 

Application.  In  insurance,  the 
first  step  in  obtaining  a  policy. 

Appellate  Jurisdiction.  Courts 
having  power  to  review  decisions 
of  lower  courts. 

Apply.  To  dispose  of  in  a  par- 
ticular manner,  as,  to  apply 
funds  in  payment  of  a  note. 

Appraisement.  Ascertaining  the 
value  of  goods  or  property. 

Appraiser.  He  who  appraises. 
In  particular,  an  officer  of  gov- 
ernment who  ascertains  the  value 
of  dutiable  goods. 

Appreciate.     To  rise  in  value. 

Apprentice.  A  minor  bound  out 
to  learn  a  trade. 

Apprize.  Another  form  of  ap- 
praise. 

Appropriation.  Setting  apart 
for  a  specific  purpose.  Govern- 
ment grant  of  money. 

Appurtenance.  Something  in- 
cidental to  another. 

Arbitration.  Settlement  of  dis- 
puted claims  or  accounts  by  arbi- 
trators. 

Arbitrators.  Disinterested 
parties  called  in  to  settle  disputes. 

Arbitration  of  Exchanges. 
Comparison  of  currency  of  in- 
termediate places,  to  discover 
whether  it  is  more  profitable  to 
forward  money  directly  or  indi- 
rectly. 

Archives.  State  papers,  records, 
charters,  and  other  important 
documents. 

Article.  A  single  piece  of 
goods ;  a  division  of  a  document 
or  contract. 

Arson.  The  malicious  burning  of 
another's  house. 

Articles  of  Partnership.     The* 
contract  between  the  parties. 


Art 


933 


Ban 


Articles  of  War.  Rules  for  the 
government  of  army  and  navy. 

Assay.  To  test  the  purity  of 
precious  metals. 

Assess.  To  levy  a  tax  or  share  of 
expenses. 

Assets.  Funds  of  an  individual, 
firm,  or  corporation ;  resources ; 
opposed  to  liabilities. 

Assignats.  Paper  money  of 
France  after  the  revolution,  never 
redeemed. 

Assignee.  A  person  to  whom  an 
assignment  is  made ;  trustee  for 
the  creditors  of  a  bankrupt  es- 
tate. 

Assignment.  Conditional  trans- 
fer of  property  for  safe  keeping, 
or  adjustment. 

Assignor.  One  who  transfers 
his  property  to  assignees  for  the 
benefit  of  creditors  or  for  other 
reasons. 

Assizes.  [Eng.]  A  criminal 
court  for  jury  trials  held  from 
place  to  place. 

Association.  A  body  of  men  ;  a 
stock  company ;  a  society. 

Assortment.  A  quantity  of 
goods  varying  in  form,  color, 
style,  size,  or  price. 

Assumpsit.  An  action  to  re- 
cover damages  for  breach  of  con- 
tract. 

Assurance.  Nearly  synonymous 
with  insurance  ;  an  agreement  to 
pay  on  a  contingency  sure  to  oc- 
cur. 

Attachment.  A  seizure  of  prop- 
erty or  person  by  order  of  the 
court,  to  be  held  until  the  cause 
is  decided. 

Attest.  To  witness  by  signature 
a  document  or  judicial  act. 

Attorney.  An  agent ;  an  officer 
of  the  court :  a  counselor. 

Attorney,  Power  of.  Written 
authority  for  one  person  to  act 
for  another. 

Attorney  General.  The  chief 
law  officer  of  the  government. 

Attorn.  To  agree  to  become 
tenant  to  one  to  whom  reversion 
has  been  granted. 

Andit.  To  scrutinize  accounts 
and  vouchers. 

Auditor.  One  authorized  to  ex- 
amine accounts :  an  officer  of  the 
T'nitrd  States  Treasury. 

Average.  The  mean  value ;  me- 
dium qualitv ;  a  fair  sample. 

Average,  General.  In  marine 
insurance,  a  proportionate  con- 


tribution levied  on  ship  and 
goods  to  cover  necessary  sacri- 
fice of  a  part. 

Average,  Particular.  Partial 
damage  of  ship  alone,  or  of  cargo 
alone,  arising  from  ordinary  wear 
and  tear  or  mishaps. 

Average,  Petty.  Small  charges, 
such  as  pilotage,  port  charges, 
and  the  like,  borne  in  part  by 
ship  and  part  by  cargo. 

Average  of  Payments.  Method 
of  finding  the  time  when  payment 
may  be  made  of  several  sums  due 
at  different  dates  without  loss  to 
either  party. 

Avoid.     In  law,  to  nullify. 

Avulsion.  Lands  torn  by  the 
current  from  one  estate  and  added 
to  another. 


Bail.  A  surety  for  appearance; 
the  amount  pledged. 

Bailments.  In  law  of  contracts, 
delivery  of  goods  for  some  pur- 
pose. 

Balance.  Difference  necessary 
to  make  debit  and  credit  sides  of 
an  account  equal ;  weighing 
scales. 

Balance  Account.  An  account 
made  up  of  balances  of  different 
accounts ;  a  brief  summary  of  the 
state  of  a  business. 

Balance  Sheet.  A  paper  giving 
a  summary  and  balance  of  ac- 
counts. 

Balance  of  Trade.  Difference 
in  value  between  total  exports 
and  imports  of  a  country. 

Ballast.  Weight  used  to  steady 
a  ship ;  in  balance,  loaded  with 
ballast  instead  of  cargo. 

Bale.  A  package  of  goods  or 
produce. 

Banco.  Difference  between  bank 
value  and  current  value  of  money. 

Bank.  An  institution  for  deposit, 
discount,  and  circulation. 

Bankable.  Capable  of  passing  at 
par  at  a  bank. 

Bankbook.  Passbook  of  a 
bank,  showing  state  of  depositor's 
account. 

Banker.  A  dealer  in  money ;  one 
entrusted  with  funds  by  others. 

Bankrupt.  One  unable  to  meet 
his  business  liabilities;  the  word 
literally  means  broken  up. 

Bank  Stock.  Shares  in  a  bank- 
ing company;  paid  up  capital  of 
a  bank  divided  into  shares. 


Bar 


934 


Bon 


Bar.  A  final  defense ;  profession 
of  law. 

Bargain.  An  agreement  of  sale  ; 
an  advantageous  commercial  trans- 
action. 

Barque  or  Bark.  A  three- 
masted  vessel,  rigged  square  as  to 
fore  and  main  masts,  and  "fore 
and  aft"  as  to  inizzen  mast. 

Barratry.  In  shipping,  any  wil- 
ful breach  of  duty  or  trust  by 
master  of  crew,  as  against  own- 
ers or  insurers ;  in  common  law, 
malicious  stirring  up  of  litigation. 

Barrel.  A  measure  of  capacity, 
containing  31%  gallons,  wine 
measure ;  3G  gallons,  beer  meas- 
ure ;  32  gallons,  ale  measure. 

Barrel  Bulk.  In  freight  meas- 
urement, 5  cubic  feet. 

Barrister.  English  name  for  a 
lawyer  who  practices  in  the 
courts. 

Barter.  To  exchange  one  kind  of 
goods  for  another. 

Base  Court.  An  inferior  court, 
not  one  of  record. 

Bazaar.  [Turk.]  Place  of  trade; 
specially  applied  to  shops  for  sale 
of  fancy  articles. 

Beacon.  General  word  for  light- 
house or  light-ship. 

Bear.  In  Stock  Exchange  slang, 
one  who  strives  to  depress  the 
price  of  stocks. 

Bearer.  He  who  holds  and  pre- 
sents for  payment  a  note,  bill, 
check,  or  draft. 

Bearer,  Payable  to.  Negotiable 
paper  so  drawn  need  not  be  in- 
dorsed. 

Bench  Warrant.  One  issued  by 
a  superior  court  judge. 

Bill.  A  statement  of  accounts 
due ;  general  term  for  all  nego- 
tiable paper. 

Bill  Book.  In  bookkeeping,  the 
account  kept  of  all  notes,  drafts, 
and  bills  of  exchange. 

Billhead.  A  printed  form  of 
bills,  with  business  address  at  the 
top. 

Bill  of  Discovery.  Application 
to  equity  court  to  compel  dis- 
closure of  facts. 

Bill  of  Entry.  A  bill  of  goods 
entered  at  the  custom-house. 

Bill  of  Exceptions.  A  written 
list  of  exceptions  to  a  court's  de- 
cisions. 

Bill  of  Exchange.  A  written 
order  from  one  person  to  another, 
ordering  or  requesting  him  to  pay 


a  certain  sum  of  money  to  a  third 
person  at  a  given  date. 

Bill,  Domestic  or  Inland.  A 
bill  of  exchange  payable  in  the 
country  where  drawn. 

Bill,  Foreign.  A  bill  of  ex- 
change payable  in  a  foreign  coun- 
try ;  usually  drawn  in  duplicate 
or  triplicate. 

Bill  of  Lading.  A  receipt  given 
by  a  ship's  master  for  goods  re- 
ceived for  carriage,  promising  to 
deliver  the  same  at  a  certain  time 
and  place,  dangers  of  the  sea  ex- 
cepted. 

Bill  of  Parcels.  Sometimes 
used  for  invoice. 

Bill  of  Particulars.  Specifi- 
cation of  demands  for  which  an 
action  is  brought. 

Bill  of  Sale.  A  contract  under 
seal  for  the  sale  of  goods. 

Bill  of  Sight.  A  form  of  Cus- 
tom-IIouse  entry,  allowing  con- 
signee to  see  goods  before  paying 
duty. 

Bills  Payable.  Notes  and  bills 
issued  in  favor  of  other  parties  by 
a  merchant. 

Bills  Receivable.  Notes  and 
bills  made  by  others  and  payable 
to  ourselves. 

Blank  Credit.  Permission  to 
draw  money  on  account,  no  sum 
beins?  specified. 

Blackmail.  Extortion  of  money 
by  threats. 

Blockading.  Obstructing  an 
enemy's  ports. 

Board  of  Trade.  An  associa- 
tion of  business  men  to  regulate 
matters  of  trade  and  further  their 
interests,  and  for  the  settlement 
of  differences  between  its  mem- 
bers. 

Bond.  A  legal  document  by  which 
a  person  binds  himself  to  pay 
money  or  do  something  under 
penalty  of  paying  a  sum  fixed. 

Bond  Creditor.  A  creditor 
whose  debt  is  secured  by  a  bond. 

Bond  Debt.  A  debt  contracted 
under  obligation  of  a  bond. 

Bonded  Goods.  Goods  on  which 
bonds  instead  of  cash  have  been 
given  for  import  duties. 

Bonded  Warehouse.  Buildings 
owned  by  persons  approved  of  by 
the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and 
who  have  given  bonds  or  guaran- 
tee for  the  strict  observance  of  the 
revenue  laws ;  used  for  storing 
imported  merchandise  until  thi; 


Bon 


935 


Cas 


duties  are  paid  or  the  goods  re- 
shipped   without   entry. 

Bondsman.  One  who  gives  se 
curity  for  the  payment  of  money, 
performance  of  an  act,  or  integ- 
rity of  another. 

Bonus.  Additional  money  paid 
beyond  interest ;  extra  profits. 

Book  Debts.  Accounts  charged 
on  the  books. 

Bookkeeper.  One  who  keeps 
mercantile  accounts. 

Bookkeeping,  Single  Entry. 
That  system  of  bookkeeping  which 
requires  only  one  entry  for  a  sin- 
gle transaction. 

Bookkeeping,  Double  Entry. 
The  system  of  bookkeeping  which 
requires  for  every  transaction  two 
entries,  one  on  the  debit  and  one 
on  the  credit  side. 

Bottomry  Bond.  The  mortgage 
of  a  vessel  for  sums  advanced  for 
the  use  of  the  ship. 

Bought  and  Sold  Notes.  Notes 
given  by  a  broker  to  the  seller  and 
buyer  respectively. 

Bounty.  A  bonus  or  premium 
given  to  encourage  trade. 

Brand.  Literally  a  mark  of  desig- 
nation made  by  a  hot  iron ;  any 
trade-mark,  device,  or  name ;  the 
particular  quality  of  a  class  of 
goods. 

Breach  of  Trust.  Violation  of 
his  duty  by  a  trustee. 

Breadstnffs.  Any  kind  of  grain, 
corn,  or  meal. 

Breakage.  Allowance  made  by  a 
shipper  for  loss  by  the  destruction 
of  fragile  wares. 

Breaking  in.  Such  violence  as 
is  necessary  to  constitute  burg- 
lary. 

Breaking  Bulk.  Opening  pack- 
ages of  goods  in  transit. 

Brief.  A  concise  summary  or 
statement  of  a  case. 

Broker.  An  agent  or  factor;  a 
middleman  paid  by  commission ; 
the  most  common  are  Bill.  /•,'./•- 
change.  Insurance,  Produce,  N//I/J. 
and  Stock  Brokers. 

Bull.  Stock  Exchange  slang  for  a 
broker  or  dealer  who  believes  that 
the  value  of  stocks  will  rise  and 
speculates  for  a  rise,  "goes  long" 
on  a  stock. 

Bullion.     Uncoined  gold  or  silver. 

Burden  of  Proof.  Obligation  of 
a  party  asserting  a  fact  to  prove 
it. 

Burglary.         At     common      law, 


breaking  into  a  house  in  the  night 
time  with  felonious  intent. 

Bushel.  A  cylindrical  measure, 
18%  inches  in  diameter  and  8 
inches  deep  inside  ;  its  capacity  is 
2,150  42-100  cubic  inches. 

By-Law.  Local  or  restricted  mu- 
nicipal regulations. 


Cabinet.  Advisory  council  of  a 
sovereign  or  president. 

Calculate.  To  determine  by  reck- 
oning ;  to  adjust  by  comparison. 

Call.  Demand  for  payment  of  in- 
stalments due  on  stock. 

Call.  In  Stock  Exchange  slang, 
a  privilege  given  to  another  to 
"call"  for  delivery  of  stock  at  a 
time  and  price  fixed. 

Cancel.  To  annul  or  erase  ,  often 
done  by  stamp  or  punch. 

Canon.  A  precept  of  ecclesias- 
tical law. 

Capias.  Writ  commanding  sheriff 
to  take  defendant  or  a  witness 
into  custody. 

Capital.  Money  invested  in  busi- 
ness ;  amount  of  assets. 

Capitalist.  One  having  money 
to  invest ;  a  wealthy  man. 

Capital  Offense.  One  punish- 
able by  death. 

Capital  Stock.  The  aggregate 
amount  invested  in  a  stock  com- 
pany ;  total  value  of  stock  at  par. 

Capitation.     Tax  levied  by  polls. 

Carat.  A  measure  of  weight  for 
gold  and  precious  stones. 

Cargo.  Merchandise  laden  on  a 
ship  for  transportation. 

Carrier.  One  who  carries  goods 
for  another. 

Cartage.  The  amount  due  for 
carting  goods. 

Carte  Blanche.  [Fr.]  Liter- 
ally white  paper;  free  or  full 
powers. 

Case.  A  box  for  holding  goods  or 
merchandise ;  at  law,  an  action  or 
suit. 

Case,  Action  on  the.  A  com- 
mon law  form  of  action. 

Cash.  Ready  money  ;  gold,  silver, 
bank-notes ;  checks  and  drafts  are 
usually  included. 

Cash-Book.  A  book  of  entry  for 
money  paid  in  and  out. 

Cashier.  One  who  has  charge  of 
money  ;  a  bank  officer. 

Cassation.  [Fr.]  Act  of  annul- 
ling ;  reversal. 


Cas 


936 


Cou 


Cash  Sales.      Sales  for  cash. 

Caveat.  Formal  notice  not  to 
interfere  with  one's  rights. 

Certificate.  A  written  voucher, 
as.  a  certificate  of  deposit,  a  stock- 
certificate. 

Certified  Check.  One  accepted 
by  the  bank  on  which  it  is  drawn 
as  good. 

Chamber  of  Commerce.  An 
association  of  merchants  for  the 
encouragement  of  trade. 

Charter.  A  grant  by  a  State  em- 
powerjng  a  corporated  association 
to  do  business. 

Charter-Party.  A  written  con- 
tract for  the  hire  of  a  vessel  for  a 
given  voyage. 

Check.  An  order  on  a  bank  for 
payment  of  money  on  demand  to 
bearer  or  the  order  of  some  per- 
son. 

Check-Book.  A  printed  book  of 
blank  checks. 

Choses  in  Action.  Personal 
property  for  which  the  right  of 
action  exists  but  which  has  not 
been  reduced  to  possession. 

Circular.  A  printed  letter  of  ad- 
vertisement. 

Circular  Note.  A  note  or  bill 
issued  by  bankers  for  the  accom- 
modation of  travelers,  calling 
upon  correspondents  at  different 
places  to  pay  money  on  demand. 

Clearance.  A  Custom  House 
certificate  that  a  ship  is  free  to 
leave. 

Clearing.  1.  Entering  a  ship  at 
the  Custom  House  and  obtaining 
clearance.  2.  In  banking,  ex- 
change of  checks  and  settling  bal- 
ances at  the  Clearing  House. 

Clearing  House.     A  banking  ex- 
change for  daily  settlements. 
C.    O.    D.       Collect    on    delivery; 
method  of  payment  for  goods  sent 
by  express. 

Collateral.  In  law  of  descent, 
that  which  is  not  lineal ;  a  grand- 
son is  of  lineal,  a  nephew  of  col- 
lateral descent. 

Collateral  Security.      A  second- 
ary   security    to    be    available    if 
the  chief  security  fail. 
Collector.      One  authorized  to  re- 
ceive   money    for    another ;    chief 
officer  of  a  Custom  House. 
Commerce.      Extended    trade    or 

traffic. 

Commission.  An  agent's  per- 
centage for  transacting  business. 


Commission  Broker.      One  who 

buys  or  sells  on  commission. 
Commissioner    of    Deeds.       An 

attorney  or  notary  authorized  to 
take  acknowledgment  of  deeds  in 
a  foreign  State. 

Common  Carrier.  A  public  con- 
veyer of  goods  or  passengers. 

Common  Lair.  Unwritten  law, 
as  distinguished  from  written  or 
statute  law. 

Company.  An  association  in 
business ;  a  joint  stock  concern. 

Compound  Interest.  Interest 
on  both  principal  and  interest. 

Composition.  A  payment  by  a 
debtor  of  a  percentage  of  his  debts 
as  settlement  in  full. 

Consideration.  Value  received ; 
a  bonus. 

Consignee.  One  to  whom  goods 
are  sent. 

Consignment.  Goods  sent  to  an 
agent  to  be  sold. 

Consols.  Government  securities 
of  England,  paying  three  per  cent. 

Consul.  A  representative  of  one 
country  in  a  port  of  another  to 
protect  trade  interests  and  the 
rights  of  seamen  and  other  citi- 
zens. 

Consulage.  Duty  paid  by  mer- 
chants for  protection  of  commerce 
abroad. 

Contraband.  Prohibited  goods 
or  merchandise  ;  smuggled  goods. 

Contraband  of  'War.  Goods 
which  neutral  ships  are  forbidden 
to  carry  to  belligerents ;  as  muni- 
tions or  arms. 

Contract.  An  agreement ;  a  bar- 
gain. 

Contractor.  One  who  engages 
to  do  certain  work  or  furnish 
goods  at  fixed  rates ;  a  public  sup- 
ply agent. 

Conveyance.  A  written  instru- 
ment by  which  property  is  trans- 
ferred ;  a  deed. 

Cooperage.  Charge  for  putting 
hoops  on  casks  or  barrels. 

Copying-Press.  An  instrument 
for  taking  impressions  from  dam]) 
paper. 

Corner.  In  stock  and  grain  brok- 
er's slang,  the  buying  up  of  a  large 
quantity  of  stock  or  grain  to  raise 
the  price. 

Corporation.    A  body  of  business 
men  authorized  by  law  to  trans- 
act certain  business. 
Counter-Entry.      An  entry  in  a 
contrary   sense. 


Cou 


937 


Dra 


Counting  Room.  A  merchant's 
business  office. 

Coupon.  [Fr.]  A  certificate  of 
interest  attached  to  bonds  or 
stock,  to  be  cut  off  when  due. 

Court  of  Equity.  One  bavins:  a 
chancery  or  equity  jurisdiction ; 
not  limited  by  the  common  law. 

Cr.  Abbreviation  for  Credit;  the 
Cr.  side  of  an  account  is  on  the 
right  hand. 

Credit.  In  bookkeeping,  value  re- 
ceived or  transferred  from  the 
party:  opposite  of  debit;  financial 
standing ;  power  to  obtain  loans. 

Creditor.  One  to  whom  money 
or  value  is  due. 

Credit  Mobilier.  An  associa- 
tion intending  to  buy  up  and  con- 
duct railroads  or  other  companies 
on  limited  liability  principles. 

Curbstone  Broker.  A  broker 
not  a  member  of  the  regular  Stock 
Exchange. 

Currency.  The  circulating  me- 
dium of  a  country. 

Current.  Passing  freely ;  now 
running,  as,  current  accounts. 

Customs.  Taxes  on  goods  ex- 
ported or  imported. 

Custom  House.  A  place  ap- 
pointed to  receive  customs. 

Custom  House  Entry.  A  state- 
ment made  and  fees  paid  in  clear- 
ing a  ship. 

Customary  Law.  Practices 
which  have  become  law  through 
the  long  usage  of  the  mercantile 
world. 


Damages.  Compensation  for  in- 
jury received. 

Date.  Day  of  the  month  and 
year. 

Day-Bpok.  A  book  for  record- 
ing daily  transactions. 

Days  of  Grace.  Three  days  al- 
lowed for  payment  of  notes  or  bills 
after  the  time  specified  has 
elapsed.  In  some  countries  more 
than  three  are  allowed. 

Debenture.  A  Custom  House 
certificate  entitling  an  exporter  to 
a  drawback  on  duties  paid. 

Debit.  To  make  debtor ;  oppo- 
site of  credit ;  a  charge  entered. 

Debtor.  One  who  owes;  opposite 
of  creditor. 

Decimal.  A  tenth  part;  by 
tenths. 

Declined.      Decreased  in  value. 


Deed.  A  sealed  legal  instrument, 
transferring  property,  usually 
land. 

Default.     Failure  to  pay. 

Defendant.  In  law,  the  one 
against  whom  a  claim  or  charge 
is  made. 

Deficit.  A  lack  of  funds  to  bal- 
ance accounts. 

Del  Credere.  [Ital.]  Extra 
commission  given  an  agent  in  con- 
sideration of  his  warranting  the 
solvency  of  the  purchaser. 

Demand.      Claim   for  payment. 

Demurrage.  Forfeit  money  for 
detention  of  vessels  beyond  the 
time  allowed  by  a  charter-party. 

Deposit.  Money  left  with  a  bank 
subject  to  order;  payment  on  ac- 
count. 

Depot.  A  place  of  storage  or 
warehouse ;  improperly  used  of  a 
railway  station. 

Derelict.  Ship  or  cargo  aban- 
doned at  sea. 

Deviation.  The  departure  of  a 
ship  from  her  regular  course  to 
stop  at  other  ports. 

Directors.  The  managers  of  a 
stock  company. 

Discharge.  To  pay  a  debt ;  to 
unload  a  ship. 

Discount.  A  sum  thrown  off  the 
amount  of  a  note  or  bill ;  a  de- 
duction ;  to  discount  is  to  lend 
money  on  bills  after  deducting  the 
interest. 

Discount  Broker.  One  who 
lends  money  on  notes  or  bills. 

Dissolution.  Breaking  up  of  a 
partnership. 

Dividend.  Payment  of  the  profits 
of  a  joint  stock  concern,  pro  rata; 
proportional  payment  to  creditors 
out  of  a  bankrupt  estate. 

Dockage  or  Dock  Dues. 
Charges  for  the  use  of  a  dock. 

Docket.  A  ticket  or  mark  on 
goods  showing  measurement  or 
destination ;  a  list  of  cases  before 
a  court. 

Donee.  One  to  whom  something 
is  given. 

Draft.  An  order  to  pay  money  ; 
a  rough  copy  of  a  writing ;  a  de- 
duction from  gross  weight  of 
goods ;  number  of  feet  which  a 
ship  sinks  in  the  water. 

Draw.  To  make  a  draft ;  to  call 
for  funds. 

Drawback.  An  allowance  or  re- 
turn of  duties  paid  at  the  Custom 
House. 


Dra 


938 


Fac 


Drawer.  The  maker  of  a  draft 
or  bill  of  exchange. 

Drawee.  The  one  on  whom  a 
draft  or  bill  is  drawn. 

Drayage.  Charges  on  goods 
hauled  by  a  dray ;  cartage. 

Drummer.  One  who  solicits 
custom  for  a  merchant  by  show- 
ing samples. 

Dry  Goods.  Commercial  name 
for  textile  fabrics. 

Due.     Owing  ;  that  which  is  owed. 

Due  Bill.  A  written  acknowl- 
edgment of  debt,  not  negotiable. 

Dun.      To  demand  payment. 

Dunnage.  Loose  articles  of  a 
cargo ;  loose  material  laid  on  the 
bottom  of  the  ship's  hold  to  raise 
goods  and  prevent  injury  by 
water. 

Duplicate.  A  copy ;  a  second  ar- 
ticle of  the  same  kind. 

Duress.  Confinement ;  restraint ; 
compulsion. 

Duties.  Taxes  levied  by  a  gov- 
ernment on  exports  or  imports. 


Eagle.  A  gold  coin  of  the  United 
States,  value  ten  dollars. 

E.  E.  Abbreviation  for  errors  ex- 
cepted. 

Effects.  Property  ;  goods  on  hand  ; 
the  possessions  of  a  firm. 

Ejectment.  Dispossession  of 
houses  or  land ;  forcing  out. 

Ell.  A  measure  of  length,  1  yard, 
9  inches. 

Embargo.  .  Order  of  a  govern- 
ment forbidding  ships  to  leave  its 
ports. 

Embark.  To  enter  a  ship  for  a 
voyage ;  to  engage  in  any  enter- 
prise. 

Emporium.  A  commercial  city  ; 
a  place  of  trade. 

Endorse.  To  transfer  notes,  bills, 
or  checks  by  writing  one's  name 
on  the  back ;  to  guarantee  pay- 
ment. 

Endorsee.  He  in  whose  favor 
endorsement  is  made. 

Endorser.     One  who  endorses. 

Engrosser.  One  who  takes  the 
whole  of  a  line  of  goods ;  a  fore- 
staller ;  one  who  "corners  the  mar- 
ket" on  commodities ;  an  orna- 
mental penman. 

Engrossing  Clerk.  A  copyist; 
a  copying  clerk.- 

Entrepot.  A  place  where  goods 
are  deposited  without  paying  duty, 


to  await  transportation  elsewhere  ; 
a  free  port. 

Entry.  In  bookkeeping,  any  rec- 
ord made ;  depositing  a  ship's  pa- 
pers with  the  Custom  House. 

Equity.  A  branch  of  jurisprud- 
ence distinct  from  the  common 
law. 

Equity  of  Redemption.  Privi- 
lege allowed  to  a  mortgagor  to  re- 
deem property  within  a  given 
time. 

Estoppel.  Preclusion  of  a  per- 
son from  asserting  a  fact  or  doins 
an  act  inconsistent  with  previous 
acts  or  declarations. 

Examiner.  A  Custom  House 
officer  who  compares  goods  with 
invoices. 

Exchange.  Place  where  mer- 
chants meet  to  transact  business ; 
percentage  on  sale  of  bills ;  differ- 
ence of  value  between  different 
currencies. 

Exchange  Broker.  One  who 
negotiates  foreign  bills  of  ex- 
change. 

Exchequer.  A  treasury ;  sum- 
mary of  finances. 

Excise.      Internal   revenue   tax. 

Executed.  Finished ;  accom- 
plished in  legal  form. 

Executor.  One  appointed  to 
carry  out  the  provisions  of  a  will. 

Executory.  To  be  performed  in 
the  future. 

Executrix.  Feminiue  form  of 
executor. 

Exhibit.  Voucher  or  document 
presented  in  court ;  transcript  of 
ledger  balances. 

Export.  To  send  goods  to  a  for- 
eign country. 

Export  Duty.  Tax  imposed  on 
exports. 

Exporter.      One  who  exports. 

Exports.  The  goods  or  merchan- 
dise exported. 

Express.  To  transmit  with  ce- 
lerity. 

Express  Company.  A  corpora- 
tion engaged  in  the  rapid  trans- 
portation of  goods  and  money 
from  one  place  to  another. 

Extension.  Allowance  of  time 
for  payment  to  a  debtor ;  carrying 
out  items  of  a  bill  or  account. 

E.  &  O.  E.  "Errors  and  Omis- 
sions Excepted." 


Face.      The  amount  for  which  a 
note  is  drawn. 


Fac 


939 


Gro 


Fac  Simile.  [Lat.]  An  exact 
copy ;  a  counterpart. 

Factor.  An  agent  appointed  to 
sell  goods  on  commission ;  a  con- 
signee. 

Factorage.  Commissions  allowed 
to  factors. 

Facture.  An  invoice  or  bill  of 
goods. 

Failure.  Becoming  bankrupt ; 
suspension  of  payment. 

Fair.  f  Of  average  quality ;  above 
middling. 

Fall.      Decrease  in  price  or  value. 

False  Pretenses.  Misstatements 
made  with  intent  to  defraud. 

Fancy  Goods.  Light  fabrics,  rib- 
bons, laces,  etc. 

Farthing.  An  English  copper 
coin  worth  half  a  cent ;  an  insig- 
nificant value. 

Fee.  Payment ;  chai-ge  of  a  pro- 
fessional man ;  a  gratuity. 

Fee-Simple.  In  real  estate,  an 
absolute  title ;  one  with  no  con- 
ditions attached. 

Finance.  Funds  ;  public  money  ; 
revenue. 

Financier.  One  skilled  in  money 
matters. 

Fire  Insurance.  Indemnity 
against  loss  by  fire. 

Fire  Policy.  The  writing  by 
which  insurers  agree  to  pay  fire 
insurance. 

Firm.  Name,  style,  or  title  of  a 
business  concern ;  the  partners 
taken  collectively. 

Fixtures.  Anything  of  an  acces- 
sory nature  annexed  to  real  es- 
tate; that  which  forms  a  part  of 
realty. 

Flat.  Inactive  ;  depressed  ;  dull ; 
flat  value  of  stock  and  bonds  is 
the  value  without  interest. 

Flotsam.  Goods  thrown  into  the 
sea  which  swim. 

F.  O.  B.  "Free  on  board ;"  trans- 
portation and  shipping  expenses 
included. 

Footing.  Amount  of  a  column 
of  figures. 

Forced  Sale.  Sale  of  commod- 
ities under  compulsion  or  forclos- 
u  re. 

Foreclose.  To  seize  property  un- 
der the  conditions  of  a  mortgage. 

Foreign  Bill.  A  bill  of  exchange 
drawn  in  one  country  upon  a  citi- 
zen of  another. 

Forestall.  To  buy  up  goods  bo- 
fore  the  regular  time  of  sale ;  to 


bring    about    an    increase    in    the 

price  of  provisions. 
Forwarder.         A      merchant      or 

agent  who  transmits  or  forwards 

goods. 
Fractional    Currency.       United 

States  paper  money  for  sums  less 

than  a  dollar. 
Franc.      French  unit  of  coinage ; 

100  centimes;  value.  18  3-5  cents. 
Franking.      Privilege   of   sending 

letters  free  of  charge. 
Fraud.       In    law,    any    wrongful 

artifice,  device,  or  concealment  by 

which   pecuniary  damage  is  done 

to  another. 
Free     Goods.        Goods     admitted 

without  an  import  tax. 
Free   Port.      A  port  where  ships 

may   load   and   unload   free   from 

duties. 
Free  Trade.    Trade  not  restricted 

by  tariff  duties  for  "protection." 
Freight.       Sums    paid    for    trans- 
portation of  merchandise  or  hire 

of  a  ship ;  less  properly,  the  goods 

carried. 
Funded.     Made  into  a  permanent 

loan  on  which  interest  is  paid. 
Funds.      Ready  money ;  shares  in 

a  national  debt ;  public  securities. 

G 

Garbles.  Dust,  filth,  or  soil  re- 
moved from  spices,  drugs,  etc. ; 
to  garble  is  to  separate  this  refuse. 

Garnishment.  Legal  notice  at- 
taching goods  or  money  of  one 
person  in  the  hands  of  another. 

Garnishee.  The  person  on  whom 
is  served  a  writ  of  garnishment 
or  "trustee  process,"  ordering  him 
to  appear  in  court  and  give  in- 
formation in  regard  to  the  goods 
of  another,  the  original  debtor,  in 
his  hands. 

Gauge.  To  measure  the  contents 
of  a  cask;  measure  or  standard. 

General  Order  Store.  A  bond- 
ed warehouse  to  which  merchan- 
dise not  claimed  within  a  certain 
time  is  sent  under  a  "General  Or- 
der.'' 

Goods.  Merchandise ;  movable 
property. 

Good  Will.  The  interest  of  an 
established  business  in  the  way 
of  trade  and  custom. 

Great  Gross.  Twelve  gross  ;  i.  e.f 
1,728  articles. 

Gross.  Twelve  dozen ;  total 
amount ;  opposed  to  net. 


dro 


940 


Job 


Gross  Ton.  Twenty-two  hun- 
dred and  forty  pounds. 

Guarantee.  The  one  to  whom 
security  is  given  or  guaranty 
made. 

Guarantor.  One  making  a  guar- 
anty. 

Guaranty.  Security ;  an  under- 
taking that  one  person  will  pay 
money  to  another  or  fulfil  a  con- 
tract. 

Gunny-Bags.  Sacks  of  coarse 
material  used  for  coffee. 

H 

Hand.  Measure  of  a  n  i  m  a  1  s' 
height ;  about  four  inches. 

Hand-Money.  Money  paid  to 
bind  a  bargain. 

Harbor.  A  place  of  security  for 
vessels. 

Harbor-Dues.  Charges  made  for 
use  of  a  harbor. 

Harbor-Master.  An  officer  hav- 
ing charge  of  a  harbor. 

Hogshead.  A  measure  of  ca- 
pacity ;  2  barrels,  or  G3  gallons ; 
a  large  cask. 

Holder.  He  in  whose  possession 
a  note  or  bill  may  be. 

Hollow-Ware.  Trade  name  for 
cast  or  wrought  iron  vessels,  ket- 
tles, etc. 

Honor.  To  accept  and  pay  a 
note,  draft,  or  bill. 

Hnsbandage.  Compensation  paid 
to  a  "ship's  husband"  (which 
see}. 

Hypothecate.  To  pledge  as  se- 
curity ;  to  mortgage  chattels. 


Immovables.  Land,  houses,  and 
fixtures ;  real  estate. 

Importer.  A  merchant  who  im- 
ports goods. 

Imports.  Goods  brought  from  a 
foreign  country. 

Impost.  Government  tax  on  im- 
ported goods. 

Income.  Total  amount  of  re- 
ceipts from  all  sources ;  yearly 
gains. 

Income  Tax.  A  government  tax 
of  a  percentage  on  the  income  of 
individuals  or  corporations. 

Indemnification.  Making  good 
a  loss ;  securing  one  against  dam- 
ages. 

Indemnity.  Guarantee  agrainst 
loss ;  freedom ;  compensation  for 
damages  suffered. 


Index.  Names  of  titles  or  ac- 
counts arranged  alphabetically. 

Indorse.     See  Endorse,  etc. 

Indulgence.  Extension  of  time 
for  payment. 

Inland  Bill.  A  bill  of  exchange 
or  draft  drawn  upon  a  person  in 
the  same  State  or  Country- 
Insolvent.  Unable  to  pay  out- 
standing liabilities ;  bankrupt. 

Instalment.  A  part  payment  or 
part  delivery  of  goods. 

Instant.  Of  the  present  month, 
as,  the  12th  iust. 

Insurable  Interest.  Such  an 
interest  as  will  entitle  a  person 
to  obtain  insurance  on  the  life  or 
property  of  another. 

Insurance.  A  contract  in  which 
one  party,  the  insurer,  agrees  in 
consideration  of  the  premium,  to 
pay  a  certain  sum  on  the  death  of 
the  insured  or  to  indemnify  him 
for  loss  to  property  by  fire  or 
other  risks. 

Insurance  Broker.  One  who 
negotiates  insurance  contracts. 

Interest.  Money  paid  for  use  of 
money ;  share  in  a  business  or 
venture. 

Interest  Account.  In  book- 
keeping, a  separate  account  of 
sums  paid  and  received  as  in- 
terest. 

Internal  Revenue.  Govern' 
ment  revenue  derived  from  do- 
mestic sources. 

Intestate.  Not  disposed  of  by 
a  valid  will ;  one  who  dies  with- 
out a  will. 

In  Transitu.  [Lat.]  On  the 
road  ;  not  brought  to  an  end. 

Inventory.  A  list  of  goods  and 
merchandise  on  hand ;  any  enu- 
meration of  articles ;  a  schedule. 

Investment.  Placing  of  money 
in  business  or  securities. 

Invoice.  Account  of  merchan- 
dise shipped,  with  prices  and 
charges  annexed. 

Invoice  Book.  A  book  for  en- 
tering copies  of  invoices. 

Involved.  Confused ;  embar- 
rassed by  liabilities. 


Jettison.  Throwing  goods  over- 
board or  cutting  away  masts  and 
sails  to  save  a  vessel. 

Jetsam.  Goods  thrown  into  the 
sea  which  have  sunk. 

Jobber.     One  who  buys  from  im- 


Job 


941 


Log 


porters  or  manufacturers  and 
sells  to  retailers ;  a  middleman. 

Job  Lot.  Goods  left  over ;  an 
odd  assortment. 

Joint  Stock.  That  held  in  com- 
pany ;  stock  formed  by  the  union 
of  several  companies. 

Joint  Stock  Company.  A 
business  association,  the  capital 
of  which  is  represented  by  shares 
of  stock. 

Joint  Tenants.  Those  who  have 
not  only  unity  of  possession,  but 
also  of  title  and  interest,  and  the 
survivor  takes  the  whole. 

Journal.  An  account  book  in- 
termediate between  Day-Book  and 
Ledger. 

Judgment.  A  judicial  decree ; 
decision  of  a  court. 

Judgment  Note.  One  containing 
a  power  of  attorney  from  maker 
to  payee  to  confess  judgment  for 
the  maker  to  the  extent  of  face 
and  interest. 

Jurisdiction.  Extent  of  a  court's 
authority  as  to  place,  sum,  or 
subject  matter. 


Lame    Duck.       Stock-brokers' 
slang  for  one  unable  to  meet  his 
liabilities. 
Land.      To    discharge    cargo ;    to 

disembark. 
Law,    Merchant.      Body    of   law 

relating  to  mercantile  customs. 
Law   Days.      Days   allowed   in   a 
charter-party     for     unloading     a 
ship. 

Lay  Down.     Cost  of  merchandise, 
including   charges   and   freight   to 
place  of  shipment. 
Lazzaretto.      [Ital.]      A  place  in 
quarantine  where  goods  are  fumi; 
eated. 
Leakage.       An     allowance    made 

for  waste  by  leaking  of  casks. 
Lease.     An  agreement  for  letting 
lands    or    tenements    for    life,    a 
term   of   years   or   months,    or   at 
will. 

Legal  Tender.  Currency  or  cnin 
wn!ch  a  government  has  declared 
shall  be  received  in  payment  of 
debts ;  a  formal  proffer  of  money 
to  pay  r<  debt ;  if  refused,  the 
creditor  cannot  recover. 
Lessee.  One  to  whom  a  lease  is 

given. 

Lessor.     Onp  who  makes  a  lease. 
Letter    Book.      That    in    which 


copies  of  letters  sent  and  re- 
ceived are  made. 

Letter  of  Advice.  One  giving 
notice  of  a  shipment  made,  bill 
drawn,  or  other  business  trans- 
action. 

Letter  of  Credit.  One  authoriz- 
ing credit  to  a  certain  amount  to 
be  given  to  the  bearer. 

Letter  of  License.  One  by 
which  creditors  of  an  insolvent 
debtor  postpone  their  claims  and 
allow  him  to  continue  trade. 

Letter  of  Marque.  Commission 
from  a  government  to  a  private 
ship  to  seize  and  destroy  ships 
and  property  of  a  hostile  country. 

Letters  of  Administration. 
Authority  given  to  administer  an 
intestate  estate,  or  one  in  re- 
gard to  which  the  executor  has 
refused  to  act. 

Letters  Patent.  A  writing  exe- 
cuted and  sealed,  granting  power 
and  authority  to  do  some  act.  or 
enjoy  some  right. 

Letters  Testamentary.  Au- 
thority to  an  Executor  to  act  as 
such,  after  probate  of  will  has 
been  made. 

Liability.  That  for  which  one  is 
responsible  ;  debts  :  obligations. 

Lien.  A  hold  or  claim  on  prop- 
erty to  secure  a  debt. 

License.  Permission  to  trade  or 
act,  as  liquor  license,  peddler's 
license. 

Lighterage.  Payment  for  un- 
loading ships  by  lighters  or  boats. 

Liquidation.  Settlement  or  ad- 
justment of  liabilities. 

Lloyds'.  An  old  association  of 
English  marine  underwriters  (in- 
surers) which  formerly  met  at 
Lloyd's  coffee  house,  London.  The 
company  possesses  complete  rec- 
ords of  everything  pertaining  to 
marine  matters,  and  to  rate  on 
Lloyd's  books  as  Al  is  accepted 
as  conclusive  evidence  of  excel- 
lence. 

Lloyds'  Register.  A  yearly 
register  of  tonnage,  age,  build, 
character,  and  condition  of  ships, 
issued  by  the  Lloyds. 

Loan.       Money    or    property    fur- 
nished for  temporary  use ;  a  pub- 
lic debt. 
Loan     Office.      An    office    where 

loans  are  negotiated. 
Log-Book.      A   book  in  twhich  is 
recorded   the   daily  progress  of  a 


Lon 


942 


Net 


vessel,  weather  notes,  and  all  in- 
cidents. 

Long  Price.  Price  after  duties 
are  paid. 

Longshoremen.  Laborers  who 
load  and  unload  vessels. 

M 

Manifest.  A  list  or  invoice  of  a 
ship's  cargo  and  passengers  to  be 
exhibited  at  Custom  Houses. 

Manifold  Writer.  A  contriv- 
ance by  which  several  copies  may 
be  obtained  at  once ;  it  consists 
of  several  sheets  covered  with  a 
preparation  of  plumbago. 

Manufactures.  Articles  which 
have  undergone  some  process ; 
not  crude  or  raw. 

Marine  Insurance.  Insurance 
on  vessels  and  cargo. 

Mark.  A  letter,  figure,  or  device, 
by  which  goods  and  prices  are 
distinguished ;  private  marks  are 
usually  made  by  selecting  a  word 
of  ten  letters  and  letting  each 
letter  stand  for  a  digit. 

Market.  A  public  place  of  sale 
for  provisions  or  other  wares. 

Mart.  A  market ;  a  place  of 
traffic. 

Maturity.  Time  fixed  for  pay- 
ment ;  becoming  due. 

Maximum.  The  highest  price  or 
sum. 

Measurement  Goods.  Goods  on 
which  freight  is  charged  by 
measurement. 

Mercantile  Agency.  A  concern 
which  procures  and  furnishes  in- 
formation as  to  the  financial 
standing  and  credit  of  business 
firms. 

Mercantile  Paper.  Notes  or 
bills  issued  by  merchants  for 
goods  bought  or  consigned. 

Merchantable.  Fit  for  market ; 
in  sound  condition. 

Merchant.  One  who  buys  and 
sells  goods,  generally  applied  to 
wholesalers  or  large  dealers. 

Merchant  Service.  Trading 
ships  taken  collectively ;  the  man- 
agement of  merchant  vessels. 

Merger.  Absorption  of  a  lesser 
by  a  greater  debt  or  obligation. 

Metallic  Currency.  Gold,  sil- 
ver, and  bronze  or  other  metal 
coinage. 

Metric  System.  A  decimal  sys- 
tem of  weights  and  measures, 
first  established  in  France ;  now 
in  general  use  in  Europe  and 


to  a  minor  extent  in  English- 
speaking  countries. 

Minimum.  Lowest  price ;  least 
quantity  possible. 

Mint.     A  place  for  coining  money. 

Misfeasance.  The  doing  of  a 
lawful  act  in  an  unlawful  man- 
ner. 

Mitigation.  Reduction  of  a 
penalty  or  fine ;  that  which  in 
part  excuses. 

Mixed  Fabrics.  Those  composed 
of  more  than  one  kind  of  fibre, 
as  wool  and  cotton. 

Money.  The  measure  of  value 
and  medium  of  exchange ;  strictly 
speaking,  money  must  have  in- 
trinsic value  to  the  amount  it 
represents,  as  gold  or  silver ;  but 
bank  notes  and  sometimes  checks 
are  included. 

Money-Broker.  One  who  deals 
in  money. 

Money  Market.  The  general 
system  of  cash  loans ;  the  ex- 
change of  different  kinds  of  cur- 
rency. 

Money  Order.  An  order  re- 
questing one  person  to  pay  money 
to  another ;  not  negotiable ;  most 
commonly  used  of  post-office  or- 
ders. 

Monopoly.  Sole  power  of  deal- 
ing in  certain  class  of  goods. 

Mortgage.  A  conditional  con- 
veyance of  property,  to  become 
void  upon  fulfillment  of  the  con- 
dition, as,  the  payment  of  a  note. 

Mortgage  Deed.  A  deed  of  the 
nature  of  a  mortgage. 

Mortgagee.  The  person  to  whom 
property  is  mortgaged. 

Mortgagor.  One  who  gives  a 
mortgage. 

Movables.  Personal  property ; 
property  not  fixed. 

Muster.     A  collection  of  samples. 

N 

National  Banks.  Banks  organ- 
ized in  the  United  States  under 
the  conditions  of  an  Act  of  Con- 
gress. 

Negotiable  Paper.  Notes,  bills, 
and  drafts  which  may  be  trans- 
ferred with  all  their  rights  by  in- 
dorsement or  assignment. 

Negotiation.  Agreeing  upon  a 
mercantile  transaction;  making  a 
bargain  ;  fixing  a  price. 

Net.  The  clear  amount ;  what  re- 
mains after  deducting  charges 
and  expenses. 


Net 


943 


Pos 


Net  Profits.  Clear  profit,  after 
deducting  losses. 

Net  Weight.  Weight  of  mer- 
chandise without  bag.  box,  or 
covering. 

Nominal.  In  name  only ;  very 
small,  as,  a  nominal  price. 

Non-feasance.  The  not  doing  of 
what  ought  to  be  done. 

Notary  Public.  A  public  officer 
who  attests  or  certifies  to  ac- 
knowledgment of  deeds  and  other 
papers,  protests  notes  and  bills, 
etc. 

Notarial  Seal.  Seal  of  a  notary 
public. 

Note  of  Hand.  A  written  under- 
taking to  pay  money  at  a  certain 
time. 

Note  Book.  A  book  in  which 
notes  of  hand  are  recorded. 


Obligation.  A  duty ;  a  binding 
engagement ;  bond  with  condition 
annexed. 

On  Sale.  Goods  left  with  another 
person  to  sell  an  account. 

Open  Account.  A  running  or 
unsettled  account. 

Opening.  The  display  of  a  new 
stock  of  goods  for  sale. 

Open  Policy.  In  marine  insur- 
ance, a  policy  which  covers  un- 
defined risks. 

Option.  Permission  to  choose  ;  in 
stock-broking,  privilege  of  taking 
or  delivering  stock  at  a  given  day 
and  price. 

Order.  A  commission  to  pur- 
chase ;  directions  to  pay  money 
or  deliver  goods. 

Order  Book.  That  in  which 
orders  received  are  entered. 

Ordinary.  A  ship  in  harbor  is 
said  to  be  in  ordinary ;  of  medium 
quality. 

Outstanding  Accounts.  Book 
del  >ts  not  yet  collected. 

Overdraw.  To  call  for  more 
money  than  is  on  deposit. 

Overdue.  Applied  to  a  note  or 
draft  the  specified  time  for  pay- 
ment of  which  has  passed. 

Overt.  Apparent ;  manifest  ; 
open. 


Package.      A   bundle ;    a   parcel ; 

a  bale. 
Panic.       A     monetary     pressure ; 

financial  crisis. 


Paper.  Negotiable  evidence  of 
indebtedness. 

Paper  Money.  Bills  of  banks  or 
the  government  passing  current 
as  money. 

Parole.  [Fr.]  Not  written,  as, 
parole  evidence. 

Par  Value.  The  face  or  nominal 
value. 

Par  of  Exchange.  The  value  of 
a  unit  of  one  country's  coinage 
expressed  in  that  of  another's. 

Partner.  An  associate  in  busi- 
ness ;  member  of  a  partnership. 

Partnership.  Contract  of  two 
or  more  persons  to  join  money, 
stock,  or  skill  in  trade  for  mutual 
benefit. 

Part  Owner.  One  of  several 
owners  of  a  ship ;  the  relation 
differs  materially  from  partner- 
ship. 

Pass  Book.  A  book  kept  bv  a 
customer  in  which  entries  of  pur- 
chases are  made ;  a  bank  book. 

Passport.  A  permission  from  a 
government  to  travel,  with  iden- 
tification and  certificate  of  na- 
tionality. 

Pawnbroker.  One  who  lends 
money  at  interest  on  security  of 
goods  deposited. 

Payable.  Justly  due ;  capable  of 
payment. 

Payee.  The  person  to  whose  or- 
der a  note,  bill,  or  draft  is  to  be 
paid. 

Per  Cent,  or  Per  Centum. 
[L.]  By  the  hundred;  rates  of 
interest,  discount,  etc. 

Per  Centage.  [Lat]  An  al- 
lowance reckoned  by  hundredth 
parts ;  commission. 

Per  Contra.  [Lat.]  To  the  op- 
posite side  of  an  account. 

Permit.  Written  authority  to 
remove  dutiable  goods. 

Petty  Cash  Book.  Account  of 
small  receipts  and  expenses. 

Policy.  The  instrument  by  which 
the  contract  of  insurance  is  made. 

Port.  A  harbor  for  vessels ;  a 
commercial  city. 

Port  of  Entry.  A  port  where  a 
Custom  House  is  established  for 
the  entry  of  imports. 

Port-Date.  To  date  after  the 
real  time. 

Posting.  To  transfer  from  day- 
book or  journal  to  the  ledger. 

Post  Obit.  A  promise  to  pay 
loans  after  the  death  of  some 
pernon. 


Row 


944 


Scr 


Power  of  Attorney.  Written 
authority  from  one  person  to 
another  to  act  for  him. 

Preferred  Creditor.  One  whose 
claims  a  bankrupt  debtor  elects  to 
settle  first. 

Premium.  A  sum  beyond  par 
value :  the  amount  paid  annually 
in  insurance  contracts. 

Price  Current.  A  statement 
showing  prevailing  price  of  mer- 
chandise, stock,  or  securities. 

Price  List.  A  list  of  articles 
with  prices  attached. 

Prime.  Of  high  quality ;  su- 
perior. 

Principal.  The  sum  on  which 
interest  is  paid. 

Proceeds.  The  sum  realized  by 
a  sale. 

Procuration.  A  general  letter 
or  power  of  attorney. 

Produce.  Farm  products  of  all 
kinds. 

Profit  and  Loss.  An  account  in 
which  gains  and  losses  are  bal- 
anced. 

Promissory  Note.  (See  Note  of 
Hand.) 

Pro  Rata.  [Lat.]  A  propor- 
tional distribution. 

Protective  Tariff.  Duty  im- 
posed on  imports  to  encourage 
manufactures. 

Protest.  Notice  to  the  sureties  of 
a  note  that  it  was  not  paid  at 
maturity  or  to  the  drawer  of  a 
draft  that  acceptance  was  refused. 

Purveyor.  One  who  supplies 
provisions. 

Q 

Quarantine.  Restraint  of  inter- 
course to  which  a  ship  is  sub- 
jected on  suspicion  of  infection  ; 
the  place  of  such  restraint. 

Quitrent.  Rent  paid  by  tenant 
of  a  freehold,  discharging  him 
from  other  rent. 

Quotation.  Current  prices  of 
stocks  or  commodities. 


Real  Estate.  Land,  houses,  and 
fixtures;  nil  immovable  property. 

Rebate.  Deduction;  abatement: 
discount:  giving  back  part  of 
sum  already  paid. 

Receipt.  A  written  acknowl- 
edgment of  payment. 

Receipt  Book.  A  book  in  which 
••eceipts  are  filed. 


Receiver.  An  officer  appointed 
by  a  court  to  hold  in  trust  prop- 
erty in  litigation,  or  to  wind  up 
the  affairs  of  a  bankrupt  concern. 

Recoup.  To  counterbalance 
losses  by  gains. 

Rectification.  Second  distilla- 
tion of  alcoholic  liquors. 

Register.  A  ship's  paper,  issued 
by  the  Custom  House,  stating- 
description,  name,  tonnage,  na- 
tionality, and  ownership. 

Re-insurance.  Transfer  of  part 
of  the  contract  of  insurance  from 
one  insurer  to  another. 

Remittance.  Transfer  of  funds 
from  one  party  to  another. 

Renewal.  Giving  a  new  note  for 
an  old  one ;  extension  of  time. 

Rent.  Compensation  for  the  use 
of  real  estate. 

Rente.  A  French  term  equivalent 
to  government  annuity. 

Repository.  A  warehouse  or 
storehouse. 

Reprisal.  The  seizure  of  ships 
or  property  to  indemnify  for  un- 
lawful seizure  or  detention. 

Respondentia  Bond.  A  bond 
for  a  loan  secured  by  the  cargo 
of  a  ship. 

Retail.  To  sell  in  small  quanti- 
ties. 

Returns.  Profit  on  an  invest- 
ment. 

Revenue.  Income  of  a  State ; 
taxes  received. 

Revenue  Cutter.  A  small  gov- 
ernment vessel  used  in  collecting 
taxes  and  preventing  smuggling. 

Reversion.  Right  to  possess 
property  after  the  happening  of 
some  event,  as  the  death  of  a  per- 
son. 

S 

Sale.  Transfer  of  property  for  a 
consideration. 

Salvage.  Compensation  given 
those  who  rescue  ship  or  carg-> 
from  loss. 

Salvor.  One  who  voluntarilv  en- 
gages in  saving  a  ship  or  carj.-<> 
from  peril. 

Sample.  A  small  portion  of  mer- 
chandise taken  as  a  specimen  of 
quality. 

Sans  Recours.  [Fr.]  Without 
recourse ;  sometimes  added  to  an 
indorsement  of  a  note  or  bill  to 
protect  indorser  from  liability. 

Scrip.  Certificate  of  stock  given- 
bafore  registration. 


Sea 


945 


Sur 


Seaworthy.  Fit  for  a  voyage  and 
properly  equipped. 

Securities.  Documents  securing 
a  right  to  property. 

Sell.  To  make  a  sale ;  to  trans- 
fer for  consideration. 

Set-Off.  A  counter  claim  or  cross 
debt  arising  from  a  different  mat- 
ter from  the  one  in  question. 

Share.  Interest  owned  by  one  of 
a  number ;  unit  of  the  division 
of  stock. 

Ship.  Technically,  a  three-mast- 
ed square-rigged  vessel ;  commonly 
used  for  any  large  vessel. 

Shipment.  Quantity  of  goods 
dispatched. 

Shipper.  One  who  dispatches 
goods  by  vessel  or  other  convey- 
ance. 

Shipping.  Collective  term  for  a 
number  of  vessels. 

Shipping  Articles.  Articles  of 
agreement  between  captain  and 
seamen. 

Shipping  Clerk.  One  who  over- 
sees the  forwarding  of  merchan- 
dise. 

Ship's  Husband^  One  who  at- 
tends to  the  requisite  repairs  of  a 
ship  while  in  port,  and  does  all 
the  other  necessary  acts  prepara- 
tory to  a  voyage. 

Ship's  Papers.  Papers  which  a 
vessel  must  carry ;  register,  sea- 
letter,  logbook,  bill  of  health,  ship- 
ping articles,  etc. 

Ship's  Stores.  Provisions,  fuel, 
cables,  extra  spars,  etc. 

Short.  To  "sell  short"  is  to  sell 
for  future  delivery  what  one  has 
not  got  in  hopes  that  prices  will 
fall. 

Short  Exchange.  Bills  of  ex- 
change payable  at  sight  or  in  a 
few  clays. 

Shrinkage.  Reduction  in  bulk 
or  measurement. 

Sight.  The  time  when  a  bill  is 
presented  to  the  drawee. 

Sight  Draft.  One  payable  at 
fiif/ht,  i.  e.,  when  presented. 

Signature.  The  name  of  a  per- 
son written  by  himself. 

Silent  Partner.  One  who  fur- 
nishes capital  but  takes  no  active 
part  in  a  business. 

Simple  Interest.  Interest  on 
principal  alone;  not  compound. 

Sinking  Fnnd.     A  fund  set  apart 
from   revenue  to  pay  a  public  or 
corporation   debt. 
Smuggling.       Introducing    goods 


into  a  country  without  paying 
duties. 

Solvent.  Able  to  meet  all  liabili- 
ties. 

Specialty.  A  written,  sealed,  and1 
delivered  contract ;  a  particular 
article  of  merchandise  dealt  in. 

Specie.  Any  kind  of  coined 
money. 

Specification.  A  written  de- 
scription and  enumeration  of  par- 
ticulars. 

Speculation.  A  business  invest- 
ment out  of  the  ordinary  run  of 
trade. 

Stamp  Duty.  Law  requiring- 
stamps  to  be  affixed  to  checks  and 
proprietary  articles. 

Staple.  Principal  commodity  of 
a  country  or  district. 

Statute  Law.  Body  of  laws  es- 
tablished by  legislative  enactment ; 
written  as  opposed  to  unwritten 
or  common  law. 

Sterling.  Lawful  or  standard 
money  of  Great  Britain. 

Stock.  Shares  in  the  capital  of 
corporations ;  goods  on  hand. 

Stock  Broker.  One  who  buys 
and  sells  stock  on  commission. 

Stock  Exchange.  Place  where- 
shares  of  stock  are  bought  and 
sold. 

Stock-Holder.  One  who  holds 
shares  of  stock. 

Stock  Jobber.  One  who  specu- 
lates in  stocks. 

Stoppage  in  Transitu.  [Lat.] 
Right  of  seller  to  stop  goods  "on 
their  passage"  if  purchaser  has. 
become  insolvent. 

Storage.  Sums  paid  for  storing 
goods. 

Storekeeper.  Officer  in  charge 
of  a  bonded  warehouse. 

Stowage.  Careful  arrangement 
of  cargo  in  a  ship. 

Subpoena.  A  writ  commanding 
a  witness  to  appear  in  court. 

Subpoena  duces  tecum.  [Lat.] 
A  subpoena  requiring  witness  to 
bring  papers  with  him. 

Subrogation.  Putting  one  thing 
in  place  of  another ;  substituting 
one  creditor  for  another. 

Sundries.       Unclassified    articles. 

Supercargo.  An  agent  who  ac- 
companies cargo  to  care  for  and 
sell  it. 

Surety.  One  who  binds  himself 
to  pay  money  in  case  another  per- 
son fails  to  pay,  to  fill  a  contract, 
or  to  serve  with  integritv. 


Stir 


946 


Usu 


Surveyor.  Agent  of  an  insurance 
company  to  examine  and  report 
on  applications  for  marine  or  fire 
insurance. 

Suspend.  To  fail ;  to  stop  pay- 
ment. 

Suspense  Account.  An  account 
made  of  doubtful  balances  to  as- 
certain probable  profit  or  -loss. 

Sutler.  One  authorized  to  sell 
goods  to  an  army. 

Suttle  Weight.  Weight  after 
tare  is  deducted. 


Tale  Quale.  [Lat]  "Such  as;" 
used  to  denote  that  cargo  is  pre- 
sumed to  correspond  with  sample, 
and  that  buyer  takes  the  risk  of 
deterioration. 

Tally.  Keeping  account  by  check- 
ing off. 

Tally  Man.  One  who  receives 
payment  for  goods  in  weekly  in- 
stalments. 

Tare.  Allowance  in  weight  or 
quantity  on  account  of  cask,  bag, 
or  covering.  Actual  tare:  when 
each  cask,  etc.,  is  weighed.  Av- 
erage tare:  when  one  is  weighed 
as  a  sample.  Estimated  tare: 
when  a  fixed  percentage  is  al- 
lowed. 

Tariff.  Rate  or  list  of  duties ; 
price  list. 

Teller.  Officer  of  a  bank  who 
receives  or  pays  out  money. 

Tenants.  Those  who  lease  or 
rent  real  estate. 

Tenants  in  Common.  Persons 
holding  the  same  property  in  com- 
mon, i.  e.,  by  distinct  titles  and 
not  as  joint  tenants. 

Tender.  Offer  to  supply  money 
or  articles.  (See  Legal  Tender.) 

Tenor.  Intent,  nature,  character ; 
sometimes  an  exact  copy. 

Textile  Fabrics.  All  woven  or 
piece  goods. 

Testator.  One  who  has  made  a 
will ;  feminine  form,  testatrix. 

Time  Bargain.  A  contract  for 
the  future  sale  of  stock. 

Tonnage.  The  weight  a  ship  will 
carry  in  tons ;  capacity  of  a  ves- 
sel. 

Tort.  A  private  or  civil  injury 
for  which  damages  will  lie. 

Trade.  Buying  and  selling ;  com- 
merce ;  traffic. 

Trade  Discount.  An  allowance 
made  to  dealers  in  the  same  line. 


Trade  Mark.  Letters,  figures,  or 
devices  used  on  goods  and  labels 
which  a  manufacturer  has  the  sole 
right  to  use. 

Trade  Price.  That  allowed  by 
wholesalers  to  retailers. 

Trade  Sale.  An  auction  by  and 
for  the  trade ;  especially  of  book- 
sellers. 

Trades  Union.  A  combination  of 
workingmen  to  protect  their  own 
interests. 

Traffic.  Business  done  ;  especially 
that  of  a  railroad. 

Transhipment.  Removing 
goods  from  one  ship  or  convey- 
ance to  another. 

Transportation.  Conveying 
goods  from  one  place  to  another. 

Transit  Duty.  Tax  imposed  on 
goods  for  passing  through  a  coun- 
try. 

Traveler.  A  commercial  agent ; 
a  drummer. 

Treasury  Notes.  Those  issued 
by  government  and  passing  cur- 
rent as  money. 

Treaty.  An  agreement  or  com- 
pact between  t\£o  or  more  nations. 

Tret.  Allowance  for  waste  of  4 
Ibs.  in  104  Ibs.,  after  tare  has 
been  deducted. 

Triplicate.  To  make  three  cop- 
ies of  a  paper;  the  third  copy. 

Trustee  Process.  Same  as  Gar- 
nishment, which  see. 

U 

Ullage.  What  a  cask  lacks  of 
being  full. 

Unclaimed  Goods.  Goods  in  gov- 
ernment storehouses  unclaimed 
after  three  years  from  importa- 
tion, or  on  which  duties  have  not 
been  paid,  may  be  sold  at  auction. 

Undersell.  To  sell  below  the 
trade  price. 

Underwriter.  A  marine  insurer; 
an  individual,  not  a  company. 

Unseaworthy.  Unfit  in  condition 
or  equipment  for  a  voyage. 

Unsound.  In  bad  condition  ;  of 
doubtful  solvency. 

Usance.  The  time  allowed  by 
usage  for  the  payment  of  a  bill 
of  exchange ;  it  differs  greatly  in 
different  countries ;  any  business 
custom. 

Usury.  Interest  beyond  the  law- 
ful rate. 


Val 


947 


Wre 


Valid.  Of  force  ;  binding ;  good  in 
law. 

Value.      To  estimate  ;  worth. 

Value  Received.  Phrase  used 
in  notes  and  bills  to  express  a 
consideration  indefinitely. 

Vendee.  One  to  whom  something 
is  sold. 

Vendor.      A  seller. 

Vendue.     An  auction  sale. 

Venture.  A  mercantile  specula- 
tion or  investment. 

Void.  That  which  is  of  no  legal 
effect. 

Voidable.  That  which  may  be- 
come of  no  legal  effect  if  proper 
steps  are  taken. 

Voucher.     A  book,  receipt,  entry, 


or   other   document    which    estab- 
lishes the  truth  of  accounts. 

W 

Warehouseman.    One  who  stores 

goods  for  pay. 
Waiver.       Relinquishment    of    a 

legal  right  or  privilege. 
Warranty.     An  undertaking  that 

goods  or  title  are  as  represented. 
Wastage.        Loss     in     handling ; 

shrinkage. 

Waste.      Refuse   material. 
Way  Bill.      List  of   goods   given 

to  a   carrier. 
Wharfage.     Fees  paid  for  use  of 

a  wharf. 
Wreckage.       Merchandise    saved 

from  a  wreck. 


DICTIONARY  OF  NAMES  OF  IMPORTANT  PERSONS, 

PLACES,  BUILDINGS,  MONUMENTS,  PERIODS, 

ETC.;  ALSO  SIGNIFICANT  WORDS  AND 

PHRASES  FREQUENTLY  MET 

WITH  IN  LITERATURE 


Abderite.  A  scoffer ;  from  Ab- 
dera,  where  Democritus  lived. 

Abraham's  Bosom.  The  rest  of 
the  blessed  dead.  Luke  xiv.  22. 

Abyla.  One  of  the  "Pillars  of 
Hercules ;"  Calpe  being  the  other. 

Academics.  The  disciples  of 
Plato,  so  called  from  the  acad- 
emy. 

Academy  (Academia).  A  gym- 
nasium in  the  suburbs  of  Athens, 
where  Plato  founded  his  school, 
368  B.  c. 

Academy,  The  French.  Acad6- 
mie  Franyaise.)  One  of  the  five 
academies  constituting  the  French 
Institute ;  founded  by  Richelieu  ; 
deals  with  the  French  language, 
and  consists  of  40  members. 

Acadia.  The  former  name  of 
Nova  Scotia. 

Adam's  Apple.  Fabled  to  be 
caused  by  a  piece  of  forbidden 
fruit  sticking  in  the  throat. 

Admirable  Crichton,  The. 
James  Crichton,  a  Scotch  prodigy 
of  the  16th  century.  Hence  a 
person  of  great  accomplishments. 

.ZEneid.  Virgil's  epic  poem,  of 
which  JEngas  is  the  hero. 

Ages.  According  to  Hesiod  there 
were  five  ages  of  the  world,  the 
GOLDEN,  the  SILVER,  the  BRAZEN, 
the  HEROIC,  and  the  IRON. 

Agnus  Dei.  The  Lamb  of  God. 
A  cake  stamped  with  the  figure  of 
a  lamb,  given  out  by  the  Pope  on 
the  Sunday  after  Easter. 

Aladdin's  Window  (To  finish). 
To  try  to  finish  something  left  un- 
finished by  a  great  man.  One  win- 
dow in  Aladdin's  palace  was  left 
for  the  Sultan  to  finish,  but  his 
treasure  gave  out. 

Albany  Regency.  Nickname  of 
a  set  of  able  Democratic  politi- 
cians, 60  years  ago,  at  Albany, 
N.  Y. 

Albion.  England.  Said  to  mean 
the  chalk  cliffs.  (Albus,  white.) 

Aldine  Press.  Founded  by  Al- 
dus Manutine,  at  Venice,  1496. 


Hence  came  the  famous  Aldine 
editions. 

Alexandrian  Library.  Found- 
ed by  Ptolemy  Soter,  at  Alexan- 
dria, Egypt.  Contained  100,000 
volumes.  Burned  47  B.  c. 

Alexandrine  Age.  323-640, 
when  Alexandria  was  the  seat  of 
the  highest  culture. 

Alhambra.  Palace  and  fortress 
of  the  Moors  at  Granada,  Spain. 

All  Souls'  Day.  Nov.  2.  Day  of 
prayer  for  souls  in  Purgatory. 

Allah.  ( "The  Adorable.") 
Arabic  name  of  God. 

Almack's.  Once  a  famous  Lon- 
don assembly-room  where  balls 
were  given  of  the  most  exclusive, 
aristocratic  character. 

Almighty  Dollar.  A  phrase 
from  Irving'?  Creole  Village. 

Alsatia.  The  Whitefriars  (Lon- 
don) refuge  for  criminals. 

Alto-Relievo.  (High  relief.) 
Figures  in  marble,  etc.,  cut  so  as 
to  project  one-half  or  more  from 
the  tablet. 

Ambrosia.     The  food  of  the  gods. 

Amuck,  To  run  amuck.  Run 
foul  of.  Malays,  drunk  with 
opium,  run  about,  armed  with  dag- 
gers, shouting  "Amuck"  (kill). 

Anacreontics.  Verses  in  praise 
of  love  or  wine,  after  Anacreon. 

Ancient  Regime.  The  French 
Government  before  the  Revolu- 
tion. 

Angelic  Doctor,  The.  Thomas 
Aqufnas. 

Angelus,  The.  A  prayer  to  the 
Virgin,  recited  thrice  a  day. 

Angling,  The  Father  of.  Izaak 
Walton,  so  called  from  his  famous 
book  on  angling. 

Annunciation,  Day  of.  Festi- 
val, celebrated  March  25th,  the 
day  the  angel  announced  to  the 
Virgin  that  she  would  bear  Our 
Lord. 

Annus  Mirabilis.  (Wonderful 
Year.)  1666.  Plague,  fire  of 
London,  and  English  victory  over 
the  Dutch. 


948 


Ant 


949 


Bil 


Anthony,  Saint.  ST.  ANTHONY'S 
FIRE.  Erysipelas. 

Antoninus,  The  Wall  of.  Turf 
entrenchment  across  Scotland 
from  the  Clyde  to  the  Frith  of 
Forth,  built  by  the  Romans  140. 

Apollo  Belvedere.  A  marble 
statue  of  Apollo  in  the  Belvedere 
Gallery  of  the  Vatican  at  Rome. 

Appian  Way.  Oldest  of  the  Ro- 
man roads,  from  Rome  to  Capua. 

Apples  of  Sodom.  Lovely  fruit, 
but  within  full  of  ashes. 

Arabesque.  Moorish  (Arabic) 
patterns  in  decoration. 

Arcadian.  A  shepherd  ;  belong- 
ing to  shepherds.  So  called  from 
the  Greek  country  Arcadia,  a  pas- 
toral region. 

Arch  of  Triumph.  At  the  west 
end  of  the  Champs  Elysees,  Paris, 
116  ft.  high,  145  wide.  Begun  by 
Napoleon. 

Argo.  The  ship  in  which  Jason 
went  after  the  golden  fleece. 

Argonauts.  The  heroes  who 
sailed  in  the  Argo. 

Argus-eyed.  Extremely  watch- 
ful. Juno,  jealous  of  lo,  had  her 
watched  by  the  hundred-eyed  Ar- 
gus. 

Arians.  Disciples  of  Arius  ;  main- 
tained that  the  Father  and  Son 
are  distinct  beinsrs. 

Armada,  The  Spanish.  Fleet 
collected  by  Philip  of  Spain,  in 
l."iSS.  to  conquer  England. 

Artesian  Well.  From  Artois  in 
France,  where  wells  of  this  kind 
were  first  dug. 

Aryans.  Tne  originators  of  the 
Indo-European  peoples. 

Athens,  The  Modern.  1.  Edin- 
burgh.  2.  Boston. 

Augustan  Age.  The  palmiest 
period  of  a  literature :  the  best 
days  of  Roman  literature  being 
under  Augustus. 

Auld  Reekie.  (Old  Smoky.) 
Edinburgh,  Scotland. 

Avalon.  Burial  place  of  King 
Arthur;  said  to  be  Glastonbury. 

Ayrshire  Poet,  The.  Burns, 
who  was  born  near  Ayr,  Scotland. 


Barnburners.        A     name     once 

srivcn   to  radical   Democrats. 
Babylonish  Captivity.     The  70 

years'    captivity    of    the    Jews   at 
Babylon.  Olives  u.  c. 
Baconian  Philosophy.     The  in- 
ductive philosophy  of  Lord  Bacon. 


Balmoral  Castle.  A  Scotch 
castle  owned  by  Queen  Victoria. 

Bank  of  England.  In  Thread- 
needle  Street,  London.  Founded 
H)'.»4.  Sometimes  called  "The 
Old  Lady  of  Threadneedle  Street." 

Bard  of  Avon.  Shakespeare, 
from  Stratford-on-Avon. 

Barleycorn,  John.     Malt  liquor. 

Barmecide's  Feast.  An  illusion. 
Barmecide  asked  a  starving  beggar 
to  dinner,  and  set  empty  dishes  be- 
fore him.  (Arabian  Nights.) 

Basilisk.  A  serpent  supposed  to 
"look  people  dead." 

Basso-Relievo.  Figures  cut  on 
marble,  etc.,  projecting  a  little. 

Bastile.  French  prison  and  for- 
tress, destroyed  by  the  mob,  1789. 

Battle  of  the  Books.  A  satire 
by  Swift  on  the  comparative  mer- 
its of  ancient  and  modern  litera- 
ture. 

Battery,  The.  A  park  in  New 
York  city  adjoining  the  river. 

Beacon  Street.  The  aristocratic 
residence  street  of  Boston. 

Beauty  and  the  Beast.  A  fairy 
tale.  Beauty  lives  with  the  Beast 
to  save  her  father's  life.  Beast, 
disenchanted  by  love,  is  made  a 
handsome  prince. 

Bedlam  (Bethlehem).  A  lunatic 
asylum. 

Bee,  the  Attic.  Plato,  from  his 
sweet  style. 

Beelzebub.  God  of  flies ;  a  Phil- 
istine deity. 

Begging  the  question.  Assum- 
ing as  true  what  you  are  to  prove. 

Belle  France,  La  (Fair  France). 
A  general  name  of  France. 

Belgravia.  Fashionable  ouarter 
of  London. 

Bell  the  Cat.  An  old  mouse  pro- 
posed that  a  bell  should  be  hung 
upon  the  cat's  neck  to  apprise  the 
mice  of  her  coming ;  a  young 
mouse  inquired,  "Who  will  put  the 
bell  on?" 

Bell,  The  Passing.  Run.?  for- 
merly when  persons  were  dying. 

Beloved   Disciple.       St.    John. 

Bess.  Good  Queen.  Queen  Eliz- 
abeth. 

Bibliotheqne  Nationale.  (Na- 
tional Library.)  At  Paris,  con- 
tains over  1.000,000  books,  3  "><>.- 
000  manuscripts,  etc. 

Billingsgate.  Coarse  language, 
such  as  is  used  by  the  fishwomen 
of  Billingsgate,  the  London  fish 
market. 


Bla 


950 


Cat 


Black  Death.  A  contagious,  pu- 
trid typhus,  which  desolated  Eu- 
rope, Asia,  and  Africa  in  the  14th 
century. 

Black  Friday.  Sept.  26,  1869; 
financial  panic  in  Wall  street, 
New  York. 

Black  Hole.  Dark  cell  in  Cal- 
cutta prison  where  Surajah  Dow- 
lah  shut  up  146  British  soldiers ; 
only  23  lived  till  morning. 

Black  Prince.  Edward,  Prince 
of  Wales,  son  of  Edward  III. 

Black  Republicans.  A  satirical 
name  given  the  Republican  party 
in  the  United  States,  from  its  op- 
position to  the  extension  of  slav- 
ery. 

Blarney  Stone.  In  Blarney 
Castle,  near  Cork,  Ireland.  Sup- 
posed to  impart  fluent  powers  of 
speech  to  whoever  kisses  it. 

Bluebeard.  A  legendary  wife- 
killing  tyrant ;  a  sort  of  Henry 
VIII. 

Blue  Laws.  A  nickname  of  early 
severe  New  England  statutes. 

Blue  Stocking.  A  iemaJe  ped- 
ant; so  called  from  a  literary 
society  at  Venice  in  1400,  whose 
members  wore  blue  stockings. 

Bohemian.  An  artist  or  literary 
man  living  loosely  by  his  wits. 

Bois  de  Bologne.  A  Paris  prom- 
enade. 

Border,  The.  The  frontiers  of 
England  and  Scotland. 

Border  Minstrel,  The.  Sir 
Walter  Scott. 

Border  States.  Maryland,  Dela- 
ware, Virginia,  Kentucky,  Mis- 
souri. 

Bourgeoisie.  French  tradesmen 
and  manufacturers  as  a  class. 

Boulevard.  A  wide  street  or 
promenade. 

Bourse.  The  Parisian  Stock  Ex- 
change. 

Bloody  Mary.  Queen  Mary  of 
England  ;  so  called  on  account  of 
her  bloodthirsty  persecution  of 
English  Protestants. 

Bow  Bells.  A  set  of  bells  in  St. 
Mary-le-Bow  Church,  London.  A 
person  "born  within  sound  of 
Bow  Bells"  is  a  cockney. 

Bowery,  The.  A  New  York  thor- 
oughfare of  the  lower  classes. 

Boycott.  To  refuse  to  have  any- 
thing to  do  with.  Boycott,  an 
Irish  landlord,  was  so  treated  in 
1881, 


Brandy  Nose.  A  nickname  of 
Queen  Anne  of  England. 

Breeches  Bible.  An  edition  in 
which  aprons,  in  Genesis  iii.  7,  is 
rendered  "breeches." 

Bride  of  the  Sea.      Venice. 

Bridge  of  Sighs.  In  Venice, 
Italy.  Connects  Doge's  palace 
and  state  prisons.  The  condemned 
passed  over  it  to  be  executed. 

British  Museum.  A  famous 
library  and  museum  of  London. 

Broadway.  The  principal  busi- 
ness street  of  New  York  city. 

Brook  Farm.  A  socialistic  com- 
munity founded  at  West  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.,  1841,  to  carry  out  the 
idea  of  Fourierism. 

Brother  Jonathan.  America, 
an  American.  Said  to  be  derived 
from  Jonathan  Trumbull,  Gov- 
ernor of  Connecticut,  of  whom 
Washington  would  say,  "We  must 
consult  Brother  Jonathan." 

Buncombe  or  Bunkum.  Clap- 
trap eloquence.  Said  to  come 
from  Buncombe  county,  in  North 
Carolina.  A  North  Carolina 
member  said  a  fiery  speech  of  his 
was  not  intended  for  the  House, 
but  for  Buncombe. 

Bunker  Hill  Monument.  A 
granite  obelisk  on  Bunker  (once 
Breed's)  Hill,  Charlestown,  Mass., 
marking  the  site  of  the  battle  be- 
tween the  British  and  Americans, 
June  17,  1775. 


Cachet,  Lettres  de.  (Sealed 
letters.)  Blank  warrants  with 
the  French  King's  seal,  to  free 
from,  or  imprison  in,  the  Bastile. 

Caledonia.  A  poetical  name  for 
Scotland. 

Campagna.  (The  country.)  The 
plain  around  the  city  of  Rome. 

Carbonari.  Italian  secret  po- 
litical society,  organized  in  1820. 

Carmagnole.  Song  and  dance  in 
the  French  Revolution. 

Cartesian  Philosophy.  (Des- 
cartes.) "I  think,  therefore  I 
am." 

Castle  Garden.  The  former 
landing-place  of  emigrants,  New 
York  city ;  now  replaced  by  an 
aquarium. 

Catacombs.       The     subterranean 

.  burial-places  in  Alexandria, 
Egypt ;  also  in  Rome,  used  by  the 
early  Christians. 


Cav 


951 


Def 


Cavalier  Servente.  The  escort 
of  a  married  woman. 

Cecilia,  Saint.  A  Roman  Chris- 
tian martyr ;  patroness  of  music. 

Celestial  Empire.  China,  whose 
first  emperors  were  all  divinities. 

Champs  de  Mars.  A  field  in 
Paris  for  military  maneuvers. 

Champs  Elysees.  A  promenade 
in  Paris,  1%  miles  long. 

Charter  Oak.  A  tree  in  Hart- 
ford, Conn.,  in  which  the  Colonial 
Charter  was  secreted  in  1688. 
Blown  down  in  185G. 

Chauvinism.  Narrow-minded 

braggart  patriotism ;  from  Chau- 
vin,  a  character  of  Scribe's. 

Cheapside.  A  great  and  crowded 
London  thoroughfare. 

Chestnut  Street.  The  fashion- 
able street  of  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Chiltern  Hundreds,  To  accept 
the.  To  resign  one's  seat  in  Par- 
liament. An  English  member  of 
Parliament  resigns  his  seat  by 
taking  office.  Stewardship  of  the 
Chiltern  Hundreds  is  a  sinecure 
for  this  purpose. 

Christ  Church.  The  largest  col- 
lege in  the  University  of  Oxford ; 
a  famous  old  church  in  Philadel- 
phia, attended  by  Washington 
when  President. 

Cid,  The.  Don  Rode  ri  go  Laynez, 
Count  of  Bivar ;  Spanish  hero. 

Cincinnati,  The.  A  society 
founded  by  American  Revolu- 
tionary officers. 

Citizen  King.  The.  Louis  Phil 
ippe  of  France. 

Cockaine,  Land  of.  An  imagin- 
ary land  of  pleasure  and  laziness. 

Colossus  of  Rhodes.  A  brass 
statue  at  Rhodes,  12G  feet  high. 

Columbia.  Poetical  name  of  the 
United  States,  from  Columbus. 

Column  of  Vendome.  (Co- 
lonne  Vendome.)  Stone  pillar 
in  Paris,  erected  by  Napoleon : 
razed  by  the  Commune  in  1871, 
but  reerected. 

Confederate  States.  The  11 
States  which  seceded  in  1861,  viz., 
Alabama,  Arkansas,  Florida. 
Georgia,  Louisiana,  Mississippi, 
North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
Tennessee,  Texas,  Virginia. 
Congressional  Library.  At 
Washington,  largest  in  United 
States. 

Consols.  English  public  securi- 
ties at  3  per  cent. 


Copperheads.  Northern  sym- 
pathizers with  the  South  in  the 
American  Civil  War. 

Corncrackers,  The.  Kentuck- 
ians. 

Corn  Law  Rhymer,  The.  Eben- 
ezer  Elliott. 

Corso.  (The  Course.)  The  chief 
thoroughfare  of  Rome. 

Crapaud  (a  toad),  Johnny.  A 
Frenchman.  The  ancient  device 
of  French  royalty  was  three  toads 
(subsequently  the  fleur  de  lys). 

Credit  Mobilier.  A  company  au- 
thorized to  do  a  stock-jobbing 
business.  The  American  C.  M> 
in  connection  with  the  Pacific  rail- 
roads was  famous  in  1873. 

Crocodile  Tears.  Hypocritical 
grief.  The  crocodile  was  fabled  to 
weep  as  it  ate  its  victim. 

Cumberland.  A  United  States 
vessel  sunk  by  the  Confederate 
ram  Mcrrimac  in  Hampton  Roads, 
March  8,  1862.  Went  down  with 
colors  flying,  firing  a  broadside  as 
she  sunk. 

Curfew  Bell.  A  bell  rung  at 
sunset  in  the  time  of  William  I. 
and  II.  in  England,  to  order  fires 
and  candles  to  be  put  out. 

D 

Damocles'  Sword.  Presentiment 
of  evil.  Dionysius  the  Elder,  ty- 
rant of  Syracuse,  invited  his  flat- 
terer Damocles  to  a  splendid  feast, 
but  hung  over  his  head  a  sword 
dangling  by  a  single  hair. 

Darby  and  Joan.  An  affection- 
ate married  couple.  From  a  bal- 
lad. 

Dartmoor  Prison,  in  Devonshire, 
England.  A  prison  of  war. 

Darwinian  Theory.  A  theory 
proposed  by  Charles  Darwin  in 
his  Origin  of  Species;  the  differ- 
ent species  came  from  one  or  a 
few  original  forms,  present  dif- 
ferences being  the  result  of  de- 
velopment and  natural  selection. 

De  Profundis  (Out  of  the 
depths).  The  first  two  words  of 
the  Latin  version  of  the  130th 
I'salin.  Sung  at  burials. 

Debatable  Ground.  Land  on 
the  western  border  of  Scotland, 
disputed  between  Scotland  and 
England. 

Defender  of  the  Faith.  Title 
given  by  Pope  Leo  X.  to  Henry 
VIII.  of  England. 


Die 


952 


Fat 


Dies  Irae.  (Day  of  wrath.)  First 
two  words  of  a  celebrated  medi- 
aeval hymn  by  Thomas  of  Celano. 

Directory,  The  French.  By  the 
constitution  of  1795  the  executive 
power  was  vested  in  five  directors. 
It  lasted  four  years  only. 

Dixie.  The  Land  of  Dixie. 
The  Southern  States. 

Doctors'  Commons.  Where  the 
Ecclesiastical  Court  sat  in  Lon- 
don. 

Doctrinaire.  An  impracticable 
politician.  First  applied  to  the 
French  Constitutional  Monarch- 
ists, of  whom  Guizot  was  one. 

Doe,  John.  Fictitious  plaintiff 
in  ejectment ;  Doe  versus  Roe. 

Doomsday  Book.  A  book  con- 
taining the  value  of  all  English 
estates  in  the  reign  of  William 
the  Conqueror. 

Donnybrook  Fair.  A  once  cele- 
brated annual  fair  near  Dublin. 

Douay  Bible,  The.  The  Eng- 
lish Bible  authorized  by  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  Church.  First  pub- 
lished at  Douay,  France. 

Downing  Street,  in  London.  The 
official  residence  of  the  Prime 
Ministers  has  been  situated  there 
since  the  time  of  Sir  Robert  Wai- 
pole. 

Drachenfels  (Dragon  Rock). 
A  castle  on  a  mountain  of  the 
same  name,  high  above  the  Rhine, 
not  far  from  Bonn. 

Drury  Lane  Theater.  A  Lon- 
don playhouse,  opened  in  1068. 

Dnnciad.  A  satire  on  dunces  by 
Pope.  Colley  Gibber  is  the  hero. 

Dying  Gladiator.  An  ancient 
statue  in  the  Capitol  at  Rome. 


Eastern  States,  The.  Maine, 
Vermont.  New  Hampshire,  Massa- 
chusetts, Rhode  Island,  and  Con- 
necticut. 

Ecce  Homo.  (Behold  the  man.) 
Spoken  of  Christ  on  the  cross : 
a  famous  painting  by  Correggio 
representing  the  Savior  crowned 
with  thorns. 

Ecole  Polytechniqne.  (Poly- 
technic School.)  A  Parisian 
school  whose  graduates  are  given 
places  in  the  public  service. 

El  Dorado.  (The  Golden.)  Gen- 
eral name  for  wealthv  country. 

Elephant,  Seeing  the.  Seeing 
the  world ;  "life." 


Elgin  Marbles.  A  collection  of 
Greek  sculptures  (mainly  from 
the  Parthenon)  made  by  Lord  El- 
gin ;  now  in  British  Museum. 

Escorial,  The.  Granite  palace 
and  mausoleum  near  Madrid. 

Eternal  City,  The.      Rome. 

Eulenspiegel,  Tyl.  Hero  of  a 
German  story  ;  a  vagrant  Bruns- 
wicker  who  cuts  up  all  sorts  of 
pranks. 

Eureka.  (I  have  found  it.)  A 
saying  attributed  to  the  Archi- 
medes when  he  discovered  the  way 
to  test  the  purity  of  Hiero's  crown. 

Evangelists,  Symbols  of  the. 
MATTHEW  has  a  scroll  before  him 
and  holds  a  pen.  MARK  sits  writ- 
ing, with  a  winged  lion  by  his 
side.  LUKE  has  a  pen  and  scroll ; 
near  him  is  an  ox.  JOHN  is  a 
young  man  behind  whom  is  an 
eagle. 

Exclusion,  Bill  of.  A  bill  which 
passed  the  English  Commons  in 
1G79,  proposing  to  exclude  the 
Duke  of  York  (afterwards  James 
II.)  from  the  throne,  because  he 
was  a  Roman  Catholic. 

Expounder  of  the  Constitu- 
tion, The.  Daniel  Webster. 


Fabian  Policy.  A  policy  of  de- 
lay, such  as  was  pursued  by  Q. 
Fabius  Maximus,  called  CunctS.- 
tor,  "The  Delayer." 

Fabius,  The  American.  George 
Washington. 

Faery  Queen.  A  rhymed  ro- 
mance of  Edmund  Spenser. 

Faineants,  Les  Rois.  (Do- 
nothing  Kings.)  Nicknames  of 
the  last  kings  of  the  Merovingian 
dynasty  in  France. 

Falernian.  A  celebrated  ancient 
Italian  wine  grown  at  Falernum. 

Faneuil  Hall,  in  Boston,  Mass., 
first  built  in  1742.  Revolutionary 
orators  frequently  addressed  pub- 
lic meetings  in  it. 

Farmer  George.  George  TIT.  of 
England;  so  called  from  his  bluff 
manners,  thriftiness,  and  love  of 
agriculture. 

Fata  Morgana.  A  mirage  ob- 
served in  the  Straits  of  Messina. 

Father  of  his  Country.  George 
Washington. 

Fathers  of  the  Latin  Church. 
Ambrose,  of  Milan ;  Augustine, 
St.  Bernard,  Hilary,  Jerome,  Lac- 
tantius. 


Fau 


953 


Got 


Faubourg,    St.    Antoine.       The 

part  of  Paris  in  which  the  work- 
ingmen  live.  Once  the  scene  of 
many  insurrections  and  riots. 

Faubourg,  St.  Germain.  The 
aristocratic  residence  quarter  of 
Paris,  where  are  the  houses  of  the 
old  nobility. 

Feuians.  A  society  of  Irishmen 
organized  in  the  United  States  in 
1865  to  make  Ireland  a  republic. 

Field  of  the  Cloth,  of  Gold. 
Plain  in  France  where  Francis  I. 
met  Henry  VIII. ;  so  called  from 
the  magnificent  display  made. 

Fighting  Joe.  The  American 
general  Joseph  Hooker. 

First  Gentleman  in  Europe. 
George  IV.  of  England ;  so  called 
from  his  appearance,  not  from 
his  character. 

Five  Points.  A  locality  in  New 
York  once  famous  as  the  abode  of 
poverty  and  crime ;  now  greatly 
changed. 

Flagellants.  Religious  fanatics 
of  the  thirteenth  century,  who 
went  about  naked  and  scourging 
themselves. 

Fleet,  The.  A  famous  London 
prison,  taken  down  in  1845. 

Flying  Dutchman.  A  spectral 
ship  fabled  to  be  seen,  in  bad 
weather,  about  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope ;  supposed  to  presage  bad 
luck. 

Fonrierism.  A  system  of  com- 
munism proposed  by  Charles 
Fourier.  The  world  was  to  be 
divided  into  "phalansteries"  of 
400  families,  who  were  to  live 
and  work  in  common. 

Funk,  Peter.  A  mock  auction ; 
a  person  employed  at  auction 
sales  in  making  bids  in  collusion 
with  the  owner  of  the  property 
to  be  sold. 


Gadshill,  near  Rochester,  in 
Kent,  England ;  famous  for  Fal- 
staff's  highway  robbery.  Charles 
Dickens  lived  there. 

Genre  Painting.  One  represent- 
ing domestic  rural  scenes  in  com- 
mon life. 

George,  St.,  and  the  Dragon. 
St.  George,  the  patron  saint  of 
England,  is  said  to  have  slain  in 
Libya  a  huge  dragon,  to  which 
every  day  a  virgin  was  offered  up. 

Gerrymander.     To  so  apportion. 


geographically,  legislative,  con- 
gressional, or  other  electoral  dis- 
tricts, as  to  give  an  unfair  pre- 
ponderance to  some  one  political 
party.  Started  in  Massachusetts, 
and  named  after  Elbridge  Gerry, 
then  governor  of  the  State. 

Ghetto.  The  quarter  in  Rome  to 
which  the  Jews  were  formerly  re- 
stricted. Also  in  many  other 
European  cities. 

Ghibelline.  In  the  Middle  Ages 
an  adherent  of  the  Holy  Roman 
Empire  against  the  Papacy. 

Girondists;  The  Giroude.  In 
the  French  Revolution  the  party 
of  moderate  "constitutional"  Re- 
publicans. 

Gobelins.  A  tapestry  and  carpet 
manufactory  at  Paris,  founded 
about  1515  by  J.  Gobelin,  a  dyer. 

Godiva,  Lady.  Wife  of  Leofric, 
Earl  of  Mercia,  who  offered  to  re- 
mit certain  exactions  to  his  ten- 
ants if  she  would  ride  naked 
through  the  streets  of  Coventry. 
She  did  so,  everybody  keeping  in- 
doors except  one  "Peeping  Tom," 
who  was  struck  blind  for  peeping 
at  her. 

Golconda.  A  locality  in  India 
containing  some  rich  diamond 
mines. 

Golden  Age.  An  age  of  inno- 
cence and  prosperity.  The  palmy 
time  of  a  nation  or  a  literature. 

Golden  Gate.  The  entrance  to 
the  harbor  of  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

Golden  Horn.  The  estuary  of 
the  Bosphorus,  upon  whose  banks 
Constantinople  is  built. 

Golden  House.  Palace  of  gold 
built  by  Nero  in  Rome. 

Gprdian  Knot.  A  vexed  ques- 
tion, an  obstacle.  Gordius.  a 
Phrygian  peasant,  when  chosen 
king,  consecrated  his  wagon  to 
Jupiter,  tying  the  yoke  and  beam 
together  so  that  it  could  not  be 
untied,  till  Alexander,  hearing 
that  the  untier  of  the  knot  should 
rule  over  all  the  East,  cut  the 
knot  with  his  sword. 

Gordon  Riots,  The.  In  1780.  at 
London,  under  Lord  George  Gor- 
don, a  weak-minded  nobleman,  to 
force  the  repeal  of  the  bill  passed 
by  the  House  of  Commons  to  re- 
lieve the  Roman  Catholics. 

Gotham.  A  name  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  New  York  city. 

Gotham,    The    Wise    Men    of, 


Ore 


954 


Heg 


wore  noted  for  their  folly. 
Gotham  was  an  English  village. 

Great  Commoner,  The.  William 
Pitt. 

Great  Duke,  The.  The  Duke  of 
Wellington. 

Great  Eastern.  A  great  steam- 
ship, the  largest  vessel  to  her 
time.  She  was  made  to  carry 
1,000  passengers  and  5,000  tons 
of  cargo.  After  1864  was  used  in 
laying  cables. 

Great  Pyramid,  The.  At  Ghee- 
zeh,  Egypt.  It  is  484  feet  high, 
and  contains  577,600  cubic  feet 
of  material. 

Greenbacks.  United  States 
Treasury  notes ;  so  called  from 
their  color. 

Green  Isle,  The.  Ireland,  from 
the  greenness  of  its  vegetation ; 
also  called  the  Emerald  Isle. 

Gregorian  Year.  The  year  as 
reformed  by  Gregory  XIII.,  in 
1582.  He  took  away  10  days. 

Gretna  Green.  A  Scotch  village, 
once  a  famous  place  for  runaway 
matches.  A  declaration  before 
witnesses  of  an  intention  to  marry 
was  formerly  sufficient  to  make 
a  valid  marriage  in  Scotland. 

Grub  Street.  A  London  street, 
once  noted  for  literary  hacks. 

Guelphs.  In  medieval  Europe 
the  adherents  of  the  Papacy  as 
against  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

Guildhall.  The  London  Town 
Hall ;  the  hall  of  the  guilds. 

Gunner's  Daughter,  Kissing 
the.  To  be  flogged.  Boys  in  the 
English  navy,  before  being  flogged, 
are  tied  to  a  gun  breech. 

Gunpowder  Plot,  The.  A  plot 
to  blow  up  the  English  Parlia- 
ment in  its  House,  Nov.  5,  1605, 
with  gunpowder.  Catesby  con- 
ceived the  scheme,  which  was  to 
have  been  carried  out  by  Guy 
Fawkes. 

Gyges'  Ring.  A  ring  which 
made  the  wearer  invisible.  Gyges. 
a  Lydian,  found  in  a  brazen 
horse,  in  a  cavern,  a  man's 
corpse,  from  the  finger  of  which 
he  took  a  brazen  ring  which  made 
him  invisible.  With  this  ring  he 
went  into  the  chamber  of  the 
King  of  Lydia,  whom  he  mur- 
dered and  succeeded. 

H 
Habeas    Corpus    Act,    The. 

Passed  in  the  time  of  Charles  II., 


provides  that  the  body  of  an  ac- 
cused person  must  be  brought  (if 
he  insist)  before  a  judge,  and  the 
reason  of  his  confinement  stated. 
The  judge  will  then  determine 
whether  or  not  to  admit  the  ac- 
cused to  bail.  The  guilt  of  an 
accused  person  is  to  be  finally  de- 
cided by  a  jury. 

Halcyon  Days.  A  period  of  hap- 
piness. The  halcyon  (kingfisher) 
was  thought  by  the  ancients  to 
lay  its  eggs,  and  brood  for  14 
days  preceding  the  winter  solstice, 
on  the  surface  of  the  ocean,  which 
was  always  calm  during  this  time. 

Handicap.  In  horse-racing,  as- 
signing different  weights  to  horses 
of  different  speed,  age,  etc.,  so 
they  may  run  with  an  equal 
chance.  So  called  from  an  ancient 
game  of  cards. 

Hanseatic  League.  A  union  of 
a  number  of  maritime  towns  in 
Northern  Germany  for  purpose  of 
trade  and  mutual  safety.  Founded 
in  the  thirteenth  century.  Their 
triennial  legislature  was  called 
hansa. 

Hanse  Towns.  The  North  Ger- 
man seaboard  cities  which  once 
constituted  the  Hanseatic  League. 

I-Iara-Kiri.  A  method  of  sui- 
cide formerly  practiced  in  Japan 
by  cutting  open  the  bowels,  per- 
mitted to  offending  nobles  and 
military  officers  to  save  them  from 
the  disgrace  of  a  public  execution. 

Hare,  Mad  as  a  March.  The 
hare  is  excessively  wild  in  March. 

Harries.  Creatures  with  a 
woman's  head  and  breasts,  and 
the  rest  of  the  body  like  vultures, 
hungry  and  emitting  a  terrible 
stench  ;  creations  of  ancient  myth- 
ology. 

Harvest  Moon.  The  full  moon 
at  or  nearest  to  the  fall  equinox  ; 
rises  for  several  days  near  or  soon 
after  sunset. 

Heidelberg  Castle.  A  ruined 
palace-fortress  near  Heidelberg, 
Germany. 

Heel-tap.  "No  heel-taps ;"  i.  e., 
drain  the  glass  to  the  bottom.  A 
heel-tap  is  a  shoe-peg  stuck  in  the 
heel,  but  taken  out  when  the  shoe 
is  done. 

Hegira.  The  date  of  Mohammed's 
flight  from  Mecca,  July  16,  622. 
The  Mohammedan  epoch  begins 
with  it. 


Hig 


Jac 


High  Church.  That  section  of 
the  English  clergy  which  main- 
tains the  apostolic  descent  of  the 
clergy,  and  absolution  by  priests. 

High  Seas,  The.  The  sea  be- 
yond three  miles  from  the  coast. 

History,  The  Father  of.  The 
Greek  historian,  Herodotus. 

Hob-and-Nob.  To  touch  glasses 
together  in  drinking ;  to  talk  con- 
fidentially to.  A  hob.  at  the 
corner  of  the  hearth,  was  to  heat 
the  water  or  spirit.  A  nob  is  a 
small  table. 

Hobson's  Choice.  What  is  of- 
fered, or  nothing.  It  is  said  that 
Tobias  Hobson,  an  English  stable- 
keeper,  whenever  a  customer  came 
to  hire  a  horse,  made  him  take  the 
horse  nearest  the  stable  door. 

Holborn.  A  London  street  by 
which  criminals  used  to  be  car- 
ried out  to  execution  at  Tyburn. 

Holy  Alliance,  formed  in  1S1C 
by  Austria,  Prussia,  and  Russia. 

Holy  Family,  The.  The  name 
of  many  mediapval  pictures  repre- 
senting the  infant  Jesus,  Joseph, 
the  Virgin,  John  the  Baptist, 
Anna,  and  Elizabeth. 

Holy  Land,  The.  Palestine,  as 
the  birthplace  of  Christ. 

Holy  League,  The.  The  alliance 
of  Pope  Julius  II.,  France,  Ger- 
many, Spain,  and  some  of  the 
Italian  Republics  in  1508,  against 
Venice. 

Honi  soit  qni  mal  y  pense. 
(Shame  to  him  who  evil  thinks.) 
Motto  of  the  Order  of  the  Garter. 
At  a  ball  given  by  Edward  III. 
of  England,  the  Countess  of  Sal- 
isbury's blue  garter  came  off  acci- 
dentally. The  King  picked  it  up, 
made  the  remark  quoted  above, 
and  fixed  it  round  his  own  knee. 
This  led  to  his  instituting  the 
Order  of  the  Garter. 

Honors  of  War.  Allowing  a  sur- 
rendered enemy  to  keep  his  arms. 

Hotel  de  Rambouillet.  A 
Paris  palace,  the  resort  of  wits, 
literary  ladies,  etc..  in  the  seven- 
if-cnth  century.  Ridiculed  by 
Molie're. 

Hotel  de  Ville.  The  City  Hall 
of  French  and  Belgian  cities. 

Houris,  in  the  Koran,  black- 
eyed,  beautiful  virgins  of  Para- 
dise ;  72  are  allotted  to  each  be- 
liever. 

Humble  Pie,  To  eat.  To  make 
submission.  From  ttmblea,  the 


entrails    and    other    inferior    por- 
tions of  the  deer. 

Hundred  Days,  The,  from  March 
20,  1815,  when  Napoleon  escaped 
from  Elba,  to  June  22,  1815, 
when  he  abdicated. 


Iconoclast  (Image-breaker).  A 
radical  reformer ;  so  called  from 
the  eighth  century  reformers  who 
objected  to  and  threw  down 
statues,  pictures,  etc..  in  churches. 

Iliad.  The  story  of  the  siege  of 
Troy  by  the  Greeks,  a  Greek  epic 
poem,  by  Homer. 

Immaculate  Conception.  The 
dogma  of  the  Catholic  Church 
that  the  Virgin  Mary  was  con- 
ceived without  original  sin. 

Independence,  Declaration  of, 
issued  July  4,  1776,  asserting  the 
independence  of  the  American 
Colonies  of  Great  Britain. 

Independence  Hall,  in  Phila- 
delphia, Pa. ;  the  meeting-place  of 
the  Continental  Congress,  where 
the  Declaration  of  Independence 
was  adopted. 

Index  Expurgatorius.  A  list 
of  printed  works,  the  reading  of 
which  is  prohibited  by  the 
Church  of  Rome ;  published  an- 
nually. 

Inns  of  Court.  The  four  Lon- 
don law  societies  which  have  the 
sole  right  of  admitting  candidates 
to  the  bar.  They  are  GRAY'S  INN, 
LINCOLN'S  INN,  the  INNER  TEM- 
PLE, and^the  MIDDLE  TEMPLE. 

Inquisition.  (An  inquiry  into.) 
A  tribunal  to  inquire  into  trans- 
gressions against  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church. 

Iron  City,  The.  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
celebrated  for  its  iron  industries. 

Iron  Duke,  The.  The  Duke  of 
Wellington. 

Iron  Mask,  The  Man  in  the. 
A  mysterious  French  state  pris- 
oner. 


Jack  Ketch.  The  hangman  ;  the 
name  of  an  English  hangman. 

Jack  Robinson.  Before  you  can 
say  Jack  Robinson,  meaning  at 
once.  Halliwell  notes  the  deriva- 
tion "Jack,  Robes  on"  from  an 
old  play. 

Jack  the  Giant-Killer.  A  nur- 
sery hero,  who  has  an  invincible 


Jac 


950 


Kni 


sword,  a  cap  of  wisdom,  shoes  of 
swiftness,  and  an  invisible  coat. 

Jack,  the  American,  or  Union. 
The  blue  ground  of  tbe  American 
flag  with  the  stars,  but  without 
the  stripes. 

Jacobins.  A  famous  political 
club  in  the  French  Revolution.  It 
met  at  a  convent  of  the  Jacobins 
(Dominicans) . 

Jacobites.  Adherents  of  James 
II.  of  England,  and  the  Stuarts, 
his  descendants ;  from  Jacobus 
(James). 

Jardin  des  Plantes.  Botanical 
and  zoological  garden  in  Paris. 

Jardin  Mabille.  A  once  famous 
garden  in  Paris;  the  home  of  the 
can-can.  Pleasure  resort  of  the 
demi-m,ondc.  Shut  up  in  1882. 

Jericho,  Gone  to.  Disappeared, 
ruined.  Henry  VIII.  had  a  manor 
called  Jericho.  When  he  went 
there  to  visit  some  of  his  mis- 
tresses it  used  to  be  said  of  him, 
"He  has  gone  to  Jericho."  (Very 
doubtful.) 

Jerusalem  Delivered.  An 
Italian  epic  poem  by  Torquato 
Tasso. 

Jingo;  Jingoism.  Expressions 
which  arose  during  the  ministry 
of  Lord  Beaconsfield,  1874-1380. 
Applied  to  those  who  wished 
England  to  take  an  aggressive 
foreign  policy.  It  originated  in 
a  music-hall  song. 

Joan,  Pope.  A  pretended  female 
Pope  who  was  said  to  have  suc- 
ceeded Leo  IV.  The  falsity  of  the 
legend  has  been  shown. 

John  Bull.  Nickname  for  an 
Englishman ;  England.  A  chol- 
eric, plethoric,  bull-headed,  'well- 
meaning  fellow. 

John  Chinaman.  Nickname  for 
the  Chinese  in  America. 

Jubilee,  Year  of.  Among  the 
Jews  came  every  50th  year;  all 
debts  were  considered  to  be  paid, 
and  land  reverted  to  its  original 
owners.  In  the  Catholic  Church 
it  comes  once  in  every  25  years. 

Juggernaut.  A  Hindoo  god  who 
has  a  famous  temple  in  India. 

Julian  Era,  The,  begins  46  B.  c., 
when  Csesar  reformed  the  calen- 
dar. 

Juiiius,  Letters  of.  A  celebrated 
series  of  political  letters  signed 
"Junius."  written  in  the  reign  of 
George  III.,  of  doubtful  author- 
ship. 


K 

Kansas,  Bleeding.  So  called  on 
account  of  the  fierce  struggles  be- 
tween its  anti-slavery  and  pro- 
slavery  settlers. 

Kensington  Gardens.  A  great 
London  pleasure  ground  adjoining 
Kensington  Palace  (where  Queen 
Victoria  was  born). 

Kilkenny  Cats,  The,  fought  in 
a  saw-pit  till  only  their  tails  re- 
mained. 

King  can  do  no  wrong,  The. 
Meaning  he  is  not  responsible,  but 
his  ministers  are,  for  mistakes  in 
administration. 

King  of  Yvetot.  A  "good,  little 
king."  A  pretentious  person. 
The  holders  of  the  little  seig- 
neurie  of  Yvetot  had  the  title  of 
king. 

King  Cole.  A  legendary  British 
king,  who  "loved  his  pipe  and 
bowl." 

King  Cotton.  Cotton,  the  great 
product  of  the  Southern  States, 
was  so  called  before  the  Civil 
War. 

King's  Evil.  The  scrofula.  It 
was  an  ancient  notion  that  the 
touch  of  a  sovereign  could  heal 
scrofula.  Doctor  Johnson  was 
the  last  Englishman  "touched" 
for  scrofula. 

King  Log.  An  ineffectual,  do- 
nothing  ruler.  Jupiter,  in  answer 
to  the  prayer  of  the  frogs  for  a 
king,  gave  them  a  log. 

King-Maker,  The.  Richard 
Neville,  the  great  Earl  of  War- 
wick, who  set  up  and  deposed 
English  kings  in  the  15th  century. 

King  Stork.  A  tyrant.  The 
frogs,  dissatisfied  with  the  let- 
alone  policy  of  King  Log,  prayed 
for  a  new  king,  whereupon  Jupi- 
ter sent  them  the  Stork,  wL-  de- 
voured them  miscellaneously. 

Kit  Kat  Club,  The.  A  famous 
London  Club,  founded  in  10SS.  at 
the  shop  of  one  Christopher  Katt, 
pastry-cook.  Among  the  members 
were  Addison.  Congreve,  Halifax, 
the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  Steele, 
and  Vanbrugh. 

Knickerbocker.  A  member  of 
an  "old"  New  York  family:  es- 
pecially persons  descended  from 
the  original  Dutch  settlers. 

Knights  of  Malta.  Also  called 
Hospitallers  of  St.  John  of  Jeru- 
salem. A  once  powerful  associa- 


Kno 


957 


Lit 


tion.  The  original  knights  had 
charge  of  a  church  and  hospital 
at  Jerusalem  consecrated  to  St. 
John.  Thence  they  moved  to 
Rhodes,  and  in  1523  to  Malta. 

Know  Nothings.  Political  party 
in  the  United  States  insisting  that 
nobody  but  "native  Americans 
should  hold  office."  Sprang  up 
suddenly  about  1853,  and  (after 
carrying  a  few  State  elections) 
disappeared. 

Koliinoor  (Mountain  of  Light). 
A  diamond  from  the  mines  of  Gol- 
conda,  India.  When  found 
(1550)  it  weighed  793  carats; 
the  present  weight  is  106  1-16. 
It  came  into  the  possession  of 
Queen  Victoria  in  1850.  Esti- 
mated value,  $625,000,  or  £125,- 
000. 

Koran  or  Alkoran.  (The  Read- 
ing.) The  Mohammedan  Bible. 

Kremlin.  A  quarter  in  Moscow, 
Russia,  in  which  are  several  pal- 
aces, cathedrals,  towers,  etc. 


Labyrinth,  The.  A  celebrated 
structure  of  ancient  Egypt.  A 
maze  of  difficulties,  so  called  from 
an  inextricable  series  of  winding 
passages,  constructed  by  Minos. 
King  of  Crete. 

Laconic.  Brief,  from  Laconia, 
another  name  for  Sparta ;  the 
Spartans  cultivated  curtness  of 
speech. 

Lacrymae  Christ!.  Italian  wine 
grown  about  Mount  Vesuvius. 

Lake  School,  The.  The  poetry 
of  Coleridge,  Wordsworth,  and 
Southey,  who  lived  in  the  Lake 
district  of  England. 

Land  of  Bondage.  Egypt,  so 
called  by  the  Jews. 

Land  of  Cakes.  Scotland,  fa- 
mous for  its  oatmeal  cakes. 

Land  of  Nod.  Popular  phrase 
for  sleep. 

Land  of  Promise,  or  Promised 
Land.  Among  the  Jews,  Ca- 
naan, which  God  promised  to 
Abraham. 

Lang  Syne,  is  Scotch  for  long 
since.  The  famous  song  An  hi 
Lanfj  Ki/ne  is  generally  credited 
to  Robert  Burns,  who  said  ho 
took  this  song  down  from  an  old 
man's  singing. 
Langue  d'Oc.  (Language  of 


Yes.)  Provencal,  formerly  the 
language  of  southern  France. 

Langue  d'Oil.  (Language  of 
Yes.)  French,  in  distinction  from 
Provencal. 

Laocobn.  A  statue  in  the  Belve- 
dere of  the  Vatican  representing 
the  death  of  Laocoon.  strangled 
to  death  (with  his  sons)  by  ser- 
pents. 

Laodicean.  "Luke-warm."  in  re- 
ligious matters.  See  Rev.  iii. 
14-18. 

Lares  and  Penates.  The  house- 
hold gods  of  the  Romans. 

Last  Judgment.  The  subject  of 
many  mediaeval  paintings.  The 
most  famous  is  the  fresco  by 
Michael  Angelo,  in  the  Sistine 
Chapel  in  the  Vatican. 

Last  Supper,  The,  is  the  subject 
of  many  mediaeval  paintings,  of 
which  the  most  famous  is  Leon- 
ardo da  Vinci's,  at  Milan.  Next 
is  Andrea  del  Sarto's  in  the  Salvi 
convent,  near  Florence. 

Lateran  Palace,  The,  at  Rome, 
was  the  residence  of  the  Popes 
till  late  in  the  14th  century. 

Laughing  Philosopher,  The. 
Democritus  of  Abde"ra. 

Leaning  Tower,  The,  at  Pisa, 
Italy ;  leans  about  13  feet  from 
the  perpendicular  ;  178  feet  high  ; 
50  feet  in  diameter. 

Learned  Blacksmith,  The. 
Elihu  Burritt,  an  American  writer 
and  linguist,  originally  a  black- 
smith. 

Leonine  Verses.  Verses  in 
which  end  and  middle  words 
rhyme. 

Libby  Prison.  A  famous  Con- 
federate prison  of  war  at  Rich- 
mond. Va..  during  the  Civil  War 
of  the  United  States. 

Lilliput.  A  region  inhabited  by 
pigmies  in  Gulliver's  Travels. 

Lingua  Franca.  A  corrupt  Ital- 
ian-French spoken  along  the  Med- 
iterranean. 

Lion  and  Unicorn,  on  the  Brit- 
ish royal  arms.  The  lion  is  Eng- 
lish :  the  unicorn,  Scotch.  Added 
in  1003. 

Lion  of  the  North.  Gustavus 
Adolphus  of  Sweden. 

Lion's  Share.  All  or  most.  The 
lion,  in  JEsop,  hunts  with  some 
other  beasts.  In  dividing  the 
spoils  he  claims  four  quarters. 
Little  Corporal.  Nnpoleon  I., 
from  his  shortness  of  stature. 


Llo 


958 


Man 


Lloyds.  Rooms  in  London  re- 
sorted to  by  bankers  and  brokers. 

Lombard  Street.  The  great 
financial  street  of  London. 

Lone  Star  State,  The.  Texas, 
whose  flag  bore  a  single  star  dur- 
ing its  period  of  nationality. 

Long  Parliament,  The.  Sat 
from  Nov.  3,  1G40,  till  April  20, 
1653. 

Lorelei.  A  water  spirit  who  en- 
ticed sailors  till  they  were  dashed 
to  pieces  by  the  rapids  around 
the  high  rocks  called  Lorelei,  on 
the  Rhine. 

Lotus  Eaters,  The.  A  people  in 
Homer's  Odyssey  who  ate  the 
fruit  of  the  lotus  tree,  which 
made  them  forget  home,  and  only 
wish  ''to  live  at  ease." 

Louvre.  A  palace  in  Paris  filled 
with  works  of  art. 

Low  Church.  That  section  of 
the  English  Church  which  lays 
little  or  no  stress  on  ceremonies 
and  is  extremely  "evangelical." 

Lusiad.  A  Portuguese  epic  by 
Camoens,  recounts  the  adventures 
of  the  Lusians  (Portuguese) 
under  Vasco  de  Gama,  the  first  to 
sail  to  India. 

Lynch  Law.  Hanging  by  a  mob  ; 
its  judgments  are  pronounced  by 
"Judge  Lynch."  Said  to  be  de- 
rived from  a  Virginian  named 
Lynch,  who  acted  as  a  judge  in 
the  17th  century,  by  appointment 
of  his  neighbors.  According  to 

'  others,  derived  from  an  Irish 
James  Lynch,  Warden  of  Gal- 
way,  who  sentenced  his  own  son 
to  death  for  murder. 

M 

Mai),  Queen.  "The  fairies'  mid- 
wife," i.  e.,  employed  by  the 
fairies  as  midwife  of  dreams  (to 
deliver  man's  brain  of  dreams). 

Macadamize.  To  pave  a  street 
with  broken  stones;  so  called 
from  Sir  John  Macadam,  who  in- 
vented that  system  of  paving. 

Macaronic  Verse.  Ludicrous 
vorses  consisting  of  words  from 
different  languages  mixed. 

Machiavellism.  Political  or 
diplomatic  trickery ;  so  called 
from  Nicholas  Macchiayelli.  au- 
thor  of  a  political  treatise  called 
The  Prince. 

Madame  Tussand's  Exhibi- 
tion. An  exhibition  in  London 


of  waxwork  figures,  many  being 
modelled  from  life. 

Mad  Poet,  The.  Nathaniel  Lee, 
the  insane  English  dramatist. 

Madman  of  Macedonia,  The. 
Alexander  the  Great. 

Madman  of  the  North.  Charles 
XII.  of  Sweden. 

Madonna.  (My  Lady.)  The 
Virgin  Mary.  Of  the  immense 
nilmber  of  pictures  on  this  sub- 
ject, we  mention  the  Sistine  Ma- 
donna, by  Raphael,  and  the  Ma- 
donna di  San  Georgio,  by  Cor- 
reggio,  at  Dresden  ;  and  the  Ma- 
donna della  Seggiola,  by  Raphael, 
in  the  Pitti  Palace,  Florence. 

Maecenas.  A  friend  and  patron 
of  literary  men.  Caius  Cilnius 
Maecenas,  a  Roman  general  and 
statesman,  friend  of  Augustus, 
was  a  liberal  patron  of  literary 
men,  especially  Horace  and  Virgil. 

Magna  Charta.  (Great  char- 
ter.) The  charter  securing  the 
liberty  (or  at  least  fair  trial)  of 
English  subjects ;  granted  by 
King  John. 

Mahomet's  Coffin,  was  said  to 
be  hung  in  mid-air  at  Medina. 

Maid  of  Orleans,  The.  Joan 
of  Arc  (Jeanne  Dare). 

Maid  of  Saragossa.  Augustina 
Zaragoza,  famous  for  her  valor 
during  the  siege  of  Saragossa.  in 
Spain,  by  the  French  (1808- 
1809). 

Maiden  Queen,  The.  Queen 
Elizabeth  of  England. 

Maine  !Law.  A  prohibitory 
liquor  law  first  adopted  in  Maine. 

Malthusiau  Doctrine,  The.  So 
called  from  the  English  economist 
Malthus,  who  claimed  that  popu- 
lation increases  faster  than  the 
means  of  living ;  so  that,  unless 
population  is  checked,  either  a 
part  of  it  must  starve  to  death,  or 
the  whole  of  it  be  insufficiently 
fed. 

Man  in  the  Moon,  The,  is  the 
man  who  picked  up  sticks  on  the 
Sabbath.  Numbers  xv.  8l'-3G ; 
another  legend  says  he  is  Cain. 

Man  of  Destiny,  The.  Na- 
poleon Bonaparte. 

Man  of  Iron,  The.     Bismarck. 

Man  of  Straw.  An  irresponsi- 
ble person.  Professional  false 
witnesses  or  givers  of  "straw 
bail"  in  the  English  courts  are 
said  to  have  worn  a  stra\y  in  their 
shoes  as  a  professional  sign. 


Mar 


959 


Mare's  Nest,  To  find  a.  To 
find  something  which  seems  of 
importance,  but  doesn't  amount 
to  anything.  The  nightmare  was 
thought  to  be  a  vampire  which 
guarded  treasures  in  its  secret 
nest. 

Marriage  a  la  Mode.  ("Fash- 
ionable Marriage.")  A  series  of 
six  satirical  pictures  by  William 
Hogarth. 

Marseillaise.  A  famous  French 
Revolutionary  song,  now  the 
French  national  air.  Composed 
by  Rouget  de  Lisle. 

Martinet.  A  rigid  disciplinarian, 
so  called  from  M.  de  Martinet,  a 
French  infantry  tactician  in  the 
17th  century. 

Mason  and  Dixon's  Line.  So 
called  because  run  by  two  Eng- 
lish surveyors,  Charles  Mason 
and  Jeremiah  Dixon,  17G3-1707. 
It  was  39°  43'  20"  north  latitude, 
being  the  northern  boundary  of 
the  then  Slave  States,  dividing 
Pennsylvania  from  Maryland  and 
Virginia. 

Mausoleum.  The  marble  monu- 
ment built  by  Artemisia,  qneen 
of  Caria,  to  her  husband.  Mnu- 
solns ;  one  of  the  seven  wonders 
of  the  world. 

Mayfair.  An  aristocratic  region 
in  London. 

Mayflower,  The.  The  vessel  in 
which  the  founders  of  the  Ply- 
mouth Colony,  in  Massachusetts, 
sailed  from  Southampton,  Eng- 
land, in  10120. 

Medicine,  The  Father  of.  Hip- 
pocrates of  Cos. 

Merlin.  A  celebrated  enchanter 
in  the  Arthurian  legends. 

Mermaid.  A  sea  nymph  with  a 
fish's  tail. 

Merry  Andrew.  A  buffoon ;  so 
called  from  Andrew  Borde.  the 
eccentric  physician  of  Henry 

Merry  England.  A  common 
designation  of  England;  in  the 
old  sense  of  the  word  merry, 
moaning  pleasant,  agreeable. 

Merry  Monarch,  The.  Charles 
II.  of  England. 

Mezzo  Relievo.  (Middle  Re- 
liff.)  Figures  cut  in  stone,  etc., 
which  project  from  the  tablet 
more  than  figures  in  Basso-Iio- 
lievo,  and  less  than  figures  in 
Alto-Relievo. 


Middle  Ages,  The.  The  period 
between  the  destruction  of  the 
Roman  Empire  and  the  revival  of 
learning  in  Italy,  from  470-1500. 

Middle  States,  The.  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey, 
and  Delaware. 

Minnesingers.  (Love-singers.) 
The  German  lyric  poets  of  the 
12th  and  13th  centuries. 

Miserere.  (Pity.)  The  51st 
Psalm  ;  a  penitential  psalm. 

Mississippi  Bubble,  The.  See 
South  Sea  Scheme. 

Missouri  Compromise,  The, 
prohibited  slavery  north  of  30° 
30'  north. 

Mistress  of  the  Seas.     England. 

Molly  Maguires.  A  former  se- 
cret society  in  the  United  States; 
many  crimes  were  attributed  to  it, 
especially  in  Pennsylvania. 

Monarque,  Lie  Grand.  (The 
Great  Monarch.)  Louis  XIV. 
of  France. 

Monroe  Doctrine.  The  United 
States  is  not  to  meddle  in  Euro- 
pean affairs,  nor  to  allow  Euro- 
pean governments  to  meddle  in  the 
a Tairs  of  the  American  continent. 
European  forms  of  government 
not  to  be  permitted  in  North 
America. 

Mont  de  Piete  ("Mountain  of 
Piety").  A  pawnbroker's  shop; 
in  particular  the  famous  Paris 
pawnbroking  establishment. 

Monumental  City,  The.  Balti- 
more, Md.,  so  called  from  the 
number  of  its  public  monuments. 

Morganatic  Marriage.  The 
marriage  of  a  person  of  high  rank 
to  a  woman  of  inferior  rank, 
who  does  not  take  her  husband's 
title. 

Mother  of  Presidents.  Vir- 
ginia ;  six  Virginians  have  been 
President  of  the  United  States. 

Mother  Carey's  Chickens. 
Stormy  petrels.  Mother  Carev  is 
said  to  be  Mater  Cara  ("Dear 
Mother"),  i.  e.  The  Virgin  Mary. 

Mother  Goose,  nursery  rhymer, 
lived  in  Boston ;  sang  her  rhymes 
to  her  grandson,  Thomas  Fleet, 
who  printed  them  in  1719. 

Mount  Vernon.  The  home  of 
Washington  in  Virginia. 

Muscula?  Christianity. 
Healthy  religion,  "a  sound  mind 
in  a  sound  body."  The  phrase 
originated  with  Charles  Kingsley. 

Music  of  the  Spheres.     Accord- 


Nam 


960 


Pal 


ing  to  Plato  each  planet  has  a 
siren  who  sings  a  song  harmo- 
nizing with  the  motion  of  her  own 
planet,  and  also  with  the  other 
planets. 

N 

Namby-Pamby.  Wishy-washy, 
childish.  A  name  given  by  Pope 
to  certain  verses  written  by  Am- 
brose Philips  for  the  children  of 
Lord  Carteret ;  a  babyish  way  of 
pronouncing  Ambry  (Ambrose) 
and  Philips. 

Nantes,  Edict  of.  Issued  at 
Nantes,  France,  in  1598,  by 
Henry  IV.,  granting  toleration  to 
the  Protestant  religion ;  repealed 
by  Louis  XIV.  in  1685. 

Nation  of  Shopkeepers.  The 
English  ;  so  called  by  Napoleon  I. 

Natural  Bridge,  The.  A  natural 
arch  200  feet  high  spanning  Cedar 
Creek,  near  James  River,  Vir- 
ginia. 

Newgate.  The  oldest  of  the  Lon- 
don prisons. 

New  'World.     The  Americas. 

Nibelungen-Lied.  A  German 
epic  poem  of  the  13th  century. 

Nightmare  of  Europe,  The. 
Napoleon  Bonaparte. 

Nine  "Worthies,  The.  David, 
Joshua,  Judas  Maccabaeus,  Hec- 
tor, Alexander,  Julius  Caesar, 
Arthur,  Charlemagne,  and  God- 
frey of  Bouillon. 

Nodes  Ambrosianae.  (Am- 
brosian  nights.)  The  title  of  a 
celebrated  work  by  Prof.  Wilson 
("Christopher  North").  Lock- 
hart  and  Wilson  used  to  frequent 
Ambrose's,  an  Edinburgh  tavern. 

Noel.  Christmas-day.  From  nou- 
velles  (news). 

Nonconformists.  Dissenters 
from  the  Church  of  England. 
Originally  applied  to  the  2,000 
clergymen  who  left  that  Church 
in  1(502,  because  they  would  not 
conform  with  the  Act  of  Uni- 
formity. 

Notre  Dame.  The  cathedral  of 
Paris. 


Odyssey.  Homer's  narrative 
poem  dealing  with  the  adventures 
of  Odysseus  (Ulysses)  on  his 
voyage  from  Troy  to  Ithaca. 

Ogres.      Giants    who    devour    hu- 


man flesh.  Said  to  come  from  the 
Ogurs,  a  fierce  Asiatic  tribe. 

Oi  Polloi.  (Hoi  Polloi,  GP.) 
The  many.  The  mob. 

Old  Bailey.  A  famous  London 
criminal  court. 

Old   Dominion,    The.      Virginia. 

Old  Guard,  The.  Favorite  regi- 
ment of  Napoleon  I.  The  sup- 
porters of  Gen.  Grant  for  the 
Presidency  at  the  Chicago  Con- 
vention of  1880. 

Old  Hickory.  A  nickname  of 
Andrew  Jackson. 

Old  Probabilities.  A  former 
nickname  for  the  United  States 
signal  service. 

Old  South,  The.  A  famous 
church  in  Boston,  Mass.,  con- 
nected with  many  events  in  the 
Revolution. 

Orangeman.  A  Protestant  Irish- 
man ;  from  the  Protestants  es- 
pousing the  cause  of  William  of 
Orange  (William  III.  of  Eng- 
land). 

Orange  Peel.  Sir  Robert  Peel, 
from  his  anti-Catholic  policy. 

Ordinance  of  1787.  A  meas- 
ure passed  in  1787  for  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  then  Northwest 
Territory  of  the  United  States. 

Orlando  Furioso.  An  Italian 
epic  poem  by  Ariosto. 

Ossian.  Son  of  Finiral,  a  Scotch 
bard.  James  McPherson  pub- 
lished in  1760  Ossian's  Poems, 
which  he  pretended  to  have  trans- 
lated from  Erse  manuscripts. 
The  work,  however,  is  McPher- 
son's  own,  the  pretended  MSS. 
never  having  existed. 

Ostend  Manifesto.  Issued  dur- 
ing Pierce's  administration  by 
Buchanan,  Mason,  and  Soule\ 
United  States  Ministers  to  Eng- 
land, France,  and  Spain  respect- 
ively, declaring1  that  Cuba  must 
belong  to  the  United  States. 

Ostracism,  comes  from  the  Greek 
ostrakpn,  an  oyster  shell.  The 
Athenians  exiled  every  dangerous 
public  men  against  whom  a  suffi- 
cient number  of  votes  (inscribed 
on  oyster  shells)  was  cast. 


Palimpsest.  A  parchment  in 
which  the  original  writing  has 
been  rubbed  out,  and  a  new  writ- 
ing substituted. 

Pall     Mall.        (Pell     Mell.)        A 


Pal 


961 


Que 


street  in  London  famous  for  its 
clubs. 

Palladium.  An  object  that  in- 
sures protection.  The  Palladium 
of  Troy  was  a  statue  of  Pallas, 
believed  to  have  fallen  from 
Heaven. 

Pantheon.  A  circular  building 
in  Rome  built  in  the  time  of  Au- 
gustus :  now  a  church  called  the 
Rotonda. 

Paradise  Lost.  Milton's  great 
epic,  treating  of  the  fall  of.  man. 

Paradise  Regained.  A  sequel 
to  Paradise  Lost,  its  subject  the 
temptation  and  triumph  of  Jesus. 

Parthenon.  A  celebrated  temple 
of  Athena  (Minerva)  on  the 
Acropolis,  Athens ;  the  noblest 
specimen  of  Doric  architecture. 

Partington,  Mrs.  Famed  for 
her  misuse  of  words ;  a  creation 
of  the  American  humorist,  B.  P. 
Shillaber.  Also  the  subject  of  a 
famous  witticism  by  Sydney 
Smith. 

Pasquinade.  A  sarcastic  polit- 
ical squib :  so  called  from  Pas- 
quino,  a  sarcastic  tailor.  An  an- 
tique statue  opposite  Pasquino's 
house  in  Rome  is  called  Pas- 
quino.  and  political  squibs  are 
affixed  to  it. 

Peeler.  A  policeman.  So  called 
from  Sir  Robert  Peel,  the  founder 
of  the  Irish  constabulary. 

Peninsular  War.  The  war  of  the 
English  against  France  in  Spain 
and  Portugal.  1808-1812. 

Fere-la-Chaise.  A  famous  ceme- 
tery near  Paris. 

Philippic.  A  severe  invective ; 
so  called  from  the  orations  of 
Demosthenes  against  Philip  of 
Macedon. 

Philistine.  Narrow-minded  per- 
son ;  in  common  use  in  the  Ger- 
man Universities  to  designate 
tradesmen,  rtc.  Also  used  satiric- 
ally in  recent  English  literature. 

Philosopher's  Stone,  The.  A 
substance  for  which  the  alche- 
mists were  nhvays  searching:  it 
was  to  turn  the  other  metals  into 
gold. 

Pleiad,  The  French.  Seven 
Tilth-century  poets,  viz.:  Ron- 
sard.  Joachim  du  Rellay.  Remi- 
Belleau,  Jodelle,  Bai'f,  Pontus  de 
Thiard.  Dorat. 

Plon  Plon.  A  nickname  of 
Prince  Napoleon  J.  C.  Bonaparte. 


Plumed  Knight,  The.  Nick- 
name of  J.  G.  Blaine,  American 
statesman. 

Plymouth  Rock.  A  rock  at 
Plymouth,  Mass..  where  the  Pil- 
grims are  thought  to  have  landed 
in  1620. 

Poet's  Corner.  A  corner  in 
Westminster  Abbey  where  Chau- 
cer, Spenser,  and  other  poets  are 
buried.  Poetical  column  of  news- 
papers. 

Pons  Asinorum.  (The  bridge  of 
asses.)  The  5th  proposition  of 
the  1st  Book  of  Euclid's  Geom- 
etry ;  difficult  to  dunces. 

Poor  Richard.  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin. 

Porkopolis.  The  nickname  of 
Cincinnati. 

Prater,  The.  The  fashionable 
promenade  of  Vienna,  Austria. 

Phoenix.  A  fabulous  bird,  said 
to  live  500  years,  when  it  burns 
itself  on  a  nest  of  spices,  and 
renews  its  life  500  years  more. 

Pied  Piper  of  Hamelin,  The. 
He  was  offered  a  reward  to  drive 
out  the  rats  and  mice  from 
Hamelin  in  Westphalia ;  which  he 
did  by  drawing  them  into  the 
river  by  the  sound  of  his  pipe. 
The  authorities  refusing  to  pay 
him  the  reward,  he  piped  the 
children  of  the  town  into  Kop- 
pelberg  Hill,  where  130  of  them 
died.  The  subject  of  a  popular 
poem  by  Browning. 

Pigeon  English.  English,  Chi- 
nese, and  Portuguese  mixed ;  used 
in  business  affairs  in  China. 

Pre-Raphaelites.  A  name  given 
to  a  recent  English  school  of 
artists,  comprising  Hunt,  Millias, 
etc. 

Pyramids.  A  number  of  remark- 
able ancient  buildings  in  Egypt. 
The  most  famous  are  at  Gheezeh. 


Quadrilateral,  The.  The  four 
Italian  fortresses  of  Verona, 
Legnano,  Mantua  and  Paschiera. 

Quaker  Poet,  The.  John  G. 
Whittier. 

Qnartier  Latin.  (The  Lntin 
Quarter.)  A  region  in  Paris 
south  of  the  Seine,  whose  popula- 
tion consists  largely  of  students. 

Queen  of  the  Antilles.  The 
island  of  Cuba. 


Rai 


962 


Sal 


Railway  King,  The.  George 
Hudson,  an  Englishman,  who 
made  an  immense  fortune  out  of 
railway  speculations. 

Red  Letter  Day.  A  fortunate 
day.  In  old  calendars  the  saints' 
days  were  marked  by  a  red  letter. 

Raiiz  cles  Vaches.  The  tunes 
played  by  the  Swiss  mountaineers 
on  their  horns  while  driving  their 
cattle  to  pasture. 

Rebellion,  The  Great.  The 
war  between  Charles  I.  of  Eng- 
land and  Parliament. 

Rebellion,  War  of  the.  The 
Civil  War  of  the  United  States 
between  the  Southern  and  North- 
ern States,  1861-1865. 

Red  Tape.  Official  routine.  Law 
papers  are  tied  with  red  tape. 

Reign  of  Terror.  The  time  in 
the  French  Revolution  from  the 
overthrow  of  the  Girondists,  May 
31,  1793,  to  the  overthrow  of 
Robespierre,  July  27,  1704. 

Reynard,  the  Fox.  A  beast  epic 
of  the  14th  century. 

Rialto,  The.  A  bridge  over  the 
Grand  Canal,  Venice. 

Rights,  Declaration  of.  An  in- 
strument drawn  up  after  the 
English  Revolution  of  1080,  and 
accepted  by  William  and  Mary. 
It  summarizes  the  leading  points 
of  the  English  Constitution,  as 
then  developed. 

Roast,  To  rule  the.  To  be  at 
the  head.  Roast  means  council. 
(German  rath.) 

Robert  the  Devil  (le  Dialle) . 
First  Duke  of  Normandy ;  called 
the  Devil  on  account  of  his 
crimes. 

Robin  Goodfellow.  A  mis- 
chievous domestic  spirit. 

Roland,  (A)  for  an  Oliver. 
Tit  for  tat.  Roland  and  Oliver, 
two  of  Charlemagne's  peers, 
fought  five  days  without  gaining 
the  slightest  advantage  over  each 
other. 

Romantic  School,  in  Germany, 
a  term  applied  to  a  number  of 
poets  and  painters  of  the  early 
19th  century.  They  aimed  at  a 
truly  national  German  literature, 
independent  of  French  influence. 

Romantic  School,  in  France,  the 
school  of  poets  and  dramatists  of 
whom  Victor  Hugo  was  the  last 
survivor.  They  aimed  at  the  nat- 


ural in  distinction  from  the  clas- 
sical, i.  e.,  conventional. 

Roscius,  The  British.  David 
Garrick. 

Rough  and  Ready.  General 
Zachary  Taylor. 

Round  Robin.  Petition  with 
signatures  in  a  circular  form. 

Round  Table.  A  famous  table 
in  the  Arthurian  legends;  Ar- 
thur's 150  knights  of  the  Round 
Table  had  seats  at  it. 

Roundheads.  The  Puritans, 
who  wore  short  hair. 

Royal  Martyr,  The.  Charles  I. 
of  England. 

Royal  Society,  The.  A  society 
for  the  advancement  of  natural 
science,  founded  at  London  in 
1645. 

Rozinante.  The  horse  of  Don 
Quixote ;  hence  a  miserable  nag. 

Rubicon,  To  pass  the.  To  take 
an  irretrievable  step.  The  Ru- 
bicon separated  Italy  from  Cisal- 
pine Gaul,  Caesar's  province. 
Its  crossing  by  Caesar  was  equiv- 
alent to  a  declaration  of  war 
against  Pompey. 

Rule  Britannia.  An  English 
song,  the  words  of  which  are  by 
Thompson,  author  of  The  Sea- 
sons, and  the  music  is  by  Dr. 
Arne. 

Rump  Parliament.  What  was 
left  of  Parliament  in  1648,  after 
Cromwell  had  imprisoned  and 
driven  out  the  others  for  refusing 
to  condemn  Charles  I. 

Rye  House  Plot.  A  conspiracy 
in  1683  to  assassinate  Charles 
II.  and  the  Duke  of  York.  The 
conspirators  met  at  Rye  House 
Farm. 

S 

Sabbath      Day's      Journey. 

About  one  mile.  See  Exodus  xvi. 
29. 

Sadducees.  Jewish  sect  disbe- 
lieving the  resurrection  of  the 
dead. 

Sagas.  Scandinavian  books  con- 
taining stories  of  the  Northern 
mythology  and  tales  and  legends 
of  the  early  kings. 

Sailor  King,  The.  William  IV. 
of  England ;  who  entered  the  navy 
in  1779. 

Saint  Bartholomew,  Massacre 
of.  Massacre  of  the  French 
Huguenots,  in  the  reign  of  Charles 


Sai 


963 


Sic 


IX.  on  St.  Bartholomew'??  Day, 
Aup.  14-25,  1572. 

Saint  James,  The  Court  of. 
The  English  Court ;  so  called  from 
the  palace  of  St.  James,  formerly 
a  royal  residence  in  London. 

St.  Mark's.  The  famous  cathe- 
dral of  Venice,  Italy. 

Saint  Paul's.  The  cathedral  of 
London,  designed  by  Wren. 

Saint  Peter's.  The  metropolitan 
church  of  Rome ;  the  most  splen- 
did in  the  world.  Area,  240,000 
square  feet. 

Saint  Sophia.  A  mosque  in 
Constantinople,  Turkey  ;  the  finest 
of  Mohammedan  temples. 

Saint  Stephen's.  A  famous 
Gothic  cathedral  at  Vienna, 
Austria. 

Salt  River.  Oblivion,  ruin. 
Gone  up  Salt  River;  forgotten. 

Sambo.  A  general  nickname  for 
a  colored  man  ;  the  colored  race. 

Sanctum.  (Holy.)  One's  pri- 
vate room  or  office,  as  an  editor's 
sanctum.  The  Sanctum  Sanc- 
torum (holy  of  holies)  in  the 
Jewish  Temple  was  inaccessible 
to  any  one  but  the  high  priest. 

Sandwich.  A  piece  of  meat  be- 
tween two  pieces  of  bread.  The 
English  Earl  of  Sandwich  used 
to  take  that  form  of  refreshment 
when  engaged  in  gambling. 

Sang  Bleu.  (Blue  blood.) 
High,  aristocratic  descent. 

Sanhedrim  (Heb.  Sanhedrin.) 
The  Jewish  court  of  seventy  eld- 
ers. 

Sans  Culottes.  (Without 
trousers.)  A  nickname  given  by 
the  Royalists  to  the  French 
Revolutionists. 

Sans  Sonci.  Palace  of  Frederick 
the  Great,  at  Potsdam,  near  Ber- 
lin. 

Santa  Croce.  (Holy  Cross.)  A 
church  in  Florence.  Italy ;  the 
burial-place  of  Michael  Angelo, 
Galileo,  Machiavelli,  etc. 

Satanic  School.  A  name  some- 
times applied  to  some  modern 
writers,  supposed  to  entertain 
irreligious  ideas,  such  as  Byron, 
Shelley.  Victor  Hugo,  Swinburne, 
Rousseau.  George  Sand. 

Saturnalia.  A  period  of  disorder 
and  debauch.  The  Romans  kept 
the  Saturnalia,  or  feast  of  Sat- 
urn, Dec.  17,  IS,  and  10. 

Schoolmen.     The  mediaeval  theo- 


logians, whose  lectures  were  de- 
livered in  the  cathedral  schools. 

Scotland  Yard.  The  h  e  a  d- 
quarters  of  the  London  police. 

Scourge  of  God,  The.  Attila, 
king  of  the  Huns. 

Scratch,  Old.  The  Devil ;  from 
Scratt,  a  Northern  familiar 
demon. 

Scylla.  Avoiding  Scylla,  he  fell 
into  Charybdis.  In  trying  to 
avoid  one  danger  he  fell  into 
another.  Scylla  and  Charybdis 
were  two  opposite  rocks  in  the 
Straits  of  Messina,  Italy,  passage 
between  which  was  dangerous. 

Sea-girt  Isle,  The.  England, 
which  is  surrounded  by  the  ocean. 

Secular  Games.  The  games  held 
by  the  Romans  once  in  a  century. 

Seltzer  Water.  Water  from  the 
Lower  Sellers,  Germany. 

Semiramis.  A  fabulous  Assyrian 
queen,  long  thought  historical. 

September  Massacres.  The 
massacre  of  the  French  Royalist 
prisoners  in  Paris,  Sept.  2,  3,  and 
4,  1792.  About  8,000  were  killed. 

Septuagint.  A  Greek  version  of 
the  Old  Testament ;  so  called  be- 
cause there  were  70  (septiiaginta) 
revisers.  (There  were  really  72.) 

Seven-hilled  City,  The.  Rome, 
which  was  built  on  seven  hills. 

Seven  "Wonders  of  the  "World. 
The  Pyramids  of  Egypt ;  the  Tem- 
ple of  Diana  at  Ephesus ;  the 
Hanging  Gardens  of  Babylon  ;  the 
Colossus  at  Rhodes ;  the  Mauso- 
leum at  Halicarnassus ;  the 
statue  of  Zeus,  by  Phidias,  at 
Olympia  ;  and  the  Pharos  (light- 
house) of  Alexandria  in  Egypt. 

Seven  Years'  War.  The  war  of 
Frederick  the  Great  against  Aus- 
tria. France,  and  Russia,  1756- 
1703. 

Shamrock.  The  national  emblem 
of  Ireland,  because  St.  Patrick 
was  said  to  have  proved  with  it 
the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity.  It 
is  doubtful  if  it  was  the  three- 
leaved  wood-sorrel  or  the  white 
clover. 

Shibboleth.  The  password  of  a 
secret  society ;  a  countersign. 
When  the  Ephraimites,  who  had 
been  routed  by  Jephthah,  tried  to 
pass  the  Jordan,  they  were  made 
to  pronounce  the  word  Shibboleth; 
they  pronounced  it  Sibboleth  and 
were  thus  detected. 

Sick  Man  of  Europe,  The.  The 


Sin 


964 


Thl 


Ottoman  Empire ;  so  called  by 
the  Czar  Nicholas  of  Russia. 

Sinews  of  War,  The.  Money, 
which  hires  men  to  fight. 

Six  Hundred,  Charge  of  the. 
A  charge  on  the  Russians  by  the 
British  light  cavalry,  670  strong. 
at  the  battle  of  Balaclava,  Oct. 
25,  1854.  Result  of  a  mistake  as 
to  orders.  See  Tennyson's  poem. 

Sleeping  Beauty,  The,  was  shut 
by  enchantment  in  a  castle ;  after 
a  sleep  of  100  years,  she  is  rescued 
by  and  marries  a  young  prince. 

Smell  of  the  Lamp.  A  too 
labored  literary  work.  Pytheas 
first  applied  the  phrase  to  the 
orations  of  Demosthenes,  who 
studied  constantly  in  a  cave 
lighted  by  a  lamp. 

Song  of  Roland.  An  old  French 
epic  recounting  the  deaths  of 
Oliver  and  Roland  at  Ronces- 
valles. 

Sorbonne,  The.  A  Parisian 
university  founded  in  the  13th 
century  by  Robert  de  Sorbonne. 
Once  famous  for  theological  dis- 
cussions. 

Sortes  Biblicae.  Telling  one's 
fortune  by  consulting  the  Bible. 
The  first  passage  touched  at  ran- 
dom by  the  finger  is  the  decisive 
passage. 

South  Kensington  Museum. 
A  collection  of  works  of  art, 
manufactures,  etc..  in  London. 

South  Sea  Bubble,  The.  About 
1710  a  company  was  formed  in 
England  to  pay  the  national  debt, 
taking  in  return  the  sole  privilege 
of  trading  in  the  South  Seas.  The 
scheme  collapsed  (about  1720), 
ruining  thousands  of  persons. 

Spanish  Main.  The  northern 
coast  of  South  America. 

Sphinx.  A  monument  near  Cairo. 
Egypt;  half  woman,  half  lion;  an 
emblem  of  silence  and  mystery. 

Stabat  Mater.  A  famous  Latin 
hymn  on  the  crucifixion. 

Star  Chamber.  A  former  Eng- 
lish civil  and  criminal  court  with 
jurisdiction  over  offenses  whoso 
punishment  was  not  provided  for 
by  law. 

"Stonewall"  Jackson.  Gen. 
Thomas  J.  Jackson,  a  famous 
Confederate  general  in  the  late 
Civil  War  of  the  United  States. 

Strassburg  Cathedral.  At 
Strassburg ;  one  of  the  noblest 
works  of  Gothic  architecture; 


408   ft.    high ;    containing   a   won- 
derful clock. 

Swedish  Nightingale.  Jenny 
Lind  (Mme.  Goldschmidt). 

T 

Tabooed.  Prohibited ;  from  a 
Polynesian  word  meaning  conse- 
crated, devoted.  Applied  to  any- 
thing out  of  date  or  in  bad  taste. 

Tammany  Hall.  A  section  of 
the  Democratic  party  in  New 
York  city  ;  Tammany  Hall  is  the 
building  where  they  meet. 

Tammany  Ring  (also  called  the 
Tweed  Ring,  and,  generally,  the 
Ring).  A  corrupt  set  of  New 
York  city  officials  who  stole  large 
sums  from  the  city.  They  were 
exposed  in  1871. 

Tammany,  St.  The  patron  saint 
of  the  Democratic  party  in  New 
York.  He  was  an  Indian  chief; 
how  made-  a  saint  does  not  ap- 
pear. The  principal  officer  of  the 
Tammany  Society  is  called  Grand 
Sachem. 

Tapis,  On  the.  On  the  carpet ; 
proposed,  in  discussion.  So  called 
from  the  tapis  or  cloth  on  the 
council  table,  or  speaker's  table, 
on  which  motions,  bills,  etc.,  are 
laid. 

Temple  Bar,  in  London,  was  a 
stone  house  above  which  the 
heads  of  traitors  were  formerly 
exposed.  It  was  removed  in  1878. 

Termagant.  A  shrew  ;  originally 
the  name  of  a  Saracen  god.  The 
word  was  formerly  applied  to 
both  sexes. 

Terra  Firma.  Dry  land  as  dis- 
tinguished from  waiter. 

Tertium  Quid.  A  third  person 
or  party  that  shall  be  nameless. 

Theatre  Francais.  A  theatre  in 
Paris  devoted  to  the  production  of 
the  classic  and  the  best  modern 
French  drama.  Celebrated  for  the 
excellence  of  its  company  of 
actors. 

Theleme,  Abbey  of.  The  abbev 
founded  by  Gargantua  in  Rabe- 
lais' Gargantua.  Its  motto  was 
"Do  as  you  please." 

Thirty  Years'  War,  The,  was 
between  the  Catholics  and  Prot- 
estants, in  Germany,  1618-1648. 

Thistle.  The  national  emblem  of 
Scotland.  According  to  tradition, 
the  Danes  were  attempting  to  sur- 
prise an  encampment  of  the 


Tlio 


965 


Und 


Scotch  one  night,  and  had  come 
very  near  it  without  being  ob- 
served. A  Dane  trod  on  a  thistle, 
cried  out  with  pain,  and  the 
Scotch  were  aroused,  and  de- 
feated their  assailants,  whereupon 
the  thistle  was  made  the  insignia 
of  Scotland. 

Thor,  in  Scandinavian  mythology, 
is  the  god  of  war,  son  of  Odin. 

Threadneedle  Street,  The  Old 
Lady  of.  The  Bank  of  England 
in  Threadneedle  Street.  London. 

Three  Estates  of  the  Realm. 
The  nobility,  the  clergy,  and  the 
commonalty,  represented  in  the 
two  Houses  of  Parliament. 

Thunderer,  The.  A  nickname 
given  to  the  London  Times. 

Tick,  On.  On  credit ;  for  on 
ticket.  Ticket  was  formerly  used 
for  a  promissory  note. 

Tit  for  Tat.  An  equivalent. 
Said  to  be  the  Dutch  dit  vor  dot, 
this  for  that. 

Tom  Thumb.  The  famous 
American  dwarf,  Stratton. 

Tory.  The  name  of  the  great 
English  party  whose  place  is  to 
a  certain  extent  taken  by  the 
Conservatives.  Said  to  come 
from  toruigh,  a  robber.  Whig 
and  Tory  were  originally  terms  of 
reproach. 

Tour,  The  Grand.  From  Eng- 
land through  France,  Switzerland, 
Italy,  to  Germany  and  home.  All 
aristocratic  families  used  to  send 
their  sons  on  the  grand  tour. 

Tower  of  London,  The.  The 
citadel  of  London,  on  the  Thames. 

Transfiguration,  The.  The  most 
famous  of  Raphael's  pictures,  now 
in  the  Vatican.  Represents  the 
miraculous  change  of  Christ  on 
the  mount. 

Trimmer.  A  person  who  takes  a 
moderate  course  in  politics.  First 
applied  as  a  term  of  reproach  to 
the  groat  Halifax,  who  was  not 
violently  attached  to  any  political 
party. 

Trinity  Church.  A  famous 
Episcopal  church  on  Broadway, 
at  the  head  of  Wall  Street.  New 
York  city.  The  richest  church  in 
America. 

Triple  Alliance,  The.  The  alli- 
ance of  Great  Britain.  Holland, 
and  Sweden,  in  1068,  against 
Louis  XIV.  of  France. 

Troubadours.  Provencal  poets, 
from  the  llth  to  the  14th  century. 


Trouveres.  Northern  French 
poets,  1100-1400. 

Trumpet.  To  sound  one's  own 
Trumpet,  i.  e.,  to  boast.  The 
coming  of  the  knights  into  the 
list  used  to  be  announced  by  the 
heralds  with  a  nourish  of  trum- 
pets. 

Tuft-hunter.  A  toady.  At  Ox- 
ford University  a  nobleman  is 
called  a  tuft,  because  of  the  gold 
tuft  on  his  college  cap. 

Tuileries.  A  French  royal  pal- 
ace, burned  by  the  Commune  in 
1871 

Tulip  Mania.  A  17th-century 
European  craze  for  buying  tulip 
bulbs.  Holland  was  the  great 
seat  of  it. 

Tune  that  the  old  cow  died  of. 
Words  instead  of  alms.  In  the 
old  song,  a  man  who  has  nothing 
on  which  to  feed  his  cow  plays 
her  this  tune.  "Consider,  good 
cow,  consider,  This  isn't  the  time 
for  grass  to  grow."  Also  applied 
to  inharmonious  tunes. 

Tyburn.  Once  a  London  place  of 
execution.  The  site  is  now  occu- 
pied by  Grosvenor  Square  ai  ^ 
Portman  Square,  and  called  Tj- 
burnia,  a  wealthy  and  fashionable 
quarter. 

U 

Uffizi.  A  building  in  Florence 
containing  a  celebrated  art  col- 
lection. 

Ultramontanes.  The  extreme 
"high"  Roman  Catholics.  The 
word,  which  means  "beyond  the 
mountains,"  was  first  used  in 
France  of  those  Catholics  who  as- 
cribe everything  to  the  Pope  "be- 
yond the  Alps,"  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  the  Gallicans  who  insist 
upon  a  self-governing  national 
church. 

Uncle  Sam.  A  popular  designa- 
tion of  the  meaning  of  U.  S. — 
United  States.  It  arose  during 
the  War  of  1812,  when  Samuel 
Wilson,  an  inspector  of  provisions 
at  Troy.  N.  T.  (widely  known  as 
"Uncle  Sam"),  stamped  his  casks 
"U.  S.,"  which  a  wit  of  the  place 
said  stood  for  "Uncle  Sam." 

Underground  Railroad.  A 
phrase  which  expressed  all  the 
means  used  to  further  the  escape 
of  runaway  slaves  in  America. 

Under    the    Rose.       (Sub    rosa.) 


Unk 


966 


Wan 


Confidentially.  The  rose  was 
considered  by  the  ancients  an  em- 
blem of  secrecy. 

Unknown,  The  Great.  First  ap- 
plied to  Sir  Walter  Scott;  so 
called  on  account  of  the  anony- 
mous publication  of  the  Waverley 
novels. 

Unlicked  Cub.  An  awkward,  ill- 
bred  boy.  The  bear  cub  was  said 
to  be  put  of  shape  till  its  dam 
licked  it  into  shape. 

Unter  den  Linden.  (Under  the 
Linden.)  A  famous  street  in 
Berlin,  Prussia ;  it  has  four  rows 
of  lime  trees. 

Unwashed,  The  Great.  The 
mob ;  first  used  by  Edmund 
Burke. 

Upas  Tree.  An  object  that  ex- 
erts a  hurtful  influence.  There 
was  a  tradition  that  a  noisome 
river  rose  in  a  upas  tree  in  Java, 
the  vapor  of  which  was  a  deadly 
poison. 

Upper  Ten  Thousand.  The 
aristocracy ;  fashionable  society. 
A  phrase  first  used  by  N.  P. 
Willis. 

Utilitarians.  Those  who  believe 
that  utility,  i.  e.,  the  fitness  of  a 
thing  to  promote  human  happi- 
ness, is  the  proper  standard  of 
morality. 

Utopia.  (No  Place.)  The  imagi- 
nary island  which  Sir  Thomas 
More  makes  the  scene  of  his 
romance  of  Utopia;  an  ideal  com- 
monwealth. Hence  the  adjective 
Utopian,  i.  e.,  visionary,  im- 
practicable. 


Valhalla.  In  Scandinavian 
mythology,  the  heavenly  abode  in 
which  dwell  the  heroes  slain  in 
battle. 

Vampire.  An  extortioner.  The 
vampire  is  a  dead  man  who  re- 
turns to  life  in  the  night,  and 
sucks  the  blood  of  persons  asleep. 

Vatican.  The  palace  of  the 
Popes,  on  the  bank  of  the  Tiber, 
Rome. 

Vatican,  Counsel  of  the.  The 
fEcumenical  Council  which  met  in 
IS09,  and  promulgated  the  doc- 
trine of  Papal  Infallibility. 

Vedas.  The  four  sacred  books  of 
the  Hindu  religion. 

Veni,  Vidi,  Vici.  ("I  came,  I 
saw,  I  conquered.")  The  phrase 


with  which  Julius  Caesar  an- 
nounced his  victory  at  Zela. 

Venns  de  Medici.  A  celebrated 
Greek  statue  at  Florence ;  attrib- 
uted to  Cleomenes,  a  sculptor  of 
the  2nd  century  B.  c. 

Venus  of  Milo.  Considered  the 
most  beautiful  of  Greek  statues ; 
found  in  the  Island  of  Melos  in 
1820.  It  is  now  in  the  Louvre. 

Verbum  Sap.  A  word  to  the 
wise;  for  verbum  sapicnti. 

Veronica.  A  relic  at  St.  Peter's, 
Rome,  said  to  be  the  handker- 
chief on  which  Jesus  wiped  his 
brow  on  his  way  to  Calvary.  It 
is  said  to  contain  the  true  like- 
ness (Vera  icon)  of  our  Saviour. 

Versailles.  A  splendid  palace  at 
Versailles,  10  miles  from  Paris. 

Vespers,  The  Sicilian.  The 
massacre  of  the  French  in  Sicily 
by  the  Sicilians,  March  30,  12S2". 
The  sounding  of  the  vesper  bell 
was  the  signal  for  the  massacre. 

Via  Dolorosa.  (The  way  of 
pain.)  The  way  by  which  the 
Lord  went  from  the  Mount  of 
Olives  to  Golgotha. 

Vinegar  Bible,  The,  printed  at 
Oxford,  1767,  has  vinegar  for 
vineyard  in  the  headline  of  Luke 
xxii. 

Virgin  Queen,  The.  Queen 
Elizabeth  of  England. 

Vitus,  St.  St.  Vitus'  dance  is 
so  called  because  St.  Vitus  was 
thought  to  have  control  of  hysteri- 
cal complaints. 

W 

•Wall  of  China,  The.  A  wall 
1,200  miles  long  and  20  feet  high. 
built  by  the  Chinese  in  the  3d 
century  B.  c.  as  a  protection 
against  the  Tartar  invasions. 

Wall  Street.  The  great  financial 
street  of  New  York.  Most  of  the 
bankers  and  brokers  are  on  this 
street  or  in  its  vicinity. 

Walton.  An  Izaak  Walton. 
An  angler.  Izaak  Walton  pub- 
lished his  Complete  Anglor  in 
1655. 

"Wandering  Jew,  The.  A 
famous  personage  in  mediaeval 
legend.  Our  Saviour,  wearied 
with  carrying  his  cross,  is  said 
to  have  stopped  before  the  house 
of  one  Ahasuerus,  a  cobbler,  who 
pushed  him  off,  saying,  "Away 
with  you."  Jesus  answered,  "I 


War 


967 


Wit 


go  away,  but  thou  shalt  tarry 
till  I  come."  Ahasuerus  wan- 
dered over  the  world,  seeking  death, 
but  condemned  to  live  till  the 
coming  of  our  Lord.  According 
to  another  legend,  the  Wander- 
ing Jew's  name  was  Kartophilus, 
the  doorkeeper  of  the  Hall  of 
Judgment.  He  struck  our 
Saviour,  telling  him  to  go  faster. 

War  of  the  Roses.  The  English 
civil  wars,  between  the  houses  of 
York  and  Lancaster,  in  the  14th 
and  loth  centuries.  The  red  rose 
was  the  symbol  of  Lancaster,  the 
white  rose  of  York. 

'Wassail.  An  old  Saxon  saluta- 
tion, "What,  hail !"  The  wassail 
bowl  is  the  bowl  of  spiced  ale 
used  on  New  Year's  Day. 

"Waters,  The  Father  of.  The 
Mississippi  River  (said  to  be  a 
translation  of  the  Indian  name). 

Watling  Street.  A  road  across 
Southern  Britain  from  Dover  to 
Cardigan ;  a  corruption  of  Vitel- 
lina  Strata,  "the  street  of  Vitel- 
lin."  The  Milky  Way  was  called 
Watling  Street  by  the  English 
peasantry. 

Ways  and  Means,  Committee 
of  the.  A  most  important  Com- 
mittee of  the  American  House 
of  Representatives,  charged  with 
devising  the  methods  by  which 
money  for  the  current  expenses 
of  the  Government  is  to  be  sup- 
plied. 

Wedding.  The  first  anniversary 
of  a  wedding  is  called  a  PAPER 
wedding,  the  gifts  being  paper  ar- 
ticles ;  the  fifth,  WOODEN  ;  the 
tenth,  TIN  ;  the  fifteenth,  CRYS- 
TAL ;  twenty-fifth,  SILVER  ;  fiftieth, 
GOLDEN  :  seventy-fifth,  DIAMOND. 

Well  of  St.  Keyne.  A  well  in 
Cornwall  whose  virtue  is  such 
that  whoever  of  a  married  couple 
first  tastes  its  waters  will  "wear 
the  breeches"  in  the  household. 

Westminster  Abbey.  The  cele- 
brated abbey-church  of  London, 
where  many  of  the  illustrious 
dead  of  England  are  buried. 

Whig.  Once  the  name  of  great 
political  parties  in  England  and 
the  United  States.  The  term  is 
said  to  come  from  Whiggamore, 
a  Scotch  (Celtic)  word  for  a 
thief,  a  free-booter.  The  Marquis 
of  Argyle  collected  a  troop  of 
these  thieves  to  oppose  some 
measures  of  James  I.,  and  finally 


the  epithet  Whig  was  applied  to 
all  opponents  of  the  Government. 

Whistle.  To  PAY  TOO  DEARLY 
FOR  THE  WHISTLE.  Dr.  Franklin 
tells  a  story  of  buying  a  whistle, 
when  a  boy,  for  four  times  its 
value.  Hence,  something  which 
does  not  equal  our  expectations, 
though  costly. 

White  Elephant.  Something 
you  don't  know  what  to  do  with. 
The  king  of  Siam  sends  a  white 
elephant  to  a  courtier  whose 
fortune  he  wishes  to  destroy. 

White  Feather,  To  show  the. 
To  display  cowardice.  A  white 
feather  in  a  bird  marks  a  cross 
breed,  and  is  not  found  on  a  game- 
cock. 

White  House.  The  residence  of 
the  President  of  the  United  States 
at  Washington  ;  so  called  from  its 
color. 

White    Stone.       A    DAY    TO    BE 

MARKED     WITH     A     WHITE     STONE 

is  a  day  to  be  pleasantly  remem- 
bered. The  ancient  Romans 
marked  a  lucky  day  on  the 
calendar  with  a  white  stone ;  an 
unlucky  day  with  charcoal. 

Whiteboys.  A  secret  organization 
who  engaged  in  "agrarian  out- 
rages" in  Ireland  in  1789 ;  so 
called  from  wearing  white  shirts. 

Whitehall.  A  region  in  West- 
minster, London,  where  the  royal 
palace  formerly  stood. 

Wild  Huntsman,  The.  In 
German  legend  a  spectral  hunts- 
man in  the  Black  Forest.  The 
English  name  is  "Herne  the 
Hunter." 

Windmills,  To  fight  with.  To 
oppose  imaginary  objects ;  to  fight 
with  crotchets.  The  phrase  comes 
from  Don  Quixote's  adventure  in 
assailing  windmills,  which  he  mis- 
took for  giants. 

Windsor  Castle.  Famous  royal 
castle  and  residence  near  London. 

Wise  Men  of  the  East,  The. 
The  three  Magi  who  were  guided 
by  the  star  of  Bethlehem  to  our 
Snviour's  birthplace. 

Witch  of  Endor,  The.  A  sooth- 
sayer who,  at  the  request  of  Saul, 
invoked  the  ghost  of  Samuel,  who 
foretold  the  death  of  Saul. 

Witch-Hazel.  A  forked  hazel 
twig  used  for  finding  witches ; 
still  in  use  to  find  a  suitable  place 
for  digging  a  well. 

Witches'    Sabbath.       The    for- 


Woo 


968 


Zol 


incrly  fabled  nightly  meeting  of 
witches  and  demons. 

"Wooden  Horse,  The.  After  the 
death  of  Hector,  the  Greeks  be- 
sieging Troy  built  a  gigantic- 
wooden  horse,  pretending  that  it 
was  an  offering  to  the  gods  to 
insure  a  safe  return  to  Greece. 
The  horse  was  filled  with  Greek 
warriors;  the  Trojans  dragged  it 
into  the  city ;  and  at  night  the 
Greeks  came  out  of  the  horse, 
opened  the  city  gates  to  their  com- 
panions, and  sacked  the  town. 

'Woolsack,  To  sit  on  the.  To 
be  Lord  Chancellor  of  England. 
His  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords 
is  called  the  woolsack,  an  arm- 
less, backless  bag  of  wool. 

Wyoming  Massacre.  A  band 
of  British  and  Indians  ravaged 
the  valley  of  Wyoming  in  1778. 


Xanthos.  The  horse  of  Achilles 
in  the  Trojan  war ;  like  Balaam's 
ass,  prophetic. 

Xantippe.  A  shrew.  She  was 
the  wife  of  Socrates,  and  an  in- 
tolerable scold. 


Yahoo.  A  rowdy ;  a  brutal,  ill- 
bred  man.  The  Yahoos  in  Swift's 
Gulliver's  Travels  are  brutes 
with  the  shapes  of  men. 

Yankee.  An  American.  The 
word  is  used  in  America  itself  as 
a  nickname  of  persons  born  in 
the  New  England  States.  The 
word  is  probably  a  corrupted 
Indian  form  of  English. 

Yankee  Doodle.  An  American 
national  air. 

Yarmouth  Bloater.  A  red 
herring.  Yarmouth,  England,  is 
noted  for  them. 

Yellow  Jack.  A  cant  term  for 
the  yellow  fever.  The  Yellow 
Jack  is  the  flag  over  vessels  in 
quarantine,  marine  hospitals,  etc. 


Yggdrasil.  In  Scandinavian 
mythology,  an  ash-tree,  whose 
roots  run  to  heaven,  to  the  under- 
world, and  to  the  Frost  Giants. 
The  serpent  Nithoggr  gnaws  its 
roots. 

Young  America.  American 
boys  and  girls ;  the  younger  gen- 
eration, supposed  to  be  very 
irreverent. 

Young  Chevalier.  Charles 
Edward  Stuart,  the  second  or 
young  Pretender  to  the  throne  of 
Great  Britain  (1720-88). 

Young  Germany.  The  literary 
school  of  Heinrich  Heine,  and  his 
followers. 

Yule.  Christmas.  The  "turn"  of 
the  sun  at  the  winter  solstice. 

Yule-log.  An  immense  log  of 
wood  put  across  the  fire  on  the 
hearth  at  Christmas. 


Zend  Avesta.  The  old  Persian 
scriptures.  It  is  written  in  the 
Zend  language.  Avesta  means 
"the  living  word." 

Zodiac.  An  imaginary  belt  in 
the  heavens,  divided  into  12  equal 
parts  of  30  degrees  each,  with  a 
sign  for  each  part.  The  six  signs 
north  of  the  equator  are :  Aries, 
"the  ram ;"  Taurus,  "the  bull  ;'r 
Gemini,  "the  twins ;"  Cancer, 
"the  crab ;"  Leo,  "the  lion  ;'r 
Virgo,  "the  virgin."  The  six 
signs  south  of  the  equator  are : 
Libra  "the  balance;"  Scorpio, 
"the  scorpion  ;"  Sagittarius,  "the 
archer ;"  Capricornus,  "the  goat ;" 
Aquarius,  "the  water-carrier;" 
and  Pisces,  "the  fishes."  The  first 
six  are  summer  signs,  the  next 
three  autumn  signs,  the  last  three 
winter  signs. 

Zollverein.  A  commercial  as- 
sociation between  the  German 
States  to  maintain  the  same  tariff 
rates. 


I.    NAMES  OF    MEN. 


Aaron.      [Heb.]     Lofty;  inspired. 

Abel.  [II eb.]  Breath ;  transitori- 
ness ;  vanity. 

Abijah.  [Heb.]  To  whom 
Jehovah  is  a  father. 

Abner.      [Heb.]     Father  of  light. 

Abraham.  [Heb.]  Father  of  a 
multitude. 

Abram.  [Heb.]  Father  of  ele- 
vation. 

Adam.  [Heb.]  Man ;  earth- 
man  ;  red  earth. 

Adolphus.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Noble 
wolf.  i.  e.,  noble  hero. 

Alan.  Variously  explained  as  a 
hound  [Slav.],  harmony  [Celt.], 
and  a  corruption  of  Hilary,  or 
of  .3Dlianus. 

Alaric.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  All-rich; 
or.  noble  ruler. 

Albert.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Nobly 
bright ;  illustrious. 

Alexander.  [Gr.]  A  defender 
of  men. 

Alfred.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Elf  in 
council :  i.  e..  good  counselor. 

Algernon.    [Fr.]     With  whiskers. 

Alonzo.  [O.  Ger.]  The  same  as 
ALPHONSO,  q.  v. 

Alphonso.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  All- 
ready  ;  willing. 

Amasa.      [Heb.]     A  burden. 

Ambrose.  [Gr.]  Immortal ; 
divine. 

Amos.  [Heb.]  Strong;  coura- 
geous ;  otherwise,  burden. 

Andrew.      [Gr.]      Strong;  manly. 

Anselm.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Protection 
of  God. 

Anthony,  I  [Lat.]     Priceless; 

Antony.  praiseworthy. 

Archibald.  [Ger.]  Extremely 
bold ;  otherwise,  holy  prince. 

Arthur.       [Celt.]      High;   noble. 

Asa.      [Heb.]     Healer;  physician. 

Asaph.      [Heb.]      A  collector. 

Asher.  [Heb.]  Happy;  fortu- 
nate. 

Angnstin,     ">       r,    ,  ,      _,  . 

Au|ustine,  \     tpat;l     Belonging 

Austin.          i        to  Augustus. 


Augustus.  [Lat]  Exalted;  im- 
perial. 

Azariah.  [Heb.]  Helped  of  the 
Lord. 


Baldwin.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Bold, 
courageous  friend. 

Barnaby.  [Heb.]  Son  of  con- 
solation. 

Bartholomew.  [Heb.]  A  war- 
like son. 

Basil.      [Gr.]     Kingly ;  royal. 

Benedict.        [Lat.]       Bles'sed. 

Benjamin.  [Heb.]  Son  of  the 
right  hand. 

Beriah.      [Heb.]      In  calamity. 

Bernard,   c    [O.    H.    Ger.]      Bold 

Barnard.  I      as  a  bear. 

Bertram.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Bright 
raven. 

Boniface.      [Lat.]     A  benefactor. 

Brian.       [Celt.]      Strong. 

Bruno.       [O.    H.    Ger.]      Brown. 


Cadwallader.  '  [Brit.]  Battle- 
arranger. 

Caesar.  [Lat]  Hairy;  or  blue- 
eyed. 

Caleb.      [Heb.]      A  dog. 

Calvin.       [Lat.]      Bald. 

Cecil.      [Lat.]      Dim-sighted. 

Cephas.       [Aramaic.]      A  stone. 

Charles.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Strong; 
manly ;  noble-spirited. 

Christian.  [Lat.]  Belonging  to 
Christ ;  a  believer  in  Christ. 

Christopher.  [Gr.]  Bearing 
Christ. 

Clarence.      [Lat.]      Illustrious. 

Claudius,  )    ,  T     . 

Claude.      }   ELat-l      Lame- 

Clement.  [Lat.]  Mild-tempered ; 
merciful. 

Conrad.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Bold  in 
council ;  resolute. 

Constant.  [Lat.]  Firm ;  faith- 
ful. 

Constantino.  [Lat.]  Resolute ; 
firm. 


969 


Cor 


970 


Mil 


Cornelias.    [Lat.]     (Meaning  un- 
certain.) 

Cuthbert.    [A.-S.]  Noted  splendor. 
Cyril.     [Gr.]     Lordly. 
Cyrus.     [Per.]     The  sun. 


Daniel.      [Heb.]     A  divine  judge. 
Darius.      [Per.]      Preserver. 
David.      [Heb.]     Beloved. 

~      .         1  [Gr.]     Same  as  DIONY- 
uenis,      f      SIUS> 

Dennis,  j      [Fr.  form.] 
Dionysius.      [Gr.]      Belonging  to 

Dionysos  or  Bacchus,  the  god  of 

wine. 

Donald.      [Celt.]     Proud  chief. 
Duncan.      [Celt.]     Brown  chief. 


Eben.      [Heb.]     A  stone. 

Ebenezer.  [Heb.]  The  stone  of 
help. 

Edgar.  [A.-S.]  A  javelin  (or 
protector)  of  property. 

Edmund.  [A.-S.]  Defender  of 
property. 

Edward.  [A.-S.]  Guardian  of 
property. 

Edwin.  [A.-S.]  Gainer  of  prop- 
erty. 

Egbert.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  The 
sword's  brightness ;  famous  with 
the  sword. 

Elbert.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  The  same 
as  ALBERT.  • 

Eldred.     [A.-S.]     Terrible. 

Eleazer.  [Heb.]  To  whom  God 
is  a  help. 

Eli.      [Heb.]     A  foster  son. 

Elias.  [Heb.]  The  same  as 
ELIJAH. 

Elihu.      [Heb.]     God  the  Lord. 

Elijah.  [Heb.]  Jehovah  is  my 
God. 

Elisha.  [Heb.]  God  my  salva- 
tion. 

Ellis.  [Heb.]  A  variation  of 
ELISHA. 

Elmer.  [A.-S.]  Noble;  excel- 
lent. [A  contraction  of  ETIIEL- 

MER.] 

Emmanuel.       [Heb.]      God   with 

us. 

Emery.      [A.-S.]     Powerful ;  rich. 
Enoch.      [Heb.]     Consecrated ; 

dedicated. 

Eiios.      [Heb.]     Man. 
Ephraim.      [Heb.]    Very  fruitful. 
Erasmus.      [Gr.]    Lovely  ;  worthy 

to  be  loved. 
Erastns.    [Ger.]    Lovely  ;  amiable. 


Ernest.     [Ger.]     Earnest. 
Ethan.       [Heb.]       Firmness; 

strength. 
Eugene.      [Ger.]      Wellborn  ; 

noble. 
Eustace.    [Gr.]    Healthy  ;  strong ; 

standing  firm. 

Evan.    [Brit.]    The  same  as  JOHN. 
Ezekiel.      [Heb.]      Strength     of 

God. 
Ezra.     [Heb.]     Help. 


Ferdinand.      [O.    H.    Ger.] 

Brave ;    valiant. 
Fernando.      [O.  H.  Ger.]      Same 

as  FERDINAND. 
Francis.      [Fr.]     Free. 
Frank     [Fr.]       A    contraction    of 

FRANCIS. 

Frederic,      )     [O.      H.      Ger  .] 
Frederick.  J      Abounding    in 

peace ;  or  peaceful  ruler. 


Garret.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Another 
form  of  GERALD,  or  GERARD. 

Geoffrey.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  The 
same  as  GODFREY. 

George.  [Ger.]  A  landholder; 
husbandman. 

Gerald,    l  [O.    H.    Ger.]      Strong 

Gerard.  J     with    the    spear. 

Gideon.     [Heb.]     A  destroyer. 

Gilbert.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Yellow- 
bright  ;  famous. 

Giles.     [Gr.]     A  kid. 

Godfrey.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  At  peace 
with  God. 

Gregory.  [Ger.]  Watchful; 
vigilant. 

Griffith.  [Brit.]  Having  great 
faith. 

Gustavus.  [Sw.]  A  warrior; 
hero. 

Guy.    [Fr.]     A  leader. 


Hannibal.  [Punic.]  Grace  of 
Baal. 

Harold.  [A.-S.]  A  champion; 
general  of  an  army. 

Henry.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  The  head 
or  chief  of  a  house. 

Herbert.  [A.-S.]  Glory  of  the 
arrnv. 

Herman.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  A  war- 
rior. 

Hezekiah.  [Heb.]  Strength  of 
the  Lord. 

Hilary.     [Lat.]     Cheerful ;  merry. 


Hir 


971 


Mar 


Hiram.      [Ileb.]     Most  noble. 

Horace.  [Gr.]  Same  as  HORATIO. 
[Fr.  form.] 

Horatio.  [Gr.]  (Meaning  uncer- 
tain.) 

Hosea.     [Heb.]     Salvation. 

Howell.     [Brit.]     Sound;  whole. 

Hubert.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Bright  in 
spirit ;  soul-bright. 

Hufo.')    ID-]    Mind  ;  spirit ;  soul. 
Humphrey.       [A.-S.]       Protector 
of  the  home. 


Ichabod.  [Heb.]  The  glory  has 
departed. 

Ignatius.     [Gr.]     Ardent;  fiery. 

Immannel.  [Heb.]  The  same 
as  EMMANUEL. 

Ingram.      [Teut.]      Raven. 

Inigo.  [Gr.]  The  same  as  IGNA- 
TIUS. [Sp.  form.] 

Ira.     [Heb.]     Watchful. 

Isaac.     [Heb.]     Laughter. 

Isaiah.  [Heb.]  Salvation  of  the 
Lord. 

Israel.     [Heb.]     A  soldier  of  God. 

Ivan.  [Brit.]  The  same  as 
JOHN. 


Jabez.      [Heb.]     He     will     cause 

pain. 

Jacob.     [Heb.]     A  supplanter. 
James.      [Heb.]      The     same     as 

JACOB. 

Japheth.     [Heb.]     Enlargement. 
Jason.     [Gr.]     A  healer. 
Jasper.       [Per.]        (Meaninsr    un- 

certain.) 
Jedediah.       [Heb.]      Beloved    of 

the  Lord. 
Jeffrey.     [O.  H.  Ger.]     The  same 

as  GODFREY. 


erema.        Exalted     of 
Jeremy.        )      the  Lord- 
Jerome.     [Gr.]     Holy  name. 
Jesse.     [Heb.]     Wealth. 
Joab.     [Heb.]     Jehovah  is  his  fa- 

ther. 
Job.       [Heb.]       Afflicted;     perse- 

cuted. 

Joel.     [Heb.]     The  Lord  is  God. 
John.     |  !!<•!).]     The  gracious  gift 

of  God. 

Jonas1.'}     [neb.]     A  dove. 
Jonathan.      [Heb.]      Gift  of  Je- 

hovah. 
Joseph.     [Heb.]     He  shall  add. 


Given    of    the 


Joshua.  [Heb.]  God  of  salva- 
tion. 

Josiah,  i    [Heb.] 

Josias.    j        Lord. 

Jndah.     [Heb.]     Praised. 

Julian.  [Lat.]  Sprung  from,  or 
belonging  to,  Julius. 

Julius.     [Gr.]     Soft-haired. 

Justin.      [Lat.]      Just. 

Justus.     [Lat.]     Just. 


K 

Kenelm.      [A.-S.] 

his  kindred. 
Kenneth.     [Gael.] 

commander. 


A  defender  of 
A    leader ; 


Lambert.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Illus- 
trious with  landed  possessions. 

Lancelot.  [It.]  A  little  angel; 
otherwise,  a  little  lance  or  war- 
rior ;  or  a  servant. 

Laurence,   I   [Lat.]     Crowned 

Lawrence.  /     with  laurel. 

Lazarus.     [Heb.]     God  will  help. 

Leander.      [Gr.]      Lion-man. 

Lemuel.     [Heb.]     Created  by  God. 

Leonard.  [Ger.]  Strong;  or 
brave  as  a  lion. 

Leopold.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Bold  for 
the  people. 

Levi.      [Heb.]      Adhesion. 

Lewis.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Bold  war- 
rior. 

Lionel.     [Lat.]     Young  lion. 

Llewellyn.      [Celt.]      Lightning. 

Lorenzo.  [Lat.]  Same  as  LAU- 
RENCE. [It.  &  Sp.  forms.] 

Louis.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  The  same  as 
LEWIS.  [Fr.  form.] 

Lucian.  [Lat.]  Belonging  to,  or 
sprung  from  Lucius. 

Lucius.  [Lat.]  Born  at  break  of 
day. 

Luke.     [Lat.]     Light. 

Luther.  [Ger.]  Illustrious  war- 
rior. 

M 

Malachi.  [Heb.]  Messenger  of 
the  Lord. 

Manasseh.    [Heb.]    Forgetfulness. 

Marcus,  )     [La  t.]      A     hammer ; 

Mark.  )  otherwise,  a  male,  or 
sprung  from  Mars. 

Marmaduke.  [A.-S.]  A  mighty 
noble. 

Martin.  [Lat.]  Of  Mars ;  war- 
like. 


Mat 


972 


Syi 


Matthew.  [Heb.]  Gift  of  Je- 
hovah. 

Maurice.  [Lat]  Moorish ;  dark- 
colored. 

Maximilian.  [Lat.]  The  great- 
est ^Erailianus. 

Micah.  [Heb.]  Who  is  like  the 
Lord? 

Michael.  [Heb.]  Who  is  like 
God? 

Miles.     [Lat.]     A  soldier. 

Moses.  [Egypt.]  Drawn  out  of 
the  water. 

N 

Napoleon.     [Gr.]     Lion     of     the 

forest-dell. 

Nathan.     [Heb.]     Given;  a  gift. 
Nathanael,!      [Heb.]    The  gift  of 
'   1.1 


Nathaniel. 


God. 


Neal,  )    [Lat.]      Dark;     swarthy; 


Neil. 


otherwise  [Celt.],  chief. 


Nicholas,  1     [Gr.]     Victory  of  the 
Nicolas.     )         people. 
Noah.     [Heb.]     Rest;  comfort. 
Norman.      [Ger.]      A  Northman; 
a  native  of  Normandy. 


Obadiah.  [Heb.]  Servant  of  the 
Lord. 

Octavius,  >     [Lat.]      The    eighth- 

Octavus.    J       born. 

Oliver.     [Lat.]     An  olive-tree. 

Orlando.  [Teut.]  Same  as  ROW- 
LAND. [It.  form.] 

Oscar.  [Celt.]  Bounding  war- 
rior. 

Oswald.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Power  of 
God. 

Owen.  [Celt.]  Lamb ;  other- 
wise, young  warrior. 


Patrick.  [Lat.]  Noble;  a  pa- 
trician. 

Paul.     [Lat.]     Little. 

Peleg.      [Heb.]      Division. 

Peregrine.     [Lat.]     A  stranger. 

Peter.     [Gr.]  A  rock. 

Philander.  [Gr.]  A  lover  of 
men. 

Philemon.  [Gr.]  Loving, 
friendly. 

Philip.     [Gr.]     A  lover  of  hoises. 

Phineas.    [Heb.]  Mouth  of  brass. 

Pins.     [Lat.]     Pious;  dutiful. 

Pliny.  [Lat.]  (Meaning  uncer- 
tain.) 


Quintin.     [Lat.]     The  fifrt. 

R 
Ralph.      [O.  H.   Ger.]      Same  as 

RODOLPHUS. 

Raphael.      [Heb.]  The  healing  of 

God. 
Raymond.      [O.  H.   Ger.]      Wise 

protection. 
Reginald.     [O.  H.  Ger.]     Strong 

ruler. 

Reuben.     [Heb.]     Behold,  a  son. 
Reynold.     [O.  H.  Ger.]   Same  as 

REGINALD. 

Richard.      [O.    H.    Ger.]      Rich- 
hearted  ;  powerful. 
Robert.     [O.  H.  <urer.]   Bright  in 

fame. 

Roderic,     i     [O.    H.    Ger.]    Rich 
Roderick.  J        in  fame. 
Rodolph,       i  [O.   H.   Ger.]     Fa- 
Rodolphus.  j     mous  wolf,  or  hero. 
Roger.      [O.    H.    Ger.]      Famous 

with  the  spear. 
Roland.     [O.  H.  Ger.]     Same  as 

ROWLAND.     [Fr.  form.] 
Rowland.      [O.   H.   Ger.]      Fame 

of  the  land. 

Rudolph,       1      [O.     H.     Ger.] 
Rudolphus.  j        Variations  of  Ro- 

DOLPIIUS. 

Rufus.     [Lat.]     Red ;  red-haired. 
Rupert.     [O.  H.  Ger.]     The  same 

as  ROBERT. 

S 

Samson,    \    [Heb.]  Splendid  sun  ; 

Sampson./  i.  e.,  Great  joy  and 
felicity. 

Samuel.  [Heb.]  Heard  of  God; 
asked  for  of  God. 

Saul.     [Heb.]     Asked  for. 

Seba.      [Heb.]      Eminent. 

Sebastian.  [Gr.]  Venerable; 
reverend. 

Seth.     [Heb.]     Appointed. 

Sigismnnd.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Con- 
quering protection. 

Silas.  [Lat.]  A  contraction  of 
SILVANUS. 

Silvanns.  [Lat.]  Living  in  a 
wood. 

Silvester.  [Lat.]  Bred  in  the 
country ;  rustic. 

Simeon,  \    [Heb.]      Hearing  with 

Simon.     J       acceptance. 

Solomon.      [Heb.]      Peaceable. 

Stephen.     [Gr.]     A  crown. 

Sylvan,       \  The    same     as     SIL- 

Sylvanus.  i      VANUS. 

Sylvester.  The  same  as  SIL- 
VESTER. 


Tha 


973 


Bar 


Thaddeus.     [Syr.]     The  wise. 

Theobald.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Bold 
for  the  people. 

Theodore.  [Gr.]  The  gift  of 
God. 

Theodoric.  [A.-S.]  Powerful 
among  the  people. 

Theophilus.  [Gr.]  A  lover  of 
God. 

Thomas.      [Heb.]     A  twin. 

Timothy.      [Gr.]      Fearing  God. 

Titus.  [Gr.]  (Meaning  uncer- 
tain.) 

Tobiah,   I   [H  e  b.]     Distinguished 

Tobias.    )       of  the  Lord. 

Tristam,  \  [Lat.]  Grave;  pen- 
Tristram,  j  sive ;  melancholy  ; 
sorrowful ;  sad. 

U 

•Ulysses.     [Gr.]     A  hater. 
Uriah.     [Heb.]     Light    of    the 

Lord. 
Uriel.     [Heb.]     Light  of  God. 


Valentine.      [Lat]     Strong ; 
healthy ;  powerful. 


Victor.      [Lat.]     A  conqueror. 
Vincent.       [Lat.]       Conquering; 

victorious. 
Vivian.     [Lat.]     Lively. 

W 

Walter.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Ruling 
the  host. 

•William.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Reso- 
lute helmet,  or  helmet  of  resolu- 
tion ;  defense ;  protector. 

Winfred.     [A.-S.]     Win-peace. 


Zabdiel.     [Heb.]     Gift  of  God. 
Zaccheus.        [Heb.]        Innocent; 

pure. 

Zachariah,  1  [Heb.]  Remembered. 
Zachary.      J      of  the  Lord. 
Zadok.     [Heb.]     Just. 
Zebadiah,  <>  [Heb.]      Gift  of  the 
Zebedee.       j       Lord. 
Zechariah.      [Heb.]      The    same 

as  ZACHABIAH. 
Zedekiah.       [Heb.]       Justice    of 

the  Lord. 
Zephaniah.     [Heb.]     Hid  of  the 

Lord. 


II.    NAMES    OF    WOMEN 


Abigail.  [Heb.]  My  father's 
joy. 

Ada.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Same  as 
EDITH. 

Adaline.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Same 
as  ADELINE. 

Adela.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Same  as 
ADELINE. 

Adelaide.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Same 
as  ADELINE. 

Adelina,   \  [O.  H.  Ger.]    Of  noble 

Adeline.    >      birth  ;  a  princess. 

Agatha.     [Gr.]     Good ;  kind. 

Agnes.     [Gr.]     Chaste;  pure. 

Alberta.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Fem- 
inine of  ALBERT. 

Alexandra,       )  [Gr.]  Feminine  of 

Alexandrina.  j      ALEXANDER. 

Alice,    \(O.    H.    Ger.]      Same    as 

Alicia.)      ADELINE. 

Almira.  [Ar.]  Lofty ;  a  prin- 
cess. 

Amabel.     [Lat.]     Lovable. 

Amanda.  [Lat.]  Worthy  to  be 
loved. 


Amelia.       [O.    H.    Ger.]      Busy, 
energetic.  —  See  EMELJNE. 
Amy.     [Lat.]     Beloved. 
Angelica,   \    [Gr.]         Lovely  ; 
Angelina,  j      angelic. 
Anna, 


a,  •> 
e.  ) 


Qr  game    ag 

HANNAH. 

Annette.     [Heb.]     A  variation  of 

ANNE.     [Fr.  form.] 
Antoinette.      [Gr.]      Diminutive 

of  ANTONIA.     [Fr.  form.] 
Antonia.     [Lat.]     Inestimable. 
Arabella.     [Lat.]     A  fair  altar; 

otherwise,  an  Arabian  woman. 
Augusta.      [Lat.]      Feminine    of 

AUGUSTUS. 
Aurelia.       [Lat.]       Feminine    of 

AritELius. 
Aurora.       [Lat.]      Morning    red- 

ness ;  fresh  ;  brilliant. 


Barbara. 

strange. 


B 

[Gr.] 


Foreign ; 


Be  a 


974 


Qer 


Beatrix?'  }  tLat-^  Making  happy. 
Belinda.  (Meaning  uncertain.) 
Bertha.  [O.  II.  Ger.]  Bright; 

beau  ti  i'u  1. 

Betsey,     [Heb.]     A  corruption  of 
ELIZABETH. 


BlSc°fc.} 
Bridget 


[Celt.] 


Whit, 
Strength. 


Caroline.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Fem- 
inine of  CAROLUS,  the  Latin  of 
Charles.  [Fr.  form.] 

Catharina,     ) 

Catnariue,     >  [Gr.]     Pure. 

Catherine.     ) 

Cecilia,    }  [Lat.]  Feminine  of  CE- 

Cecily.      J       CIL. 

Celia.  [Lat.]  Feminine  of  CCE- 
LIUS.  [It.  form.] 

Charlotte.  [O.  II.  Ger.]  Fem- 
inine of  CHARLES. 

Chloe.  [Gr.]  A  green  herb ; 
blooming. 

Christiana,  \   [Gr.]  Feminine 

Christina.  /  of  CHRISTIANUS, 
Lat.  for  CHRISTIAN. 

Cicely.  [Lat.]  A  corruption  of 
CECILIA. 

Clara.  [Lat]  Bright;  illustri- 
ous. 

Clarice,     I  [Lat]     A  variation  of 

Clarissa.  /      CLARA. 

Claudia.  [Lat.]  Feminine  of 
CLAUDIUS. 


Constance.  [Lat.]  Firm ;  con- 
stant. 

Cora.  [Gr.]  Maiden ;  another 
form  of  CORINNA. 

Cordelia.     [Lat.]     Warm-hearted. 

Corinna.      [Gr.]      Maiden. 

Cornelia.  [Lat.]  Feminine  of 
CORNELIUS. 


Deborah.     [Heb.]     A  bee. 
Delia.       [Gr.]      of   Delos. 
Diana.     [Lat.]     Goddess. 
Dinah.     [Heb.] 
Dora.       [Gr.] 

DOROTHEA. 
Dorcas.     [Gr.] 
Dorinda. 

DOROTHEA. 


Judged. 
A    contraction 

A  gazelle. 
[Gr.]       Same 


of 


Drusilla.      (Meaning  uncertain.) 


Edith.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Happi- 
ness ;  otherwise,  rich  gift. 

Edna.      [Heb.]      Pleasure. 

Eleanor,    )  [Gr.]    Light ;  the  same 

Elinor.      J      as  HELEN. 

Elisabeth,  -|     [Heb.]      Worshiper 

Elizabeth,    i        of     God ;     conse- 

Eliza.  )         crated  to  God. 

Ella.  [Gr.]  A  contraction  of 
ELEANOR. 

Ellen.  [Gr.]  Diminutive  of 
ELEANOR. 

Elvira.     [Lat.]     White. 

Eiueline,     1  [O.  H.  Ger.]      Ener- 

Emmeline.  f      getic  ;  industrious. 

Emily.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Same  as 
EMELINE. 

Emma.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Same  as 
EMELINE. 

Ernestine.  [Ger.]  Feminine 
and  dim.  of  ERNEST. 

Esther.  [Per.]  Star;  good  for- 
tune. 

Ethel.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Noble;  of 
noble  birth  ;  same  as  ADELA. 

Ethelind,    )  rm      .  ,    ,T  ,  . 

EthelindaJ  [Teut.]    Noble  snake. 

Eugenia.  '  [Gr.]  Feminine  of 
EUGENE. 

Eugenie.  [Gr.]  Same  as  EU- 
GENIA. [Fr.  form.] 

Eunice.      [Gr.]      Happy  victory. 

Euphemia.  [Gr.]  Of  good  re- 
port. 

Eva.     [Heb.]     Life. 

Evangeline.  [Gr.]  Bringing 
glad  news. 

Eve.     [Heb.]     The  same  as  EVA. 

Evelina,    )  [Heb.]     Diminutive  of 

Eveline.    J      EVA.     [It.  form.] 


Fanny.  [Ger.]  A  diminutive  of 
FRANCES. 

Faustina.      [Lat.]     Lucky. 

Felicia.      [Lat.]      Happiness. 

Fidelia.      [Lat]      Faithful. 

Flora.      [Lat.]     Flowers. 

Florence.  [Lat]  Blooming; 
flourishing. 

Frances.  [Ger.]  Feminine  of 
FRANCIS. 

Frederica.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Fem- 
inine of  FREDERICK. 

G 

Georgiana,  \  [Gr.]      Feminine  of 
Georgina.     /      GEORGE. 
Geraldine.     Feminine  of  GERALD. 
Gertrude.      [O.  H.  Ger.]     Spear- 
maiden. 


Gra 


975 


Myr 


Grace.     [Lat.]     Grace,  favor. 
Griselda.       [Teut.]       Stone-hero- 


Hannah.  [Heb.]  The  same  as 
ANNA. 

Harriet.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Fem- 
inine diminutive  of  HENRY.  [Eng. 
form.] 

Helen,          i  r  ~,    -.  ,  .   ,  . 

Helena.       }  EGr-l  LlSht- 

Henrietta.  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Fem- 
inine and  diminutive  of  HENKY. 
[Fr.  form.] 

Hephzibah.  [Heb.]  My  delight 
is  in  her. 

Hester,      1     [Per.]       Same     as 

Hesther.  J         ESTHER. 

Sonorfa.    1    ^at.]     Honorable. 
Hortensia.     [Lat.]     A  lady  gar- 
dener. 
Huldah.     [Heb.]     A  weasel. 


Ida.     [O.  H.  Ger.]     Godlike. 
Inez.     [Gr.]    The  same  as  AGNES. 
Irene.      [Gr.]      Peaceful. 
Isabel,       \    [Heb.]     The  same  as 
Isabella,  j        ELIZABETH. 


Jane.        [Heb.]        Feminine     of 

JOHN  ;  same  as  JOANNA. 
Janet.       [Heb.]       Diminutive    of 

JANE. 
Jaqneline.     [Heb.]     Feminine  of 

JAMES.     [Fr.  form.] 
Jean,  )[Heb.]       The    same 

Jeanne,  as  JANE  or  JOAN. 

Jeannette.  -1  [Fr.  forms.] 
Jemima.  [Heb.]  A  dove. 
Jerusha.  [Heb.]  Possessed ; 

married. 

Joan,          I    [Heb.]      Feminine  of 
Joanna.   *        JOHN. 
Josepha,      I  [Heb.]     Feminine  of 
Josephine.  >      JOSEPH. 
Judith.     [Heb.]     Praised. 
Julia.         [Lat.]        Feminine      of 

JI:LIUS. 
Juliana.       [Lat.]       Feminine    of 

JULIAN. 
Juliet.       [Lat.]       Diminutive    of 

JULIA.     [Fr.  form.] 


Katharine,)     [Gr.]     Same    as 
Katherine.  j         CATHARINE. 
Ketnrah.      [Heb.]      Incense. 
Keziah.     [Heb.]     Cassia. 


Laura.     [Lat.]     A  laurel. 
Lavinia.     [Lat.]     Of  Latium. 
Leonora.      [Gr.]      Same   as   ELE- 
ANOR. 

Letitia.     [Lat.]     Happiness. 
Lettice.  A  corruption  of  LETITIA. 

SSr }  [Lat-]  Li*- 

Lois.     [Gr.]     Good;  desirable. 

Louisa,    i    [O.  H.  Ger.]   Feminine 

Louise.    /        of  Louis. 

Lucia.  [Lat.]  Same  as  LUCY. 
[It.  form.] 

Lucinda.  [Lat.]  The  same  as 
LUCY. 

Lucretia.  [Lat.]  Gain ;  other- 
wise, light. 

Lucy.  [Lat.]  Feminine  of  Lu- 
cius. 

Lydia.  [Gr.]  A  native  of  Lydia, 
in  Asia  Minor. 

M 

Mabel.     [Lat.]     A  contraction  of 

AMABEL. 
Madeline.        [Heb.]        Same     as 

MAGDALENE.     [Fr.  form.] 
Magdalene.      [Heb.]      Belonging 

to  Magdala. 
Marcella.      [Lat.]      Feminine   of 

MARCELLUS. 
Marcia.       [Lat.]       Feminine     of 

MARCIUS. 

Margaret.     [Gr.]     A  pearl. 
Maria.       [Heb.]       The    same    as 

MARY.     [Lat.  form.] 
Marianne.     [Heb.]     A  compound 

of  MARY  and  ANNE. 
Marion.     [Heb.]     A  French  form 

of  MARY. 
Martha.      [Heb.]      The   ruler   of 

the    house ;    otherwise,    sorrowful. 
Mary.        [Heb.]        Bitter;     other- 
wise, their  rebellion,  or  star  of  the 

sea. 

Mathilda,   -j  [O.  H.  Ger.]  Mighty 
I     b  a  t  t  1  e-maid ; 
Matilda,      j      heroine. 
Maud.       A    contraction    of    MA- 
THILDA, or  MAGDALENE. 
May.    A  diminutive  of  MARY. 
Mehetabel,  1    [Heb.]  Benefited  of 
Mehitable.  j         God. 
Melicent.      [Lat.]      Sweet  singer. 
Melissa.     [Gr.]     A  bee. 
Mildred.       [Ger.]       Mild    threat- 

ener. 

Miranda.      [Lat.]      Admirable. 
Miriam.      [Heb.]      The   same   as 

MARY. 
Myra.     [Gr.]     She  who  weeps  or 

laments. 


Nan 


976 


Zen 


N 

Nancy.    A  familiar  form  of  ANNE. 
Nora.     A  contraction  of  HONORA. 


Octavia. 

OCTAVIUS. 
Olive,  } 
Olivia.  / 
Ophelia. 


[Lat.]       Feminine    of 

[Lat.]  An  olive. 
[Gr.]      Serpent. 

P 

Paula.       [Lat.]       Feminine    of 

PAUL. 
Pauline.       [Lat.]       Feminine    of 

PAULINUS. 

Penelope.     [Gr.]     A  weaver. 
Philippa.       [Gr.]       Feminine    of 

PHILIP. 

Phoebe.      [Gr.]      Pure ;   radiant. 
Phebe.       [Gr.]       The     same     as 

PHCEBE. 

Phyllis.     [Gr.]     A  green  bough. 
Priscilla.     [Lat.]     Somewhat  old. 


Rachel.     [Heb.]     A  ewe. 

Rebecca,    )  [Heb.]  Of  enchanting 

Rebekah.  J      beauty. 

Rhoda.     [Ger.]     A  rose. 

Rosa.      [Lat.]     A  rose. 

Rosabel,         1  rr    ,  ,     ... 

Rosabella,    j  tLat-l   A  fair  rose. 

Rosalia,)  [Lat.]  Little  and  bloom- 
>•  ing  rose.  [Fr.  and 

Rosalie.)       it.     forms.] 

Rosalind.  [Lat.]  Beautiful  as 
a  rose. 

Rosamond.  [Teut.]  Horse-pro- 
tection, i.  e.,  famous  protection. 

Roxana.      [Per.]      Dawn  of  day. 

Ruth.     [Heb.]     Beauty. 


S 

[Lat.] 


S  a  b  i  n  a. 

woman. 
Salome.     [Heb.]     Peaceful. 


A     Sabine 


Sarah.    1    [Heb^     A-princess. 
Selina.      [Gr.]      Parsley. 

Sibylia.  I    fGr^    A  prophetess. 
Sophia.      [Gr.]     Wisdom. 
Sophronia.      [Gr.]      Of  a  sound 

mind. 

Stella.      [Lat.]     A  star. 
Susan,  i 

Susanna,      I  [Heb.]      A  lily. 

•*     J 


Susannah. 


T 


Tabitha.      [Syr.]     A  gazelle. 
Theodora.       [Gr.]      Feminine    of 

THEODORE. 
Theodosia.       [Gr.]      The   gift   of 

God. 
Theresa.       [Gr.]      Carrying   ears 

of  corn. 


Ulrica.      [O.  H.  Ger.]      Rich. 
Urania.      [Gr.]      Heavenly; — the 

name  of  one  of  the  Muses. 
Ursula.       [Lat.]      She-bear. 


Valeria.  [Lat.]  Feminine  of 
VALERIUS. 

Victoria.  [Lat.]  Victory.  Fem- 
inine of  VICTOR. 

Viola.      [Lat.]     A  violet. 

Virginia.      [Lat.]     Virgin;  pure. 

Vivian.      [Lat.]      Lively. 

W 

Wilhelmina,         [O.      H.      Ger.] 

Feminine    of   WILHELM,    German 
of  William. 

Winifred.  [Teut.]  Lover  of 
peace. 


Zenobia.        [Gr.]       Having     life 
from  Jupiter. 


DICTIONARY   OF  MYTHOLOGICAL  AND  CLASSICAL 

NAMES 


Achates  (a-ka'tez). — The  faith- 
ful friend  of  vEneas,  the  hero  of 
Virgil's  JEneid. 

Acheron  (ak'e-ron). — The  son  of 
Sol  and  Terra,  changed  by  Jupiter 
into  a  river  of  hell,  or  the  infernal 
regions. 

Achilles  (a-kil'lez).— A  Greek, 
who  signalized  himself  in  the  war 
against  Troy ;  and  having  been 
dipped  by  his  mother  in  the  River 
Styx,  was  invulnerable  in  every 
part  except  his  right  heel,  but 
was  at  length  killed  by  Paris  with 
an  arrow. 

Adonis  (a-d5'nis). — A  beautiful 
youth  beloved  by  Venus.  He  was 
killed  by  a  wild  boar.  When 
wounded.  Venus  sprinkled  nectar 
into  his  blood,  from  which  flowers 
sprang  up. 

2Eneas  (e-ne'as). — A  Trojan 
prince,  son  of  Anchises  and  the 
goddess  Venus,  the  hero  of  Virgil's 
poem,  the  ^Bneid. 

JEolns  (e'o-lus). — The  god  of  the 
wind. 

JKsculapius  ( es-ku-la'pe-us ) . — 
The  god  of  medicine,  and  the  son 
of  Apollo,  killed  by  Jupiter  with 
a  thunderbolt  on  account  of  his 
skill,  and  particularly  for  having 
restored  Hippolytus  to  life. 

Agamemnon  (ag-a-mem'non). — 
King  of  Mycenea  and  Argos, 
brother  to  Menelaus,  and  com- 
mander-in-chief  of  the  Grecian 
army  at  the  siege  of  Troy. 

Ajax  (A'jaks). — The  son  of  Tela- 
mon.  and.  next  to  Achilles,  the 
bravest  of  all  the  Greeks  in  the 
Trojan  war. 

Albion  (al'be-on). — The  son  of 
'Neptune,  who  established  a  king- 
dom in  Britain. 

Alceste,  Alcestis  (al-ses'te, 
-tis). — The  daughter  of  I'olias 
and  wife  of  Admetus,  brought 
hack  from  hell  by  Hercules. 

Ammon  (am'mon). — A  title  of 
Jupiter. 

Amphion  (am-fl'on). — The  son 
of  Jupiter  and  Antiope,  who 
built  the  city  of  Thebes  by  the 
music  of  his  harp.  He  and  his 
brother  Zethus  are  said  to  have 
invented  music. 

Amphitrite  ( am-f  e-tri'te )  .—The 
daughter  of  Oceanus  and  Tethys, 


goddess  of  the  sea,  and  wife  to 
Neptune. 

Andromache  (an-drom'a-ke). — 
The  daughter  of  Eetion,  king  of 
Thebes,  and  wife  of  Hector. 

Andromeda  (an-drom'e-da). — 
The  daughter  of  Cepheus  and 
Cassiope,  who.  contesting  with 
Juno  and  the  Nereids  for  beauty, 
was  exposed  to  a  sea-monster,  but 
was  rescued  and  married  by 
Perseus. 

Antigone  (an-tig'o-ne) . — The 
daughter  of  CEdipus,  famous  for 
her  filial  piety. 

Aphrodite  ( a-f  ro-di'te ) .  —  The 
Greek  goddess  of  love ;  identical 
with  Venus. 

Apollo  (a-pol'lo). — The  son  of 
Jupiter  and  Latona,  and  the  god 
of  music,  poetry,  eloquence,  medi- 
cine and  the  fine  arts. 

Arachne  (a-rak'ne). — A  Lydian 
virgin,  turned  into  a  spider  for 
contending  with  Minerva  at  spin- 
ning. 

Argus  (ar'gus). — The  son  of 
Arestor,  said  to  have  a  hundred 
eyes ;  but  being  killed  by  Mercury 
when  appointed  by  Juno  to  guard 
lo.  she  put  his  eyes  on  the  tail  of 
a  peacock. 

Ariadne  (a-re-ad'ne).  —  The 
daughter  of  Minos,  who,  from  love 
to  Theseus,  gave  him  a  clew  of 
thread,  which  guided  him  out  of 
the  Cretan  labyrinth,  and  she  be- 
came his  wife ;  but  being  after- 
wards deserted  by  him,  she  was 
married  to  Bacchus,  and  made  his 
priestess. 

Arion  (a-ri'on). — A  lyric  poet  of 
Methymna,  who,  in  his  voyage  to 
Italy,  saved  his  life  from  the 
cruelty  of  the  mariners  by  means 
of  dolphins,  which  the  sweetness 
of  his  music  brought  together. 

Artemis  (ar-te'mis). — A  Greek 
goddess  identical  with  Diana, 
q.  v. 

Atalanta  (at-a-lan'ta). — A  prin- 
cess of  Scyros,  who  consented  to 
marry  that  one  of  her  suitors 
who  should  outrun  her.  Hippom- 
enes  was  the  successful  compet- 
itor. 

Athena  (a-the'na). — The  Greek 
goddess  of  wisdom,  identical  with 
Minerva,  q.  v. 


977 


Atl 


978 


Dap 


Atlas  (at'las). — One  of  the  Ti- 
tans, and  king  of  Mauritania, 
who  is  said  to  have  supported  the 
world  on  his  shoulders,  and  was 
turned  into  a  mountain  by  Per- 
seus. 

Aurora  (au-ro'ra). — The  goddess 
of  the  morning. 

Bacchus  (bak'us). — The  son  of 
Jupiter  and  Semele,  and  the  god 
of  wine  and  of  drunkards. 

Bellona  (bel-lo'na). — The  god- 
dess of  war,  and  sister  of  Mars. 

Belus  (be'lus). — The  son  of  Nep- 
tune and  Libya,  and  one  of  the 
first  kings  of  Babylon  or  Assyria, 
to  whose  statue  divine  honors 
were  paid,  and  to  whom  a  magnif- 
icent temple  was  built. 

Boreas  (bo're-as). — The  son  of 
Astrajus  and  Aurora ;  the  name  of 
the  north  wind. 

Busiris  (bu-sl'ris). — The  son  of 
Neptune  and  Libya,  a  tyrant  of 
Egypt,  and  a  monstrous  giant, 
who  fed  his  horses  with  human 
flesh,  and  was  killed  by  Hercules. 

Cadmus  (kad'mus). — The  son  of 
Agenor.  king  of  Phoenicia,  the 
founder  of  the  city  of  Thebes,  and 
the  reputed  inventor  of  sixteen 
letters  of  the  Greek  alphabet. 

Calypso  (ka-lip'so). — One  of  the 
Oceanides,  and  one  of  the  daugh- 
ters of  Atlas,  who  reigned  in  the 
island  of  Ogygia,  and  entertained 
Ulysses. 

Camilla  (ka-mil'Ia). — A  famous 
queen  of  the  Volsci,  who  opposed 
.tfSneas  on  his  landing  in  Italy. 

Capaneus  (kap'a-neus). — A  fa- 
mous Grecian  killed  by  a  stone  at 
the  siege  of  Thebes. 

Cassandra  (kas-san'dra). — The 
daughter  of  Priam  and  Hecuba, 
endowed  with  the  gift  of  prophecy 
by  Apollo. 

Castor  (kas'tor) . — A  son  of 
Jupiter  and  Leda.  He  and  his 
twin  brother  Pollux  shared  im- 
mortality alternately,  and  were 
formed  into  the  constellation  Gem- 
ini. 

Cecrops  (se'krops). — A  very  rich 
Egyptian,  the  founder  and  first 
king  of  Athens,  who  instituted 
marriage,  altars  and  sacrifices. 

Centaurs  (sen'taurs). — A  people 
of  Thessaly,  half  men  and  half 
horses,  vanquished  by  Theseus. 

Cerberus  (ser'be-rus) . — The 
three-headed  dog  of  Pluto,  which 
guarded  the  gates  of  hell.  Hercu- 


les   overcame    and    brought    him 
away. 

Ceres  (se'rez). — The  daughter  of 
Saturn  and  Cybele,  and  goddess 
of  corn,  harvest  and  flowers. 

Charon  (ka'ron). — The  son  of 
Erebus  and  Nox,  and  ferryman  of 
hell,  who  conducted  the  souls  of 
the  dead,  in  a  boat,  over  the 
Rivers  Styx  and  Acheron. 

Chary  bills  (ka-rib'dis). — A  rav- 
enous woman,  turned  by  Jupiter 
into  a  very  dangerous  gulf  or 
whirlpool  on  the  coast  of  Sicily. 

Chiron  (kl'ron). — The  son  of 
Saturn  and  Phillyra,  a  Centaur, 
who  was  preceptor  to  Achilles, 
taught  .i-EscuIapius  physic,  and 
Hercules  astronomy. 

Circe  (sir'se). — A  noted  enchant- 
ress, who  turned  the  companions 
of  Ulysses  into  swine. 

Clio  (kll'o). — One  of  the  Muses. 
She  presided  over  history. 

Clytemnestra  (klit-em-nes'tra). 
— The  faithless  wife  of  Agamem- 
non, killed  by  her  son  Orestes  for 
her  crimes. 

Comiis  (ko'mus). — The  god  of 
revelry,  feasting  and  jollity. 

Crocus  (kro'kus). — A  young  man 
who  was  enamored  of  the  nymph 
Smilax,  and  changed  into  the 
flower  of  the  name  of  crocus. 

Croesus  (kre'sus). — The  king  of 
Lydia,  and  the  richest  man  of  his 
time. 

Cupid  (ku'pid). — The  son  of 
Mars  and  Venus,  a  celebrated 
deity  ;  the  god  of  love. 

Cyclops  (sl'klops). — Vulcan's 
workmen,  giants  vvho  had  only 
one  eye,  in  the  middle  of  their 
foreheads,  and  were  slain  by 
Apollo  in  a  pique  against  Jupiter. 

Daedalus  (de'da-lus). — A  most  in- 
genious artist  and  artificer  of 
Athens,  who  formed  the  Cretan 
labyrinth,  and  invented  the  auger, 
ax,  glue,  plumb-line,  saw  and 
masts  and  sails  for  ships. 

Danaides  (da-nfi'i-dez) . — The 
fifty  daughters  of  Danaus,  king  of 
Argos,  all  of  whom,  except  Hy- 
permnestra,  killed  their  husbands 
on  the  first  night  after  marriage, 
and  were  therefore  doomed  to 
draw  water  out  of  a  deep  well, 
and  eternally  to  pour  it  into  a 
cask  full  of  holes. 

Daphne  (daf'ne). — The  daughter 
of  the  River  Peneus,  changed  into 
a  laurel-tree. 


Dej 


979 


Dejanira  (dej-a-m'ra). — The  wife 
of  Hercules,  who  killed  herself  in 
despair,  because  her  husband 
burnt  himself  to  avoid  the  tor- 
ment occasioned  by  the  poisoned 
shirt  that  she  had  given  him  to 
regain  his  love,  according  to  the 
direction  of  Nessus,  the  Centaur, 
from  whom  she  received  it. 

Demeter  (de-me'ter). — A  Greek 
goddess,  identical  with  the  Ro- 
man Ceres,  q.  v. 

Deucalion  (deu-ka'li-on) . — The 
son  of  Prometheus,  and  king  of 
Thessaly,  who,  with  his  wife 
Pyrrha,  was  preserved  from  the 
general  deluge,  and  repeopled 
the  world  by  throwing  stones  be- 
hind them,  as  directed  by  the 
oracle. 

Diana  (dl-an'a). — The  daughter 
of  Jupiter  and  Latona,  and  the 
goddess  of  hunting,  chastity  and 
marriage. 

Dido  (di'do). — The  queen  of 
Carthage,  daughter  of  Belus  and 
wife  of  Sichaeus.  She  built 
Carthage,  and,  according  to  Vir- 
gil, entertained  vEneas  on  his  voy- 
age to  Italy,  and  stabbed  herself 
through  despair,  because  ^Eneas 
left  her. 

Diomedes  (di-o-me'dez) . — The 
son  of  Tydeus,  and  king  of 
jJEtolia,  who  gained  great  reputa- 
tion at  Troy,  and  who,  with 
Ulysses  and  others,  carried  off  the 
Palladium. 

Dionysns  (di-6-nish'e-us) .  —  A 
Greek  deity,  identical  with  Bac- 
chus, q.  v. 

D  r  y  a  d  e  s  (dri'a-dez) . — Nymphs 
who  presided  over  the  woods. 

Echo  (ek'o). — The  daughter  of 
Aer,  or  Air,  and  Tellus,  who 
pined  away  through  love  for 
Narcissus. 

Electra  (e-lek'tra). — The  daugh- 
ter of  Agamemnon  and  Clytfin- 
nestra,  who  instigated  her  brother 
Orestes  to  revenge  their  father's 
death  upon  their  mother. 

Elysium  (e-lizh'e-um) . — The 
happy  residence  of  the  virtuous 
after  death. 

Endymion  (en-dim'i-on). — A 
beautiful  shepherd  and  perpetual 
sleeper,  who  was  loved  by  Selene, 
the  Moon. 

Epens  (c-pe'us). — An  artist,  who 
made  the  Trojan  horse,  and  in- 
vented the  sword  and  buckler. 

Erato      (er'a-to). — One     of      the 


Muses — she  presided  over  lyric 
and  amorous  poetry. 

Erebus  (er'e-bus). — The  son  of 
Chaos  and  Nox,  an  infernal  deity 
— a  river  of  hell,  and  often  used 
by  the  poets  for  hell  itself. 

Eros  (e'ros). — The  Greek  name 
for  Cupid,  q.  v. 

Eurydice  (u-rid'i-se) . — The  wife 
of  Orpheus,  killed  by  a  serpent 
on  her  marriage  day. 

Euterpe  (u-ter'pe). — One  of  the 
Muses — the  one  who  presided 
over  music. 

Fates  (fats). — Powerful  god- 
desses, who  presided  over  the  birth 
and  the  life  of  mankind,  were  the 
three  daughters  of  Nox  and  Ere- 
beus,  named  Clotho,  Lachesis  and 
Atropos.  Clotho  was  supposed  to 
hold  the  distaff,  Lachesis  to  draw 
the  thread  of  human  life,  and 
Atropos  to  cut  it  off. 

Fanni  (faw'ni). — Rural  deities. 
described  as  having  the  legs,  feet 
and  ears  of  goats,  and  the  rest  of 
the  body  human. 

Flora  (flo'ra). — The  goddess  of 
flowers  and  gardens. 

Furies  ( fu'rez ) . — The  three 
daughters  of  Nox  and  Acheron, 
Alecto.  Tisiphone  and  Megaera. 

Ganymede  ( gan'e-med ) .  —  The 
son  of  Tros.  king  of  Troy,  whom 
Jupiter,  in  the  form  of  an  eagle, 
snatched  up  and  made  his  cup- 
bearer, instead  of  Hebe. 

G  or  dins  (gor'de-us). — A  hus- 
bandman, but  afterward  king  of 
Phrygia,  remarkable  for  tying  a 
knot  of  cords,  on  which  the  em- 
pire of  Asia  depended,  in  so  very 
intricate  a  manner  that  Alex- 
ander, unable  to  unravel  it,  cut 
it  asunder. 

Gorgons  (gor'gons). — The  three 
daughters  of  Phorcus  and  Ceto, 
named  Stheno.  Euryale  and  M<- 
dusa.  Their  bodies  were  covered 
with  impenetrable  scales,  their 
hair  entwined  with  serpents ;  they 
had  only  one  eye  bet\yixt  them, 
and  they  could  change  into  stones 
those  whom  they  looked  on. 

Graces  (gra'sez). — Three  god- 
desses, represented  as  beautiful, 
modest  virgins,  and  constant  at- 
tendants on  Venus. 

Hades  (ha'doz). — The  same  as 
the  Roman  god  Pluto ;  also  the 
dominion  of  the  dead. 

Harpies  (har'pez) . — The  three 
daughters  of  Neptune  and  Terra, 


Hec 


980 


Med 


winged  monsters  with  the  faces 
of  virgins,  the  bodies  of  vultures, 
and  hands  armed  with  claws. 
They  polluted  all  that  they 
touched. 

Hector  (hek'tor). — The  son  of 
Priam  and  Hecuba,  the  most  val- 
iant of  the  Trojans. 

Hecuba  (hek'u-ba). — The  daugh- 
ter of  Dimas,  king  of  Thrace,  and 
wife  of  Priam,  who  tore  her  eyes 
out  for  the  loss  of  her  children. 

Helen  (hel'en).— The  daughter  of 
Tyndarus  and  Leda,  and  wife  of 
Menelaus.  the  most  beautiful 
woman  of  her  age,  who,  running 
away  with  Paris,  occasioned  the 
Trojan  war. 

Helenus  (hel'e-nus). — The  son  of 
Priam  and  Hecuba,  spared  by  the 
Greeks  for  his  skill  in  divination. 

Helle  (hel'le). — The  daughter  of 
Athamas,  who.  flying  from  her 
stepmother  Ino.  was  drowned  in 
the  Pontic  Sea,  and  gave  it  the 
name  of  Hellespont. 

Hera  (he'ra). — The  Greek  name 
for  the  goddess  Juno. 

Hercules  (her'ku-lez). — The  son 
of  Jupiter  and  Alcmena,  the  most 
famous  hero  of  antiquity,  remark- 
able for  his  great  strength. 

Hermione  ( her-ml'o-ne ) .  —  The 
daughter  of  Mars  and  Venus,  and 
wife  of  Cadmus,  who  was  changed 
into  a  serpent. 

Hermes  (her'mez). — A  Greek  god, 
identical  with  Mercury,  q.  v. 

Hero  (he'ro). — A  beautiful  woman 
of  Sestos,  in  Thrace,  and  priestess 
of  Venus,  whom  Leander  of  Aby- 
dos  loved  so  tenderly  that  he 
swam  over  the  Hellespont  every 
night  to  see  her ;  but  at  length,  he 
being  unfortunately  drowned,  she 
threw  herself  in  despair  into  the 
sea. 

Hesperides  (hes-per'i- 
dez). — Three  nymphs,  daughters 
of  Hesperus,  who  guarded  the 
golden  apples  which  Juno  gave  to 
Jupiter. 

Hesperus  (hes'per-us). — The  son 
of  Japetus,  and  brother  to  Atlas ; 
changed  into  the  evening  star. 

Hyacinthus  (hi-a-sin'thus). — A 
beautiful  boy,  beloved  by  Apollo 
and  Zephyrus.  The  latter  killed 
him ;  but  Apollo  changed  the 
blood  that  was  spilt  into  a  flower 
called  the  Hyacinth. 

Hymen     (hl'men). — The     son     of 


Bacchus  and  Venus,  and  god  of 
marriage. 

lo  (I'o). — The  daughter  of  Inachus 
and  Ismene,  turned  by  Jupiter 
into  a  cow,  and  tormented  by 
a  gadfly  sent  by  the  jealous  Juno. 

Iris  (1'ris). — The  daughter  of 
Thaumas  and  Electra,  one  of  the 
Oceanides.  and  messenger  of  Juno, 
who  turned  her  into  a  rainbow. 

Ixion  (iks-i'on). — A  king  of  Thes- 
saly,  the  father  of  the  Centaurs, 
who  killed  his  own  sister,  and  was 
punished  by  being  fastened  in 
hell  to  a  wheel  perpetually  turn- 
ing round. 

Janus  (ja'nus). — The  son  of 
Apollo  and  Creusa,  and  first  king 
of  Italy,  who,  receiving  the  ban- 
ished Saturn,  was  rewarded  by 
him  with  the  knowledge  of  hus- 
bandry, and  of  things  past  and 
future.  The  temple  of  Janus  at 
Rome  was  rarely  closed,  being 
kept  open  during  the  almost  con- 
tinual wars. 

Jason  (ja'son). — The  leader  of 
the  Argonauts,  who  obtained  the 
golden  fleece  at  Colchis. 

Juno  (ju'no). — The  daughter  of 
Saturn  and  Ops,  sister  and  wife 
of  Jupiter,  the  great  queen  of 
heaven,  and  of  all  the  gods,  and 
goddess  of  marriages  and  births. 

Jupiter  (ju'pe-ter). — The  son  of 
Saturn  and  Ops.  the  supreme 
deity  of  the  heathen  world,  the 
most  powerful  of  all  the  gods,  and 
governor  of  all  things. 

Laocopn  (la-ok'o-on). — The  son 
of  Priam  and  Hecuba,  and  high 
priest  of  Apollo,  who  opposed  the 
reception  of  the  wooden  horse  into 
Troy.  For  this  the  Gods  favor- 
ing the  Greeks  punished  him,  he 
and  his  sons  being  crushed  to 
death  by  great  serpents. 

Laometion  (la-om'e-don) . — A  king 
of  Troy,  killed  by  Hercules  for 
denying  him  his  daughter  Hesione, 
after  he  had  delivered  her  from 
the  sea-monster. 

Lares  (Ifi'rez). — Inferior  gods  at 
Rome,  who  presided  over  houses 
and  families. 

Lucifer  (lu'se-fer). — The  name  of 
the  planet  Venus,  or  morning 
star ;  said  to  be  the  son  of  Jupiter. 
and  Aurora. 

Medusa  (me-du'sa). — One  of  the! 
three  Gorgons,  whose  hair  Mi-i 
nerva  changed  into  snakes.  She] 
was  killed  by  Perseus. 


Mel 


981 


Sat 


Melpomene  (mel-pom'e-ne) . — 
One  of  the  Muses — the  one  who 
presided  over  tragedy. 

Mentor  (men'tor). — The  faithful 
friend  of  Ulysses,  the  governor  of 
Telemachus  and  the  wisest  man 
of  his  time. 

Mercury  (mer'ku-re). — The  son 
of  Jupiter  and  Maia,  messenger 
of  the  gods,  inventor  of  letters, 
and  god  of  eloquence,  commerce, 
and  travelers. 

Minerva  (mi-ner'va). — The  god- 
dess of  wisdom,  the  arts  and  war ; 
born  from  Jupiter's  head. 

Minotaur  (min'o-taur). — A  cele- 
brated monster,  half  man  and 
half  bull,  killed  by  Theseus. 

Morpheus  (mor'fe-ous  or  mor'- 
fiis). — The  minister  of  Xox  and 
Somnus,  and  god  of  dreams. 

Naiads  (na'idz) . — Nymphs  of 
streams. 

Nemesis  (nem'e-sis). — One  of  the 
infernal  deities,  and  goddess  of 
vengeance. 

Neptune  (nep'tune). — The  son  of 
Saturn  and  Ops.  god  of  the  sea, 
and,  next  to  Jupiter,  the  most 
powerful  deity ;  represented  with 
a  trident  in  his  right  hand. 

Nestor  (nes'tor). — The  son  of 
Neleus  and  Chloris.  and  king  of 
Pylos  and  Messenia.  He  fought 
against  the  Centaurs,  was  dis- 
tinguished in  the  Trojan  war,  and 
lived  to  a  great  age. 

Niobe  (m'o-be). — The  daughter 
of  Tantalus  and  wife  of  Amphion, 
who,  preferring  herself  to  Latona, 
had  her  fourteen  children  killed, 
and  wept  herself  into  a  stone. 

Orpheus  (or'fe-us  or  or'fus). — 
A  celebrated  Argonaut,  whose 
skill  in  music  is  said  to  have  been 
so  great  that  he  could  make  rocks, 
trees,  etc.,  follow  him. 

Pan  (pan). — The  son  of  Mercury, 
and  the  god  of  shepherds,  hunts- 
men and  farmers. 

Pandora  (pan-dr/ra) . — According 
to  Hesiod,  the  first  woman  that 
ever  lived.  Jupiter  gave  her  a 
box  which  curiosity  induced  her 
to  open.  From  it  escaped  the 
evils  that  afflict  mankind,  only 
Hope  remaining  in  the  box. 

Paris  (par'is). — The  son  of  Priam 
and  Hecuba,  a  most  beautiful 
youth,  who  ran  away  with  Helen, 
and  thus  occasioned  the  Trojan 
wa  r. 
Pegasus  (peg'a-sus). — A  winged 


horse  belonging  to  Apollo  and  the 
Muses. 

Penelope  (pe-nel'o-pe). — A  cele- 
brated princess  of  Greece,  wife  of 
Ulysses,  remarkable  for  her 
chastity  and  constancy  in  the  long 
.•iliseiice  of  her  husband. 

Philomela  ( fil-o-me'la) . — T  h  e 
daughter  of  Pandion,  king  of 
Athens,  who  was  changed  into  a 
nightingale. 

Pluto  (plu'to). — The  son  of  Sat- 
urn and  Ops,  brother  of  Jupiter 
and  Neptune,  and  the  god  of  the 
infernal  regions. 

Plutus  (plu'tus). — The  god  of 
riches. 

Pomona  (po-mo'na). — The  god- 
dess of  gardens  and  fruit-trees. 

Priam  (pri'am). — The  king  of 
Troy  at  the  time  of  its  famous 
siege  by  the  Greeks ;  father  of 
Hector,  q.  v. 

Poseidon  (po-si'don). — A  Greek 
deity,  identical  with  Neptune, 
q.  v. 

Prometheus  (pro-me'the-us). — 
The  son  of  Japetus.  He  is  said 
to  have  stolen  fire  from  heaven  to 
animate  two  bodies  which  he  had 
formed  of  clay  ;  and  he  was  there- 
fore chained  by  Jupiter  to  Mount 
Caucsaus.  with  a  vulture  always 
gnawing  his  liver. 

Psyche  (si'ke). — The  name  given 
by  the  Greek  poets  to  a  personi- 
fication of  the  human  soul  She 
won  the  affection  of  the  God  of 
Love  (Cupid),  and  lived  happily 
with  him  until  curiosity  to  know 
who  he  was  condemned  her  to 
wandering  misery.  She  was  finally 
restored  to  him  and  made  immor- 
tal. 

Remus  (re'mus). — The  elder 
brother  of  Romulus,  killed  by 
him  for  ridiculing  the  city  walls, 
which  he  had  just  erected. 

Rhadamanthus  ( rad-a- 
man'thus) . — Son  of  Jupiter  and 
Kuropa,  and  king  of  Lycia,  made 
one  of  the  three  infernal  judges 
on  account  of  his  justice  and 
goodness. 

Romulus  (rom'u-lus). — The  son 
of  Mars  and  Ilia  :  he  was  thrown 
into  the  Tiber  by  his  uncle,  but 
was  saved,  with  his  twin  brother 
Remus,  by  a  shepherd,  and  he  be- 
rame  the  founder  and  first  king  of 
Rome. 

Saturn  (sat'urn). — An  ancient 
deity,  the  son  of  Uranus,  whom 


Sis 


982 


Zeu 


he  dethroned,  and  father  of 
Jupiter  and  various  other  gods. 
He  \vas  succeeded  by  his  son 
Jupiter.  His  Greek  title  was 
Cronus. 

Sisyphus  (sis'e-fus). — The  son  of 
^lOolus,  a  most  crafty  prince, 
killed  by  Theseus,  and  condemned 
by  I'luto  to  roll  up  hill  a  large 
stone,  which  constantly  fell  back 
again. 

Somiius  (som'nus). — The  son  of 
Krelms  and  Xox,  and  the  god  of 
sleep. 

Stentor  (sten'tor). — A  Grecian, 
whose  voice  is  reported  to  have 
bri>n  as  strong  and  as  loud  as 
the  voices  of  fifty  men  together. 

Tartarus  (tar'ta-rus). — The  part 
of  the  infernal  regions  in  which 
criminals  \\ere  punished. 

Terpsichore  (terp-sik'o-re). — 
One  of  the  Muses — she  presided 
over  dancing. 

Titan  (tl'tan). — The  son  of 
Coelus  and  Terra,  brother  of 
Saturn,  and  one  of  the  giants 
who  warred  against  heaven. 

Triton       (tii'ton). — The    son    of 


Neptune  and  Amphitrite.  a 
powerful  sea-god,  and  Neptune's 
trumpeter. 

Ulysses  (u-lys'ses). — A  famous 
King  of  Ithaca,  and  the  wisest, 
shrewdest  and  subtlest  of  the 
chiefs  who  took  part  in  the  siege 
of  Troy.  His  wanderings  and  ad- 
ventures during  his  return  home 
form  the  subject  of  Homer's  poem 
the  "Odyssey." 

Uranus  (u'ra-nus). — The  an- 
cestor of  the  gods  of  Greek  and 
Roman  mythology,  and  the  father 
of  Saturn,  who  dethroned  him. 

Venus  (ve'nus). — One  of  the 
most  celebrated  deities  of  the 
ancients,  the  wife  of  Vulcan,  the 
goddess  of  beauty,  the  mother  of 
love,  and.  the  mistress  of  pleasur- 
able graces. 

Vesta  (ves'ta). — The  goddess  of 
virginity,  fire,  and  the  domestic 
hearth,  in  the  Roman  mythology. 

Vulcan  (vul'kan). — The  god  who 
presided  over  fire. 

Zeus  (zus). — The  king  of  the 
gods  in  Greek  mythology,  identical 
with  the  Roman  Jupiter,  q.  v. 


DICTIONARY  OF  FORMS  OF  ADDRESS 


Used  in  Ceremonious  Communications  with  Persons  of 
Title  or  Official  Position 


Ambassador. — The  title  "Excel- 
lency" belongs  specially  to  am- 
bassadors and  to  United  States 
ministers  to  a  foreign  court. 
Address  letters  "His  Excellency" 
(with  name  or  distinctive  title 
following).  Begin,  "Sir,"  "My 
Lord,"  according  as  the  ambas- 
sador possesses  title  or  not.  When 
personal  reference  is  made,  say 
"Your  Excellency."  An  envoy 
extraordinary  or  charge1  d'affaires, 
though  inferior  to  an  ambassador 
strictly  so  called,  also,  usually  re- 
ceives the  title  "Excellency  ;"  and 
the  wives  of  ambassadors  are 
generally  addressed  similarly  dur- 
ing their  husbands'  tenure  of  of- 
fice and  while  residing  abroad. 

Archbishop. — Address  :  "T  h  e 
most  Reverend  A —  B — ,  D.D." 
The  wife  of  an  archbishop  has 
no  special  title. 

Bishop.— Address  :  "The  Right 
Rev.  Bishop,"  or  "The  Rt.  Rev. 
A—  B— ,  D.D."  A  bishop's  wife 
and  family  have  no  special  title. 

Cardinal. — The  special  title  of  a 
cardinal  as  such  is  "His  Emi- 
nence." Begin  :  "Your  Eminence." 

Clergyman. — The  general  form  of 
address  is  "The  Reverend  A —  B." 
Begin :  "Rev.  Sir,"  or  simply 
"Sir." 

Congress,  Members  of  (U.  S.). 
— Addressed  generally  "The  Hon- 
orable A —  B — ." 

Consul. — There  is  no  special  form 
of  address  to  a  person  as  such, 
though  in  this  country  a  consul 
is  called  "Honorable." 

Doctor. — The  initials  denoting  the 
particular  degree  are  placed  after 
the  usual  form  of  address, 
whether  D.D.,  LL.D.,  M.D.,  D.Sc., 
etc.,  "The  Rev.  A. — ,  B. — ,  D.D.," 
"A — B,  Esq.,  M.D."  Less  for- 
mally:  "The  Rev.  Doctor  B — ," 
"Doctor  A —  B." 

Duke. — Address  :  "His  Grace  the 
Dnke  of — ."  Begin  :  "My  Lord 
Duke ;"  refer  to  as  "Your  Grace." 
All  the  children  of  a  duke  are  en- 
titled to  be  called  "Right  Honor- 
able." 


Governor  of  State  (U.  S.). — 
Usually  addressed  as  "His  Ex- 
cellency." "His  Excellency  A — 
B — ,  Governor  of  — ,"  or,  ''His 
Excellency  the  Governor  of — ." 
A  lieutenant-governor  is  called 
"Honorable." 

Judge. — "His  Honor,  Judge  — " 
(surname)  ;  on  the  bench  referred 
to  as  "Your  Honor." 

King. — Should  be  addressed  as 
"The  King's  Most  Excellent  Maj- 
esty." Begin :  "Sire,"  or  "May 
it i  please  Your  Majesty  ;"  refer 
tor  as  "Your  Majesty." 

Lawyers. — Address  :  "Esquire," 
or  "Mr.  A —  B — ,  Esq."  This 
is  a  complimentary  title  given  to 
all  holding  temporary  civil  offices, 
as  magistrates,  councilmen,  etc. 

Married  Lady.— Has  the  title 
Mrs.  prefixed  to  her  name  in 
speaking  and  writing.  On  being 
approached  in  writing  or  speech 
by  strangers  or  inferiors,  should 
be  addressed  as  "Madam,"  or 
"Dear  Madam."  An  unmarried 
lady  is  addressed  as  "Miss,"  in 
speaking  or  writing.  Two  or  more 
unmarried  ladies  are  addressed  as 
"The  Misses  A —  B — ,"  while 
"Mesdames"  is  plural  for 
"Madam." 

Mayor. — Address  :  "The  Honor- 
able Mayor  of  — ."  Address : 
"Sir,"  or  "Dear  Sir."  Mayors 
are  usually  styled  "Honorable ;" 
"The  Honorable  A —  B,  Mayor 
of  — . 

Member  of  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives.— Address :  "Honor- 
able A —  B — ,  M.C."  Begin  :  "Sir," 
or  "Dear  Sir."  A  Congressman's 
wife  and  family  have  no  title  of 
recognition. 

Member  of  Parliament. — Not 
specially  recognized  except  by  add- 
ing "M.P."  to  ordinary  ad- 
dress: "A —  B — ,  Esq.,  M.P.;" 
"Sir  A— B—  Bart..  M.P." 

Officers,  Military  and  Naval. 
— Their  professional  rank  is  put 
before  any  title  they  may  inde- 
pendently possess :  "General"  or 


983 


Pre 


984 


Que 


"Admiral,  the  Right  Hon.  the 
Earl  of — ;"  "Colonel  A —  B — ." 

President  (U.  S.) .  —  Address  : 
"His  Excellency  the  President  of 
the  United  States,"  "His  Excel- 
lency A —  B — ,  President  of  the 
United  States."  The  Vice-Presi- 
dent and  ex-presidents  are 
"Honorable  ;"  "The  Honorable  the 
Yice-President ;"  "The  Honorable 
A—  I',." 

Prince. — Address  :  "His  Royal 
Highness  the  Prince  of  Wales;" 
"His  Royal  Highness  Prince 
A — '  (Christian  name).  Begin 
in  any  case:  "Sir;"  refer  to  as 
"Your  Royal  Highness." 

Princess. — Address  :  "Her    Royal 


Highness  the  Princess  of  Wales ;" 
"Her  Royal  Highness  the  Princess 
A — '  (Christian  name)  ;  Begin: 
"Madam ;"  refer  to  as  "Your 
Royal  Highness." 

Professor. — A  form  of  address 
for  a  scholar  who  has  achieved 
distinction  in  some  special  de- 
partment of  science  or  learning ; 
but  should  not  be  employed  in- 
discriminately to  any  teacher  or 
schoolmaster. 

Queen. — Address  :  "The  Queen's 
Most  Excellent  Majesty."  Begin 
"Madam,"  or  "May  it  please  Your 
Majesty ;"  refer  to  as  "Your 
Majesty." 


DICTIONARY  OF  ABBREVIATIONS 


Used  in  Writing  and  Printing 


A.  B.    or    B.  A.    (Artium    Bac- 

calanreus).  —  Bachelor  of  Arts. 

Abbr. — Abbreviated. 

Abp. — Archbishop. 

A.C.  (Ante  Christum).— Be- 
fore Christ. 

A.D.  (Anno  Domini). — In  the 
Year  of  our  Lord. 

A.D.C. — Aide-de-camp. 

Adselib,  or  Adselibit.— At  pleas- 
ure. 

Adj. — Adjective. 

Adiiir. — Administrator. 

Admx. — Administratrix. 

Adv. — Adverb. 

JEt.  (aetatis). — Aged. 

A.G. — Adjutant-General. 

A.H. — In  the  Year  of  the  Hegira. 

Ala. — Alabama. 

A.M.  or  M.A.  (Artinm  Mag- 
ister). — Master  of  Arts. 

A.M. — Before  Mid-day. 

A.M.  (Anno  Mnndi). — In  the 
Year  of  the  World. 

Ana. — In  like  quantity. 

Anon. — Anonymous. 

App. — Appendix. 

Ark. — Arkansas. 

Ariz. — Arizona. 

Arr. — Arrived. 

A.R.A. — Associate  of  the  Royal 
Academy. 

A.R.S.A. — Associate  of  the  Royal 
Scottish  Academy. 

A.R.S.S.  (Antiquariorum 
regiae  societatis  socius). — Fel- 
low of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Antiquaries. 

A.S. — Anglo  Saxon. 

Asst. — Assistant. 

Atty.Gen. — Attorney-General. 

A.Q.G. — Assistant  Quartermaster- 
General. 

A.U.C. — (Anno  urbis  conditae, 
or  Anno  ab  nrbe  condita). — 
In  the  year  of  or  from  the  build- 
ing of  the  city  (of  Rome). 

Avoir. — Avoirdupois. 

B.A. — Bachelor    of    Arts;    British 

America. 

Bart,  or  Bt. — Baronet. 
Bbl. — Barrel,  barrels. 
B.C. — Before  Christ. 
B.C.I,. — Bachelor  of  Civil  Law. 

B.D. — Bachelor  of  Divinity. 
B.IX.     or     LIi.B.— Bachelor     of 
Laws. 


B.M. — British      Museum  ;      Bach- 
elor of  Music. 
Bp. — Bishop. 

Brig.Gen. — Brigadier-General. 
B.S. — -Bachelor  of  Surgery. 
B.Sc. — Bachelor  of  Science. 
C. — Centigrade. 
C.,  Ct.,  Cent. — A  hundred. 

C.  or  Cap. — Chapter. 

C.A. — Chartered  Accountant. 

Cal. — California. 

Capt. — Captain. 

C.C. — Cubic  centimeter. 

C.C.P. — Court  of  Common  Pleas. 

C.E. — Civil  Engineer. 

Celt. — Celtic. 

Cf .,  conf . — Compare. 

Ch. — Church. 

C.J. — Chief  Justice. 

C.M. — Common  Meter ;  centimeter. 

Co. — Company  ;  county. 

C.O.D. — Cash  (or  collect)  on  de- 
livery. 

Col. — Colonel ;  Colorado. 

Coll.— College. 

Com. — Commander ;  commodore  ; 
committee. 

Conn. — Connecticut. 

Cor_ — Corinthians. 

Cor.Sec. — Corresponding  Secre- 
tary. 

Cos. — Cosine. 

C.P. — Common  Pleas  ;  Clerk  of  the 
Peace. 

Crim.  Con. — Criminal  conversa- 
tion, or  adultery. 

C.P.S. — Keeper  of  the  Privy  Seal. 

Cr.— Credit ;  creditor. 

C.S. — Keeper  of  the  Seal ;  Court  of 
Session. 

C.S.I. — Companion  of  the  Star  of 
India. 

Cur.,  curt. — Current — this  month. 

Can. — Canada. 

Cwt. — A  hundred  weight. 

D.  (denarius). — A      penny      or 
pence ;  500. 

D.C. — From  the  beginning ;  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia. 

D.C.L. — Doctor  of  Civil  Law. 

D.D. — Doctor  of  Divinity. 

Deg. — Degree. 

Del  (deliniavit).— "He  drew  it" 
— meaning  the  drawer  or  painter ; 
Delaware. 

Dep. — Deputy. 


985 


986 


Diet. — Dictionary. 

D.F. — Defender  of  the  Faith ; 
Dean  of  Faculty. 

D.G.  (Dei  gratia). — By  the  grace 
of  God. 

Deut. — Deuteronomy. 

Do.  (ditto).— The  same. 

Dol.  or  dols. — Dollars. 

Doz. — Dozen. 

Dpt. — Department. 

Dr. — Debtor  ;  doctor ;  dram. 

D.Sc. — Doctor  of  Science. 

D.T.  (Doctor  theologize). — Doc- 
tor of  Divinity. 

D.V.  (Deo  volente). — God  will- 
ing. 

Dwt. — A  pennyweight. 

E. — East. 

Ed. — Editor  ;  edition. 

E.E. — Errors  excepted. 

E.G.  (exempli  gratia). — For  ex- 
ample. 

E.  long. — East  longitude. 

Emp. — Emperor ;  Empress. 

E.N.E. — East-north-east. 

Eng. — Engineer ;  England. 

Ep. — Epistle. 

Eph. — Ephesians  ;  Epbraim. 

Epiph. — Epiphany. 

E.S.E. — East-south-east. 

Esq.,  Esqr. — Esquire. 

Etc.,  &c. — And  so  forth. 

Et.  seq.— And  the  following. 

Ex. — Example  ;  exception. 

Exch.— Exchequer ;  exchange. 

Exec. — Executor. 

Fahr. — Fahrenheit. 

F.A.S. — Fellow  of  the  Society  of 
Arts. 

F.A.S. E. — Fellow  of  the  Antiqua- 
rian Society  of  Edinburgh. 

F.B.S.E. — Fellow  of  the  Botanical 
Society  of  Edinburgh. 

F.C. — Free  Church  of  Scotland. 

Fcp. — Foolscap. 

F.D. — Defender  of  the  faith. 

Fee. — He  (or  she)   did  it. 

F.G.S. — Fellow  of  the  Geological 
Society. 

F.H.S. — Fellow  of  the  Horticul- 
tural Society. 

F.M.— Field 'Marshal. 

Fla.— Florida. 

Fo.  or  fol. — Folio. 

F.P.S. — Fellow  of  the  Philological 
Society. 

F.R.A.S.— -Fellow  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society. 

F.R.C.P. — Fellow  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Physicians. 

F.R.C.P.— Fellow  of  the  Royal 
College  of  Preceptors. 


F.R.C.S.— Fellow     of    the    Royal 

College  of  Surgeons. 
F.R.G.S.— Fellow     of    the    Royal 

Geographical  Society. 
F.R.H.S.— Fellow    of    the    Royal 

Horticultural  Society. 
F.R.S.— Fellow   of   the   Royal    So- 
ciety. 
F.R.S.L. — Fellow     of     the    Royal 

Society  of  Literature. 
F.S.A.— Fellow   of   the   Society  of 

Antiquaries. 
F.S.A. — Fellow  of  the   Society   of 

Arts. 
F.S.S. — Fellow    of   the    Statistical 

Society. 

Ft. — Foot ;  feet ;  fort. 
G.A. — General  Assembly. 
Ga. — Georgia. 
Gall.— Gallon. 
G.B. — Great    Britain. 
G.C.B. — Grand  Cross  of  the  Bath. 
Gen. — General ;  Genesis. 
Gent. — Gentleman. 
Geol. — Geology. 
G.L. — Grand  Lodge. 
G.O.P.— Grand    Old    Party     (The 

U.  S.  Republican  party). 
Gov. — Governor. 
G.P.O. — General   post-office. 
Gr. — Grains  or  gross. 
Gtt.  (Guttae). — Drops. 
H.B.M. — His    (or   her)    Britannic 

Majesty. 
Hbr. — Hebrew. 
Hlitl.  or  hhd. — Hogshead. 
H.I.H. — His     (or    her)     Imperial 

Highness. 
H.J.S.    (hie    jacet    sepultus). — 

Here  lies  buried. 
H.M. — His  (or  her)  Majesty. 
H.M.P.       (hoc       monumentum 

posuit).— Raised  this  monument. 
H.M.S. — His    (or   her)    Majesty's 

Ship  or  Service. 
Hon. — Honorable. 
Hond. — Honored. 
H.R. — -House  of  Representatives. 
H.R.E. — Holy  Roman  Empire. 
H.R.I.P. — Here  rests  in  peace. 
H.R.H.— His  (or  her)  Royal  High- 
ness. 
H.S.H. — His      (or     her)      Serene 

Highness. 

Ib.  (ibid). — In  the  same  place. 
Id. — The  same. 
Ida. — Idaho. 
I.e.— That  is. 
I.H.S.  (Jesns  Hominum  Salva- 

tor;    properly    the    initial    letters 

of  the  name  Jesus,   in  Greek). — 

Jesus  the  Savior  of  Men. 
111. — Illinois. 


987 


N 


Imp. — Imperial. 

Incog,   (incognito). — Unknown. 

Ind. — Indiana. 

In    lira,     (in     limine). — At    the 

outset    (lit.  on  the  threshold). 
In  loc.  (in  loco). — In  its  place. 
I.N.R.I. — Jesus  of  Nazareth,  King 

of  the  Jews. 

Inst. — Instant ;  the  present  month. 
Int. — Interest. 
lo. — Iowa. 
I.O.G.T. — Independent     Order     of 

Good  Templars. 
I.O.O.F. — Independent     Order     of 

Odd  Fellows. 
I.O.U. — I  owe  you. 
I.Q.  (idem  quod). — The  same  as. 
J.C.D. — Doctor  of  Civil  Law. 
Jer. — Jeremiah. 
Jn.  Jnn.  Jr. — Junior. 
J.P. — Justice  of  the  Peace. 
Kan. — Kansas. 
K.C.B.— Knight  Commander  of  the 

Bath. 

K.G.— Knight  of  the  Garter. 
K.G.C. — Knight     of     the     Grand 

Cross. 
K.G.C.B.— Knight    of    the    Grand 

Cross  of  the  Bath. 
K.G.F.— Knight     of     the     Golden 

Fleece. 

K.H. — Knight  of  Honor. 
K.L.H. — Knight  of  the  Legion  of 

Honor. 

Knt.— Knight. 
K.P.— Knight  of  Pythias;  Knight 

of  St.  Patrick. 
K.T.— Knight  Templar;  Knight  of 

the  Thistle   (Scotland). 
Ky. — Kentucky. 

L.,  Ib.  or  B). — A  pound  in  weight. 
L.  or  1. — A  pound  sterling. 
La. — Louisiana. 
Lat. — Latitude  ;  Latin. 
Lb.  (libra). — A  pound  weight. 
L.c   (loco  citato). — In   the  place 

quoted ;  lower  case. 
L.C.J. — Lord  Chief  Justice. 
Lib.  (liber).— A  book. 
Lieut. — Lieutenant. 
Lit. — Literally. 
LL.B. — Bachelor  of  Laws. 
LL.D. — Doctor  of  Laws. 
LL.M. — Master  of  Laws. 
Lon.,  long. — Longitude. 
Loq.  (loquitur). — Speaks. 
L.S.  (locus  sigilli).— Place  of  the 

seal. 
L.S.D.  (librae,  solidi,  denarii). 

— Pounds,  shillings  and  pence. 
M. — Roman  Numeral  for  1,000. 
M.A. — Master    of    Arts;    Military 
Academy. 


Mad. — Madam. 

Ma  j. — Major. 

Maj.  Gen. — Major-General. 

Mass. — Massachusetts. 

Math. — Mathematics. 

M.B. — Bachelor  of  Medicine  or  of 
Music. 

M.C. — Member  of  Congress. 

M.D. — Doctor  of  Medicine. 

Md. — Maryland. 

Mdlle.,  Mile. — Mademoiselle. 

Me. — Maine. 

M.E. — Mining  Engineer. 

Mem. — Memorandum. 

Messrs. — Gentlemen. 

Meth. — Methodist. 

Mich. — Michigan. 

Min.  or  miu. — Minute  ;   minutes. 

Minn. — Minnesota. 

Miss. — Mississippi. 

MM. — Messrs.  ;   Messieurs. 

M.M. — Millimeter. 

Mo.— Missouri. 

Mont. — Montana. 

Mons.  or  M. — Monsieur. 

M.P. — Member  of  Parliament. 

Mr. — Mister. 

Mrs. — Mistress. 

M.S. — Sacred  to  the  Memory. 

MS. — Manuscrint. 

MSS. — Manuscripts. 

Mt.,  Mts. — Mount ;  mountains. 

Mus.  B. — -Bachelor  of  Music. 

Mus.  D. — Doctor  of  Music. 

N. — North  ;  noun. 

N.A. — North  America. 

Nant. — -Nautical. 

N.B.    (nota    bene). — Note    well ; 
take  notice ;  New  Brunswick. 

N.C. — North  Carolina. 

N.D. — North  Dakota. 

N.E. — North-east. 

Neb. — Nebraska. 

Nem.    con.    (nemine    contradi- 
cente). — No  one  contradicting. 

Nev. — Nevada. 

N.H. — New  Hampshire. 

N.J. — New  Jersey. 

N.M. — New  Mexico. 

N.N.E. — North-north-east. 

N.N.W. — North-north-west. 

No.  (numero). — Number. 

Non    pros,    (non    prosequitnr). 
— He   does   not   pursue   or   prose- 
cute. 
Non    seq.    (non    sequitur). — It 

does  not  follow. 
Nos. — Numbers. 
N.P. — Notary   Public. 
N.S. — New  style  ;  Nova  Scotia. 
N.T. — Now  Testament. 
N.W.— North-west. 
N.Y — New  York. 


O.— Ohio. 

Ob.  (obiit).— Died. 

Obs. — Obsolete. 

O.H.M.S.— On  Her  Majesty's 
Service. 

O.K. — All  correct ;  humorous  spell- 
ing, Orl  Korrect. 

Okla. — Oklahoma. 

Oreg. — Oregon. 

O.S.— Old  Style. 

O.T. — Old  Testament. 

Oxoii.  (Oxonia). — Oxford. 

Oz. — Ounce. 

P.  page  ;  pp.  pages. 

F.adj. — Participial  adjective. 

Par. — Paragraph. 

Pd.— Paid. 

Pen  11. — Pennsylvania. 

Per  an. — By  the  year. 

Per  cent. — By  the  hundred. 

Ph.D. — Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

Phil.  Trans. — Philosophical 
Transactions. 

Pinx.,  pxt.  (pinxit).— He  (or 
she)  painted  it. 

Pk.— Peck. 

Pkge.  Package ;  Pkgs.  packages. 

Plff.— Plaintiff. 

P.M.  (post-meridian). — After- 
noon. 

P.M.G. — Postmaster-General. 

P.O. — Post-office. 

P.O.O. — Post-office  Order. 

P.p. — Past  participle. 

P.P.C.  (pour  prendre  conge). 
— To  take  leave  of  [Fr.]. 

P.pr. — Present  participle. 

Prep. — Preposition. 

Pres. — President. 

Prof. — Professor. 

Pron. — Pronoun. 

Pro  tern,  (pro  tempore). — 
For  the  time. 

Prox.  (proximo). — Next. 

P.S.  (post  scriptum). — Post- 
script. 

p.t» — Preterite. 

Pt. — Pint,  point,  port. 

P.T.O. — Please  turn  over. 

Pub. — Publisher. 

Pwt. — Pennyweight. 

Q.,  Qu. — Question  ;  query. 

Q.B. — Queen's  Bench. 

Q.C. — Queen's  Council. 

q.d.  (quasi  dicat). — As  he  should 
say. 

q.e.  (quod  est). — Which  is. 

Q.E.D.  (Quod  erat  demon- 
strandum).— Which  was  to  be 
demonstrated. 

Q.E.F.  (Quad  erat  faciendum). 
— Which  was  to  be  done. 

Q.E.I.     (Quod    erat    invenien- 


dum).— Which   was   to  be  found 

out. 
q.l.  (quautum  libet). — As  much 

as  you  please. 

Q.M.G. — Quartermaster-General. 
qr. — Quarter ;  quire. 
qrs. — Quarters  ;  quires. 
q.s.      (quantum      sufficit). — 

Enough. 
qt. — Quart. 

q.v.  (quod  vide). — Which  see. 
R.      (Rex,      Regina).  —  King; 

Queen. 

R.  (recipe). — Take. 
R.E. — Royal  Engineers. 
Rev. — Reverend. 
R.I. — Rhode  Island. 
R.I.P.   (requiescat  in  pace). — 

May  he  or  she  rest  in  peace. 
R.N.— Royal  Navy. 
Rt.— Right. 

Rt.  Hon. — Right  Honorable. 
Rt.  Rev. — Right  Reverend. 
S. — South. 

S.C. — South  Carolina. 
S.C. — Supreme  Court. 
Sc.,  Soil.  (scilicet).— To-wit ; 

namely. 

Sc.    (sculpsit). — He    or    she    en- 
graved it. 
Sculp,   (sculpsit). — He  engraved 

it. 

S.D.— South  Dakota. 
S.E. — South-east. 
Sec. — Secretary  ;  section  ;  second. 
Sen.,  Senr.,  Sr. — Senior. 
Sep.  or  Sept. — Septuagint. 
Seq.   (sequentes  or  sequeutia). 

— The  following. 
Serg.,  Sergt. — Sergeant. 
S.F.Q.R.  (Senatus  Populusque 

Romanus). — The      senate      and 

people  of  Rome. 
Sq.ft. — Square  feet. 
Sq.in. — Square  inches. 
Sq.m. — Square  miles. 
SS. — Steamship. 
S.S.E. — South-south-east. 
S.S.W. — South-south-west. 
St. — Saint. 

S.T.D. — Doctor  of  Divinity. 
S.T.P.   (Sacra;  Theologize  Pro- 
fessor).— Professor  of  Theology. 
Snpp. — Supplement. 
Surg. — Surgeon. 
S.W.— South-west. 
Syn. — Synonymous  ;   syndicate. 
Tenn. — Tennessee. 
Tex. — Texas. 

Text.  Rec. — Received  text. 
Thess. — Thessalonians. 
T.O. — Turn  over. 


Tr. — Transpose. 

TJ.— Utah. 

Tilt,  (ultimo).— Last. 

TJ.J.C. — Doctor  of  both  laws. 

Univ. — University. 

U.S. — United  States. 

U.S.M. — United  States  Mail; 
TInited  States  Marines. 

U.S.N. — United  States  Navy. 

V. — Numeral  for  five. 

V.  (versus).— Against. 

V.  (vide).— See. 

Va. — Virginia. 

V.C. — Vice-Chancellor. 

V.C. — Victoria  Cross. 

V.D.M.  (Verbi  Dei  Minister). 
— Minister  of  God's  Word. 

Ven. — Venerable. 

V.i. — Intransitive  verb. 

Vice-Pres. — Vice-President. 

V.G.  (verbi  gratia). — For  ex- 
ample. 

Vise. — Viscount. 

Viz. — Namely  ;  to-wit. 

Vol.  or  vol. — Volume. 

V.S. — Veterinary  Surgeon. 

Vs.  or  vs.  (versus). — Against,  or 
in  opposition. 


V.t. — Transitive  verb. 

Vt. — Vermont. 

Vul.— Vulgate. 

W.— West. 

Wash. — Washington. 

W.C.T.U. — W  o  m  a  n's  Christian 
Temperance  Union. 

W.I.— West  Indies. 

Wis. — Wisconsin. 

W.N.W. — West-north-west. 

W.S.W. — West-south-west. 

W.Va. — West  Virginia. 

X. — Numeral  for  ten. 

X.  or  Xt. — Christ. 

Xni.,  Xmas.,  Xms. — Christmas. 

Xii.,  Xtian. — Christian. 

Yd.— Yard. 

Y.M.C.A. — Young  Men's  Christian 
Association. 

Y.M.C.C. — Young  Men's  Catholic 
Club. 

Y.M.I. — Young  Men's  Institute. 

Y.M.L. — Young  Men's  Lyceum. 

Y.P.S.C.E.— Young  People's  So- 
ciety of  Christian  Endeavor. 

&. — And. 

&c. — And  so  forth,  et  cetera. 


DICTIONARY  OF   POPULAR   TITLES   OF   AMERICAN 
STATES,  CITIES,  ETC. 


Acaclia,  the  original,  and  now  the 
poetic  name  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Athens  of  America,  a  name 
sometimes  given  to  Boston,  Mass. 

Badger  State,  Wisconsin,  where 
badgers  were-  formerly  so  numer- 
ous that  a  badger  was  represented 
in  the  State  Coat  of  Arms. 

Bay  State,  given  to  Massachu- 
setts, known  before  the  Revolu- 
tion as  the  "Bay"  colony. 

Bayou  State,  a  name  given  to 
Mississippi,  from  the  frequent 
use  of  the  word  "bayou,"  to  desig- 
nate streams  on  the  State  map. 

Bear  State,  applied  to  Arkansas, 
from  the  number  of  bears  for- 
merly in  its  forests. 

Beaver  State,  a  title  given  Ore- 
gon, from  its  multitude  of 
beavers ;  also  called  the  Web-foot 
Country,  from  its  excessive  rains 
in  winter. 

Black-water  State,  a  name 
applied  to  Nebraska,  from  the 
dark  color  given  its  streams  from 
the  drainage  of  its  rich  soil. 

Buckeye  State.  Ohio  is  so 
called  from  its  numerous  buck- 
eye trees,  the  nuts  of  which  re- 
semble a  buck's  eye. 

Centennial  State,  a  title  ap- 
plied to  Colorado,  from  its  being 
admitted  in  1876,  the  Centennial 
year. 

City  of  Brotherly  Love,  Phila- 
delphia is  sometimes  so  called, 
this  being  the  literal  signification 
of  the  name. 

City  of  Elms,  a  familiar  denomi- 
nation of  New  Haven.  Conn., 
many  of  the  streets  of  which  are 
thickly  shaded  with  lofty  elms. 

City  of  Magnificent  Distances, 
a  popular  designation  given  to 
the  city  of  Washington,  the 
capital  of  the  United  States, 
which  is  laid  out  on  a  very  large 
scale. 

City  of  Rocks,  a  descriptive 
name  popularly  given  to  the  city 
of  Nashville,  Tenn. 

City  of  Spindles,  a  name  popu- 
larly given  to  the  city  of  Lowell, 
Mass.,  the  largest  cotton  manu- 
facturing town  in  the  United 
States. 

City    of    the    Straits,    a    name 


popularly  given  to  Detroit,  Mich., 
which  is  situated  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  river  or  strait  con- 
necting Lake  St.  Clair  with  Lake 
Erie.  Detroit  is  a  French  word, 
meaning  '"strait." 

Columbia,  a  name  often  given  to 
America,  from  a  feeling  of  poetic 
justice  to  its  discoverer.  The 
application  of  the  term  is  usually 
restricted  to  the  United  States. 
Colombia,  in  South  America,  is 
the  Spanish  spelling  of  this  title. 

Cotton  State.  Alabama,  the 
central  State  of  the  cotton  belt. 

Cradle  of  Liberty,  a  popular 
name  given  to  Faneuil  Hall,  a 
large  public  edifice  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  in  which  the  meetings  of 
the  patriots  were  held  before  the 
Revolution. 

Creole  State,  a  name  given  to 
the  State  of  Louisiana,  in  which 
the  descendants  of  the  original 
French  and  Spanish  settlers  con- 
stitute a  large  proportion  of  the 
population. 

Crescent  City,  a  popular  name 
for  the  city  of  New  Orleans,  from 
the  crescent-like  bend  of  the 
Mississippi  around  it.  It  now  ex- 
tends along  two  bends  of  the 
river,  so  that  its  front  is  of  the 
shape  of  the  letter  S. 

Dark  and  Bloody  Ground, 
The,  an  expression  often  used  in 
allusion  to  Kentucky,  of  which 
name  it  is  said  to  be  the  transla- 
tion. It  is  also  known  as  the 
Blue  Grass  and  the  Corn-cracker 
State. 

Diamond  State,  applied  to  Dela- 
ware, from  its  small  size  and 
great  importance ;  also  called  the 
Blue  Hen  State,  from  an  anec- 
dote in  which  a  blue  hen  of  Dela- 
ware was  held  to  always  hatch 
out  a  good  game-cock. 

Empire  City,  the  city  of  New 
York,  the  chief  city  of  America. 

Empire  State  of  the  South,  a 
title  given  Georgia  as  a  leader  in 
manufacturers  and  in  public  and 
literary  men. 

Excelsior  State,  the  State  of 
New  York,  sometimes  so  called 
from  the  motto  "Excelsior"  upon 


990 


991 


M 


its  coat  of  arms.  Also  known  as 
the  Empire  State. 

Fall  City,  Louisville,  Ky.,  popu- 
larly so  called  from  the  falls 
which,  at  this  place,  impede  the 
navigation  of  the  Ohio  river. 

Father  of  Waters,  a  popular 
name  given  to  the  river  Missis- 
sippi on  account  of  its  great 
length,  and  the  large  number  of 
its  tributaries.  The  literal  sig- 
nification of  the  name,  which  is  of 
Indian  origin,  is  said  to  be  "great 
river." 

Flower  City,  Springfield,  111., 
the  capital  of  the  State,  which  is 
distinguished  for  the  beauty  of 
its  surroundings. 

Forest  City,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  so 
called  from  the  many  ornamental 
trees  with  which  the  streets  are 
bordered.  Also  Portland,  Me.,  a 
city  distinguished  for  its  many 
elms  and  other  beautiful  shade- 
trees. 

Freestone  State,  the  State  of 
Connecticut,  sometimes  so  called 
from  the  quarries  of  freestone 
which  it  contains. 

Garden  City,  a  populai  name  for 
Chicago,  a  city  which  is  remarka- 
ble for  the  number  and  beauty  of 
its  private  gardens. 

Garden  State,  applied  to  New 
Jersey,  from  its  great  production 
of  fruit  and  vegetables  for  the 
New  York  and  Philadelphia 
markets. 

Garden  of  the  World,  a  name 
frequently  applied  to  Kansas,  but 
sometimes  to  Illinois  and  others 
of  the  iVestern  States,  which  are 
all  noted  for  their  productiveness. 

Gibraltar  of  America,  a  name 
often  given  to  the  city  of  Quebec, 
which,  from  its  position  and  natu- 
ral and  artificial  means  of  de- 
fense, is  the  most  strongly  forti- 
fied city  in  Amerir;]. 

Gopher  State,  applied  to  Minne- 
sota, from  its  groat  number  of 
lakes,  as  if  honeycombed  by  the 
gopher,  or  ground  mole.  It  is  also 
known  as  the  North  Star  State, 
from  the  title  on  its  seal. 

Gotham,  a  popular  name  fo»  the 
city  of  New  York,  first  given  to 
it  in  "Salmagundi"  (a  humorous 
work  by  Washington  Irving  and 
William  Irving  and  James  K. 
Paulding),  because  the  inhabi- 
tants were  such  wiseacres. 

Granite   State,   New  Hampshire, 


whose    mountains   are    largely    of 
granite. 
Green     Mountain     State,     the 

name  given  Vermont  by  the 
French,  signifies  green  mountain. 

Hoosier  State,  Indiana,  whose 
people  became  known  as  hoosiers 
or  hushers,  formerly  a  common 
term  in  the  West  for  a  bully ; 
also  traceable  to  a  gruff  local  ex- 
pression of  "who's  yer?" 

Hub  of  the  Universe,  a  bur- 
lesque and  popular  designation 
of  Boston,  Mass.,  originating  with 
the  American  humorist,  Oliver 
Wendell  Holmes. 

Insurance  City,  Hartford,  Conn., 
is  so  called  from  the  many  and 
important  insurance  enterprises 
centering  there. 

Iron  City,  a  name  popularly 
given  to  Pittsburg.  Pa.,  a  city 
distinguished  for  its  numerous 
and  immense  iron  manufactories. 

Iron  State,  the  name  given  Mis- 
souri, from  its  noted  iron  moun- 
tain. 

Key  of  the  Gulf,  a  name  often 
given  to  the  island  of  Cuba,  from 
its  position  at  the  entrance  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Keystone  State,  the  popular 
designation  of  Pennsylvania  as 
the  center  of  the  thirteen  original 
States,  the  Keystone  of  the  arch 
of  the  Union. 

Land  of  Steady  Habits,  a 
name  by  which  the  State  of  Con- 
necticut is  sometimes  designated, 
in  allusion  to  the  moral  character 
of  its  inhabitants. 

Little  Rhody,  the  designation  of 
Rhode  Island  as  the  littlest  of  the 
States. 

Lone  Star  State,  the  name  given 
Texas,  which  bore  one  star  in  its 
flag  before  its  admission  to  the 
Union.  Its  State  seal  still  bears 
a  lone  star. 

Lumber  City,  Bangor.  Maine,  is 
so  called  because  of  its  importance 
as  a  shipping-point  for  the  vast 
output  of  lumber  from  the  Maine 
woods. 

Mason  and  Dixon's  Line,  a 
name  given  to  the  southern 
boundary  line  of  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania,  which  separated  it 
from  the  States  of  Maryland  and 
Virginia,  thus  sen-ing  as  the 
dividing  line  between  the  original 
free  and  slave  States. 

Modern   Athens,    a   name   often 


M 


992 


W 


given  to  Boston,  Mass.,  a  city 
distinguished  for  its  many  excel- 
lent literary  and  educational  in- 
stitutions and  publications. 

Monumental  City,  the  city  of 
Baltimore,  so  called  from  the 
monuments  which  it  contains. 

Mother  of  Presidents,  a  name 
frequently  given  to  the  •  State  of 
Virginia,  which  has  furnished  six 
Presidents  to  the  Union. 

Mound  City,  a  name  popularly 
given  to  St.  Louis  on  account  of 
the  numerous  artificial  mounds 
that  occupied  the  site  on  which 
the  city  is  built. 

Old  Colony,  the  designation  of 
the  section  of  Massachusetts 
within  the  former  limits  of  Ply- 
mouth Colony,  the  original  set- 
tlement. 

Old  Dominion,  a  title  applied  to 
Virginia,  from  its  proclamation  of 
Charles  II.  as  King  of  England, 
Scotland,  Ireland  and  Virginia — 
he  thus  being  announced  as  King 
in  Virginia  before  he  was  in 
England.  In  gratitude  he  quar- 
tered the  arms  of  Virginia  with 
those  of  the  home  countries,  and 
it  became  known  as  the  "Old  Do- 
minion." 

Old  North  State,  used  to  desig- 
nate North  Carolina  from  South 
Carolina.  It  is  also  often  called 
the  Turpentine  State. 

Palmetto  State,  from  the  State 
arms  of  South  Carolina,  which 
bear  the  palmetto  tree. 

Panhandle,  The,  a  fanciful  and 
cant  name  given  to  the  most 
northerly  portion  of  the  State  of 
West  Virginia — a  long,  narrow 
projection  between  the  Ohio 
river  and  the  western  boundary 
of  Pennsylvania.  Also  the  Pub- 
lic Land  Strip  now  forming  the 
western  extension  of  Oklahoma. 

Peninsular  State,  designating 
Florida,  from  its  natural  forma- 
tion. 

Porkopolis,  a  derisive  nickname 
for  Cincinnati,  referring  to  the 
extensive  pork-packing  enterprises 
located  there. 

Puritan  City,  a  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  city  of  Boston.  Mass., 
in  allusion  to  the  character  of  its 
founders  and  early  inhabitants. 

Quaker  City,  a  popular  name  of 
Philadelphia,  which  was  planned 
and  settled  by  William  Penn.  ac- 


companied by  a  colony  of  English 
Friends. 

Queen  City,  a  popular  name  of 
Cincinnati,  so  called  when  it  was 
the  undisputed  commercial  me- 
tropolis of  the  West. 

Queen  City  of  the  Lakes,  a 
name  sometimes  given  to  the  city 
of  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  from  its  posi- 
tion and  importance. 

Queen  of  the  Antilles,  an  ap- 
pellation sometimes  given  to 
Cuba,  which  ranks  first  among 
the  islands  of  the  West  Indian 
group. 

Railroad  City,  Indianapolis,  the 
capital  of  the  State  of  Indiana, 
is  sometimes  called  by  this  name, 
as  being  the  terminus  of  various 
railroads. 

Salt  River,  a  cant  name  for  an 
imaginary  river  up  which  de- 
feated political  parties  are  sup- 
posed to  be  sent  to  oblivion. 

Silver  State.  Nevada  is  so 
styled  from  its  rich  silver  yield ; 
this  industry  being  outlined  upon 
its  seal. 

Smoky  City,  a  name  sometimes 
given  to  Pittsburg,  an  important 
manufacturing  city  of  Pennsylva- 
nia. 

Sucker  State,  applied  to  Illinois, 
whose  people  are  popularly  called 
"suckers."  There  are  several  ex- 
planations of  this  title,  the  real 
origin  of  which  is  doubtful. 

Switzerland  of  America,  the 
White  Mountain  district  of  New 
Hampshire  is  so  called  for  its 
magnificent  scenery.  Also  West 
Virginia,  from  its  wild  mountain 
scenery. 

Volunteer  State,  applied  to 
Tennessee,  from  its  large  number 
of  volunteers  during  the  Seminole 
War  and  the  War  of  1812. 

Western  Reserve,  that  tract  of 
land  of  4,000,000  acres  lying 
along  Lake  Erie,  reserved  to  the 
State  of  Connecticut  by  the 
United  States  government  for  set- 
tlement by  colonists  after  the 
close  of  the  Revolutionary  war. 

Wolverine  State,  a  name  given 
to  Michigan,  from  its  former 
abundance  of  the  animals  thus 
called. 

Windy  City,  a  title  often  given 
to  Chicago  to  indicate  alike  the 
character  of  its  weather  and  tlu1 
oracular  disposition  of  its  inhabi- 
tants. 


A 


993 


DICTIONARY   OF   SIMPLIFIED   SPELLING 

The  following  list  of  words  contains  those  recommended  for 
phonetic  revision  of  spelling  by  the  Simplified  Spelling  Board,  an 
organization  which  seeks  to  modify  the  spelling  of  English  words  in 
the  direction  of  ease  and  simplicity.  The  first  public  outcome  of  the 
labors  of  the  Board  was  the  issue  of  a  list  of  three  hundred  words  with 
the  accepted  and  the  suggested  spellings.  This  has  been  followed  by 
a  second  and  smaller  list.  The  total  list,  as  so  far  recommended,  com- 
prises five  hundred  and  seventeen  words.  President  Roosevelt  in  August, 
1906,  ordered  the  use  of  the  list  of  the  three  hundred  revised  spellings  by 
the  Public  Printer  in  all  executive  documents,  but  objection  to  the 
innovation  led  to  its  subsequent  withdrawal.  Some  publications,  how- 
ever, have  adopted  these  forms  and  others  use  them  in  part.  The  list, 
with  both  forms  6f  the  words,  is  given  below,  the  simplified  forms  first : 


A 

blest 

blessed 

blu  slit 

blushed 

abridgment 

*  abridgement 

boro 

borough 

accomplish! 

accomplished 

brazen 

*brasen 

accouter 

*accoutre 

brazier 

*brasier 

accurst 

accursed 

bun 

*bunn 

acknowledgment 

*acknowledgement 

bur 

*burr 

activ 

active 

addrest 

addressed 

c 

adjectiv 

adjective 

adz 

adze 

caliber 

*calibre 

affirmativ 

affirmative 

caliper 

*calliper 

affixt 

affixed 

camfor 

camphor 

agast 

aghast 

campain 

campaign 

aggressiv 

aggressive 

candor 

*candour 

aile 

aisle 

capt 

capped 

ake 

ache 

captiv 

captive 

alfabet 

alphabet 

carest 

caressed 

altho 
anemia 

although 
anaemia 

catalog 
catechise 

catalogue 
catechize 

anesthesia 

anaesthesia 

ceast 

ceased 

anesthetic 

anaesthetic 

center 

*centre 

anapest 

anapaest 

chapt 

chapped 

anis 

anise 

check 

*cheque 

annezt 

annexed 

checkt 

checked 

antipyrin 

*antipyrine 

checker 

*checquer 

antitoxin 

*antitoxine 

chimera 

*chimaera 

apothem 

*apothegm 

chipt 

chipped 

apposit 

apposite 

chopt 

chopped 

apprize 

apprise 

cifer 

cipher 

arbor 

*arbour 

civilize 

*civilise 

archeology 

archaeology 

clamor 

*clamour 

ardor 

*ardour 

clandestin 

clandestine 

armor 

*armour 

clangor 

*clangour 

artizan 

artisan 

clapt 

clapped 

askt 

asked 

claspt 

clasped 

assize 

*assise 

dipt 

clipped 

attacht 

attached 

clue 

*clew 

attentiv 

attentive 

coco 

cocoa 

autograf 

autograph 

coeval 

*coseval 

autum 

autumn 

colleag 

colleague 

ax 

axe 

color 

*colour 

colter 

*coulter 

B 

colum 

column 

commixt 

commixed 

banisht 

banished 

comparatlv 

comparative 

bans 

banns 

composit 

composite 

bark 

*  barque 

comprest 

compressed 

bedsted 

bedstead 

comprize 

comprise 

behavior 

*behaviour 

conclusiv 

conclusive 

bibliografy 

bibliography 

condenst 

condensed 

bild 

build 

condit 

conduit 

bilding 

building 

contest 

confessed 

biografy 

biography                      controller 

Comptroller 

994 


o. 


coquet 

coquette 

envelop 

*envelope 

counterfit 

counterfeit 

eolian 

*»olian 

criticize 

*criticise 

eon 

*83On 

cropt 

cropped 

epaulet 

*epaulette 

crost 

crossed 

eponym 

*eponyme 

crum 

crumb 

equipt 

equipped 

crusht 

crushed 

era 

*sera 

cue 

*queue 

ermin 

ermine 

curst 

cursed 

esophagus 

*03sophagus 

curteous 

courteous 

establisht 

established 

curtesy 

courtesy 

esthetic 

*83sthetic 

cutlas 

cutlass 

esthetics 

*sesthetics 

cyclopedia 

cyclopaedia 

estivate 

*aestivate 

ether 

*89ther 

« 

etiology 

*£Btiology 

^"^ 

examin 

examine 

dactyl 

*dactyle 

excede 

exceed 

dasht 

dashed 

exclusiv 

exclusive 

det 

debt 

executiv 

executive 

dettor 

debtor 

exorcize 

exorcise 

decalog 

decalogue 

exprest 

espressed 

decreast 

decreased 

expressly 

expressive 

deductiv 

deductive 

cxquisit 

exquisite 

defectiv 

defective 

defense 

*defence 

defensiv 

defensive 

definit 

definite 

facil 

facile 

definitiv 

definitive 

fagot 

*faggot 

demagog 

demagogue 

famin 

famine 

demeanor 

*demeanour 

fantasm 

phantasm 

demolisht 

demolished 

fantasy 

phantasy 

demonstrate 

demonstrative 

fantom 

phantom 

deprest 

depressed 

favor 

*favour 

destin 

destine 

favorit 

favorite 

detectiv 

detective 

favorite 

*favourite 

determin 

determine 

febril 

febrile 

develop 

*develope 

fertil 

fertile 

diafram 

diaphragm 

feminin 

feminine 

dieresis 

diEeresis 

fervor 

*fervour 

dike 

*dyke 

fiber 

*fibre 

dipt 

dipped 

fictil 

fictile 

disciplin 

discipline 

finisht 

finished 

discust 

discussed 

fissil 

fissile 

dispatch 

*despatch 

fixt 

fixed 

distil 

*distill 

flavor 

*flavour 

distinctiv 

distinctive 

fonetic 

phonetic 

distinguisht 

distinguished 

fonograf 

phonograph 

distrest 

distressed 

foren 

foreign 

docil 

docile 

forfit 

forfeit 

doctrin 

doctrine 

fotograf 

photograph 

dolor 

*dolour 

fragil 

fragile 

domicil 

domicile 

fulfil 

•fulfill 

dout 

doubt 

fulness 

*fullness 

draft 

*drauf*ht 

furlo 

furlough 

dram 

*drachm 

futil 

futile 

drest 

dressed 

dript 

dripped 

droopt 

drooped 

dropt 
ductil 

dropped 
ductile 

gage 
gard 

*gauge 
guard 

dulnesa 

*dullness 

gardian 

guardian 

duni 

dumb 

gastly 

ghastly 

gazel 

gazelle 

gelatin 

*gelatine 

genuin 

genuine 

ecumenical 

*oecumenical 

gild 

*guild 

edile 

fedile 

gipsy 

*gvpsy 

eg 

egg 

gloze 

*glose 

egis 

ffigis 

glycerin 

*glycerine 

elapst 

elapsed 

good-by 

*good-bye 

enamor 

*enamour 

gost 

ghost 

encyclopedia 

*encyclop8edia 

gram 

*gramme 

endeavor 

*endeavour 

granit 

granite 

engin 

engine 

gript 

gripped 

995 


H 

markt 

marked 

harang 
harbor 
harken 
heapt 
helpt 
hematin 
heroin 
hiccup 
night 
hock 
homeopathy 
homonym 
honor 
hostil 
humor 
husht 
hypocrit 
hypotenuse 

harangue 
*harbour 
hearken 
heaped 
helped 
*hsematin 
heroine 
*hiccough 
height 
*hough 
homoeopathy 
*homonyme 
*honour 
hostile 
*humour 
hushed 
hypocrite 
*hypothenuse 

masculin 
materialize 
meager 
medicin 
medieval 
mercantil 
meter 
missil 
mist 
miter 
mixt 
mold 
molder 
molding 
moldy 
molt 
mortis 
motiv 
mullin 

masculine 
*materialise 
*meagre 
medicine 
*mediaeval 
mercantile 
*metre 
missile 
missed 
mitre 
mixed 
mould 
moulder 
moulding 
mouldy 
moult 
mortise 
motive 
mullein 

I 

N 

idolize 
Hand 

dolise 
sland 

napt 

napped 

ile 

sle 

nativ 

native 

illumin 

llumine 

naturalize 

*naturalise 

imagin 
imbecil 

magine 
mbecile 

negativ 
neighbor 

negative 
*neighbour 

imitativ 

mitative 

nipt 

nipped 

impressiv 
imprest 

mpressive 
mpressed 

niter 
num 

nitre 
numb 

inclusiv 

nclusive 

indefinit 

ndefinite 

0 

indetted 
indicativ 
inductiv 
inflnit 
infinitiv 
instil 
intestin 

ndebted 
ndicative 
nductive 
nfinite 
nfinitive 
*  nstill 
ntestine 

objectiv 
ocher 
odor 
offense 
omelet 
opposit 
oppressiv 

objective 
ochre 
*odour 
*offence 
*omelette 
opposite 
oppressive 

opprest 

oppressed 

orthopedic 

*orthop»dic 

Jail 

*gaol 

judgment 

judgement 

P 

juvenil 

juvenile 

packt 

packed 

paleography 

*pal»ography 

kist 

kissed 

paleolithic 
paleontology 

*pal83olithic 
*palaeontology 

paleozoic 

*palseozoic 

L 

pamflet 

pamphlet 

labor 

*labour 

paraffin 

*paraffine 

lackt 

lacked 

paragraf 

paragraph 

lacrimal 

lachrymal 

parlor 

*parlour 

lam 

lamb 

partizan 

partisan 

lapt 

lapped 

passiv 

passive 

lasht 

lashed 

past 

*passed 

?eag 

league 

patronize 

patronise 

leapt 

leaped 

pedagog 

pedagogue 

legalize 

legalise 

pedobaptist 

*psedobaptist 

license 

*licence 

perplext 

perplexed 

licorice 

*liquorice 

perquisit 

perquisite 

lim 

limb 

phenix 

phoenix 

liter 

*litre 

phenomenon 

*phoenomenon 

lodgment 

*lodeement 

pigmy 

*pygmy 

lookt 

looked 

plow 

*plough 

lopt 

lopped 

polyp 

*polvnc 

lucrativ 

lucrative 

positiv 

positive 

luster 

*lustre 

possest 

possessed 

practis 

*practice 

M- 

nractist 

practised 

prefixt 

prefixed 

mama 

*mamma 

prehensil 

prehensile 

maneuver 

*manoeuvre 

premis 

premise 

996 


prenomen 

pramomen 

sissors 

scissors 

prest 

pressed 

tithe 

scythe 

pretense 

*pretence 

siv 

sieve 

preterit 

*preterite 

skilful 

*skillful 

pretermit 

*pr£etermit 

skipt 

skipped 

primeval 

*prima3val 

slight 

sleight 

precede 

proceed 

slipt 

slipped 

productiv 

productive 

smolder 

*smoulder 

profest 

professed 

snacht 

snatched 

program 

*programme 

snapt 

snapped 

progressiv 
projectil 

progressive 
projectile 

solem 
somber 

solemn 
sombre 

prolog 

prologue 

soveren 

sovereign 

promis 

promise 

specter 

*spectre 

promist 

promised 

splendor 

*splendour 

propt 
publisht 

propped 
published 

stampt 
starcht 

stamped 
starched 

pueril 

puerile 

stedfast 

steadfast 

pur 

pure 

stept 

stepped 

pusht 

pushed 

steril 

sterile 

stopt 

stopped 

strest 

stressed 

Q 

stript 

stripped 

quartet 
quencht 
questor 
quintet 
quire 

quartette 
quenched 
quaastor 
quintette 
choir 

subjectiv 
subpena 
subtil 
succede 
succor 
suffixt 

subjective 
*subpoena 
subtile 
succeed 
*  succour 
suffixed 

sulfate 

sulphate 

sulfur 

sulphur 

sumac 

*sumach 

rancor 

*rancour 

superlativ 

superlative 

rapin 
rapt 

rapine 
rapped 

supprest 
surflt 

suppressed 
surfeit 

raze 

*rase 

surprize 

surprise 

reacht 

reached 

synonym 

*synonyme 

recognize 

*recognise 

reconnoiter 

*reconnoitre 

T 

redout 

redoubt 

redoutable 

redoubtable 

tabor 

*tabour 

redouted 

redoubted 

tactil 

tactile 

relativ 

relative 

tapt 

tapped 

remarkt 

remarked 

teazel 

teasel 

represt 

repressed 

telefone 

telephone 

reptil 

reptile 

telegraf 

telegraph 

requisit 

requisite 

tenor 

*tenour 

respit 

respite 

textil 

textile 

rigor 

*rigour 

thankt 

thanked 

rime 

rhyme 

theater 

*theatre 

ript 

ripped 

tho 

though 

riskt 

risked 

thoro 

thorough 

rockt 

rocked 

thoroly 

thoroughly 

rumor 

*rumour 

thru 

through 

thruout 

throughout 

thum 

thumb 

s 

tipt 

tipped 

saber 
saltpeter 
sanguin 

sabre 
*saltpetre 
sanguine 

tisic 
tisis 
topt 
tost 

phthisic 
phthisis 
topped 
tossed 

savior 
savor 
scepter 
sensitiv 

*saviour 
*  savour 
*sceptre 
sensitive 

transgrest 
transitiv 
trapt 
treatis 

transgressed 

transitive 
trapped 
treatise 

sent 
septet 
sepulcher 
servil 
sextet 

scent 
septette 
*sepulchre 
servile 
sextette 

tript 
tumor 
tung 
turbin 

tripp«d 
*tumour 
tongue 
turbine 

silvan 

*  sylvan 

simitar 

scimitar 

sion 

scion 

vanisht 

vanished 

aipt 

sipped 

valor 

*valour 

997 


vapor 

*  apour 

wier 

weir 

versatil 

ersatile 

wierd 

weird 

vext 

exed 

wilful 

*willful 

vigor 

*  igour 

winkt 

winked 

vindictiv 

indictive 

wisht 

wished 

vizor 

*   isor 

witnest 

witnessed 

volatil 

volatile 

wo 

woe 

woful 

woeful 

w 

woolen 

*woollen 

wagon 
walkt 

waggon 
walked 

worshipt 
wrapt 

worshipped 
wrapped 

washt 

washed 

whipt 

whipped 

whisky 

whiskey 

yoman 

yeoman 

In  regard  to  the  above  list  it  is  well  to  state  that  about  thirty  of 
them,  those  in  which  ou  is  replaced  by  o,  have  long  been  used  in  their 
simplified  form  in  America,  also  the  form  wagon  in  place  of  waggon. 
In  the  case  of  those  indicated  by  a  *,  comprising  more  than  one-third 
of  the  whole,  the  revised  form  is  already  in  more  or  less  common  use, 
in  a  number  of  cases  in  preferable  use,  especially  in  the  case  of  words 
containing  the  diphthong  ss.  The  strongest  objection  made  to  the  list 
has  to  do  with  the  replacement  of  the  terminal  ed  with  t,  and  the 
dropping  of  ugh  in  such  words  as  though  and  through,  and  of  silent 
letters  in  other  words,  these  giving  the  word  an  unpleasantly  un- 
familiar appearance.  The  proposed  change  is  objected  to  especially 
from  its  disguising,  in  many  instances,  the  etymological  derivation  of 
the  word,  the  chief  argument  in  its  favor  being  its  effect  in  bringing 
about  a  uniformity  and  phonetic  simplicity  of  English  spelling  and 
dispensing  with  the  use  of  silent  or  unsounded  letters. 


TWENTY  NEW  RULES 

Thus   far   the    Simplified    Spelling   Board    has   formulated    twenty 
rules  for  those  who  wish  to  carry  out  its  idea.     The  rules  run  : 

1.  When  offered  a  choice  between  se  and  e,  choose  e.     Example: 
Anesthetic,  esthetic,  medieval. 

2.  If  the  choice  lies  between  e  and  no  e  in  words  like  abridgment, 
lodgment,  acknowledgment,  always  omit  the  e. 

3.  Use  t  in  place  of  ed  for  the  past  or  past  participle  of  verbs 
ending  in  s,  sh  or  p.     Example :      Dipt,   dript,   prest,   distrest,   husht, 
washt.     An  astonishing  array  of  high  literary  authorities  from  Spenser 
to  Lowell  is  cited  in  support  of  this  latter  simplification. 

4.  Stick  to  ense  in  preference  to  ence  when  you  have  a  choice. 
Example  :     Defense,  offense,  pretense. 

.r>.     Don't  double  the  t  in  coquet,  epaulet,  etiquet,  omelet. 

6.  When  you  can  replace  gh  with  f,  do  it.     Example:     Draft. 

7.  Better  still,  get  rid  of  gh  altogether.     For  plough,  write  plow. 
For  through,  write  thru. 

8.  Write  the  Greek  suffix   ise,  or  ize,  with  the  z  by  preference. 
Example :     Catechize,  criticize. 

9.  Where  any  authority  allows  it  omit  the  e  on  words  spelled  with 
ite.     Example :     Preterit. 

10.  Use  a  single  1  in  words  like  distil,  instil,  fulfil. 

11.  And  omit  one  1   from  words  now  written  like  fullness.     Ex- 
ample :      Dulness. 

12.  In   words  sometimes  spelled   with  one  and  sometimes  with  a 
double  m,  choose  the  short  form.     Example :     Gram,  program. 

13.  In  words  spoiled  with  o?,  or  e,  choose  e.   Example  :    Esophagus. 

14.  Always  omit  the  u   from  words  sometimes  spelled   with  our. 
Example :     Labor,  rumor. 


15.  Where  you  can  get  any  authority  use  f  in  place  of  ph.     Ex- 
ample :     Sulfur,  fantasm. 

16.  In  words  spelled  with  a  double,  use  a  single  r :  as  bur,  pur, 

17.  Spell  theatre,  centre,  etc.,  in  the  English  way — center,  theater, 
niter,  miter. 

18.  If  a  word  is  spelled  with  s  or  z  in  root  use  the  z :  as,  apprize, 
surprize. 

19.  From    words    spelled    with    sc    or    s    omit    the    c.      Example : 
Simitar,  sithe. 

20.  Omit  the  silent  terminal  ue  when  allowed.    Example  :     Catalog, 
decalog,  demagog,  pedagog. 

That  readers  may  see  the  appearance  of  the  more  radical  changes 
proposed  in  actual  use  the  following  illustrative  paragraph  is  given : — 

The  captiv  with  num  lims  sat  by  a  demolisht  granit  bilding  on  a 
hight  on  a  foren  He,  a  leag  from  the  shore,  and  laking  sissors,  took  an 
old  sithe  to  cut  a  piece  of  cloth  to  bind  his  thum.  He  did  not  succede, 
and  being  vext,  bit  his  tung  so  it  aked. 


The  "International" 
Encyclopedia  of 

Prose and  Poetical 
Quotations 

By  WILLIAM  S.WALSH 

Author  9f  "The    Handbook  of  Literary 

Curiosities,"  "Curiosities  of  Popular 

Customs,"   etc. 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA 

is  newer,  fuller,  and  more  satisfactorily 
arranged  for  ready  reference  than  any 
other  work  on  the  subject  and  is  sold  at 
a  reasonable  price. 

Other  Cyclopedias  of  Quotations  which  pretend  to  compare  in  com- 
pleteness with  this  work  are  composed  of  several  miscellaneous  classes  of 
quotations,  sometimes  arranged  by  authors,  sometimes  grouped  accord- 
ing to  the  sources  from  which  they  are  drawn,  and  sometimes  printed 
without  apparent  method,  leaving  the  bewildered  reader  to  look  through 
several  indices  of  small  type  to  find  the  object  of  his  search. 

Most  of  these  books  are  many  years  out  of  date,  both  in  contents 
and  arrangement.  Some  are  English  importations,  with  only  sufficient 
American  material  to  prevent  their  total  avoidance  by  American  users. 

SUPERIOR     FEATURES 

1.  Any  quotation  can  be  located  if  only  one  word  is  remembered. 

2.  The  sayings  of  any  author  are  instantly  accessible. 

3.  A  suitable  quotation  on  any  subject  can  be  quickly  selected. 

4.  The  contents  are  so  complete  as  to  meet  the  needs  of  writers,  speakers, 

librarians,  ministers,  lecturers,  scholars,  and  everyone  who  has 
need  of  a  book  of  this  kind. 

THE  INTERNATIONAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA  supplies  a  need  long  felt 
for  a  thorough,  comprehensive  and  convenient  Book  of  Quotations  at  a 
reasonable  price.  It  quotes  from  nearly  1,300  different  authors,  and  con- 
tains about  1,100  pages.  It  is  indexed  for  the  most  satisfactory  usage. 

The  main  part  of  the  work  consists  of  a  DICTIONARY  OF  AMERICAN, 
ENGLISH  AND  FOREIGN  QUOTATIONS  grouped  under  subjects  and 
arranged  in  one  alnhabet  according  to  the  subjects. 

AN  EXHAUSTIVE  CONCORDANCE  to  assist  the  user  is  appended  to 
the  work.  In  this  every  important  word  in  the  Dictionary  of  Quotations 
can  be  found  and  referred  to  with  its  context. 

A  LIST  OF  ALL  AUTHORS  QUOTED,  with  their  dates,  gives  instant 
reference  to  any  quotations  from  their  writings. 

A  TOPICAL  INDEX  OF  SUBJECTS,  with  cross  references,  completes  the 
most  convenient  system  of  research  ever  devised  for  a  book  of  this  kind. 

PRICES 

Bound  in  Cloth,  -with  gold-embossed  cover  design  $3.00 
Half-Morocco,  burnished  marbled  edges $4.50 

Sent  postpaid  on  receipt  of  price. 

THE     JOHN     C.    WINSTON     COMPANY 

WINSTON  BUILDING  PHILADELPHIA 


A  Veritaole  "Arabian  Nitfhts"  of  Entertainment 
Containing  168  Complete  Illustrated  Stories. 


HURLBUT'S 

STORY  OF  THE 

BIBLE 


told  for 

YOUNG  AND  OLD 

by 
Rev.  Jesse  Lyman  Hurlbut,  D.D. 

THE  BIBLE  MADE  FASCINATING  TO  CHILDREN.— The  heroes  and  the 
noble  men  and  women  of  the  Bible  are  made  to  appear  as 
living,  acting  people.  The  book  is  an  original  work,  and 
in  no  sense  an  imitation.  It  has  been  in  preparation  for 
a  number  of  years. 

THE  DISTINGUISHED  AUTHOR,— Dr.  Hurlbut  has  long  been  asso- 
ciat.-d  with,  and  director  of,  the  Sunday  School  work  of 
one  of  the  largest  denominations,  and  he  has  been  more 
closely  associated  with  the  detail  work  of  the  Chautauqua 
movement  than  has  any  other  man.  He  is  also  well  known 
as  a  writer. 

REMARKABLE  FOR  THE  BEAUTY  AND  NUMBER  OF  ITS  ILLUSTRATIONS.— 
There  are  sixteen  pictures  in  color  prepared  for  this  work 
by  the  distinguished  artist,  W.  H.  Margetson,  and  repro- 
duced with  the  beauty  and  attractiveness  of  the  artist's 
original  work.  There  are  also  nearly  300  half-tone  en- 
gravings in  this  remarkable  book,  which  is  as  original  in 
the  selection  of  its  illustrations  as  it  is  in  its  stories. 
WHAT  OTHERS  THINK  OP  IT 

"It  is  a  needed  and  original  work.  Not  an  imitation." — Christian  Ad- 
vocate, New  York. 

"Written  in  such  a  style  as  to  fascinate  and  hold  the  interest  of 
child  or  man." — REV.  P.  E.  CLARK,  Pres.  Society  of  Christian  Endeavor. 

'It  is  a  beautiful  book.  I  hope  every  family  in  the  land  will  secure 
'Hurlbut's  Story  of  the  Bible.'  " — GENERAL  O.  O.  HOWARD. 

"The  best  book  of  its  kind,  and  that  kind  the  most  important." — 
REV.  JAMES  A.  WORDEN,  Presbyterian  B'd  of  Pub.  and  S.  S.  Work. 

'I  like  very  much  the  vocabulary  you  have  used,  and  I  can  see  how 
careful  you  have  been  in  choosing  understandable  words." — MR.  PHILIP 
E.  HOWARD,  Sundav-School  Times.  Philadelphia. 

"It  is  the  completest  and  best  thing  of  the  kind  I  have  seen.  The 
Vook  is  splendidly  illustrated."  MARIAN  LAWRANCE,  General  Secretary 
International  Sunday-School  Association. 

"  Many  will  be  drawn  to  the  Bible  who  otherwise  mii>ht  look  upon  it  as 
only  adapted  for  older  people." — HON.  DAVID  J.  BREWER,  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 

3vo,  cloth.    750 pages.    16  color  plates.    262  halt-font  engravings.    We/ $1.50 

Sent  Postpaid  on  receipt  of  price. 

THE  JOHN   C.  WINSTON  CO., 

Winston   Building,  Philadelphia. 


"THE    WORK    OF    SCHOLARS    IN    THE    LANGUAGE 
OF    INTELLIGENT    PEOPLE" 


Hurlbut's  = 
Handy  Bible 
Encyclopedia 


— COMPRISING 

UNDER  ONE 
ALPHABETICAL 
ARRANGEMENT 

A  CONCORDANCE  TO  THE  SCRIPTURES;  A  SUBJECT  DICTION- 
ARY, showing  where  each  topic  in  the  Bible  is  found  and  how  used;  a 
BIBLICAL  BIOGRAPHICAL  DICTIONARY;  a  BIBLICAL  GEO- 
GRAPHICAL DICTIONARY,  giving  the  location  of  places  on  the  Maps; 
a  Dictionary  of  ARCHAIC  and  OBSOLETE  WORDS  in  the  English 
Bible;  Dictionary  of  BIBLICAL  ANTIQUITIES,  CUSTOMS,  MUSICAL 
TERMS,  PLANTS,  ANIMALS,  and  PRECIOUS  STONES;  the  PRONUN- 
CIATION OF  WORDS;  the  TRANSLATION  OF  CLASSICAL  WORDS- 
and  ENCYCLOPEDIC  DESCRIPTIONS  of  the  Books  of  the  Bible. 
TRANSLATIONS  OF  THE  BIBLE,  and  MANY  OTHER  IMPORTANT 
SUBJECTS  OF  INTEREST  TO  ALL  BIBLE  STUDENTS, 

PREPARED   IN  SIMPLE   LANGUAGF- 

PRINTED  FROM  BOLD  FACE  TYPE 

PROFUSELY    ILLUSTRATED 


-EDITED    BY- 


REV.  JESSE  LYMAN  HURLBUT,   D.  D. 

8vo — 450  Pages — Illustrated — Maps  In    Colors 

Cloth  Binding,  with  patent  thumb  alphabetical  Index $1.50 

Sent  postpaid  on  receipt  of   price. 

THE     JOHN     C.    WINSTON     COMPANY 

WINSTON  BUILDING  PHILADELPHIA 


Good      Form     for     Men 

A   Guide   to    Conduct    and   Dress 
on    All   Occasions 

BY 
CHARLES    HARCOURT 

This  thoroughly  sensible  and  manly  book  IE 
best  described  by  a  review  which  appeared  in  the 
Philadelphia  "  Public  Ledger:" 

Books  on  etiquette  are  not  generally  of  such  a  character 
as  to  be  worth  the  notice  of  self-respecting  men.  They  are 
generally  left  to  the  "  young  misses  '  and  "  gents  "  who  live 
in  mortal  fear  of  being  found  out  to  be  what  they  feel  them- 
selves to  be.  "  Good  Form  for  Men,"  however,  is  above  the 
average  of  its  kind,  for  it  is  conceived  and  written  in  a  whole- 
some, manly  spirit._  There  is  nothing  finical  or  foppish  about 
the  conventions  which  Mr.  Harcourt  undertakes  to  codify  and 
explain.  "  Society,"  thereby  meaning  well-bred  and  cultured 
men  rind  women,  has  as  much  right  to  lay  down  rules  to  dress 
and  conduct  as  any  "  secret  "  society  has  to  insist  upon  ritual 
and  ceremony.  Mr.  Harepurt's  book  is  a  thoroughly  sensible 
one  and  maybe  studied  with  profit  by  men  who,  not  being  to 
the  manner  born,  desire  to  feel  at  ease  among  the  cultured. 

12mo,  Cloth,  extra $  1 .00 

Bound  uniformly  with  Good  Form  for  Women. 

Good  Form  "for  \Vomen 

A    Guide    to    Conduct    and    Dress 
on   All    Occasions 

BY 
MRS.  CHARLES  HARCOURT 

The  writer  addresses  the  great  mass  who  make  up  the  back- 
bone of  our  country  and  takes  no  account  of  the  passing 
fads  of  fashion.  Etiquette  at  its  best  means  consideration 
and  fair  treatment  of  every  one,  and  every  womanly  woman 
should  have  an  understanding  of  its  rule^  to  help  her  over  dif- 
ficult places.  This  book  contains  chapters  on  Introductions, 
Invitations,  Cards  and  Calling,  Dress,  Correspondence  ?nd 
Reading,  Conversation,  Dinners,  Balls,  Table  Etiquette,  Re- 
ceptions, Luncheons,  Suppers,  Engagements,  Weddings,  The 
Young  Wife,  etc.  Unlike  so  many  books  of  the  same  character 
"  GOOD  FORM  FOR  WOMEN  "  is  not  dry  and  tiresome  but 
bright  and  entertaining  from  cover  to  cover.  The  personal 
tone  adopted  by  the  author  cannot  fail  to  attract  and  charm 
the  reader.  It  is  a  book  written  by  a  sensible  woman  for  sen- 
sible readers,  and  is  a  reliable  and  helpful  guide. 

*2mo,  Cloth,  extra $1.0O 

Bound  uniformly  with  Good  Form  for  Men. 

Mailed  on  receipt  of  price. 
THE  JOHN  C.  WINSTON  CO., 
Winston   Building,  Philadelphia. 


THE  JOHN   C.  WiNSTON  CO.'S   POPUtAS 

HARRY  CASTLEMON. 


HOW  I  CAME  TO  WRITE  MY  FIRST  BOOK. 

WHEN  I  was  sixteen  years  old  I  belonged  to  a  composi- 
tion class.  It  was  our  custom  to  go  on  the  recitation  seat 
every  day  with  clean  slates,  and  we  were  allowed  ten  min- 
utes to  write  seventy  words  on  any  subject  the  teacher 
thought  suited  to  our  capacity.  One  day  he  gave  out  "What 
a  Man  Would  See  if  He  Went  to  Greenland."  My  heart  was 
in  the  matter,  and  before  the  ten  minutes  were  up  I  had  one 
side  of  my  slate  filled.  The  teacher  listened  to  the  reading 
of  our  compositions,  and  when  they  were  all  over  he  simply 
said:  "Some  of  you  will  make  your  living  by  writing  one 
of  these  days."  That  gave  me  something  to  ponder  upon. 
I  did  not  say  so  out  loud,  but  I  knew  that  my  composition 
was  as  good  as  the  best  of  them.  By  the  way,  there  was 
another  thing  that  came  in  my  way  just  then.  T  was  read- 
ing at  that  time  one  of  Mayne  Reid's  works  which  I  had 
drawn  from  the  library,  and  I  pondered  upon  it  as  much  as 
I  did  upon  what  the  teacher  said  to  me.  In  introducing 
Swartboy  to  his  readers  he  made  use  of  this  expression  : 
"No  visible  change  was  observable  in  Swartboy's  counte- 
nance." Now,  it  occurred  to  me  that  if  a  man  of  his  educa- 
tion could  make  such  a  blunder  as  that  and  still  write  a 
book,  I  ought  to  be  able  to  do  it,  too.  I  went  home  that  very 
day  and  began  a  story,  "The  Old  Guide's  Narrative,"  which 
was  sent  to  the  New  York  Weekly,  and  came  back,  respect- 
tully  declined.  It  was  written  on  both  sides  of  the  sheets 
but  I  didn't  know  that  this  was  against  the  rules.  Nothing 
abashed,  I  began  another,  and  receiving  some  instruction, 
from  a  friend  of  mine  who  was  a  clerk  in  a  book  store,  I 
wrote  it  on  only  one  side  of  the  paper.  But  mind  you,  he 
lion't  know  what  I  was  doing.  Nobody  knew  it ;  but  om? 


THE   JOHN   C.   WINSTON   CO/S   POPULAR  ^JUVENILES. 

day,  after  a  hard  Saturday's  work — the  other  boys  had  been 
out  skating  on  the  brick-pond — I  shyly  broached  the  subject 
to  my  mother.  I  felt  the  need  of  some  sympathy.  She 
listened  in  amazement,  and  then  said  :  "Why,  do  you  think 
you  could  write  a  book  like  that  ?"  That  settled  the  matter, 
and  from  that  day  no  one  knew  what  I  was  up  to  until  I  sent 
the  first  four  volumes  of  Gunboat  Series  to  my  father.  Was 
it  work  ?  Well,  yes ;  it  was  hard  work,  but  each  week  I  had 
the  satisfaction  of  seeing  the  manuscript  grow  until  the 
"Young  Naturalist"  was  all  complete. 

— Harry  Castlemon  in  the  Writer. 


GUNBOAT  SERIES. 

6vols.  BY  HARRY  CASTXEMON.  $6.00 

!>rank  the  Young  Naturalist.      Frank  before  Vicksburg. 
Frank  on  a  Gunboat.  Frank  on  the  Lower  Mississippi. 

Frank  in  the  Woods.  Frank  on  the  Prairie. 

ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  SERIES. 

3vols.  BY  HARRY  CASTLEMON.  $3.00 

Frank  Among  the  Rancheros.     Frank  in  the  Mountains. 
Frank  at  Don  Carlos'  Rancho. 

SPORTSMAN'S  CLUB  SERIES. 

3vols.  BY  HARRY  CASTLEMON.  $3. 75 

The  Sportsman's  Club  in  the  Saddle.    The  Sportsman's  Club 
The  Sportsman's  Club  Afloat.  Among  the  Trappers. 

FRANK  NELSON  SERIES. 

3  vols.  BY  HARRY  CASTLEMON.  13-75 

Snowed  up.         Frank  in  the  Forecastle.    The  Boy  Traders. 

COMPLETE  CATALOG   OF   BEST    BOOKS    FOR    BOYS    AND    G'RLf 
MAILED   ON    APPLICATION    TO   THE    PUBLISHERS 

THE  JOHN  C.  WINSTON  CO..  PHILADELPHIA 


THE   JOHN    C.    WINSTON    CO.'S    POPULAR    JUVENH.ES. 

ROUGHING  IT  SERIES. 

3  vols.  BY  HARRY  CASTLEMON.  $3-°0 

George  in  Camp.  George  at  the  Fort. 

George  at  the  Wheel. 

ROD  AND  GUN  SERIES. 

3vols.  BY  HARRY  CASTLEMON.  $3-oO 

Don  Gordon's  Shooting  Box.      The  Young  Wild  Fowler*. 
Rod  and  Gun  Club. 

GO-AHEAD  SERIES. 

3  vols.  BY  HARRY  CASTXEMON.  ,  fe-oo 

Tom  Newcombe.  Go-Ahead.  No  Moss. 

WAR  SERIES. 

6  vols.  BY  HARRY  CASTI,EMON.  |6.oo 

True  to  His  Colors.  Marcy  the  Blockade-Runner 

Rodney  the  Partisan.  Marcy  the  Refugee. 

Rodney  the  Overseer.  Sailor  Jack  the  Trader. 

HOUSEBOAT  SERIES. 

3  vols.  BY  HARRY  CASTLEMON.  £3.00 

The  Houseboat  Boys.        The  Mystery  of  Lost  River  Canon. 
The  Young  Game  Warden. 

AFLOAT  AND  ASHORE  SERIES. 

3  vols.  BY  HARRY  CASTI.EMON.  $3-oo 

Rebellion  in  Dixie.  A  Sailor  in  Spite  of  Himself. 

The  Ten-Ton  Cutter. 


tOMt'LETE  CATALOG  OF  BEST    BOOKS    FOR    BOYS    AND    GIRL* 
MAILED    ON    APPLICATION    TO    THE    PUBLISHERS 

THE  JOHN  C.  WINSTON  CO..  PHILADELPHIA 


UCSB    LIBRARY 

X  '  fe  H  o  f  o 


7T000616 


